Purchas his pilgrimes. part 3 In fiue bookes. The first, contayning the voyages and peregrinations made by ancient kings, patriarkes, apostles, philosophers, and others, to and thorow the remoter parts of the knowne world: enquiries also of languages and religions, especially of the moderne diuersified professions of Christianitie. The second, a description of all the circum-nauigations of the globe. The third, nauigations and voyages of English-men, alongst the coasts of Africa ... The fourth, English voyages beyond the East Indies, to the ilands of Iapan, China, Cauchinchina, the Philippinæ with others ... The fifth, nauigations, voyages, traffiques, discoueries, of the English nation in the easterne parts of the world ... The first part.

CHAP. I. A Description of the West Indies, by ANTONIO De HER∣RERA * 1.1 his Maiesties Chiefe Chronicler of the Indies, and his Chronicler of Castile.

[ 40]

To the Licentiate PAVL of Laguna, President of the Royall and Supreme Councell of the Indies.

THe Licentiate Iohn of Obando, Predecessor of your Lordship (in whose time the Office of chiefe Chronicler of the Indies was institu∣ted, for writing with greater authoritie, foundation, and truth, the Acts of the Castilians in the New World, and to see and examine that which the other Chroniclers should write (for I finde that [ 50] almost to all that is written no credit could be giuen, for ouer-much licence, wherewith vntill then it was done) hee vsed great diligence in gathering the most certaine Relations that were found as well in the Indies, as in Spaine, of that which happened in the Discoueries of those Regions, the foundations of those Townes and Customes of the people. And many yeers being past after his death, without making any beginning of this History, your Lordship being prouided for Presi∣dent of the Royall and Supreme Councell of the Indies, knowing how much it behoued, that deeds so worthy [ 60]

of memorie should no longer be buried, and that they should be written by a Royall Chronicler (seeing so much fr•••• is gotten of Historie, that it exceedeth so much the Picture, as the soule, the bodie, against the opinion of a moderne Writer.) Prouiding all the meanes necessarie with liberalitie and diligence, haue beene the meere and onely Instrument;* 2.1 following the opinion of S. Augustine, that this Historie, and the Description that followeth hath come to the present estate. And because it hath not beene of least impor∣tance to honour the Author, animating him to goe forward with so great a labour, conforming your selfe with the vniuersall opinion of the much that is due to the watchings, and labours of the Writers; pla∣cing this Office of Chiefe Chronicler in that point and reputation that so noble an Exercise deserueth, (as the most famous men of the World haue iudged it, and it is esteemed and talked of among all Nations be they neuer so barbarous) your Lordship shall be praysed eternally, and thanked of all that are interessed in [ 10] it; by which is procured the making mention of their Fathers, and Predecessors with their Names and Countrey, all that hath beene possible, against the barbarous and most vniust opinion of Iohn Baptista Ramusio, in his Proeme in the third Volume of the Nauigations, where hee saith to bee a vaine thing, and ridiculous, that the Spanish Authors should take paines in writing the names and Countrey of those which serued in the matters of the Indies. Wherein he sheweth the venime of the enuie conceiued of the glorious deeds of these Catholike Kings, and of the Castillian Nation, seeing the Chronicles doe serue to honour the good, and to reproch the euill, for an example of those to come; which could not be obtayned with the opinion of this Ramusius, whom the saying of Cato against the Grecians doth fit. But the o∣pinion of your Lordship hath beene according to your prudence and valour, of the which as it is iust, there will be a perpetuall memorie, and for that which this Nation is indebted vnto you for the same, you shall bee reknowledged of it eternally. God keepe your Lordship, from Vallyadolyeede the fifteenth of [ 20] October 1601.

* 2.2THe compasse of the Earth is 360. degrees, which being reduced to leagues of Castile are 6300. and by the compasse of the Earth is vnderstood the Sea together with it, which two Ele∣ments make the Globe; whose vpper face in part is Earth, and in part is Sea: The Ancients di∣uided the Earth in three parts, and gaue to euery one his name. The first they called Europe, more celebrated then any of the other. The second Asia, which is greater then the rest, and contayneth the great Kingdome of China. The third. Africa And men being in a supposition that the World contayned no more then was rehearsed, not contenting themselues with it, entred in the Art of Nauigating, and in the inuention of ships of high building, fitting them in such [ 30] order that they might abide the force of the waues of the Sea, & in this Art l 2.3 the Spaniards haue surpassed all the Nations of the World. For whiles there reigned Ferdinand in Castile and in Lyon, the famous Kings Catholike Ferdinando the Fift, and Isabella a most wise, prudent, and most puissant Queene; and Don Iohn the Second, called the Pellican, raigned in Portugall, (hee that euer will be worthy of memory) Don Christopher Colo••, first Admirall of the Indies, hauing liued many yeeres married in Spaine; with the counsell of Martin of Bohemia, a Portugall borne in the Iland of Fayall, a famous Astrologian; and especially a Iudiciarie, and of others with whom he communicated it, gaue a beginning to the Discouery of that which at this day is counted the fourth part of the World, and the greatest of them all, and taking his course toward the Sunne setting, going from Pallos a Village of the Earle of Miranda, in the Coast of Anda∣luzia, [ 40] he sayled so much by the Ocean, that hee found this great Land, which the Equinoctiall Line cutteth in the middest,* 2.4 and it goeth so farre toward the South, that it reacheth to fiftie two degrees and an halfe, and goeth so high to the North, that it hides it selfe vnder the Pole Articke, without m 2.5 knowing any end.

The greatnesse of this fourth part hath set the people in great admiration, whose description shall here be handled, vnder the name of Ilands, and firme Land of the Ocean Sea, because they are compassed with this Sea, and placed to the West, and are commonly called, the West Indies, and the New World, and comprehended within the limits of the Kings of Castile and of Lyon. Which is an Hemisphere, and halfe of the World, of 180. degrees, beginning to reckon from a Meridian Circle, which passeth by thirtie nine, or by fortie degrees of longitude, Occidentall [ 50] from the Meridian of Toledo, through the mouth of the Riuer Marany••••, and to the Orientall, through the Citie of Mallaca, in sort, that at twentie leagues sayling for a degree, these bounds haue from the one part to the other 3900. Castillan leagues, euery one of 3000. paces, of fiue foot of a Castillan yard, which men say are sixtie Italian miles, from the Orient to the Occident, which the Sea-men doe call East and West. And this account of twentie leagues to a degree, is according to Ptolomie, and to the opinion of many curious men. It hath seemed to others that the miles of euery degree are seuentie, and that they make no more then seuenteene leagues and an halfe of Castile, which is held for the truest account.

The degrees of longitude, which are those that are reckoned by the n 2.6 Equinoctiall, which [ 60] goeth from East to West, through the middest of the Orbe, and Globe of the Earth, haue not beene able to bee taken well, because there is no fixed signe in the Heauen. Degrees of altitude are those which are taken, and reckoned from the Pole which fall out certayne, because it is a

fixed point, which is the marke that is taken, by the which it shall be shewed in this description.

There is discouered, and nauigated from the North to the South,* 2.7 from 60. degrees of Septentri∣onal altitude, vnto fiftie three Austral, which are 1977. leagues of ground, which hath in breadth, at the broadest 1300. and thence downewards vnto eighteene, which is the narowest by Nom∣bre de Dios, or Portobelo, vnto Panama, whereby Nature diuided this Land, leauing almost the halfe of it to the North, and the rest to the South, which are the two parts of these bounds. The third, is the Ilands and firme land, that lye to the East of Mallaca, where through passeth the Line of the partition, betweene the two Crownes of Castile and Portugall, the which although they are part of the East India, they are named of the West in respect of Castile, as shall bee seene in the generall Map that followeth.

[ 10] And because the Discouerie of all these Regions, from whence so great Riches haue beene brought to these Kingdomes, is due vnto the Load-stone,* 2.8 I will set downe heere a wonderfull ef∣fect of his, discouered by Don Antonie Ossorio, a Gentleman of Valladolid, and it is, that it doth communicate to the Iron, more attractiue vertue then naturally it hath of it selfe, seeing that applying an Iron to the part of the stone that hath most force, much more weight will bee ray∣sed with the Iron, then with the stone it selfe▪ so it bee ioyned with it, in sort that to a Load∣stone, that weigheth no more then two pound one quarter, and hath no naturall vertue for to lift more then sixe ounces weight, it made the Iron in my presence to lift fourteene pound of I∣ron, and this vertue hath not the Load-stone of Spaine, a thing that causeth the Philosophers to [ 20] muse much vpon.

The Author had here inserted a Table or Generall Map of America; the defect of which wee haue supplyed with this farre more complete of Hondius.

[illustration] map of North and South America

HONDIVS his Map of AMERICA.

AMERICAE DESCRIP.

* 2.9THe Ocean that is toward the East, is called the North Sea, and that which falleth to the West, Mar del Sur, or the South Sea: this washeth Noua Hispania and Peru: that washeth those Regions which are situated on the South coast of Brasile toward the Magellan Streight: and especially the North coast from Brasile toward Castile, and other Septentrional parts. These two vast Seas are diuided into other lesser Seas and Gulfes, and are sayled by foure principall Na∣uigations.* 2.10 The first and most ancient, from Castile to Terra firme, and to Noua Hispania. The second, from Castile to the Riuer of Plate, and the Streight of Magellan. The third, from the coast of Noua Hispania to Guatimala, and Panama, to Peru, Chile, and the Streight. And the last, and newest, from Noua Hispania to the Ilands of the West, and trafficke of China, as it is seene in [ 10] the Table preceding.

The first Nauigation, because it is most vsed, called Carrera de las Indias, The course of the In∣dies, is diuided in two, one to the port of Saint Iohn of Vlua in Noua Hispania, whitherto from Siuil is sayled about one thousand and seuen hundred leagues in two moneths and an halfe: and another to Nombre de Dios, and now to Porte bello, which is in the Kingdome which they call Terra firme, of one thousand and foure hundred leagues, in two moneths large, and both goe by one course, till they come to the Ilands of the North Sea, from Saint Lucar of Barrameda, whence yee cannot take Sea without a Pilot skilfull in the Channell,* 2.11 a fit winde and spring Tydes, and light of the day, or lights, for to see the markes of the Barre.

The Times for to begin these Nauigations, are diuers. For Noua Hispania, the winter being [ 20] past, from the beginning of April vnto the end of May, and not after, that they may not come to the Ilands of the North Sea after August, when the North windes begin to reigne, and the Vra∣canes doe begin, which are stormes and great gusts arising of contrarie windes. And to Terra firme, the Nauigation is before the entring of the Winter, in all August and September, that they may come to Porte bello from Nouember forward, when by the beginning of the North windes that Coast is alreadie least diseased, and more healthfull.

* 2.12From Saint Lucar they goe to the Canaries, whither there is about two hundred and fiftie leagues of Nauigation, of eight or ten dayes, through the Gulfe de las Yeguas; which in winter is very dangerous for stormes: and in the Port of Canarie they cast anker when they thinke it good, or else in the Port of Gomera, which is the best of those Ilands. From the Canaries they [ 30] saile to Desseada, which stands in 15. degrees and little more; and to Dominica, whither they make seuen hundred leagues, through the great Ocean, and they stay fiue and twentie dayes, whereby they cannot returne, because the Brises are ordinarie, and contrarie at their returne. The Brises are windes which comprehend all the Easterne windes with all their quarters, and are so ordinarie and firme,* 2.13 because the swift motion of the First Moouer, doth carry after him the Element of the Aire, as the other superior Orbes: and so the Aire followeth alwaies the motion of the Day, going from East to West, neuer varying, and the effectuall motion of the Aire car∣rieth after him also the vapours and exhalations that doe arise from the Sea, and therefore the Brise winde which runneth from the East, is so continuall in those parts. This voyage from the Canaries to Dominica, Peter Arios of Auila, which was called Gentill and the Iuster, made the [ 40] first, the yeere of 1514. when hee went with an Armie for Gouernour and Captaine generall of the Kingdome of Golden Castile, now called Terra firme, since which the Nauigation hath beene ordered, that vntill then went out of order.

Because it is now ordered that fresh water and wood be not taken in the Iland of Desseada, and in Dominica, the Fleet of Noua Espanna goe hence to Occoa, a Port of the Iland Hispan-yola, to take refreshing, and they stay long because the stormes from Cuba doe ouertake it. And they that goe for Noua Espanna,* 2.14 doe water in the Iland of Guadalupe, and there they diuide the cour∣ses. The fleet of Noua Espanna goeth in demand of the Cape of Saint Antonie, which is in the furthest part and most Occidentall of the Iland of Cuba, to which place they saile about fiue hun∣dred leagues in twentie dayes ordinarily, in sight of Saint Iohn of Porto Rico and of Espannola, two [ 50] leagues off the Port of Saint Domingo, running along the coast by the Point of Nizao, and be∣tweene the Ilands of Cuba and Iamayca, they goe with great heede of the shoales, which are cal∣led the Iardines, neere to the middest of the coast of Cuba where many ships haue beene lost, pas∣sing afterward in sight of the Iland of Pinos and Cape Correntes twelue leagues short of the Cape of Saint Antonie. From whence there are two courses to the Port of Venacruz, both of ten or twelue dayes; one which they call Within Land, of two hundred and fiftie leagues, for the Sum∣mer time from May to September, when there bee no North windes which are crosse windes on the coast of Yucatan, whereby they passe; and another which they call Without, for the time of Winter, of about two hundred and eightie leagues somewhat higher in altitude: and the best Na∣uigation,* 2.15 for to goe to the Port of Saint Iohn de Vlua, is to leane to the coast of Florida, and the Playnes of Almeria, that no contrarie wind stay him from seasonable attayning the Port of Saint [ 60] Iohn de Vlua.

The fleets that went from Dominica, and now goe from Guadalupe to Terra firme (whither is about foure hundred leagues voyage of fifteene dayes) they goe in demand of Cartagena, farre off

the coast of Terra firme, where the Brises are almost perpetuall, and contrarie to the returne, and the Southerne windes continuall in Summer, and the Northerne in Winter, which are crosse windes. They doe reknowledge by the way the Cape de Vella, between Santa Martha and a 2.16 Ve∣nezuela, and the Cape b 2.17 del Aguja neere Cartagena, where they vnlade the merchandise that are to goe to New Kingdome; and those which are to passe to Peru, are carried to Porte bello, whi∣therto from Cartagena are ninetie leagues, foure or sixe dayes sayling, reknowledging the Point of Captina, and from the Canaries to Cartagena is fiue and thirtie dayes sayling.

Those that goe to Hunduras and Guatemala, goe in companie with them of Noua Espanna,* 2.18 vnto Cape Tiburon, the vtmost Westerne part of Espannola, from whence running along by [ 10] the Iland of Iamayca on the North side, vnto the Point of the c 2.19 Negrillo, the vttermost of it, they put to Sea in demand of the Cape of the Camaron, the beginning of the Gulfe and Prouince of Hunduras, from whence they goe to anker to Truxillo fifteene leagues to the West from the Cape, where the merchandize are vnladen that are to remaine there, and the rest doe passe to the Port of Cauallos, and to Golfo Dulce, along the coast by the Gulfe of Hunduras, to transport them to Guatemala.

THe returne from the Indies to Spaine,* 2.20 cannot be made by the course which they take in go∣ing thither, and therefore they must come to a greater height, going out of the Tropicks to seeke fresh windes which doe blow from towards the North; all the Fleetes doe meete in the [ 20] Port of Hauana, about the moneth of Iune, to come to Spaine before Winter; for the East winde is against them, and is trauerse in the Channell, and the South also is trauerse in the Coast from the Cape Saint Vincent to Saint Lucar. The fleet of Terra firme, departeth from May for∣ward from Porte bello, when the North windes doe alreadie cease; and returneth to Cartagena to take the freight of Siluer and Gold from the new Kingdom of Granada: and also for to auoid the Coast of Veragua, and the streame of Nicaragua, whence they can hardly get out if they ingulfe themselues by reason of the Brises, and contrarie and dangerous Currents that are in the way. From Cartagena they goe for Cape Saint Antonie, the furthest West of Cuba about two hun∣dred leagues, voyage of ten dayes, with care of the shoales that are in the way of Serrana and Serranilla, and d 2.21 Quitasueno, and from the Cape of Saint Antonie to the Auana, are neere fiftie [ 30] leagues: and the ships that come from Hunduras, doe come also to reknowledge the Cape of Saint Antonie.

The fleetes of Noua Espanna doe depart in the beginning of May, while the North windes doe last, which doe serue for the returne to the Auana, ascending a little in altitude vnto the Sound, which they call las Tortugas, vnto which place they saile about three hundred leagues in fifteene dayes.

The ships of Santa Martha and Venezuela, to come to Castile, came out betweene Cuba and Hispaniola, to reknowledge the Cape of Saint Nicholas in the Western part of it, from whence through the middest of the Iles of the Lucayos, they goe take the course of the fleets, and when they come in sight of the Cape of Saint Antonie, they goe to the Auana for feare of Pirates.

[ 40] From the Auana to Castile, hauing past the Channell of Bahama (which the Pilot Antonie of Alaminos sayled first of all, the yeere 1519.) they doe saile through the Gulfe which is called of the North, or of the Sagarzo, about nine hundred or a thousand leagues or more (a sayling of fiue and twentie or thirtie dayes with ordinarie windes) by two wayes, one for Summer, in a greater height, till they come to thirtie eight or thirtie nine degrees, in the which stand the Ilands of Azores; and another for Winter, by a lesser height, because of the stormes and showres which doe come alwayes neere vnto it, whereby they goe vnto thirtie nine degrees no more, where∣in standeth the Iland of Santa Maria, one of the Iles of Azores, and they ascend one degree more for to touch in the Tercera, where the fleets doe alwayes come to take refreshing, without per∣mitting any one to goe ashoare. And from the Ilands of Azores vnto Saint Lucar of Barrameda, [ 50] the Mariners make three hundred leagues of Nauigation in fifteene dayes, others in thirtie for the many Brises that doe reigne in this Gulfe of the Azores, whereby they saile till they come vpon the Coast of Portugal, and the doubling of the Cape Saint Vincent; and after in sight of the Coast vnto the Port of Saint Lucar.

The Nauigation from Castile to the Riuer of Plata (whitherto there is one thousand and sixe hundred leagues,* 2.22 and to the Streight of Magelanes neere two thousand) hath beene much lon∣ger in the time then in the distance of the way, because being necessarie to come to those Prouin∣ces in their Summer, which is from September forward, they cannot depart from Castile at such time as not to passe the Equinoctiall by Iune or August, when in it the Calmes are many and ve∣ry great, and therefore they stay fiue moneths in the Voyage, which might bee made in two or three, if from Siuil they did depart by August or before: and touching in the Canaries they goe North and South, to eight or nine degrees on the other side of the Equinoctiall, from whence [ 60] some doe saile East and West, to reknowledge the Cape of Saint Augustine in Brasile, and after∣ward in sight of the Land vnto the Riuer of Plate and the Streight. Others from the eight de∣grees haue gone straight through the South Sea to the Streight, although few haue come to passe

it, before the Summer bee ended, which is very short and full of stormes, because it stands in so great a height, whereby this Nauigation is very difficult.

* 2.23The Nauigation of the South Sea hath alwayes beene along the Coast, and because the South windes are very continuall, and the Current of the Streight ordinarie to the North; The Nauigation of Panama to the Citie of The Kings,* 2.24 is wont to continue two moneths, and the returne lesse then thirtie dayes, and the same from the Kings to Chile, from whence to Pana∣ma are sayled nine hundred leagues in lesse then two moneths, eight being needfull for the go∣ing, which is alreadie shorter then it was: for putting to the Sea they finde better windes to performe it.

* 2.25The Nauigation to the Westerne Ilands, Malucas and Philippinas, from Castile to the Streight of Magellane passeth foure thousand leagues, and so for being so long as for the difficul∣tie [ 10] of passing the Streight of Magellan••s, it is held for difficult to vse it, and from Noua E∣spanna through the Westerne Gulfe, which is in the South Sea. This Nauigation was made from the Port of the Natiuitie in the Coast of Noua Espanna; at this time it is made from the Port of Acapulco, from whence to the Malucas and Philippinas, they doe make a voyage of one thousand sixe hundred, or a thousand and seuen hundred leagues, which is sayled in two moneths, or two and a halfe, departing in Nouember which is the time most free from calmes. And the returne to Noua Espanna is longer, because not being able to returne the way they went, it is necessarie to ascend to 39. degrees, and depart in May and Iune, when the Brises bee lesse, and they stay foure moneths in sayling two thousand leagues that may bee in the iourney. [ 20]

* 2.26NAture hauing diuided these western Indies in two parts, by the Isthmos or narrownesse from Porte bello to Panama, placed the one to the North, and the other to the South; where∣fore wee will call them the Indies of the North, and of the South. The Kings of Castile and Lion, with the aduice of the supreme Councell of the Indies, haue ordayned, that in each place there bee a Vice-roy, Courts, and Gouernments, and Bishopricks, as hereafter shall bee shewed. And first shall be entreated of the Northerne Indies, which commonly they call Noua Hispania, because the first discouerers (which were Iohn Grijalua and his Companions) hauing not seene in the Ilands houses of stone, nor other things as in Spaine, which here they found with people [ 30] apparelled, and more ciuill; They named it New Spaine: which exceedeth the other part of the Indies in pastures, and therefore they haue innumerable Cattle of all sorts: and it exceedeth also in husbandrie and fruits: it hath no wine, because generally the grapes doe not ripen with perfection, the raines of Iuly and August not suffering them to ripen. The * 2.27 vpper Ilands haue also great Pastures, and a pleasant prospect: for all the yeere they are greene and flourishing, with great pleasantnesse, and great Arcabucos, which are very thick Groues and Inclosures, and in the Playnes are great Lakes and Quagmires. Neither Bread nor Wine grow in them; for the great ranknesse of the ground doth not suffer it to ripen nor care: the Riuers for the most part haue gold. Florida, Nicaragua, and Guatimala are almost in this manner, as of all more particular∣ly wee will rehearse in their place, and in the Table following shall the bounds of these Northern Indies bee seene. [ 40]

THe Court of the Iland Hispaniola, which in time and place is the first, being neerest vnto Ca∣stile, it hath of bounds East and West fiue hundred and fiftie leagues, and North and South more then three hundred, wherein are included the Ilands and Gouernments of Hispaniola, Cu∣ba,* 2.28 Saint Iohn, Iamayca, Margarita, and the fishing of the Pearle: the Prouince and Go∣uernment of Venezuella, and for neernesse the Prouinces of new Andaluzia, Guayana, and Florida, with all the Ilands of the North Sea, which doe passe a hundred which are named, and are aboue sixe hundred great and small: and those which doe leane toward the Coast of Terra firme, the Mariners doe call of the Leeward, and the other to the Weatherward. The temperature of [ 50] them all is commonly moist and exceeding hot, and although they be plentifull in Pastures and Trees, they are not so of the Seedes of Castile, nor of Wheat, Barly, Vines, nor Oliues: but there is great store of great Cattell and small, as Kine, Mares, Swine, and Sheepe, and therefore their principall trafficke is Hides and Sugar, for there is great store; and although in the most of them there is gold; it is not sought for.

* 2.29THe Countrie-men called the Iland of Hispaniola, Ayti and Quisqueya, which signifieth Roughnesse, and a great Countrie. The figure of it is like a Chesnut leafe: it stands in nine∣teene degrees and a halfe of eleuation of the Pole, it compasseth about foure hundred leagues and somewhat more, and hath in length East and West an hundreth and fiftie, and North and South from thirtie to sixtie where it is broadest, it is very plentifull of Sugar, and Cattell, and [ 60] of Yuca, the roote whereof maketh the Cazabi, the bread of the Countrimen. They haue no Mil∣let nor Wheat,* 2.30 although they begin to reape some in the inward parts and coldest. It is rich of Copper mynes and other metals, and some veine of Gold though but little is gotten, for want of workemen: it hath ten Spanish Townes.

[illustration] map Cuba

HONDIVS his Map of Hispaniola, Cuba, &c.

CUBA INSUL••

[illustration] map of Port of Havana

HAVANA PORTUS

[illustration] map of Jamaica

IAMAICA

[illustration] map of St. John island

I. S. IOANNIS

[illustration] map of Margaret island

I. MARGARETAE

[illustration] map of Hispaniola

CUBAE INSULAE PARS

HISPA∣NIOLA

[ 40] The Citie of Saint Dominicke or Domingo neere the Coast of the South,* 2.31 on the Riuer of Oza∣ma, stands in the said 19. degrees and a halfe, and 60. of Occidentall longitude from the Meridian of Toledo, from whence vnto it there may bee by direct line one thousand two hundred fortie seuen leagues, it hath aboue sixe hundred housholds. There is resident in it the Audience or Coun∣cell, the Officers of the Goods and Royall Treasure; a Mint house, and the Cathedrall Church. And the Archbishoprick hath for Suffraganes the Bishopricks of the Conception de la Vega (which is vnited with that of Saint Dominicke) those of Saint Iohn, Cuba, Venezuela, and the Abbotship of Iamayca; and in the Citie are Monasteries of Dominicans, Franciscans, Mercenaries, and other two of Nunnes, a Grammar Schoole, with foure thousand * 2.32 Pesos of Rent, and an Hospitall with twentie thousand. The Hauen which is great, and capable of many ships, is in the mouth of the [ 50] Riuer Ozama, and hath the Citie on the West, which the Deputie Don Bartholomew Collon did build the yeere 1494. on the East side, better and wholsomer in situation, and the chiefe Knight of Alcantara, Nicholas of Ouando being Gouernour of Hispaniola, An. 1502. remoued it where now it is, from the other side the Riuer to the East, vpon occasion that the Citie had fallen by a great Earthquake. The Village of Salualyon of Yguey,* 2.33 eight and twentie leagues from Saint Do∣minicke to the East, of the Archbishoprick; the Captaine, Iohn of Esquiuel, did people it. The Village of the Zeybo, twentie leagues from Saint Dominicke to the East, toward the Iland of Saona: the Captaine also planted it in the time of Nicholas of Ouando. The Village of Cotuy,* 2.34 sixteene leagues from Saint Dominicke to the North, and very close in his circuit, Roderick Mexia of Trillo, founded it. The Village of Azua in Compostella, in the coast of the South,* 2.35 foure and [ 60] twentie leagues from Saint Dominicke to the West, in his borders are many sugar Mills; it was peopled by the President Iames Vellazques, it was called Compostella by a Gallizian Knight,* 2.36 which held an Heritage in that situation, and Azua is the name of the place which the Indians had there. The first that carried sugar Canes to the Indies, and began to make triall of them there, was one Atiença, and the Bachellor Velosa. The Village of Yaguana, which they call

Santa Marie of the Port, seated on the Westerne coast of the Iland, is fiftie or sixtie leagues from Saint Dominicke, as betweene the North and the West; the chiefe Knight Nicholas of Ouando did people it.

* 2.37The Citie of the Conception of the Valley, is in the Kingdome of Guarin••ex, which the first Ad∣mirall Don Christopher Collon built, neere to the which he obtayned the victorie in the great bat∣taile of the Valley Royall: it is twentie leagues from Saint Dominicke to the North-east, where is a Cathedrall Church (although there is no Prelate, for it is vnited to the Church of Saint Domi∣nicke) it hath one Monasterie of religious Franciscans,* 2.38 where is the wood of the Crosse which the Indians could not burne, cut, nor ouerthrow, which hath done many miracles. [ 10]

Saint Iago de los Caualleros is ten leagues from the Citie de la Vega directly to the North-east; it was first a Fortresse which the first Admirall made in the Countries of the Cacique Guanaco••el, for the securitie of the Valley, and the Fort Magdalene which was foure leagues off.

The chiefe Knight of Alcantara, Nicholas of Ouando, An. 1502. did people the Port of Plate in the North coasts,* 2.39 fiue and thirtie or about fortie leagues from Saint Dominicke, because the ships of Castile might more commodiously trafficke, and because it was no more then ten leagues from the great Valley, where in other ten leagues stood the Village of Saint Iames, and the Conception within sixteen, and within twelue the Mynes of Cibao, and it was of the Bishoprick of the Val∣ley,* 2.40 the Port of Plate stands in little more then twentie degrees. The Village of Monte-Christe, is in the coast of the North fourteene leagues, to the West of Port of Plate, and fortie from Saint Dominicke, is of the Bishoprick of the Valley; it hath a good Hauen, and certaine salt Pits in it; [ 20] Nicholas of Ouando did build it.

* 2.41There was in old times in this Iland the Citie of Isabella, now disinhabited, which the first Admirall built the yeere 1493. the Village of Verapaz in Xaragua,* 2.42 which Iames Velazques built in the yeere 1503. and the same yeere peopled also Saluatierra of the Zabana, which signifieth Playnes and Pastures, in the Indian language: and that Prouince is plaine and faire. Hee also peopled (betweene the two mightie Riuers Neyba and Yaqui) the Village of Saint Iohn of the Maguana,* 2.43 in the middest of the Iland, where the Church continueth yet; and heere reigned Coanabo, who tooke Alfonso de Oieda. Hee also planted Villanueua de Yaquime vpon the Hauen, where Oieda cast himselfe to swim, being prisoner in a ship, with two paire of fetters; and it stands in the South coast, which the Admirall did call the Coast and Hauen of Brasile. The Vil∣lage [ 30] of Bonao is neere vnto Cotuy,* 2.44 which the first Admirall also built, where hee made a Fort for the securitie of the Mynes, which were the first that were found in this Iland. The Village of Bonauenture is eight leagues from Saint Dominicke to the North,* 2.45 and Lares de Guahaba, which Nicholas of Ouando peopled, being Comendador Lares.

* 2.46This Iland flourished so much, that there were in it fourteene thousand Castillanes, many of them Noble people, and the Plantations of other parts which happened afterward, caused it to be disinhabited; for from it, and from the Iland of Cuba, went all the substance for the new Coun∣treyes that were found.

The Ports, Roades, Capes, and Points most famous, and the Ilands pertayning to the Coast of this Iland, are in the South Coast, the Point of Nizao, ten leagues from Saint Dominicke to the [ 40] West. The Port of Ocoa, eighteene, which is a Bay where the Fleets which goe for Noua E∣spania doe anchor and take refreshing, when they doe not anchor in the nooke of Zepezepin, which is neere vnto it,* 2.47 or in another which they call the Faire Hauen, two leagues before they come to Ocoa. Azua a Port and Towne twentie foure leagues beyond Ocoa la Calongia, a large Point thirtie leagues, right against the Ilands of Boata and Altobelo, fiue leagues from the Coast, and the Beatados. Yaquimo about thirtie foure more to the West, and Abaque, an Iland neere the Cape of Tiburon, the furthest West of Hispaniola: la Nabaza ten leagues to the Sea East and West from the Cape, and Cape Rojo twelue leagues from it to the North: the Rookes, or Hermanos Trees, Isle Oucillos neere the Coast that turneth to the East: Caymito another little Iland betweene these, and Guanabo another Iland of eight leagues in length, in the nooke of Yaguana. The Port [ 50] and Cape of Saint Nicholas, the furthest West on the North side of the Iland. A little further the Port of * 2.48 Mosquitos, in the North Coast, and twentie league•• forward the Port of Valparay∣so, or of the Conception, North and South, with the Tortuga an Iland neere the Coast of fiue leagues in length: Port Royall twelue leagues to the West from Monte-Christe, which is as much, or a little more before Isabela, and this from the Port of Plate, other twelue leagues: Cabo Fran∣ces, and Cabo del Cabron, in the turning, which the Coast maketh to the East, before the Gulfe of Samana, which entreth fiue or sixe leagues the Land inward, vnto the place where the Towne of Sancta Cruz stood. And in the Riuer of Samana, was the first time that Armes were taken against the men of the Indies▪* 2.49 because they would haue done violence to the first Admirall. The Cape of Deceit, (Cabo del Enganno) is the furthest West of the Iland where the Coast returneth by the South to the West, at the beginning of the which stands the Saona, an Iland which the [ 60] fleets doe reknowledge, when they goe, and somewhat more towards Saint Dominicke is ano∣ther little Iland, which is called Saint Katherine; and all the names rehearsed were giuen by the first Admirall.

The Iland of Cuba which first was called Iuana, or Ioane, by the Father Don Iuan,* 2.50 and after it was commanded to be called Fernandina by his Father. The Captaine Sebastian of Ocampo, made an end of compassing the yeere of our Lord 1508. by order of Nicholas of Ouando: for vntill then it was not wholly belieued that it was Land, and the yeere 1511. the President Iames Velazques went ouer with three hundred Spaniards, by order of the second Admirall to pa∣cifie it. It hath two hundred and thirty leagues from the Cape of Saint Antonie, vnto the Point of Mayzi, going by Land, although by the Sunne, and by water there are not so many. It hath in breadth from the Cape of Crosses, to the Port of Manati, fortie fiue leagues, and then it be∣ginneth to streighten, and goeth to the last Cape, or Occidentall Point, where it is narrow, of [ 10] twelue leagues, little more or lesse, from Matamano to the Auana. Her situation is within the Tropicke of Cancer, from twentie to twentie one degrees, the Countrey is almost all plaine, with many Forrests, and thicke Woods: from the Easterne Point of Mayci, for thirtie leagues it hath most high Mountaynes, and likewise in the middest it hath some, and there runne from them to the North, and to the South, very pleasant Riuers, with great store of fish. On the South side it hath the little Ilands, which the first Admirall called the Queenes Garden, and the other on the North side, which Iames Velazquez called the Kings Garden, the trees are of many diffe∣rences, and wild Vines as bigge as a man: they gather no Wheate nor other Seedes of Spaine, but great abundance of Cattle: it hath great Copper Mynes, and of Gold, and is it found in the Riuers, though it be base in the touch.

[ 20] Iames Velazquez peopled first the Citie of Saint Iames in the South Coast,* 2.51 fortie leagues from the Cape of Tiburon, which is in Hispaniola, and two leagues from the Sea, neere to a Port, one of the best in the World, for securitie and greatnesse. The Citie came to haue two thousand Inhabitants; now it hath few with a Gouernours Deputie: the Cathedrall Suffragane to Saint Domingo, is resident in it, and a Monastery of Franciscan Friers. The Village of Baracoa,* 2.52 is a Towne furthest East of the Iland of Cuba, at the beginning of the North Coast 60. leagues from the Citie of S. Iames toward the East North-east, which was also an inhabiting of the President Iames Ve∣lazquez. The Village of Bayam••, which Iames Velazquez also built,* 2.53 is 20. leagues from S. Iames to the North-west, it is the soundest Town of the Iland, of a more open soyle, and of a good disposi∣tion. The Village and Port of the Prince, in the Coast of the North,* 2.54 is about fortie leagues from [ 30] Saint Iames to the North-west. The Village of Sancti Spiritus, is a Port on the South side, be∣tweene the Trinidad, and the Cayo de Basco Porcallo, of Figueroa, about fiftie leagues from Saint Iames, a Colonie of Iames Velazquez.

The Village and Port of Saint Christopher of the Abana, is in the North Coast, almost op∣posite to Florida, in twentie two degrees and an halfe in height, of more then sixe hun∣dred Housholds; where the Gouernour resides and the Officers Royall.* 2.55 The Port is mar∣uellous in greatnesse and securitie, especially since that King Philip the Second, the pru∣dent, sent the Campe-master Iohn of Texeda, and Baptista Antonelli, to fortifie it: in it all the Fleetes of the Indies doe meete for to come for Spaine in company. It was first called the Port of Carennas: and Iames Velazquez built this Village, and all the rest of the Iland,* 2.56 with [ 40] the assistance of the Father Bartolome de las Casas, which afterward became a Dominicke Frier, and Bishop of Chiapa.

The Ports and Capes, and point of the Coast of Cuba, and the Ilands belonging to it besides those which are rehearsed are in the South Coast, the Port of the Citie of Saint Iames in twentie degrees, and twentie fiue leagues to the West: the Port of Sancti Spiritus, Cape of the Crosse twelue leagues forward, and the Queenes Gardens, which is a great shelfe of Ilands and shoales: the Port of Trinitie in twentie one degrees, about thirtie leagues from the Cape of the Crosse, and ten more to the West, the Gulfe of Xagua, a great defence with some Ilands, in the middest, and forward the Two Sisters, two Ilands at the beginning of the great shelfe, and Ilands, and shoales, which they call Camarco, betweene the Coast and the Ilands, which is of ten leagues in length, [ 50] and seuen in breadth twelue leagues from the Cape of Correntes, which is as many from the Cape of Saint Antonie, the furthest West of this Iland.* 2.57 In the North Coast standeth the Port of A∣bana, and thirtie leagues to the East is the Port of Slaughters where was a Towne, and was cal∣led de Matanças, of the Slaughters, because the Indians killed certaine Spaniards, which they car∣ried in their Can••ose vnder securitie to the other side, only one escaping▪ and two women whom they kept sometime with them. From the * 2.58 Matanças to the Port of Yucanaca, are fiftie leagues to the Kings Garden, which is a great shelfe of little Illets and shoales, and at the end of the Iland Obahaua, eight leagues before the Port of the Prince, foure or six from the Port of Fer∣nando Alanso, and six to the East of this, Cubana which is a point. The Port of Varocoa is about twentie leagues before the point of Maizi, the farthest West of Cuba, and the hidden Port and Gulfe neere to Cape f 2.59 Roio, in the South-coast, about twentie leagues from the Port of Pidge∣ons, [ 60] which is about ten leagues from the Port of Saint Iames.

* 2.60THe Iland of Iamayca was so abundant of victuals, and breedings, that it gaue great pro∣uision of Cotton, Horses, Swine, and Cozabi, for the new Discoueries, and the first Admi∣rall called it Saint Iames, when hee discouered it: and the first that passed to inhabit it, was the Captayne Iohn Esquiuell, the yeere 1509. by order of the second Admirall Don Diego Colon. It stands in seuenteene degrees and an halfe of altitude in the middest of it, and twentie leagues from Cuba to the South, and as many from Hispaniola, direct to the West. It hath in compasse one hundred and fiftie leagues, it hath East and West fiftie, and twentie in breadth. There are in it three Villages,* 2.61 Siuill in which is the Seat of the Colledge, toward the North Coast somewhat Westerly; Iohn Squinell a Gentleman of Siuill peopled it: Melilla, which stands in the [ 10] North Coast, fourteene leagues from Siuill to the East: Oristan in the South Coast towards the West fourteene leagues from Siuill, and are Plantations of the President Francisco de Garay, which gouerned in it. But of the Towne de la Vega, whence the Admirals Lords of this I∣land tooke the Title of Dukes, nor of other two Plantations painted in some Maps, there is no notice.

* 2.62There is in the Coast of this Iland, the Point of Moranta the vttermost West of it, by the North Coast ten leagues to the West, the Port of Ianta, and tenne leagues forward the Port of Melilla, where they say the first Admirall arriued, and called it Santa Gloria, when hee returned lost from Veragua;* 2.63 and heere happened to him the mutiny of the Porras of Siuill: and it was the first Ciuill Warre of the Indies. Other ten leagues thence standeth the Port of Siuill, before the [ 20] Point Negrillo, from whence the Coast windeth, vnto the Cabo de Falcon, neere to Oristan, and goeth by the South to the Port of Guayano. And fiue leagues from this Coast, are the Har∣mingas, a dangerous shoale, and seuen leagues further las Viuoras, small Ilands compassed with shoales, and to the South of them the Serrana, and a little Iland compassed with shoales, with o∣ther foure or fiue neere vnto it, and to the North-west of it, the Serranilla, and to the West of it the Roncador, another Rocke, and to the South-west of it, Saint Andrewes, an Iland compas∣sed with shoales North and South, with Nombre de Dios, about fortie leagues from it, and neere from thence another called Sancta Catilina; the n 2.64 Caymanes directly West from Iamayca, twen∣tie fiue leagues from the little o 2.65 Blackmoore, which are two little Ilands sixe leagues the one from the other, and the great Cayman another Iland of seuen leagues in length, fifteene leagues [ 30] from the Caymanes to the West, and to the North Coast, betweene Cuba and Hispaniola, another shoale which is called p 2.66 Abre-oio.

The Iland of Saint Iohn of Port Rico, which the Indians called Barriquen, lyeth betwixt twelue and fifteene leagues from Hispaniola, to the East, of fortie fiue leagues in length, East and West; and from North to South, betwixt twentie and thirtie, very plentifull of all that Hispaniola hath, and of Millet, Yuca, and of Mynes of Gold. The temperature is good, and almost one all the yeere, except in December and Ianuary. There is in it three Spanish Townes with a Gouernment, and a Bishoppricke: the President Iohn Ponce of Lion passed to discouer this Iland the yeere 1508. being Gouernour in the Prouince of Yguey, for Nicholas of Ouando in Hi∣spaniola, and returned the yeere 1510. by order of the King to people it. The Citie of Saint Iohn,* 2.67 is in the beginning of the North Coast, on the East side in eighteene degrees of height, [ 40] and they call it of Port Rico, for the excellencie of the Hauen. The Bishop and the Gouernour are resident in it, and the Officers of the Kings Reuenues: and it is Suffragane to Saint Domingo. Arrecibo stands thirtie leagues to the West from Port Rico: the Towne of Guadianilla, or Saint German the New,* 2.68 in the Westerne Coast three and thirtie leagues from Port Rico to the South-west.

There was in old time in this Iland another Towne which was called Guanica, in the South Coast, at the end of it where now is the Port of Mosquitos, which is very good, from whence it was remoued to another situation of the Westerne Coast, which they call Aguada, or the Wa∣tering, with name of Soto-Mayor: there is in this Iland a row of Mountaynes, that diuide it in the middest East and West vnto the Sea, and Borders of Saint German, and heere is found the [ 50] Tree called Tabernaculo,* 2.69 which yeeldeth white Rozen, like Gumme-Anime, and it serueth for Pitch for the ships, and for fire or light, and it is medicinable to take out the colde or num∣nesse, and to cure wounds.

There are few Ports in this Iland, for all the Coast of the North is very foule with shoales, and Rockes: those that are, are to the East from the Port of Saint Iohn. The Riuer of Luysa, and that which they call Canoba,* 2.70 and la Cabeça; the farthest East point of the Iland, neere to the Hill of the Loquillos, and in it a Port which they call Saint Iames; three leagues further is another called Yabucoa, and three leagues from the Coast, on this side of the passage, is a little Illet, and at the beginning of the South passage, another which they call Boyqui, and forward [ 60] the Iland of Saint Anne, Guayama a Port, and afterward the Riuers Neabon, and Xauia, six leagues before the Port of Guadianilla, two leagues to the East of the Riuer of Mosquitos, in whose mouth is the Riuer called Guanica, and six leagues from it, the Cape Roio, the furthest West of the South Coast: and to the West of it, toward Hispaniola is the Iland of Moua, and to the North of it

the Manico, and Zecheo, other two little Ilands: the Port of Pines, and the Port of Mayaguez, and the Bay of Saint German the old, and the mouth of the Riuer Guanabo, or the Watering, and that of Guabataca more forward, and afterward in the North Coast, that of Camay, and of Ci∣buco, and T••a, neere to Port Rico, and in the middest of the Coast of the South Sea, leauing vnto it the Haberianas, foure or fiue little Ilands.* 2.71 There is also much Ginger gathered in this Iland, which is a Root like vnto Madder, or Saffron, which the Portugals brought from the East, to this Iland of Barlouento.

The Ilands which are to the North of Saint Iohn, Hispaniola, and Cuba, of which none is inhabited with Spaniards, are called the Lucayos. One the most Septentrionall, is aboue twen∣tie [ 10] seuen degrees of altitude, which is called Lucayoneque, or Yucayoneque, which hath almost to the West Bahama another Iland in twentie sixe degrees and an halfe, of thirteene leagues in length, and eight in breadth,* 2.72 from whence the Channell of Bahama betweene Florida and the shoales Delos Mimbres taketh the name, whereby the Currents of the Sea doe goe so swi••t to the North, that although the wind be prosperous the ships cannot enter it, and although they be contrary they goe with the Currents.

