Purchas his pilgrimes. part 3 In fiue bookes. The first, contayning the voyages and peregrinations made by ancient kings, patriarkes, apostles, philosophers, and others, to and thorow the remoter parts of the knowne world: enquiries also of languages and religions, especially of the moderne diuersified professions of Christianitie. The second, a description of all the circum-nauigations of the globe. The third, nauigations and voyages of English-men, alongst the coasts of Africa ... The fourth, English voyages beyond the East Indies, to the ilands of Iapan, China, Cauchinchina, the Philippinæ with others ... The fifth, nauigations, voyages, traffiques, discoueries, of the English nation in the easterne parts of the world ... The first part.

CHAP. V. A Generall Collection and Historicall representation of the Iesuites entrance into Iapon and China, vntill their admission in the Royall Citie of Nanquin.

[ 50]

§. I. Of FRANCIS XAVIER, MELCHIOR NVNNES, VALIGNANVS, RVGGERIVS and PASIVS.

FOrasmuch as we haue sailed so lately from the Philippinas to China, and backe a∣gaine with our Friers, and haue giuen you a Iesuits Land Iourney, we thought it worthy our labour also to launch into the deepe of their Nauigations, and to ho∣nour the Iesuits, (to whom in the following parts of this Historie we are so in∣debted) [ 60] with obseruing their Obseruations of Iapon,* 1.1 and the intercourse thereof with China; and from it (as the greatest and most glorious Easterne Iesuiticall Conquest) to ship our selues in their Barge to China. How Francis Xauier (now Sainted at Rome, together with Ignatius Loiola, first Founder of that Order) laboured the Conuersions of

Gentiles and Pagans to Christianitie, as in other parts of the Indies, so heere in Iapan I willingly acknowledge; yea, so farre am I from enuying either him or his Order, or any other Order sti∣led Religious, their Trophees of Conuersions, that I could wish the Pope seated in Miaco, and all the Iesuits, & Friers, yea, all his Iesuited Clergie fully possessed of the Bonzian Colledges & Tem∣ples in Iapon; whence a double good might issue; to the Ethnikes some light in stead of a totall darknesse, a diseased life being better then death; and to Europe, to be lightned of their burthen, where professing themselues Lights, they proue Lightnings, and raise so manifold combustions. And most especially could I wish this honour to my Countrey-men the English Iesuites, and Priests, Popi••h Emissaries of whatsoeuer Order, that they were there ordered, or (which fits [ 10] their ambition better) ordering that Easterne World, rather then here disordered and disorde∣ring, playing the Lords of Mis-rule in the West. The very Name of Christ is sweet to mee, euen in Iapan, yea, from a Iesuites mouth, or a Iesuites Conuert; and would God they taught them Iesus more, and lesse Iesuitish fancies of exchanged worship of Creatures, howsoeuer gilded with Christian Names, that the Iaponians might learne to acknowledge Iesus and Maria truly, and not with Names and Images of they know not what, to worship Venus and her Sonne Cupid,* 1.2 in stead of the Blessed Virgin, and that incarnate Blessednesse her blessed Sonne, who is God ouer all blessed for euer.

One told Cortes the Mexian Conqueror then speaking great words, that there is much diffe∣rence in conquering Neighbours at home, and naked Americans; I adde, that a man may be Chri∣stened, [ 20] and yet farre short of Christianitie, (euen by Iesuites * 1.3 testimonies) and that somewhat more is required to a Christian then Christian Names, giuen in Baptisme to hundreds at once, as some haue done without further instruction. Deuotion is rather to be prized by weight and worth, then by tale and numbers, as happens in their Beades here, and too often in their Con∣uersions there: which were they indeed so much to be magnified and gloried in, would aswell preuaile in men of capacitie to ouerthrow strong holds and high imaginations, as here to worke on our silly women laden with sinnes, hoping for their Confession-cure; and there,* 1.4 with sillinesse it selfe,* 1.5 or such as Reason turnes Christians because they will not runne madde with their owne to such Monsters as their Bonzi teach them. Themselues confesse, that it is not much, they can preuaile with Mahumetans any where; or here in China: and Ours haue found them to say more [ 30] then they had done in that little.

I should much rejoyce that their Reports were true, and that as an Orator * 1.6 of theirs hath so∣lemnized the Canonization of Loiola, their Patriarke, and Xauier the Indian Apostle (so hee sti∣leth them) this Saint Francis had conuerted three hundred thousand Soules, of innumerable Nations; yea, all Heretikes in neere sixteene hundred yeeres, had not conuerted so many, nay, had not peruerted so many not Christians, to all their Heresies together, as he alone adjoyned to Christ in eleuen yeeres. I am glad to heare it, and that which hee addeth, that all Heretickes whatsoeuer had not infect••d so many Languages and peoples, as those of which hee had illustra∣ted many with Christian Truth and Pietie. Doth this man consider how much of the World hath beene Christian, and how much after that Hereticall? how many more Nations the Nesto∣rian [ 40] Heresie hath infected then Xauier saw, leauening, in manner, all Asia from Constantinople where it began, vnto Tartaria? Cathay, or China, and the Indies,* 1.7 and hath not the Iacobite He∣resie preuailed ouer Africa? and before that the Arrian, ouer all the World, which as Saint Hie∣rome saith, groned and wondred to see it selfe growne Arrian? But these perhaps rather peruerted Christians then any way conuerted Ethnikes! Yet the great Nations of the Gothes and Vandales were of Ethnikes made Arrians, the great Nations of the Lithuanians, Muscouites, Russes, &c. haue not many hundred yeeres since of Ethnikes beene conuerted to the Greeke Church, which they hold not Catholike (that I mention not the Armenians, Georgians, and others) one of which numbreth many times three hundred thousand.

And that one Impietie of Mahumet hath more Followers many, then all whatsoeuer professi∣ons [ 50] of Christianitie in all Languages, Nations, Rites whatsoeuer (I greeue to tell it) and that from peruerse Ethnikes and peruerted Christians. And although Luther and Caluin went not out of Germanie and France (which he objects) yet their sound, the Gospell which they preached hath gone ouer all the Earth, (as these our Relations shew in the Voyages of English, Dutch, French, yea, the Apostles themselues) and they haue shaken the Towres of Babylon in Europe, where they were strongest (where Antichrist hath his Throne, a Conquest more then Indian or Iapo∣nian) and when the Prophesie of Babylons vtter ruine is fulfilled, the same word shall conquer (I hope) both Iewes and Gentiles; yea, these Iesuites and their Preachings,* 1.8 may by Diuine Dis∣pensation become Harbengers to the Gospell hereafter, as the Iewish Dispersions in the Transla∣tions of the Scripture and profession of the true God, were fore-runners of the Apostles prea∣ching. [ 60] Meane-while they find vs worke at home to watch ouer our Flockes, lest such grieuous Wolues enter,* 1.9 and make vs to leaue the Pharisies glorie of compassing Sea and Land to winne Pro∣selites to these their Heires and Successors in this, as in many other things. But I will leaue them glorying of their Conuersions, grieuing that they are not herein better then their reports. I will follow them to these parts of China, and here for Chinas sake to Iapon,* 1.10 and with that Rule of

Cassius (Cui bono) obserue them, in things not gainefull to their Religion, approue and applaud their industrie, yea, accept and thankfully acknowledge their authoritie. In their Conuersions to the Faith, I suspend my faith in the qualitie, if I admit their quantitie. For how could one man well instruct so many in so little time, except hee could haue giuen the Holy Ghost, as the Apostles in their conuersions did.

Francis Xauier, in the yeere 1541. sayled from Lisbon, wintred at Mosambique, whence hee passed into India, after that to Malaca, and to Iaponia, Et Cunctas oras (sayth the former Au∣thor) quas Oceanus ab Indico mari vsque ad extremos Sinas,* 1.11 id est totius Orbis dimidi••m, circum∣fluit, Euangelica praedicatione illustrauit & impleuit, (Iapon was first discouered and knowne to the Portugals by Mota, carryed out of his course to China thither by tempest, 1542.) Hee dyed, [ 10] Anno 1552. the fiue and fiftieth of his Age, of his Indian peregrination the eleuenth, in the Ile Sancian, on the Coast of China. This was the Indian Standrad-bearer to all of that Societie (be∣ginning his trauell to Lisbon the first yeere of their Confirmation 1540.) and now deified or Canonized, and inuoked by Doctor Schulchenius, Chancellor of Collen his Orator, Ignati & Fran∣cisce vestris succurrite precibus, &c. A Letter of his written from Iapon, in Nouember, 1549. thus relateth.

* 1.12Wee came by Gods grace in August to Iapon, on the Feast day of the Assumption of the Virgin Marie, hauing set foorth from Malaca on Midsommer day, The Master of the Ship was a Chinese, which had vndertaken that office to the Captayne of Malaca, and sayled prosperously till the Master altered his minde (as those Barbarians are vsually inconstant) and lingred long amongst the Ilands in the way. [ 20] This troubled vs in two respects principally, both for the losse of the season which God offered, and which being past,* 1.13 wee were compelled to winter on the Coast of China; and againe, because in the same Ship was carryed an Idoll of the Deuill, to which the Mariners in sight and spight of vs, sacrificed after the manner of their Countrey. They also by lots demanded answers thereof, touching their Voyage; which (as they sayd and beleeued) were sometimes good, sometimes bad. A hundred leagues from Malaca, holding our course to China, wee stayed at an Iland, where after many Ceremonies the Deuill was consulted, what fortune wee should haue, who answered, very prosperous: Whereupon with great alacritie wee set sayle: they worshipped the Idoll placed in the poope, with Candles burning and incense of sweet Wood; wee trusted in God the Creator of Heauen and Earth, and in his Sonne our Lord Iesus Christ, desiring to carrie his Religion into those parts. When wee were vnder sayle, they demanded of the Deuill, whether [ 30] this Ship should returne from Iapon to Malaca: the answer was made by the lot-casters, that it should goe to Iapon, but not returne to Malaca; which made them alter their mindes, thinking it better to win∣ter in China, and to deferre the voyage to Iapon till the next yeere. You may well thinke how it grieued vs, that the Deuill must bee consulted touching our course. After this we came to Cauchinchina, where two aduerse things happened, Emanuel Sina our companion, by the rolling of the Ship in the troubled Sea fell into the sinke, almost dead with the bruise and water, but in few dayes recouered: which before it was ended, the Masters Daughter with the like rolling of the Ship fell into the Sea, and in all our sight was drowned, and much lamentation followed. The Barbarians presently sought to pacifie the Deuill, and without rest all the day and night, tooke paines to kill Birds to the Idoll, and to set dishes (of meate before it,) and by lots consulted to know the cause of that misfortune. The answer was, that if Emanuel [ 40] which first fell in, had dyed, the Girle had not fallen into the Sea. You see in what danger the Deuill here∣by had cast vs, if our Lord had not restrayned his rage, &c.

The tempest being asswaged, wee came in few dayes to the Port of Canton in China. And there they purposed to Winter,* 1.14 notwithstanding all our intreaties and expostulations: but I know not how on a sudden they would goe to Chincheo, on the same Coast. And when wee were almost there, the Master was certified by some which sayled by,* 1.15 that there was store of Pirats at Chincheo; whereupon the winde being faire for Iapon, and crosse for Canton, they brought vs to Cangoxuma, the Countrey of our friend Paul, whose friends vsed vs vnkindly. There wee spent fortie dayes in learning the Elements of the Iaponian tongue with great labour, and began to publish the Decalogue, and other heads of Christian learning, which Paul had accurately conuerted into his owne Language; and wee purposed speedily to [ 50] Print them, whereby the knowledge of Christ is further and more easily founded, &c. The occasion of his journey thither, hee sheweth in another Letter, that some Portugals being lodged in a House possessed by Deuils,* 1.16 compassed the sayd house with Crosses, and that there was great hope of good to bee done in those parts: whereupon, notwithstanding those Seas are very tempestuous, and much infested with Pirats, hee resolued to goe thither.

Ricius and Trigantius, adde that the Iaponian Priests alledged in defence of their Idolatries, the Chinois wisedome against him, whereupon hee returned to India, to aduise with the Vice-roy to send an Ambassage into China, without which there was no entrance, and obtayned that Iames Pereira was named Legate, with whom he had before conferred about the businesse at Sancian, where the Portugals at that time vsed to trade with the Chinois, (Amacao not yet established) [ 60] but Aluarus Taidius the Captayne of Malaca opposed. Xauier loath herein to bee crossed, vsed the Popes Bull, which constituted him Apostolicall Nuncio, and grieuously Cursed all that should hinder his proceedings in promoting Religion. And when Aluarus would not otherwise relent, hee interdicted him and his followers. Soone after Aluarus was possessed with a Lepro∣sie,

and further contemning the Vice-roy, was taken and cast in Irons, and dyed miserably. Xauier burning with zeale of his China expedition,* 1.17 sought to get some Chinois by fauour or re∣ward, to conueigh him by stealth into China, and to expose him some-where on the Continent, although hee knew that imprisonment attended such strangers, as came into China without li∣cence. Being admonished to take leaue of the Captayne, What, sayd hee, should I goe to salute an Excommunicate person? I shall neuer see him, nor hee me, in this life, nor after, but when in the Vale of Iosaphat I shall accuse him before the Iudge, Christ. And praying for him,* 1.18 after with a counte∣nance full of Maiestie, hee put off his shooes, and shooke off the dust, according to the Euangelicall precept. Thus he came to Sancian a Desart Iland, where the Portugals vsed to make oothes of [ 10] boughes or straw, (for the time of their Trading with the Chinois) with whom hee consulted a∣bout some way to effect his desires, though with losse of libertie or life. At last he agreeth with a China Merchant, for as much Pepper (giuen him of the Portugall Merchants in almes) as was worth aboue two hundred Duckets, to set him and his Interpreter on shoare secretly. Hee vn∣dertooke it, but either secretly terrified by other Portugals, or with his owne danger,* 1.19 his Inter∣preter forsooke him: and after that, the Merchant also vanished. He stayed yet wayting for him, till a Feuer tooke him out of the world, in December, 1552. His corps was after tran∣slated to India.