The shelues of Bimini, are so called of an Iland in the middest of them, of fiue leagues in length, which the first Admirall gaue the name the first time he came to Cuba, and it is that which Iohn Paul of Lyon did agree to inhabit. Abacoa, is another in the middest of the said shelfe of twelue leagues in length: Cigateo of twentie fiue. Curateo, another small Iland in twentie sixe de∣grees: [ 20] and Guamma fifteene leagues of length, and ten in breadth, and neere vnto it Guanahani,* 2.73 the first Land of the Indies, which the first Admirall discouered, which he called Saint Sauiour; Yuma of twentie leagues, and eight in breadth, in twentie foure degrees and an halfe, which the Admirall named Isabella, in honour of the famous Queene Donna Isabella his particular Pro∣tectresse, and that gaue him this Discouerie. Iumeto in twentie three degrees and an halfe, fif∣teene leagues in length, to the North of Hispaniola. Samana seuen leagues ouer, betweene Iu∣meto and Guanima, three square of eight leagues in length, in twentie foure degrees, Yabaque of ten leagues, in twentie two degrees and an halfe. Mira-par-vos, are three little Ilands in tri∣angle, compassed with shelues, to the South of Iumeto. Mayaguana, twentie leagues in length and ten in breadth, is twentie three degrees. Ynagua of ten leagues, in twentie degrees and an [ 30] halfe. The Cayco••, an Iland of fiue leagues, in twentie one degrees, and to the North of it is an∣other, called Hamaua, and another Conciua. Maçarey stands in twentie degrees compassed with shelues. Abreoi•• is a great shelfe of fifteene leagues, the middest of it in twentie de∣grees, and among these Ilands are many little ones without name.

The Ilands that are from the Iland of Saint Iohn of Porte-Rico, to the East of it, toward the coast of Terra firm••, were called the Canibals, by the many * 2.74 Caribes,* 2.75 eaters of humaine flesh that were in them: and in their language, Canibal, is to say Valiant man; for they were held for such of the other Indians. All these Ilands are dangerous for shelues, and the nearest to Saint Iohn, are Sancta Cruz, to the South-west from it, in 16. degrees, and a halfe of sixteene leagues, and Sa∣ba▪ las Virgines, two little illets compassed with shelues, and other eight or ten Ilands, the greatest [ 40] of ten leagues: Virgen gorda, and the Blancos or White Ilands, Westward from Virgen gorda, L•• Ane gada, of seuen leagues in length, in 18. degrees and a halfe compassed with shelues, as Sambrero is, a little Iland neere vnto it: and these Ilands which are called the Weather Ilands or Barlouento, the first Admirall discouered: and in particular, the men of Sancta Cruz, and others,* 2.76 had a custome to goe and hunt for men to the Iland of Saint Iohn, for to eate, and at this day they of Dominica doe it. They did eate no women, but kept them for slaues. Now they say, that with∣in this little while, they of Dominica did eate a Fryer, and that all they which did eate his flesh, had such a fluxe, that some dyed, and that therefore they haue left eating humane flesh:* 2.77 and it may be, because instead of men, with lesse danger, they steale Kine and Mares, for the great quan∣titie there is of them, and with this they satisfie their raging appetite.

[ 50] Anguilla hath ten leagues of length, it standeth in 18. degrees. Saint Martin in 17. degrees and a halfe, it is of sixteene leagues, compassed with little Illets: and neere vnto it Saint Eu∣stace, Saint Bartholomew, and Saint Christopher, euery one of tenne leagues. The Barbada in 17. de∣grees and a halfe, compassed with shelues, neere to the Redo••da and the Snowes or Nieues, and of Monserrate, of fiue leagues euery one, in 15. degrees and a halfe. The Antigua, Guadalupe, and Todos Santos, from 14. to 15. degrees. The Desseada to the East of Guadalupe, about sixe leagues, the first which the Admirall Don Christopher discouered, in the second Voyage that he made to the Indies, in 14. degrees and a halfe, for which the fleete goe alwayes from the Ca∣naries. Marigalante, the name of the Shippe the Admirall had, fiue leagues to the South-west from the Desired, and from the Dominica, in 13. degrees, twelue leagues in length, where the [ 60] Fleetes take in water and wood, for it hath good roades, although with danger of the Canibals. Neere vnto Dominica to the South, stands Matinino, Sancta Lucie, and the Barbudos, the which because they fall on the left hand of the Fleetes, when they goe, they call them already of the Ilands of the Leeward (de Sotauento) which appertaine to the coast of Terra firme: and of them the greatest, the first, and the most Orientall is the Trinidad, neere two hundred leagues from

Hispaniola, North and South with the Dominica, about sixtie leagues from it. It hath fiftie leagues in leangth East and West,* 2.78 and almost thirty in breadth. The Admirall discouered it the yeare 1498. the third Voyage that he made to the Indies, and called it the Trinitie, because ha∣uing great trouble in the Voyage, he had promised to God to giue such a name to the first Land that he should finde, and presently the Mariner that was in the top, saw three points of Land, whereby the name fitted euery way to his vowe: then hee discouered also the mouthes of the Dragon, and of the Serpent, the gulfe of Paria, and all the firme Land vnto Cumana, which in∣iustly Americus Vesputio claimes to himselfe, whose name vnworthily is giuen to the port which they call Peninsula Australis or Indies of the South.* 2.79 This Iland of Trinidad is knowne that it is no good Countrie, though it hath many Indians; it hath thirtie fiue leagues of longitude, and others say more, and twentie fiue of latitude, it stands in 8. degrees: the most orientall part of it, is a point on the North side, which is called de la Galera: and to the North of it a small I∣land, compassed with little Iles, which they call Tabago: and in the South coast a Cape which they call the Round Point: at the East, the point of Anguilla, at the West in the gulfe of Paria, which is that that is from the Iland to Terra firme, which may be eight leagues of distance, be∣cause the firme Land maketh an oblique semicircle, as a Diadem; and in the entrance of the East is the distance recited; in the entrance of the West, the straightnes is much, and with great depth, and two little Ilands at the end of the North coast; by the West, which is called the Dragons mouth: and to the North S. Vincent, and Granada, other two little Ilands.

The Iland of Margarita, so named by Christopher Colon, the first Admirall (as also all the rest, [ 20] a most sufficient proofe of the Finder, to the confusion of those which depriued him of the glory of the discouerie of the firme Land, attributing it to themselues, although changing the times) it is twentie leagues from Trinidad Westward, and one hundred and seuenty from Hispaniola: it hath sixteen leagues in length East and West, and yet some say twenty, and the halfe in breadth; it hath no store of water, although it is very plentifull of Pastures for Cattle. There is in it two Townes, one neare the Sea, which reacheth to a fortresse where the Gouernour is resident, and another two leagues within the Land, which is called the Valley of Sancta Lucie: there is in his coast a good port, and a nooke, and many beds of Pearles, whither the fishing of them is re∣moued, which before was in Cubagua, and they say it went away from thence, for the rumour [ 30] of the ordnance of the many Shippes that resorted to this Iland, to the trafficke of the Pearles, which was very great.* 2.80 Cubagua stands one league from Margarita to the East, there is no water in it, and yet the new Cadiz was built there, and they carried their water seuen leagues, from the Riuer of Cumana. To the East of Cubagua are foure little Illets, close by the shoare, which the first Admirall called Los * 2.81 Frayles: and to the East betweene them and Granada, other foure or fiue, which he called (Los Testigos) the Witnesses, and to the West after Cubagua, another lit∣tle Iland which he named (Tortuga) the Tortoyse, neere to the point of Araya: and from hence the discouery being made from below Paria, he went to Hispaniola, with a purpose to finish the discouery of Terra firme: and as here after shall be seene, hee went after to discouer, and found the Ilands of the Guanaios, and from before Veragua, vntill he passed Nombre de Dios. The [ 40] Officers and Royall treasure are in Margarita: and it, and the Iland of Cubagua, are in eleuen de∣grees, a little more.

* 2.82THe Gouernment of Venezuela parteth the bounds in the coast of Terra firme, to the East, with the new Andaluzia, from whence to the Riuer of Hacha, and Gouernment of Sancta Martha, with which it ioyneth by the West, is an hundred and thirty leagues, and within the Land about eightie, vnto the bounds of the new Kingdome of Granada. In this Countrie are vaines of Gold of more then two and twentie carracts and a halfe: it is plentifull of Wheate, because there is two haruests in the yeare, and most abundance of all kinde of Cattle, great and small. There goeth from this Prouince great store of Meale, Bisket, Cheese, Bacon, and much Cotten-linnen: and in the port of Guayra, in the Prouince of Caracas, are laden many Cowe-Hides, [ 50] and Sarsaparilla. There is in it eight Spanish Townes: and the name Venezuela was giuen it, because when the Belzares, Almain••s, went to gouerne in this Prouince the yeare 1528. by a couenant which they made with the Emperour,* 2.83 they thought to inhabit in a Rocke and hils that are in the mouth of the Lake of Maracaybo, where it falleth in the Sea, a Towne which they named Venezuela. It stands in 8. degrees, a little more, and from hence the Couernment tooke the name. His first Towne is the Citie of Coro, which the Indians call Coriana, which com∣monly they call now Venezuela,* 2.84 it stands in 11. degrees of altitude, and 79. degrees one third part from the Meridian of Toledo, one thousand and fiue hundred leagues from it: here the Gouernor is wont to be resident, and there is the Cathedrall Church suffragane to the Archbishop of S. Do∣minicke. Iohn of Ampues built first this Citie, and then those that went for the Belzares made [ 60] their abode in it, the first was Ambrose Alfinger: it is so healthfull, and of so good an ayre, that there is no neede of Physitians.

The second place is our Lady of Carualleda, in the Prouince of Caracas, neere to the Sea, East from Coro eightie leagues,* 2.85 and with a bad Hauen: Don Francisco Faiardo built it the yeare 1560.

which went for that purpose from the Margarita. S. Iames of Lyon in the same Prouince, se∣uen leagues within the Land, and three from Carualleda to the South, and sixtie from Coro,* 2.86 where at this time the Gouernour is most resident. The new Valencia sixtie leagues from Coro, and twentie fiue from S. Iames of Lyon, seuen from the port of Burburata▪ The Captaine Villa∣cinda peopled it. The new Xerez about fifteene leagues, almost South from the new Valencia,* 2.87 and twentie from the new Segouia, and sixtie from Coro to the South-east, a new Towne. The new Segouias, in the Prouince of Bariquizimito, twentie leagues from Xerez to the South,* 2.88 and tenne from Tucuyo, and eightie from Coro to the South-east, where the Officers royall, the Gouernour, and the Lieuetenant are resident at times: Iohn of Villegas peopled it in the yeare 1552. The Citie of Tucuyo is famous, because in it they slew the tyrant Lope of Aguirre, it stands tenne [ 10] leagues from Segouia, to the South-west, eightie fiue from Coro; it is the habitation of the Captaine Caruajal. Truxillo, or our Ladie of Peace, in the Prouince of Cuycas,* 2.89 about eightie leagues almost to the South, direct from Coro, somewhat to the East, and twentie fiue from Tu∣cuyo, directly to the West.

The Auditor Vallejo discouered this the yeare 1549, the Bacheller Tollosa being Gouernour in it: and the yeare 1559. the Captaine Iames Gar••ia of Paredes inhabited Truxillo: and there may be in this Gouernment more then 100000. Indies tributaries, and in them are not compre∣hended from eighteene vnder, nor aboue fiftie yeares, because the supreme Counsell of the In∣dies hath prouided, that in no place of this Orbe, these doe pay tribute: and because daily [ 20] they increase and diminish in number, it cannot be said precisely and perfectly how many there are.

The Lake of Maracaybo, which the Castilanes call of our Lady, is of fresh water,* 2.90 it entreth fortie leagues within the Land, from the Sea, and hath more then tenne in breadth, and eighty in compasse, with many Townes vpon his Borders: in the end of it entreth a Riuer that descen∣deth from the new Kingdome of Granada, by the which, and the Lake, Marchandise are trans∣ported which came to the new Kingdome of Castile, and to other places; some of the men of this Lake doe liue in Boates, their houses being made in the Trees within the water, and at the Border, whence it tooke also at the first, the name of Venezuela; sayling by some parts of this Lake, ye can see no Land: there enter into it other great Riuers, it runneth to the Sea, it hath about halfe a league of mouth, and in it the shoale and rocks abouesaid.

[ 30] The Ports, Capes, and Points of the coast of this Gouernment, and those annexed vnto it,* 2.91 are to the West, Marcapa••a, the Vrchila, an Iland against the Riuer Oynare, neere to another called Rocke of the Ilets, and afterward the Cape of the Codera, and Puerto Flechardo, and the hauen of Sardinas or Pilchers: and opposite the Ile of Aues or Birds, before Burburata, a maruellous ha∣uen, which the Bachiler Tolosa peopled, and is a Scale or Port for the new Kingdome (Nueuo Reyno) & Prouinces of Peru, and after that is Gulfo triste, and to the North of the Bonayre, an Iland of ten leagues in length, and eight in breadth, and afterward Punta seca, and right against it Cu∣racao, and a little forward Curacaute, foureteene leagues in length, right against the Cape of S. Roman to the South of the Iland of Aruba. S. Roman entreth twentie leagues into the Sea, it standeth twelue from Coro, the Indians doe call it Paraguana, it lacketh a little to be an Iland: it [ 40] may haue in compasse twenty fiue leagues and more of plaine ground, with a Mountaine almost in the middest: it is discouered a great way into the Sea. There is at the beginning of the Gulfe of Venezuela, the entrance and channell of the Lake of Maracaybo, and at the entrance of it the Riuer Mitare, and to the West the Monkes, three little Ilets close by the Point and Cape of Co∣quibocoa, where onely in all the Indies was found waight and touch for the Gold, and afterwards the deepe Baye (Balua Honda) and the Portete, the Cape de Vela, which the Captaine Alfonsus of Ojeda named, when Americo Vespucio went with him the first time, much after that the Ad∣mirall discouered this coast, which stands in 12. degrees, somewhat more. And there is from the Cape de Vela, to the Riuer of Hache eighteene leagues, without any stone in them, nor water, but raine water. This Gouernment remained destroyed, since the time of the Almaines, because [ 50] they would not inhabit, onely seeke to make slaues, and to waste the Countrie.

They called first the Riuer of Hache, our Ladie of the Snowes, and after of the Remedies, neere vnto the Sea, betweene Venezuela, and Sancta Marta, to the East, thirtie leagues from it, and six∣tie from Coro to the West, North and South with the Cape de Vela, with eight leagues of bounds betweene Venezuela and Sancta Marta, without showes of Gold. It is gouerned by Alcaldes im∣mediate to the Counsell of Hispaniola, and the Spiritualtie is of the Bishopricke of Sancta Mar∣ta. The Towne is 1000. paces from the Sea, on a little hill: the Hauen hath the North for tra∣uers, it is a most fertile Countrie, and yeeldeth whatsoeuer is in Castile: there are many Tigers, Beares, Ants, and Lizards in the Riuers, much Gold, and Stones of diuers vertues, for the Spleene, [ 60] the Kidneys, for the Milt, and Flix, and they haue good Salt-pits. Nicolas Federman for the Bel∣zares, was he that began to inhabit this Towne. The gouernment of Serpa••, which they call the new Andaluzia, and in the Indian Language Guayana, extends the limits. From the Iland of Margarita vnto the riuer Ma••auyon, three hundred leagues to the East, and as many North and South within the Land, wherein the Indians Omagues are included, and the Omygas,

with the Prouinces of Dorodo, to the south of this Gouernment, wherein falleth by the Coast the Prouince of Maracapana, in the bounds of Veneculela, where the mouths of Sancta Fe were inhabited, in whose Borders is the knob of Vnare, and neere vnto it a great Lake with great store of fish and salt, and the Indians which are called of Perito, twentie leagues within the Land, and the Indians Palenques, so called for the Poles wherewith they fortified themselues, and the Pro∣uince of Cumana, North and south with the Margarita, where is a Towne of Spaniards, which is called new Cordoua, which the Captayne Gonçalo of Ocampo built, when he went to chastise the Indians of Cumana, for the destruction of the Monastery of the Religious Franciscans. And to the East or the Iland of Trinidad, and the Riuer of Saint Iohn of the Amazones, is the Pro∣uince of the Indians Arnacas, part of the Caniballs, and all Warlike, that neuer are quiet or peaceable. [ 10]

After the point of Paria, which stands in seuen degrees, and the Dragons Mouth neere vnto Trinidad stands the point Del Gallo, or Anegada, to the South of the Trinitie, and the Riuer of Paria, or Oriuico, which some call Yuyapari; and others will haue that these two, and the Riuer of Saint Iohn, and of Orellana be all one thing, and also the Marauyon; but in this they are de∣ceiued. There be other Riuers in the Prouince of the Arnacas that are well knowne, the Riuer of Saint Iohn, or of Orellana springeth in the Andes of Peru, right against Cuzco, from whence it runneth fifteene hundred leagues, or more, winding vnder the Equinoctiall, by Countreyes well inhabited, though not well discouered, till it came to run into the North Sea, whose mouth hath in breadth fiftie leagues; and in the first fiue hundred from the mouth vpward, many Ilands inhabited; and eightie or a hundred leagues more to the West, stands the Riuer of Morauyon, al∣most [ 20] in the bounds whereby passeth the Line of the Diuision betweene Castile and Portugall,* 2.92 and is great and terrible, hauing fifteene leagues of mouth, and the streame commeth from the parts of the South, and the Prouinces of Brasill, and they say that the spring is vnder Popayau, and the bounds of the new Kingdome of Granada.

* 2.93Seuen leagues from Cumana stands the Iland of Cubagua, where stood as was said, the new Cadiz, which was disinhabited because the fishing for Pearles fayled: this Iland had no water that could be drunke, nor trees, nor beasts; for all is brackish, except those Hogges that haue the Nauell in their backe-bone,* 2.94 and some small Conies, and hauing so great inhabiting, they went seuen leagues to the riuer of Cumana for water, although there was an opinion that it bred webbes in the eyes.* 2.95 In this Riuer and coast, hapned in the yeare 1530. the first of September, [ 30] the hauen being cleare, the Sea did rise foure fadomes from his ordinary course, and entring into the earth it began to shake, and the fortresse which the Captaine Iacome of Castellon had built by order of the Counsell of Hispaniola, fell, and the earth did open in many places, where∣out sprang much salt water as blacke as inke, and did stinke of brimstone, and the mountaine of the gulfe of Cariaco remained open with a great rift: many houses fell, many people died drow∣ned, and with feare, and taken with the earth quake. Margarita one league from Cubagua a more pleasant Iland,* 2.96 the Bachiller Marcelo of Villalobos did people it.

* 2.97The Prouince and Gouernment of Florida, bordering on the Counsell of Hispaniola, according to the Gouernment of Peter Melendez, is all that which lyeth from the Riuer of Palmes, which doth confine with the Gouernment of Panuco in new Spaine, limits of the Counsell of Mexico, [ 40] which is neere the tropicke in 22. degrees, vnto the point of Bacallaos, which falleth in 48. de∣grees, and a halfe, in the which are 1258. leagues of Coast, and from thence to 73. degrees of al∣titude to the North by the Coast, and within the Land all that which hee discouereth. Of this hath beene coasted and discouered, from the Riuer of Palmes vnto the Point of Sancta Helena, and the Riuer Iordan, which are about 600. leagues, it is a firme Land of a good climate, plenti∣full, and well inhabited in many places, as those that went through it with Hernando of Soto did know it, the yeare 1536. and 1537. Iohn Pardo borne in Cuenca, went by Land from Florida to new Spaine, in lesse then two yeares, and it is the neerest Europe of any part of the Indies, & from the Bay of S. Ioseph, which is eightie leagues from Panuco. There is also discouered vnto New found Land, but that which is particularly taken for Florida, is the point that goeth into the Sea North [ 50] and South, with the Iland of Cuba, of a hundred leagues in length, and twentie fiue in breadth East and West, and (when it is most) thirtie. Iohn Ponce of Lyon discouered it Anno 1512. on Ea∣ster day,* 2.98 and for this cause he called it Florida: and afterward returned the yeere 1521. and retired wounded to Cuba, where he dyed, leauing a report that he sought the Fountaine or Riuer which the Indians said that old men washing themselues therin, became yong. This Prouince is according to the temperature of Castile, and many fruits were found there like the fruits of Spain, and it see∣meth fit for Cattle and Corne. There is no Gould, neither seemeth that the Indians did know it, nor Siluer;* 2.99 for it hath beene seene that they haue found the Chests with bars of it and money in their coasts, and made no account of it: yet Hernando de Soto, within the inward parts of the [ 60] great Riuer, found great abundance of Pearles.

There are but two Fortresses in this Prouince with men in Garison, both in the Coast that looketh to the East: the one is called Saint Marke, in the point of Saint Helena, about one hun∣dred leagues from the Hauana, and another of Saint Augustin, which is the principall, because

[illustration]

[illustration] map of Virginia and Florida

HONDIVS his Map of Florida.

VIRGINIA et FLORIDA

[ 40] the hauen is good, and is neere the channell of Baliama. It stands about fiftie leagues from los Martyres, which are many little Ilands inhabited, which are neare the point of Florida, where∣by it ioyneth most with the Iland of Cuba, a league and a halfe, and lesse, the one from the other,* 2.100 with a ranke of shelues with mouthes, in twentie three or twentie foure leagues, which these Martyres haue in length; whose beginning on the West side, is called the Point of the Martyres, and to the East, the Head of the Martyres; and there is an Iland of foureteene leagues in length, and very narrow, the Point of it is the first of Terra firme to the East, in 24. degrees and a halfe, where a Towne of Spaniards was built, which continued not, and to the North, almost direct the Riuer Ays, and more Northward in 28. degrees, the Point of the Caues, and forward the Riuer of * 2.101 Gnats, before the Riuer of Matanca, which is so called by that which Peter Melendez did to the Captaine Ribas, and his Frenchmen: and the Point of S. Augustin in 29. degrees three quarters, and [ 50] ten leagues from thence the Riuer of S. Mathew, from whence the Coast turneth to the North North-east, all with the Ilands and Bays leaning vnto it vnto the Cape, or Point of Saint Hellen, which stands in 32. degrees and a halfe, which was discouered by chance the yeare 1520.

In all the rest of the Coast that is betweene the point of Sancta Helena, by New found Land and the Bacallaos, vnto the Land of Labrador, which reacheth and passeth the height of England,* 2.102 there is no Towne nor Gouernment of Spaniards, although by diuers times and Nations, it hath beene discouered and Nauigated, and it is knowne there is aboue one thousand leagues iourney of Land without gold, and the more in height the worse, and lesse habitable. There be many Ri∣uers, and Ports, that because they are not well knowne nor frequented, there is no mention made [ 60] but of the Riuer of the * 2.103 Stagges, by another name of Sancta Marie, which is a very great and maine Riuer, almost in the midst of the Coast betweene the Baccallaos, from whence the great Riuer Ochelago entreth within the Land toward the West, which diuers times the strangers haue nauigated, beleeuing to haue found that way passage to new Spaine. And in the Coast of Florida, which looketh to the West, are the * 2.104 Tortoyses, seuen or eight Ilands together: and to

the North of the point of los Marty••e••, the Muspa in terra firme. And thirteene leagues to the North,* 2.105 the Bay of Charles, by another name of Iohn Ponce of Lyon, and as much more forward, the Bay of Tampa, thirtie three leagues from the Bay of Tocobaga, by another name, of the Holy Ghost, or de Meruelo, in twentie nine degrees and an halfe of height, where beginneth that which properly is called Florida. Many haue thought, that by this side of Florida, toward the land of Labrador, there might a streit be found to communicate the North & the South Seas together, saying that as it had beene found to the South, there should be one to the North but experience doth shew, that the South passage is no streight, at the least it is alreadie in doubt, and by the North vntill now, though it hath beene much sought for it hath not beene found, and hee that went neerest to it was the President Peter Melendez, by some conjectures. [ 10]

* 2.106All the Coast on the West side, vnto the Gouernment of Panuco, which is aboue 300. leagues, is called The Gulfe of New Spaine, wherein is no Towne of Spaniards, though it was giuen for a gouernment to Pamphilo of Naruaez, and to Hernando of Soto, and first to Francisco de Garay, and of his people in particular. The Country is very poore of victuals, and the people miserable, and although in it are many Riuers and Ports, no mention is made of them, because they are not well knowne. This Gulfe hath two entrances: by the one the currents doe enter furiously, be∣tweene Yucatan and Cuba,* 2.107 and goe out with a greater force betweene the same Iland of Cuba, and the point of Florida, and running doe make the channell of Bahama, which taketh his name of the Iland rehearsed.

[ 20]

THe second Audience which was setled in the Indies, is that of New Spaine, and Nunyo de Guzonau Cauallero de Guadalaiara was the first President,* 2.108 till a Gouernour were prouided, and because he gaue no satisfaction, there was another new Councell quickly sent, and for Presi∣dent of it Don Sebastian Ramirez of Fuenleal, which of a Iudge of the Chancerie of Granada, went for President of the Councell of Saint Dominicke, and Bishop of the Citie of the Concepti∣on of the Valley, a person of great Learning, Vertue, and Valour. Hee had the charge of the Go∣uernment, Iustice, and disposition of the goods Royall, the Warre remayning at the charge of the Marquesse of the Valley, with order to communicate with the President, that which apper∣tayned thereto; and betweene them was alwayes great conformitie. The bounds of this Coun∣cell, on the one side doth not comprehend that which commonly is called New Spaine, and on [ 30] the other it comprehendeth more, because the new Gallicia, which is a Councell by it selfe, is part of New Spaine.

The Prouince of Yucatan, falleth within the bounds of it, which as now it is, may haue in length about foure hundred leagues, from the furthest East of Yucatan, vnto where it parteth bounds with the Councell of new Gallozia, and North and South, about two hundred from the end of the Gouernment of Panuco vnto the South Sea, his bounds remayning open on the North side, whose principall Prouinces are the Archbishopricke of Mexico, the Bishoprickes of Mechoacan, and that of los Angelos, or Tlascala, and of Guaxaca, and of Chiapa, and the Gouern∣ments of Panuco and Yucatan, with that of Tobosco, and for circuit or commerce, the Ilands Phil∣lipinas, and the dispatch of the Nauigation of China. [ 40]

* 2.109New Spaine is one of the best Prouinces of the new World, and the most habitable in a good temper, hauing abundance and plentie of Corne, Millet, and Cattle, and all other necessaries for humane life, except Oyle and Wine, and although in many places of it there is Gold, Siluer is most generall, whereof there are many good Mynes.

The Archbishopricke of Mexico, falleth betweene the Bishopricke of los Angelos, and that of Mechoacan, it hath in length North and South, one hundred and thirtie leagues, and in breadth eighteene, which it hath by the Coast of the South Sea, vnto sixtie within the Land, wherein are included the Prouinces of Mexico, and to the North-east of it Latcotlalpa, Meztitlan, Xilote∣peque, and Panuco the most distant: and to the West, Matalzing•• neere to Mexico, and Culte∣peque the furthest off: and to the East, Tezcuco neere to Mexico: and to the South-east, Chalco, [ 50] neere to that of Mexico: and to the South of it Suchimilco, the first, and after Tlaluc, and be∣tweene South and South-west Coyxca, and Acapulco, the furthest to the South. There are no more in all but foure Townes of Spaniards,* 2.110 although in the Prouince of Mexico are many Spani∣ards dwelling in the Townes of the Indians. They called Mexico in old time, Tenoxtitlan; it stands in nineteene degrees and an halfe of altitude, and one hundred and three degrees of longitude from the Meridian of Toledo, from whence it may be distant by a direct Line, one thousand seuen hundred and fortie leagues, which are eight houres of * 2.111 Sunne: it stands in the middest of two great Lakes that doe compasse it, the one of salt water, because his bottome is Salt-petrish; the other fresh hauing fish, and voydeth into the Salt one; each is of fiue leagues in breadth, and eight in length, and both doe compasse thirtie three leagues. They goe into the Citie by three cau∣sies of halfe a league in length, and there are in it foure thousand Spaniards, and thirtie thousand [ 60] Houses of Indians or more. In the foure ancient streets wherein the Citie was diuided, in the time of their Paganisme, which at this day is called of Saint Iohn, Saint Mary the Round, Saint Paul, and Saint Sebastian; and the Tlatelulco is the principall street which they call Saint Iames.

[illustration]

[illustration] map of New Spain

HONDIVS his Map of New Spaine.

HISPANIA NOVA

[ 40] The Councell is Resident in Mexico, and the Vice-roy gouerneth in it, and three Iudges, the Officers of the Reuenue and Royall Treasure, a Founding House, and a Mint House,* 2.112 and the Archiepiscopall Metropolitane, that hath for Suffraganes the Bishoprickes of Tlascala, Guaxaca, Mechoacan, new Gallicia, Chiapa, Yucatan, Guatemala, Verapaz, and the Phillipinas. And Don Fernando Cortes was he that built this great Church, and set for Bases of the Pillars certayne I∣dols of stone which are seene to this day, and the Bishop, President and Gouernour of New Spaine, Don Sebastian Ramirez of Fuenleal, continued the building with great speed. The first Bishop of Mexico was Frier Iohn de Zumarraga of the Order of Saint Francis, of great ver∣tue and example, borne in Durango, in the Lordship of Biskeye, which also was the first Archbishop.* 2.113

[ 50] There are in Mexico Monasteries of Dominican, Franciscan, and Austine Friers, the company of Iesus, El Carmen, la Merced, the Bare-foot, and Trinitarie Friers; ten Monasteries of Nunnes, one Colledge of Indian children, and another of Arrepentidas, the Repentantes m 2.114 and n 2.115 Recogidas, or Retyred, and the Vniuersitie, where curious and learnedly the Sciences are read with other Colledges and Hospitals. And the Spaniards which inhabit the bordering Townes of the Indi∣ans, and Granges, are about three thousand, and there are reckoned about two hundred and fiftie Townes of Indians, in which the chiefe places of Doctrine are one hundred and fiue: and in them and thereabouts are six thousand Granges, more then fiue hundred thousand tributarie Indians, and more then one hundred and fiftie Monasteries of Franciscan, Dominican, and Austine Friers. And the Doctrines (or Schooles) of Priests and Friers, to teach the Faith Catholike to the Indians▪ are without number, besides the Fathers of the Company, and Mercenarie Friers: there is also Re∣sident [ 60] in Mexico, the holy Office of the Inquisition, whereof we will intreat hereafter.

In the Coast bounding on this Archbishopricke towards the South Sea, and the Prouince of Acapulco, is the good Port of Acapulco, in seuenteene degrees height, sixe leagues from the Riuer Yopes, whereby the Archbishopricke is joyned with the Bishopricke of Tlascala. And other

eight more to the West, the Riuer of Cita••a, and other foure, the Riuer of Mitla. In the Coast of the North, it hath that which falleth in the Gouernment of Tanuco. In the limits of this Coun∣cell are the Mynes of Puchuca, fourteene leagues from Mexico, and the Mynes of Tasco twentie two, those of Ysmiquilpo, which are of Lead, twentie two, the Mynes of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 twentie foure, the Mynes o•• T••••azcaltepeque eighteene, those of Cultep••qu•• 22. those of Zacualpa twen∣tie▪ 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 40. those of Guanaxato sixtie, those of Commaia▪ seuen. From Guanaxuator those of Ac••••chica, eighteene from the Citie of los Angelos, and those of Ga••la, or Zumatlan, and Saint Lewes of the Peace, and in them all there may bee aboue foure thousand Spaniards, which with industrie and labour doe attend these Mynes, all of Siluer except one, which as hath beene said, is of Lead, and procuring that the Indians taking example of them, may liue poli∣tickly: [ 10] and the first that with maruellous cunning and wisdome, brought in the breedings of cat∣tell and tillages, which haue beene the mightiest meanes for the preseruation of the Mynes, was the aboue said President Don Sebastian Ramirez of Fuenleal,* 2.116 originall and the foundation of all the good of those Realmes.

The Prouince of Panuco to the North of Mexico, Nunno of Guzman had in gouernment: it hath fiftie leagues in breadth, and in length, and after it was incorporate with the limits of the Councell or Audience of Mexico. The Countrey that looketh toward New Spaine is the best, plentifull of victuals, and hath some Gold. That which runneth toward Florida is miserable, from whence till yee come to his bounds, are more then fiue hundred leagues. This gouernment hath three Spanish Townes, Panuco, in somewhat more then twentie three degrees, and by ano∣ther name the Village of Saint Stephen of the Hauen, which Gonçalo of Sandouall built, by order [ 20] of the Marquesse Don Fernando Cortes, when they went to resist Francisco Garay, and to pacifie the Indians of Chila, the yeere 1520. and it standeth sixtie fiue leagues from Mexico to the North North-east, eight leagues from the Sea, neere to a Riuer whose entry is a Hauen: it is a chiefe Alcaldia, or Iusticeship, prouided by the Vice-roy of New Spaine. The Village of Saint Iames of the Valleyes,* 2.117 twentie fiue leagues from Panuco to the West. The Village of Saint Luys de Tampico, eight leagues from Panuco to the North-east, neere to the Sea: and although in the Coast of this gouernment are many Riuers, & some rode vnto the Riuer of Palmas, they are not knowne in the Gulfe of New Spain, but the Riuer of Panuco, & his hauen, which is not very good.

* 2.118The Bishopricke of Tlascala, which by another name is called de los Angelos, betweene [ 30] the Archbishopricke of Mexico, and the Bishopricke of Guaxaca, is of 100. leagues, and more in length, from the Coast of the South to that of the North, and betwixt the confines of the Arch∣bishopricke, and of Guaxaca 80. and as many in breadth, by the Coast of the North Sea, and no more then 18. or 20. by that of the South. There is not in it all more then three Spanish Towns, which is the City or Towne of the Angels 22. leagues from Mexico to the East, somewhat in∣clining to the South, of 1500. housholds in foure streets: it is a Chiefe Iustice-ship where the Ca∣thedral Suffragane to the Archbishoprick of Mexico is Resident, with Monasteries of Dominicks, Franciscan, and Austine Friers, one of Nuns, & one Colledge of more then ••00. Indian children, to be instructed, with 10000. Pezos rent, which the Bishop Don Sebastian Ramirez built, which sent the Batchelor Salmeron Auditor of the Councell to build this City,* 2.119 and although he had de∣termined [ 40] to haue made it in Tlascala, he left it because he would not endamage the Indians, not touch their Lands; for he had a great regard in generall to the good of the Indians, and in particu∣lar for those of Tlascala, being so well deseruing of the Crowne Royall.

The Citie was built in the bounds of Cholula, from whence went 25000. men to warre, and it was seated in a Plaine called Cuetlaxcoapa, neere to a Valley called Atlisco, on the border of a small Riuer that commeth out of the d 2.120 Vulcan, where they gather Wheate, Wine, and all the Fruits of Castile, Sugar and Flaxe, and all manner of Herbs. For it is a temperate Countrey, more hot then cold, although the Corne of the grounds neerest the Citie, are somewhat blasted: and a little space from Tlascala, spring Fountaynes whence groweth a Riuer that when it commeth betweene the Citie of the Angels and Cholula, it goeth very great and without fish, it passeth through the Prouinces of Mechoacan, and entreth into the South Sea by Zacatula, and there bee [ 50] in it so many Caymanes, or Crocodiles, that they haue dispeopled some places.

In Tlascala to the North of the Angels, which stands in more then twenty degrees in height, where the Cathedrall Church was till the yeere 1550. when it was remooued to the Citie:* 2.121 the first Bishop was Frier Iulian Garces, the Valley of Atlisco, which may haue in breadth about one league and an halfe,* 2.122 where the Corne is neuer blasted, and there is gathered in it aboue 100000. Haueges, and there are more then 1000. Spaniards that do traffick in it, and 7. leagues from the Citie to the East, is the Valley of Ocumba: and in the Prouince of Tepeaca, the Mar∣quesse of the Valley built a Spanish Towne, which he called Segura: and in the Valley of S. Paul, may be other 1300. housholds of Spaniards, in Farmes and Grangeries of cattle, that multiply so much, that there were men that with two shag-haird sheepe came to haue aboue 40000. [ 60]

* 2.123The Citie of Veracruz, one way stands sixtie leagues from Mexico, and by another sixtie fiue, it stands one quarter of a league from the Sea, it is of more then two hundred Spanish houshholds. There is in it Treasurie Royall, and House of Contractation. The Port is called Saint Iohn of Vl∣ua,

a name which the Captayne Iohn Grijalua, which discouered it the yeere 1518. and the frame of the Key that it hath, the Vice-roy Don Antonie of Mendoça began. It is fiue leagues from the mouth of the Riuer of Veracruz, between the Coast and the little Iland, which is about one league in compasse, compassed with shelues, and so low that the tydes doe couer it right a∣gainst the mouth of the Riuer of Saint Iohn of Vlua. They goe into this Hauen by two Chan∣nels: the most frequented is that of the Flat, the other is called the Gallisian Channell, which is very deepe, and there the ships doe fasten themselues to a great wall of more then foure hundred foot with Rings of Iron and Brasse, and when the North winds are very strong, they are not ve∣ry sure. The Veracruz stands in eighteene degrees, somewhat more, and there was wont to be [ 10] the vnloading of the Fleets, and they stayed foure or fiue monethes in vnloading, because it stands fiue leagues from Saint Iuan of Vlua, therefore it is now made in the Port of Buytron, which is from the Port of Saint Iohn of Vlua about eight hunded paces, and it is finished in one moneth and an halfe, and it is called Buytron, by a House that was there of one called Buytron, and they begin to make a Towne there in that situation.

There are in this Bishopricke two hundred chiefe Townes of the Indians, and one thousand subiect, although there may be two hundred fiftie fiue thousand Tributarie Indians, in thirtie six charges of * 2.124 Doctrine of Priests, and thirtie Monasteries of Dominicke, Franciscan, and Au∣stine Friers: and in the Coast of this Bishopricke on the North Sea, is the Riuer of Aluarado, where the bounds of the Bishopricke of Guaxaca, and the Riuer of Almeria doe ioyne neere to [ 20] the Riuer of Saint Iohn of Vlua, where the Towne of Medellin was built by Andrew of Tapia, the yeere 1522. when the Marquesse Don Fernando Cortes sent the said Andrew of Tapia, and Gon∣çalo of Sandeuall, to conferre with Christopher of Tapia, which had Warrants to take away the Gouernment of New Spaine from the Marquesse, and the Factor Salazar, and the Ouer-seer Pe∣ralmindez dispeopled. The Riuer of Almeria springeth in the long Rowe, in the Prouinces of Totonaques, and Micantle, and betweene Mountaynes it goeth into the North Sea, and against this Riuer is the Iland of Sacrifices, which the Captayne Grijalua gaue the name vnto, and the Riuer of Zempoala to the North from Veracruz, and vpward the Riuer of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, which springeth in the same Rowe, and the Riuer of the Cazones, Tuspa, and Tamiagua, neere the Gouernment of Panuco.

[ 30]

THe Bishopricke of Guaxaca (so called by the Prouince wherein it is,* 2.125 and Antequera by the Citie where the Cathedrall is resident betweene the Bishopricke of the Angels, and the Bishoprickes of the Councell of Guatemala) is of one hundred and twentie leagues, from the one Sea to the other, by the Confines of the Bishopricke of Tlascala, and sixtie by the Confines of Chiapa, and one hundred in breadth by the Coast of the South Sea, and fiftie by the North Sea, wherein are included the Prouinces of la Misteca, high and low; the high fortie leagues from Antequera to the West, & the low more to the South Sea. Iohn Nunnez Sedenno, and Fernan∣d•• of Badaioz inhabited first the Citie of Antequera: and after the first Councell of Mexico inha∣bited it againe; the only Iudges therein were Batchelour Iohn Ortiz of Matienzo, and Delgadillo, [ 40] which was the first, that as a man of Granada, began to breed Silke in Mexico. The President and Gouernour, the Bishop Don Sebastian Ramirez, began the Cathedrall Church, the beginning of the good of those Kingdomes: the Church hath all the Pillers of Marble of one piece, very great and bigge, and the Citie hath about foure hundred Spanish Housholds.

This Valley of Guaxaca, from whence the Marquesse of the Valley taketh his Title,* 2.126 begin∣neth from the Mountayne of Cocola, in the bound of Guaxoloticlan. In it is gathered much Silke, Corne, and Millet; it hath the Zapoteca Tongue. There hath beene in it good Mynes of Gold. The situation of the Citie of Antequera (which as hath beene said) they call Guaxaca, was inha∣bited with people of Mexico, which lay in Garrison by order of the second Motezuma, and the many Garrisons that the Kings of Mexico had through their Empire made general in it the Me∣xican Tongue. The Riuer of this Citie doth sinke vnder the ground, against Cimatlan, and ri∣seth [ 50] two leagues off, at the Mountaynes of Coatlan, other two from Guaxaca; and at a halfe a league from the Citie right against a Hill that stands to the North, is a point of a little Hill, and there goeth a glade of a Valley all plaine, for the space of eight leagues, which is the abouesaid faire Valley of Guaxaca, pleasant, and temperate, and of a most healthfull Ayre,* 2.127 where plenti∣fully are gathered all kind of things, and especially fruits of Castile, most pleasant. To the South-west stands the Prouince of Tutepeque, which hath many Townes by the Sea-coast,* 2.128 and is of more then sixtie leagues: and that of the Riuer of Aluarado, betweene the North and North-east: and that of the Zapotecas to the North-east from Antequera, and Guazacoaloco in the Con∣fines of Tabasco, all rough Countrey, & notwithstanding the rich Mynes of Gold, little is gotten [ 60] because of the roughnesse. There are foure Spanish Townes. The said Citie of Antequera is eigh∣tie leagues from Mexico, to the South-east in the high way of Chiapa, and Guatemala: and the first that entred to pacifie this Prouince, was Iohn Nunnez of Mercado, the yeere 1522. by Com∣mission of Don Fernando Cortes, and from thence were men of War sent to serue the King Quan∣timoc, in the defence of Mexico, when Don Fernando Cortes subdued it.

The Treasurer Alfonso of Estrada, when he did gouerne in Mexico, inhabited the Village of Saint Alifonso de los Sapotecas,* 2.129 twentie leagues from Antequera, toward the North-east. They liue in it by Gold, Cotton-wooll, and Millet, there are aboue thirtie thousand Indians tributa∣ries. It stands betweene most high Hils. Saint Iago de Nexapa is in the Valley of Nexapa, twen∣tie leagues from Antequera to the East,* 2.130 in the way of Chiapa, and Guatemala. The Village of the Holy Ghost in the Prouince of Guazacoalco, at the Coast of the North Sea, in the Confines of Tabasco, is ninetie leagues from Antequera. Gonçalo of Sandouall inhabited it in the yeere 1522. It hath about fiftie Townes of Indians, it stands on the border of the Riuer, on the side of Chiapa: this Riuer springeth in the Mountaynes of the Mixes, and Choutales, neere to Te∣coa••tepeque, and with the waters of the Neighbour Prouinces of Chiapa, and the Choutales, it [ 10] goeth into the North Sea, there enter into it ships of one hundred tun.

* 2.131In all this Bishopricke there is no Riuer that doth not yeeld Gold, and the Indians doe liue without want if they will worke, for they lacke nothing for backe nor belly: and they haue the Cacao,* 2.132 a Fruit like Almonds, which serueth for Money, and they make Wine of it, and it is eaten tosted, and is held for a great sustenance. They are wholsome Countreyes, and plea∣sant. The Silke was before nourished by the Castilians, with the Mulberie Trees of the Coun∣trey, wherewith the Indians serued themselues, for to make Paper of the second barke: and the Spaniards haue planted so many of Castile, that they grow infinitely: and if the Indians did pay tithe of it,* 2.133 and of other things, fiue Bishoprickes might be made; but none doe pay tithe but the Castilians onely.

This Bishopricke hath three hundred and fiftie Head-townes of Indians, and in them, and in [ 20] three hundred Granges of more then an hundred & fifty thousand tributary Indians, & one hun∣dred and twentie Monasteries of Dominicke Friers, and the rest Schooles of Priests for Doctrine. The Coast of the North Sea of this B••shopricke,* 2.134 beginneth in the Riuer of Aluarado, that com∣meth from the Mountaynes of the Zapotecas, and betweene many other it goeth to the Pro∣uince of Chinautla, and crossing ouerthwart the Mountaynes whence it sprung, goeth out into the North Sea, betweene the Riuer of Guazacoalco, and Saint Iohn of Vlua, and there is also the Riuer called Agualulco, whose mouth may serue for a Hauen; and the diuided Rocke, a point of the Land that commeth from the Mountaynes of Saint Martine, named by ships that haue bin lost vpon a shoale full of Rockes vnder water, which lye along the Coast right against them in [ 30] the Coast of the South Sea. This Bishoprick hath the Hauen of Guatulco in fifteene degrees and an halfe,* 2.135 great, good, and frequented. The President Don Peter of Aluarado set this Prouince of Guatulco in obedience, and the Port of Tecoantepeque is neere, which also is reasonable; and the Towne is great, and there is in it a great fishing for Shrimps, and other fish which they carrie to Guaxaca, and in the high way of Cuyztata is a Myne of Christall-borill. Tecoantepeque is fortie fiue leagues from Antequera, they passe by the Mountaynes of the Choutales, Nixapa, and Me∣xalpeque, whitherto this Bishopricke extendeth, and hath many Townes subiect by the Coast of the Sea.

The Bishopricke of Mechoacan (which is a Prouince betweene the Archbishopricke of Me∣xico,* 2.136 and the new Galicia) hath in breadth by the Coast of the South Sea, about eightie leagues, and sixtie within the Land, with open bounds, by the Septen••rionall parts: in it are included [ 40] the Prouinces of Zacatula, and of Colima, both in the Coast of the South Sea. The Citie of Mechoacan,* 2.137 or Pazcuaro, in little more then nineteene degrees, and fortie seuen leagues from Mexico, of plaine way. In Guayangar••o called Vallodolid, is Resident the Cathedrall Suffragane to Mexico, with two Monasteries of Franciscans, and Austine Friers. The Master of the field Christopher of Olid built Mechoacan, the Cathedrall was first Resident in Zinzonza, vnto the yeere 1544. that he remoued it to Pazcuaro.* 2.138 The Bishop was Don Basco de Quiroga; and it hath one Monasterie of Franciscan, another of Austine Friers, and it stands seuen leagues from Me∣choacan, to the East.

The Mynes of Guauax••ato, are twentie eight leagues from Mechoacan, to the North, to∣ward the Zacateca••,* 2.139 wherein there are about sixe hundred Castilians, in two Campes * 2.140 which [ 50] they haue with their chiefe Alcade or Commissioner, and the seate and dwelling of those that follow the Mynes is a Reall or Campe. The Village of Saint Michaell, in the Prouince of Me∣choacan, is thirtie fiue leagues from Pazcuaro, to the North-east, in a rough Countrey. And the Village of the Conception of Salaya, which was built by commandement of the Vice-roy, Don Martin Enriquez, the yeere 1570. for ••o assure the way of the Chichimecas. The Village of Saint Philip fiftie leagues off Mechoacan, toward the North, and sixtie two from Mexico to the North-west,* 2.141 with one Monasterie of Austine Friers, in a barren soyle and cold; it was built for the securitie of the way of the Zacatecas.

* 2.142The Prouince and Village of Zacatula, in the Coast of the South Sea, stands in more then 18. de∣grees, [ 60] and fortie leagues from Mechoacan, to the South-west, neere the Sea; Iohn Rodriguez of Vil∣lauorte, and Sino•• of Cuenca, built it the yeare 1523. it stands ninetie leagues from Mexico, and ••he Prouince and Village of Colima,* 2.143 in little more then 18. degrees, in the Coast of the South Sea, and in the confines of new Galicia, fiftie leagues from Mechoacan, to the South-west, with a

chiefe Commissioner, in a hot soyle, and plentifull of Cacao, and Cassia Fistola, with Gould, and well conditioned people. Gonçalo of Sandoual built it in the yeare 1522. All the Countrie of Mechoacan is most plentifull of Wheate, Millet, and all kinde of Spanish Fruites, and Cat∣tle, stored of Fish: it hath Graine, Cochinilla, and Cotten wooll, and the people is industrious, and giuen to labour.

There are in this Bishopricke one hundred and thirtie Townes, the nintie foure head Townes with Schooles of Doctrine: this Bishopricke reacheth no Coast of the Sea of the North, in the South Sea are many Riuers, and in the furthest West of the Prouince, almost in the border of the new Galicia, is the port of Nauidad, in the height of 19. degrees, good and frequented, from whence the Nauigation is made to the Phillipinas; and more to the East, neere the Port of Saint [ 10] Iames: there are very good Copper Mines in these bounds, of the which the Indians make very curious Vessels, for it is pleasant, and other so hard that they digge the ground with it instead of Iron, which they could neuer doe till the Spaniards taught it.

The Prouince and Gouernment of Yucatan (which tooke this name when the Captaine Fran∣ciscus Fernandez discouered it, and our Ladie of the Remedies,* 2.144 when Iohn of Grijalua discouered Cozumel) was at the first held for an Iland, because it was almost compassed with Sea, in sort that it may be called Peninsula, and it compasseth more then two hundred and fiftie leagues: it is in length where it extends it selfe East and West, about one hundred leagues, and as many North and South, from the Coast that looketh to the North, vnto the part that doth confine with the Prouinces of Guatemala, whereby it hath ouertwhart about fiue and twentie leagues.* 2.145 The tem∣perature [ 20] is hot, and very moist, and though there be no Riuer, nor running water in it all, the wa∣ter is so neare for Wels, and they finde so many shels of Sea-fish vnder the stones, that this, and the Coast being so low, hath giuen occasion to suspect that it hath beene Sea in other times: it is much compassed with Wood: they gather no Corne, nor seedes of Castile, there is no Gould, nor any other kinde of Mettall, whence is knowne the inuention (or deceit) of those which said that there were found in this Prouince, when the Spaniard entred in it, Crosses of Latten, which was neuer found in any Prouince of the Indies: it is very plentifull of game, especially wilde Boares and Deere, they breede vp in it great store of Poultrie: they gather much Cotten wooll, and Azure, the people multiplieth and liueth long; a man there was which attained to three hun∣dred yeares: it hath all the kinde of Cattle of Spaine, and good Horses.

[ 30] There are in this Gouernment without that of Tabasco, which goeth ioyntly with it, foure Spanish Townes, and one Bishopricke: and the Townes are buildings of the first Gouernour, the President Don Francisco of Monteio. The Citie of Merida is in twentie degrees height,* 2.146 almost in the middest of the Prouince, neerer to the coast of the North Sea, twelue leagues within the Land. In it are resident the Gouernour, the Officers of Reuenues, and treasure Royall, and the Cathedrall suffragane to Mexico, with a Monasterie of Franciscane Fryers, they called it Merida, for the great and auncient buildings that it hath like Merida in Castile▪ and it causeth admiration, that hauing no kinde of Mettall in this Prouince, so great Stones could be wrought, in the which were found engrauen naked men, with eare-rings, whereof is inferred that they were Temples, [ 40] and that it was a very famous Countrie.* 2.147 The Village of Valladolid is thirtie one leagues from Me∣rida, toward the South-east with a most sumptuous Monasterie of Franciscan Fryers, and 15000. tributarie Indians in the limits. The Village and port of Saint Franciscus of Campeche,* 2.148 in 20. de∣grees, in the Coast that looketh to new Spaine, about fiftie leagues from Merida to the West, de∣clining to the South, it hath a reasonable Hauen, though little depth for being a Bay. Don Fran∣ciscu•• of Monteio gaue it the name.* 2.149 The Village of Salamanca the President called so by his owne Countrie. In the Prouinces of Bacalar, and Chetemal, seuentie leagues from Merida, North and South, leauing to the West, and other seuentie from Valladolid, neere to the Coast of the gulfe of Honduras: there are in this Prouince Monasteries of Franciscanes, and six Schooles of Priests for Doctrine.

[ 50] The Coast of all this Prouince is so shallow,* 2.150 that in few parts ye can ride at anker at lesse then foure or fiue leagues from the Land, and so there is no Port but for small Shippes, and it floweth and ebbeth more in this Coast then in any other place of these Prouinces of new Spaine. The Ports that are, be these: Ciclo, and Telichaque, Cical and Cauquil: the Riuer with two mouthes, Campeche in the Coast that looketh to new Spaine, and in it the small Cape from whence the Coast beginneth to winde to the East, and neere to the Point a little Iland which is called la Desconocida or the Vnthankefull, compassed with shelues: and to the West from this, about eigh∣teene leagues, another which they call the Zarza, and the Triangle, which are three small Ilands, close by another little Iland compassed with shelues, other sixteene leagues from a 2.151 Cabo Delgado, Ilands de Arenas (of Sandes) and the Redde (la Bermeia) and another Iland thirtie leagues [ 60] from the said Cape to the North, and los Negrillos, three little Ilets compassed with shelues, to the East from the b 2.152 Redde, about thirtie fiue leagues, and the c 2.153 Scorpiones twentie leagues of the coast North and South, with Merida, and the Cape of Coutoche, the Point most to the East of Yucatan, from whence goe foure little Ilands, which are called de Mugeres of Women, leaning to the Coast in the which is the Iland of Cozumel, named by the famous Idoll Place in it, whither

all the people of the Prouince went in Pilgrimage; it stands foure leagues to the Sea, at the be∣ginning of the Gulfe of Honduras,* 2.154 almost North and South with Valladolid, more inward to the Gulfe, other three little Ilets with shelues, almost ouer against the Lake of Bacalal, which is with∣in the Land thirtie leagues from the Lake of Chetemall, in the Coast that goeth painted with I∣lands vnto Salamanca, which is the first Pantoia, neere one shelfe called * 2.155 Quitasuenno, and another Zaratan, and another Lamanay, and the last Ylbob.

* 2.156The Prouince of Tabasco, which goeth with the Gouernment of Yucatan, and falleth vpon the Coast of the North Sea in the gulfe of new Spaine, hath in length East and West, about fortie leagues, from the confines of Yucatan, vnto the confines of Goazacoalco, wherewith it ioyneth [ 10] on the East, and as much North and South from the North Sea, vnto the confines of Chiapa. It is all plaine ground of Marshes, Lakes and Quagmires, and so they goe ouer it in Boates, and Ca∣noes; it is very moist, and hot, and therefore very plentifull of Pastures for Kine, and of Millet and Cacao, which is the greatest stocke or substance of this Prouince, wherein is onely one Town, which is Tabasco, and by another name, the Village of our Lady of the Victorie, so called for the Victory that Don Hernando Cortez had there of the Indians, when hee went to new Spaine, the yeare 1519. The tribute which the Indians doe pay in this Prouince, is two thousand Xi∣quipiles of Cacao, and euery Xiquipill are eight thousand Almonds, and one load maketh three Xiquipiles or Terces. In the Coast of this Prouince besides other Riuers and Marishes, is found the Lake of Xicalango,* 2.157 or Port Royall, great and capable, with two little Ilands at the mouth, and it was the Captaine Lewis Martin, that by order of Don Fernando Cortes, made an end of pa∣cifying [ 20] this Prouince.

THe bounds of the Counsell of new Gallicia or of Xalisco (which Nunno of Guzman said hee had discouered,* 2.158 and Don Fernando Cortes, that the Captaine Goncalo of Sandouall, did it in his name, when hee sent him to pacifie the Colimas) it parteth, bounds with the Counsell of new Spaine, neere by the Port of the Natiuitie, and the Lake of Chiapa∣la, going toward the North-east, whereby (and by the North, and somewhat of the West, for it is not all discouered) it hath the bounds open, for the rest to the West is all Sea: that which is inhabited on the one side, and the other, may come to one hundred leagues, wherein are comprehended the Prouinces of Guadalaiara, Xalisco, the Zacatecas, Chiametla, Culi∣acan, [ 30] the new Bizkey, and Cinoloa; and for Circuit the discouerie of the Prouinces of Cibola, and of Quibira.

The temperature of the Prouince, and borders of Guadalaiara, is good, and the Countrie plen∣tifull of Corne,* 2.159 and Millet, and other Seedes of Spaine, and many Vaines of Siluer: there are in it Spanish Townes. Nunno of Guzman peopled the Citie of Guadalaiara, the head of this Kingdome, the yeare 1531. and gaue it the name of his Countrie: it stands in 106. degrees and a halfe of longitude from the Meridian of Toledo, 1780. leagues by a direct Voyage, & in 20. degrees one third part in height, eightie seuen leagues from Mexico, betweene the North and the West, more toward the West: in it is resident the Counsell, the Officers of the reuenues, & Royall trea∣surie, and the Cathedrall suffragan to Mexico, since the yeare 1570. for before it was commanded [ 40] to be built in Compostella: it hath one Monasterie of Franciscan, another of Austine Friers. Nunno of Guzman built also the Village of the Holy Ghost in Tepique:* 2.160 and the Village of Sancta Marie of the Lakes, stands thirtie leagues from Guadalaiara to the South-east, with the chiefe Com∣missioner. It was built for to be sure of the Chichimecan Indies, that are in Countries between the North and the East,* 2.161 a barbarous people, which liue scattered in the field, without any taste of hu∣manitie or policie, liuing in Canes, & in the Groues like sauage beasts; they liue vpon wilde chase and fruits, they know no riches, nor pleasure; they goe naked, and some couered with Beasts skins: their weapons are Bowes and Arrowes, they are well bodied, great eaters, they make wine of cer∣taine rootes wherewith they drinke themselues drunke.

In the Prouince of Xalisco, which is plentifull of Millet, more then of Sheepe, or Horses, there [ 50] is onely the Citie of Compostella neere the Sea,* 2.162 three and thirtie leagues from Guadalaxara, to the West, where the Counsell was at the first, and commanded to build the Cathedrall, vntill the yeare 1560. that they remoued to Guadalaiara to be more in the borders: there is in it a Mo∣nasterie of Franciscan Friers; and it was also inhabited by Nunno Guzman, the yeare 1531. which trauelled two yeares in these Countries, which they called the greater Spaine, in emu∣lation of Don Fernando Cartes, in all that time nothing being knowne of him in Mexico. The Village of the Purification, to the South-west, from Guadalaiara, and thirtie leagues from it, neere the port of the Natiuitie, in the confines of the bounds of this Counsell, and of that of Mexico, in a very hot and sickly Countrie: and vnto the end of the yeare 1531. Nunno of Guzman discouered one hundred and fiftie leagues of Land by the Coast of Xalisco, which stand [ 60] in somewhat more then 22. degrees.

* 2.163In the Prouince of the Zacatecas, are rich mines of Siluer, and want of Water, Corne and Millet: there are three Townes of Spaniards, and foure Camps appointed of mines: those which they call of the Zacatecas are the principall, fortie leagues from Guadalaxara to the North, and

eightie from Mexico, wherein are ordinarie more then fiue hundred Spaniards, fiue hundred Slaues, one thousand Horses and Mules, and one Monasterie of Franciscane Fryers; and there is resi∣dent alwayes one of the Officers Royall of Guadalaiara. In this Prouince also are the Mines of Auinyo, in the confines of the Zacatecas, and those of Saint Martin seuen and twentie leagues from the Zacatecas, to the North-west, wherein are wont to be about foure hundred Spaniards, and Xerez of the Frontier, thirtie leagues from Guadalaxara, to the North, and tenne from the mines of the Zacatecas, in the way to them. There are besides these other Reales or Campes, whereof no mention is made▪ because they are so famous. The Village of the Erena,* 2.164 & the Mines called of the little * 2.165 Hat, are fiue and twenty leagues from Zacatecas to the North-west, neere to those of Saint Martin, and others that are in the limits. The Village of * 2.166 Nombre de Dios, is sixtie [ 10] eight leagues from the Citie of Guadalaiara, and tenne from the Mines of Saint Martin to the North, with a Monasterie of Franciscan Friers, aboundant in Corne, and Millet, and good Mines in his Borders. The Village of Durango, in the Borders of the Mines of Saint Martin, and the Val∣ley of Saint Saluador, eight leagues from Nombre de Dios, a wholesome Countrie, & many Riuers, with whose watering they gathered great store of Corne, and Millet, and of other Prouisions, and in the Borders are the Mines of Saint Luke, and a very good Salt-pit. And the Indians of this Kingdome in many places were in armes, and the Chichimecas, and Guachachiles did great hurt in the way of Guadalaiara to the Zacatecas, and this warre was very costly, and tedious, and was ended, the Marquesse of Villamanrique being Viceroy. The Indians are diuided in this precinct in one hundred and foure partitions or tribes.

[ 20] The Prouince of new Bizkie, is North-westward from the Zacatecas fiftie leagues from them;* 2.167 a Countrie of Prouisions, and much Cattell, and of good Siluer Mines, the Mines of Hindehe are in it, of Sancta Barbola, and of Saint Iohn, and in it is the Prouince of Topia; and in this discouery, and inhabiting, Franciscus Ybarra did many seruices. The Prouince of Chiametla,* 2.168 twenty leagues broad and long, in the Coast of the South Sea, about fortie leagues from Xalisco, hath Mines of Siluer, and in it stands Saint Sebastian, a Village of Spaniards, which was first of the Counsell of Mexico, and it stands in more then 22. degrees. Culiacan is a gouernment in the South Sea, more to the East, and West from Chiametla; it is a plentifull Countrie of Victuals, and showes of Siluer Mines, whereof there is a Campe peopled, which they call of the Virgins.* 2.169 The Village of Saint Mi∣chael, eightie leagues from Compostella, and one hundred and three from Guadalaiara, Nunno of [ 30] Guzman inhabited it the yeare 1531.

The Prouince of Civaloa, the last, and most Septentrionall of the new Kingdome of Galicia,* 2.170 two and fortie leagues from Culiacan, one hundred and fiftie from Guadalaiara, to the North, was a Towne built in it that was called Saint Iohn of Cinaloa, of Spaniards, and could not be kept. This Prouince was discouered, Don Antonie of Mendoca being Viceroy in new Spaine, and they said there was a Citie seene wrought with stone, which they called Granada, and that those In∣dians were warriers, and that in the Countrie was great store of Victuals. Quibira,* 2.171 stands in fortie degrees, of a temperate and fruitfull soyle. Cibola, stands thirtie leagues from Culiacan, toward the North, and Quibira two hundred from Cibola to the East; it is all of poore peo∣ple; for that they haue no Cotten, they weare Deere skinnes, and of the Countrie Kine, [ 40] which haue a lumpe on the ridge of the backe, and long haire in the fore parts, the hornes lesser then ours; and in them consisteth the greatest part of the sustenance of the people, for of the skinne they cloathe, and make Shooes, and Cords; they eate the flesh, and make tooles of the bones: they haue sundry languages in this Prouince, because they communicate little the one with the other.

California is a great point of the Land that putteth out to the Sea in the vttermost West of new Spaine in two and twentie degrees height, from whence it extendeth to the North-west,* 2.172 neere about two hundred leagues, although of it there is no certaine notice, nor of the Ports, and Ilands of the Gulfe California, which is made betweene the said point, and Gulfe of new [ 50] Spaine, which goeth along that way, as to the North-west; in the which although there be many Riuers, Capes, and Points, and landing-places, there is no particular notice had of them, because they are not much frequented. At the beginning, and entrance of this Gulfe are very long and narrow Ilands along the Coast, and very close with it, which is called the Guayauall, that reacheth from the Riuer of our Ladie, or of Sebastian of Bora, vnto the Riuer of Christmas in Culiacan. The Riuer of the Village of Saint Michael is called Ciguatlan; and neerer to new Spaine is the Riuer of Pastla, and against it the Desart Iland, and afterward the Riuer of the Holy Ghost, and the port of Xalisco, and to the South of the point of California, is Annublada or the Cloudie Iland, and the Iland of Saint Thomas, and the Iland of Flores, and another which is called Las Monias.

[ 60]

IT was first called the Counsell of Guatemala of the confines,* 2.173 because it was commanded first to be built in the confines of the Prouinces of Nicaragua, and Guatemala, without assigning any certaine Towne. It hath in length East and West two hundred and fortie leagues, and from the Meridian from 84. to 98. of longitude, and North and South, in breadth one hundred and eigh∣tie,

from 9. to 10. degrees of height, vnto eighteene or nineteene, in the which are comprehel∣ded the Prouinces of Guatemala, Soconusco, Chiapa, Suchitepeque, the a 2.174 Verapaz, Honduras and Ca∣cos, Saint Sauiour, and Saint Michael, Nicaragua, Chuluteca, Taguzgalpa, and b 2.175 Costarica▪ and in euery one of these Prouinces they alter in speech: and according to the opinion of Religious men, it was the worke of the Diuell, for to plant dissentions and discord betweene these Nati∣ons which were bloody and reuengefull. The Gouernment and Prouince of Guatemala on the South Sea coast,* 2.176 in length of it may be about seuentie leagues, and in breadth North and South thirtie: it is a Countrie of a good temperature, plentifull of Millet, Cotten wooll, Corne and other fruits, though they preserue not the Seede of one yeare for the other: the waters are few, [ 10] but when it raineth they are very violent from Aprill to October, the windes are North and South, and the North lasteth but fifteene or twentie dayes, and it is very cold, and furious. There are in it fiue Spanish Townes, buildings of the President Don Pedro of Aluarado, in the yeare 1524. and 25.* 2.177 The Citie of Saint Iames of Guatemala, whose situation was called Cachequill, which signifieth an Eagle, because the Generall of this Nation, when hee went to warre, did beare an Eagle for his Plume: it is the head of the Gouernment, where the Counsell is resident, in 24. degrees and a halfe of height, and 93. degr. from the Meridian of Toledo, from whence it may bee distant by a greater circle of one thousand sixe hundred and sixtie leagues, and it is twelue from the Sea, and a towne of sixe hundred Spanish housholds: the Officers of the goods and Roy∣all Treasure, are resident there, the melting house, and the Cathedrall Suffragane to Mexico, with one Monasterie of Dominicans, and another of Mercenarie Friars, and one Hospitall, and [ 20] in the bounds fiue and twentie thousand tributarie Indians. This Citie is seated in a very plea∣sant Valley, with fruits of diuers sorts, and all kinde of prouision and dainties.

* 2.178The Citie of Saint Sauiour, which in the Indian language is called Cuzcatlan, is fortie leagues from Saint Iames to the South-east, with one Monasterie of Dominicans. The Village of the Tri∣nitie,* 2.179 which in the Indian tongue was called Conzonate, sixe and twentie leagues from Saint Iames to the South-west, foure leagues from the Port of Axacutla. It is a chiefe Commissionership with title of his Maiestie, with one Monasterie of Dominicans, in a plentifull soile of Cacao, and the Indians of it are of the iurisdiction of Saint Iames, it is a place of great trafficke, and the Port a touch for the ships of Peru,* 2.180 and of New Spaine. The Village of Saint Michael sixtie two leagues from Saint Iames, and two and twentie from Saint Sauiour to the South-west, two leagues from [ 30] the Sea and Bay of Fonseca, which serueth it for Hauen, and in the bounds are eightie Townes of Indians.* 2.181 The Village of Xerez of the frontier, in the Indian speech called Chuluteca, in the confines of Guatemala and Nicaragua, eightie leagues from Saint Iames, and twentie from Saint Michael to the South-east, both plentifull of Cotton wooll and Millet. Neere the Citie of Saint Iames is that * 2.182 Volcan so famous of Guatemala, and in all the Indies are many of these Volcanes (but the most famous are those of Guatemala, which hath burst out diuers times, casting fire, stones, and ashes, with great hurt of the Countrie.) That of Arequipa, of Tlascala, Quito, and others. In this Countrie are many springs of water, hot, and of sundrie properties and colours; there is much and good Balme, which the Spaniards knew without learning it of the Indians, against the which some Author speaketh, and also liquid Amber, Gumme-anime, Copall, and Suchicopall, [ 40] and other Gummes, and Liquoris most perfect, and beasts that breed the Bezar stone, they gather great store of Cacao, which is great riches: it is a meane Tree, the leaues like a Chesnut though bigger,* 2.183 it giueth flower and fruit euery Moone, and the same doe in that Countrie the Orange trees. The Cacao is a tree that loueth moisture better then the Sunne, and therefore they plant neere him another tree to shadow him.

The Ports of this Gouernment in the South Sea, beside the rehearsed, are the Bay of Fonseca neere to Saint Michael,* 2.184 in twelue degrees and a halfe of height, Gil Gonçales of Auila gaue it the name in the yeere 1522. for the Bishop Iohn Rodrigues of Fonseca, President of the Councell of the Indies. And within the Bay is an Iland which he named Petronilla, by a Neece of the Bishop. The Port of Acaxutla, neere to the Trinitie, in twelue degrees height, is the best of this Gouern∣ment [ 50] for New Spaine and Peru, and the Bay of Guatemala twelue leagues from it, and the Riuer of Xicalapa seuen leagues from the Bay to the West. On the North side this Prouince hath no coast, for it commeth not to the Sea by fortie leagues, vnto a landing place which they call the Port of the fresh Gulfe, from whence the merchandize that goe from Spaine, are conueighed by the Gulfe of Honduras, into the Land with carriages vnto Guatemala, Saint Sauiour, and the Trini∣tie, and twelue leagues before Guatemala, in the high way of Mexico, is the great Lake of Atu∣lau,* 2.185 of ten leagues in compasse, and foure in breadth, without bottom.

The Prouince and Gouernment of Soconusco is the furthest West from Guatemala vpon the coast of the South Sea, of length and breadth about foure and thirtie leagues, plentifull of Cacao (the greatest trafficke of it, and of all that in it is sowne except Wheat) there is no more then one Spanish towne, which is called Guencolan, founded by Don Pedro de Aluarado, where the Gouer∣nour [ 60] is resident; her coast which is in the South Sea, beginneth seuen leagues from the Riuer of Ayutla to the West, and presently the Riuers Coatlan, Capanercalte, Colatl, Haztatlan, Amituc, and Quizatatlan.

The Prouince and Bishoprick of Chiapa is Mediterranean, betweene Soconusco by the South,* 2.186 and the vttermost of New Spaine by the West, and by the North and the East, betweene Tabas∣co an•• * 2.187 Verapaz, in length East and West about fortie leagues, and some lesse in breadth, some lesse fertile of Wheat and Millet, and other Seedes, and of Cattell, except Sheepe that are not many. It hath one Towne of Castilians, which is called Citie Royall, seuentie leagues from Saint Iames of Guatemala toward the North-east, which by a particular priuiledge is gouerned by or∣dinarie Iustices. The Cathedrall is resident here with one Monasterie of Dominicke Friars, and many Indian Townes in her limits: Chiapa is the principallest Towne of them, from whence the Prouince tooke the name. The Countrie-men haue skill in breeding of Horses, that those of this [ 10] Countrie become the best that are in New Spaine: they are Musicians and Painters, and learne a∣ny Trade that doth consist in arte: they were in old time of Nicaragua, and the Captaine Iames of Mazariegos, the yeere 1531. built this Citie in a Valley where now it stands, round, of a mar∣uellous situation in 18. degrees and a halfe, sixtie leagues from the North Sea, and as many from the South.

The Prouince of Verapaz (a name which the Dominicke Friars gaue it,* 2.188 because they pacified it with preaching) is also Mediterranean betweene the bounds of Soconusco, Chiapa, Yacatan, Honduras, and Guatemala, of thirty leagues ouer, and as many from Saint Iames of Guatemala; a moist Countrie, and therefore the better for the Millet that in it is gathered twice a yeere, and for Wheat. There is Cotton wooll, and some Cacao, and much Fowle of those that giue the co∣loured [ 20] feathers for the pictures which the Indians doe make,* 2.189 which is a merchandize of this Pro∣uince, and the Kings of Mexico carried them from this Prouince, which was the most esteemed thing they had, and it was iudged for a great sinne to kill these Fowles, but to plucke them and to let them flie. There is in this Countrie but one Monasterie of Dominicke Friars, with one Indian Towne of seuenteene Indian children that are there, by order of the religious men for to instruct them the better; for before they liued scattered and like sauages, and now they liue like Christi∣ans, and in temporall things politikely.

In this Prouince there is no Gouernour, but a chiefe Iustice, prouided by the Councell. The Riuer of Zacatula diuideth this Prouince from the Prouince of Guatemala, from the which it ex∣tendeth vnto the fresh Gulfe, whither all the Riuers of it doe runne, whereby and by the many [ 30] falls of waters that descend from most high Hils, the Countrie was so moist, that the Millet rot∣ted; but it is bettered in the temperature, since the cutting downe of the Woods: it hath many Lions, Tigres, and Buffes, whose flesh the Indians doe eate although it be luscious and soft; it is called the Fresh Gulfe, for the multitude of the Riuers which on that side doe enter into the Sea.* 2.190 The water is fresh, and there are exceeding great Fishes, and specially the Manati, which is the Sea calfe, which swimmeth so delicately, that being very great he maketh no noyse;* 2.191 when hee fleeth he goeth to the Deepe, and waxeth angrie and fierce against them that seeke him, and gi∣ueth great strokes; his flesh is very fat like vnto fat beefe.

THe Prouince and Gouernment of Honduras hath in length East and West,* 2.192 by the coast of the [ 40] North Sea, more then one hundred and fiftie leagues, and in bredth from the Sea vnto the bounds of Costa Rica and Guatemala, in parts eightie: it hath many Hills, and is plentifull of Millet, Wheat, and all sorts of Cattell, and some Mynes of gold and siluer: there is in it sixe Spa∣nish Townes in one Bishopricke, and the first Bishop was Friar Iohn of Talauera, Prior of Prado, of the Order of Saint Ierome of Spaine.

The Citie of Valladolid, in the Indian language, is called Comayagua, in more then sixteene de∣grees, stands sixtie leagues from Saint Iames of Guatemala to the East, and about fortie from the North Sea: in it is the Gouernour resident, and the Cathedrall, since the yeere 1558. when it went from Truxillo, whereat first it was; and one Monasterie de la Merced. The Captaine A∣lonso of Cacere•• pacified this Countrie, by order of Don Peter of Aluarado:* 2.193 it stands in the mid∣dest [ 50] of the two Seas, and from the one to the other are three and fiftie leagues, from the Port de Cauallos or of Horses in the North Sea, vnto the Bay of Fonseca in the South Sea, and the Inginer Baptista Antoneli visited this way, by order from the King; because many thought that by it the trafficke of the North Sea was more easie to the South Sea, and hee found that it had many in∣conueniences.

The Citie of * 2.194 Gracias à Dios, is thirtie leagues from Valladolid almost to the West; the Captaine Gabriel of Rojas peopled it 1530. for the benefit of the Mynes of gold that were there∣abouts, and had great encounters with the Indians, which assaulted him many times in a Fort that he had. But the Gouernours of Honduras and Nicaragua, not succouring him by reason of grud∣ges betweene them, hee was forced to forsake it. And in the yeere 1536. Captaine Gonçalo of [ 60] Aluarado, inhabited this Citie againe. The Village of Saint Petro is thirtie leagues from Co∣mayagua to the North, somewhat aside to the West, and eleuen from the Port of Cauallos,* 2.195 where the Officers Royall are resident, because the Port of Cauallos is sickly, whither the dispatches of the ships doe come. The President Don Peter Aluarado built it 1536.

The Village of Saint Iohn of the Port de Cauallos is in 15. degrees of altitude,* 2.196 eleuen leagues

from Saint Peter, foure from Comayagua, it is inhabited with Factors of the Merchants, and with Black-moores, because it is an vnwholsome Port; for although it be a Bay, it is a good one, it was called the Port of The Horses, because some were cast in the Sea by a storme. The Citie of Truxillo is sixtie leagues from Comayagua to the North-east,* 2.197 and fortie from the Port of Horses to the East, and one from the North Sea: the Cathedrall was here, the Hauen is called Saint Gil, it is good, though it be a Bay dead and sheltered, where the ships that goe for Guatemala doe touch first. Francisco de las Casas, began to inhabit this Citie 1524. and because they were all people of Estremadura, he called it Truxillo, and Don Hernando Cortes ended the inhabiting of it when he went to the Ybueras.* 2.198 The Village of Saint George of Olancho, is fortie leagues from Comayagua to the East, of fortie housholds, and in her borders sixteene thousand tributarie Indians, and much gold,* 2.199 chiefly in the Riuer of Guayape, ten leagues from this Towne. This Valley of Olan∣cho [ 10] is very pleasant and profitable, and in it was much gold gotten, and the Gouernours of Hon∣duras and Nicaragua, had in other times great differences: for euery one would haue it in his iu∣risdiction, and therefore here it was where Gil Gonçales Dauila tooke one hundred and twentie thousand Pesos of gold of Hernando of Soto, and dismissed the people which Pedrarias Dauila had for his defence; and here Gabriel of Rojas defended the entrance of Gonçalo of Sandoual, for Don Hernando Cortes did send him from Truxillo, and here the Indians killed Iohn Grijalua, a very famous Captaine, and others.

* 2.200The coast of this Prouince is all in the North Sea, in the Gulfe which they call de Honduras, which is all the Sea coast betweene this Prouince and Yucatun, to the place where it ioyneth with it by Verapaz, where it was called the Gulfe of Guanajos, the first Point is of the Ybueras, so [ 20] called, because they first found many pompions on the Sea, which they call Ybueras in the lan∣guage of Hispaniola; it stands in sixteene degrees of height. Neere to the Fresh Gulfe a Port for Guatemala, where Saint Gil of Bonauista was built, neere to the Cape of Three Points to the East from the Fresh Gulfe, and Gil Gonçales Dauila peopled it 1524. And more to the East is the Riuer Piche, and Rio Baxo, and the Riuer of Vlua, by another name Balahama before the Port of Horses, which stands in fifteene degrees. And afterward the Riuer and Point de la Sal, and Tri∣umpho de la Cruz, a Cape of three points, where the yeere 1524. the Master of the field Christo∣pher of Olid planted; and the Riuer Hulma or of Xagua, and to the North of his mouth the I∣land of Vtila; and to the North-east, Guayana, Helen, and Guanaja, and Saint Francise North [ 30] and South with the Point of Truxillo, which are the Ilands of the Guanajos. The said Point is called by another name, Cabo Delgado, the Small Cape, or of Honduras, from whence to the Cape of * 2.201 Camaron, in search whereof they goe from Iamayca, are thirteene Riuers, and at the Point of the Cape a plazell or great shelfe of more then twentie leagues into the Sea, and in the middest of it neere to the Coast a great Iland, which is called the Iland de los Baxos (of the shelues) and an∣other to the North, neere the shelfe called Saint Millan, and hauing passed the shelfe, the Bay of Cartago,* 2.202 and the Deepe Bay, before the Cape of thanks be to God, which stands in fourteen degrees one third part, and to the North of it three Ilands, which they call the Viciosas, and Quita suenno or Take away sleepe, and Roncador, the Suorter, two dangerous shelues, and hauing passed the Cape, the Gulfe of Nicuesa, where hee was lost in the yeere 1510. and the Riuer of Yare in thirteene [ 40] degrees, where the Gouernments of Honduras and Nicaragua are ioyned.

The Ilands of the Guanajos, which are the rehearsed, the first Admirall Don Christopher Colon discouered 1502. in the last voyage he made to the Indios, when he discouered Terra firme in the coast of Veragua, where his ill lucke appeared; for if as he went to Veragua, hee had gone to the other side, he had discouered New Spaine.

* 2.203The Prouince and Gouernment of Nicaragua, which the Gouernour Iames Lopez of Salzedo, called the New Kingdome of Lion, on the West ioyneth with Guatemala, and on the North with Honduras, and on the South with * 2.204 Costa Rica. It is of one hundred and fiftie leagues East and West, and eightie North and South, a plentifull Countrie of Millet, Cacao, Cotton wooll, store of Cattell, without Corne or Sheepe, it hath fiue Spanish Townes. Lion of Nicaragua is one hun∣dred [ 50] and foure leagues from Saint Iames of Guatemala about the South-east, and twelue from the South Sea, neere to the great Lake of Nicaragua, where the Gouernour is residen••, the Royall Officers, and the Cathedrall, and Iames Aluarez Ossorio was the first Bishop. It hath fiue Mona∣steries of Mercenaries, and in her bounds one hundred and twentie thousand tributarie Indians. The Citie of Granada is sixteene leagues from Lion,* 2.205 which and Lion were built by the Captaine Franciscus Hernandez▪ 1523. and Granada stands by the border of the great Lake, and foure and twentie leagues from the Port of Realeio, besides the great Lake, stands the Lake of Lindiri, and the famous Vulcan or Fierie mouth of Massayatan.* 2.206 The great Lake ebbeth and floweth, it hath many Ilands, it runneth into the North Sea, by the Riuer which is called El Desaguadero, or The Voyding, it hath great store of Fish and many Lizards. At two leagues from it, and seuen from Gra∣nada is the great fierie mouth of Mombacho, very high with many Groues of diuers fruits, of [ 60] which much refresh the Countrie. A Friar perswading himselfe▪ that that masse of fire that in so many yeeres burned without consuming within the mouth of Massaya was gold, hauing made by a certaine arte certaine Cauldrons with their chaines to draw it, they scarcely came at the fire, when the Cauldron and the Chaine were melted like Lead.

The new Segouia which was the beginning of Peter Arias his plantation▪* 2.207 〈◊〉〈◊〉 thirtie leagues from Lion to the North, and as many from Granada, some what Northward also, in which limits much gold is gotten. And Iaen a Citie is thirtie leagues from the North Sea,* 2.208 in the end of the great Lake, whereby the Riuer which they call the Voyding, and the merchandize which are car∣ried from Nombre de Dios, and now from Porte bello, are conuayed in it. The Village of Realejo one league from the Port of the Possession, which commonly is called of the Realejo,* 2.209 stands in e∣leuen degrees and a halfe, and is one of the best Ports and surest in all that Coast, wherein are made good ships by reason of the good prouision of Timber there.

There are in this Gouernment many Townes of Indians, and in them store of tributaries, and [ 10] in the Confines of this Gouernment, and of Costa Rica, and of Nicoya eight and fortie leagues from Granada, in the South coast, is a Corregidorship; in which, and in the Iland of Chyra, which is of the iurisdiction thereof eight leagues to the Sea, are many tributarie Indians of the Crowne Royall, subiect in other times to the Councell of Panama, vnto the yeere 1573. at which time it was incorporated in Costa Rica; whose Gouernour placeth a Deputie, and the Bishop of Ni∣caragua a Vicar. There is in it a reasonable Port, in the coast of this Prouince on the North Sea. After this is the Riuer Yare that diuideth it from that of Honduras, the Riuer of Yairepa, before the Riuer and Port of Saint Iohn, which is called the Voyding or Desaguadero,* 2.210 with a great Iland at the mouth, and after, some other Riuers common to Costa Rica. In the South Sea, it hath be∣sides the Realeio, the Port of Saint Iames, before the Chira, and the Port of Paro ••ight against [ 20] Nicoya, in the Gulfe called of the Salt-pits, before the Point of Saint Lazarus,* 2.211 and the Cape of Borrica, at the East side whereof are the Ilands of Saint Marie, Saint Martha, Cobaya, and Se∣baco, neere to the bounds of Veragua, common to Costa Rica.

In the Coast of Nicaragua, on the South side,* 2.212 the Village of Bruxelles was peopled 1529. and Iames Lopes of Salcedo disinhabited it, because they had receiued in it Pedro de los Rios, Gouer∣nour of Castilla del Oro, which went to take the Gouernment of Nicaragua, where Salcedo had thrust himselfe, and had gone from Honduras his owne Gouernment vnto it. Captaine Francis∣cus Hernandez planted it 1524. in the doubtfull Streight, in the seate of Vritina, and on the one side it had the Sea, on the other the Playnes, and on the third side the Mountaine of the Mynes, and in all this Orbe there are no Indians more expert in the Castillan tongue then those of Ni∣caragua.

[ 30]

The Prouince and Gouernment of Costa Rica, the furthest East of the Northerne Indies,* 2.213 and Councell of Guatemala, hath in length East and West ninetie leagues from the Confines of Ve∣ragua vnto those of Nicaragua, with which it ioyneth by the North, and by the West. In it are two Townes, it is a good Countrie, with many showes of Gold, and some of Siluer. The one Towne is the Village of Aranjues fiue leagues from Chomes Indianes,* 2.214 a Towne of the iu∣risdiction of Nicoya. The Citie of Cartago, fortie leagues from Nicoya, and twentie from the Sea almost in the middest of the Prouince, hath a Port and landing place in the Coast of the South Sea, and the North Sea, wherein there is some Riuers betweene Nicaragua and Veragua, common to this Gouernment, and the Bayes of Saint Ierome and of Caribaco, neere the limits [ 40] of Veragua.

THe part of the Indies of the South is vniustly called America, it is all that is discouered from Nombre de Dios and Panama to the South, wherein is included Terra firme,* 2.215 the Kingdomes of Piru, the Piru Chile, which the Indians call Chille; The Prouinces of the Streight, the Riuer of Plate and Brasile, where are fiue Councels of Panama, new Kingdome of Granada, Saint Francise of Quito, Lima, the Charcas, and the eleuen Gouernments: part of their Coast toucheth in the North Sea, and part in the South: in the which for the most part reigneth the South and the South-west, which contrarie to his nature is there pleasant, and doth mitigate the great heate, whereby that Countrie may bee inhabited, although it ne∣uer [ 50] rayneth nor hayleth in it, but in a very little distance.* 2.216 And the two rowes of Mountaines that runne equally through all these Indies, haue a great difference, though they are in one al∣titude of the Pole: for the one is well replenished with Trees and it alwayes rayneth in it, and it is hot: the other is all bare, and cold in Summer and Winter. These rowes are called Andes, and Sierra or the Mountayne; they haue most high Hils, and goe in sight the one of the other one thousand leagues, almost equally. In the Hill are bred sundrie beasts, and in the parts where they open they make Valleys, which is excellent dwelling, as that of Xanxa, and Guaylas,* 2.217 and Yucay. In the Andes also are bred sundrie beasts, and past the Citie of Cuzco, these rowes doe diuide themselues, leauing in the middest a great champaine Countrie, which is the Prouince of Collao, where are infinite Riuers, Lakes, and Pastures, without Trees or Wood, for the distemperature of the Countrie, though wholesome and much inhabited.* 2.218 There follow∣eth after it the Prouince of the Charcas, hot and of great plentie, with very rough Hills of [ 60] great riches of Mynes: and the figure of these Indies is seene in the Table before going.

[illustration] map of South America

HONDIVS his Map of America Meridionalis.

AMERICA MERIDI∣ONALIS

THe limits of the Counsell of Panama, which was first called Castilla del Oro, and afterwards Terra Firme, are very small, for the Counsell is principally resident there, for the dispatch of the Fleetes, and Merchants, which goe and come to Piru: it hath in length East and West, about nintie leagues, from the confines of the gouernment of Cartagena, and Popayan, vnto the Castle of Veragua,* 2.219 and in breadth from the South Sea to the North sixtie leagues, and thence downeward vnto eighteene by Nombre de Dios, or Porto bello to Panama: it is a ground general∣ly very rough with Mountaines, full of quagmires, the ayre close with vapours, moist, hot, and for this cause very sickly from May vnto Nouember, a barren soyle, and destitute of many things: for there groweth nothing but Millet, and very little, though there be good Pastures for Kine, and breeding of Cattle. The gouernment of Veragua stands in the bounds of this Counsell, and in it, [ 50] and in that of Panama these Townes following.

* 2.220The Citie of Panama is in the coast of the South Sea, neere vnto it, in 9. degrees of latitude, and 82. of longitude from the Meridian of Toledo, from whence it is distant by direct way one thou∣sand fiue hundred and sixtie leagues. It is a Towne of six hundred housholds, the most are Mer∣chants and dealers. And with the Counsell are resident the Kings Officers, and Royall treasurie, which doe goe already to Portobello, when there is any Fleete to the dispatching of it, and like∣wise the Cathedrall suffragan to the Archbishopricke of the Kings (delos res) is here resident with three Monasteries, of Dominicke, Franciscane and Merced Friers. The Port of this Citie is reaso∣nable, although at low water the Ships remaine dry, and therefore in Summer they ride in the strand, and in winter in the hauen of Perico, two leagues from the citie. Pedrarias Dauila peopled [ 60] it, being Gouernour of Castillo, del Oro, or of the Gold, against the will of the dwellers of Sancta Marie, the auncient of Darien, the yeare 1519. and a little after the Cathedrall Church was remoued thither; and it might haue had a better seate, and more wholesome, and to the

purpose for the trafficke of the South Sea, not going very farre from whence the Citie now stands.