The Portugals of those times, were very desirous of Trade with the Chinois, who on the other side were very suspitious of them, both by that which they saw of their Ships and Ordnance, [ 20] and by that which the Moores at Canton reported of these Franks, (so the Mahumetans * 1.20 call Europaeans) that they were warlike and victorious, as appeared in Malaca and all India, vnder colour of Merchandise subiected to the Portugals. The Chinois at Canton call them still Falanks: for they want the R, and pronounce not two consonants without a vowell interposed. By the same name they call also the Portugals Ordnance. Yet desire of gaine preuayled, that they were admitted to such a trade as ye haue heard, so as the Mart ended, they must away with their goods to India. That course continued diuers yeeres, till the Chinois growing lesse fearefull, granted them in the greater Iland a little Peninsula to dwell in. In that place was an Idoll, which still remayneth to bee seene, called Ama, whence the Peninsula was called Amacao, that is, Amas Bay. This Rocke indeed rather then Peninsula, began to bee inhabited not onely of Portugals,* 1.21 [ 30] but of the confluence of all neighbouring Nations, in regard of the commerce of Commodities of Europe, India, and the Moluccas, brought in Portugals Ships, and especially loue of the Siluer Coynes, brought the Chinois thither to dwell. In continuance of time, a Citie began by degrees to bee built, and the Portugals made not onely contracts of Merchandise, but of Marriage, with the Chinois, and so the Peninsula was filled with priuate houses, and out of a barren Rocke arose a noble Mart. And as gayne brought Merchants thither, so the care to keepe and to get soules, brought thither Priests and Religious men, and the Portugall Kings priuiledged the place with the tytle of a Citie, and made it a Bishops See. There the Iesuites fixed a residence, and first ere∣cted a Church to our Ladie, and after that diuers others. For it seemed conuenient to their de∣signes, the world of China lying to the North, the Moluccas to the South, Iapon, and the Philip∣pinas [ 40] to the East, to the West Cochinchina, Camboia, Siam, and others.

From hence, many intended the China imployment without successe, those fields not then white to the haruest. Melchior Nunnes, (Anno 1555.) from Canton, writes of his accidentall going a shoare on China, in his voyage to Iapan,* 1.22 occasioned by a terrible tempest whereto those Seas are much subiect. They came in Iuly to Sancian an Iland, thirtie leagues from Canton, be∣ing much indangered by the Rockes in the way, and there hee sayd Masse ouer the place where Xauier had beene buryed; and easily obtayned admission into Canton. This is reported to bee the least of all the Mother Cities of the Prouinces, yet seeming to exceed Lisbone, in frequencie.* 1.23 The buil∣dings are good, the walls strong: a thousand Arches with inscriptions are seene therein, which the Ma∣gistrates vsually leaue as Memorials at their departures. The people are giuen to their bellies, and to [ 50] pleasure. The Gouernment is admirable. The Chiefe Iustice they call Hexasi, the Treasurer Pon∣chasi, the Admirall and Gouernour of Strangers, Aitan. The Chaens Ensignes, are a Hand and an Eye; his office is to see the Execution of the Kings Sentences, to order or depriue Magistrates. The Tutan is Vice-roy, conspicuous by his Cap and his Garments, wrought with a gilded Lion, which * 1.24 is the Kings Armes: in State hee excelleth European Kings. The Portugall Captaynes and wee speake not to him, but aloofe on our knees. If any will speake with him, at euery Gate of his sumptuous Palace, hee must aloud vtter his businesse, before the Porter admits him. Hee hath many for his Guard. And one hundred thousand men are sayd to bee maintayned at the Kings cost, for the keeping of this Prouince. His Officers goe two and two and make way with great cryes. Their Cane-whippings are terrible, the Canes burned at the end, a cubite long, foure fingers broad, &c. The Chinois are wittie and iudicious, [ 60] in matters of the world: but haue little care of the soule, ignorant of its * 1.25 immortalitie, of one God, and of eternall rewards and punishments. Their Priests haue a kinde of Myter on the head, are shauen head and beard, otherwise contemptible. I could not with great diligence finde any that could shew mee their Ceremonies, and the lawes of their Holies. The Inhabitants all haue Idols, which they incense; and diuine by lots, beating the Idols if the Lots proue vnluckie. I was twice at Canton, and spent two

moneths there to redeeme Portugall prisoners. The Chinois kill or captiuate the Portugals, which are wracked on that Coast, which yet they cease to doe, since they pay their Customes. I went thence in May to Iapan.

* 1.26Alexander Valignanus, was sent by the Iesuiticall Generall into India as Visitor, and hauing visited other parts, came to Amacao, in his way to Iapon, forced to stay there ten moneths with the Iesuites. There hee more fully informed himselfe of the state of China, and raised the embers of the almost extinguished zeale of that expedition.* 1.27 Hee is thought to bee the Author of that treatise called Admiranda Regni Sinensis, contayning a summarie of the wonders in China, wor∣thy heere to haue beene inserted, but that wee rather ayme at things seene then heard, as hauing better certaintie. Oculatus testis vnus prestat auritis decem. Vpon the consideration of their wits, Peace, Policie, studies of Learning, hee conceiued that if any were skilfull of their Lan∣guage [ 10] and Letters, he might doe some good for their Conuersion. Hereupon hee resolued to im∣ploy some that way, although many others of the companie which had experience of the Chi∣na affayres, held it labour in vayne. Yet hee went on and because of the paucitie of ours at Amacao, and none so fit for that designe, hee sent into India to the Prouinciall, to send thither at least one Priest for that purpose. And he going to Iapon, left order what hee which was sent should doe.

* 1.28Michael Ruggerius, an Italian of the Kingdome of Naples, was sent, and came to Amacao, in Iuly, Anno 1579. and applyed himselfe to learne the language which the Courtiers in China vse, and is common thorow all China, (the Prouinces hauing otherwise peculiar languages) also to learne to reade and write their Characters, which are as many as words. That language was ve∣rie [ 20] hard both in it selfe, and for the want of teachers. For those Christian Chinois which liued at Amacao, in habit of Europeans, & those which came thither in Merchandise, were almost as igno∣rant of the Court tongue, as of the Portugall: and though they vnderstood it, yet they could not well pronounce it. And for the Characters, they know those which belonged to their Merchan∣dising and common vse. Labor improbus omnia vincit. With pictures his teacher was often for∣ced to supply characters. And whereas the Portugals twice a yeere in the Mart season haue ac∣cesse to Canton,* 1.29 about Ianuarie and Iune, he went with them thither. For in time they obtayned this libertie, that not in a desart Iland, as first, nor in the Amacao Hauen, but in the Metropoli∣tan Citie two dayes vp the Riuer, they might haue trading by day, but lye aboard at night, with so many eyes and watches on them, as it is manifest they are not altogether free of [ 30] their former feares.

These Marts continue two moneths each of them, or longer, and haue beene the onely meane of admitting the Iesuites into China,* 1.30 by the industrie and pietie of other Portugals. Ruggerius therefore with his merchandise also aduentured with them, and found an impediment at first. Another Iesuite which before had gone thither had conuerted a youth, Disciple to a Priest, and closely conueyed him to Amacao. His Master made complaint and procured the Magistrate to fetch him backe by force, to the great trouble of Ours, and seeming discredit as if by ill arts they had seduced Children from their Parents, which is a thing at Canton, both vsuall and Capi∣tall. Ruggerius enterposed himselfe with great care and discretion, and appeased the Admirall or Hai-tao which hath the command of Strangers,* 1.31 who hereby had an opinion of his vertue, and de∣lighted [ 40] to see him studious of the China bookes. He therefore permitted him to stand at his side when others kneeled, and freed him also from the going aboard at night, and allowed him a place in the Palace,* 1.32 where the Ambassadours of the King of Siam were vsually entertayned, bringing their present or tribute (such as you haue heard in Goez) to the King. There hee studied night and day the China bookes, and on Sundayes and Holy-dayes, the Portugals came thither to him to Masse and to receiue the Sacraments. This continued whiles they continued, for when the Mart ended hee was commanded to returne with them. The Father procured acquaintance also with the chiefe Captayne of the Souldiers of that Prouince (the Chinois call him Zumpim) to whom hee gaue a watch.* 1.33 By this meanes many of those which came to Amacao, began to shake off their Ethnike darknesse, and the deuout Portugals erected a House for the Catechumeni [ 50] (new Conuerts to bee instructed in Christian mysteries before Baptisme) where hee instructed them, and more freely followed his China studies, by helpe of Interpreters. One businesse hin∣dred another, and his Marts absence (which tooke vp neere halfe the yeere) this Catechising, and a tongue is hardly learned by studie without vse; and therefore the Visitor sent for Mat∣thew Ricius out of India,* 1.34 (which had come out of Europe with Ruggerius, and now had finished his Diuinitie course at Goa) to bee his yoake fellow, one to whom the China expedition is most indebted.

Anno 1582. Valignanus the Visitor, carryed certayne Iaponian Princes sent to Rome to yeeld subiection to the Pope, in the name of those Kings which sent them, as you shall heare. He stay∣ing [ 60] for the Monson at the Colledge of Amacao,* 1.35 tooke great paines to aduance the China busi∣nesse. And to that purpose hee instituted the Fraternitie or fellowship of Iesus in our House, with lawes fitting to New Conuerts; forbidding any Portugals to bee therein admitted, but onely Chinois, and Iaponians, and those which were newly conuerted of other Nations: alway to bee

gouerned by one of those Fathers which should bee assigned to the China Expedition, called, The Father of the new Conuerts, taking care not onely of their saluation, but their other affaires and pouerty.

The Vice-roy of Canton Prouince is one of the chiefe Vice-royes,* 1.36 because his Prouince is farre from Pequin, and coasting on the Sea; infested therefore with often Piracies, especially Iaponian. Hereupon the Canton Vice-roy exerciseth iurisdiction also in the adioyning Prouince Quamsi,* 1.37 if occasion require to leuie more Souldiers, although Quamsi hath also a Vice-roy of her owne. For this cause the Canton Vice-roy resideth not at Canton, but at Sciauquin,* 1.38 a Citie bordering on both Prouinces. At this time Cinsui borne in the Prouince of Fuquien, was Vice-roy, a co∣uetous man, who to get money of the Amacaons sent thither his Writ for the Bishop and Cap∣taine [ 10] to come to his Court, vnderstanding that they commanded all there. They thought it not agreeing to the Portugall honour to goe, nor to their safety to neglect his summons, and there∣fore by Valignanus his aduise, Ruggerius was sent in the name of the Bishop, to see if hee could get a perpetuall Station in that Kingdome, and Penella the Auditor, in place of the Captaine. And to obtaine his fauour, that he should not disturbe their merchandising, a Present was sent him at publike charge, of such things as the Chinois most regard, as waued garments of silke Da∣maske (which the Chinois then knew not how to make) Crystall Glasses, and other things va∣lued at 1000. Duckets. The Vice-roy receiued them in great pompe, more to terrifie then ho∣nour them; but at the sight of the Presents (the scope of his purpose) hee became gentle and courteous, and decreed that they might liue in his Port in manner as hitherto they had done, obeying [ 30] the Lawes of the China Magistrates: which words seeme formall, the Portugals liuing there af∣ter their owne Lawes; and other Nations, yea the Chinois themselues which are Christians in habite and religion, being subiect to them. The other Chinois are subiect to common Officers sent thither from Canton. The Vice-roy would haue nothing, but hee would pay for it, which hee did because bribes and gifts are there seuerely punished: but priuily hee sent to them,* 1.39 that money was giuen them to procure him as many other like.

Ruggerius desired that which he came for, saying, he learned the China Tongue and read their Bookes, which he seemed much to like, and gaue him hopes at his next returne to obtayne it. And hauing giuen them weight of Siluer; with prouision, great attendance of Magistrates and Souldiers, much Musicke of Hoybuckes and other Instruments, hee sent them pompously tho∣row [ 30] the publike streets of the Citie to their shipping. So weighty is hope of gaine. In August had comne (as they vse) Portugall ships to Amacao, in them of our Society not a few, and a∣mongst others, Father Matthew Ricius,* 1.40 w••o brought with him an artificiall Watch from the Prouinciall for the aduancing this China businesse. About that time the Captaine of Amacao hauing made readie those things which the Vice-roy prescribed, sent backe the Auditor to Sci∣auquin, but Ruggerius vnseasonably (or seasonably rather as the euent manifested) fell sicke; yet sent word to the Vice-roy that he could not come to him as he had promised: and withall, that he had a Clocke-watch which did without any striker sound the houres,* 1.41 a thing euen still of much wonder to the Chinois. Hearing of his sicknesse, hee seemed sorrowfull, but this Watch awaked him, and caused him to make his Secretarie presently write a Licence for the Father to [ 40] come to him with that admirable worke, as soone as he should bee able. When this Charter was read at Amacao, it contayned more; for the Fathers were inuited by publike Authoritie to erect a publike and priuate house in that Citie, which caused great ioy. But the Visitor was afraid as yet to send Ruggerius, as not furnished fully for that designe; the beginning of a thing being the greatest part. The other Iesuites perswaded, and Father Francis Pasius bound for Iapon, a man well qualified for gouerning was sent, and Ruggerius adioyning his Colleague. Ricius was made Gouernour of the Colledge of the Catechumeni, and appointed to follow the other two, if occa∣sion serued. And if the businesse proceeded not, Pasius was to proceed to Iapon, and the other two to attend better opportunitie in their China businesse.

Those two Iesuites went to Sciauquin,* 1.42 and offered their Watch with a triangle Glasse pre∣senting [ 50] variety of colours, a thing admired of the Chinois as a precious Iewell: both which were exceeding welcome to the Vice-roy, who assigned them a conuenient station in a Subur∣bian Temple, called Thien-min-zu, whither he often sent them diuers viands, and often admit∣ted them in Visitation to his Palace. There they abode foure or fiue moneths, often visited in that Temple by principall men and Magistrates of the Citie, and were in hope of their perpe∣tuall continuance, hauing obtayned licence of the Secretarie also for Ricius to come, who was preparing for the Voyage, when all was disturbed on a sudden, the Vice-roy being I know not for what fault, depriued of his place. He fearing least in the chiefe Citie the presence of Stran∣gers might further hurt him, dismissed the Iesuites so, as hee permitted them to stay at Canton, [ 60] commanding the Magistrate there to prouide them a house and ground. The Chinois call that Citie Quam-cheu which the Portugals (by the name of the Prouince deluded) call Canton.* 1.43 They well knew that his commission was of no force, yet they went, and the Haitau, to whom the Charter was directed was absent, and no regard being had thereof, they were not permitted to ascend the bankes, and therefore with griefe returned to Amacao. Pasius presently sayled ac∣cording

to the Visitors appointment to Iapon, and after diuers yeeres labour there, was Vnder∣prouinciall of the China and Iaponian Missions: and when both of those expeditions were by the Generals order made a Prouince,* 1.44 he was declared Visitour thereof, and came to Amacao, to take order for China, where within few moneths he died.

§. II. Iaponian Embassage to the Pope; Of Nabunanga and Quabacondono their gouernment; Corai inuaded, Embassage from China, TAICOSAMAS [ 10] Temple, and OGOSHOSAMAS succession.