The Citie of Nombre de Dios, was by Iames of Nicuesa first planted 1510. and afterward by Iames of Albitez, by order of Pedrarias, and he was the first Admirall that discouered her port. It is remoued to Portobelo, for the first Admirall discouered it, and gaue the name, because it was more wholesomer, and fitter for the loading and vnloading of the Fleetes, and for their securitie,* 2.221 and of the new Citie of Saint Phillip, which is built there: the Inginer Baptista Antonelli, hath made a Castle, and appointed another on the other side the hauen, for to keepe the entrie. The Merchandize are carried from Portobelo to Panama by two wayes, one by Land with carriage, which is eighteene leagues of lesse difficultie then by the way of Nombre de Dios: the other by [ 10] Sea, and the Riuer of Chagre, whose mouth is eighteene leagues from Portobelo, to the West, whereby the Merchandize goe vp when the water reacheth to the vent of the Crosses, and from thence they go in carriages fiue leagues to Panama.

The Village of Nata stands thirtie leagues from Panama to the West,* 2.222 in the Coast of the South Sea, Captaine Franciscus Companion peopled it, by order of Peter Arias, for the warre with the Casique Vrraca. The inhabiting of Acla, and Captaine Gabriel of Roias finished by commandement of Peter Arias, in the Coast of the North Sea, and entrance of the Gulfe of Vraba,* 2.223 right against the Iland of Pinos, whereof at this present there is no more memory then that there was the death of that famous Captaine, whose memory will last eternally, the President Bas•••• Nunnez of Balnoa, and of his company. In the breach of Almagro, and in the head of the Riuer [ 20] Chiepo, there is Gold, and in times past was much gotten. In all these Riuers are many Li∣zards or Crockadiles, and very great, which put the first discouerers and pacifiers to great trou∣ble, and did deuoure some men.* 2.224 It happened that a man being in a Boate neere to the Kings House in Panama, a Lizard came and snatched him from the Stearne of the Boate, and carried him away to eate him on certaine Rockes, and hauing begunne to teare him in pieces, they shot at him with a Caliuer and killed the Lizard, so that he before his death receiued the Sacraments of the Church.

The Prouince of Veragua, which stands in somewhat more then tenne degrees,* 2.225 doth confine with Costarica, on the West side: it hath in length East and West fiftie leagues, and in breadth [ 30] fiue and twentie: a Mountainous Countrie, full of bushes, without Pastures or Cattle, Wheate, Barley, little Millet or little Pulse; but full of Gold with many vaines of it, and rich Mines in the Riuers, and breaches, and those Indians that are, are in warre: it hath the Ci∣tie of the Conception fortie leagues from Nombre de Dios, to the West, where the Go∣uernour and the Officers (which they of Panama at this present doe prouide) are resi∣dent.* 2.226 The Village of Trinitie stands six leagues to the East of the Conception by Sea (for yee cannot goe by Land) neere to the Riuer of Bethleem, at three leagues from the Sea. The Citie of Sancta Fe stands twelue leagues from the Conception to the South,* 2.227 with mel∣ting houses, and Deputie Officers. The Citie of Charles, in the coast of the South Sea, neere to the Sea, fiftie leagues from the Citie of Sancta Fe, to the East: all the Indians of this [ 40] gouernment are in warre.

There is no Port of name in the two Coasts South, and North, of this gouernment,* 2.228 and in all the bounds of the Counsell, are the Riuers, Ports, and points following. The Bay of Carabaco, or of Saint Hierome, in the coast of the North Sea, and the confines of Veragua, and to the East of it, and of the Riuer of the Trinitie, of the Conception, and of Bethlehem (where was the first inhabiting that the first Admirall made in Terra firme, of all that Orbe, in the yeare 1503. which continued not: and right against the Shield, an Iland, and the Riuer of Chagre,* 2.229 and more to the East a league the Portete, to the place where the Admirall came discouering the same yeere, and the Ports of a 2.230 Langostas twelue leagues from Nombre de Dios, to the West, and the Port de Gallinas or of Hennes nine degrees, and the Port of Bonauenture six, Portobelo fiue, and right against it the Ilands of the b 2.231 Lookings, and those of the Prouisions or Bastimentos: and hauing Nombre de [ 50] Dios two leagues, the Riuer of c 2.232 Sardinilla, and the Iland of d 2.233 Sardina, foure; and the Riuer of Millet or Mayz, and the Riuer of Snakes, or Culebras, eight; and at the entry of the Gulfe of Vraba, where in the yeare 1509. the Bachiller Enciso built the Citie of Sancta Marie of Darien. This Bachiller Enciso was he that published that in the Prouince which was called Castilla del Oro, there were places where the gold was fished with nets, which encouraged many people to goe to the Indies, which passed in the yeare 1514. with Peter Arias Danila: and the President Basco Nunnez of Balboa, went 1513. from the Darien in demand of the South Sea, and discouered it. The Point of the Iland of Captiua, stands right against the Mountaines of Saint Blas, and the Iland of Comagre, and the Iland of Pinos, more within the Gulfe of Vraba, and in the [ 60] inward Port of it, the Port of Nilcos, neere to the mouth of the Riuer of Darien, which di∣uideth the bounds of this Counsell, and those of the Gouernement of Cartagena, and there is Culata de Vraba, where in the yeare 1510. Alonso of Oieda inhabited Saint Sebastian of Vraba. This Gulfe stands in 8. degrees, it hath foureteene leagues of longi∣tude into the Lands, and in the entrie it hath six in breadth, and a little forward fiftie,

and at the end foure, and fiue leagues within was the Citie of Sancta Marie, the auncient of Darien.

In the South Sea stands the Cape of Sancta Marie, and point (de Guerra) of Warre, and toward Panama, the Gulfe of Parita, or Paris where stands Nata, the point of Chiame, the Countrie of that Cazique Chiapes, the friend of Basco Nunnez of Balboa, which holpe him in his discouery: and passed the Port of Panama, the Riuer of Chepo, and the Balsa, or of Congos in the inner part of the Gulfe of Saint Michael, North and South from the Iland of Pearles, and the Point or Port of Pinyas, at the entrie of the Gulfe on the South side, which is fiftie leagues from Panama, and twen∣tie ouerthwart to the Gulfe of Vraba, and Puerto Quemado, or Burnt Hauen, neere to the Cape of Corrientes, in 5. degrees of altitude Septentrionall. [ 10]

* 2.234THe bounds of the Counsel of the New Kingdome hath in length East and West, three hundred leagues, and as many North and South, wherein are comprehended the Prouinces of the New Kingdome, the gouernments of Sancta Martha, and Cartagena, and part of that of Popayan; & for borders the Prouinces of the Dorado, or new Stremadura: the Prouince of New Kingdome, which is that which the Counsell gouerneth: it hath in length from East to West foureteen leagues, and eightie in breadth North and South of plaine ground, for the most part with Valleys and hils, and good Pastures for all sort of Cattle, which are in abundance, and in many places, Wheate, Miller, and the fruits of Castile, and generally much Gold and very fine, and Mines of Copper & Steele: and the Countrie men for the most part are able men, great traffickers, and doe weare Cotten cloath. And the Townes that be in the Kingdome of Spaniards, are the Citie of * 2.235 Sancta Fe of [ 20] Bogota, which was built at the foote of Bogota, so called by the Cazique which was called Bogota, which the President Gonçalo Ximenez of Quesada built, and gaue the name to the Citie and to the Kingdome, because he was of Granada, though in the discouery the President Belalcazar, and Ni∣cholas Federman had part: it stands 72. degrees and a halfe of longitude from the Meridian of To∣ledo, which by a greater circle may be one thousand foure hundred and fortie leagues, and 4. de∣grees on this side of the Equinoctial, it hath more then six hundred housholds, in it is resident the Counsell, the Kings Officers and Royall treasurie, and Melting house, the Cathedrall Metropoli∣tane, whose suffragans are, Popayan, Cartagena and Sancta Marta, with a Monasterie of Dominicke and another of Franciscane Friers, and in her borders more then fiftie thousand tributarie Indians [ 30] and the Lake of Guatauita,* 2.236 which was a worshipping place of the Indians, where it is reported that they did cast great summes of Gold in offring to the Idols.

The Village of Saint Michael in the bounds of Sancta Fe, twelue leagues from it to the North, was built for trafficke with the Pauche Indians,* 2.237 because being of a hot Countrie it did them hurt to goe to Sancta Fe, which is cold. The Citie of Tocayma fifteene leagues from Sancta Fe, to the West,* 2.238 somewhat inclined to the North, with a Monasterie of Dominicke Friers, was inhabited the yeare 1545. by the Captaine Hernando Vanegas, in the border of the maine Riuer Pati, which runneth into the Riuer Magdalene. It hath no gold, and is most hot, and by night there falleth no Deaw in it. In all the Kingdome there is no generall tongue, that which is most vnderstood, is that of the Pauches. In the Prouince of the Musos, and Colimas, which by another name [ 40] are called Canupeis, fiue and twentie leagues in length, to the North-west of Bogota, a rough Countrie, sound, plentifull of Pastures, Gold, and Emeralds: there are two Townes; the Citie of the Trinitie twentie leagues from Sancta Fe,* 2.239 to the North-west, which the Cap∣taine Lanchero inhabited the yeere 1582. when hee went to warre with the Indians * 2.240 Moscas, a quicke and fearefull Nation: and in these bounds stands the rich Mine of the Emeralds, with many Indians which yet are peaceable, and in the Prouince of Chiagnachi, which signifieth Snailes, for there be many.

The Village of Palma in the Colimas, of a temper hotter then cold, fifteene leagues from Sancta Fe to the North-west,* 2.241 the Captaine Don Gutierre of Oualle built it 1572. in the Prouince of Tunia, which tooke the name of the Cazique, almost to the North, direct to that of Bogota, and in all like vnto it:* 2.242 The Citie of Tunia stands two and twentie leagues from Sancta Fe, to the [ 50] North-east, on a high hill, a strong scituation, for the warre with the Indians. There goe out of this Citie aboue two hundred Horse-men, and it is the most aboundant of Victuals of all the Borders, and there is the greatest Market in all the Realme: it hath one Monasterie of Do∣minicke, another of Franciscane Friers. The Captaine Gonçalo Xuarez Rondon built it, for the Pre∣sident Gonzalo Ximenez of Pulsada.* 2.243 The Citie of Pamplona seuenty leagues from Sancta Fe to the North-east, hath one Monasterie of Dominick Friers; much Gold is gotten in it, it hath abundance of Cattle: the Bachiller Michael Diaz of Armendariz peopled it. The Village of Saint Christo∣pher is thirteene leagues from Pamplona to the North, the Captaine Franciscus of Caceres built it neere the Prouince of * 2.244 Grita, so called because the Indians came out of the high wayes to shoute and crie after the Spaniards, and to kill them: little Gold is gotten in it, and it hath commoditie, [ 60] for to breede Cattle.

* 2.245The Citie of Merida, in the bounds of the gouernment of Veneçuela, and the New Kingdome, fortie leagues from Pamplona to the North-east: it is a plentifull Countrie of Mines of

Gould, and of Wheate. The Citie of Belez thirtie leagues from Sancta Fe to the North, and fif∣teene from Tunia, hath one Monasterie of Franciscane Fryers:* 2.246 the Captaine Goncalo Ximenez Roudou inhabited it. It is a Countrie where many thunderboults fell, and there fall not so ma∣ny since the holy Sacrament of the Altar is there abiding:* 2.247 it hath one fierie mouth that casteth many stones. The Citie of Mariquita of Ybague, by another name Saint Sebastian of the Gould,* 2.248 is fortie leagues from Sancta Fe to the North-west, the Captaine Pedroso peopled it 1551. in certaine Meadowes, leaning to the hill, the temper is very hot.* 2.249 The Citie of Ybague is three hun∣dred leagues from Sancta Fe, almost to the West: it is the first Towne of the New Realme, that doth confine with Popayan, the Captaine Andrew Lopez of Galarza peopled it 1551. by com∣mission of the Counsell, for to eschew the harmes these Indians did with those of Tocayma, [ 10] and Cartago, and for to open the way to the gouernment of Popayan, it hath a Monasterie of Dominicke Friers.

The Citie of the Victorie of the Remedies, fiftie leagues from Sancta Fe, to the North-west,* 2.250 is very rich of Mines. The Citie of Saint Iohn of the Plaines, fiftie leagues from Sancta Fe to the South, is a Countrie of much Gould. The Citie of Tudela which the Captaine Peter of Vrsua built, by order of the Bachiller Don Michael Diuz of Armendariz was disinhabited, be∣cause the Indians * 2.251 Moxcas receiued hurt by it. And there are of the limits of the Coun∣sell of the new Realme, seuen Townes of the gouernment of Popayan, Sancta Fe of An∣tiochia, Caramanta, Arma, Anzerma, Cartago, Saint Sebastian of the Siluer, and Saint Vincent de las Pazes.

[ 20] The Merchandize enters this Kingdome, by the great Riuer of Magdalene, from the * 2.252 Baranca of Malamba, of the iurisdiction of Cartagena, and the first that sent to discouer this Riuer, was Garcia of Lerma, Gouernour of Sancta Martha 1531. It entreth into the Sea so broad and strong, that at the passing, the Ships are wont to be in danger, if they goe not somewhat distant, for the combat of the current, and working of the Sea. It hath an Iland in the mouth, it is nauigated more then one hundred and fiftie leagues, and in more then three hundred it is not waded: it commeth from aboue Popayan from two Fountaines that are fortie leagues distant, by which ioyning the Riuer is made: it was called of Magdalene, because on that day was the mouth discouered, in 12. degrees of height, and six and twenty leagues from Cartagena.

The Prouince and Gouernment of Sancta Martha in the coast of Terra firme is seuentie leagues [ 30] in breadth and length, betweene Carthagena and the Riuer of Hache:* 2.253 it is a plentifull Coun∣trie of Millet, and Potatoes, much Gould, and Copper, and some Emeralds, and other Stones: in it are fiue Spanish Townes; and though there be many of the Countrie-men, the most are in warre. The President Bastidas peopled the Citie of Sancta Martha 1525. neere to the Sea, in 10. degrees of latitude, and 74. of longitude, one thousand foure hundred and twentie leagues from Toledo, where is resident the Gouernour, and Officers Royall, and the Cathedrall suffragan to the New Kingdome. The Port is reasonable. This Gouernment hath foure Prouin∣ces, Pozignay, Betona, Chimica, and Tayrona, which signifieth a Forge, and with great rea∣son, because in that Countrie are an infinite quantitie of diuersitie of Mettals, and Stones of great esteeme and value.

[ 40] Tenerife stands by the border of Rio Grande or the great Riuer (which is that of Magdalene) fortie leagues from Sancta Martha to the South-west, part by the Sea, and part by Land:* 2.254 Fran∣ciscus Euriques did people it, by order of Gonçalo Perez which gouerned in Sancta Martha,* 2.255 by Commission of the President Lugo. Tamalameque, or Village of the Palmes is sixtie fiue leagues from Sancta Martha to the South, and twentie from Tenerife, two leagues from the Great Riuer: the Captaine Bartholomew Dalua peopled it 1561. The Citie of los Reyes in the Valley of Vpari,* 2.256 is plentifull of Millet, Prouision, and Cattle, and of much Copper, to the South-east of Sancta Martha, fiftie leagues from it, and thirtie from the Riuer of Hache: the Captaine Sanct Anne peopled it, by commandement of the Bachellor Michael Diuz, a 2.257 La Ramada was built be∣fore, called first new Salamanca, fortie leagues from Sancta Martha to the East, and eight from [ 50] the Riuer of Plate, at the ouerflowings of the Snowie Mountaine. It stands in the Valley of V∣pani, where there is as much Copper as Stone. The Merchandize of this Gouernment goeth vp to the New Kingdome by the marsh of this Citie, which is eight leagues from it by the Sea, and afterward twelue vnto the Barranca of Malambo, in the great Riuer. Ocanna is also in this Go∣uernment,* 2.258 which the Captaine Franciscus Hernandez inhabited 1572. and was first called Sancte Anne. There is in the Coast of this Gouernment the Riuer of Buhia, neere Rama∣da, and the Riuer of Piras, and that of b 2.259 Palomino, where a Captaine of this name was drow∣ned, and the Riuer of Don Iames, the c 2.260 Ancones of Buritaca, and the Cape of d 2.261 Aguia neere Sancta Martha, right against the hill of Bonda, and the Riuer of Gayra, to the West.

[ 60] The Prouince and Gouernment of Cartagena, in the Coast of Terra firme, and the North Sea, hath in length East and West, from the Riuer of the Magdalene, vnto the Riuer of Darien, eigh∣tie leagues North and South, and as many vnto the confines of the New Kingdome, though men say it is more in Voyage. The Countrie is Mountainous of Hils and Valleys, of high Trees, rainie and moist: the seedes of Castile beare no seede, there is no Wheate, nor Gould, but in some places.

There is much rozen made in some Mountaines of this Gouernment, and Gums arromaticke, and other liquors which they get out of the Trees, and great quantitie of Sanguis Draconis, and a ve∣ry fragrant balme of great vertues.

* 2.262The Citie of Carthagena I••ands neare the Sea, two leagues from the Point of Canoa, to the West, in tenne degrees of latitude, and seuentie six of longitude, one thousand foure hundred and sixtie leagues from Toledo, of more then fiue hundred housholds, among them aboue two thousand women. In it is resident the Gouernour, the Kings Officers, & treasurie Royall, and the Cathedrall suffragan to the New Realme, with Monasteries of Dominick and Franciscan Friers. The scituation is plain, and almost like an Iland, the Sea compasseth it on the North side, & it is a rough coast, and very shallow; and on the land side it hath an arme of the Sea which reacheth to a Marish, which is [ 10] the Lake of Canapote, which ebbeth & floweth after the order of the Sea, & at the same houre, and they passe from the Citie to Terra firme, by a Bridge and a manner of a Causie, which hath about two hundred and fiftie paces. The Citie is built on Sand, & within two fathoms they finde fresh water, though sometimes it is vnwholesome, not so much as the coast of Nombre de Dios; for the ayres in respect of the Marish are wont to cause diseases, but for the most part it is wholsome. The Hauen is one of the least of the Indies, though the great Ships doe ride farre from the Citie. It hath at the entrie an Iland like that of Escombrera in Cartagena of Castile, whereby they called it Carta∣gena, and the Iland was called Codego, now they call it Caxes, it hath two leagues in length, & lit∣tle more then halfe a league in bredth: it was wont to be inhabited with Indian Fishers, & it hath no water. The first that saw Carthagena, in the year 1502. was Roderick Bastidas, & the year 1504. [ 20] Iuan de la Cosa or Iohn of the Thing went a shore, and found Lewes Guerra, and they were the first that began the warre with the Indians, which were proud and bould, and both men and women fought,* 2.263 with venomed arrows. Afterward returned Alonso of Oieda▪ with Iohn of the Thing for Pi∣lot Maior, & Americo Vespucio for Mariner, & some years after Gregorie of Obiedo took vpon him to inhabit Cartagena, & performed it not. The year 1532. went Don Pedro of Eredia born in Madrid, and inhabited it, and pacified a great part of the Countrie, though with labour and cunning, be∣cause the people were very warlike, and there was a woman that before they could take her, be∣ing about eighteene yeeres old,* 2.264 slew with her Bow eight Spaniards.

The Village of Saint Iames of Tolu, is six leagues from the Sea to the South-west of Cartagena two leagues from it,* 2.265 part by Sea (for by Land it cannot be gone) and part by the Marishes and [ 30] Mountaines. It is a sound Countrie, of great breedings, and tillage, and fruits of Castile: the Presi∣dent Don Peter of Heredia peopled it.* 2.266 The Village of Marie thirtie two leagues from Cartagena, to the South, is also the inhabiting of Don Peter of Heredia, in the yeare 1534. The Village of * 2.267 Sancta Cruz of Mopox is seuentie leagues from Cartagena by the Sea and Riuer of Magdalene, neere whose border it stands, & whereby they goe about more then halfe the way, it is not sound being among Quagmires. A Captaine of Don Peter of Heredia peopled it 1535. The yeare of 1509. the Bachiller Eusico (as hath been said) inhabited Sancta Marie, the auncient of the Darien, which is in this Gouernment,* 2.268 forsaking the Village of Saint Sebastian of Bona vista, which the same Captaine Alonso de Oieda had inhabited, in the furthest place of Vraba: & afterward the Captain Alonso of Heredia inhabited Saint Sebastian againe, for the President his Brother, in certaine little [ 40] hils, almost halfe a league from the Sea. And in the yeare 1537. the Bachiller Iohn of Vadillo went out of Saint Sebastian with a good number of Souldiours, and passing many troubles, & most rough Mountains, & thick woods, came to the Citie of Antioquia, of the gouernment of Popayan, & there was a Souldior that from thēce came to the Citie of the Plate, in the Charcas, which is 1200. leag.

The * 2.269 Barranca of Malambo, which is a Custome house of the iurisdiction of Cartagena, thirtie leagues from it,* 2.270 on the border of the great Riuer, and twenty from Sancta Martha, & six from the Sea, where the Merchandize that are carried by Land to the New Realme are vnloaden, & from the Barranca are carried vp by the Riuer in Canooes. Lower then Nopox entreth the Riuer of Cauca into the Riuer of Magdalene, which also springeth about Popayan: & more toward Cartagena and to the West, standeth the Knobbe, and the point of Zamba, and Butrio del gato or Arbolera, and the [ 50] seuen Cottages, and the point of the Canowe, two leagues from Cartagena, and the point of Ycacos at the entrie of the port, right against the Iland of Carex, and the point of the Ship in Terra firme; at the other lesser entrie of the port, and almost to the North, is a little Iland which is called Sar∣dina, and in the coast of Tolu the Ilands of Baru, which are six, and at the entrie of the Gulfe of V∣raba the six, which are called of Saint Bernard, right against the Riuer Zenu: and more within the Gulfe, the strong Iland, and the Tortoyse. The port of Zenu stands fiue and twenty leagues from Cartagena, it is a great Bay that hath his entrance by the East, it is secure: here they make store of Salt, and it tooke the name of the Towne Zenu, which standeth on the Riuer.

* 2.271In the Prouinces of the Darade, or new Estremadura (which circuit pertaines to the bounds of the Counsell of the New Realme) many Captains haue entred by Sea, and by sundry parts of the Land, and haue neuer found the riches, which the same promiseth. They fall on the other side of [ 60] the Riuer of Saint Iohn of Amazones, by another name Orellana (which some erroniously wil haue to be the Meranyon) and here is the Orinico, and other great Riuers, and the Gulfe of Paria which maketh the firme land, with the Land of the Trinitie, & the mouthes of the Serpent, & the Dragon,

which the first Admirall named, where he saw himselfe in great danger, for the conflict which the fresh waters make there with the salt, whereof he had yet no notice,* 2.272 and here beginneth the flowing of the Sea to be very great, vnto the streight of Magellan, and goeth continuing through all the coast of Piru, and New Spaine.

The Prouinces of Piru (whose name hath extended it selfe more then it was at the beginning) include all the Empire of the Ingas, or more;* 2.273 for when it was won it was diuided in two go∣uernments, that of Don Franciscus Piçarro, called the New Castile, from the Quito vnto the Cuzco, sixtie leagues below the Chincha: and that of Don Iames of Almagro, called the New Toledo, two hundred leagues toward the Streight from Chincha; which gouernments were distinct vntil [ 10] the Councell de los Reyes was established, and a Vice-roy prouided for the Kingdomes of Piru, in whose gouernment are included, the Councell of Saint Francis of the Quito, that of Luna (or de los Reyes of the Kings) that of the Charcas, the gouernment of Chile, & countries of the Streights, the Ilands of Salomon to the West, and for borders the Prouinces of the Riuer of Plate, and that which determinately is comprehended vnder the gouernment of the Vice-roy. It hath in length North and South from two thousand leagues vpward, and East and West, that which is discoue∣red from the South Sea to the North Sea. The two Rowes that haue beene spoken of,* 2.274 doe passe through all the Prouinces of Piru North and South, that of the Andes from Popayan, and yet ma∣ny will haue, that from Terra firme and New Spaine, till it ends in the * 2.275 Streight, and the other lesse, from the Quito vnto Chile, along the coast, twelue leagues distant, little more or lesse.

The two wayes passed betweene these two Mountaines,* 2.276 the one which they called of the In∣gas, [ 20] by the Andes from Pasto vnto Chile, which hath nine hundred leagues in length, and fiue and twentie foote of Cawsie, and euery foure leagues very sumptuous houses, which they call Tambos, where was prouision of victuals and apparell, and euery halfe league men that were in postes for to carry messages, and orders from hand to hand. The other way went through the middest of the Playnes, along the coast of fiue and twentie foote broad,* 2.277 betweene two walls of a mans height, from Piura vnto Chile, where both the wayes met. And it is to be noted, that all the Indies of the South are not to be vnderstood by Piru, for as hath beene said,* 2.278 it is not but that which beginneth from Saint Francis of Quito, which is vnder the Equinoctiall Line, and runneth along vnto Chile, going out of the Tropicks, which may bee sixe hundred leagues, [ 30] and fiftie in breadth, though toward the Chachapoyas there is more, and it is diuided in three parts: The Playnes, which haue about ten leagues in breadth, and in parts lesse,* 2.279 they are the coast of the Sea: The Hills, which haue about twentie, and is all Hills and some Valleys: and the Andes other twentie, which are most thicke Groues and Woods, and in so little space as fiftie leagues equally distant from the Line and Pole: there is so great diuersitie,* 2.280 that in the one place almost it rayneth alwayes, and in the other almost neuer, which is the Coast, and in the third which is the Mountaines that fall in the middest of these extreames, sometime it ray∣neth, and sometime not, for it hath his Summer and Winter as in Castile: and the causes of not rayning in the Coast, and rayne in the Andes, are spoken of in the beginning of the Historie.

[ 40]

THe bounds of the Councell resident in Quito,* 2.281 and confining Northward with that of Pana∣ma, in the Port of Bonauentura, and on the North-east with the New Realme, and on the South with that of Lama; hath in length by the South coast, which is the place where it leng∣thens most, about two hundred leagues from the Port of Bonauenture, which is in the Gulfe of Panama, or of Saint Michael, the Port of Payta in the coast of Piru, and from thence crosse to the vttermost of Popayan, more then other two hundred and fiftie, the limits remayning open on the East side: in it is included three Gouernments, besides those of the Councell, which are Po∣payan, Quixos, la Canela, and that of Iuan de Salinas, of the Pacamoros, and Gualsango,* 2.282 diuided in two Bishopricks.

[ 50] The Prouince and Gouernment of Quito, which the Councell gouerneth, hath in length eightie leagues, from neere the Equinoctiall to the other side,* 2.283 and in it these Townes of Spaniards fol∣lowing. The heauen and earth thereof, although it stands vnder the Equinoctiall, is like to that of Castile, cleere and faire, rather cold then hot, and in parts where the snow continueth all the yeere, it rayneth from October to March, which they call the winter; and in the other mo∣neths they cut their Grasse, which though it be not long it is fit for the Cattell of Castile,* 2.284 where∣of there is great store; and of Wheat and Barley, and gold in some places: and in this Region they liue pleasantly, for there is nothing more pleasant for humane life, then to enioy a wholesome and cleere skie, for they haue no Winter to trouble them with cold, nor Summer to molest with heat. The Townes are, the Citie of Saint Franciscus of Quito, where Athaualpa Emperour of Piru was borne, it stands in halfe a degree of height from the Equinoctiall,* 2.285 and eightie two from the [ 60] Meridian of Toledo, by a greater circle one thousand sixe hundred eightie sixe leagues from it, and sixtie from the South Sea; it is of fiue hundred housholds: In it is resident the Councell for matters of Iustice, for those of the Gouernment are at the Vice-roy his charge. There are also in this Citie the Officers of the Kings Rents and treasurie Royall, and the Cathedrall of this Bi∣shopricke,

Suffragane to the Archbishop of The Kings (los Reyes) there are three Monasteries of Dominicke, Franciscan, and Mercenarie * 2.286 Friars: and in her iurisdiction eightie seuen Townes, or parcialities of Indians. In the situation where this Citie was built, were certaine great lodgings which the King Topayuga built, and his sonne Guayuacapa beautified, and were called Quito, from whence the Citie tooke the name; the President Sebastian of Belalcaçar, a souldier of Don Fran∣ciscus Piçarro built it, a loyall man to the King, by order of the President Don Iames of Almagro, which left him for Gouernour of the Prouince when hee went vnto it, hauing ended the agree∣ment with the President Don Peter of Aluarado.

* 2.287The Riuer Bamba in the Prouince of the P••r••aes, is a Countrie to Castile in the temperature, of herbes, flowres, and other things: it is a towne of shepheards, it stands fiue and twentie leagues [ 10] to the South-west of Saint Francisce of Quito, the way to the Kings, wherein are fortie thou∣sand head of cattell, the greatest part sheepe. Here the Yugas had certaine Royall houses, and here the President Belalcazar had a tedious battaile with the Indians, and ouercame them, and in this place was the agreement rehearsed of Don Iames of Almagro and Don Peter of Aluarado, and in it was the Citie of Quito first built.

The citie of Cuenca (which the Marques of Cauyete commanded to be built, being Vice-roy of Piru,* 2.288 which by another name is called Bamba, one and fiftie leagues from Quito to the South) is a Corregidorship prouided of the Vice-roy, with one Monasterie of Dominicke, another of Fran∣ciscan Friars. In her iurisdiction are rich mynes of gold, some of siluer, and rich mynes of quick-siluer,* 2.289 copper, Iron, and Brimstone. The citie of Loxa, otherwise called la Zarça, eightie leagues from the citie of Quito toward the South,* 2.290 and thirtie from Cuenca, is a Gouernourship prouided [ 20] by the Vice-roy; it hath Monasteries of Saint Dominicke and of Saint Francis, it stands in the way from Cuzco to Quito, from whence it is eightie leagues, in the faire Valley of Cuxibamba, betweene two Riuers. Captaine Antonie of Mercadillo built it in the yeere 1546. for to pacifie the countrimen which were somewhat disordered.* 2.291 The citie of Zamora, which is called of the Alcaydes, is ninetie leagues from Quito South-eastward, hauing passed the Rowe of the Andez: it is a Gouernment prouided by the Vice-roy: it hath a Monasterie of Franciscans; they reape no Wheat because the countrie is very raynie: it hath rich Mynes of gold, wherin they find graines of foure pound waight and more: the Captaine Mercadillo peopled it the yeere 1549. by a co∣uenant with Captaine Benauente: It stands twentie leagues from Loxa, hauing past the Rowe [ 30] which diuideth the bankes of the South Sea from the North, the Indians did call it Zamora: that part of the countrie is called Poroauca, which signifieth Indians of warre: much gold is gotten there, and there hath beene graines brought to his Maiestie of twelue pound waight, and there are Salt-pits of salt-water.

* 2.292The citie of Iaen is fiue and fiftie leagues from Loxa, and thirtie from the Chachapoyas; Cap∣taine Iames Palomino built it 1549. in the Prouinces of Chuquimayo, in that of Chacaynga. The citie of Saint Michael of Piura is in the Prouince of Chila,* 2.293 one hundred and twentie leagues from Quito South-eastward, and fiue and twentie from the Port of Payta, where the bounds of this Councell doth end. It is a Gouernment at the prouiding of the Vice-roy: it hath one Mo∣nasterie of Mercenaries.* 2.294 Though in this countrie rayne is holden for a wonder, there are good wa∣tered [ 40] grounds, that beare good Wheat and Miller, and the seedes and fruits of Castile. The port of Payta stands in the iurisdiction of this Citie, in fiue Southerne degrees, which is good, great,* 2.295 and secure, where the ships that goe from Guatemala to Piru doe touch. The Marques Don Franciscu•• Piçarro built it in the yeere 1531. the first of these Kingdomes, and where the first Temple was erected in the honour of God, and the holy Mother Church of Rome. All the Pro∣uince and borders of the Valleys of Tumbez are drie, and the high-way of the Ingas passeth through these Valleys of Piura, betweene trees and pleasant shadowes, and betweene the prin∣cipall Valley are ioyned two or three Riuers:* 2.296 the Citie was built at the first in Tangazala, from whence it was remooued because it was a sickly situation, and now it stands betweene two Val∣leys, and yet is somewhat sickly, especially for the eyes, for the great windes and dusts of the Summer, and great moistures of the Winter. [ 50]

The Citie of Saint Iames of Guayaquil, by another name las Culata, sixtie leagues from Quito, and fifteene from the Sea to the South-west,* 2.297 it is a Gouernment prouided by the Vice-roy: the President Belalcazar peopled it, and many of the Indians hauing rebelled, and slaine many Spa∣niards, the Captaine Franciscus of Orellana peopled it againe 1537. it is a most plentifull and pleasant Countrie, and hath great store of hony in the hollow places of trees: The waters of this Riuer which runne almost vnder the Equinoctiall,* 2.298 are thought healthfull for the French disease, and other s••ch like. Many people went to the Riuer to recouer health, for the multitude of the rootes of Zarçaparrilla that are in the Riuer: it is not very great, nor those that run to the South Sea are so bigge as those that runne into the North Sea, because they runne but a little way; but notwithstanding they are strong and with sudden flouds, because they fall from the Mountaine. [ 60] The Indians doe vse many shi••ts for to passe them; they haue in some places a rope ouer it, and a basket on it, and the passenger being put into it, they pull him from the other side. In other Riuers the Indian goeth riding on a trusse or straw, and earneth the passenger behinde him: in o∣ther

places they haue a great Net of gourds, vpon the which they lay the cloathes and the per∣sons, and the Indians fastened with certaine coardes goe swimming and pulling as coach-horses; and a thousand other artes they vse for to passe the Riuers. The Port of this Citie stands neere vnto it, for the Riuer is very broad, whereby they bring vp the merchandise from the Sea, and they goe by land to Quito. The yeere 1568. Captaine Contero planted the citie of Castro,* 2.299 in the Valley of Vili, the Licentiate Lope Garcia of Castro being Gouernour.* 2.300 Vili is in the Prouinces of Bunigando, Imdiuono, and Gualapa, which they call the Prouince of the Emeralds, and he went a∣bout it from Guayaquil, and discouered all these Prouinces from Passao vnto the Riuer of Saint Iohn, which entreth into the South Sea.

[ 10] The Citie of Puerto Viejo is about eightie leagues from Saint Francis of Quito to the West,* 2.301 though not of open way, and other fiftie from Saint Iames of Guayaquil, whereby yee goe from Quito: in her borders stands the Passao, which is the first Port of the countrie of Piru, and from it, and from the Riuer of Saint Iames, began the gouernment of the Marques Don Franciscus Piçar∣ro: and because this countrie is so neighbour to the Equinoctiall line, that it stands in one degree; some beleeue it is vnwholsome; but in other parts as neere the Line men liue with much health, plentie and abundance of all things for the sustenance of man, against the opinion of the ancient: and so it is that the Indians of this countrie doe not liue long, and in many of them there breede certaine red warts in the foreheads and noses, and other parts, which beside the disease being grieuous, it disfigureth them very much, and it is beleeued that it proceedeth of eating some fish. [ 20] In these bounds stands the towne of Manta,* 2.302 whither great riches haue beene brought from with∣in the Land; and it is held for certaine, that here is a Myne of Emeralds, which are the best of the Indies, and they grow in a stone like Cristall, and they making like a veine,* 2.303 and by little and little congealing and refining themselues, and of halfe white and halfe greene, they goe ripening and recouering their perfection. The Captaine Franciscus Pacheco peopled this citie 1535. by order of Don Iames de Almagro: it hath many Indians in warre: there is in it a Monasterie of Mercenarie Friars, they gather no Wheat, for it rayneth the eight moneths in the yeere from O∣ctober forward, and there are many good showes of gold.

In the coast of this Gouernment are the Ports, Ilands, and Points following.* 2.304 The c 2.305 Aucon of d 2.306 Sardinas, before the Bay of Saint Iames, which is fifteene leagues from the Point of Mangla∣res [ 30] to the South, and then the Bay of Saint Matthew, and after the Cape of Saint Francis; and past it Quiximies, foure Riuers before Portete, where the blacke Mo••res that saued themselues of a ship that was cast away, ioyned with the Indians, and haue made a towne; the Passao, a Point or Port of Indians, where they say the Equinoctiall line passeth, neere the Mountaine of Queaque, and the Bay of Carta which is before old Port, one degree from the Equinoctiall to the South, and fiue leagues from thence the Cape of Saint Laurence, and neere from thence the Iland of Plate, and forward the Ports of Callo, and Calango, before the Point of Saint Helen, in two de∣grees hight; the Riuer of Tumbez in foure degrees, and the Iland of the Puna neere vnto it, and the Iland of Sancta Clara somewhat more to the Sea, and Cabo blanco fifteene leagues from Tum∣bez to the South, and then the Point of Parina, and to the South the Iland of e 2.307 Lobos, foure [ 40] leagues from the Port of Payta abouesaid, and la Silla, before the Point del Aguia, and the Port of Tangora.f 2.308

The men of this countrie say,* 2.309 that in old time there came by Sea in Balsas (which are many pieces of timber fastened one vpon another) men so bigge that had as much from the knee down∣ward, as an ordinarie man in all his body, and that they made certaine Wells most deepe in a quicke Rocke, which at this day are seene very fresh and cold in the Point of Saint Helen, and that because that they vsed most abominable sinnes, fire fell from heauen and consumed them all, and now are found in that situation exceeding great bones of men, and pieces of teeth of fourteene ounces weight, and in New Spaine in the bounds of Tlascala, are bones found of the like bignesse. There are in this Point of Saint Helen, eyes and veine of Tarre, so perfect that they might calke [ 50] with it, and it commeth out very hot.

THe gouernment of Popayan one hundred and twentie leagues North and South,* 2.310 from the confines of the Prouince of Quito, vnder the Equinoctiall vnto the confines of Cartagena by the North, and another one hundred from the confines of new Realme by the East vnto the South Sea, wherein are some Spanish townes, part of the Councell of Quito, and part of the new Realme. The countrie is commonly rough and very raynie, and therefore they haue little Millet, and lesse Wheat, and no store of Cattell, but it is rich of Mynes of gold, and the Townes are these following.

The citie of Popayan stands in two degrees and a halfe to the Septentrionall part of the Equi∣noctiall, and 78. and a halfe of longitude, one thousand fiue hundred and eightie leagues from To∣ledo: in it is resident a Lieftenant Gouernour, the Cathedrall, and one Monasterie of Mercenarie [ 60] Friars. The President Sebastian of Belalcazar peopled this citie 1537. the people of these Pro∣uinces are farre different from that of Piru, for these are of greater vnderstanding▪ and liued in more policie: the men of this gouernment liued as in liberties. It was called Popayan, of the name of

the Cazaque Lord of it: it hath part in the coast of the South Sea, and high Mountaines that goe Eastward: and on another side the Row of the Andes, and on both sides spring many Riuers, and the Riuer of the Magdalene is one, which runneth into the North Sea: in this gouernment are many coole and wholesome townes, and others hot and sickly.

* 2.311The Citie of Cali stands in foure degrees, and two and twentie leagues from Popayan, and eight and twentie from the South Sea, it was inhabited 1537. by the Captaine Michael Munioz; and Sebastian of Belalcazar made it first in the townes which are called the * 2.312 Gorroues; it hath the seate in a plaine Valley, leaning to the foot of a Hill, the temper is hot, the Gouernour, the Officers, and the Kings treasure are resident in it; a melting house, a Monasterie of Mercenaries, another of Augustine Friars. The Port of Bonauenture falleth in his iurisdiction in three degrees [ 10] and a halfe of altitude: in it are some housholds resident for to receiue the merchandize. The In∣dians of Cali are of a good condition, and good Christians, their old Lord was called Lasup••te▪ The village of Saint Fe of Antiochia,* 2.313 is more then an hundred leagues from Popayan to the north-east, in the borders of the Riuer Cauca, of the bounds of the Councell of the New Realme, and Bi∣shopricke of Popayan, rich in Mynes of gold, neere to the Hill of Buritaca famous for the much gold that was in it; it is seated in certaine Plaines. The countrie people are good folkes, well made and white, and the temperature is such that they goe to sleepe on the houses, without any offence of the deaw: they breede much Cattell, many fruits, and fish in the Riuers and Plashes: the Captaine Gaspar of Rhodes inhabited it by commission of the President Belalcazar, the yeere 1541. [ 20]

* 2.314The Village of Caramanta is sixtie or seuentie leagues from Popayan to the North-east, neere to the great Riuer Cauca, of the bounds of the New Realme, gouernment and B••shopricke of Po∣payan, plentifull of Millet and other seedes, without Wheat, and with little Cattell, though they haue many Swine, they goe by the Riuer in fiue or sixe houres to Antiochia, though it bee fiftie leagues; for it runneth very swift: it is the plantation of the President Belalcazar. The village of Saint Iames of Arma,* 2.315 which hath many Mynes of gold, is fiftie leagues from Popayan to the North-east, declining to the East, it is of the Councell of the new-Realme, the gouernment and Diocesse of Popayan; without Wheat or seedes of Castile, but plentifull of the countrie seedes. The President Belalcazar inhabited this village, and here hee beheaded the Marshall George Ro∣bledo.* 2.316 It stands sixteene leagues from Ancerma: the people of the countrie are so butcherly that [ 30] the quicke are the sepulchre of the dead, for it hath beene seene the husband to eate the wife, the brother the brother or sister, the sonne the father, and hauing fatned any captiue, the day that they are to eate him, they bring him forth with many songs, and the Lord commandeth that an Indian doe goe cutting off euery member, and so aliue they goe eating him, and after the inhabi∣ting of Arma they haue eaten more then eight thousand Indians, and some Spaniards haue also suffered this martyrdome.

* 2.317The village of Saint Anne of Ancerma is fiftie leagues from Popayan to the North-east, in the border of Cauca, of the Councell of the new Kingdome, gouernment and Bishopricke of Popayan▪ without Cattell or Wheat, very much annoyed with thunder-bolts: the Captaine George Ro∣bledo built it by order of Laurence of Aldana. Likewise the men of this countrie are eaters of [ 40] humane flesh; they goe naked, they haue no Idols, nor any thing to worship: there are in this iurisdiction good Mynes of gold; the climate is hot, and many thunder-bolts doe fall. The ci∣tie of Cartago,* 2.318 fiue and twentie leagues from Popayan about the North-east, is of the Councell of the New Realme, Gouernment and Bishoprick of Popayan, without Wheat or any seedes of Ca∣stile: it is a temperate and wholesome countrie, of little gold, it rayneth much, they breede no other cattell but Kine, and Mares: they haue many Mountaines, in the which breede many Li∣ons, Tigres, Beares, and * 2.319 Dantas, and wilde Boares: they haue a Monasterie of Franciscan Friars: the Captaine George Robledo inhabited it, and it was called Cartaga, because all the inhabiters were of Cartagena.* 2.320 The village of Timana is fortie leagues from Popayan to the South-east, and sixtie from Santa Fe of Bogota, and thirtie from the Prouinces of Dorado; here is a Lieftenant of [ 50] the Gouernour, which also hath at his charge Saint Sebastian de la Plata: the Indians of their bor∣ders doe decay, for they are so inhumane that in many places they haue publike shambles of men which they take captiue.* 2.321 They haue their seate in the beginning of the Valley of Neyua, the temper is most hot: in their bounds is a Mountaine where they digge the Load-stone, and the Indian Paezes are neere, and the Pixaos, which also are * 2.322 Caribes.

The Citie of Guadalaiara of Buga, is fifteene leagues from Popayan to the North-east, is of the bounds of the Councell of Quito, and Diocesse of Popayan. The Citie of Saint Sebastian of the Plate, in the confines of this Gouernment is thirtie fiue leagues from Popayan, and thirtie to the South-west from Santa Fe, Diocesse of Popayan, where are many Mynes of siluer, and in her bor∣ders twentie foure repartitions: it is three leagues from the Port of Onda, in the great Riuer of [ 60] Magdalen, where those that come vp from Cartagena doe land: it is built in a Plaine, neere to the Riuer Guala: there are many Earthq••akes, and in Winter it is more hot then cold. The Country∣men goe to decay▪ because the c 2.323 Caribes which they call del Rincon do eate them and haue pub∣like shambles of them, without any remedie for it: and the President Belalcazar built this Citie.

The Citie of Almaguer is twentie leagues from Popayan to the South-east;* 2.324 it is plentifull of Wheate and Millet, and other seeds, and cattle, and it hath Gold: the Captaine Alonso of Fu∣enmayor, by order of the Licentiate Brizenyo Gouernour, and d 2.325 Iudge of Accounts, of Popazan peopled it, being seated in a Hill of Zabana, and the climate is fresh, and the people doe weare Cotton-cloth.

S. Iohn of Truxillo,* 2.326 and by another name Yscauce is thirtie leagues from Popayan to the South-east. The Citie of Madrigall, or Chap••nchica, thirtie fiue from Popayan about the South, a rough Countrey, where they neither reape Wheate, nor breed cattell, though they gather Millet twice a yeere in their jurisdiction: and for the roughnesse of the Countrey, the men are euill to [ 10] pacifie, and in this Citie, and in the Citie of Agreda, and Almaguer, are Mynes of Gold. Agreda,* 2.327 and by another name Malga, stands fortie fiue leagues from Popayan to the South-west. The Citie of Saint Iohn of the Pasture, so called because it is a Countrey of many Pastures,* 2.328 it stands fiftie leagues from Popayan, about the South-west, and as many from Quito about the North-east, and in one degree from the Equinoctiall Diocesse of Quito, in a good soyle, of a good clim••te, and plentifull of Millet, and other prouisions, with Mynes of Gold; In her borders are 24000. Indians of fee, which are not Caniballs, but of euill visages, filthy, and simple:* 2.329 they had no Idols in the time of their Paganisme, they beleeued that after death they should goe to liue in more ioyfull places. The Riuer which they call Whoate, is betweene Pasta, and Popayan, it is of a very delicate water, and passed this Riuer is the Mountayne whither Gonçalo Piçarro did follow [ 20] the Vice-roy Blasco Nunyez Vela, and vnto the Riuer Augasmayo, which is in this Prouince came the King Guaynacapa.

Beyond the Riuer Caliente or ho•• Riuer in a Mountayne, is a firie mouth, that casteth store of smoake, and it brake forth in ancient times, as the Countreymen doe say. The Philosophers be∣ing willing to declare what these firie mouthes or Aetnaes are, doe say,* 2.330 that as in the Earth are places that haue vertue to attract a vaporie substance, and to conuert it into water, whereof the continuall springs are made: there are also places that doe attract to themselues dry and hote ex∣halations, which are conuerted into fire and smoake, and with the force of them they cast also another grosse substance which is dissolued into ashes, or into stones, and these are the fierie mouthes. Saint Iohn de Pasto hath Monasteries of Dominicke, Franciscan, and Mercenarie Friers: [ 30] it is a cold Countrey, with abundance of victuals, it hath Sugar Mils, and many Fruites of the Countrey and of Castile: when the Captaine Lawrence of Aldona built it, hee called it e 2.331 Villa viciosa de Pasto, it stands fortie leagues from the South Sea, towards the Iland Gorgoua.

There hath beene disinhabited, or diminished in this Prouince, the Citie of Antiochia, the Village of Neyua in the Valley of Neyua, twentie leagues from Tumana,* 2.332 and it was through the rigour of the Indian Paezes, and Pixaos, and for the Manipos, in the Valley of Saldauya, and the Citie of Saint Vincent of the Paezes, sixtie leagues from Saint Iohn of the Plaines,* 2.333 in the confines of Popayan, which Domingos Lozano built, and the Citie of los Angeles,* 2.334 twentie two leagues from Tocayma, and nine from Neyua. There is in the Coast which this gouernment extendeth on the South Sea, from the Cape of Corrientes,* 2.335 that stands in fiue degrees Septentrionall from the [ 40] Line, the Riuer of Solinas, betweene the Cape of Corrientes and the Iland of the Palmes in foure degrees one third part, and in the Coast that lyeth vnto Gorgoua, the Riuer of Saint Iohn among many other which make the Countrey boggie, and right against the mouth, the Iland of Gorgo∣ua, two leagues compasse, where Don Franciscus Piçarro was forsaken of all his men, with his thirteene companions. The Riuer of Saint Lucar, and the Riuer of Nicardo, before the Riuer of f 2.336 Zedros, in two degrees from the Line, in which stands the Ile del Gallo, and after the Port of the Crosse, and the point of Manglares, where beginneth the Coast of Quito.

Of the gouernment of the Quixos, and Canela, there is no more notice, but that it falls to the East of the Prouince of Quito, and part of the South, toward the gouernment of Iohn of Sa∣linas; there are in it three Spanish Townes, with a Gouernour which the Vice-roy of Piru pro∣uideth, and in spirituall respect it is of the Bishopricke of Quito: the Countrey is rough and [ 50] Mountaynous, without Wheate, and little M••ller, with certayne Trees which seeme of Cina∣mon. The first Towne is Baeça, eighteene leagues from Saint Francis of Iuito, toward the South-east, where the Gouernour is Resident: the Citie of Archidona is twentie leagues beyond Baeça: the Citie of Auila stands to the North of Archidona.

The gouernment and Prouince of Pacamoros and Gualsango,* 2.337 or of Iohn of Salinas whose bounds and limits are one hundred leagues, which were assigned him to the East, from twentie leagues before the Citie of Zamora, in the Rowe of the Andes, and as many more North and South. It is a good Countrey in temper and disposition for Wheate, seeds, and cattle, of rich Mynes of Gold where they haue pieces of great bignesse: there are in it foure Townes of the Bishopricke [ 60] of Quito, for the Captaine Iohn of Salinas did build them. The Citie of Valladolid is in seuen de∣grees height, twentie leagues from Loxa to the South-east, hauing past the Rowe of Piru, the Ci∣tie of Loyola, or Cumbruania is sixteene leagues to the East from Valladolid: the Citie of Saint Iames of the Mountaynes, fiftie leagues from Loyola, toward the East, and in her borders much gold, and very high in touch, and as touching the gold we need not intreat of his excellencies,

being holden for the Supreame power in the World.* 2.338 It is gotten in these Mynes in three man∣ners: The first is in Pippens, which are whole pieces without mixture of any other Metall, that need not to be purified by fire, and these graines commonly are like a Pompeon Seed, and some∣times bigger: of this gold is found but litle, in respect of the rest. The second sort is in stone, which is a vaine that groweth in the stone it selfe, and these stones are found in the gouernment of Iohn of Salinas very great, all passed through with gold, and some which are halfe Gold, the which is found in Pits and Mynes, and it is hard to worke. The third, is gotten in powder, and is the grea∣test quantitie, and this is found in Riuers, or in places where some streame of water hath passed, and the Riuers of these Indies haue many, especially in the Kingdoms of Chile, Quito, New Realme [ 10] of Granada, and in the beginning of the Discoueries, there were many in the * 2.339 Weather I∣lands. The highest in touch is that of Carabaya in the Piru, and that of Valdiuia in Chile, for it reacheth to twentie three Charracts and an halfe, and yet it passeth.

THat which is called Piru, is proper and particularly the bounds of the Councell of los Reyes, and is comprehended North and South,* 2.340 from sixe vnto seuen Southerne degrees of altitude, which are two hundred and twentie leagues, though in Voyage they put three hundred from the point del Aguia, beyond Payta, whereby it ioyneth with the Councell of Quito, till passing the Citie and Port of Arequipa, where beginneth the Councell of the Charcas, East and West. The inhabited part of this Councell hath about one hundred leagues from the Coast of the South Sea toward the East, whereby her bounds remayne open vnto the Prouinces of the Riuer of Plate, and [ 20] of Brasill,* 2.341 that which is from the Rowe, where, as hath beene said, it rayneth continually, vnto the Sea, they call the Plaines of Piru, in the which it neither rayneth nor thundreth, because the great height of the Mountain doth shelter the Plaines in such sort, that it permitteth no wind from the Earth to blow, whereby the Sea wind reigneth, which hauing no contrary doth not re∣presse the vapours that doe arise to make raine, in sort that the shelter of the Hill hindereth the thickning of the vapours: and this want of matter causeth that in that Coast the vapours are so thinne, that they make no more then a moyst or dankish mist, which is profitable for their sow∣ings, which haue not without the h 2.342 mist so much vertue, be they neuer so much watered. The Countrey is all sandie grounds, except the Valleyes which are made by courses of the Riuers, that descend from the Mountayne, where much Corne is gathered by the waterings, Wine, [ 30] Oyle, Sugar, and the other Seeds, and Fruits, of Castile, and of the Countrey. In the skirts and hils sides of the Mountayne, are great Pastures and breedings of cattell, and the temper variable, and as would be desired; for the height is cold, and the low hot, and the middlemost partakers of the extreames, as they are more or lesse neere them. The gouernment of this Councell, and of Quito, and of the Charcas, is in the charge of the Vice-roy, and there are the Townes following in the circuit of this Councell.

The Citie of the Kings (or of Lima, because the Valley is so called, which was the name of the Cazique, and it is the greatest and broadest Valley, of all those that are from Tumbez vnto it) stands neere the South Sea, in twelue degrees of Southerne altitude, and eightie two from the Meridian of Toledo, distant from it about one thousand eight hundred and twentie leagues by a [ 40] greater circle: it hath aboue three thousand housholds: the Marques Don Franciscus Piçarro built it, in the beginning of the yeere 1533. because suspecting that the President Don Peter of Aluarado would come downe to the Sea coast, when hee went with an Host from Guatemala meanewhile that Don Iames of Aluarado went to resist him to the Prouinces of Quito, hee went to intercept him the passages of the Sea. Neere this citie, on the East side, passeth a Riuer from whence all the houses doe take water, and their gardens, wherein are excellent fruits of Castile and of the Countrie, and it is one of the best Climates of the World, seeing there is neither fa∣mine nor pestilence; nor doth it rayne or thunder, nor fall there any thunder-bolts or light∣nings, but the Heauen is alwayes cleere and very faire.

In this Citie is resident the Vice-roy, the Royall Councell, an assembly of chiefe Iustices, the [ 50] Officers of the Kings Rents,* 2.343 and treasurie Royall, the Tribunall of the holy and generall Inqui∣sition, which was founded when the Inquisition of New Spaine was. The Inquisitor generall in these Kingdomes was then the Cardinall Don Iames of Espinosa Bishop of Siguença, it hauing proceeded with mature deliberation, for the augmenting of our holy Catholike Faith, and Chri∣stian Religion. There is also in this Citie an Vniuersitie, where very learnedly the Sciences are read,* 2.344 and Schooles of diuers languages of the Indians, in the which the Fathers of the Companie of Iesus are very diligent, to reape fruit in the preaching of the Gospell. In this Citie is the Arch∣episcopall resident, whose Suffraganes are the Bishops of Chile, Charcas, Cuzco, Quito, Panama, Nicaragua, and the Riuer of Plate. There are three Parishes, and fiue Monasteries of the foure Orders, and of the Companie of Iesus, and two of Nunnes. Callao which is her Port, is two [ 60] leagues from it, great, capable, and very good, where are store of houses, one of Iustice, a custome House, one Church, and one Monasterie of Dominicke Friars: here hath beene seeene the Wine and the Water set to coole in the Sea in flaggons, whence it is inferred that the Ocean hath the vertue to temper and refresh the ouer-much heate. Many doe affirme that in this Citie are

twelue thousand Women of all Nations, and twentie thousand blacke-Moores.* 2.345

The Village of Arnedo in the Valley of Chancai, is ten leagues from The Kings, and halfe a league from the Sea, with a Monasterie of Dominicke Friars, rich of Vines: the Earle of Nieua built it. The Village of the * 2.346 Parrilla, or Santa, is by the Valley where it stands, fiftie fiue leagues from The Kings, and fifteene from Truxillo neere the Sea, neere to a great and faire Riuer, with a good Hauen, in nine degrees, where the ships that saile by the coast of Piru doe touch. The Ci∣tie of Truxillo is in the Valley of Chimo, which Don Iames of Almagro plotted first,* 2.347 and after∣ward the Marq••es Don Franciscus Piçarro built it in the yeere 1533. It hath many Vines and fruits of Castile, and Wheat: it is all watered ground, and a wholesome Countrie, and there bee [ 10] great Orchards of Oranges, and breeding of Poultrie. It stands in seuen degrees and a halfe, eigh∣tie leagues from Lima neere the Sea, with Monasteries of Saint Dominicke, Saint Francis, and Saint Augustine, and another of the Mercenaries, and Officers Royall, prouided by the Vice-roy: and in her bounds about fiftie thousand tributarie Indians, in two and fortie repartitions. The Port is two leagues off in an open Bay, euill, and of little securitie. The Village of Miraflores is in the Valley of Zana, ninetie fiue leagues from the Citie of The Kings to the North side,* 2.348 and neere to the Sea. The Citie of Chachapoyas, or Saint Iohn of the Frontier, is about one hundred and twentie leagues from the Citie of The Kings to the North-east,* 2.349 it hath one Monasterie of the Mercenaries, and another of the Franciscans: in her bounds are Wheat, Millet, and Flaxe, ma∣ny Mynes of gold, and more then twentie thousand tributarie Indians, which held out valorously [ 20] a long time against the Ingas, but in the end they were ouer-come, and for greater quietnesse of the Countrie they carried many of them vnto Cuzco, and they inhabited in a Hill which is cal∣led Carmenga. These are the whitest and best fauoured Indians of all the Indies,* 2.350 and the Women very faire. The Marshall Alfonsus of Aluarado, entred in this Prouince the yeere 1536. by or∣der of the Marques Don Francisco Piçarro, and pacified it, and built the said Citie in a strong situa∣tion called Leuanto, and afterward he passed to the Prouince of the Guancas.

The Citie of Saint Iames of the Valleys, or Moyobamba,* 2.351 more then one hundred leagues from The Kings North-eastward, and fiue and twentie from Saint Iohn of the Frontier, stands in a ve∣ry raynie soile, and plentifull of Cattell. The Citie of Lion of the Guanuco,* 2.352 fiftie leagues from the Citie of The Kings to the North, neere the high-way of the Ingas, somwhat distant towards [ 30] the East, hath Monasteries of Dominicans, Franciscans, and Mercenaries, and in her bounds thirtie thousand tributarie Indians, Anno 1539. for the warre that the Tyrant Yllotopa made to this Pro∣uince, the Marques Don Franciscus Piçarro sent Captaine Gomez of Aluarado which built it, and afterward it was disinhabited, and Peter Barroso reedified it, and after the battell of Chupas the Licentiate Vaca de Castro, sent Captaine Pedro de Puelles to make an end of the plantation. It stands in a good and wholesome situation, abundant of victuals and Cattell: it hath Mynes of siluer, and the people is of good capacitie. They reape much Wheat, for the Indians haue lear∣ned to be good husbandmen: for as before in these Indies there was no Wheat, nor Barley, nor Millet, nor Panick, nor any seede of the bread of Castile of Europe, and they knew other kindes of Graine and Rootes, only of the which Mayz or Millet was the principall, being found in all [ 40] the Indies; the Countrimen haue since delighted much in it,* 2.353 and haue receiued it well in those places where it is gathered, because the Mayz is not so strong nor of so much substance as the Wheat: it is fatter, and hot, and engendreth bloud, it groweth in Canes, and beareth one or two bunches, and some Spaniards doe eate it where they haue no other shift.

The Citie of Guamanga, or Saint Iuan of the Victorie,* 2.354 sixtie leagues from Lima to the South-east, in the way of the Ingas, Bishoprick of Cuzco, hath Monasteries of Dominicans, Franciscans, and Mercenaries, and one of Nunnes, and in her bounds more then thirtie thousand tributarie In∣dians: it is plentifull of Wheate and Wine, and rich of siluer Mynes. The Marques Don Fran∣ciscus Piçarro built this Citie 1539. and placed it the first time in a towne of Indians called Gua∣manga, neere to the great Row of the Andes, and left for his Lieftenant the Captaine Francisco de [ 50] Cardenyas. Afterward it was remoued to the Playne where now it is, neere to certaine small Hills on the South side, and nigh to a Brooke of good water. In this Citie are the best houses in Piru, of stone and bricke; the seate is healthfull, without offence of the Sunne, the Aire, the Deaw, or the Moisture, or the Heate. There are found in her borders certaine great buildings (which the Indians say certaine white men with beards, which came thither before the Ingas,* 2.355 did build) much differing from the building of the Ingas: the most of the Countrimen of this Countrie are Mitimaes, which is to say, Transplanted, for the Ingas did vse for the greater secu∣ritie of the Empire, to take from one Prouince the people they did not trust,* 2.356 and send them to liue in another.

Guamanga is sixtie leagues from Cuzco, and in the way are the Hills and Playne of Chupas, where Vaca de Castro, and Don Iames de Almagro the yonger did fight; and forward are the buil∣dings of Vilcaf, in the high way in Andabaylas, eleuen leagues from Guamanga, which was the [ 60] centre of the Ingas; and here was the great Temple of the Sunne. The Prouince of the Anda∣baylas is long and hath much tame Cattell, and victualls;* 2.357 from thence they come to the Riuer of Abancay, nine leagues neerer Cuzco, where the President Don Iames of Almagro the elder ouer∣threw

and apprehended Alfonso of Aluarado, Generall of the Marques Don Francisco Piçarro. There followeth the Riuer of Apurima, eight leagues from Passado, or the Passage, which is very great; and then the Hill of Vilcaconga, where the said President Almagro ouer-came a great bat∣tell of the Indians, before he won Cuzco, and the Valley of Xaquixaguana is neere betweene two rowes of Hills, not broad nor long, where the President Pedro la Gasca, by the vertue of those va∣liant and faithfull Captaines Ynojosa, Peter of Va••dibia, Gabriel of Rojas, Alfonsus of Aluarado, and others (of the which in their place shall be made mention particularly) did ouer-throw Gon∣çalo Piçarro, and tooke him: and from this Valley to the Citie of Cuzco are fiue leagues: and in this Valley they gather great store of Wheat, and haue great store of Cattell.

[ 10]

* 2.358EIght or ten leagues from the Citie of Guamanga, somewhat North-westward, are the Mynes of Guancabelica, which they call El Assiento de Oropesa, where ordinarily are resident more then three hundred Spaniards. The Indians did worke in them to take out the red Oaker, to paint themselues when in the time of their Paganisme they went to warre, which is the Ver∣million: and the Licenciate Lope Garciae of Castro, gouerning in Piru in the yeere 1566. a Portu∣gall called Henrie Garces, considering that of the Vermillion the quick-siluer is gotten, went to make a triall, and found it to be so. This metall the Romanes carried from Castile in stone, and out of it they got quick-siluer, and held it for great riches. The Indians knew it not, nor minded any more then the vermilion. The greatest profit it yeeldeth, is to purifie the siluer from the earth, Lead,* 2.359 and Copper, wherewith it groweth: it eateth all the other metals, and pierceth them as [ 20] the Tin, Iron, and Lead, and therefore they carry it in leather, or vessels of earth. Quick-siluer serueth also for other effects, and medicinall matters.

* 2.360In this seat of Guania Velica is a spring, that as it springeth it congealeth in a soft stone; of the which they make their houses, and the Men or Beasts that doe drinke it, die: for within the body it conuerteth into a stone. In the Bathes that are called of Inga neere the Cuzco, are two spouts of water the one neere the other,* 2.361 the first is hot, and the second cold, that it see∣meth God did place them there for to temper themselues. In the same bounds is a Spring, that as it springeth it becomes good and white salt:* 2.362 in this place the two great Rowes doe begin to separate themselues, and make in the middest a great Champaine ground, which is called the Prouince of Collao, where are very many Riuers, and there is the great Lake of Titicaca, and [ 30] great pasture grounds. Though it be a plaine Countrie, it hath the same height and distempera∣ture of the Hills; it hath no Trees, nor Wood; the bread that is eaten are rootes that are called Papas, which grow also in all Piru; it is a healthfull Countrie, and much inhabited, and multi∣plieth euery day; it hath store of Cattell of all sorts.

* 2.363The Lake of Titicaca compasseth eightie leagues, and in some places it hath eightie fathom deepe, and in this, and in the waues are raysed when there is any winde, so that it seemeth as a Bay of the Sea, from which it stands about sixtie leagues, twelue or thirteene Riuers en∣ter into it, and many Brookes, and from it goeth a Riuer into another Lake, which they call the Aulagas, which hath no voyding place, though because some Eyes of water haue beene seene that vnder ground goe into the Sea, it is iudged that it might bee the water of [ 40] these Lakes did goe, opening a way through the entrailes of the Earth vnto the Sea. Round about the great Lake are many Townes, and in it great Ilands, with great Tillage in them, and there were the Indians wont to keepe their most precious things for greater securitie.

* 2.364The great Citie of Cuzco, Seate Royall of the Ingas, and Head of their Empire (and now of the Kingdomes of Piru, by a Title which it hath of it from the Kings of Castile and Lion) stands in thirteene degrees and a halfe height, seuentie eight of longitude, one hundred and fiue and twentie leagues from the Citie of The Kings to the South-east, of more then one thou∣sand Spanish housholds; the Marques Don Franciscu•• Piçarro founded it. It hath eight Parishes, and foure Monasteries of the foure Orders, of Saint Dominicke, Saint Francis, Saint Augustine, [ 50] the Mercenaries, and the Companie of Iesus, and one of Nunnes. Heere is resident the Ca∣thedrall, Suffragane to the Archbishopricke of The Kings. There goe from this Citie since the time of the Ingas from the Market place foure high wayes towards the foure parts of the world;* 2.365 one called Chinchasuyo to the North, toward the Playnes and Prouince of Quito: another Condes••yo, to the West toward the Sea: the third called Collaosuyo, to the South and Chile: and the fourth to the East, which they call Andesuyo, which goeth to the Andes and skirts of the Mountaine. It stands in a soile of a good temper, moderately fresh and healthfull, free from all venemous wormes, and plentifull of all things, with a thousand kindes of fruits of Castile,* 2.366 and smelling herbes and flowres at all times which are of great delight. In her iuris∣diction is the Valley of Toyma: there is great trafficke of Coca, and showes of Gold, Siluer, and Quick-siluer; and there may bee in her borders about an hundred thousand tributarie In∣dians. [ 60] In all the parts of these Indies the Indians haue a great delight in carrying ordinarily in the mouth Rootes, Boughes, or Herbes, and that which they most vse in all Piru, is the Coca,* 2.367 for as they say, they feele little hunger, and finde themselues with great vigour

chewing it alwaies, though it rather seemeth a custome inherited, or a vice. This is planted, and groweth to small trees, which are cultiuated and cherished, and yeeld a leafe like myrtle, and dried they carry it in baskets to sell, and much mony is gotten by it.

In the Valley of Vilcabam••a, stands Saint Francis of the victorie in Andesuyo,* 2.368 between the Row of the Andes, about twentie leagues from Cuzco to the East side, with a Gouernour prouided by the Vice-roy: it is of the Bishopricke of Cuzco, in a rough ground, and of great Mountaines.

The village of Saint Iohn del Oro,* 2.369 is in the Prouince of Carabaya eightie leagues from Cuzco to the East South-east, and thirtie to the East from the Lake of Collao, and it is called del Oro, of the Gold, for the great store that is in her borders. The Citie of Arequipa is in sixteen degrees some∣what [ 10] more, one hundred and thirtie leagues from the Citie of The Kings,* 2.370 almost to the South-east as the Coast runneth, and sixtie from the Citie of Cuzco, of the Bishopricke of Cuzco: it hath Monasteries of Dominick••, Franciscans, and Mercenaries; it hath fiftie thousand tributarie Indians, and is of most pleasant temperature to liue in of all places in Piru. They gather in her borders great store of Wine, and Wheat. The Port is at the entrie of the Riuer Chile, which pas∣seth neere the Citie where the merchandize is vnladen.

Arequipa stands in the Valley of Quilca, fourteene leagues from the Sea. In her iurisdiction is the Prouince of Condesuyo, the Townes of the Hubinas, Gollagu••••, Chiquiguanita, and Quimi∣staca; the Marques Don Francisco Piçarro built it 1534. it is very subiect to earth-quakes as all these Indies, especially the Sea coasts. In the yeere 1582. there was an earth-quake that almost [ 20] ruinated this Citie, and since there hath beene another, and a breaking out of a fierie mouth,* 2.371 whereof they tell strange things, in the yeere 1586. There was another in the Citie of the Kings the ninth of Iuly, which ran one hundred and seuentie leagues in length by the Sea side, and fiftie within the Land; it spoyled the Citie, indangered few people, because they went out into the fields, and a little after the earth-quake was past, the Sea went out of her bounds, and entred a great way within the Land fourteene fathom deepe. Such another earth-quake was in Quito the next yeere, in the Citie of la Paz in the yeere 1581. a great high Rocke fell which tooke vnder it a great many Indian witch trees, and the earth which fell did run one league and a halfe. In Chile was another great earth-quake that ouer-threw Mountaines and Valleys, stopped the Cur∣rent of the Riuers, brought the Sea out of her limits the space of some leagues, cast downe whole [ 30] Townes, and slue many men. The Philosophers say that the earth-quake proceedeth from the heate of the Sunne, and of other celestiall Bodies,* 2.372 which not onely doe draw the exhalation to themselues, and the vapour of the superficies of the earth, but that also which is in the bowels of it, which comming out engendreth windes and raynes; and if it happen that the earth is so close that the exhalation cannot come out any way, then it mooueth from one part to another through the pores of the earth, with great violence breaking forth, as the powder in a Myne, tearing with such a furious rage, that it ••en••eth the earth where it is, and openeth it selfe a way with great furie, and so much more furiou•• it is, how much more the exhalation inclosed is greater.

The Village of Saint Michael de la Ribera is sixe leagues from the Sea,* 2.373 in the Valley of Ca∣mana, one hundred and thirteene leagues from The Kings, two and twentie from Arequ••pa to the [ 40] part of the Equinoctiall, of the Bishopricke of Cuzco. The Village of Valverde in the Valley of Yca, fiue and thirtie leagues from the Citie of The Kings, ten from the Port of Sangalla,* 2.374 is of the iurisdiction of The Kings, and of the Archbishopricke; her borders are plentifull of Wheat, Mil∣let, and Fruits, and of much Wine.

The Village of Cauyete, or of Guarco, by the Valley where it stands▪ is distant from The Kings fiue and twentie leagues to the South, one league and a halfe from the Sea:* 2.375 her bounds are plen∣tifull of bread the best of this Kingdome, whence is carried great quantitie of meale to Terra firme. Before the comming to this Valley, are the Valleys of Chilca▪ and Mala; in the first it neuer rayneth, neither passeth any Fountaine nor Brooke through it; and they thinke of the Wells, and it is full of arable grounds, and fruits, which grow onely by the deaw of the Heauen.* 2.376 [ 50] They catch many Pilcherds in the Sea, and with euery graine of Millet they put into the hole where it is sowen one or two of the heads, and with that moysture i•• groweth well. In the Valley of Mala, Don Iames of Almagro, and Don Franciscu•• Piçarro being in quarrell, the fa∣ther Bouadilla of the Merced or Mercenarie Order, as an Arbitrator resolued their differences; through this Valley passeth a great Riuer, which doth them great pleasure. Fiue leagues for∣ward is the Riuer of Guarco in a Valley most plentifull in all things, where the Countrimen maintayned the warre foure yeeres against the Ingas, and to preserue it they caused to build a Citie, and called it Cuzco, and erected for the triumph of the victorie a great Fortresse on a Hill▪ that the waues of the Sea doe beate vpon the stayres. Sixe leagues from Guarco is the Valley of Chincha, famous, pleasant, and very plentifull, where a Monasterie of Dominicke Friars was [ 60] built in stead of the Temple of the Sunne which the Indians had, with the Monasterie of the Virgins. Then followeth the Valley of Yca, which is no lesse, no•• lesse plentifull, going out of the Valleys, and Riuers of the Nasca, and the principall is called Ca••amalca, where excellent Wines are made. They goe from these Valleys to that of Hacari, where stands Ocanna, Camana,* 2.377 and Quilca, which is the Port of the Citie of Arequipa, and forward are the Valleys o•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ and

Tambopalla, and the Deylo, and them of Tarapaca, Riuers and plentifull, with good Mynes of sil∣uer, and neere the Sea: the Indians of the Ilands of The Seales doe carry great store of Fowles dung for their grounds, wherewith of a barren, they make a plentifull ground.

* 2.378There are in the coast of this Councel from the Point del Aguia, of the Needle, where it ioyneth with that of Quito, in sixe degrees of Southerne altitude, the Ilands and Ports following▪ two Ilands which they call de Lobos in seuen degrees, the one foure leagues from the Coast, and the other more to the Sea; and forward another called of Saint Rooke to the South-east, neere to Pazcamayo, and forward Puerto de Mal Abrigo, ten leagues before the Port of Truxillo, in seuen degrees and a halfe, and seuen leagues from the Port of Guanape▪ and of Sanct•• in nine de∣grees, and fiue leagues from this to the South, Porte F••rr••l; and sixe from it that of Ca••ma; and [ 10] afterward eight leagues the Port of Guarmey at the mouth of a Riuer; and the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 twentie leagues to the South; and the Port of Gaura where is a very great Salt pit; and after this the Iland of Lima, at the entrie of the Port of Colla••; and twentie leagues to the South the Point of Guarco, and one Iland de Lobos Marinos, or Seale fishe•• neere to it, and the Point of Chica i•• fifteene degrees, and neere to the Nasca; and forward the Point of Saint Laurence, in the Valley of Quilca, and neere the Riuer of Arequipa, and the Creeke of Chulien; and after∣ward the Riuer of Nombre de Dios, where the limits doe ioyne by the Coast of the Counsels of The Kings, and of Charcas.

* 2.379THe bounds of the Counsell of Charcas (which parteth limits with that of The Kings, stands in twentie degrees and a halfe of Southerne altitude, by the Riuer of Nombre d•• Dios, and [ 20] the beginning of the Lake of Collao) hath in length three hundred leagues vnto the Valley of Copiapo, beginning of the Prouince of Chile in eight and twentie degrees of height, though in voyage they are reckoned neere foure hundred leagues East and West, that which is betweene of the South Sea vnto the North Sea, or South which answereth to the Prouinces of the Riuer of Plate, which though it is not altogether discouered, it is vnderstood that by placing all the Coun∣trie of this Counsell in much altitude, it is more cold then hot.

The Gouernment of this Counsell, is at the charge of the Vice-roy of Piru, as that of the Counsell of Quito, and of The Kings: there are two Gouernours, and two Bishopricks, that of Charcas and Tucuman. The Prouince of the Charcas (which commonly is named that which is [ 30] from the bounds of the Counsell of The Kings, till they passe Potosi) hath in length North and South about one hundred and fiftie leagues, and as many East and West; a Countrie not very plentifull, though abundant of Cattell, especially in C••llao, that is from the Lake of Titicaca vn∣to Charcas, where the Winter and Summer are contrarie to Europe: it is a plentifull Countrie of all Cattell, especially of sheepe, which are many, and of a very fine wooll.

In this Prouince are foure Townes of Spaniards of one Bishopricke, which are the Citie of the Plate, which the Captaine Peranzures inhabited, in the yeere 1583. by order of the Marques Don Franciscus Piçarro. It stands in seuentie two degrees of longitude from the Meridian of Toledo, from whence it may be distant by a greater circle one thousand seuen hundred and eightie leagues, and in nineteene degrees of latitude, one hundred seuentie fiue leagues from Cuzco to the South, or [ 40] Antartick Pole within the Tropicks, in the vttermost of the Torrid Zone. There are in the bor∣ders of this Citie in Chacaras (which are manured grounds) eight hundred Spanish housholds.* 2.380 It is a Countrie extreme cold, whereas it should be temperate or hot, according to the height of the Pole it stands in: the Counsell and the Cathedrall is resident in this Citie, and there are Mona∣steries of Dominicke, Franciscan, Augustines, and Mercenarie Friars, and in her iurisdiction sixtie thousand tributarie Indians, diuided in nine and twentie repartitions, and the seedes of Castile doe grow well, and there are many rich mynes of siluer.

* 2.381The Citie of our Lady of the Peace, by another name the New Towne, and Chuquiab••, in the middest of the Collao, one hundred leagues from Cuzco, and eightie from the Plate, hath Mona∣steries of Franciscans, Augustines, and Mercenaries, with store of Wines and Cattell. Captaine [ 50] Alfonsus of Mendoça built it 1549. when was President the Gouernour of Piru, the Licenciate Pedro de la Gasca,* 2.382 afterward Bishop of Sig••••••ça. The Prouince of Chicuito in Collao, somewhat North-east from the Prouince of Plata, more then an hundred leagues from it, inhabited by Indi∣ans, with a Spanish Gouernour, of the Bishopricke of Charcas, and one Monasterie of Dominicks, hath much Cattell,* 2.383 and it stands at the border of Titicaca. Oropesa, is a plantation of the Vice-roy Don Francisco de Toledo, in the Valley of Cocha••••mba, twentie leagues from the Citie of la Plata; their husbandrie is crops of Wheat, Millet, and Cattell.

* 2.384The Imperiall Towne of Potosi is in nineteene degrees of altitude, eighteene leagues from the Citie of the Plate, and about eight from the Lake of the A••laga•• to the East, in the skirt of the Hill of Potosi, that looketh to the North-east▪ it hath fiue hundred housholds of Spaniards [ 60] which doe attend the mynes, and of Merchants, and about 50000. Indians of ordinarie goer•• and comme•••• to the trafficke of the siluer. And though it be a Towne of it selfe, it hath no Ruler, but that of the citie de la Plata. There reside the Officers, and Royall treasurie of this Prouince, for the mynes of the Hill of Potosi, which a Castillane discouered 1545. called Villaroel, by meanes of cer∣taine

Indians; and it is called Potosi, because the Indians doe so call Hills and high places; and the siluer was so much that they got at the beginning in the yeere 1549. euery Saturday, that when they cast it, there came to the Kings fists from fiue and twentie to thirtie thousand Pesos. The Hill is flat and bare, their habitation drie and cold, vnpleasant, and altogether barren. It bringeth forth no fruit, graine or herbe, and because of the siluer it is the greatest inhabiting of the Indies, which hath about two leagues in circuit, and where all kinde of dainties are found, and plentie, though brought thither by carriages. The colour of the ground of the Hill draweth towards red, darke. The forme is like a Sugar loafe, that ouer-peareth all the other Hills that are neere it: the going vp is rough, and yet they goe vp on horse-backe; it extendeth a league, and from his top to the foote is about a quarter of a league. It hath on all sides rich [ 10] veines of siluer, from the top to the foote,* 2.385 and the Port of Arica whereby the merchan∣dize come, and the siluer of this Hill is carried, is from it about ninetie leagues, almost West.

Sixe leagues from the aforesaid Hill in the way of the Port of Arica, is the Hill of Porco,* 2.386 an ancient seate of Mynes of siluer: whence it is affirmed the Ingas got the greatest part of the siluer that was in the Temple of the Sunne of Curianche, whence yet is and will much siluer be gotten.

Santa Cruz de la Sierra stands one hundred leagues from the Charcas to the East, in the way whereby they goe from the Charcas to the Assumption, in the Prouinces of the Riuer of Plate,* 2.387 whitherto they make three hundred leagues iourney, with a Gouernour prouided by the Vice∣roy, of the Diocesse of the Charcus, and one Monasterie of Mercenaries, in a Countrie scarce of water, though plentifull of Wheat, Wine, and Millet. This Prouince hath neighbour∣hood [ 20] with many Nations of Infidell Indians, and many of them are alreadie baptized, and the first that strooke a deuotion in the Countrimen, was a Spanish Souldier, * 2.388 that was among them, fled for faults; which for a great anguish they were in for water made them a great Crosse, and perswaded them to worship with great deuotion that same Crosse, and to aske water; and God for his mercy heard them, and sent them much raine in the yeere 1560. The Cap∣taine Nuflo of Chaues went out of the Citie of the Ascention in the Riuer of Plate, to disco∣uer, and comming to Sancta Cruz of the Hill, hauing made great discoueries, the people came vnto him, and seeming to him that hee was neere to Piru, went to the Citie of The Kings, where the Marques of Cauyete was Vice-roy, and with his order, and for Lieftenant of his sonne Don Garcia of Mendoça, the Captaine Nuflo of Chaues went againe to inhabit this Citie, [ 30] though he came out of the Riuer of Plate, with purpose to discouer the Prouinces of the Dorado.

In the Coast of this Councell,* 2.389 which beginneth in seuenteene degrees and a halfe in the Ri∣uer of Nombre de Dios, or Tambopalla: is the Port of Hilo neere to a Riuer, in eighteene de∣grees and a halfe, and more to the South, El Morro de los Diablos, and the Port of Arica in nineteene degrees one third part, and that of Tacama in one and twentie, and the Point of Ta∣rapaca to the South, and more forward the Riuer of Pica, and that de la Hoia, or of the Leafe, and of Montelo, the Port of Mex〈…〉〈…〉s; and more to the South the Point of the Beacones,* 2.390 or Morto Moreno, before the Bay and Riuer of Sancta Clara, and more to the South the Breach, and the White point, and the Deepe breach, and the Riuer of Sancta Clara▪* 2.391 about thirtie [ 40] leagues from the Riuer of Copiapo, where the Coast of Chile beginneth, and the Coast of the Charcas endeth. The Prouince and Gouernment of Tucaman, is all Mediterrane; her bound begins from the Countrie of the Chichas, which are of the iurisdiction of the Imperiall village of Potosi: it stands in the same Line of the Citie of the Assumption of the Riuer of Plate, about an hundred leagues from the South Sea coast; it doth confine with the Prouince of Chile, it is a Countrie of a good temper, reasonably plentifull, and vntill now without Mynes of siluer, or gold. There is in it some Spanish Townes in one Bishopricke, which are of the Citie of Saint Iago del Estero, which at the beginning they named del Varco, or of the Boate,* 2.392 in eight and twentie degrees of altitude, one hundred eightie fiue leagues from Potosi to the South, declining somewhat to the East: the Gouernour and the Officers of the goods, and treasurie Royall, and the Bishop, and the Cathedrall are resident here.

[ 50] The Citie of Saint Marie of Talauera, is fiue and fortie leagues from Saint Iames to the North,* 2.393 and fortie from Potosi in sixe and twentie degrees. The Citie of Saint Michael of Tucuman eight and twentie leagues from Saint Iames to the West, in the way of the Charcas in seuen and twentie degrees. There were inhabited in this Gouernment in the time of Don Garcia of Men∣doça, his father the Marques of Cauyete being Vice-roy, the New London, and Calchaque, which they called h 2.394 New wisedome, in the Prouince of the Iurias, and Draguita, which after∣ward were dishabited within a few yeeres. The people of this Countrie goeth clothed in wool∣len, and in wrought leather, made by arte like the guilt or wrought leather of Spaine: they breed much Cattell of the Countrie, by reason of the profit of their wooll: they haue the Townes ve∣ry neere the one to the other, and the Townes are small, because there is but one kindred in eue∣ry [ 60] one, they are compassed round about with l 2.395 Cardones, and thornie trees for the warres that they had among themselues. They are great husbandmen, and it is a people that is not drunke, for they are not giuen to drinke, as other Nations of the Indies. There are in the Prouince seuen mayne Riuers, and more then eightie Brookes of good waters, and great pastures▪ the Winter

and the Summer are at such times as in Spaine: it is a healthfull Countrie and of a good temper, and the first that entred in it, were the Captaines Diego de Rojas, Philip Gutierres, and Nicolas de Heredia; they discouered on this side the Riuer of Plate vnto the Fortresse of Gabota.

* 2.396DOn Diego de Almagro was prouided the yeere 1534. in Toledo for Gouernour of two hun∣dred leagues of ground beyond the Gouernment of the Marques Don Francisco Piçarro, to∣ward the Streight of Magellan, intituling this part, The new gouernment of Toledo. Hee went to pacifie this Countrie, and because he forsooke it, it was giuen in charge to the Marques Don Fran∣cisco Piçarro 1537. and he commended it 1540. to the Captaine Peter of Valdinia; who went thither with one hundred and fiftie Spaniards. All the Countries of this Kingdome lye to the South of the Equinoctiall, in a more Southerne altitude then the Kingdome of Piru, and her Pro∣uinces [ 10] within the Torride, from the Equinoctiall vnto the Tropicke of Capricorne, which passeth a Desart, which they call of Atacama, which is from twentie three to twentie sixe degrees, and then beginneth the Kingdome of Chile, which the Indians call Chille, and before the inhabited Countrie is the Riuer of The Salt,* 2.397 in three and twentie degrees and three quarters, which from the East side of the Row of Mountaines, runneth to the West into the Sea, through a very deepe Valley, and though it hath the water very cleere; all that the Horses are wet with it when they drinke, is congealed with the heate of the Sunne; and it is so meere salt that it cannot bee drunke, and in the borders it is congealed: the Riuer is before the entring in the first Prouince of Chile two and twentie leagues where the Xagueyes are, which are Wells of water, for there is no other in the two and twentie leagues, and all the Kingdome stands within the Zone, which [ 20] the ancient men called Deserte, which is inhabited with white Indians, and it is situated on the borders of the South Sea, which is Mare Magnum, which is included betweene her Coast and the Coast of China.

This Gouernment taken largely vnto the Streight, hath in length North and South, from the Valley of Copiapo where it beginneth in seuen and twentie degrees, fiue hundred leagues, and in breadth East and West, from the South Sea to the North Sea, from foure hundred to fiue hun∣dred of ground to be pacified, which doth straighten it selfe, till it remayneth by the Streight in ninetie or in an hundred leagues. That which is inhabited of this Gouernment, may bee three hundred along the North Sea coast, and the breadth of it twentie leagues and lesse, vnto the Rowe [ 30] of the Andes, which doe end neere the Streight, and it passeth through this Kingdome very high, and almost couered at all times with snow. All the Countrie is plaine, at the least there is no great roughnesse, except where the Rowe of Piru doth reach, and doth end within two or three leagues of the Coast.

The temper and qualitie of it (though it bee not without some difference for the varieties of the heights it standeth in altogether) is of the best, and most inhabitable that is in the Indies, in temperature like vnto Castile, in whose opposite altitude i•• ••••lleth almost all, and in abundance and goodnesse of victuals, and plentie of all things, riches of Mynes and Metals, and force and vi∣gour of the Countrimen, which for being so great warriors haue alwayes beene euill to pacifie, and there bee many out in the Mountaines, and Breaches of the end of the Rowe, the Prouinces of [ 40] Arauco, Tucapel, and the Valley of Pur••n, the bounds and borders betweene the Citie of the Conception, and los Confines, and la Imperial.

In this Gouernment are eleuen Spanish Townes, with a Gouernour placed in the matters of the Gouernment to the Vice-roy, and Councell of Piru, after the Councell that was in the Countrie was taken away; and there is in it two Bishopricks Suffraganes to the Archbishoprick of the Kings.* 2.398 In the Bishopricke of Saint Iames are foure Townes. The Citie of Saint Iames in the time of the first inhabiting of Chile, founded by Captaine Peter of Valdinia, it stands in thir∣tie foure degrees and a quarter of altitude, seuentie seuen of longitude, one thousand nine hun∣dred and eightie leagues from Toledo by a direct Line, fifteene from the Sea, and ten beyond the Valley of Chile, which they named at the first New Extreame. In it is the Cathedrall resident [ 50] with Monasteries of Dominicke, Franciscan, and Mercenarie Friars, in a plentifull soile of wheat, Wine, and other things, and of very rich Mynes of gold, and in her iurisdiction more then eigh∣tie thousand Indians in sixe and twentie repartitions. This Citie is serued of the Port of Valpa∣rayso at the mouth of the Riuer Topocalma, which passeth neere vnto it.