HAuing mentioned that Embassage of Iaponian Kings sent to the Pope by procurement of the Iesuites, out of their writings I haue heere added for further illustration, the acts of the publike Consistorie in this forme of words.

* 1.45Pope Gregorie the thirteenth, sitting in the Hall designed for entertaynment of Kings, and their Embassages on the three and twentieth of March, 1585. in the morning, in a most ample Session of the Cardinals of the Holy Romane Church, and in a great assembly of Princes and Prelates with greatest industry, and most frequent attendance of all Orders: Man∣tius and Michael (who was also of the Prince of Omur) two Legates of Iaponian Kings, were [ 20] brought in, and one of the two Iaponian companions of the same Embassage, of principall Nobi∣litie, to wit, Martine, for Iulian the other of them was withholden by sicknesse.) After solemne adoration of the Pope, and the kisses of his blessed feet, receiued of him with great demonstra∣tion of beneuolence and charitie, they went aside into a place appointed them with great mo∣destie. Afterwards, the Letters of the Kings which they had brought are publikely read, being translated out of the Iaponian Tongue into the Italian, and thence into the Latine. First, that of Francis King of Bungo, who therein professeth the Diuine bountie in sending the Iesuites foure and thirtie yeeres before into those parts,* 1.46 whose seed had taken some rooting in his breast, which hee a∣scribes to the Popes prayers and merits. And had it not beene for his age, warres, and sicknesse, bee would haue visited those holy places, and haue kissed his holy feet, and set them on his head, and receiued [ 30] his blessing, his breast crossed by his most holy hand: but so detayned, had thought to haue sent his sisters sonne, the Lord Ierome, Sonne of the King of Fiunga his Embassadour, whose Cousin-german Man∣tius in his absence he now sent; thankes him for the Relikes sent him, &c. Ian. 11. 1582. Inscribed, To the great and most holy Pope to be adored, and holding on Earth the place of the King of Heauen. Subscribed, Francis King of Bungo, prostrate at your Blessednesse most holy feet. Not much vnlike was the tenour of the second Letter, sent from Protasius King of Arima, who detayned by di∣uers lets, had sent his Cousin-german in his roome, to his Holinesse, which with sincere and humble minde hee adoreth. Inscribed, To the great and holy Lord whom I adore, holding the roome of God. The Prince of Omur sent also the said Michael his Brothers Sonne with a Letter of like import, inscribed. With lifted vp hands adoring I offer these to the most holy Lord the Pope, Vicar of the [ 40] great God. Subscribed in substance as the first.

After this, silence was commanded; and in the name of the said Kings and Legates, Gasper Gonsaluas a Portugall Iesuite made an Oration vnto the Pope, comparing and preferring this Embassage with that of certaine Indians to Augustus, and the conuersion of Britaine by the first Gregorie with this of Iapon, and other Ilands by the Thirteenth, succeeding * 1.47 and exceeding that, now fallen from the Pope; applying Esays Prophecies of the Churches encrease to this Iesuiti∣call Haruest, and magnifying the great glories of that Pope, founder of Seminaries, and magni∣fied extra anni Solis{que} vias. Antonio Buccapadulio answered in the name of the Pope, That Fran∣cis King of Bungo, Protasius King of the Arimans, and Bartholmew his Vncle, Prince of Omur, [ 50] hath sent you their kinsmen to him from the remote Iaponian Ilands to the veneration of that power in presence, which by Gods bounty he holdeth, they haue done godly and wisely. For there is one Faith, one Catholike Church, one made Gouernour ouer the said Church, and Pastor of Christs Flocke, that is, of all Catholikes thorow the World, in the succession of Peter, the Roman Bishop. That they acknow∣ledge and professe this, together with the mysteries of the orthodoxe Faith, our most holy Lord reioyceth, and giueth immortall thankes to the Diuine bounty,* 1.48 and iudges this to be the most true ioy which procee∣deth from the studie of Gods glorie, and the saluation of Soules. Therefore most willingly, together with these his venerable Brethren, Cardinals of the Roman Church, hee embraceth the testification of their Faith, Obedience, Deuotion. He wisheth and prayeth that by their example other Kings and Prin∣ces also of those Iles, and of the whole World, reiecting the worship and errour of Idols, may know the [ 60] true God, and whom he hath sent Iesus Christ; for this is life eternall.

This done, the Consistorie was dismissed. The Legates when they had attended the Pope, after the custome, into the inner roomes, were first entertayned of the Popes brothers sonne, the Cardinall of Saint Sixtus, with a Banket; after that admitted to the Popes pr••uate and fa∣miliar

conference, they discoursed by Interpreters with him of many things, touching the Iour∣ney and Religion: then went to Saint Peters Church, and the holy Thresholds of the Apostles piously saluted, at night were honourably brought to their lodging.

This was prepared and furnished in the Iesuites Colledge by the Popes appointment at their first comming to Rome, the two and twentieth of March,* 1.49 who also sent two troops of Horse to guard them. They went from their Charet to the Temple, and whiles they praised God, and worshipped at the greatest Altar, the Students of the German Colledge in a double Quire sang, Te Deum laudamus. The Legates next day had audience as yee haue heard; their Vestment was parti-coloured and embroidered, a short Sword on the left hand, an Arab Dagger on the right, the other part of their habite Iaponian. The pompe of all sorts, and the Ordnance attended them [ 10] to the Vatican, & there the Italian Garrison, and Heluetian Guard with their Peeces and military Musicke receiued them. Then were they lead into the Hall, and after all things there finished, the Legates carried the Popes traine at his departure. And on the fiue and twentieth day, fe∣stiuall for the Annuntiation, the Pope going on solemne Procession, these Legates rode in the last place. What should I say more? (sayth our Authour) it cannot be told,* 1.50 how all magnifie the mercy of God which brings farre more at this time from the East and West to the Catholike Church, then the Deuill hath seduced in the North.

These Iaponian Lords returned into India, 1586. as Valignanus writeth, and were much en∣dangered by a tempest. Their returne into Iapon is signified by the Letters of Michael to the Archbishop of Ebora, testifying their arriuall the one and twentieth of Iuly, 1590. at Nangasach [ 20] with the said Valignanus; and by the Letter of Don Sancius, Sonne and Successour to Bar∣tholmew Prince of Omur to Pope Xistus the fifth, with thankes for the wood of the Crosse, and the Sword sent his Father which should be kept amongst his principall Iewels.* 1.51 Protasius also the King of Arima wrote to the Great and most holy Pope Xistus or Sixtus in this manner.

On the sixteenth of the sixth Moone, which was the one and twentieth of Iuly, 1690. heere arriued the Father Visitour of the Societie of Iesus, with Cingiua Don Michael my kins-man, Don Mancius, and other companions which I had sent to Rome to put their heads vnder your Holinesse feet. Whose comming did as much reioyce me, as if a thousand Autumnes had comne to me, and ten thousand yeeres had beene added to my life. Don Michael related with what honour and fauour hee was entertayned of your Holinesse, of King Philip, and other Catholike Princes, for which I render those thankes which [ 30] Pen and Paper cannot expresse. He deliuered me Letters also which your Holinesse vouchsafed mee, fa∣uourably reckoning mee amongst the Christian Kings. Hee brought me also part of the holy Wood of the true Crosse, a Hat, and a Sword,* 2.1 which your Holinesse is wont to send to Christian Kings and Prin∣ces. Which fauour and studies are such, and so esteemed of mee, that I haue determined to consecrate them to eternall memory, and to place them amongst my chiefe Treasures, and the Ornaments and Mo∣numents of my posteritie. And this honour conferred on mee is such, that greater cannot be in this life, and it redounds vnto a future good life.* 2.2 I had determined (according to the order prescribed of your H. in his Letters, and as the fauour, and so great benefits bestowed on mee deserued) to haue receiued the said Presents with all the celebritie and pompe that might be in my Kingdome: but the Father Visitour [ 40] shewed mee that respect was to be had of the tyrannie and great hatred wherewith Quabacondono the Lord of all Iapon, persecuteth the Fathers and Christians these three yeeres together; and this feast to be deferred till he returneth from Meaco, whither hee is going in Embassage from the Vice-roy of India to Quabacondono, &c.

The ninth yeere of the Era called Tenscio, the tenth of the eighth Moone, which is the two and twentieth of September, An. 1590.

At your Highnesse feet, Arimano, Sciurino, Daibu Don Protasius.

This Quabacondono (as L. Froes writeth) was now growne the greatest Monarch that euer Iapon had, hauing ascended thereunto from a base estate,* 2.3 which was (as hee hath diuers times [ 50] with his owne mouth confessed) to cut wood, and to carrie it to the Market to sell for his daily food. Nobunanga his Predecessor had growne to great height, such as many ages had not there seene. In Frenoiama eight hundred yeeres before, a King of Iapon had builded 3800. Temples, with houses adioyned for the Bonzi••, which employed themselues in the studie of the Lawes and Sects: for whose quietnesse he remoued the Husbandmen, and builded them two streets, allowing to their maintenance about the third part of the Customes (or Rents) of the Vomen Kingdome. Thus became it a fountaine of their superstitions. In time those Temples disper∣sed in sixteene Vallies were lessened to 800. and the Bonzian discipline, and studies melted into pleasures, hardned into Armes, and ranged into robberies, so that they fired Meaco with great slaughter, and opposed Nobunanga: who hauing destroyed the Militarie Bonzi (called ••coxos) [ 60] and taken away their Castles, inuaded Frenoiama, professing he feared not their Gods.* 2.4 On the top of a Hill was the Temple of Quanon, to whom prayers and pilgrimages were made for health, wealth, and long life; and yeerely solemnities and Playes with huge pompe and cost were made in his honour (to which the Gibon feast at Meaco succeeded) with frequency of men,

deuices of work-men, and such order, that it may appeare that Satan there imitates the anni∣uersary solemnitie of Corpus Christi amongst vs.* 2.5 Thither the Bonzi had gotten, but it, and they, and their streets were destroyed, and foure hundred Temples with their furniture burned. At Facusangin also were a thousand houses of the Bonzi by themselues, besides Monasteries, which he destroyed. Xinguea the King of Cainochun had forced his Father to exile, and impri∣soned his elder Brother, and then seized on the Kingdome: after which he shaued his beard and haire, and became a Bonzo, and would needs repaire Frenoiama, and stiling himselfe, Chiefe in the house of the Kings and of Religions, gathered an Armie. Nabunanga wrote to him, calling himselfe, Tamer of Deuils, and enemie of Sects. Hee proceeded first against the Bonzi with these terrours; and after would needs himselfe be worshipped, but eighteene dayes after in a conspi∣racy of his owne against him,* 2.6 he was slaine, and his dispersed. Quabacondono succeeded, and in [ 10] greatnesse of attempts and ambition exceeded.

This Quabacondono is a title which Faxiba assumed, and is as much, as Treasurer. These titles are giuen by the Vo, or Dairi, descended of the ancient Kings, and now enioying a strange Em∣pire, which is to giue titles of honour, (for which all great men haue their Factors with him) and is esteemed as a God, not suffered to tread on the ground (that were deposition) nor often seene, and gets much treasure out of those Titles, which he so often changeth, that the King of Bungo was by the Iesuites obserued foure and thirty times to haue altered his appellations. There is a high Priest,* 2.7 who with Papall power authorizeth Sects, confirmeth and consecrateth the Tundi or Bishops which are nominated by the Kings, and enioyeth Royall reuenues. The Quin∣gue [ 20] is the third person, and hath power ouer Iudgements and Warres. But the Lords of Tensa, that is, such as haue power to get into their hands Meaco, and the Region adioyning, are really chiefe Lords, and command the State, though in seeming ceremonie (as the Turkes to their Mufti, and more manifestly the Soldans of Egypt to their Califas) they yeeld a seeming sub∣iection; the Dairi not daring to crosse them.

Faexiba Cicugendono obtayned that title of Quabacondono (Dono is a generall title of honour) the next to the Dairi, and hauing subiected Iapon, minded to conquer China, by the way of Co∣rai.* 2.8 The King of Corai sent his Embassadour to him with three hundred attendants in vaine, he minding to send and place in those new Conquests all the suspected Princes of Iapan, and to eternize his owne name, being exceeding vain-glorious. He tooke from the Bonzi their Lands: [ 30] and after that, making ditches round about Meaco, hee forced them all to dwell together neere the said ditches:* 2.9 which reducing their discrepant Sects to an vnformed Chaos together, made ma∣ny of them forsake their profession. Hee enioyed euery foot of Land in Iapon, gaue, or remoued, or depriued Kings at pleasure, tooke away all Armes from the Rustikes; forbad all contentions and fights vpon paine of death, if any guilty hereof fled, punishing the kindred, or seruants, or neighbours, crucifying them. He administred iustice very seuerely without partiality, or par∣doning any man: and had almost put to death the Meacon Bonzi for their Concubines if the Gouernour of Meaco had not interposed and vndertaken their amendment. Hee neuer suffered the Souldiers to be idle, but vsed them in warres or buildings. The Vice-roy sent him an Em∣bassage and Presents; the foure Iaponian Lords which had beene in Europe attending Valigna∣nus [ 40] the Embassadour. Quabacondono would needs heare these Iaponians play Europaean Musicke, which they had there learned: and made great shewes of kindnesse to them all, and sent this Letter with Presents to the Vice-roy.

Sir, I haue receiued Letters which your Lordship from so remote Regions sent mee, in opening and reading whereof I seemed to see the length of the leagues by land and sea. This Kingdome of Iapon as you wrote, contayneth aboue sixtie States or Iurisdictions, in which before haue beene great disorders and warres,* 2.10 no peace nor quiet. For many wicked men, Traitors to their Countrey conspired to denye obedi∣ence to their * 2.11 King, a thing which from my youth hath vexed me. And long since I bethought mee of a course to subiect this People, and to pacifie the whole Kingdome: and layed for a foundation three vertues, to wit, Gentlenesse and affabilitie of speech in conuersing with men; Prudence in considerate [ 50] iudging of things, and egregious fortitude and courage of minde: by the aide whereof I haue subdued all this Nation, and haue brought all the Kingdomes into this forme of one Empire, wicked men being extinct, and worke-men which labour in the fields promoted. And I haue so restored peace and quiet∣nesse to these Kingdomes, and in few yeeres haue so setled and stablished the Monarchie of Iapon, that it is now like a great Rocke which cannot be remoued. Whence it is come to passe that in all foure parts of the Kingdome they haue a King eminent in much wisedome; and the King likewise hath all of them obedient. And in this order I haue declared and exercised the power of a good Captaine, to whom these Kingdomes are subiect; by taking away the wicked, and rooting out all Robbers by sea and land. So the people,* 2.12 families, and all places of the Kingdome enioy maruellous quiet. I haue also determined to in∣vade the Kingdome of China, and in few dayes I will take ship and doubt not of victorie. When I shall [ 60] possesse it, your Lordship may more easily communicate with mee in all things.

Now concerning the Fathers, * 2.13 Iapon is the Kingdome of Chamis, whom wee hold to be the same with Scin, which is the beginning of all things. This Scin is the substance and the very being of all things; and all things are one and the same with Scin, and into Scin are resolued. Who in Scina is

called Iutto, and in Tescincu Buppo. Further, in the obseruation of the Lawes of this Chamis consi∣steth all the Politicall gouernment of Iapon, which being neglected, there is no difference betwixt Lords and Subiects: if it be kept, the vnion and concord is perfected which ought to bee twixt the Father and Sonne, the Husband and wife. Therefore the whole, both internall and externall gouernment of Men and Kingdomes is placed in the conseruation of this vnion and policie.* 2.14 Now the Fathers formerly haue en∣tred these Kingdomes to preach another Law for the sauing of men: but because wee are instructed and settled in the Lawes of Chamis, we desire no other Law: for the diuersities of Lawes and opini∣ons are hurtfull and preiudiciall to the Kingdome. Wherefore I commanded the Fathers to depart out of Iapon, and haue forbidden them to preach their Law, nor will I that heereafter they preach any new Law in this Kingdome. Although these things be so, yet I greatly desire that a stable communi∣cation [ 10] may remayne betwixt vs: for so this Kingdome shall bee free from Theeues, by Land and Sea. And I giue leaue to all Merchants which bring merchandise, to sell them all without let. I desire your Lordship to approue the same. I receiued all the gifts which you sent out of those Southerne parts, as it is written in your Letters. I likewise send some others out of these Kingdomes, with a me∣moriall of the gifts, and the names of them which haue giuen. The Legate will declare the rest, where∣fore I will bee no longer. Dated 20. yeere of Tenscij, 25. of the seuenth Moone.

In the end was the Seale and Subscription. It was written in a leafe eight palmes long, foure broad, painted with golden Flowers, and put in a red silke bagge wrought with Gold and siluer; and that inclosed after the Iapon manner in a Boxe, which for the price and workman∣ship was so admirable,* 2.15 that the subtiltie and excellence of the worke might amaze all Euro∣peans. [ 20] Within it was couered and without, with Vrosci (made of Gold beaten into pow∣der) distinguished with Flowers of Gold and Siluer, so inserted in the Vrosci that none could discerne the coniunction, but he which knew the making of the Boxe. It had also Roses, and gold Chaines to tye the Boxe; which Boxe was put into another Bag, and that into another Boxe very artificiall. The gifts were Armours, Armes, and other things very precious.

He assembled his Lords about this China Warre, which durst not expresse any other opinion,* 2.16 hee hauing protested, that hee would not heare his Sonne disswade him, if he were aliue againe, and if any should hinder him, it should cost him his life. Thus for some moneths space nothing might be seene else, but prouision for Ships, Armes, Munitions, and necessaries for the Warre. Hee made a Catalogue of all his Lords, exempting none from the expedition, and setting euery [ 30] one his number of followers. To Augustine a Christian Lord hee gaue the fauour of first im∣pression into Corai, other Lords staying still at Suscima eighteene leagues distant.* 2.17 Corai is ad∣ioyning to the Continent of China at one end, diuided by a great Riuer from China, and tribu∣tarie to the King of China; it is in length about an hundred leagues, and sixtie broad: the people vnlike the Chinois in language and bodily strength, but following their lawes, customes, and go∣uernement. They are better Archers then at any other weapons: and not comparable to the Iaponians, except in shipping, wherein they and the Chinois exceed. Yet at this time they were destitute of that defence, and Augustine gaue them a great ouerthrow. Before Quabacondono would goe, he made his Brothers Sonne by the Dairi to be entituled Quabacondono, as his Heire and Successour, contenting himselfe with the title of Taicosama, that is, Great Lord. All the [ 40] Iaponian Princes were commanded to be present at the translation, to giue him obedience; to whom the Dairi gaue the Fortresse of Meaco, and the Palaces of Quabacondono, making him Lord of Tensa. But his Vncle held the sway of all in his owne hands, and after hauing a * 2.18 Sonne of his own, caused this his Nephew with some others to crosse himselfe (that is, to cut his breast acrosse, his bowels falling out, and some one of those which died with him, cutting off his head.

Augustine with a Fleet of eight hundred sayles entred Corai, and tooke two Fortresses, the Coraians being driuen from the walls by the Iaponders Gunnes, vnknowne to the other, and fiue thousand of them slayne. This wanne him great credite with Taicosama, who promised him much, yet performed little. Hee defeated also an Armie of twenty thousand, and after another of fourescore thousand, and the King fleeing into China tooke the Meaco, or Royall Citie of [ 50] Corai, Taicosama sent him a Horse, and a Sword, the honour that Nabunanga was wont after any great Victorie to doe to him. The Coraians seeing their King with his troops in safety, fled with their prouisions into Woods and Hills, and would not thence bee brought by any promi∣ses. The Iaponian possessed of the Fortresses wanted men to till the ground, and therefore must needes want necessaries: the wayes also were by the Coraians vpon all occasions assaulted. There are two hundred thousand Iaponians at this present in Corai, and Augustine is in the extreme borders adioyning to China,* 2.19 separated notwithstanding by a Riuer three leagues broad, abounding in ships, and the shores fortified with multitudes of men, so that the suc∣cesse is doubtfull.

[ 60] Froes in his Epistle, 1595. writeth that there were then an hundred and ninety Iesuites in Ia∣pon and China: that Taicosama not succeeding in his Coraian expedition, returned to Meaco,* 2.20 and quarrelled the new Quabacondono out of his life, who with fiue others at Taicos command executed themselues after the Iaponian manner. Augustine meane while endeauoured an Em∣bassage to bee sent from the King of China, who thinking himselfe Lord of the World, sent to

Taicosama, that it was an vnmeet thing that He, whose industrie and valour had subdued three∣score and sixe Kingdomes of Iapon to his Empire, should permit the Dairi a priuate man, and Subiect to the King of Iapon to hold his former place of dignitie. And if hee would depriue him thereof, hee promised to send him a Crowne, and the title of King, and by the same Le∣gates to treate further about the Iaponians forsaking Corai.* 2.21 Two Embassadours were sent from Pequin to Augustine to Corai: who presently sent word to Taico, the Embassadours abiding with him, because of the solemne entertaynment which Taico intended for the renowme of his name to all posteritie. The Nobles exhaust in the former expedition were yet now en∣forced to new braueries and expences.* 2.22 Hee caused at Ozaca a Hall to bee erected, with a thou∣sand Tatami (very elegant Mats) the timber costly, and gilding incredible. Yet by store of [ 10] raynes a great part thereof fell downe, which hee intended soone to repaire, hauing an hun∣dred thousand men at worke there both night and day in great miserie, standing with their feet in the water. If any runne away they are killed. Before this Hall hee erected a Theatre for Comedies, exceeding stately and costly with artificiall paintings of Vrusci. Hee repaired the Tower of Ozaca seuen stories high. The gilded Plates or Tiles, the Bridge called, The Bridge of Paradise, the new Citie of Fuscimo which he builded, and other his immane expenses (the Offerings to his Idoll of Fame,) I omit. Hee caused his little Sonne to goe with great State to Sandai to the Dairi, that is, to bow his head thrice before him downe to the Mats, who entertayned him with a solemne feast, with great Iubilee in alteration of names and titles of honour to the Nobles. [ 20]

Taico had settled peace thorow all Iapon from Warres, from Robbers by land, and from Rouers by sea, which before continually infested all with Piracies (one of which Noximan∣dono is mentioned by the Iesuites in this time to haue had a great Fleet of ships,* 2.23 and to haue forced a great part of the Coast to yeerely tribute vnto him, to bee freed from his Robberies) onely the Dairi had higher title: and a Crowne and Scepter seemed wanting to his realitie of Regalitie and Soueraigntie already possessed. And now whiles hee intended to exceed himselfe in his entertaynment of the Embassadours, one of them hating this long detention or impri∣sonment in Corai,* 2.24 fled; which newes Augustine sent to both Courts. From China the Legacy was renewed, the Delinquents kindred punished. Meane while the two and twentieth of Iuly, 1596. at Meaco it rayned ashes, wherewith the houses, hills, and trees were couered as with [ 30] snow, and a great myst accompanied it. At the same time at Ozaca and Sacaia it rayned sands. At Meaco after the showre of ashes came another of haires, long and white like the hoary haires of an old womans head, but softer, and not so smelling when cast into the fire. In the Northerne Kingdomes of Iechu, Iechingo, Scimano, and Nota, the land and houses were coue∣red with them. A Comet appeared in August: on the thirtieth whereof followed an Earth-quake as a warning to a greater on the fourth of September,* 2.25 which threw downe Taicos magni∣ficent Hall with a thousand Tatamos, in which hee had purposed to entertayne the China Le∣gates; and the Tower of seuen lofts, and another Tower, and almost all the buildings of the Fortresse, and the Store-houses, which were very large, and stored with Corne, and halfe the houses of Ozaca, all in halfe an houre, sixe hundred people being buried in the ruines. It made [ 40] a noise like Thunder, and like the waues beating on the shoare. The Earth opened in many places. A great new Temple and a Monastery fell downe, and the same day in which the Iesuite had heard a Bonzi in the same Temple inuiting to call vpon Amida, and much depredicating his mercies. The next day at Meaco was a noise greater then of the greatest Cannons that euer were heard, dreadfull to man and beast, and wee said the Letanies on our knees, but scarsely could keepe on our knees for the Earth-quake. Others forsooke their houses, lamented their dead (fiue hundred being ouerwhelmed; and fifteene or twenty Temples) called on their Amida: and some ranne to Fuscimo (Taicos new Citie for him and his Nobles) whereof the best part was ruined,* 2.26 and much harme happened in many other places. Taicos Palace at Fuscimo fell downe, and oppressed seuenty women, himselfe escaped into the Kitchin vntouched: and the relations [ 50] of that Earth-quake would yeeld a booke alone. Taico yet would seeme to dominere ouer Na∣ture, and leuell a very huge Hill with the Valley, to erect new Palaces. And because hee could not entertayne at Fuscimo the China Embassadours, he receiued them at Ozaca. The solemne state and pompe I omit. They had audience the twentieth of October.

The Kings Letter was written in a plate of Gold very great and ponderous, inclosed in a gol∣den Coffer, wherein also was the Vest, and royall Crowne for Taico, and in another was a Crown for Mandocorasama his Wife with title of Queene. Hee sent also twenty Vests of Quingui with title and dignity of China for twenty Lords (the first of which was Augustine) by him named, and as many for those whom Taico should name. In the Epistle of the King were these words, Futatabi cioscen vocasu cotonacare, that is, Thou shalt not returne againe into Corai, and if thou re∣turnest, [ 60] thy dignitie shall no longer aduantage thee, words importing their vassallage to the Chinois. The Embassadour and Taico were equall in sitting on the Tatamis; the chiefe Lords of Iapon were present; and after the taste of their * 2.27 Chia, Taico receiued the Epistle or golden plate, and layd it on his head, and the Vests, going in to put them on. At his returne the Chinois adored

him, and a feast followed with pompous plenty: which was continued other dayes. But when the Legates moued him to pull downe his Forts in Corai, and to pardon the Coraians, hee brake into exceeding furie, and commanded them backe to Corai, and extruded them in great haste out of the Countrey with inhumane vsage.

About this time Peter Martines first Bishop of Iapon came thither.* 2.28 Taico died Sept. 16. 1598. hauing taken politike order for the State, and as foolish for himselfe to be made a God, prescri∣bing the forme of his Temple: One was crucified for speaking of his death. Word was sent by the Gouernours which Taico had appointed as protectors for his Sonne, to the Iaponian Lords in Corai, to returne, and so after seuen yeeres that warre had end.* 2.29 What euents followed after in Iapon, you may see in my Pilgrimage, and somewhat also before in Captayne Saris, and Master [ 10] Cocks relations: Taicosamas posteritie rooted out, and Ogasha Sama seizing the Soueraigntie to himselfe. So much harder is it to be a Man then a God, and easier to bequea••h a Temple and ty∣tle of Camus, and diuine worship as to a new Faciman or Mars (all which his Ex••cutors perfor∣med and caused to be effected; his body not burned after the wont, but as he had prescribed, put in a C••est and translated to that sumptuous Temple, where he is worsh••pped as the principall of all the Cami) with an Image erected to him, (seene by Cap. Saris) then to bequeath long life to himselfe, accomplishment to his Coraian designes, or sure succession to his posteritie, in all which hee fayled. But we will with our persecuted Iesuites leaue Iapon, and ship our selues for China.

[ 20]

§. III. RVGGERIVS enters againe into China with RICIVS, and is forced backe to Amacao; thence sent for againe by the Vice-roy. Sande and Almeida are sent to them, and enter the Countrey as farre as Ce∣quion, and returne to Sciauchin.

IT is a custome in China, that of all Charters granted by the Magistrates a copie is kept in the Registrie, and the execution, or what hath therein beene done, subscribed at the end. The succeeding Vice-roy finding the copie of that Charter granted to the Iesuites [ 30] at their departure, without such subscription (because nothing had beene done there∣in) wrote to Canton, to the Aitao; he (which then was absent) to the Ansam or Hiam-xan, the Gouernour of the Citie, and he being ignorant thereof, to the Port-gouernours at Amacao. They went to the Bishop, and by him were sent to our Colledge where they were shewed the sealed Charter: but there being then Melchior Carnerus Patriarch of Ethiopia (which expedition was dissolued) Capralis, Gomez, Pasius, and other principall Iesuites, it was thought fit,* 2.30 that it should not be deliuered to the Souldiers, but carried by two Iesuites to the Aitao: and Rugge∣rius with Ricius were therein employed, the China Captaines also consenting that they should goe to Ansan, thence by the Ci-hien or Gouernour, to be sent to Canton.* 2.31 This Ci-hien when they [ 40] came thither would haue sent it and not them, which they refused, whereupon he grew angry, cast it on the ground, and commanded them to returne backe; saying, that a deposed Vice-royes grant could no way benefit them. They went to their Inne, and there consulted to goe without his leaue, deceiuing a Ship-master with sight of the said Charter, who tooke them into his ship; but terrified by others, cast them out againe with their goods. At this time came a message to the Ci-hien of his Fathers death, whereupon (according to the China Custome) he lost his office and returned home during his three yeere•• mourning. They by this occasion, and a weightier cause, (money giuen to the Successour) and the Notaries subtiltie in a seeming seruice to the Common-wealth, were sent in manner as prisoners to Canton, as strangers found there.