* 2.399Captaine Valdinia peopled also la Serena in the yeere 1544. neere to a good Hauen; it is the first Towne of Spaniards, at the en••••ie of Chile sixtie leagues from the Citie of Saint Iames, some∣what North-west neere to the Sea in the Valley of Coquimbo, with Monasteries of Franciscan, and Mercenarie Friars.* 2.400 It rayneth in it but three or foure times a yeere, and in the Countries be∣fore it, it neuer rayneth. The Port which they call of Coquimbo, stands in two and thirtie de∣grees, it is a good Nooke where the ships of Piru doe make a stay. In the Prouince of Chucuito, which is on the other side of the Rome of the Andes, in a cold and barren Countrie, doe stand the [ 60] Citie of Mendoça, and of Saint Iohn of the Frontier; for Don Garcia of Mendoça peopled them both.* 2.401 The Citie of Mendoça is of the same height with Saint Iames, about fortie leagues from it, of a difficult way, for the snow that is in the Andes. The Citie of Saint Iohn of the Frontier stands to the South of the Citie of Mendoça.

In the Bishopricke of the Imperiall are seuen Spanish Townes, which are the Citie of the Conception in seuen and thirtie degrees of height, seuentie leagues to the South of the Citie of Saint Iames, neere to the Sea, Peter Valdinia inhabited it in the yeere 1550. The Gouernours are resident in it, since the Councell (that was there from the yeere 1567. vnto 1574.) was taken away. There are Monasteries of Dominicans, Franciscans, and Mercenarie Friar••. The Port of this Citie stands in a nooke at the shelter of an Iland. The Citie of the new village of los Infantes, or los Confines; Don Garcia of Mendoça peopled it▪* 2.402 and the Gouernour Villagran commanded it to be called d•• los Confines. It stands sixteene leagues from the Conception to the side of the Streight, eight leagues from the Row of the Andes, and foure from that which goeth [ 10] along the Coast. It hath one Monasterie of Dominicans, another of Franciscan Friars. The war∣like Indian come to the bounds of this Citie, and the mayne Riuer Biobio by them, and others which doe enter into it, and the Riuer Ninequeten.

Peter of Valdinia peopled the Citie of the Imperiall 1••51. which is in nine and thirtie de∣grees of height, nine and thirtie leagues from the Conception toward the Streights side,* 2.403 three leagues from the Sea, where the Cathedrall is resident with one Monasterie of Franciscans, ano∣ther of Mercenarie Friars; and in her bounds are more then eightie thousand Indians, with many other that in her bounds are in armes. The Riuer Cauten passeth neere it, which is na∣uigable to the Sea, though the Hauen bee not good nor secure. Captaine Valdinia peopled also the * 2.404 Rich Village, sixteene leagues from Imperiall, about the South-eastward, and [ 20] about foure and fortie from the Conception, neere to the Snowy Row d 2.405, with one Monaste∣rie of Franciscans, another of Mercenaries, in a Countrey cold and barren of Bread and Wine.

The Citie of Valdinia in two leagues off the Sea,* 2.406 and fiftie from the Conception to the Streight ward: peopled also by Captaine Valdinia, with Monasteries of Dominicans, Fran∣ciscans, and Mercenaries, in a plentifull Countrie of Wheat, and Seedes, and in places of good pastures for Cattell, and without Vines. The merchandize comes vp by the Riuer of Val∣dinia, which passeth neere it,* 2.407 and the Port stands in the mouth of it in fortie degrees of height. The Citie of Os••rno, Don Garcia of Mendoça peopled, sixtie leagues or more from the Conception to the port of the Streight, seuen leagues from the Sea. It hath one Monasterie [ 30] of Dominicans, another of Franciscans, with another of Nunnes, in a cold Countrie, scarce of victuals, but of much gold, and in her bounds two hundred thousand Indians of repartition. The Citie of Castro, which was inhabited by the Licenciate Lope Garcia de Castro,* 2.408 being Go∣uernour of the Kingdomes of Piru, the which is called in the Indian tongue Chilue, which is the last of the inhabited in Chile, in an Iland of those that are in the Lake of Aucud, or Chilue, and the Archipelagus stands in three and fortie degrees of altitude, one and fortie leagues to the South of Osorno, with a Monasterie of Franciscans, with twelue thousand Indians of re∣partition in her bounds, for it is an Iland of fiftie leagues in length, and from two vntill nine in breadth, which the Sea made with other great ones, tearing the Land vnto the Row of the Andes. It is a mountaynous Countrey, and close, plentifull of Wheate, and [ 40] of Millet, and Mynes of flying g 2.409 Gold, on the Strand a thing fewe times, or sel∣dome seene.

The Gouernour Villagran tooke away the name of the Citie which was Cauyete,* 2.410 that Don Garcia of Mendoça inhabited, and commanded to call it Tucapel, and afterward disinhabited it. There are in this Gouernment which beginneth in two and twentie degrees, the Port and Riuer of Copeapo, and to the South of it, the Port of Guascoin another Riuer, and the Riuer of Coquimbo in two and thirtie degrees: and past this the Port of the Cigua in the Riuer, and the Port of Quintero at the mouth of the Riuer of Concagua, before the Port of Saint Iames, or Valparayso, and the Port of Topocalma in the Riuer of Maypa: and past the Riuer of Maule the Port of the e 2.411 Herradura, at the mouth of the Riuer Itata, before the Port of the Conception [ 50] in the great Riuer of Biobio to the North, the Iland of Saint Marie right against the State of Aranco, and the Port of Cauyete, and the Iland of Mocha more to the South, and the Port of Cauten, which is that of the Imperiall, and to the South the landing place and the Riuer of Tol∣ten before the Port of Valdinia, and past this the Point of the Galley, and more to the South the great Bay or Port of Osorno in the Riuer de las Canoas, and to the South of it about thirtie leagues to the Lake de los Coronados the broadest Riuer of this Realme, and at the end of this Realme the Lake of Aucud.

MEn doe call the Streight of Magellanes, that which is past the Riuer of Plate by the South Sea; from the last of Chile, vnto the Streight two hundred leagues before it,* 2.412 from two and fortie or three and fortie degrees of altitude, vnto two and fiftie and more, for although [ 60] men haue sayled through both the Seas diuers times, and seene people in them vnto the Streight it selfe, it hath not beene pacified, nor made inhabiting, but that which the fleete that Diego Flores de Valdes carried to the Streight left in the mouth of the Streight on the North side, in the yeere 1582. which was called the Citie of Saint Philip, which for being in so much altitude could

[illustration]

[illustration] map of Strait of Magellan

HONDIVS his Map of the MAGELLAN Streight.

FRETUM Magella∣ni.

not be preserued for the great cold, and therefore that nauigation is difficult and dangerous for the continuall tempests, and great stormes of windes that are at all times. [ 40]

* 2.413The Ports, Capes, and Points of the Coast of the one and the other Sea vnto the Streighr, al∣though they be many, and some are not pointed in the Cardes of Nauigation, it appeareth not wholly, neither is there any certaine relation of all. And the most knowne of the Coast from Chile vnto the Streight, which runneth from Valdinia about an hundred leagues to the West South-west are, the Cape of Saint Andrew in seuen and fortie degrees, from whence the Coast turneth directly to the South vnto the Streight, by the Cape of Saint Roman in eight and fortie degrees, and neere vnto it the Iland of Saint Catalina, neere to the great Bay which they call g 2.414 Hartichoked, and within it the Bay of our Lady, and the Iland of Santa Barbara, and more for∣ward the Ports of Hernan Gallego in eight and fortie degrees two third parts, and the Bay of The Kings eighteene leagues from the Port of Hernan Gallego, and the Bay of Saint Iohn in fiftie de∣grees [ 50] one third part, the Cape of Saint Francisco in one and fiftie, whereby some Channels doe enter into the Land, and the Iland de la Campana, or of the Bell, eleuen leagues from Saint Fran∣cis: also with some Channels which haue not beene nauigated within the Land, and the Bay of Saint Lazarus in two and fiftie degrees, with Channels on the sides, which enter very broad and long to the one and the other parts, which haue not beene nauigated, and a great Sea of I∣lands which alwayes was said to bee at the South side neere to the mouth of the Streight, the which Sir Richard Hawkins denyeth;* 2.415 for hee saith, That at this mouth of the Streight on the South side, he found no more then foure small Ilands, and one in the middest like a Sugar loofe, and that at the least they are distant from the mouth of the Streight sixe leagues, and the great Sea is on the one side, and he holdeth for certaine it is that which they say is the firme Land of [ 60] the South side of the Streight, and that there is no firme land. The Streight though they haue past it from the South to the North side,* 2.416 by order of the Vice-roy Don Franciscus of Toledo, Pe∣ter Sarmiento, and Antonie Pablo Corso, and it is knowne it stands from 52. to 53. degrees of altitude, where it draweth most to the South, and that in length it hath one hundred and ten

••eagues, or one hundred and fifteene, little more or lesse, and in breadth from one to tenne: it hath neuer beene nauigated to an end from the South Sea to the North Sea,* 2.417 nor the Pyrats that haue past it from the North to the South, are vnderstood to haue returned by it. The aboue said Sir Richard Hawkins saith, that he sailed many dayes by the Straight, and affirmeth that all the Countrie on the South side is no firme Land, but many Ilands which reach to 56. degrees; the which he might know, because he sayled to the same 56. degrees through the middest of those Ilands, and seeing he found nothing but Sea, hee followed his course againe through by the Straight, and that this cannot be so farre, the differences of Seas, which the many entrings doe cause that are among those Ilands, and that the habiting of them is of people on the North side, which doe passe to those Ilands to sustaine themselues of fishings, and in their seasons returne to [ 10] their Countries; and that he comprehended this of many things especially of not hauing seene any seated inhabitating, but some Cabbins which the Indians doe make for a time. The same said Sir Francis Drake, that it hapned him when he passed the Straight, the yeare 1579. who after his comming out into the South Sea, he ran along with tempests compassing this Sea, vnto the mouth of the North Sea, and by the same way he had runne, he made sure his nauigation to the South Sea.

The parts most famous of the Straight at the entring of the South are the Cape Desseado, or Desired, in 53. degrees, and the Channell of all Saints, two and twentie leagues from the mouth, very broad, and large, and past it the port of the Treason, and afterward another great large Chan∣nell which runneth to the North-west, and Rowlands Bell, a great Rocke in the middest at the be∣ginning [ 20] of a Channell. They gaue it this name of one of Magellanes fellowes called Rowland, who went to reacknowledge it, which was a Gunner: the point of possession which is foure leagues from the Cape of Virgenes, at the entring of the North Sea in 52. degrees and a halfe of altitude, when Peter * 2.418 Sarmiento, and Antonie Pablo Corso by order which they had to reknow∣ledge the Straight, for it had beene commanded long before for to see if it were a more ea∣sie nauigation to the South Sea, then that of Panama: they viewed the two narrow places, that at the entrie of the North, and it seemed to Peter Sarmiento that the one was so narrow, that with Artillerie it might be kept, and so much he perswaded it,* 2.419 that although the Duke of Alua affirmed it was impossible, the Armie which Iames Flower carried vnfruitfully was sent about it, and in the end was knowne that that nauigation is dangerous, and the flowing of two Seas which [ 30] come to meete in the middest of the Straight, doe withdraw themselues with such furie, ebbing in some places more then sixtie fathoms, that when the Shippes did carry nothing but Ca∣bles to preserue themselues from loosing that which they had sayled, they would goe full froaghted.

In foure hundred leagues, there is of Coast from the mouth of the Straight, vnto the Riuer of Plate, which runneth altogether North-east and South-west, there is the Riuer of Saint Ilefonsus twelue leagues from the Cape of the Virgenes, the a Gallizian Riuor, and the Bay of Saint Iames,* 2.420 foureteene leagues from the Riuer of Sancta Cruz, in 50. degrees, and at the mouth an Iland called of the Lyons, and the Port of Saint Iulian in 49. degrees, and the Riuer of Iohn Serrana to the South [ 40] of the Ilands of Duckes, in 47, degrees, the Riuer of Cananor in 45. degrees, the Cape of Saint Dominicke, before the Cape of three Points, and the Land de los Humos or of the Smoakes, in 38. degrees, the Point of Sancta Hellene, and of Saint Apollonia, in 37. degrees before the White Cape, at the entrie of the Riuer of Plate on the South side.

IOhn Dias de Solis discouered the Riuer of Plate 1515. and Sebastian Gaboe an English-man,* 2.421 going with an Armie by order of the Emperour, in pursuit of the Fleete which Frier Garcia de Lo∣aysa Commander, had carried to the Ilands of the Malucos, and conceiuing hee could not ouer∣take them, he thought good to busie himselfe in something that might be profitable; and entred the yeare 29. discouering the Riuer of Plate, where he was almost three yeares; and being not [ 50] seconded, with relation of that which he had found, returned to Castile, hauing gone many leagues vp the Riuer, he found Plate or Siluer among the Indians of those Countries, for in the warres which these Indians had with those of the Kingdomes of Piru they tooke it, and from hence it is called the Riuer of Plate, for before it was called the Riuer of Solis. These Prouinces are ioyned with those of Brasil: by the line of the markes they haue no determined bounds, but by the Coast of the Sea that falleth to the North, and entrance of the Riuer of Plate, of the which the Countrie hath taken the name, and the mouth of this Riuer may stand sixteene hundred leagues from the Bay of Saint Lucar of Barrameda.

All these Prouinces are very plentifull of Wheate, Wine, and Sugar, and all other seedes and fruites of Castile doe grow well: they haue great Pastures for all sorts of Cattle, which haue [ 60] multiplied infinitely, especially the Horses, and though they haue beene many yeares without thinking there were any Mines of Gold, or of Siluer, they haue already found a showe of them, and of Copper, and Iron, and one of very perfect Amathists. All these Prouinces are of one Go∣uernment, with title Royall, subordained for nearenesse to the Vice-roy of Piru, with one Bi∣shopricke wherein are three Spanish Townes, and a great multitude of the Countrie men, of big

bodies, and well conditioned. And the Townes are; the Citie of our Lady of the Assumption, the first inhabiting,* 2.422 and the head of this Prouince, it stands in 25. degrees and a halfe of altitude: the Captaine Iohn of Salazar built it by order of the Gouernour Don Peter Mendoça. The territory thereof was first called Gurambare: it hath Brasil at the right hand two hundred and eightie leagues, and in this compasse it hath the Citie Royall at eightie leagues, which the Indians call Guayra. And on the side of Piru, which is East and West, it hath at foure hundred and eightie leagues, the Citie of la Plata, and at two hundred and eightie, the Citie of Sancta Cruz de la Si∣erra or of the Hill, which Nuflo of Chanes built. To the South side which is toward the Straight of Magelane, it hath very great and rich Countries, and this Citie stands three hundred leagues from the mouth of the Riuer of Plate, built neere to the Riuer Paraguaye, on the East side, [ 10] with foure hundred Spanish Housholds, and more then three thousand children of those that were borne to them in the Countrie (which they call Mestizos) in it are resident the Gouer∣nour,* 2.423 and Officers Royall, and the Cathedrall which is called the Bishopricke of the Plate, suffra∣gan to the Archbishoprick of the Kings, and in her iurisdiction more then 400000. Indians, which doe increase daily.

* 2.424Citie Royall was called by another name Ontiueros, built by Ruidias de Melgareio; it stands eightie leagues from the Assumption North-east, toward the Land of Brasil, neere to the Riuer Parana; it stands in a good soyle of Victuals, and Vines, and much good Copper, and great number of Indians, which also doe much increase. In this Riuer Parana, neere the Citie Royall,* 2.425 there is a great fall, that no man dare come neere it by Land within two hundred paces, for the great noyse, and mist of the water, and by the Riuer no Canoe, nor Boate dare [ 20] come neere by a league; for the furie of the water doth carry it to the fall, which is aboue two hundred fadomes off a steep Rock, and it is so narrow, and the water goeth so close, that it seemes ye may throw ouer it with a dart.

* 2.426 Buenos ayres is a Towne which in old time was disinhabited neere the place where now it is built againe, in the Prouince of the Morocotes, in the borders of the Riuer of Plate, in a plentifull soyle, where all things of Castile doe grow very well; the Gouernor Don Peter of Mendoça built it 1535. which caused all that which Gabote forsooke to be discouered. All this Countrie is com∣monly plaine: for except the Cordilleras or Rowes (which are on the Sea coast, and may be twen∣tie leagues toward Brasil, afterwards compassing all the Countrie toward the Riuer Maranyon) and [ 30] the Rowes of the Kingdomes of Piru, all is plaine, except some small hils.

There are knowne in the Coast of these Prouinces from the Land of Brasil, vnto the Riuer of Plate fiue or six reasonable Ports,* 2.427 the Port of Saint Vincent, in 33. degrees height, right against Buenabrigo, an Iland where the line of the repartition passeth; and six leagues to the South the Ri∣uer Vbay, and the Port, and the Iland de la Cananea in 35. degrees; and forward the Riuer de la Barca, before the Port of Babia or Riuer of Saint Francis, and the Iland of Sancta Catalina, by an∣other name the Port of Vera, or Port of the Duckes (de Peros) and the Port of Don Roderigo, twen∣tie leagues to the South from Sancta Catalina, an Iland 29. degrees and more to the South, fiue leagues▪ Close Hauen, and fifteene the b 2.428 Inhabited Riuer, and as much the Deepe-Bay from this, and the Riuer Tiraqueri, in 32. degrees and a halfe, before the Cape of Saint Marie, which is in 35. [ 40] degrees at the entrie of the Riuer of Plate.

This Riuer is called in the Indian language Paranaguazu, and commonly Parana, hath his en∣trie and mouth in the South Sea,* 2.429 from thirtie fiue vnto thirtie six degrees of altitude, between the Capes of Saint Marie, and Cape Blanke, which is from the one to the other about thirtie leagues of mouth, and from thence inward other tenne leagues in breadth, with many Ilands in the middest, and many very great maine Riuers, which enter into it by the East and West side, vnto the Port of the Kings, which is a great Lake called of the Xarayes, little lesse then three hundred leagues from the Riuer of Plate, where enter many Riuers that come from the skirts of the Andes and they may be of those Riuers that proceede in the Prouinces of the Charcas and Cuzco, which runne toward the North, whereby entreth another maine arme into the said Lake, which hath giuen occasion to thinke that this Riuer doth communicate with the Riuer of Saint Iohn of the [ 50] Amazones; others say that it commeth from the Lake of the Dorado, which is fifteene iournies from the Lake of the Xarayes, though there be opinions that there is no Darado.

* 2.430The Captaine Salazar gouerning in these Prouinces by the death of Don Peter Mendoça, in the yeare 1545. a Spaniard being in his bed and his wife by him on the out side, in the night there came a Tigre and gaue the man a blow that he killed him, and carried him away, and be∣tweene certaine Caues he did deuoure him: in the morning the Captaine Salazar went forth with fiftie Souldiours to seeke the Tigre, and going through a wood, hee went alone by a path, and as soone as hee discouered the Tigre, hee being flesh set vpon him, and at the time hee lifted vp the pawe for to strike him,* 2.431 the Captaine let flee the Shaft out of his Crosse∣bowe, and strooke him to the heart, and it fell downe dead: an exploit of great courage, [ 60] heede and dexteritie.

THe Prouinces and Countrie of Brasil in the Coast of the North Sea, and Terra firme, is called all that which falleth to the East from the line of the repartition,* 2.432 from twentie nine de∣grees of longitude from the Meridian of Toledo, vnto thirtie nine, which are two hundred leagues from East to West, and foure hundred and fiftie North and South, from two degrees of Southerne altitude, by the Cape de Humos or of Smoakes, vnto fiue and twenty, by the Iland of Buenabrigo or Good-harbour. And from the first inhabiting, vnto the last of Brasil,* 2.433 there are three hundred and fiftie leagues. Vincent Yanes Pinzon discouered first this Countrie by comman∣dement of the Kings Catholike, and presently after him Iames of Lepe, in the yeare 1500. and six moneths after Poraluarez Cabral, going with a Portugall armie to India, which to auoide [ 10] the Coast of Guinea did put so much to the Sea that he found this Countrie, and called it Sancta Cruz, because on that day he discouered it. All of it is very hot in Winter and Summer, and ve∣ry rainie, and compassed with Woods and Mists, vnhealthfull, and full of venemous Wormes, plentifull in Pastures for Cattle, and not for Wheate, nor Millet; there are in it great showes of Siluer and Gold, but as the Portugals, haue no stocke to make any profit of the Mines, they leaue them as they are.

The principall foode of this Countrie is the Cazabi which they make of the Yuca, and the greatest trafficke is Sugar, and Cotten Bumbast, and Brasil Wood, which was it that gaue it the name. There are in all the Prouince nine Gouernments, which are called Captainships, and [ 20] in them seuenteene Portugal Townes: in it may be about three and thirtie hundred housholds, and great multitude of warlike Indians, which haue not suffered the Portugals to build but on the Coast, in which are many Riuers, Landings, and many Ports, and very safe, where any Ships may come in, be they neuer so bigge.

The Colonie of the first Captainship, and the most auncient is Tamaraca,* 2.434 the second Pernam∣buco, fiue leagues from Tamaraca to the South, in eight degrees of altitude, and there is a house of the Fathers of the Companie of Iesus: the other is, that of all Saints, one hundred leagues from Pernambuco in thirteene degrees, and there the Gouernour, the Bishop, and the Auditour generall of all the Coasts are resident, and it hath a Colledge of the Company: the fourth Captain∣ship of the Ilands is thirtie leagues from the Bay of All Saints,* 2.435 in foureteen degrees & two third [ 30] parts, it hath a House of the Fathers of the Companie. In this Captainship is found a Tree where out they take a precious Balme.* 2.436 The Captainship of the Sure-hauen is thirtie leagues from the I∣lands in sixteene degrees and a halfe: it hath three Inhabitings, and a House of the Fathers of the Companie. The Captaineship of the Holy-Ghost fiftie leagues from Puerto seguro, in twentie degrees, where they gather much Brasil, and there is one house of the Company. The Captain∣ship of the Riuer of Genero is sixtie leagues from the Holy-Ghost, in twentie three degrees and one third part, with a house of the Fathers of the Company, and they cut in their iurisdiction much Brasil Wood; the Riuer is very faire, with fine and profitable borders. The last Captaineship is Saint Vincent, sixtie leagues from the Riuer of Genero, in foure and twentie degrees, it hath a for∣tresse in an Iland for a defence against the Indians and Pirates, and a house of the said Fathers, [ 40] which haue done great profit in the inhabiting of thi•• Countrie, and conuersion of the Indians, and their libertie. The Cattle that are in these Prouinces are many and great breeding of Swine, and Hens, they gather much Amber which the Sea casteth vp with stormes at the spring tides,* 2.437 and many persons haue inriched themselues with it. Then Summer is from September to Fe∣bruary, and the Winter from March vnto August; the dayes are almost as long as the nights, they increase and diminish onely an houre, in the winter the winde is alwaies at South and South-east, in Summer North-east and East North-east.

There are in this Coast eight or tenne Ports more principall then the rest,* 2.438 which are the Riuer of Saint Dominicke and de las Virtudes to the North-east of Pernambuco, and Tamaraca, which is an Iland, and as it is said, the first Plantation, and before the Cape of Saint Austine, which stands in nine degrees, the Riuer of Saint Francis in ten degrees and a halfe, which is great and [ 50] mightie: the Bay of All Saints three leagues broad, and thirteene into the Land vnto Saint Sa∣uiour, the Riuer and Port Trenado, where the Ships doe touch that goe this Voyage, and the Riuer of Canamum in thirteene degrees and a halfe, the Riuer of the Beastes or of Saint Austine is foureteen degrees and a halfe; and the Riuer of the Virgenes in sixteene. Portesecure in seuenteen degrees: the Riuer of P••rayua in twentie degrees, neere to Sancti spiritus: the Riuer of Ge∣nero neere to Saint Sebastian,* 2.439 and Cold Cape in three and twentie degrees beyond Saint Vincent.

INdies of the West,* 2.440 are all the Ilands and firme Land comprehended within the markes of the [ 60] Crowne of Castile and of Lyon, at the Occidentall end of the said bounds; whose line as is said passeth on the other side the world, through the Citie of Malaca from whence toward the East, and New Spaine, is a great Gulfe of infinite Ilands great and small, and many pieces of Coasts, and firme Land, which are diuided into the Ilands of the Spicerie, or of the Malucos, I∣lands Philipinas, the Coast of China, Ilands of the Lequios and Iapones, Coast of the new Guinea,

Ilands of Salomon, and of Ladrones or the Theeues: the temper of all these Ilands and Lands in ge∣nerall is moist, and temperately hot, plentifull of Victuals, and Beasts, with some Gold, but base, no Siluer, store of Wax, and the people of sundry colours, and the ordinary colour like Indians, and some white among them, and some cole-blacke.

The Ilands of the Spicerie (which properly are called so, because all the Pepper, Cloues, Sina∣mon, Ginger, Nutmegs, and Masticke that is spent in Europe, is brought from them) are ma∣ny, though the most famous of that Gulfe are fiue small Ilands vnder the Equinoctiall in one hundred nintie foure degrees from the Meridian of Toledo, included in the morgage which the Emperor Charles the fift made of them to the King of Portugall for three hundred and fiftie thou∣sand Duckets, which are Terrenate of eight or nine leagues compasse, with a Port called Talan∣game,* 2.441 and in it raigned Corala, which yeelded himselfe for subiect to the King of Castile, when [ 10] the Shippes that remained of Magelanes fleete found these Ilands. The Iland of Tidore stands one league from Terrenate to the South, it hath tenne leagues compasse. The Iland of Matil, or Mutier is of foure leagues compasse, and is vnder the Equinoctiall, and Maquin three leagues to the South, of seuen in compasse, and tenne leagues to the South. Batan or Baquian is twen∣tie leagues in compasse. In the Iland of Tidore raigned Almanzor, which also gaue himselfe for subiect of the King of Castile, the which, and Carala did write and Iohn Sebastian of the Cano, borne in the Village of Guitarca, in the Prouince of Guipuzcoa brought their Letters; the which departing from Tidore in the yeare 1522. touched in the Iland of Zamatia, and going vp to al∣most fortie two degrees toward the Antarticke Pole, he arriued at the Iland of Saint Iames of the Greene Cape or Cabo Verde, and from thence to Siuill with the Shippe called the Victorie, [ 20] hauing spent seuen moneths time little lesse in comming from the Iland of Tidore. Patian is the fift Iland like the other; Moores inhabited in it, and Gentiles also, which knew not the im∣mortalitie of the soule. And when the Shippe of the fleete of Fryer Garcia of Loaysa came, Ro∣iami raigned in Tidore of thirteene yeares of age, and againe acknowledged the King of Castile, and also the King of Gilolo called Sultan Abderta meniani, and confirmed it with an oath. Gilolo is an Iland vnder the line foure leagues distant from those rehearsed; it is of two hundred leagues compasse, without Spicerie: the Iland of Ambon in three degrees and a halfe to the South, from the Iland of Gilolo without Spicerie. The Ilands of Bandan are in foure degrees of Southerne al∣titude, where the Nutmegge is gathered, and Mace; and the Burro, which is to the West of Ambon, and Timor, another Iland to the South-west from Bandan, almost one hundred leagues, [ 30] without Spicery, but rich of Sandalo, Zeinda, fiftie leagues from Timor, to the North-west of forty leagues compasse, plentiful of Pepper, and the Iland of Celebes, which is very great, & Borney grea∣ter, neere the straight of Malaca, which is made in the firme Land; & Zamatia, which in old time they called Taprobana. There be other manie great Ilands, and small, which remaine to the South side, neere Iaua Maior & Minor, and to the North toward the coast of Chyna: the Portugals haue a fortresse in Terrenate, and other in the Citie of Malaca at the entrie of the Archipelagus.

The Ilands Philippinas are a Sea of thirtie or fortie great Ilands, besides many other small ones which are together in lesse then two hundred leagues in length North and South, and one hun∣dred in breadth betweene New Spaine, and the Gulfe of Bengala, and they are about seuenteene hundred leagues from the Port of the Natiuitie in New Spaine, from six to fifteene or sixteene [ 40] degrees of Septentrional altitude, of a reasonable temperature, and plentifull of victuals, specially of Rice, and some base Gold in some places, and in some Ilands are Cinamon trees, and long Pepper.* 2.442 The Countriemen are of a good shape, and in some Ilands they are blacke, and those which liue in the center of the Countrie are whiter then those that liue in the Sea coasts. There are good Ports, and Timber for Shipping, the names of the principallest Ilands are Mindano, which is the greatest, and most Southward, of a hundred leagues in length, and three hundred in compasse, a rough Countrie, but plentifull of Millet, Waxe, Rice, Ginger, and some Cinamon, and Mines of Gold, with good Hauens, and Rodes: the Iland of Good-tokens, and Saint Iohn leaning to Mindanao, on the East side, of twenty leagues in length North and South; Behol, ten leagues more to Mindanao on the North side, nineteene leagues in length. [ 50]

The Iland of Buglas or of Negros, by reason of those that are in it, is in the middest of that Sea to the West, of fortie leagues in length North and South, and foureteen in breadth, and in her coast are some Pearles: the Iland of Zubu in the middest of all, of thirtie leagues in length North and South, and in it a Spanish Towne, called the Village of Iesus, on the East side, with one good Hauen, besides other that are in the Iland, the Captaine Ferdinando Magellanes discouered this I∣land, in the yeare 1520. the King yeelded then himselfe for subiect to the Crowne of Castile, and before he discouered the Ilands, which he called de las Velas Latinas, because they sailed in their Shippes with sayles of Mats made of Palme tree leaues after the Latine fashion;* 2.443 and from Zubu Magellanes went with the King, to warre against the King of Màtan, in a little Iland close [ 60] to that of Zubu on the South side, where being too valiant and confident he was slaine; and the Spaniards following their Voyage in demand of the Ilands of the Spicerie, they discouered Que∣pindo, Pul••an, and Burney, which is a great, rich, and plentifull Iland of Rice, Sugar, Goates, Swine, Cammels: it wa••••s Wheate, Asses, and Sheepe; it hath Ginger, Camphire, Mirabolans,

and other Drugges. Aluaro of Saauedra discouered also the Phillippines, and tooke possession of them in the yeare 1527. for the Crowne of Castile,* 2.444 which by order of the Marquesse of the Val∣ley went from the Port of Ciuitlaneio in New Spaine, in demand of the Ilands of the Spicerie, and particularly he was in Mindanao: and this digression hath not bin out of purpose.

Returning to the order of the Phillippines, there followeth the aboue said Abuyo, or Babay thirtie leagues in length North and South, and tenne in breadth, in which are good Mines, and Pearles, in her coast: Tandayala most famous of all, which for being first discouered, is called Phillipine, of which all take the name, in memory of the inuincible King Don Philip the second, the Pru∣dent. It hath fortie leagues on the North side, and of the East North North-east, and South South-west, and twelue leagues in breadth where most, with good Hauens and Roades: Masbat a [ 10] meane Iland to the West of Tandaya, of seuenteene leagues in length, and fifteene in breadth, with one Hauen: Mindoro of fiue and twentie leagues in length North and South, and halfe in breadth; there is Pepper in it, and Mines of Gold: the Iland of Luzan, called the New Castile, as great or greater then Mindanao, the most Septentrionall of the Phillipines, in the which is built Manila,* 2.445 a Citie of Spaniards, with title of Famous, where the Gouernour, Officers of the goods, and cheft Royall, and the Cathedrall are resident; it is a plentifull soyle of Victuals, with many Mines of Gold: the Hauen of this Citie is bad, and for all that there is great trafficke with the Chynas, which bring Porcelane Vessell, Tinsels, coloured silkes, and other Merchandize: Luçon hath in length two hundred leagues, and it is very narrow.

In all these Ilands are many Mahometanes, wither they came by the East India, and could ea∣sily [ 20] plant their falshood amongst those blinde Gentiles. Captaine Magellanes as aboue said disco∣uered these Ilands, the yeare 1520. going with an Armie of the Crowne of Castile, in search of the Ilands of the Malucoes, and tooke possession of them, and afterward Michael Lopez of Le∣gazpi made an end of discouering them,* 2.446 the yeare 1564. with an Armie which hee tooke from New Spaine, by order of the Vice-roy, Don Lewis of Velasco: it is iudged that those Ilands doe amount to eleauen thousand great and small. There are pacified about fortie of them, and conuerted more then a Million of men vnto the Catholike Faith, with so many expen∣ces of the Crowne Royall, not hauing had vntill now any profit from those Countries; for euery Religious man of those that are sent thither, doth cost to set there one thousand Duckets. Those which hitherto haue laboured in that Vineyard, with most great fruite of the soules, are [ 30] the Religious Dominicans, Franciscans, Barefooted, and Austine Fryers, and the Company of Iesus; and from these Ilands hath beene begun to bridle the Mahometans, which from the Coast of Asia went by little and little extending through these, and other Ilands,* 2.447 and also to the Chi∣nas and Iapones, and the Portugals had already lost the Ilands of the Malucos, if the Spaniards of the Prouinces of the Phillippines had not holpen and succoured them diuers times and ma∣ny wayes.

There is already a plainer notice had of the Chynas, by the commerce of the Phillippines,* 2.448 and their riches and plenty is knowne: it is of the richest and mightiest Kingdomes of the World, and from Manila may be to the coast of China three hundred leagues, of eight dayes sayling, and the coast of that Countrie goeth running as to the North-east, more then seuen hundred leagues, [ 40] from twentie one to twenty two degrees of Septentrional latitude, and vpward, and it is known that crosse ouer the Countrie inward is a Voyage of fiue or sixe moneths, to the confines of Tar∣taria; being a Countrie of great Cities, with many Townes, and the people politicke, and prepared for their defence, but not warlike, and the Coast much inhabited with maine Ri∣uers, and good Hauens: it extends from seuenteene vnto fiftie degrees North and South, and East and West it occupieth two and twentie: the Citie of Paquin, where the King hath his Court, stands in fortie eight degrees of our Pole, it is diuided in fifteene Prouinces, sixe Maritime, and nine Mediterrane, and the one are deuided from the other with certaine Moun∣taines like the Pirineis, and there are but two passages whereby they doe communicate.

Thomas Perez Ambassadour of the King of Portugall, was from Cantan to Nanqui foure [ 50] Moneths, trauelling alwayes to the North:* 2.449 and to the largenesse of this Kingdome is ioyned the plentie of the Countrie, which is great, for the which the multitude of the nauigable Riuers that do water it, are a help, wherewith it seemes a pleasant Forrest or Garden, and the abundance is doubled by many wayes, for the Kings spare no cost to make the Countrie watered in euery place, c••tting great hils, and making great Valleys plaine; and the heate not wanting in any place, for all the Countrie almost is contained in the bounds of the temperate Zone, nor the moi∣sture by the clemencie of nature, and by the industrie of men it is incredibly all multiplied, and all being compelled to busie themselues in something, there is not one foote of ground left vn∣profitable. In Canton among other notable things they say there are a great number of blinde [ 60] men that doe labour in something, euery one as he is able, and being forbidden the going out of the Kingdome without licence, the which is neuer granted, but for a limited time it is necessary that the propagation increasing continually, the number of the people be without end, especi∣ally that they hold for a certaine, that for fiue persons that doe dye, there are seuen borne, and the purenesse of the ayre is so much, that they doe not remember, there hath beene any vni∣uersall

plague, and with all these good things they haue their troubles also, for there are earth∣quakes that destroy whole Cities, disinhabit the Countrie, and suppresse the auncient Riuers, and raise others, and doe make great Mountaines plaine, with a miserable misfortune of that people.

The yeare 1555. there burst out of the intrailes of the earth such abundance of water, that it ouer-flowed the space of sixtie leagues, and destroyed seuen Cities with their iurisdictions. And this as touching the continent of China. There is through all the Coast a multitude of Ilands, the greater part are vnto vs vnknowne. Not farre from Nanqui, is the Cape of Lampo, the Iland of Aueniga, Abarda, Sumbar, Lanqui, and the Iland of Horses, of the which no particular no∣tice is had. Passing the Citie of Chincheo, stands Lamao, and a great number of Ilands are seene [ 10] about Cantan, and these are the most celebrated, Lantao, Macao, Veniaga, where is the Port of Tamo, Lampacao, Sancoan, in all the which the King of China hath Garrisons on Sea and Land, except in Lampacao which is not inhabited.

In Macao, by another name Macan, the Portugals haue a Towne, and the Chinas knowing the valour of the Portugals,* 2.450 and the fauour they haue of the Castillans of the Phillipines, suffer it with an euill will, but the Portugals seeke to preserue themselues, for their profitable com∣merce in China. Sancon is thirtie leagues from Cantan, where sometimes the Portugals haue touched, and no Iland of China is of greater importance then Anian in the mouth of the Gulfe of Cauchinchina, fiue leagues from the * 2.451 Firme Land, and one hundred and eightie from the Philli∣pines,* 2.452 and it is so bigge, that they affirme it to haue thirtie Fortresses; in it is a fishing [ 20] for small Pearles. It is aboundant of Victuals, and of many Fruits: vnder the Gouern∣ment of Cantan, the principall Port of China, and the Countrie men are grosse and rude people.

* 2.453Iapan is many Ilands diuided with small armes of the Sea, in three and thirtie Kingdomes, whose head is the Citie of Meaco, distant variable from China, and they count from the Iland of Goto in Iapon to Liampo in China sixtie leagues, which is the neerest. The Iapones doe greatly mo∣lest the Chinas, more with piracies, and thefts, then with iust war, because Iapan being diuided in sundry Ilands, and diuers Princes, they can make no warre against the Chinas, but with weake forces. They are more warlike and valiant then the Chinas: it is a temperate Countrie, plenti∣full of Seedes, Cattle and Fowle of Europe, it hath Mines of Iron and Steele: the Countrie men [ 30] are strong, valiant, and for much labour: those Ilands stand in thirtie fiue degrees of the Pole, lit∣tle more or lesse, according to the distance of euery Iland. The Iapones doe not vnderstand the Chi∣nas but by writing, because of the Characters, or Letters being one for them all, and though they signifie the same, they haue not the same name, for they are to declare things, and not words, a•• the figures of Arithmeticke,* 2.454 that if a 9. be set, the French, the Castillan, and the English man doe vnderstand it, that it signifieth 9. but euery one doe name it after their owne fashion.

By another side the Iapones doe confine with the Phillipines, from whence there is commerce with them, and a great incouragement is giuen to the Fathers of the Company, for to labour in the conuersion of the people of those Kingdomes, where notable fruite hath beene gotten, for the which these Ilands are much celebrated in the world, and by the comming of the Ambassa∣dours [ 40] of the new Christendome to the Pope, and to the King Phillip the second, the Prudent: and so as nature placed them in a scituation separated from the rest of the Land, the men of that Region are differing in customes from other people. In the yeare 1592. Nobunanga which cau∣sed himselfe to be called Emperour of Iapan, interprised with eightie Vessels, and 20000. men, cer∣taine Prouinces tributarie vnto China, and wan it.

From the Iland of Simo, which is among them of Iapan the greatest, is extended a row of small Ilands, called the Lequios, and doe prolong themselues toward the Coast of China; the two grea∣ter,* 2.455 which is euery one of fifteene or twentie leagues, neere the Coast of Iapan, are called the grea∣ter Lequio, and other two also great, though not so much, which are at the end of the Rowe, they call Lequio the lesser: some are inhabited of well shapen people, white, politicke, well apparel∣led, [ 50] warlike, and of good reason, they abound in Gold more then others of that Sea, and not lesse in Victuals, Fruits, and good Waters. Neere vnto the lesser Lequio stands Hermosa, or the beautifull Iland, which hath the same qualitie, and say it is as big as Sicilie.

* 2.456THe Coast of new Guiena beginneth one hundred leagues to the East of the Iland of Gilolo, in little more then one degree altitude, on the other side of the Equinoctiall, from whence it is prolonged toward the East three hundred leagues, till it come to fiue or six degrees. It hath beene doubted vntill now, whether it be an Iland or firme Land, because it doth enlarge it selfe in so great a Voyage from being able to ioyne with the Countries of the Ilands of Salomon, or Prouin∣ces of the Straight of M••gellanes by the South side; but this doubt is resolued with that which [ 60] those do affirme that sailed on the South side of the Straight of Magelanes, that that is not a con∣tinent, but Ilands, and that presently followeth a spacious Sea, and among those that doe affirme i•• is Sir Richard Hawkins, an English Knight, which was fiue and fortie dayes among the same Ilands.

From the Sea the Land of this coast of Guinea seemeth good, and the men that haue been seene are cole black, and in the coast are many Ilands with good roads,* 2.457 and ports whereof is no particu∣lar notice; for hauing sailed it few times, those which are found in some cards are Aguada or the watering to the East thirty fiue leagues from the first Land, is in one degree of Southern altitude; and eighteene forward the port of Saint Iames, and the Iland of the Crespos of sixteene leagues long neere the coast, right against the Port of Saint Andrew, and neere to it the Riuer of Saint Peter, and Saint Paul, before the Port of Saint Ierom, and a small Iland neere the a 2.458 thrust out Point, 40. leagues from S. Austin, which they call of Good-pence, and more forward from it, the b 2.459 Shelter, and Euill people, two little Ilands, and the Bay of Saint Nicholas, fiftie leagues from Puntasalida, and among other Ilands one of white men, and the Mother of God before Good Baye, and of the [ 10] Natiuitie of our Lady, the last of that which is discouered,c 2.460 and as to the North from it the Cay∣mana, an Iland without in the Sea among others which haue no name.

The Meridionall coast is not yet known, the first that discouered the new Guine was Aluaro of Saauedra, being lost with many stormes from his course, returning to new Spain, when in the year 1527. the Marques of the Valley sent him that on that side he should seek the Ilands of the Spicerie.

The Ilands of Salomon are eight hundred leagues from Piru,* 2.461 & the opinion that is held of their riches, gaue them this name, the which properly are called of the West, because they fal to the West from the Prouinces of Piru, from the place that Aluaro of Mendoça made discouery of them by or∣der of the Licentiate Lope Garcia de Castro his Vnckle, Gouernor of the Kingdomes of Piru, in the yeare 1567. the first that saw the Land of these Ilands was a yong man, called Treio, in the top of [ 20] a Ship: they are from seuen degrees of altitude on the other side of the Equinoctiall about 1500. leagues from the Citie of the Kings, they are many in quantity & greatnes, and eighteen the most famous, some of 300. leagues in compasse, and two of 200. and of 100. and of 50. and thence down∣ward, besides many which are not yet made an end of coasting, and they say that they might bea-continent with the coast of the new Guiney, and the Countries to be discouered toward the West of the straight: the Countrie of these Ilands seemeth of a good temper, and habitable, plentifull of victuals, and Cattell: there were found in them some fruits like those of Castile, Swine & Hens in great number: the Countrie men some of a brown colour like Indians, others white & ruddie, and some cole blacke, which is an argument of continuance with the Countries of the new-Guinie, whereby there may so many differences of people be mingled of those which resort to the Ilands [ 30] of the Spicery.

The greatest and most renowned are Sancta Ysabel, from eight to nine degrees of altitude, of more then 150. leagues in length, and eighteene in breadth▪ and one good port called of the Star: Saint George or Borbi to the South of S. Isabel one league and a halfe, of thirty leagues compasse▪ Saint Marcos, or Saint Nicholas of one hundred leagues compasse to the South-east of Saint Isabel; the Iland of the * 2.462 Shelues as great as the former to the South of Saint Isabel, and Saint Ierome to the West of 100. leagues compasse; and Guadalcauall to the South-west greater then all: and to the East of Saint Isabel, the Iland of d 2.463 Buenauista, and Saint Dimas, and the Iland of Florida of twenty leagues circuit euery one; and to the East of it, the Iland of e 2.464 Ramos of 200. leagues compasse, and neere to it Malayta, and f 2.465 Atreguada of thirty, and the three Maries, certaine little Ilands, & the [ 40] Iland of Saint Iohn of twelue leagues compasse betweene the Atreguada and the Iland of S. Iames to the South. Malata of 100. leagues circuit, and to the South-east of it, the Iland of Saint Christo∣pher as bigge as it: and Saint Anne, and Saint Catherine, two small Ilands fast by it: the Name of God, a small Iland distant from the other fiftie leagues, in seuen degrees of altitude,* 2.466 and in the same Rumbe to the North of Saint Isabel, the Shelues, which they call of g 2.467 Candelaria.