The Aitao notwithstanding gaue them kinde entertaynment. They petitioned, shewing,* 2.32 that they were Religious men which had passed so many Seas allured by the fame of China, there to spend [ 50] their dayes: and desired nothing but a small piece of ground to raise thereon a little house to the Lord of Heauen, and they would be further burthensome to none, but procure liuelihood of their owne mens bene∣uolence. They mentioned nothing of Christian Religion, lest it might cause suspicion, and bee a let to them; the Chinois thinking too well of themselues, that strangers should teach them a∣ny thing, which they haue not already more complete in their owne Bookes. Rebellions haue also begunne vnder colour of new Sects. The Aitao or high Admirall commended their desires, but said, it belonged to higher Magistrates, and could onely bee granted by the Ciai-yuen (the Visitour of the Prouince) or the Vice-roy.* 2.33 They desired that hee would at least let them stay there in the Palace of the King of Siams Legates, till the Portugals Mart came, and in meane [ 60] time they would trye what they could doe with the Visitour or Vice-roy. This hee granted, but the same day repeated, professing that he feared the Visitor (if out of Mart-time he should finde st••angers there) whose censure is dreadfull to euery Magistrate. He therefore commanded them presently to packe for Amacao. They were comne backe to Ansan, and found things in worse case then before. For at the gates of the Citie they found an Edict set vp by Co the

new Vice-roy, blaming the China Interpreters which had put into the heads of Stranger-priests to learne the China language and Characters, and to desire some place for to erect a sacred and priuate house,* 2.34 threatning those interpreters if they persisted. In this dispayre of proceeding, they had not beene a weeke gone, when from Sciauquin, the seate of the Vice-roy, one of his guard came to Amacao and brought the Ci-fu, (so they call the Gouernour of that Prouince) his Letters Patents by the Vice-royes authoritie, inuiting the Fathers to Sciauquin, there to receiue a piece of ground for a Church and dwelling house. The cause hereof was an offer made by the Fathers (when they were sent away from Sciauchin, by the deposed Vice-roy to Canton) of a summe of money to any which should procure of the New Vice-roy license for their returne. One of the meanest Souldiers in name of Interpreter to the Societie had put vp a Petition to the Vice-roy, who sent it to the Gouernour of the Region called Guam-puon, of Cequion Prouince) [ 10] to bee dispatched, who gaue the former Letters Patents to the Souldier, which brought them himselfe to Macao. They with great ioy, as seeing the Diuine hand herein, made ready for the iourney,* 2.35 which the former expenses and late Ship-wrackes (especially of the Iapon Ship in the Ile Leuquiceo, which alone hath most of the wealth of the Citie in it) made difficult; but Gaspar Viegas charitably bestowed the expense, seconded also by others.

Thus full of hope they set sayle, and in Canton, both now and when before they were dismis∣sed from Sciauquin, they found Spaniards. Then, a Ship which from the Philippinas was bound for New Spaine,* 2.36 was wracked at the Ile Nan-tau, on the Canton coast; the men which escaped were kept in durance: And now, seuen or eight Franciscan Friars, which had gone from the same [ 20] Philippinas for Cauchinchina, hearing the King was become a Christian, and in their returne were wracked on the Ile Hainan, and taken and spoyled, and presented to the Magistrates for Pirats, whose libertie these Iesuites procured,* 2.37 promising all recompence at Amacao. Hence they had set foorth in the beginning of September, 1583. and in the same moneth came to Sciauquin, in that Souldiers companie, by whom they were conueyed to the Gouernours Palace, and kneeling be∣fore him made request as in the Souldiers mentioned Petition had beene contayned, and were kindly answered, that they should goe about the Citie and spye out some conuenient place for their purpose,* 2.38 which hee doubted not to procure of the Vice-roy for them.

At the same time at Sciauquin, they were erecting by the common charge of the Eleuen Ci∣ties of that Iurisdiction, a Tower (whereof one floore was now raysed, to which they intended [ 30] to adde nine others aboue it) in a pleasant place by the Riuers side, a myle and more from the Citie,* 2.39 the Suburbes continuing further then it. In the same place they set foorth a Temple, and therein erected a Statue to the Gouernour, whose sixe yeeres gouernment had well deserued of the learned, and of the vulgar. A piece of that field in which the flourishing Tower (so they called it) was building, they desired, which hee liked well, and promised to further them with the Vice-roy.* 2.40 The Iesuites at their former departure, had left an Altar with one Ciu Nico, who had placed the same in a conuenient place, for want of Images inscribing aboue, it Thien Chu in Cu∣bicall letters, that is, To the Lord of Heauen. Hee made also thereunto diuers Incenses, and at set times yeelded diuine honors before it; which much reioyced the Fathers, seeing that there was one found which inuoked the true God. And this man gaue them entertaynment, till they had [ 40] receiued the Vice-royes answer, app••ouing their request; and the next day the Gouernour set foorth a plot of ground for them with straight caution to obserue the Lawes of China, and to ad∣mit no Strangers companions to dwell with them; which they promised. Much was the con∣course and admiration of people, much the wonder at their triangle Glasse, the Image of our La∣die, a wrought Handkerchiffe, with which they presented the Gouernour; but hee returned all afterward,* 2.41 fearefull of Bribe-imputation. Much trouble arose about that place, and another was assigned them, where they began to build and were forced to pawne their precious triangle Glasse, to fit it for their vse; they obtayned also an ample Charter from the Vice-roy, and two Patents from the Gouernour which protected them from wrongs.

In these beginnings they made little mention of the Gospell, but imployed their spare time [ 50] in learning the Language and Characters, by a Holy life seeking to insinuate themselues into the peoples good liking. Their habite was like the modestest of the Chinois, a long Gowne with large sleeues: Their house had two Cells, and betwixt them a Hall with an Altar in the midst, on which they set the Image of the Blessed Virgin,* 2.42 carrying her Sonne. They called their God, Thien-cui, Lord of Heauen; for the Chinois want the D. which caused that they could not giue any name more fit: and this name continueth to this day, although they vse others also, as Highest Ruler of all,* 2.43 First beginning of all, and the like. The blessed Virgin is called the Great Mo∣ther of God. This Image on the Altar, all which visited them both Magistrates, Students, Priests, and common people, did religiously worship, kneeling and (after their rite) knocking lightly the ground with their fore-heads. They admired the excellencie of the Picture and colours [ 60] without ceasing. But when it began to bee rumoured, that they worshipped a Woman for God, they tooke away that Picture and substituted the Image of Christ. After this, they painted the ten Commandements in the China language, which many approued. Some brought them In∣cense for holy vses, and some bestowed their Almes; others also Oyle for the Lampe which bur∣ned

before the Altar; and the Fathers commended their Law, as agreeing to the light of Nature. The first which was Baptised, was a poore diseased man cast foorth by his parents,* 2.44 whom they instructed, and a little before his death baptised. The reliefe which they bestowed on him be∣fore, caused a rumour amongst the vulgar, that those Strangers knew by the mans complexion,* 2.45 that hee had a precious stone in his head, the cause of all that benificence. The Chinois much ad∣mired the Bookes, of which the Fathers had store, the artificiall binding, gilding, cost, goodli∣nesse of the Print, and their studiousnesse in the China bookes; and receiued with great applause a Booke of Christian learning which they printed. Yea, the Gouernour after the China rite would needs doe them publike honour,* 2.46 which is done by sending a goodly Table with Cubitall [ 10] letters in praise of them, with the Magistrates name, and the date inscribed in lesse letters. Two of these with great pompe hee sent vnto them, the one to bee set ouer the entrance with inscrip∣tion, The house of the flowre of Diuine men; the other to bee placed in the Hall, inscribed, The holy Nation of the West: which wanne them great reputation, this Magistrate being much re∣puted for learning and vertue.

Our wants caused Ruggerius to intreat leaue to goe to Amacao for supply, which hee obtay∣ned with a faire Ship and thirtie Rowers. The Gouernour requested also, that a Clocke might bee made for him. But the pouertie of the Amacaons, their Ship not being come from Iapon, and the Colledge enioying no Rents, caused him to send the workman to Sciauquin, to make it there; which hee tooke in good part. Now the Chinois are a people suspicious of Strangers, especially [ 20] those ruder parts of the Prouince of Canton, and much muttered at the Portugals Commerce,* 2.47 say∣ing, they made all things dearer, and the profit came but to few. They gaue an odious appella∣tion to the Portugals, calling them Deuils. To this, Fame had added a spurre, reporting that their famous Tower was the worke of Strangers, (which had no ground but that their house was building at the same time) and the Flourishing Tower, was stiled the Strangers Tower.* 2.48 They there∣fore in Ruggerius absence offered great abuses by throwing stones, being angrie that they kept their house shut, which they would haue had made an Idoll Temple, alway open to all. One boy in throwing stones, was taken by the seruant and brought in, but at others request soone dismissed. Hereupon two neighbours conspired, to set a fellow on worke to accuse these stran∣gers for seducing Children, as they had done this youth his brother,* 2.49 (so they agreed) and kept [ 30] him three dayes, with intent to sell him for a Slaue at Amacao. The two neighbours offered to bee witnesses hereof. The accusation was put vp in pittifull manner, and the Gouernour much moued, the Father fetched into Court by an Officer, before hee could haue leasure to write his answer. The Interpreter had filled his sleeues with stones, which hee powred out in Court as witnesses of their abuses. The Iudge smelt the businesse,* 2.50 and by examination of the Tower work-man which had seene it, found out the knauerie, and rewarded it with terrible whipping; and forbad all abuses to bee offered to them.

Ricius his skill in the Mathematickes which hee had learned, being an Auditor of Clauius at Rome, was no small helpe to them. They had a Cosmographicall Map in Europaean Characters,* 2.51 hanging in their Hall, which the learned beheld with great pleasure, much desiring to see it in [ 40] China characters, little knowing, as little hauing to doe with the rest of the world. They had Maps pretending a Description of the world, but presented onely their fifteene Prouinces, with the Sea and a few Ilands, and the names of such Kingdomes as they had heard of, all which King∣domes scarcely equalled one Prouince of China.* 2.52 They now wondred much to see themselues straightned in an Easterne corner of the world, and Ricius at the Gouernours request, published it in China characters: and inserted, as hee saw cause, the rites of the world and the Christian holies. They haue a conceit, that the Heauens are round, the Earth square,* 2.53 and their Empire to bee seated in the midst thereof; hee therefore so proiected his Description, that he presented China in the midst. They that before thought basely of all other men,* 2.54 as if else-where were no King, nor Republike, nor Bookes, began to be better conceited of Europaeans, and to bee bet∣ter [ 50] prepared for the seed of the Gospell: and might hereby also lesse feare Europaean forces so remote from them. This worke hee often reuised and corrected, till it came at last both to the two Royall Cities, and to the Kings house. The workeman at the same time fini∣shed the Clocke, and both were together presented to the Gouernour, who at his owne cost published the Map, and soone after restored the Clocke, because hee had none which knew how to order it.

The Ship comming from Iapon, Ruggerius well releeued returned,* 2.55 whereby the house was fi∣nished, their debts payed, and the building with stories, the disposition of the windowes, furni∣ture, faire situation on the Riuer with goodly prospect, and Europaean rarities, brought many, e∣uen great Magistrates, to behold it. Ricius proceeded to make Spheares of Brasse and Iron;* 2.56 hee [ 60] Printed also Globes, and made Sunne-dyals, which hee gaue to the Magistrates. And by his le∣ctures on these subiects, he got reputation of the best Astrologer in the world, they esteeming o∣thers by themselues. The Gouernour was about this time aduanced to a higher Dignitie,* 2.57 called Lin-si-tau, hauing the rule of two or three Regions and all the Townes therein, not remoouing from Sciauquin: and as the Chinois are superstitious obseruers of Auguries, he conceiued that he

prooued the luckier man by this familiaritie with our men, which hee signified when they came to him, with a present to gratulate these honours.

In the Philippinas the newes of the Iesuites successe caused the Gouernour to send the Treasurer Iohn Baptista Romanus to Amacao,* 2.58 with Father Alfonso Sancius a Spanish Iesuite, with a Watch and other presents and letters to the Iesuites, to procure an Ambassage from the King of Spaine to China. The Iesuites had with petitioning brought the businesse to good forwardnesse, when they receiued contrary mandates from Amacao, it being likely to prooue the destruction of that Citie, if the Spaniards with their plentie of Siluer from Peru and New Spaine, should haue trade in China; neither did this belong to the Spaniards, but to the Portugals, according to the Com∣position betwixt the two Kings made by Alexander the sixth: and although they are both sub∣iect now to one Crowne, yet their priuiledges remayne distinct without confusion. Thus both [ 10] the Magistrate aduised, and their superiour the Rector prohibited them to proceed. Yet the for∣mer working was not ceased by Silence, till the Amacaon Magistrates laboured with diuers reasons to diuert the Ambassage. Capralis the Rector was desirous to see their house, and they procured the Linsitaus leaue, so that hee came thither, viewed all, and Baptised both the young-man before mentioned which kept the Altar, and a learned man which read the China Bookes to the Fathers, this called Paul, the other Iohn, the first China Conuerts. Valignanus made Pro∣uinciall of India, hearing of this successe, sent thither Father Edward Sande, and Father Antonie Almeida: and obtained of the Vice-roy Edward Menese, an annuall stipend for this mission. They came to Amacao in Iuly, 1585.

At the same time it seasonably hapned, that Linsitau was commanded from the Court, to pro∣cure [ 20] of the Strangers at Amacao, certaine goodly feathers for the King. He furnished a faire ship and sent Ruggerius thither,* 2.59 and brought with him Father Edward Sande, who went to salute Linsitau, and gaue him no meane gift of our Commodities to procure abode, whereof nothing so pleased him as a triangle Glasse. Hee giues him leaue to stay, on condition that they admit no other companion. In Linsitaus place had succeeded another of Cequion Prouince, a great friend of the Fathers, who being to goe to Pequin about some affayres of his Office euery third yeere, was feasted at our house (where the Magistrates were often solemnly entertayned) and then of∣fered to carrie one of ours with him in his iourney, at least as farre as Cequion his owne Coun∣trey.* 2.60 They willing to erect some new seate, least some disaster might in a moment strip them [ 30] easily of one and all, agreed that Ruggerius and Sand•• should goe, and receiued licence for entring the Prouinces of Cequian and Huquan, and places adioyning. This was the Mart time whither Ruggerius went, and found Almeida come thither with the Portugals. Thither also a Brother of Lusitau was gone with much Merchandise of Silke, (the most whereof is made in the Cequian Prouince) which the Portugals bought at his price by the Fathers intreatie, who therefore tooke the Fathers, his brothers friends, to his Citie in Cequian, called Sciauhin, (a name some∣what neere the other, but in China a little difference prooueth great) the natiue place of both the Gouernours.

The Chinois haue a custome to be called by many names, and no man calls them by their pro∣per name,* 2.61 (but themselues in naming or writing themselues, or somtimes their superiours) with∣out [ 40] iniurie: they taking a greater name, which others giue them for more honour. Now the Fa∣thers had yet assumed no other name, but their seruants called them by their proper name, a thing amongst the Chinois reputed barbarous. They therfore (to become all things to all, to winne all to Christ) then followed that fashion, and euer since at their first entrance assume a new Name. Their Iourney is thus written by Almeida.

* 2.62On the eleuenth of the Kalends of December, 1585. wee departed from Canton. The third day the Ship happened to bee on fire, some imputing that vnluckinesse to vs: but without much harme it was quenched. Whiles wee sayled through the Canton Prouince, wee seldome came in sight and neuer want out of the Ship till wee came to Moylimpor. I can therefore relate nothing of that Prouince, but that there were very many Cities, and Townes very frequent, and steepe high Mountaines, betwixt which that [ 50] Riuer slideth to diuers tracts of the Prouince stored with waters, Wares and Shipping. Euery where wee beheld sumptuous Aedifices dedicated to the worship of Deuils, and of Ships almost infinite multitude, and of water-Fowle innumerable store, and herds of Goats feeding by the Woods, to the seuenth of the Ides of December.* 2.63 Then wee arriued at Moilim a Citie, neere which is the beginning of that Riuer, whose course being swift, wee were drawne by ropes and rowed with Oares against it. Into this Citie wee should hardly haue found admission, the passage being by a Bridge with two Iron chaynes, opened onely and shut at the will of the Gouernour. But our Conductor hauing acquaintance with the Linsitau, wee had present entrance,* 2.64 hardly able to passe for the multitude of Ships, there wayting. Wee were there well enter∣tayned, and on Sunday and Munday sayd Masse. On Tuesday wee went to a Citie eight miles distant, there regaizing the commoditie of another Riuer. All that way was paued with stones; in which we passe [ 60] a Mountaine, on the top whereof was an arch with an inscription of his name, who had facilitated that way, otherwise difficult. The weather was vnseasonable, rainie and cold, perhaps because the whole way in manner was Mountainous.* 2.65 I doe not remember that euer I saw way so frequented, not then when Mer∣chants resort to publike Faires: for all the Merchandise from Nanquin, and the places adioyning are

brought hither. Also the Merchants which inhabit the remotest Cities in that way, on both sides had Part∣ners for the conueying of their Wares, very fitly; for our Conductor had nothing to doe but to deliuer one hundred and fiftie Packes of Wares with other prouisions for the way, to his Hoast,* 2.66 which all hee should find in his Inne in the next Towne. These Partners also prouide Horses for the Seruants and Seats for the Masters to bee carried in by two Porters defended from the Raine by Sumbreros, or Shadowes which they carrie in their hands. When hee had passed halfe the way, wee changed our Seats and Porters, and had others to the Inne; to these nothing is due but some small gratuitie, the Hoast beeing paid for all: and a Seat is at as easie a rate here, as a Horse in our Countrey, with great commoditie and frequen∣cie of Innes. In the Euening we came to the Towne Faquen, and staid there two dayes,* 2.67 such concourse of Citizens comming to see vs, that we were almost ouer-whelmed, and were glad to get a ship-board on [ 10] Friday. On Saturday we sailed downe the streame, fifteene dayes continuing our course, in which wee hi∣red three Barkes, in one of which we only were carried. On both Bankes many and faire Townes walled about, present themselues to the view of Passengers, seeming as bigge as Canton,* 2.68 which made mee me∣ditate of the facilitie of conueying the Gospell in these parts, we making all this way with as great tran∣quilitie of bodie and minde, that wee might in the ship pray or studie and doe other things as commo∣diously, as at home.

On the sixteenth of the Kalends of Ianuary, we came to a most frequent Citie far greater then Can∣ton, where the Tutan or Vice-roy of the Prouince Chiansi resideth.* 2.69 It is high walled diuided into three parts, a Riuer flowing thorow with a Bridge of Barkes, ioyning two parts of the Citie. On this Bridge customes are paid, but our Conduct being the Lancitau•• Brother passed without search. And although [ 30] we feared to be examined by the Magistrate, yet no man troubled vs, they being not so inquisitiue in o∣ther parts as in Canton Prouince, about strangers: yea, they entertayne them more honourably euery∣where then your Worship at Xauchin. About halfe a mile from this Bridge another Riuer ioyneth with this, which runneth by the other side of the Citie, and makes the third part of the Citie. I wished the Fathers a Colledge in this place both for the fertilitie of the soyle and holsomnesse of the Aire. Hauing prouided necessaries for the rest of our Iourney in this Citie, wee went aboard and in the space of sixe or seuen dayes going downe the streame, we beheld on both sides very goodly Woods, and many Piles of wood on the Bankes necessary for those cold Regions, and holding on our course passed by seuen Cities, or more, famous for greatnesse and Merchandise: and on Christmas Euen came to the greatest Citie of all Chiansi, where wee staid that night for that Solemnitie. But hee which then was borne exercised our [ 30] patience with a grieuous North-wind, whereby the Riuer water (otherwise cleere) was so troubled that on Christmas day wee could not drinke it. For the Riuers course is North-ward,* 2.70 which therefore by a North-wind is so moued.

The next day sailing by a Citie which by the sight we iudged greateer then Lisbone, in one dayes pas∣sage further, we came to the way which leads to Nanquin, where diuers Riuers ioyning together make a kind of Crosse with great commoditie for Trade and passage.* 2.71 For a Barke well defended against wind and weather, conuenient for two Gentlemen with their Seruants and baggage, may here be hired for twen∣tie or thirtie dayes, at an easier rate then a man shall pay for Horses from Coimbra to Li••bone. For from Canton to Moilin fifteene dayes iourney, for a ship which carried two hundred Packes of Mer∣chandize of diuers kinds, we paid but nine Iaes, and seuen for those three which wee hired for twentie [ 40] dayes more. After that, leauing the Northerne way which goeth to Nanquin or Lanquin,* 2.72 wee turned West-ward against the streame, yet with benefit of the wind fauoring vs, we went fifteene and sometimes twentie * 2.73 miles a day: in which space sailing by very large fields we arriued at a Citie where faire Por∣celane is made, thence carried into India and Europe. Wee passed by many Woods also and some Cities. The cold meane-while was so great, that one day all was couered with Snow. The Riuer decreased, and on the third of the Nones of Ianuarie, they vnladed the Merchandise into ten lesse Boates, and sailed two dayes, wee came to a large Citie, to which wee had entry by a Bridge borne vp with fiftie painted Barkes.

On the Nones of Ianuary wee came to Gouli, a Citie at the end of our Nauigation by that Riuer. Here in celebrating Masse wee were thronged by the multitude. And a Priest of the Idols inuited vs, [ 50] which then performed to his Idols Ceremonies at his House, Altars there erected, & Priests inuited,* 2.74 & Hymnes vsed, where he and those Bonzi vsed vs kindly. Here wee obserued that the Deuill counterfei∣ted the Ceremonies of the Catholike Church. We went thence by the foot way carried in portable seats as before sixe or seuen miles: and then entred the Prouince of Ciquion, at the Sun-set entring the Citie Cuixion.* 2.75 On the Ides of Ianuarie we againe went a ship-board holding our course by another Riuer which in that Citie first beginneth to be Nauigable, the slow streame lingring with vs three dayes, in which yet we saw eight Cities, about which we found vnmeasurable quantitie of Oranges, very high Hils abounding with Trees and vnder-woods,* 2.76 betwixt which that pleasant Riuer sweetly slides, receiuing from euery place new Tributes of waters that it prooueth now as large as that of Canton Prouince. And [ 60] although China haue name of fertilitie, yet here appeared some prints of Iaponian sterilitie. For in fiue dayes space we could get nothing but Rapes and Rice, and a little fish. On the eleuenth of the Ka∣lends of February, we passed by a large Citie twice as great as Canton,* 2.77 as those which knew the Region affirmed: for we by reason of Snowes and Mists could see nothing but some high Towres. At Sunne going downe wee came to a Towne, against which a Bow-shot distant on the other side of the Riuer, wee

were forced to take a new ship, and causing our ship to bee drawne (a light hanged out at the Mast) the next morning we came to the Citie Ciquion, the end of our iourney. In this Citie, which as Father Ro∣gers (or Ruggerius) is wont to say,* 2.78 is a type and representation of Venice, God hath prouided vs of a good House, on one side hauing the Citie, on the other the Riuer for prospect, with conuenient Roomes and a Garden, and a fit place for a Chappell. On both sides of vs dwell Idolatrous Priests, which yet vse vs kindly, and daily come to heare our Doctrine, as doe others in great multitudes, that we cannot yet auoide their frequent concourse to heare and see vs. To the chiefe of them we shewed our Altar erected to the Immortall God, which they beheld with great reuerence, worshipping the Image of our Sauiour. And the greatest Magistrates were so affected with our Christian Ceremonies, that they said they would not suffer vs to depart. Some of them inuited and entertayned Father Rogers: one of them of farre [ 10] greater ranke then the Gouernour of the Citie, who then mourned for his Mother, and inuited vs by his Steward to her Funerall Solemnitie; whom we answered that our Prayers auayled not but to the wor∣shippers of the true God. He vsed the Father with very great respect, giuing him the higher place at ta∣ble, and accompanying him at the parting to the vtmost gate of his Palace, seeming much delighted with the Mysteries of our Faith. Three others greater then the Gouernour haue comne to visit vs, and others come so frequent that it is troublesome. The Priests also giue vs good lookes, whatsoeuer they thinke. The Aedifices both publike and priuate, the streets and Lanes of the Citie are larger and fairer then in the Citie of Canton. The Citizens also in grauitie of manners, and ciuilitie of Habit, differ not a little from the Inhabitants of Canton and Sciauchin. There is no Citie in Portugall, Lisbone except, that is any way for greatnesse comparable, The singularities I shall write at another time. Ciquion the [ 20] fourth of the Ides of Februarie, 1586.

* 2.79The Prouinciall of India writ to the Generall that at their returne to Xauchin they found fortie Christians added to the Church, which number in those beginnings in the ample and bar∣barous Kingdome of China, may be equalled to fortie thousand Christians in the Iaponian Pro∣uinces: from Goa 14. Kal. Ian. 1587.

§. IIII. False Brethren and others accusations detected, they are expelled Sciauchin: erect a [ 30] Seat at Xauceum. Monasterie of Nanhoa and other things of note in those parts. They alter their habit; Voyage to Nanquin; the Lake, Riuers, Idols and other Rarities.

RIcius cals that Citie where they resided Sciauhin, and saith, it is a principall Citie, though not the Metropolitan of the Prouince, noble in commerce, in scituation (in the midst of a fresh water Lake) in wits and learned men. They baptized there Linsitaus Father and two or three Infants, which then dying they thrust into Heauen at vnwares. Sixtus the Pope granted a great Indulgence to the Societie, to further the Iaponian and Chinese businesse: [ 40] and Aquaviva the Generall sent them three Watches and an artificiall Clock, which was great, yet mooued by wheeles without waights, and strucke also the quarters to the great admiration of the Chinois.* 2.80 Others sent Pictures, one the worke of Gaspar Coelius who first taught the Ia∣ponians and Chinois the European Painting to the great good of both Churches. But the Kinsmen of Linsitau seeing such flocking to the Fathers grew suspicious of danger, and caused them to bee recalled, and Linsitau also to be estranged from them. Also one Tansiao-hu a great acquaintance of Linsitau, with purpose to get somewhat from the Fathers, questioned Ruggerius why hee had not seene Mount Vu-tan in the Prouince of Hu-quam, a famous resort of Pilgrimes; who answe∣red that hee durst not without the Magistrates leaue:* 2.81 I will procure it, saith hee, and did so. In the way Ruggerius went to the Mother Citie of Quam-si, where hee visited one of the Royall [ 50] bloud, not knowing that such haue nothing to doe with the State, and was not admitted, but bidden first to goe to the Vice-roy, to whom he went and had no injury, nor yet wonted huma∣nitie, but was bidden to prosecute his Pilgrimage and not to stay there. Linsitau hearing of this, sought to shift his hands of them, and with much adoe they obtayned that two might bee per∣mitted to stay in their house.

* 2.82Another danger happened by one Martin a new Conuert which had made two other Con∣uerts beleeue that the Fathers could by a certaine herbe turne Quick-siluer into siluer, and by that meanes maintayned themselues. Now the Chinois being exceedingly affected to that Alchy∣misticall vanitie, these gaue money to buy a Wife, and other costs to that false brother who vn∣dertooke to learne of Father Ruggerius and to teach the other two that Science. And hauing got∣ten [ 60] what he could of them, he also borrowed the Triangle Glasse of the Fathers, with which hee ranne away. The Gouernour one day desiring to see it, they told him who had stolne it, and he sent an Officer which found him out and brought him bound. Hee, to bee reuenged of the Fa∣thers, accused one of them of Adultery; and the Husband of the pretended Adulteresse (partner

in the Conspiracie) put vp a Petition against Ruggerius, who vpon inquisition was found at the time named to haue beene in Quam-si, two moneths journey thence. The Accuser hoped to get some-what, being poore, to stop his mouth, which they refased vtterly, and hee for feare fled, together with his Wife. The Father was iudicially cleered, and Martin in his presence receiued twentie cruell stripes, and condemned to the Gallies,* 2.83 was sent to Linsitau who had first com∣mitted him to confirme the sentence; who added sixtie stripes more, and being beggered and cast in bonds he was forsaken of all his Friends, and (the Fathers meane-while releeuing him) dyed within few dayes of the wounds. He which had gotten the Glasse from Martin, another Con∣uert, came and restored it to them, left it might breed him danger being found with him.