There is in the voiage that is made from Piru to the Ilands of Salomon, an Iland called of S. Paul, in fifteen degrees of altitude, 700. leagues from Piru, nineteen degrees, 300. leagues of Land, others which may be those that they called of Salomon, and they say also that they might be others which this little while haue beene discouered in the same Rombe of Chile.

[ 50] The Ilands of the Theeues are a row of 16. smal Ilands together which runne North and South, with the middest of the coast of Guiney, from twelue degrees of altitude vnto seuenteene Septen∣trionall or more, not farre from the Phillippinas to the East. They are all barren ground, and mi∣serable, without Cattle, or Mettals, scarce of Victuals, inhabited with poore people, well sha∣pen, naked, and much inclined to steale, euen to the nayles of the Shippes that came there, whereby Magelane named them of the The••ues,* 2.468 in the yeare 1520. when he came to them go∣ing in demand of the Spicerie. Their names are, the English, the most North, and after it Ota Mao, Chemechoa Gregua, Agan, or Pagan, Oramagan, Gugn••••, Chareguan, Natan, Saepan, Bo∣ta, Volia. There are among these Ilands Phillipines, other eighteene or twenty, called of the Kings, Archipelagus, or Ilands of the Corrall, and the Gardens, another quantity of little Ilands, [ 60] and Pialogo, Saint Vilan, another little Iland, the Gardens, and the Iland of the Matalores, and that of the Shelues, and of Saint Iohn, or of Palmes, neere the Malucos,g 2.469 and on the North side of the Theeues, fiue or six little Ilands together, called the h 2.470 Volcanes, where is store of Cochinilla; and ⁱ Malpelo another small Iland, where are * 2.471 Ci••aloes very fine, and on the East side of the Theeues, the two Sisters, two little Ilands in ten degrees, and Saint Bartholomew in foureteene and more

toward new Spaine, the Shelues, Look how thou goest, Take away sleep, or See thou sleep not; & neere to them the Iland of Martine,* 2.472 and Saint Paul, another small Iland with shelues, and the inhabited the most Eastward toward new Spaine, Aluaro of Saauedra was also in the Iland of the Theeues, in the yeare 1527. returning from the Iland of Spicerie to new Spaine.

THe Catholike King of Castile, and of Lyon continuing in their auncient, and Christian pietie, presently after these new Countries were discouered,* 2.473 and ioyned with this faire Monarchie, procured to plant, and settle the Catholike Religion in them, and temporall pollicie, with so much care and aduice of the wisest men of these Kingdomes. For as the discoueries did increase the businesses, they formed a particular Counsell with President and Councellours, that busying [ 10] themselues in no other thing, with more diligence they might resort to that which so much per∣tained to the seruice of our Lord God, and gouernment of that Orbe. And because hereafter mention shall be made of the persons which from the beginning haue laboured, and serued in the supreame Counsel of the Indies, which hath carried so great a waight vnto this present houre, first shall be spoken of the spirituall and temporall gouernment, and the rest worth the knowing, that the order of that Monarchie may be understood, with all breuitie.

The first thing that these godly Kings did charge and command the first Discouerer, and from man to man commanded the other Discouerers and Gouernours of that new World with very straight orders, was, that they should procure that the people which they carried, with the Chri∣stian life, and with their good customes, should giue such example to the Indians, that they might [ 20] be glad to imitate them, and should binde them vnto it▪ entring first according to the Euangeli∣call Law, the religious men preaching it, that so rather with the sweetnesse of it, then with the force and noyse of Armes it should be admitted, and that iustice should be administred with such equalitie to all men, that it might be much respected & esteemed. All went forward, the townes went augmenting in such manner, that with the zeale of the seruice of God, and good of the men it hath come to such a point, that at this day there are found built and established in all that Orbe of this Crowne possessed, as before hath beene seene, fiue Archbishopricks, twentie seuen Bishopricks, two famous Vniuersities,* 2.474 where with great learning and doctrine al the Sciences are read, more then foure hundred Monasteries of religious Dominicks, Franciscani, Augustines, Mercenaries, and the Companie of Iesus, with some Monasteries of Nunnes, and Colledges, infinite Hospitals, and Frater∣nities, [ 30] innumerable store of beneficed Cures, which are called Doctrines, for to teach those new Conuerts, and Heremites, and Chappels in the high-way erected on pillars, hauing Crucifixes in them, without number. All the which was begun at the charge of the Crowne, and at this day it go∣eth forward where there is no maintenance for it. In effect, this Catholike pietie by the clemen∣cy of God goeth from good to better, augmenting with so much reuerence and honour of God, that in no place of Christendome it is done with more order or care, by the care of the supreme Councell of the Indies. Of the which is inferred, that the Concession of the Apostolike Roman Sea made to the Crowne of Castile, and of Lion, of the Patronage Ecclesiasticall of that new World was a very great remedie, in the which our Lord God (as Hee which onely is Hee that seeth, and preuenteth all things to come) did a thing worthy of His greatnesse, seeing Hee hath shewed the [ 40] experience that if this had beene gouerned otherwise, it had beene impossible to haue proceeded with the harmonie, and euen concent as it hath, of Religion, Iustice, and Gouernment, with so much obedience and quietnesse.

The Ecclesiasticall Patronage is gouerned in the same manner that in the Kingdome of Grana∣da,* 2.475 the Kings Catholike presenting to the chiefe Bishop onely the Archbishops, and Bishops, that from his holy hand they may receiue these Prelacies, and may dispatch their Bulls, procuring alway that they be persons of a religious life, and great learning. All the other Dignities and Be∣nefices are prouided by the King, and consultation of the supreme Councell of the Indies, and they go not to Rome for Buls: and their rents consist in tithes and first fruits which arise of the Spanish inhabiters. For in the most places of these Indies the Countrie men paie not, and where the tithes [ 50] are wanting, it is supplied out of the goods royall: and touching the tithes and first fruits that are to be paied, many ordinances and rates are made according to the stile of these Kingdomes, that the men of each Colony, it is iust it should follow her customes. And though the Kings of Castile, and of Lyon, are Lords of the tithes by Apostolike concession, & might take them to himselfe, sup∣plying where it wanteth with that which in other places doth exceede, he leaueth them to the Prelates & Churches, prouiding of his own goods Royall with the liberality of so Catholik Pri••∣ces, to all the necessities of the poore Churches, giuing to euery one that is built anew the greatest part of that which is spent in the building, with a Chaliz, a Bell, and a painted * 2.476 Table.

That the distribution of that which proceedeth of the tithes, and of that which is bestowed out of the goods Royall in maintenance of the Prelates, Dignities, and Canons of the Cathedrall [ 60] Churches, and Benefices, Cures, and persons that are occupied in the diuine Seruice, and instruct∣ing of the Indians, may be fruitfully imploied according to the holy intention of the Kings; the sup∣reme Counsell hath made good ordinances. First, that all the said persons be of an approued life and customes,* 2.477 & especially those that doe meddle in the Doctrines, being first examined touching

learning, and after in the language of the Indians; for it would little auaile, that the Disciples should not vnderstand the Maister: and that these do continually reside: and that no Curate, or Teacher may haue two Benefices; and that those which shall from these parts passe to the Indies be more approued, it is commanded that no Priest doe passe without licence of his Prelate and of the King, and that if any be there found without it, presently they should send him to Spaine.

And that the manner how the Royall Patronage is gouerned may better be vnderstood,* 2.478 seeing it appertaineth to this Crowne, because that it hath discouered and acquired that New World; and hath also built and endowed, out of the goods Royall, so many Churches, & Monasteries, as by the Apostolike concession, that for no cause the said patronage, nor any part of it, either by custome, or [ 10] prescription, or other title may be separated from it: it is ordained what care the Vice-roies, Coun∣sels, Gouernors, & Rulers, are to haue in it, and what penalties the transgressors should incur. First, that no Cathedrall or Parish Church, Monasterie, Hospitall, nor votiue Church, should be founded without consent of the King. That when in the Cathedrall Churches there are not foure * 2.479Bene∣ficed men resident, prouided by royall presentation, & canonicall prouision of the Prelate, because the other Prebends be voide, or absent for more then eight moneths (though for a lawfull cause.) The said Prelate, till such time as the King doth present, may chuse to the accomplishing of the foure Clarks (besides those that are prouided and resident) of the most sufficient of those that shall offer themselues, without that the said prouision be in Titulo (to be remoueable at pleasure) & that they haue no seate in the Q••ire, nor voice in Counsell. That no Prelate may make canonicall in∣stitution, nor giue possession of any Prebend, or Benefice, without presentation Royall, & in such a [ 20] case that without delay they make the prouision, and command to resort with the fruits. That in all the dignities, & Prebends, the learned be preferred before the vnlearned, and those which haue serued in the Cathedral Churches of Castile, and haue more exercise of the seruice of the Quire, be∣fore them that haue not serued in them. That at the least there be presented for euery Cathedrall Church a graduate Lawyer, & a Diuine for the Pulpet, with the obligation that in these Kingdoms the doctoral Canons, & Magistrates haue; & another learned Diuine to read the sacred Scripture: and another Lawyer or Diuine for the Cannonship of Pennance, according to the sacred Counsell of Trent. That all the other Benefices, Cures, and simples, secular, and regulars, and the Ecclesiasti∣call Offices that shall be voide, or prouided anew. That they may be made with lesse delay, and the [ 30] Royall patronage may be preserued, it is commanded that they be made in the forme following. That any of the abouesaid Benefices, or Offices being voide, the Prelate shall command to make edicts with a competent tearme, and of those that shall offer themselues hauing examined them, and being informed of their behauior, shall name of the best; and the Vice-roy or Gouernor of the Prouince, shal chuse one and remit the election to the Prelate, that he make the prouision, Collati∣on, and Cannonicall institution by way of recommendation, and not in a perpetuall title, so that when the King doth make the presentation, and in it shal be expressed that the collation be made in a perpetuall title, the Canonicall institution shall be in title, and not in recommendation: and the presented by the King be alwayes preferred before the presented by his Ministers.

That in the repartitions, and Towns of the Indians,* 2.480 and other places where they haue no bene∣fice [ 40] to elect, or means to place one to administer the Sacraments, the Prelates shall procure there be one to teach the Doctrine, making an edict, and hauing informed himselfe of his sufficiency and goodnes, he shall send the nomination to the Ministers Royal, that they do present him one of the two nominated, and if there be but one, that, and in the vertue of such a presentation the Prelate shall make the prouision, giuing him the instruction how he is to teach, and commanding him to giue notice of the fruits. That in the presentations of all the dignities, offices, and benefices, the best deseruing, and that most exercised in the conuersion of the Indians, and the administration of the Sacraments shall be prouided; which, & those that best speak the language of the Indians, shall be preferred before the other. That he which shall come or send to request his Maiestie to present him to some dignitie, office, or benefice, shall appeare before the Ministers of the Prouince, and de∣claring [ 50] his petition, he shall giue information of his kindred, learning, customes & sufficiency, and the Minister shall make another of his office, and with his opinion to send it, and that the preten∣dant do bring also an approbation from his Prelate; for without these diligences those that come shall not be admitted. That none may obtaine two Benefices, or dignities in one, or in sundry Churches.* 2.481 That the presented not appearing before the time contained in the presentation before the Prelate, it shall be voide, and they may not make him a Cannonicall institution.

BEsides that which is rehearsed, it is prouided that they doe not permit any Prebendary in the Cathedrall Churches, to enioy the rents of it, except it be seruing & being resident; and that the Benefices of the Indians be Cures, and not simples▪ and that in the new discoueries, and plan∣tations [ 60] that shall be made, there be presently an Hospitall built for the poore, and sicke persons, of sicknesses that are not contagious, which shall be placed neere the Temple, and for a Cloyster of the same; that for the sicke of contagious diseases, the Hospitall shall be set that no hurt∣full winde passing by it doe strike in the other inhabiting, and if it be built on a high place it will be better. And because the King being informed that goods of the deceassed in those parts do not

come so wholly as they might, nor so soone to the hands of the heyres, by will of the said decea∣sed, for many causes, whereby the heires receiued great damage, and the testaments were not per∣formed:* 2.482 for a remedy, it was prouided, that whatsoeuer Spaniard shall come to any Village, or Towne of those parts, he shall present himselfe before the Clarke of the Counsell, where he shall Register the name, and surname of such a one, with the place of his aboad or birth, that his death happening, it may be knowne where those that are to be his heires may be found. That the ordi∣nary Iustice, with the most auncient Ruler, and the Clark of the Counsell shall take charge of the goods of the persons that shall dye, and shal set them in an Inuentorie, before a Scriuener and Wit∣nesses: and the debts that he did owe, and were owing him, and that which is in Gold & Siluer, small Pearle, and other things shall be sold, and put in a Chest of three Locks, whose Keyes the three persons abouesaid shall keepe. That the goods be sold in a publike out-cry, with the Testi∣mony [ 10] of a Scriuener: that if neede be▪ an Atturney shall be constituted. That the said Iustices doe take occompt of all those that haue charge of dead mens goods, and recouer all that they are be∣hinde hand without any appeale, and doe put it in the Chest of the three Keyes. That hauing any Will of the deceased where he dyeth, and the Heires or Executors, the Iustice shall not meddle in any thing, neither take the goods, taking only notice who be the Heires of the said deceased. That the said Iustices, Rulers, and Scriueners doe send also to the Contrataction-house of Seuill, all that which they shall recouer of the goods of the deceased, declaring the name, surname, and aboad of of euery one deceased, with the Copy of the Inuentory of his goods, that they may be giuen to his Heires, by the order that touching the same is giuen. That when they take accompt of those that haue had goods of men deceased, it shall be sent to the supreme Counsell of the Indies, with a very [ 20] particular relation, and reason of all. That the Iustices doe with care enforme themselues carefully of those which haue in possession the goods of men deceased, whether they haue done any fraude, and preiudice to the goods they haue had in possession, & send to the Counsel notice thereof, that they may giue accompt with paiment to the Iustices aboue said▪ That accompt be giuen euery yeere, and the memoriall of the dead that haue beene that yeere shall be shewed to the Gouernor of the Country, & of the goods they had, that they may be sent to Seuill, & be giuen to his heires, and the Testaments be fulfilled, with good accompt and reason that is behoouefull. For in euery Counsell, one of the Iustices is Iudge of the goods of the deceased, the one succeeding another, from the yongest to the eldest, by their turne, which doth send his Commissaries through the bounds to take accompt of the houlders, and there be any carelessenesse, the Iustices are charged therewith in [ 30] the visitations which are made of them, and before when there are any Plaintifes.

Those Catholike Kings being informed that in the Indies were many married Spaniards, which liued separated from their wiues,* 2.483 of the which, besides the offence that was done to our Lord God, there followed a great inconuenience to the Plantation of those Countries, for that such not li∣uing seated in them, were not continued, neither did they attend to build, plant, breed, nor sowing, nor doing other things, which the good inhabiters are wont to doe, whereby the Townes doe not increase, as is behoofefull, and as they would do if there came inhabitors with their wiues & chil∣dren, as true Townsmen; being willing to remedy the abouesaid, commanded that all and euery person or persons that should be found to be married, or betrothed in these Kingdomes, should come vnto them for their wiues, and not returne to the Indies without them, or with sufficient [ 40] proof that they are dead. And the same order was giuen for all the Kingdomes, of that new world, and sundry times hath beene reiterated, and commanded to be executed vpon grieuous penalties.

Proceeding from the yeare 1492. when the discouery of this Orbe was begun, in directing and setling the spirituall gouernment,* 2.484 as hath beene seene, for greater perfection, and enduring of it: The Catholike King Don Phillip the second, called the Prudent, considering that among the great benefits that the Indians haue receiued, their illumination to receiue the Euangelicall Doctrin was the greatest, which hath ex••ended itselfe, and considering also the singular grace which God for his mercy hath vsed with them, in giuing them knowledge of our holy Catholike Faith; that it was necessary to haue a speciall vigilancy in the conseruing of the deuotion, and reputation of the [ 50] inhabitors, and Castillane pacifiers, which with so many labours procured the augmenting of the Religion, and exalting of the Catholike Faith (as in those parts like faithful & Catholik Christians, and good naturall and true Castillans they haue done) & seeing that those which are out of the ho∣ly Catholike & Apostolike Roman Church, obstinate, and stubborne in their errors, and heresies, do alwayes procure to peruert the faithful Christians▪ labouring to draw them to their false opinions, scattering certain damned Books, wherof hath followed great hurt to our sacred Religion; and ha∣uing so certain experience that the best meanes to preuent these euils, consisteth in the separating the communication of heretical persons, punishing their errors, according to the disposition of the sacred Canons & laws of these Kingdoms (which by this holy means, by the diuine clemency haue beene preserued from this wicked contagion, and is hoped they will be preserued hereafter) to the [ 60] end that the Orbe doe not receiue so much hurt, where the inhabiters of these Kingdomes haue giuen so good example of Christianity, & the Country-born haue not peruerted themselues with erronious doctrines of the hereticks: It seemed good to his Maiestie, with the aduice of the Cardi∣nal D. Iames of Espinosa, Bishop of Siguença, Inquisitor generall in these Kingdoms, a man of great

prudence, and of many rare parts and vertues, for the which he made election of his person, to help him to beare the burden of so many Kingdomes, and Lordships, and of the Counsels of the holy, and generall Inquisition, and of the supreame Counsell of the Indies (for it behoued to place one Counsell of the holy Office in Mexico; for the Kingdomes of New Spaine, and the rest of the In∣dies of the North, and another in the Citie of the Kings, for the Kingdomes of Piru, and the adhe∣rents, which are called the Indies of the South) which the authority that the Councels of these Kingdomes haue, so that as yet they should not meddle with the cases of the Indians, but onely of the Castillanes, & other Nations that should be found in the Indies, and so that the appeals should come to the supreame Counsell that is resident in this Court, as it is done in Spaine, and in the ac∣complishing thereof, in the yeare 1570. the King Don Phillip the second, called the Prudent, gaue a [ 10] generall power to the Towne of Madrid, the 16. of August, that the Apostolike Inquisitours that should be named for the present, and for hereafter against the hereticall peruersnesse, & Apostacie; and the Officers and Ministers necessary for this holy Office, which was commanded to be seated in the Cities of Mexico, and of the Kings, should exercise & vse their Offices, and royall warrants, that Don Martin Euriques, and Don Franciscus of Toledo, Viceroyes, and Captains generall in the Kingdomes of New Spaine, and Piru, and the Counsels, and Iustices, Gouernours, and other persons should giue all aide, and fauour to the holy Officio, and the Inquisitors, and Officers were nomina∣ted, as in their owne place shall be spoken more at large.

[ 20] THese Catholike Kings, most wisely constituted the Supreme Counsell of the Indies, that they might helpe them to beare so great a burden, as is already the gouernment of that Orbe,* 2.485 and the Counsell consisteth in one President, and eight or more Counsellors, as necessitie requireth, with one Atturney, Secretaries, Clerkes of the Chamber, Relators, and other Officers, and an Office of Ac∣compts, where a notice is had of all the goods Royall of those parts. And that proceeding might be according to rule and order, they declared first that the Counsell should meet three houres eue∣ry day in the morning, and two in the afternoone, three dayes in the weeke that bee no holy dayes, and that they should firme the Warrants that should be deliuered for these Kingdoms; but that those that were for the Indies, should haue the seale Royall: and that in those parts it should haue supreme iurisdiction, and might make Lawes, and Decrees, to see and examine whatsoeuer Statutes, Constitutions of Prelates, Senates, Chapters, and Conuents of the Religious, and of the [ 30] Vice-royes, Courts, and Counsels; and that in the Indies, and in these Kingdoms, in matter de∣pendant of them it should bee obeyed: that the gouernment of the Indies should bee like this of these Kingdomes, and that more in particular the Counsell doe occupie it selfe in the matters of gouernment.* 2.486 That in Suites remitted those of the Councell Royall shall come to giue their voyces to that of the Indies, and that two voyces shall make a Sentence in suites of 500. d 2.487 Pesos, or vnder. That there be a second Supplication in a case of 10000. Pesos: that they deale not in the reparti∣tions of the Indians in those parts, but the Processes well perused in the Courts according to a Law, called of Malinas (for there it was made) they shall come to the Supreme Counsell: touch∣ing order to be held in matters of seruices, that the Counsell doe see them all; and in matters of [ 40] rewards, that which the greatest part doth determine, shall be done, and that in these there be a Supplication, and that no expedient suite be seene the third time: and that in the matters they doe resolue with breuitie, that the charges be giuen to the best deseruing, and that they be not gi∣uen to the allied and kinsmen of them of the Counsell; neither may such bee Solicitors, nor At∣turneys; in the prouidings of the Offices no price shall be admitted: nor that they of the Coun∣sell haue any Indians of repartition, and they shall assist in their houses, that the Suiters may find them there, when they goe not to Counsel: and that due secrecy be kept in all things, and aboue all that the Counsell haue a particular care of the Conuersion and good Instruction of the Indians, and of the spirituall gouernment; and that of e 2.488 600000. Marmediz vpward the appeale shall come to the Counsell; that they may appeale from the Sentences in the fiue Cases of naturall death, or [ 50] mayming of a member, or other bodily punishment, publike shame, or racking, and the appeales shall come to the Counsell, with many other laudable orders, which are omitted for breuities sake.

That the President being a learned man, shall haue a voice in matters of Gouernment, gratuities,* 2.489 and fauours, visitations, and accompts, and not in suits, because he may be the more free for the gouernment of the Counsell; and being vnlearned he shall haue no voice, but in matters of grace, gouernment, and fauour, and that he may assemble the Counsell in his owne house, and haue a noate of the businesses, and that the Counsellours doe not accompany with the Suitors. And be∣cause it seemed a necessary thing that one Fiscad or Atturney should assist in Counsell, it was com∣manded he should haue the same stipend that the Counsellours, and that they deliuer him the dis∣patches of the Office, that he haue a care to know how that is accomplished which is prouided [ 60] for the Indies▪ that necessary Papers be giuen him for his Office, that he doe see the visitations before Counsell: that he haue a book to register all the capitulations that are taken with the King, another wherein he may set down the Atturneys Pleas: that he delay not the suits: that his de∣mands, or those that are against him be admitted, if the Counsel think it good: that he keep a book of that which is concluded for the cases; that he haue a care to know the Officers that doe omit to send a relation euery yeere to the Counsell.

Hauing ordained all that which appertaineth to the Counsell, which is the head of this Go∣uernment,* 2.490 with many other orders which are not rehearsed for breuitie; they proceeded in orde∣ring all the Prouinces of the Indies, in the matters of iustice, as neede required: and these Catholike Kings desiring the common good of that new world, that their subiects that should possesse it, ha∣uing a zeale to the seruice of our Lord God, good, profit, & ease of the said Subiects, & to the Peace, and quietnesse of the Towns, as the King is bound vnto God, and to them, for to accomplish with the Office that he hath in earth, hee thought good to command to place the Courts and Royall Chanceries, that (as hath beene said) are in the Indies, with the Statutes, and orders that hath beene giuen them, that the Ministers may doe their office, and iustice be well administred, and the Townes obtained the benefit pretended.

The first Court that was established, was in the Citie of Saint Dominicke in the Iland Hispanio∣la,* 2.491 [ 10] with one President a learned man, though now because of the warre he is a Souldiour, with ti∣tle of Captaine Generall, and foure Iustices that beare rods, like an * 2.492 Alcalde, and deale in ciuill and criminall matters, in a degree of apeale, and in the instance in matter of Court, and the Go∣uernment is onely commended to the President (which now is in Don Antonio Ossorio) and the limits thereof.* 2.493 The second Court was established in the Citie of Mexico, in New Spaine: the first President which was Nunyo of Guzman, had no authoritie, for he was placed but for a sea∣son: with the second Court, the Bishop. D. Sebastian Ramirez (for he was so in the Court of His∣panyola) he had the Gouernment of the Kingdomes, and the supreame authoritie, and hee left that, established that which belonged vnto it, and vnto iustice, as at this present it is. The Presi∣dent [ 20] of this Court is the Vice-roy (which now is the Earle of Monterrey) there are eight Iustices, which doe iudge in ciuill matters, and in the appeale of the cases of gouernment which the Vice-roy establisheth. There are three Iust••ces of criminall cases, which beare rods, and deale in criminal cases, and two Atturnies, one of ciuill, another of criminall causes, and hee prouideth the Rulers charges that are not reserued to the King, and the other Officers, an•• helpes of cost in releases, and vacacions in the limits of this Court of Mexico,* 2.494 and in that Counsell of new Galicia.

The third Court was that of Panama in Terra firme (for this name was giuen to it, because it was the first place where from the Ilands the Castillanes went to inhabit, and as their common speech was to say that they went and came from the Firme Land,* 2.495 though other Prouinces were found in the firme land of that Orbe) this Prouince continued this name, loosing that of Castilla del Oro, [ 30] wherewith the Kings commanded it should be called: and when the affaires of Peru grew grea∣ter, in the yeare 1542. It was thought good that this Court should be remoued to the Citie of The Kings, where the Vice-roy (which now is Do•• Lewis of Velasco) hath at his charge the go∣uernment of these limits,* 2.496 and that of the Courts of the Charcas and Quito. There is in this Court of the Kings eight Iustices, three Iustices of Court, and two Atturneys, in the same order as in Mexico: and the Vice-roy is resident in the Citie of the Kings, and is the President of this Court, and shall be in the other two, when he is present in them, and doth diuide all the repartitions of Indians that are voide in the bounds of them.

The fourth Court was established in the Prouince of the Confines, and seeming it was needlesse it was dissolued,* 2.497 and the yeare 1570. it was established againe in the Citie of Saint Iames, of [ 40] the Kingdome of Guatemala: in it is one President which is the Doctor Cria•••• of Castile: foure Iustices with rods, and one Attorney. They sit on ciuill and criminall cases, in appeales, and in the first instance: in matters of Court the President onely hath the Gouernment, and assigneth the Indians, prouideth the Rulerships, and other Offices temporall. The fift Court was establish∣ed in the Citie of Sancta Fe de Bogata▪ in the new Kingdome of Granada, with one President (which now is the Doctor Francisco de Sande) foure Iustices with rods,* 2.498 and one Atturney, with the same authority that the former. The sixt was established in the Citie of Guadalaiara, of the new King∣dome of Gall••cia, with one Regent, three chiefe Iustices, which dispatched a great while with∣out Seale, and the matters increasing, the Seale was giuen, and a Register, and a President was pla∣ced, which now is Doctor Sanctiago de Vera: and three Iustices with rods, one Atturney, and the [ 50] Viceroy of New Spain hath the Gouernment. The seuenth Court, was placed in the Citie of Sai••t Francis of Quito,* 2.499 of the Prouince of Piru, where there was also a Regent, chiefe Iustices without Seale, and afterward the Court was established with a President (which now is the Licentiat Miguel de Vuarar) with three Iustices with rods,* 2.500 & one Atturny with the same faculty of Guada∣laiara, the gouernment, & the rest remaining to the Vice-roy of Piru, as abouesaid. The eight Court was in the Citie of the Plate, in the Prouince of the Charcas, with a Regent and chiefe Iustices: af∣ter there was placed a President, foure Iustices with rods, Atturney, Seale, and Register, and now is President the Licentiat Cepeda,* 2.501 with reseruation of the prouiding the charges, and the rest to the Vice-roy of Piru.* 2.502 The ninth Court, is that which was established againe in the Citie of Panama, with a President of Sword and Cloake, because of the matters of warre, which is now Don Alonso de Sotomayor, with the title of Captaine Generall of Terra firme: there are three Iustices with [ 60] roddes, which doe deale in Appeales of ciuill and criminall cases, and at first instance in mat∣ters of Court, and it hath onely the Gouernment. In the Citie of Saint Iames, of the Pro∣uince of Chile, was placed the tenth Court, and because it seemed needelesse, it was dissol∣ued,

and a Gouernour was prouided, which dependeth on the Viceroy of Piru. In the Citie of the Philippinas, called Manila, was a Court, and it was dissolued, because it see∣med needelesse: a few yeares since it was established againe, with a Captaine Generall which is Don Peter of Acunya which is President, and foure Iustices, and one Atturney, with the same authoritie that the other Courts. For the Catholike Kings of Castile, with the aduise of the supreme Councell of the Indies, doe alwayes prouide with a sincere and iust minde, that which is conuenient for the preseruation, and augmenting of the spirituall and temporall things of those parts, without any spare of expences, or labor: and euery Court hath according to the vse of these Kingdomes, Secretaries, Relators, Sergeants, Porters, and the Officers which are necessarie.

[ 10]

THe harmonie and agreement of this great Monarchie▪ is such,* 2.503 that to euery Minister hath beene giuen the authoritie that as well by reason of estate, as for the reputation of iustice hath seemed to be conuenient, reseruing to the supreme Maiestie that which hath beene iudged to be necessarie to his authoritie. For to the Vice-royes and Presidents, that they may haue to reward the well-deseruing, and they be more respected, there are Offices assigned which they may prouide, and matters wherein they may gratifie, and to the prouiding of the Person Royall haue remayned, with consultation of the supreme Councell of the Indies the offices following.

For the Kingdome of Chile a Gouernour and a learned Iustice, with facultie to incommend or authorise the Indians: another for Tucuman, with the same facultie:* 2.504 another for the Prouinces of the Riuer of Plate, for Popayan, Sancta Martha, Cartagena, and Veragua, with their Gouernour [ 20] in euery one with the same power. In the Prouinces of Nicaragua, and the Rich Coast, one: in the Iland of Cuba one Gouernour, and Captaine which is resident in the Citie of Saint Christo∣pher of the Auana: there are besides the Gouernours of the Iland of Saint Iohn of Porte-rico, Ve∣nezuela, Soconusco, Yucatan, Cozu••el, and Tabasco, which is all one gouernment with authoritie to commend the Indians. His Maiestie prouideth also the gouernments of Honduras, the Mar∣garite, Florida, new Bisquie, Dorado, those of the new Realme of Lion, and that of Pacanoras, Ygual∣sango, which are for terme of life, and the same in the Prouinces of Choco, Quixos, the Cynamom, Ilands of Salomon, Sancta Cruz of the Hill, and the last is that of the new Andalusia.

Likewise there are prouided by his Maiestie the Rulerships following. The Cuzco, the Citie of the Plate, and the seate of the mynes of Potosi, and the prouince of Chicuito,* 2.505 the Andes of Cuz∣co, [ 30] the citie of Truxillo, Arrequipa, Saint Iames of Guayaquil, Guamanga, the citie of the Peace, Chiquiabo, Saint Iohn of the Frontier, Lion of Guanuco, Old Hauen, Zamora, the inhabiting of the mynes of the Zacatecas in new Galicia, Cuenca, Loxa, Tunja, the citie of Mexico, the citie of the Kings, the prouince of Nicoya. Chiefe Iusticeships, are those of the village of Saint Sauiour of the prouince of Guatemala, the inward part of Hispaniola, * 2.506 Nombre de Dios, the village of Chuluteca, prouince of the Chiapa, Zapotlitan, the village of Nata, Sancta Marie of the victorie in Tabasco. And the chiefe Bayliwickes are, in the citie of Saint Dominicke in Mexico, in Guadalajara, Saint Iames of Guatemala, Panama, holy Faith of Bogota, Saint Francis of Quito, the citie of the Kings, the Plata. In the Cities recited in euery one is a chiefe Bayliefe, which hath a voice in Councell as a Ruler, and Deputies named, for the vse of his Office, and in euery Court is another chiefe [ 40] Bayliefe with facultie to name other two Deputies.

For the gouernment of the goods Royall are prouided by his Maiestie, with the opinion of the supreme Councell of the Indies, many Officers, Factors, Treasurers, Tellers, and Ouer-seers, which all doe giue assurance in Castile and in the Indies, of good and faithfull administration: and because this new Commonwealth doth augment so much, it seemed behoofefull to the seruice of God, and of the King, to ennoble and authorize it more, with placing two Vice-royes, one in New Spaine, another in the Kingdomes of Piru, that in the Kings name they should gouerne and prouide the things belonging to the seruice of God, and of the King, and to the conuersion and instruction of the Indians, sustayning, continuing, inhabiting, and ennobling of the said King∣domes, which experience hath shewed, that it hath beene conuenient: to the which Vice-royes instructions are giuen very particular of that which is recited, and that they may haue in prote∣ction [ 50] the holy office of the Inquisition, and with their strong arme to defend and protect it, that this conformitie as a fast knot, may be the pure and true preseruation of the spirituall and tem∣porall Estate, which is the best and truest estate, and most according to the Euangelicall estate.

The Vice-royes are commanded also, and likewise the Iudges, not to haue houses proper,* 2.507 nor to trafficke, nor contract, nor be serued of the Indians, neither haue any * 2.508 Grangeries, nor meddle in Armies, nor Discoueries; that they receiue no guifts nor presents of any person; nor borrow mony, nor any thing to eate; nor pleade, nor receiue arbitrements. That no Lawyer may plead where his father, father in law, brother in law, cousin, or sonne is Iudge. That no Vice-roy, President, Iustice, Iudge of the criminall Cases, Solicitor, nor their children may marry in the In∣dies. [ 60] That no Gouernours, Rulers, nor their Deputies, may buy Lands, nor build Houses, nor trafficke in their iurisdiction. That they may not farme the Bayliwickes, nor Iaylorships, nor other offices. That no Gouernour, Ruler, nor chiefe Bayliefe, during the time of his office, may marry in the bounds of his iurisdiction. That no Iudge be prouided for a Ruler, neither shall the

said Iudges, or Bayliefs, haue any charge in which they are to make any absence from their offi∣ces: neither shall any office of iustice be giuen to the sonnes, sonne in law, brothers in law, nor fathers in law of Presidents, Iustices, nor Solicitors, nor to the Officers of the Courts, and of the goods Royal, neither to seruants nor allied of theirs: and the same is commanded the Vice-royes. And that none of the abouesaid Ministers, doe accept warrant for recoueries nor other things, nor serue themselues of the Indians without paying them. That no Aduocate, Scriuene••, nor Re∣lator, doe dwell in the house of Iudge, nor Bayliefe, nor the Suiters serue the Iudges. That the Iudges of Panama, doe not accompanie themselues with the Dealers, nor giue leaue to their wiues to accompanie them. And that no Iustices of all the Courts, shall haue much communication with the Suiters, Aduocates, nor Atturneys: neither in body of a Court to goe to Marriages, Fu∣nerals, [ 10] nor Spousals, except it be a very weighty matter: neither visite any Neighbour for any cause. That they doe not meddle in matters of the Commonwealth, nor any Iustice, nor other minister of the Court, may haue two offices in it. And besides these many other Ordinances, and good Lawes, which are all concerning administration of iustice.

* 2.509ANd because these Catholike Kings haue left nothing which most wisely they haue not pro∣uided for according to their dutie, the first thing they command the Vice-royes, and all the Ministers in generall and particular is, the good vsage of the Indians, and their preseruation, and the accomplishing of the Orders which are made as touching this, for to punish the Offenders with great rigour: and as the Indians doe learne the Castillan policie, and can complaine, and know in what things they receiue wrong, for their greater ease it is prouided, that they giue no [ 20] place that the ordinarie writings be made in the suites betweene, or with the Indians, neither make any delayes, as it is wont to happen, by the malice of some Aduocates, and Atturneys, but that summarily they be determined, keeping their vses and customes, not being manifestly in∣iust,* 2.510 and that by all meanes possible, they doe prouide the good and short dispatch of them. And hauing notice that in the interpretation of the Indians languages, there were some fraudes; for to preuent all, it was ordayned, that euery interpretation be made by two Interpreters, which shall not confer both together about that which is controuerted by the Indian: and that before they be receiued to the vse of the office, they shall take their oath to administer it faithfully, and that they receiue no guifts of the Indians suiters, nor of others. That they doe assist at the Agree∣ments, [ 30] Courts, and visitations of the Prisons. That in their houses they heare not the Indians, but to carry them to the Court. That the Interpreters be not Solicitors, not Atturneys of the Indians. That they aske them nothing. And for their greater good, it is prouided, that the At∣turney of the supreme Councell of the Indies, bee Protector of the Indians, and defend them in their suites, and aske in the Councell all the necessarie things for his instruction, preseruation, and politike life: and now there are appointed Protectors in the Kingdomes of Piru, and New Spaine, with new orders for their better vsage.

It is also commanded, to set vp Schooles of the Castillane tongue, that the Indians may learne it,* 2.511 and may doe it from their childhood; and that no vagabond Spaniard doe dwell or remayne in the Townes of the Indians, nor among them, but that the Vice-royes and the Courts, doe put [ 40] all diligence in driuing such out of the Land, shipping them for Castile: and the * 2.512 Countrie borne be compelled to serue and to learne Trades. And as well to the Prelates, as to the Vice-royes, Courts, Gouernours, and Rulers, and other whatsoeuer Iustices, is ordayned, and particular care is had they doe accomplish it, that they doe prouide how the offences that were done to God may cease, in the Indians marrying whiles they are children, without hauing respect of age: the Caziques marrying with more then one woman, though he be an Infidell: in hindering that when some Cazique did die they should kill another to bee buried with him, and other like abo∣minable vses. That it be permitted to the Indians that they may dispose of themselues what they list, as free men, and exempted from all manner labour, though it shall bee procured that they doe labour and not be idle, and may haue libertie to dispose of their goods, the Lands being set to [ 50] sale by out-cry thirty dayes, and the moueable nine, the Iustice being present. That the Lands remayning of any Indian deceasing without a Will, shall remayne in the Townes where they dwelt. That they make the Markets freely, and sell in them their merchandize. That their good vses and ancient customes be approued. That they may send to these Kingdomes Indian Attur∣neys for three yeeres. That the * 2.513 Residencies be published in the Indian Townes, to see if any will demand iustice. That in euery Towne of the Indians there bee an Hospitall with the things necessarie.

In this matter of the Indian slaues, there were in the beginning of the Discoueries diuers opi∣nions,* 2.514 and orders, gouerning themselues as the time required and the state of the things: but af∣ter the Bishop Don Sebastian Ramirez came for President of New Spaine, this vse was absolutely [ 60] abolished, notwithstanding the ancient one which the Indians had to make themselues slaues one to another: neither might they buy of them, nor receiue them, neither that any person may bring to these Kingdomes any Indian in title of a slaue, though he be taken in lawfull warre: and for this are so straight orders giuen that they are effectually kept, and so in no place of the Indies

are Indian slaues, though they be out of the bounds of Castile and Lion. And to eschew this in∣conuenience the more, the bringing Indians to these parts for whatsoeuer title it bee, is forbidden.

And the q••ietnesse for the Commonwealth being aboue all very necessarie, facultie is giuen to the Vice-royes, Presidents, Gouernours, and other Iustices, that they may driue away,* 2.515 and ba∣nish from the Indies all vnquiet persons, and send them to these Kingdomes, iudging it so to bee conuenient for the quietnesse of those, but that it bee not for hatred or passion, nor for an•• such reason.

And that it may be some bridle to the Superiors, they are commanded, that they hinder no man the writing to the King, to his Councell, and to other persons, what they will: neither o∣pen, [ 10] nor take any papers, or letters, vnder great penalties, and that they permit to passe and repasse through the Countrie them that will, prouiding wayes and b••idges in the places where they are wanting.

As touching the matters of Warre, it is also prouided with great deliberation, for the Vice-royes greater authoritie, facultie is giuen them to haue a Guard on foot,* 2.516 and on Horse-backe: to make a casting place for Ordnance and Bullets, and a building for munitions, to leuy men, arme ships, and make fortifications, and prouide all the rest conuenient for the defence of those King∣domes, and how the excesses of the Souldiers may be eschewed, as well by Land as by Sea, and to them that goe in the fleetes, committing the punishing of them to whom it belongeth, for to excuse competencies of iurisdiction.

[ 20] It hath already beene said how all the Gouernment of this Orbe,* 2.517 depends of the supreme and Royall Councell of the Indies, that are neere the Person Royall. But as it is necessarie that the exe∣cutions of those parts haue correspondence in these; and here also there be they that may prouide in effecting that is behoofefull for the matters there: it was necessarie to place in Siuil, where all the trafficke of the Indies doth come, a house Royall of contrataction of it, that medleth not but in the dispatching of those businesses, and dependants of them, without any person nor Iustice doe intermeddle in any thing belonging to the Indian affaires: and it is in substance, a Tribunall of great authoritie, in the which is a President, which now is Don Bernardino Delgadi••••o of Auel∣laneda, a Teller, a Treasurer, one Factor, three learned Iudges, one Solicitor, one Relator, one Sergeant, Scriueners, Porter, Iaylor, and other Officers. In the Ilands of Tenerife and Palma, are [ 30] placed two learned Iudges, called Officers Royall, or Iudges of the Registers, to cause Orders to be kept that are giuen for the lading and Registers of those Ilands, and Nauigation of that voy∣age. The house of the Contrataction hath her instruction and ordinances, how her iurisdiction is to be gouerned and exercised, and the learned Iudges haue it also for their vse and exercise, kee∣ping in the seeing of the plea, betweene parties, the order that is held in the Courts of Valladolid, and Granada: and because the particular care of the officers of this house, is the dispatch of the Fleetes and Armies, that they may depart in due times, they employ themselues in it with great diligence, and in receiuing them that come, and setting in safeguard the Gold, Siluer, Iewels, and other things that doe come, with a distinction of the waight and carracts, charging themselues [ 40] with all, that there may be more account and reason, and for to make the prouisions of the Fleetes and Armies. There are so good orders giuen, that neither the Ministers doe exceed, nor the Sub∣iects receiue wrong, for all passeth very conformable to the intention of these Godly and Catho∣like Kings, by meanes of the great diligence of the supreme Councell of the Indies.

And because the businesses of the Indies haue increased so much,* 2.518 that the supreme Councell could not dispatch them with the breuitie conuenient to the good gouernment of that Orbe, and the benefit of the Suiters, with the aduice of the President and supreme Councell; the King Don Philip the third our Lord, in imitation of his Catholike and Godly Predecessors, for the greater good of his subiects, hath instituted a Priuie Councell, where all the businesses of spirituall and tem∣porall warrants, fauours and rewards may bee conferred and dispatched: and besides this, there are two Halls instituted, where on dayes appointed they may intreat of matters of warre, with [ 50] the President and three Counsellors of the Indies, and two or three of the Counsell of warre, and other dayes, of the matters of the goods, by the President and Counsellors of Indies, and two of the Counsell of the goods, Atturney, and Secretarie of the Counsell of the Indies, the President naming those that he shall thinke best for it.

And as these Catholike Kings doe alwayes looke to the benefit of the people of that Orbe, considering that the propagation of the holy Gospell in no part of it could goe more prosperously by any other hands then his, nor bee attended for his preseruation,* 2.519 and to haue the Conquerours and Inhabiters of those parts more satisfied, seeing all were his Subiects, and borne in these King∣domes, declared by their Royall warrants, dated the yeere 1520. in Valladolid, and in the yeere 1523. in Pamplona, that their Maiesties, nor any of their Heires, in no time shall alienate from [ 60] the Crowne Royall of Castile and Lion, the Ilands and Prouinces of the Indies, Towne, or any part of them, and so they promised it and gaue their Royall word.

The Presidents, Counsellors, Secretaries, and Atturneys, which vnto this present day haue serued, and doe serue in the Supreme Councell of the In∣dies, from their first Discouerie.

PRESIDENTS.

IOhn Rodriguez of Fonseca, brother to the Lord of Coca and Alaejos, Archbishop of Rosano, and Bishop of Burgos, being Deane of Siuil, gouerned that which appertayned to the dispatching of the Fleets and Armies of the In∣dies, till the Catholike King Don Fernando V. called him, to the end that in his Court hee might take charge of the Indian affaires, and he did it till the Emperor came to reigne, which commanded that the Doctor Mercurino Gati∣nara his great Chancellor, should be Superin∣tendent of all the Councels, and all the dispat∣ches passed through his hands, and intermedled in all the Assemblies that were made.

Friar Garcia of Loaysa Generall of the Or∣der of Saint Dominicke, the Emperours Con∣fessor, Bishop of Osma, which was Archbishop of Siuil, and Cardinall.