Linsitau was preferred to a higher dignitie in the Prouince of Hu-quam. To him the Citie [ 10] had erected a Temple, and on the Altar had set his Statue;* 2.84 before the Altar a great Harth for burning incense: Candlestickes were also magnificently placed; and at his departure the whole Citie there visited him, and after their rite, p••lled off his old Boots (Bootes are the ensignes of Magistracy) and put on new, putting the old in a Chist, and locking them vp to bee reserued for a monument of his worth. Ruggerius went to Amacao, and Matthew got leaue for Father Edward the Superiour to returne to Sciauquin. The new Conuerts which had lost their money, by Martins death, deuised new tumults against the Fathers; the Riuer (which is a mile broad) ouerflowing, damnified the houses of the Citie, whence grew occasions of new abuses to Ours. The Visitour endeauoured to procure Legation from the Pope to China, and Ruggerius was sent to Europe on that businesse, which tooke little effect by the death of diuers Popes; hee spending [ 20] the rest of his life at Salerne in the Kingdome of Naples.* 2.85

Ricius was alone a good while, till Almeida came to him. His Clocke, by the Diall to the eyes, and by selfe-striking to the eares, caused no little wonder. But a new calumnie much endange∣red them made to the Ciai-yuen. For certaine old men of Canton, which are honoured for that in their whole liues they neuer haue accused any, nor beene accused of any, enioying therefore a yeerely feast out of the publike treasure, a peculiar Vest, and diuers other immunities,* 2.86 put vp a Petition, admonishing of the danger of the Amacaons,* 2.87 and especially those Spies which had builded houses of diuers stories, and euery day proceed with new arts, giuing money toward the building of Sciauquin Tower to get entrance into that Citie, sayling to and fro without im∣pediment, dangerous to the State. This is that which our Bookes fore-tell, Yee haue sowen thornes [ 30] and nettles in a gentle soyle, yee haue brought in Serpents and Dragons into your houses. That of Ama∣cao is like a sore on the hands or feet easily cured at leasure, but this of Sciauquin, an vlcer seizing on the breast and heart timely to be remedied, &c. The Visitour reputed a seuere man committed it to the Haitu, and at last it came to the Gouernour of Sciauchin, who then being at Pequin to per∣forme the customary trienniall visitation to the King, Phan his colleague (our friend, then Lieute∣nant) assisted vs with his Counsell, and they gaue their Glasse to the new Linsitau, who ended the quarrell with the Visitour, as being a false calumnie.

The two Marts prouided them of exhibitions and European Presents from Canton, and their Clocke, Mathematike Instruments, Geographicall Maps, Pictures, and Bookes, with Musicall Instruments, had procured them much visitation, and much estimation of Europe, and some fruit [ 40] thereof in Conuersions. Neither was this Station vnprofitable to Amacao, helping their af∣faires with the Magistrates, in businesses with the Vice-roy, in cases of shipwrackes,* 2.88 in redu∣cing fugitiue slaues. It happened at that time the Vice-roy dying, his Successour would not through superstition enter his Palace till hee had pulled it quite downe and built it anew at the Kings charge. Meanewhile spending his time in Canton Prouince, he was made against vs and banished vs. But the Magistrates being our friends,* 2.89 and order comne then from Pequin to buy Scarlets of the Portugals, F. Mat. Ricius was employed, and got their good liking, but not leaue by any meanes of the Vice-roy to stay at Sciauchin. Yea, hee forced vpon the Gouernour the execution of his Mandate to packe them away, offering money for the house, which they refused to take, saying, a house built for Gods seruice might not be sold, and it were ill merchan∣dise [ 50] to take sixtie pieces of Gold for sixe hundred which it had cost them.* 2.90

When they came at Canton the Admirall was absent, and whiles they waited for him the Vice-roy sent a Barke for them to returne, and then permitted them to chuse any other place of residence. Ricius chose Nanhium in the Prouince of Quiansi (or Quamsi, or Chiansi) which hee refused not, but wished them first to trye at Nanhoa, or at Xauceum, commending them to the Assistant of the Gouernour thereof, then present, and gaue Ricius a bundle of bookes of his owne acts in token of good will, who thanked him with his fore-head to the ground, after their fashion. They departed from Sciauchin on the Assumption day, 1589. They came to the place called Sanceui, or Three-waters,* 2.91 where the Riuers of Xauceum from the North falls into a great Riuer: there they vse to change ships, to haue others fitted in other fashion to sayle against the [ 60] streame. In eight dayes sayling to the North, they came to the place where the Gouernours seruant stayed for them to bring them to the Temple or Monasterie of Nanhoa, part of which the Vice-roy had giuen them if they liked it. This Monasterie they found in a goodly Plaine,* 2.92 enuironed with pleasant Hills, enriched with hand-set fruit-bearing trees, watered with a

Riueret in the midst: the goodliest Hill, graced with a plentifull Fountaine, was the Seat of the Temple, a great pile; nigh which was the Monasterie wherein a thousand Priests (by the impious piety of the Ancestrie, Lords of that ground) had their abode.

* 2.93The originall thereof was a man which liued about eight hundred yeeres since, called Lusu, who is reported to haue flourished in great reputation of holinesse by reason of his austere course of life; with a chaine girded to his bare flesh, wonted to sift Rice, and to beate it lightly after their manner, as much as serued for the daily food of a thousand Monasteries. With that chaine his flesh putrified,* 2.94 so that wormes bred therein: of which if any happened to fall to the ground, he placed it there againe, saying, Hast thou nothing to eate? why doest thou runne away? There is his carkasse preserued and that famous Temple built to his worship, to which is concourse of Pilgrimes out of all the Kingdome,* 2.95 euery-where he and all his being much reputed. These Mi∣nisters [ 10] of the Deuill are diuided into twelue Stations, each hauing his Superiours, and ouer all an Abbot. When the Father came thither sent by the Vice-roy, they supposed hee had come to be their Abbot and to reforme their abuses; for they not only had their Concubines and Bastards, but robbed by the high-wayes. Now all the Idoll Priests are as subject to the Magistrates as o∣ther men; perhaps because their Learned esteeme not Idols, nor account these their Priests. Yet with China dissimulation they gaue the Fathers faire entertainment with much pretended joy,* 2.96 and officiously offered all at their Seruice, making them also a Solemne Feast, and then shewing them the chiefe places of their Monastery. They were full of great Idols of Brasse and other Metals,* 2.97 and of wood gilded. In one Station were told fiue hundred. There were also many [ 20] Steeples and Bels of Metall cast, one such as they had neuer seene in Europe to their remem∣brance.

The bodie also of their Saint, Lusu, was shewed, all shining with that their China bituminous Vernish (so vulgarly thought,* 2.98 and preserued with incredible veneration, though many deny it to be his bodie:) In the midst of the Temple is an eminent place to which they ascend by neate steps, in which hang about fifty Lampes, but not all burning except on set dayes. The Chinois maruelled at the Fathers doing no worship, a thing vsually performed by those Chinois, which otherwise repose no confidence in those Idols. They both agreed; the Chinois Monkes to bee rid of their feare, and the Fathers to goe to the Citie.

At their departure, Father Almeida went by water, and F. Matthew by Land with the Go∣uernours [ 30] Seruant, the Abbot bearing him companie. He there told the Magistrate that he liked not of the Temple, because the men had an ill report as vnsafe Neighbours, and hee worshipped one God, and not Idols. This amazed the Gouernour, perswaded before, that there was in the World no other Law nor Characters then theirs,* 2.99 till Father Matthew pulled forth his Prayer-booke. The Abbot also testified that hee had worshipped none of the Idols, no not Lusus selfe. At last, the Gouernour was perswaded by him, that that of Idol-worship was a later Sect a∣mongst them; yea, the Abbot affirmed, that they deserued no worship, but that former Magi∣strates had obserued that without Idols the vulgar would not keepe Religion, and therefore set vp these to be worshipped.* 2.100 They visited all the Citie Magistrates which vsed them with more courtesie then those of Sciauchin. They went also to another Temple or Monasterie called [ 40] Quamhiao, on the other Westerne side of the Riuer, and carried their goods thither till they were prouided of a House.

The Citie Xauceum is seated betwixt two Nauigable Riuers which here met: the one which passeth by Nanhium on the East, the other running out of the Prouince of Vquam on the West. But the Citie wals and Houses are builded in the midst of the field, but they are forced by the straitnesse to build also on the other-side the Riuer, joyned with a Bridge on Barkes. It contay∣neth fiue thousand Housholds is fertile but vnholsome, the third or fourth part of the Inhabi∣tants being sicke of a Tertain from October to December, which takes away many, and leaues a pale Impression on the rest. Strangers also are no lesse arrested by it, when they come thither on businesse. And the Iesuites had almost lost themselues in this new purchase, where being re∣couered [ 50] they had a Charter from the Vice-roy to build their House in ground belonging to the Monasterie.* 2.101 Thither the Visitor sent them Sebastian Fernandus and Francis Martinez which had beene trayned vp in the Schoole of Amacao, the first Probationers in China. They to auoid expense, built this House of one Storie after the China manner: and soone liked better of this then their former Residence.

Chiutaiso (the sonne of one of the second ranke of Magistrates called Sciansciu, a man fa∣mous,* 2.102 as being the first named of the three hundred Doctors made euery third yeare, and Author of Learned Workes) had spent his Patrimony after his Fathers death with Prodigalitie and ex∣periments of Alchymie: and now was forced to shift, with his Wife and Seruants wandering thorow the Kingdome to his Fathers Friends, and becomming a Sollicitor for other men to the [ 60] Magistrates of his acquaintance. Hee hauing obtayned of the Vice-roy a Roome in that Mona∣sterie became Neighbour to the Fathers; and one day with set Pompe (after the China custome) and precious Gifts came to Father Matthew, and chose him for his Master. It was not safe for the Father to refuse (though he requited his gifts, lest he should seeme to haue beene brought thi∣ther

by couetousnesse) and first taught him Arithmeticke. For that which the Chinois haue is with a Linnen Instrument whereon Beads are put by wires,* 2.103 and shifted hither and thither to reckon their numbers: certayne, but subiect to Error, and vnprofitable to high Sciences. He read to him also the Sphere of Clauius, and the first Booke of Euclides Elements, and taught him to make Sun-dials of many sorts, and Geometricall Rules to measure Altitudes. He being of subtile wit, committed these things to writing in elegant stile, and shewed them to Magistrates of his Acquaintance, so procuring great opinion and admiration to the Iesuits. His wit and exceeding industry brought him to great skill, that hee made Spheres, Astrolabes, Quadrants, Compasses, Dials and other like, very artificially, and some of siluer: withall so setting forth his Master [ 10] and the European Learning, that it proued of no small consequence. By his meanes the Fathers had acquaintance with Pimpithan a Military Commander, with the Gouernours of the Citie and diuers other Magistrates. Almeida fell sicke and was sent to Macao, to see if Physicke might recouer him, and there dyed.

Ricius set forth a goodly Image hitherto vnseene, on the Altar adorned with Waxe Lights, which brought such concourse to see it,* 2.104 that their enuious Neighbours stoned the House and Ser∣uants by night: whereat Chiutaiso offended acquainted the Gouernour, which had before set his Decree ouer their doore prohibiting all wrongs. He called the Street Gouernours (as Consta∣bles with vs) and was likely there to haue scourged them, pretending their ignorance, and put∣ting chaines about their neckes after the fashion, sent them to seeke out the wrong doers,* 2.105 and [ 20] bring them to his Tribunall. They fearing to anger their Parents, durst not name them, till he commanded to whip the one and send the other to Prison, whereupon they named two,* 2.106 whose punishment with much intreatie of the Father was pardoned. Father Francis de Petris, was sent (by the Magistrates License obtayned) to succeed in Almeidas place.* 2.107 The Vice-roy was then preferred by his Friends procurement and Bribes to a higher place, but the Prouinciall Visitor had so complained of his wrongs, that by the way hee was acquainted that hee was depriued of all Office, and fined at forty thousand pieces of Gold to the King. Besides, a filthy Vlcer brake out of him, and soone after he miserably dyed. Thus did God punish his pride, which to erect a Temple to himselfe at Sciauchin, had depriued the Iesuits of their House. The fame at Sciau∣chin was that the Iesuits were expelled for refusing to teach the Vice-roy the Arte of Al∣chymie.

[ 30]

One Cosunboa a Merchant of the Citie Taicho in Chiansi, abode in Nanhiun,* 2.108 and had some for∣tie persons in his Family, a very Superstitious Idol-worshipper, in whose seruice hee macerated his whole life in that China abstinence from Flesh, Fish, Egges, and Milke, liuing only of Pulse, Rice, Herbs, and certaine Cakes, industrious for his saluation in another life,* 2.109 but not satisfied with any of the China Sects. He had learned by Chiutaiso of the Iesuits, and came to Xauceum and acquainting Father Ricius with his purpose, he was instructed and baptized Ioseph. He stayed with them a moneth, and after Ricius went to Nanhiun to him, and preached and baptized ten others. Theeues by night assailing their House, the Gouernour was made acquainted,* 2.110 who would haue them indited by the Fathers (which they did very sparingly,* 2.111 whereas the China [ 40] manner is to adde excessiuely) and he put them to torture; and forced them to confesse:* 2.112 one whose Hat or head couering falling off had bewrayed him, he condemned in Capital sentence; the other to be sent to the Gallies, or amongst the Kings Slaues: which sentence was to passe to Superiour Gouernours, and so to Sciauchin, and Father Ricius must goe thither about it, which happened well for the new Conuerts which had for the most part growne wild. From thence he went to Amacao to speake with the Visitor, and returned to Sciauchin, where the Parents of the theeues procured him their Aduocate which should haue beene the Plaintiffe. Amongst the China Ma∣gistrates is one which hath his name of Pardoning punishments: Hee is sent in the Name of the Queene Mother, into each Prouince one. Their Office is to visit Prisons, to exempt the smaller offenders and to mitigate Sentences; for which the Magistrates hold them in great esteem.* 2.113 But [ 50] hee would not succour these men, though the Father intreated. The Prouinciall Visitor only re∣mayned, who alone doth last of all reuise the Sentences, and they despaired that hee would re∣uoke the judgement of seuen or eight Magistrates. Hereupon they conspired fiftie of them conioyning in an impious Sacrifice in a certayne Temple to expell ours from Xauceum. But none of the Magistrates of the Citie subscribing (except one, who did it, to offend the Fathers grea∣test friend) they better bethought themselues, and intreated Ricius to be their Intercessor; where∣by the Visitor was perswaded to pronounce them Dicers and not Theeues, and to exchange their sentence into twentie stripes a piece.* 2.114 For the name of Theeues would haue beene an ignominious brand to them and to their Kindred for euer. Yet would they haue renewed their accusation to the Visitor, but he would not heare them. About that time the President of the Court of Rites at [ 60] Pequin, passed that way towards Hainam his Natiue Countrie,* 2.115 who hearing of Ours (which he did not to the Visitors) visited them with gifts, and spent a whole day with them, promising at his returne to carry Father Matthew to Pequin with him to correct their Kalendars.