Don Garcia Manrique, Earle of Os••rno, which being Assistant of Siuil, did gouerne till the Cardinall came from Rome.

Don Lewis Hurtado of Mendoça, Marques of Mondejar, which after was President of the Royall and supreme Councell of Castile.

The Licenciate Don Franciscus Tello of San∣doual, which hauing beene of the Councell of the Indies, went for President of the Royall Chancerie of Granada, and from thence came to gouerne in the Councell of Indies.

The Licenciate Don Iohn Sarmiento was al∣so of the Councell of the Indies, and after went to gouerne in the Royal Chancerie of Granada, from whence he returned to be President of the Royall and supreme Councell of the Indies.

Lewis Quixada, Lord of Villagarcia, and of the Councell of Warre.

The Licenciate Iohn of Obando, of the su∣preme Councell of the holy Inquisition, did preside in the Councell of the Indies, and of the goods Royall.

The Licenciate Don Antonio de Padilla, of the Royal and supreme Counsell of Castile, pas∣sed to be President of the Councell of the Or∣ders, and after to the supreme Councell of the Indies.

The Licenciate Hernando of Vega and Fon∣seca, of the supreme Councell of the holy and generall Inquisition, passed to the Councell of the goods Royall, and from it to the Royall and supreme Councell of the Indies.

The Licenciate Don Pedro de Moya of Con∣treras, the first Inquisitor that went to Mexico for to seate the holy Office in that Citie. Hee was Archbishop of that Citie, and President of the supreme Councell of the Indies.

The Licenciate Paul of Laguna, of the Roy∣all and supreme Councell of Castile, and of the holy and generall Inquisition, passed to gouerne in the Councell of the goods Royall and Tribu∣nals of it, and was after President of the su∣preme Councell of the Indies: and in his time began the Royall Councell of the House-hold.

[ 10]

COVNSELLORS.

HErnando of Vega, Lord of Grajal, which was chiefe Knight of Lion, and President of the Councell of Orders. Licenciate Lewis Zapata. Licenciate Moxica. Doctor S. Iames. Doctor Palacios Penbios. Doctor Gonçalo Mal∣donado, which was Bishop of the citie Rodrigo. Master Lewis Vaca, Bishop of Canarie. Doctor Aguirre. Doctor Mota, Bishop of Badajoz. Doctor Sosa. Doctor Peter Martyr of Angle∣ria, Abbot of Iamayca. Mosiur of Lassao, of [ 20] the Emperours Chamber, and of the Councell of Estate. Licenciate Garcia of Padilla, of the habit of Calatrana. Doctor Beltran. Doctor Galindez of Caruajal. Doctor Bernal. Licen∣ciate Peter Manuel, Licenciate Rodrick of the Court. Licenciate Montoya. Licenciate Mer∣cado. Licenciate Antonie of Aguilera. Licen∣ciate Don Hernando of Salas. Licenciate Iohn Thomas. Doctor Villafanye. Licenciate Bottel∣b•• [ 30] Maldonado. Licenciate Otalora. Licenciate Iames Gas••a of Salazar. Licenciate Gamboa. Doctor Gomez of Santillana. Licenciate Espa∣dero. Licenciate Don Iames of Zunnigo. Licen∣ciate Lopez of Sarria. Licenciate Enao. Do∣ctor Lope of Bayllo. Licenciate Gedeon of Yno∣josa, of the habit of Saint Iames. Licenciate Villafanne. Doctor Antonie Gonçalez. Licen∣ciate Franciscus Balcazar. Licenciate Medina of Sarauz. Licenciate Don Lewis of Mercado. [ 40] Doctor Peter Gutierrez Flores. Licenciate Pe∣ter Dayes of Tudança. Licenciate Benitte Ro∣driguez Valtodano. Licenciate Austine Aluarez of Toledo, and of the Chamber. Doctor Don Roderick Zapata. Licenciate P••••er Brano of So∣tomayor. Licenciate Molina of Medrano, of the habit of Saint Iames, & of the Chamber, Com∣missioner of this Historie. Licenciate Iames of Armenteros. Licenciate Alonso Perez of Sala∣zar. Licenciate Gonçalo of Aponte, and of the Chamber. Licenciate Don Iohn of Ocon, of the [ 50] habit of Calatrana. Licenciate Hernando of Saanedra. Licenciate Don Thomas Ximenez Or∣tiz. Licenciate Eugenius of Salazar. Licen∣ciate Don Franciscus Arias Maldonado. Licen∣ciate Andrew of Ayala. Licenciate Benauente of Benauides. Licenciate Roocke of Villagutier∣re Chumazero.

SECRETARIES. [ 60]

IOhan Colona. Michael Perez of Almazan. Gaspar of Gricio. The Knight Lope of Con∣chillos. Franciscus of the Cobos, chiefe Com∣mander of Leon. Iohn of Samano. The Com∣mander

Franciscus of Eraso. Antonie of Era∣so. The Commander Iohn of Ybarra.

ATTVRNEYS or SOLLICITORS.

THe Licenciate Franciscus of Vargas. Li∣cenciate Prado. Licenciate Martin Ruyz of Agreda. Doctor Franciscus Hernandez of Liebana. Licenciate Ierome of Vlloa. Licen∣ciate Gamboa. Licenciate Lopez of Sarria. Li∣cenciate Seipion Antol••••ez. Licenciate Negro••. Doctor Valençuela. Doctor Marcus Caro. Li∣cenciate Bennet Rodriguez of Valtodano. Li∣cenciate Alonso Perez of Salazar. Licenciate Ro••cke of Villagutierre Chumazero.

[ 10] The Gouernours, and Vice-royes, which haue gouerned vntill this time, the King∣domes of New Spaine, and of Piru.

In New Spaine.

DOn Fernando Cortes Marques of the Val∣ley. Gouernour, chiefe Iustice, and Cap∣taine generall.

The Licenciate Lewis Pance, of the House of the Duke of Arcos, Iudge of* 4.1 Residencie, with facultie to take the gouernment, and by his death the Licenciate Marcus of Aguilar, natu∣rall [ 20] of the Citie of Ezija, was subrogated his Deputie, and because of his death succeeded within two moneths; hee substituted his au∣thorities in the Treasurer Alonso of Estrada, borne in Citie Royall: and the death of Lewis Pance being knowne in Castile, it was proui∣ded that Marcus of Aguilar should gouerne, and in defect of him, Alonso of Estrada, till the first Court came, with order that Nunne of Guzman, Knight of Guadalajara, Gouernour [ 30] of Panuco, a President did come: and because it was conuenient to take away those Iudges, o∣thers were sent in their places, and for Presi∣dent in the gouernment vniuersall of New Spaine, Don Sebastian Ramirez of Fuenleal, Bi∣shop of Saint Dominicke, and of the Conception, late President of the Court of Saint Dominicke, a man of great learning, and that after many dignities died in Castile Bishop of Cuenca, and then the charge of Captaine generall was gi∣uen [ 40] anew to the Marques Don Hernando Cor∣tes, that he might gouerne the matters of warre, with the aduise of Don Sebastian Ramirez.

The first that had title of Vice-roy and Cap∣taine generall of New Spaine, was Don Antonie of Mendoça, brother of the Marques of Mon∣dejar.

Don Lewis of Velasco, a Gentleman of the House of the high Constable of Castile.

Don Gaston of Peralta, Marques of Falces.

[ 50] Don Martine Enriquez of Almansa, brother of the Marques of Alcannizes, the Kings Ste∣ward.

Don Laurence Xuarez of Mendoça, Earle of Corunya, which deceased being prouided for Piru, and by his death Don Peter Moya of Con∣treras, Archbishop of Mexico, gouerned in the meane while.

Don Aluaro Manrique of Zunniga, Marques of Villamamuque, brother of the Duke of Bojar.

[ 60] Don Lewis of Velasco, sonne to the abouesaid Don Lewis of Velasco, which passed to gouerne the Kingdomes of Piru, where at this present hee is.

Don Gaspar of Zunniga and Fonseca, Earle of Monterrey, which gouerneth at this day.

In the Kingdomes of Piru.

DOn Franciscus Piçarro, Marques of the Charcas, Gouernour, chiefe Iustice, and Captaine generall.

The Licenciate Vaca of Castro, of the habit of Saint Iames, of the supreme Councell of Ca∣stile, carried Title of Gouernour generall.

Blasco Nunnez Vela, a Gentleman of Auila, was the first that carried the Title of Vice-roy and Captaine generall of the Kingdomes of Piru.

The Licenciate Iames de la Gasca, of the Councell of the holy and generall Inquisition, carried the Title of President of the new Court that was sent to the Citie of The Kings, and of Gouernour generall, with facultie to giue the gouernment of Armes to whom hee thought best. He died Bishop of Siguença, and his Fu∣nerall and Trophees are seene in Magdalene Church in Valladolid, and in his absence the go∣uernment remayned to the Court of the Citie of The Kings.

The second that carried Title of Vice-roy and Captaine generall, was Don Antonie of Mendoça, that gouerned the Kingdoms of New Spaine.

Don Andrew H••rtado of Mendoça, Marques of Ca••yete.

Don Iames of Zunyga and Velasco, Earle of Nieua.

The Licenciate Lope Garcia of Castro, of the Royall and supreme Councell of the Indies, caried title of President and Gouernor general.

Don Franciscus of Toledo, brother to the Earle of Oropesa, Steward to the King.

Don Martin Enriquez, from the charge of New Spaine, passed to gouerne the Kingdomes of Piru.

Don Garcia of Mendoça, Marques of Cauyete.

Don Lewis of Velasco, from the charge of New Spaine, passed to the Kingdomes of Piru, where now he is, and at the instant of the im∣pression of this Worke, is prouided for Vice-roy and Captaine generall of those Kingdomes, Don Iohn Pacheco, Duke of Escalona.

Printed at Madrid by Iuan Flamenco. A••. 1601.

Notes

• * 1.1

  I found this Worke transla∣ted in M. Hak∣luyts Papers; but I can scars∣ly call it Eng∣lish, it had so much of the Spanish garbe, in lieterall and verball affecta∣tion and obscu∣ritie. I haue examined it with the Spa∣nish Originall, and compared it also with the Latine Transla∣tion, with great paines for thy greater plea∣sure & profit, correcting and illustrating the phrase and sence; being before very rude, obscure and in very many places vtterly sencelesse. But hauing none to write for mee but my owne hands, I rather chose to amend this as I could, then to translate it anew. I haue seene it also in French. The Latine is exceeding false in some numbers, as 2000. for 20000. diuers times, &c. which I note for their sakes which reade that and haue not the Spanish I haue not contracted ••••is (as I haue done diuers other Relations) because it is a briefe contraction of the Spanish-Indian Contractation, presenting the Spanish Proceedings, Colonies, Townes Officers and Gouernment Spiritual and Temporall in the Indies. This Author hath written eight Decades of the Spanish Acts in the West Indies, which giue great light to those parts, but would be too long for this Worke.
• * 2.1

  Ramusio vncha∣ritably taxed: for he doth but blame the fol∣ly of Spanish Authors which are more curi∣ous to set downe the names, &c. of those which haue there done any thing though but re∣bellions, then the description of the beasts, fishes, fowles, plants, Earth, Heauen, &c. in the Indies: for which hee there com∣mends Ouiedo.
• * 2.2

  Chap. 1. Of the bounds and diuision of the West Indies.
• l 2.3

  The Spaniards haue surpassed all Nations of the World, in Nauigation of high built ships. Remem∣ber that a Spa∣niard speakes it.)
• * 2.4

  Pallos, is to say staues, or stickes.
• m 2.5

  The Spa∣niards did not, or would not know any Pas∣sage.
• n 2.6

  How the de∣grees of longi∣tude are rec∣koned.
• * 2.7

  What is disco∣uered and na∣uigated. The English haue discouered far more: From 81. in Green∣land, and from 78. in Groin∣land to 57. of South latitude.
• * 2.8

  A maruellous effect of the Loadstone. Don Antonie Ossorio, disco∣uereth a great secret of the Loadstone.
• * 2.9

  Chap. 2. Of the Naui∣gation of the Indies.
• * 2.10

  How many Nauigations there bee to these Indies.
• * 2.11

  Difficultie in going out of the Barre of Saint Lucar. In what times these Nauiga∣tions are to be made.

  Monsons.
• * 2.12

  The voyage of the Fleets till they come to the place wher they goe.
• * 2.13

  What thing the Brises are.
• * 2.14

  They take wa∣ter alreadie in the Ile of Gua∣dalupe, where the Courses are diuided.
• * 2.15

  Which is the best Nauigati∣on from that Cape of S. An∣tonie, to S. Iohn de Vlua.
• a 2.16

  Of little Venice.
• b 2.17

  Or of the Needle.
• * 2.18

  The voyage of Hunduras and Guatemala.
• c 2.19

  Or little black Moore.
• * 2.20

  Chap. 3. Wherein hee prosecuteth the Nauiga∣tions of the Indies.

  The Fleets doe returne to Ca∣stile by another way.

  When the fleets ought to depart to come for Castile.

  Whither the Fleets doe goe from Cartage∣na.
• d 2.21

  Or take a∣way sleepe. The ships of Hunduras re∣knowledge the Cape of Saint Antonie.

  When the Fleets of Noua Espanna doe depart thence. The voyage of them of Santa Martha and Venezuela. Nauigation from the Aua∣na to Castile. Nauigation from the Ilands of Azores vnto Saint Lucar.
• * 2.22

  Nauigation to the Riuer of Plata.
• * 2.23

  Nauigation of the South Sea.
• * 2.24

  Nauigation of Panama to the Citie de los Reyes.
• * 2.25

  Nauigation of th•• West In∣dies.
• * 2.26

  Chap. 4. Of the Indies of the North. Here was inser∣ted a Map of the North par••s of America. But Master Briggs hath in the former booke giuen you a farre farre bet∣ter, to which I referre you. Which bee the Indies of the North and which of the South.

  Wherefore it was called New Spaine.

  Great pastures in New Spaine.
• * 2.27

  The wea∣thermost or vpper Ilands.
• * 2.28

  Chap. 5. Of the bounds of the iurisdi∣ction of Saint Dominicke.
• * 2.29

  Chap. 6. Of the Iland Hispaniola and of Cuba.
• * 2.30

  Cazabi bread. Ten Spanish Townes.
• * 2.31

  The Citie of Saint Domingo.
• * 2.32

  Peso is foure shillings En∣glish.
• * 2.33

  Salualyon of Yguey.
• * 2.34

  The Village of Zeybo. El Cotuy.
• * 2.35

  Azua.
• * 2.36

  Who carried to the Indies the sugar Canes. La Yaguana.
• * 2.37

  Concecion de la Vega.
• * 2.38

  The wood of the Crosse of the Valley. Saint Iago de los Caualleros.
• * 2.39

  Puerto de Plata.
• * 2.40

  Monte Christe.
• * 2.41

  La Isabella.
• * 2.42

  La Verapaz. Saluatierra.
• * 2.43

  The Maguana. Villanueua.
• * 2.44

  El Bonao.
• * 2.45

  La Buenauen∣tura.
• * 2.46

  14000. Spani∣••rds there were in the Hispanio∣la at her be∣ginning Ports & Points most notable▪
• * 2.47

  Puerto Hermoso.
• * 2.48

  Or Gnats.
• * 2.49

  Where they tooke armes the first time against Indians.
• * 2.50

  Cuba.
• * 2.51

  S. Iago.
• * 2.52

  Baracoa.
• * 2.53

  Bayam••.
• * 2.54

  Puerto del Prin∣cipe. Sancti Spiritus.
• * 2.55

  El Albana, or the Hauana.
• * 2.56

  Puerto de Ca∣rennas.
• * 2.57

  Wherefore it was called the Slaughters.
• * 2.58

  Or Slaugh∣ters.
• f 2.59

  Or Red.
• * 2.60

  Chap. 7. Of the Ilands of Iamayca, S. Iohn, the Lu∣cayos, & the Caniballs.
• * 2.61

  Siuill, Melilla, & Oriston, inha∣bitings of Ia∣mayca.
• * 2.62

  Cape of Mo∣ranta.
• * 2.63

  The first ciuill warre among the Spaniards, was in Iamayca.
• n 2.64

  Or Lizards.
• o 2.65

  Or Negrillo.
• p 2.66

  Or open the eye.

  S. Iuan de puer∣to Rico.
• * 2.67

  S. Iohn.
• * 2.68

  The Arrecibo. Guadianilla. S. German.
• * 2.69

  The tree Ta∣bernacle.
• * 2.70

  The hauens of this Iland.
• * 2.71

  Who carried the Ginger to the Ilands of Barlouento. The Ilands of the Lucayos.
• * 2.72

  Where the Channell of Bahama is. Admirable Current. Baxos de Bimini
• * 2.73

  Guanahani the first Land that was discouered in the Indies.
• * 2.74

  Or Indian ••anibals. What a Cani∣ball signifieth.
• * 2.75

  The Caniba••••.
• * 2.76

  Men hunters.
• * 2.77

  Frier vnwhol∣some food.
• * 2.78

  The discouery of the Iland of the Trinitie, the yeare 1498
• * 2.79

  Arrogancie of Americus Ves∣pucius.
• * 2.80

  Wherfore men do say that the fishing of the Pearles passed from the Iland of Cubagua to the Margarita. Iland of Cuba∣gua.
• * 2.81

  Or the Friers
• * 2.82

  Chap. 8. Of Venezuela, riuer of Hacha, new Florida, and Gulfe of Noua Hispania, which is the rest that remaineth of the limits of this Counsell.
• * 2.83

  Wherefore it was called Ve∣nezuela, or lit∣tle Venice.
• * 2.84

  The Citie of Coro.
• * 2.85

  Our Lady of Carualleda.
• * 2.86

  S. Iago de Leon.
• * 2.87

  Xerez.
• * 2.88

  Segouia. Tucuyo.
• * 2.89

  Trucillo.
• * 2.90

  The Lake Ma∣racaybo.
• * 2.91

  The ports and points of the Gouernment of Venezuela.
• * 2.92

  Riuer Morauion
• * 2.93

  The Iland of Cubagua.
• * 2.94

  Strange Hogs.
• * 2.95

  An earthquake in the coast of Terra firme, the yeare 1530. ve∣ry admirable.
• * 2.96

  Margarit.
• * 2.97

  Florida.
• * 2.98

  The spring which Iohn Ponce did seeke that renued the old men.
• * 2.99

  They of Flori∣da knew nei∣ther Gold, Sil∣uer, nor Monie.
• * 2.100

  Porn, Capes, and Points of Florida.
• * 2.101

  Or Mosquitos. Slaughter of the French in Florida. See Hak. to 3.
• * 2.102

  The Coast of the North vnto the Baccallaos.
• * 2.103

  Or Los Gamos. The great Ri∣uer of S. Marie.
• * 2.104

  La•• Tortugas.
• * 2.105

  Ba••ia de Carlos.
• * 2.106

  The Gulfe of noua Espania.
• * 2.107

  The Channell of Bahama.
• * 2.108

  Chap. 9. Of the limits of the Coun∣cell of Mexico. Don Sebastian Ramirez Iudge of Granada go∣eth for Presi∣dent of S Do∣minicke.

  Great confor∣mity betweene Don Sebastian Ramirez and Don Hernando Cortes.
• * 2.109

  New Spaine.
• * 2.110

  Tenoxtitlan. Mexico descri∣bed, it is from Toledo 1740. leagues.
• * 2.111

  That is, the Sunne riseth eight houres sooner at Tole∣do, then at Me∣xico: which seemes not iustly calcula∣ted.
• * 2.112

  Suffraganes of the Archbisho∣pricke of Me∣xico.
• * 2.113

  L••s ciento y cinco cabeceras de doctrina. I thinke he mea∣neth some Pa∣rishionall diui∣sion, in each of which the Indians had their peculiar Pri••sts and Schooles of priests to teach them reli••ion. After in cap. ••5 he cals ••hem beneficios cura dos, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Per••onages.
• m 2.114

  Sc. of the life they led in the S••ewes.
• n 2.115

  From the World.
• * 2.116

  Don Sebastian Ramirez brought in the breeding and ploughing. Gouernment of Panuco.
• * 2.117

  S. Iago de los Valles.
• * 2.118

  Los Angelos.
• * 2.119

  The Bishop Don Sebastian Ramirez built the Citie of the Angels.
• d 2.120

  Vulcan or Bolcan, is a place whence fire issueth, as Etna, Hecla, &c
• * 2.121

  Tlascala.
• * 2.122

  The Valley of Atlisco famous.
• * 2.123

  La Veracruz. San Iuan de Vlua.
• * 2.124

  A kinde of Parish or Schoole diui∣sion. Spa. parti∣dos de doctrina▪
• * 2.125

  Chap. 10. Of the Bisho∣prickes of Gua∣xaca Mechoacan and Yucatan: & of the Pro∣uince of Tabas∣co, which is the rest of the bounds de∣scribed.
• * 2.126

  Guaxaca Title of the Mar∣quesse of the Valley.
• * 2.127

  Stinking Riuer
• * 2.128

  Tutepeque.
• * 2.129

  S. Alifonso of the Zapotecas.
• * 2.130

  S. Iames of Nexapa. El Espirito San∣to.
• * 2.131

  Golden Riuers
• * 2.132

  Cacao money and Wine.
• * 2.133

  The Indians should pay no Tithes.
• * 2.134

  Riuer of Alua∣rado.
• * 2.135

  Guatulco.
• * 2.136

  The Bisho∣pricke of Me∣choacan.
• * 2.137

  Pazcuaro.
• * 2.138

  Zinzonza.
• * 2.139

  Guanax••ato.
• * 2.140

  Re••les. Village of S. Michaell. The Concep∣tion of Salaya.
• * 2.141

  The Village of S. Phillip.
• * 2.142

  Zacatula.
• * 2.143

  Colima.
• * 2.144

  Yucatan.
• * 2.145

  It was a deuise of those which said the Cros∣ses were found of Latten in Yucatan, where∣as there neuer was Crosse in the Indies be∣fore the Spani∣ards.

  A Man of 300. yeares old.
• * 2.146

  Merida.
• * 2.147

  Valladolid.
• * 2.148

  Campeche.
• * 2.149

  Salamanca.
• * 2.150

  Shallow Coa∣sting.

  Tides.

  The Ports and points of this Gouernment.
• a 2.151

  Or Sharpe.
• b 2.152

  Or Bermeia.
• c 2.153

  Or Alacranes.
• * 2.154

  A famous wor∣shipping place of the Gentiles in Cozumel.
• * 2.155

  Or take away sleepe.
• * 2.156

  Tabasco.
• * 2.157

  Riuers of this Prouince. Lake of Xica∣lango.
• * 2.158

  Chap. 11. Of the bounds of the Counsel of Guadalaiara.
• * 2.159

  Guadalaiara.
• * 2.160

  The Holy Ghost. Sancta Marie of the Lakes.
• * 2.161

  The Chichime∣cas Sauages.
• * 2.162

  Xalisco.
• * 2.163

  The Zacatecas.
• * 2.164

  The Erena.
• * 2.165

  Or Sombrerece
• * 2.166

  The Name of God.
• * 2.167

  Nueua Vizcaya.
• * 2.168

  Chiametla.
• * 2.169

  S. Michael.
• * 2.170

  Ciualoa.
• * 2.171

  Quibira. Cibola.
• * 2.172

  California.
• * 2.173

  Chap. 12. Of the Bounds of the Counsel of S. Iames of Guatemala.
• a 2.174

  Or true Peace.
• b 2.175

  Or Rich coast.
• * 2.176

  Guatemala.
• * 2.177

  Saint Iames.
• * 2.178

  Saint Saluador.
• * 2.179

  The Trinitie.
• * 2.180

  Saint Michael.
• * 2.181

  Xerez.
• * 2.182

  Or fierie mouthes like Aetna.
• * 2.183

  Cacao descri∣bed.
• * 2.184

  Ports of this Gouernment.
• * 2.185

  Bottomlesse Lake. Soconusco.
• * 2.186

  Chiapa.
• * 2.187

  Or true peace.
• * 2.188

  Verapaz.
• * 2.189

  Picture fea∣thers.
• * 2.190

  Golf•• dulce.
• * 2.191

  Manati a fish described.
• * 2.192

  Chap. 13. Of Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, or the Rich Coast. Honduras.
• * 2.193

  Or of our Lady of the F••uour.

  Visitation of the Inginer Baptista Antone∣li of the way of the Port of Ca∣uallos or Horses, to the Bay of Fonseca.
• * 2.194

  Thankes bee to God.
• * 2.195

  Saint Peter.
• * 2.196

  Saint Iohn.
• * 2.197

  Truxillo.
• * 2.198

  Saint George.
• * 2.199

  Valley of O∣lancho.
• * 2.200

  Points and Ports of this Gouernment.
• * 2.201

  Or Shrimpe.
• * 2.202

  Babia honda. Cabo de Gracias a Dios.
• * 2.203

  Nicaragua.
• * 2.204

  Or rich Coast.
• * 2.205

  Granada▪
• * 2.206

  Lake of Nica∣ragua.

  Volcan of Mas∣sayatan and Mombacho.
• * 2.207

  Segouia.
• * 2.208

  Iaen.
• * 2.209

  Realeio.
• * 2.210

  Ports and Ri∣uers of this coast.
• * 2.211

  De Salinas.
• * 2.212

  Bruxelles.
• * 2.213

  Costa Rica▪
• * 2.214

  Aranjuez. Cartago.
• * 2.215

  Chap. 14. O•• the ••ndies of the South.
• * 2.216

  A great diffe∣rence of t••m∣perature in the two rowes of Piru.
• * 2.217

  The two rowes doe runne al∣most 1000. leagues equall.
• * 2.218

  Qualities of the Prouince of Collao.
• * 2.219

  Quantities of the Countrie of Panama, and her bounds.
• * 2.220

  Panama.
• * 2.221

  Portebello.
• * 2.222

  Saint Iames of Nata.
• * 2.223

  Acla.
• * 2.224

  A strange case of a Lizard.
• * 2.225

  Veragua.
• * 2.226

  The Conception. The Trinitie.
• * 2.227

  Holy Faith. Charles.
• * 2.228

  The Ports.
• * 2.229

  El Escudo.
• a 2.230

  Or L••c••sts.
• b 2.231

  Las Miras.
• c 2.232

  Or Little Pil∣cherd.
• d 2.233

  Or Pilchard.
• * 2.234

  Chap. 16. The limits of the Counsell of Sancta Fe of Bogota: which is the new Kingdome of Granada.
• * 2.235

  Holy Faith.
• * 2.236

  Lake of Gua∣tauita.
• * 2.237

  Saint Michael.
• * 2.238

  Tocayma.
• * 2.239

  The Trinitie.
• * 2.240

  Or Flies.
• * 2.241

  The Palma.
• * 2.242

  Tunia.
• * 2.243

  Pamplona.
• * 2.244

  Or Crying.
• * 2.245

  Merida.
• * 2.246

  Belez.
• * 2.247

  Thunderbolts.
• * 2.248

  Mariquita.
• * 2.249

  Ybague.
• * 2.250

  Victorie de los Remedios.

  Saint Iohn of the Plaines.
• * 2.251

  Or Flyes.
• * 2.252

  Or Water∣course.

  Rio Grande or Magd••len Riuer.
• * 2.253

  Sancta Martha.
• * 2.254

  Tenerife.
• * 2.255

  Tamalameque.
• * 2.256

  The Kings.
• a 2.257

  Sancta Ramada
• * 2.258

  Ocan••a.
• b 2.259

  Or Yong Pi∣geon.
• c 2.260

  Or Nookes.
• d 2.261

  Or the Needle. Cartagena.
• * 2.262

  Citie of Carta∣gena.
• * 2.263

  Amazonian women.
• * 2.264

  Valiant Virago.
• * 2.265

  Saint Iames of Tolu.
• * 2.266

  The Village of Marie.
• * 2.267

  Holy Crosse.
• * 2.268

  Saint Sebastian.
• * 2.269

  Or Water∣course.
• * 2.270

  The Barranca.
• * 2.271

  El Darad••. Guiana.
• * 2.272

  Great Tydes.
• * 2.273

  Piru, or Peru.
• * 2.274

  The two Rowes of the Indies of the South.
• * 2.275

  Of Magellan.
• * 2.276

  The two great wayes of Piru.
• * 2.277

  Postes.
• * 2.278

  Piru is not all the Indies of the South.
• * 2.279

  Los Llanos. Las Sierras.
• * 2.280

  Diuersitie of nature.
• * 2.281

  Chap. 17. Of the Coun∣cell of Saint Francis of the Quito.
• * 2.282

  Or Cyna∣mon.
• * 2.283

  El Quito.
• * 2.284

  Aire and sea∣sons.
• * 2.285

  Athanalpa or 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪
• * 2.286

  Friars de la M••r••ed, or our Lady of Grace.
• * 2.287

  Riuer Bamba▪
• * 2.288

  Cuenca.
• * 2.289

  Loxa.
• * 2.290

  Or Briar.
• * 2.291

  Zamora.
• * 2.292

  Iaen.
• * 2.293

  Saint Michael of Piura.
• * 2.294

  Raine a won∣der.
• * 2.295

  Payta.
• * 2.296

  High-way ad∣mirable.
• * 2.297

  San Iago de Guayaquil.
• * 2.298

  The Riuers that g••e to the North Sea are greater then those ••hat goe to the South S••a.

  H••w the riuers are passed in Piru.
• * 2.299

  Castro.
• * 2.300

  Vili.
• * 2.301

  Or old Por••.
• * 2.302

  Manta.
• * 2.303

  How the Eme∣ralds do grow.
• * 2.304

  Ports & Points of the co••st of this gouern∣ment.
• c 2.305

  Or Nooke.
• d 2.306

  Or Puc••e. A towne 〈◊〉〈◊〉 blacke Moores.
• e 2.307

  Or white Cape.
• f 2.308

  Or woolues.
• * 2.309

  The Giant•• of the Point of Santa Helena.
• * 2.310

  Chap. 18▪ Of Popayan▪ Quixos, Canela, Pacamor••s, and Gualsongo, which are 〈◊〉〈◊〉 rest of the bounds of the Councell of Quito.

  The Citie of Popayan.
• * 2.311

  Cali.
• * 2.312

  Or great Cappes.
• * 2.313

  Antiochia.
• * 2.314

  Caramanta.
• * 2.315

  Arma.
• * 2.316

  Canibals. Inhumanitie of the Indians of the borders of Arma.
• * 2.317

  Ancerma.
• * 2.318

  Cartago.
• * 2.319

  Or Buffes.
• * 2.320

  Timana.
• * 2.321

  Inhumanitie of these In∣dians.

  Where the Load-stone is found.
• * 2.322

  Or eaters of humane flesh.

  Buga. Saint Sebastian of the Plate.
• c 2.323

  Or Canibals.
• * 2.324

  Almaguer.
• d 2.325

  Hisp. Iudge of Residencia.
• * 2.326

  Truxillo.
• * 2.327

  Agreda.
• * 2.328

  Saint Iohn de Pastor.
• * 2.329

  Religion.
• * 2.330

  What the Aet∣naes are, and whereof they proceede.
• e 2.331

  Or the ranke Village of Pa∣sture.
• * 2.332

  Neyua.
• * 2.333

  Saint Vincent.
• * 2.334

  The Angels.
• * 2.335

  Riuers, Capes, and Points of the Coast of this gouern∣ment.
• f 2.336

  Or Cedars.
• * 2.337

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 Gualsongo▪
• * 2.338

  In how many sorts the gold is gotten out in Piru, and o∣ther places.
• * 2.339

  Barleuento.
• * 2.340

  Chap. 19. Of the bounds of the Councel or Audience of The Kings, or los Reyes.
• * 2.341

  Mountaines cause that it rayneth not in the Playnes of Piru.
• h 2.342

  Some are of opinion that all plants and trees are nou∣rished by va∣pours: yea that the vapours of the bloud nou∣rish liuing Creatures. So Gen. 2. a mist in Paradise, &c. The Sunne as Head of the World, the Hart as Sunne in the Body, causeth nou∣rishment by vapours.
• * 2.343

  The Citie of The Kings, or los Reyes.
• * 2.344

  Such holinesse of faith, such meanes to e∣stablish it, force gluing lips and Lettice toge∣ther, as Acosta complayneth. Vniuersitie and Iesuites.

  Sea cooleth.
• * 2.345

  Women and Negros. Arnedo.
• * 2.346

  Or Gridir••ni
• * 2.347

  Truxillo.
• * 2.348

  Miraflores.
• * 2.349

  Chachapoyas.
• * 2.350

  Faire Indians.
• * 2.351

  Saint Iames of the Valleys.
• * 2.352

  Lion of Gua∣nuco.
• * 2.353

  Qualities of the Millet.
• * 2.354

  Guamanga.
• * 2.355

  Great buil∣dings.
• * 2.356

  Transplanting as of Egyptians Gen. 42.21. the Israelites, 2. Reg. 17. Iewes to Bab. &c.
• * 2.357

  Temple of the Sunne.
• * 2.358

  Chap. 20. Of that which remayneth of the Councell of the Kings.
• * 2.359

  Profit of quick siluer.
• * 2.360

  Spring turning into stone, and k••lling.
• * 2.361

  Hot and cold Bathes.
• * 2.362

  Salt spring. Cordilleras or rowes diuided. Collao.
• * 2.363

  The Lake Titi∣caca.
• * 2.364

  Cuzco.
• * 2.365

  Foure high wayes most admired.
• * 2.366

  No venemous wormes.
• * 2.367

  Coca a tree.
• * 2.368

  Saint Francis of the victorie.
• * 2.369

  Saint Iohn of the Gold.
• * 2.370

  Arequipa.
• * 2.371

  Earth-quakes in the Indies very terrible and strange.
• * 2.372

  From whence the earth-quakes doe proceede.
• * 2.373

  Saint Michael of the Riber.
• * 2.374

  Valverde.
• * 2.375

  Guarco.
• * 2.376

  Fertilitie with∣out raine. Pilchards.
• * 2.377

  Ocanna.
• * 2.378

  Ports, Capes, and Points of these Bounds of the Counsel of The Kings.
• * 2.379

  Chap. 21. Of the Bounds of the Counsel or Audience of the Plate, or of Charcas.
• * 2.380

  Heredades de grangerias.
• * 2.381

  Our Lady of the Peace.
• * 2.382

  Chicuito.
• * 2.383

  Oropesa.
• * 2.384

  Potosi.
• * 2.385

  Arica.
• * 2.386

  Porco.
• * 2.387

  The holy crosse of the Hill.
• * 2.388

  This Apostle after his mira∣cles, many was for wickednes hanged at Po∣tozi. See Ac. l. 7. c. 27.
• * 2.389

  Ports & Points of this Coun∣sell.
• * 2.390

  Los Farallones.
• * 2.391

  Punta Blanca. Quebrada Hon∣da.

  Prouince of Tucaman.
• * 2.392

  Saint Iames of the Marsh.
• * 2.393

  Talauera. Saint Michael. New London.
• h 2.394

  Hisp. Nueua Cordura.
• l 2.395

  A kinde of Thistle that groweth euery stemme foure inches square; and as high as a man on horse backe, and ta∣keth much ground, for there grow many out o•• one roote.
• * 2.396

  Chap. 22. Of the bounds of the King∣dome of Chile.
• * 2.397

  Rio de la Sal.
• * 2.398

  Saint Iames.
• * 2.399

  The Serena.
• * 2.400

  Raines seldom and ••euer. Coquimbo.
• * 2.401

  Mendoza. Saint Iohn of the Frontier.
• * 2.402

  Now village of the Infants.
• * 2.403

  The Imperiall.
• * 2.404

  Hisp. Villa∣rica.
• d 2.405

  Cordillera Neuada.
• * 2.406

  Valdinia.
• * 2.407

  Os••rno.
• * 2.408

  Castro.
• g 2.409

  Oro ••olador.
• * 2.410

  Ports and Ri∣uers of this go∣uernment.
• e 2.411

  Or Horse∣shooe.
• * 2.412

  Chap. 24. Of the Prouin∣ces of the Streight.
• * 2.413

  Ports, Capes, and Points of these two Coasts.
• g 2.414

  Hisp. Alcar∣ch••fado, of the colour of an Artichoke.

  Or Ferdinando of Gallicia.
• * 2.415

  Sir Richard Hawkins.
• * 2.416

  Streight of Magellan.
• * 2.417

  This is not true: for Cap∣taine Winter & others haue done it; which howsoeuer he cals Pi••ats, yet they haue bet∣ter descouered these Straights then the Spani∣ards.
• * 2.418

  Or Vine Twig.
• * 2.419

  Or Ordinance.
• * 2.420

  Hisp. rio Galle∣go.
• * 2.421

  Chap. 24. Of the Prouin∣ces of the Ri∣uer of Plate, & of Brasile.

  Sebastian Gabo∣te remaineth in the Riuer of Solis, which is called of the Plate. He was an English-man by breeding, borne a Vene∣tian, but spen∣ding most part of his life in England and English imploy∣ments.

  See the former Booke.

  Plentifulnesse of the Prouin∣ces of the Ri∣uer of Plate.
• * 2.422

  The Assump∣tion.
• * 2.423

  Note.
• * 2.424

  Cirdad real.
• * 2.425

  Fall or Cata∣ract very terri∣ble.
• * 2.426

  Or Good ayres
• * 2.427

  Ports and Points of this Coast.
• b 2.428

  Hisp. Puerto cer∣rado. Riopoblado. Babia onda.
• * 2.429

  Riuer of Plate.
• * 2.430

  The chance of the Captaine Salazar with a Tigre.
• * 2.431

  Tigre killeth and is killed.
• * 2.432

  Chap. 25. Of the Prouin∣ces and Coun∣trie of Brasil.
• * 2.433

  Vincent Yanes Pinzon, borne in the Village of Palos disco∣uered the Brasil, and then Diego de Lepe.
• * 2.434

  Inhabitings of the Coast of Brasil.
• * 2.435

  Many Iesuites Colledges.
• * 2.436

  Puerto seguro.
• * 2.437

  Ambar.
• * 2.438

  The principal∣lest Ports of this Coast.
• * 2.439

  Cabo Frio.
• * 2.440

  Chap. 26. Of those which men call the Indies of the West, which are the Ilands Phi∣lippinas, coast of China, Ia••an, and the Lequias.
• * 2.441

  Of these ••ee l. 4 c. 1. and other English voi••ges in the first Tome.

  See Magelanes Voyage. ••om. 1. l. 2.

  Certaine Tree bearing a kind of Date.
• * 2.442

  Cinamon and long Pepper.
• * 2.443

  In Màtan it was where Ferdinan∣do Magelanes was slaine.
• * 2.444

  Aluaro of Saaue∣••ra tooke pos∣session of the Philippine for the Crowne of Castile, in the yeare 1527.
• * 2.445

  The Citie of Manilla.
• * 2.446

  His voiage you haue before. 11000. Ilands.
• * 2.447

  Since, the Hol∣landers haue expelled the Portugals.
• * 2.448

  China: see our former Rela∣tion.
• * 2.449

  The Prouinces and Kingdoms of China.
• * 2.450

  Macao▪
• * 2.451

  Or Terra firme
• * 2.452

  Ainan.
• * 2.453

  Iapan.
• * 2.454

  Characters as Ciphers.
• * 2.455

  Lequios.
• * 2.456

  Chap. 27. Of the new Guinea, Ilands of Salomon, and the Theeues, whe••ewith en∣deth that which they cal West Indies. The Lequ••os▪ Sir R. Hawkins.
• * 2.457

  Ilands and Ports of the coast of Guin••••▪
• a 2.458

  Or Curled.
• b 2.459

  Hisp. Puntasa∣lida. Buena p••z.
• c 2.460

  Abrigo.
• * 2.461

  Ilands of Sal••∣mon.
• * 2.462

  I. de Arrazi••••s.
• d 2.463

  Or Good ••ight.
• e 2.464

  Or Boughes.
• f 2.465

  Or Franticke.
• * 2.466

  Hisp. Nombre de Dios.
• g 2.467

  Or Candle∣masse.
• * 2.468

  La Ingles•• Ilands of the Ladrones. La Ingle••a. The Kings. Ilands o•• Cerral The Gardens.
• g 2.469

  Or Aethnaes.
• h 2.470

  Or Euill haire
• * 2.471

  A Tree so called.

  Two sisters. S. Bartholomew.
• * 2.472

  Martin. Saint Peter, and Saint Paul.
• * 2.473

  Chap. 28. Of the ••uprem Counsel of the Indies, and of the spirituall gouernment, and Ecclesiasti∣call Royall Pa∣tronage.

  Counsell of the Indies.
• * 2.474

  How many Archbishop∣ricks, Bishop∣ricks, Mona∣steries, and Schooles of Doctrine are in the Indies. So Humillade∣••os is said to signifie the translator had, Shrines: the la∣tine hath P••••∣nitentiarij.
• * 2.475

  How the Ec∣clesiasticall Patronage is gouerned.
• * 2.476

  Of Images or Pictures.
• * 2.477

  Las 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 2.478

  He con••inueth the gouerne∣ment o•• the Ecclesiasticall Patronage.
• * 2.479

  Or Pentioners.
• * 2.480

  Prouision of the Prebends, and Benefices▪
• * 2.481

  Chap. 29. Of the Sp••••itu∣all Gouerne∣ment, Goods of Men decea∣sed: of the married: and of the holy of∣fice of the holy and general In∣quisition.

  Building of an Hospitall.
• * 2.482

  Orders for the goods o•• ••he deceased.
• * 2.483

  Touching mar∣ried men.
• * 2.484

  The holy Of∣fice of the In∣quisition.
• * 2.485

  Chap. 30. Of the forme of the gouern∣ment of the su∣preame Coun∣sell of the In∣dies, and of the Institution of the Counsels, and Chanceries royall of those parts.
• * 2.486

  Appeales.
• d 2.487

  Which is 100. pound English, taking two Ry∣als for one shil∣ling.
• e 2.488

  Which as we accompt 441. pound 3 shil∣lings and one third part of a pennie.
• * 2.489

  He continueth the order•• of the supreame Counsell.
• * 2.490

  I••stitution of the Courts royall of the Indies.
• * 2.491

  The Court of the Hispanyo••a.
• * 2.492

  Or Ordinary Iustice, &c.
• * 2.493

  The Court of Mexico.
• * 2.494

  The Court of Panama.
• * 2.495

  Wherefore it was called Ter∣ra firme.
• * 2.496

  Court of the Citie of the Kings.
• * 2.497

  The Court of Guatemala.
• * 2.498

  The Court of the new King∣dome.

  The Court of the new King∣dome of Galicia
• * 2.499

  The Court of Quito.
• * 2.500

  The Court of the Charcas.
• * 2.501

  Counsell of Panama.
• * 2.502

  Sc. a Soldiour. The Court of the Phillipines.
• * 2.503

  Chap. 31. Of the things that are proui∣ded in the su∣preme Coun∣cell of the In∣dies with con∣sulta••ion of the Kings.
• * 2.504

  The gouern∣ments which the King pro∣uideth in the Indies.
• * 2.505

  The Rulerships that his Maie∣stie doth pro∣uide,
• * 2.506

  Or the name of God.
• * 2.507

  That which is forbidden the Vice-royes, and Iudges.
• * 2.508

  Where herd•• of Cattell are bred.
• * 2.509

  Chap. 32. Wherein hee continueth the matter of the good go∣uernment of the Indies.
• * 2.510

  Interpreters.
• * 2.511

  Schooles for Indians to learne the Spa∣nish tongue.
• * 2.512

  Sc. of the Ca∣stillanes, and the Countriwo∣men.
• * 2.513

  Or accompts of the Iudges, or Iustices.
• * 2.514

  That they be no slaues.
• * 2.515

  About vnquiet persons.
• * 2.516

  Matters of warre.
• * 2.517

  The house of contrataction of Siuil.
• * 2.518

  Instruction of the Councell of Camara, or of Houshold.
• * 2.519

  That the Indies shall not bee alienated.
• * 4.1

  Or of the examination of a Iudge or Iustice, or o∣ther Officer after their time is expired, to see if any will complaine of any wrong done to him in that time, and to pay the da∣mage so sustai∣ned by his de∣fault.