In Nouember 1594. Father Francis de Petris dyed, and Father Lazarus Cataneus succeeded, Ricius bethought him of another course: for howsoeuer they had shaken off the name of Bonzi,

yet because they shaued their beards like the Portugall Priests,* 2.116 and cut their hayre, and liued sin∣gle, had their Temple and set prayers, they could not free themselues of that infamous title which made them vnfit for greater Designes. Hee aduised the Visitor, that by this meanes they were accounted as the Idoll Priests, and that it were fitter to let their hayre and beards grow, and to weare the habite of the Learned men, each of them hauing a garment of Silke to visit the Magistrates, without which they might on equall tearmes amongst the Chinois, conferre with them: also that it was fit to remoue their residence from this vnwholsome ayre of Xauceum, or to diuide it.* 2.117 To all these the Visitor yeelded, vndertaking to acquaint the Generall of the Order and the Pope. For howsoeuer for vertue and learning (wanting to their Bonzi) the Magistrates had alway shewed countenance to Ours, yet the vulgar held them in that vulgar respect; nei∣ther might the Magistrates breake their custome, to giue them equall entertaynment. Nor did [ 10] they now beare themselues for Learned men of China, but for Europaean Learned, imitating the habite of that Countrey.

* 2.118The next yeere, 1595. the Chiefe Iudge of the Councell of Warre, by the Chinois called Scilaù, which is farre aboue the dignitie of Vice-roy, (who before had after diuers Dignities betaken himselfe to a priuate life) vpon occasion of the inuasion of Corai, was by the King of China (which sent in defence thereof an Armie of eightie thousand) called backe to the Royall Citie. Hee had a Sonne of twentie yeeres old, who for griefe that he had lost the first degree of their Students, lost his wits. Hee sent a Captayne for the Fathers, thinking they could recouer his Sonne which he had with him, and gaue them such entertaynment, that the Magistrates were amazed.* 2.119 He caused a Charter to bee giuen to Ricius for going to Naugau, chiefe Citie in Chiansi, [ 20] where hee hoped to doe good on his Sonne. He passed Mount Moilin, which lyeth betwixt the two Prouinces and the two Riuers, a dayes iourney, and the most notable thorow-fare in the whole Kingdome. For at the foot thereof to the South, the Riuer of Nanchiun becomes nauiga∣ble, which runneth into Canton and the South Sea. On the other side of the Hill at the Citie Naugau, ariseth another great Riuer, which visiteth the Prouinces of Chiansi and Nanquin, and many Cities before hee enters the Sea Eastward. Thus what comes from forraine Kingdomes to Canton, is this way conueyed to the in-land Kingdomes, as also from those hither: Horses and seates, or Chayres for carriage on mens shoulders, Beasts for carriage and Porters, being al∣most innumerable euery day, yet all in good order. The Mountayne is common to both Prouin∣ces, which are distinguished by a Gate erected among the stonie precipices. All the way is set [ 30] with Trees, paued with stones, frequen•• with Hostries, as secure by night as by day, both by the guards of Souldiers, and frequencie of Trauellers: neither are their ouer-flowings by raynes. On the Hill top is a neate Temple, and therein a Garrison, both Prouinces thence offered to the view.* 2.120 Naughan signifieth the Southerne Inne. Hee went in one of the Presi∣dents Ships, till hee came to the Citie Canceu; by the way often entring into his owne Ship and discoursing with him of Europaean affayres, Sciences, and Religion. But so many visita∣tions for Magistrates hindred all dealing with his Sonne in this iourney, so that by his Father it was deferred.* 2.121

In this Citie Canceu, resideth a Vice-roy greater then the Vice-roy of that Prouince, they call him the Vice-roy of foure Prouinces, Chiansi, Fuchien, Canton and Vquam: not that all those [ 40] Prouinces are subiect to him, but because hee gouerneth two adioyning Regions, or lesse Prouin∣ces out of each of them. The cause of appointing this Vice-roy extraordinarie was, the multi∣tude of Theeues in those parts, which bordering on so many Prouinces, could not easily by ordi∣narie course of Iustice bee apprehended; whence two Regions out of each were committed to one,* 2.122 who by Militarie forces repressed those insolences. And because the militarie Magistrates are subiect to that Councell of Warre at Pequin, the President was heere receiued with greater State: aboue three thousand men were sent to meete him a league off, with their Captaynes, Co∣lours and Armes, many with Hand-gunnes mixed, shooting off as he passed, making a faire show on both sides the Riuer, which there is not very large. When hee was come into the Citie, the [ 50] Vice-roy with other Magistrates visited him with Gifts, Prouisions, Banquets; and some com∣panies were set to guard the Ships: which was also done euery where, such is the China venera∣tion of such Magistrates by their inferiours.* 2.123 Heere was a Bridge of Boates, opened but once a day for Ships passage which haue payd their customes.

* 2.124After they were past this Citie, another Riuer addes it selfe to this, whence they come into a place called Sciepathau, about thirtie miles long, in which are many Rockes dispersed, on which the impetuous force of the water causeth many ship-wrackes, goods lost, and men drowned; and requireth expert Ship-men; a strange thing to see a Riuer full of shelues and sharpe rockes, in the midst of the continent. In the entrance of this dangerous passage is an Idoll Temple, wherein the passengers deuoutly commend the safetie of their fortunes to these vanities, which Scilan al∣so [ 60] heere did in vaine: for although with multitude and industrie of Saylers his Ship auoyded the Rockes, yet was that broken in which his Wife and Children were carryed, though they esca∣ped drowning, by reason of her high building, euery one getting vp into the highest decke, which lifted vp it selfe aboue those shallower waters. They cryed pittifully, and Father Mat∣thew

hauing then gotten a Boate for himselfe came first and receiued them, going himselfe into another lesse, which went before to conduct the way. Scilan sent for another Ship presently to Canceu. Father Matthew was taken into another Ship of burthen, which was in a gust ouer-throwne, Iohn Barradas his boy was drowned, and hee hardly recouered: the Commodities by dyuing were gotten againe, though much hurt by the water. They came to a noble and popu∣lous Citie called Chiengan, where the winde by night was so violent,* 2.125 that it dispersed all the Fleet, which hardly escaped wracke.

Scilan terrified with this disastrous passage by water, purposed to goe by land to Pequin,* 2.126 which is done at the Kings cost; in certayn places there being Horses, Lighters, Porters, prouisions ready prouided. Now thinking to send backe Ricius to Xanceum, least some might accuse him in a time [ 10] of warre for bringing Strangers to the Court; hee shewed some the wonders of his triangle Glasse,* 2.127 which hee was willing to giue the President if hee knew he should hold on with him in the Iourney. They acquainted their Lord, and hee gaue him license to goe to Nan∣quin, and to enter those two Prouinces of Cequion or Cechien, and Nanchin or Nanquin. Hee was carryed thither with two of Scilans seruants, still hauing Souldiers from all places to guard him, they thinking that some of his Sonnes were there carryed. When hee came to that Mother Citie (for before hee seldome went foorth, to preuent all lets) which is in twentie nine degrees, to the Northermost part of the Prouince, hee made shew of himselfe as one of Scilans houshold seruants: and not knowing whither to goe to deliuer his Letters, hee first went into a Temple of note, which beares name of the Iron Pillar.* 2.128 For they fable that one [ 20] Huiunsin, had some hundreds of yeeres agoe, brought perfect Siluer out of Quick-siluer, and had deliuered this Citie from a huge Dragon, whom hee ouer-whelmed in the ground, and ty∣ed to that Iron Pillar, and then flew with his whole house, Mice and all, into Heauen. The building of this Temple is worthy the view, against which are perpetuall Faires, in which no∣thing is lacking to bee sold. The Priests are those which they call Thausu, which let their hayre and beards grow. When hee entred that Temple, much concourse of people came about him to see a Stranger, a strange sight there, yea, reputed holy, for they had thought that the fame of that Idoll, had brought him thither from farre Countries. But when hee did no worship thereto, hee was admonished to doe that which the greatest Magistrates refused not; then threatned, after they would force him, till one of the Ship sayd, hee worshipped no Idols. [ 30] But seeing the multitude still flocking about him, he returned to the Ship, and signified that hee came with the President, whom euery man knew. The seruants visited their Masters friends, and receiued gifts of some, especially of the Vice-royes Physician.

Scarcely had they sayled out of the chiefe Citie,* 2.129 when they meete with a Lake admirable for the greatnesse and other things: on all the bankes as farre as a man can see, are innume∣rable Townes, Castles, Villages, great Houses; thence they may passe into Fuchien, and thence to the Sea Eastward. Amongst other Townes there is one Citie called Nancan, at the foot of a Hill called Liu, in which Hill are diuers Anchorites, each in his owne Cell, macerating himselfe with afflicting his bodie. Those Houses are sayd to bee as many,* 2.130 as are dayes in the yeere: and they tell as a miracle, that the Sunne shining cleere round about, that Hill is al∣way [ 40] couered with Clouds and mysts; so that that Hill (so neere) cannot bee seene out of the Lake. The course of the Riuer is to Nanquin, but in that breadth the streame hath small force, and easily may with the winde bee sayled any way. After you are out of the Lake, a great Ri∣uer out of Vquam Prouince, runneth thither and therein loseth his name and waters. For the greatnesse, it is thence-forward called Yamsu, which signifieth, the Son of the Sea, being in many places two or three myles broad, dangerous also for tempests like his Father,* 2.131 and they say the waters are so whirled therein, that swimming can little profit those which fall there∣into. The Chinois sayle it with great feare, and are there often wracked. Great Ships sayle therein, and happely our Ships (not the greatest of all) and our Galleyes might sayle hitherto [ 50] from the Sea. Many other Riuers pay their tributes to it. They sayle it not by night, but betake themselues to some Port, which they may readily doe also in a storme. To this Lake the Spring-tydes at Change and Full come, at other times not obseruable: at Nan∣quin euery day, but it is fresh water. When hee was come to Nanquin the Presidents seruants left him.

[ 60]

§. V. Nanquin described; RICIVS expelled thence, hee setleth at Nancian, thence goeth to Nanquin againe, and to Pequin; description of it, the way thither, the Kings Palace, and of Suceu, and Hamceu.

* 2.132NAnquin or Nanchin by the Portugals is called Lanchin: for they heard of it by the In∣habitants of the Prouince Fuchian or Fuquian, which vse L for N. It is called also [ 10] Intienfu, because the Gouernour of the Region there resideth. This is that Citie, which in the Chinois opinion excelleth all Cities of the world, both in greatnesse and goodli∣nesse: neither may many be compared to it. For it is full of very great Palaces, Temples, Towers, Bridges, which all yet are exceeded by those of the same kinde in Europe. It excelleth also in temperature of the ayre, fertilenesse of the soyle, goodnesse of wits, gentlenesse of manners, ele∣gance of speech, multitude of inhabitants of euery ranke, of People, and Learned, and Magistrates: these also holding equall ranke with those of Pequin, in number and dignitie, howbeit by the ab∣sence of the King, that equalitie is made vn-equall. And so in all the Kingdome of China, and the bordering Kingdomes, it is commonly (all things considered) iudged the first or chiefe Citie. [ 20] It is compassed with three Walls; the first, that of the Kings Palace exceeding stately. That is also compassed with a three-fold wall, in manner of a Tower, with ditches filled with water. It hath foure or fiue Italian myles in circuit. And I dare boldly say, that no King any where hath a more excellent Palace (not if you weigh particulars together, but) comparing all things. The second wall encompasseth the Palace, and the principall part of the Citie, opened with twelue Gates, which are fortified with Iron plates, and Ordnance planted ouer against them within the Citie.* 2.133 This second Wall comprehendeth eighteene Italian myles compasse. The third Wall and vttermost is not euery where continued, but where need is, Art hath added sup∣plyment to Natures fortification.

* 2.134The circuit thereof can hardly bee knowne. The Inhabitants say, that two Horse-men in a [ 30] whole dayes riding, hauing gone out of the same Gate, met together at night: whence the pro∣digious quantitie may bee obserued, especially the forme of the Citie being Circular, and there∣fore most capable. Although within the walls are great spaces of Mountaynes, Lakes, Groues, Gardens,* 2.135 yet the greatest part is very frequently inhabited. The garrison Souldiers (which one would not beleeue, had not eye-witnesses confirmed it) which keepe the Citie alone, are fortie thousand. The Pole is eleuated 32. degrees, and so it is seated in manner in the midst of the Kingdome, from North to South. The Riuer runneth by it at the West, exceedingly both enriching and beautifying it. Nor doth it onely passe by, but is in many places brought in∣to the Citie by Channels (whereby greater vessels may enter the Citie) being enlarged by Art. In times past it was called the chiefe Citie of the Kingdome, and may seeme to haue beene anci∣ently [ 40] more glorious.

* 2.136Ricius went a-land in the Suburbe, which is without the three Walls, and is so large and fre∣quently inhabited, that it may seeme another great Citie. There a Physician of the Vice-roy of Schiauchin knew him, and hee visited the Vice-royes sonne, and by his meanes grew acquain∣ted with others. When he went into the Citie, hee vsed to bee carryed in a close Chayre, to preuent noueltie, and for more authoritie, and because the length of the way to friends houses often required it. There hee thinking to fixe a residence, learned of one Sciutagin a Magi∣strate of his former acquaintance, to whom hee had before giuen a Globe and an Houre-glasse, receiuing promises of much kindnesse.* 2.137 To him he went full of hope and not emptie handed: but hee being both miserably couetous, and ambitiously hunting after new places, was offen∣ded [ 50] with his presence (hee pretending that he came to see him) sent for his Hoast, and threat∣ned him terribly, causing him to ship away his new Ghest; hauing also agreed with the No∣tarie of his Court to giue euidence against him, as a troublesome and dangerous man former∣ly expelled from Sciauchin. Thus against the streame both of his affection and the Riuer, is Ri∣cius forced (loath to displease Magistrates) to returne to Chiansi Prouince. In the way full of thoughts, hee had a vision (as the Storie sayth) in which God appeared to him, and promised to bee propitious in both the Cities Royall to him.

* 2.138In Nancian the chiefe Citie of Chiansi hee abode. This is as great in circuit, but not in Mer∣chandise as Canton, and though none of those portentuous great Cities, yet is it famous for the number of Learned men, which thence are aduanced to diuers parts: the people are thriftie and [ 60] contented with little,* 2.139 and many of them obserue that first aforesayd. Of the Learned men there is also a Societie, in which on set dayes the more learned doe Lecture or discourse touching ver∣tues in very modest manner. The Physician aforesayd, famous for his Art and well respected by

the Vice-roy, was visited by him. Hee now vsed his Silken vest and Cap vsed by the Learned, somewhat like but higher, then that which Priests in Spaine weare, (for he had learned to keepe state and not to deiect himselfe too much) and carryed two seruants with him in long garments made of Callico, and his gestatorie Chayre: without which pompe a man cannot bee taken for a Learned man, the poorest Students vsing them, and otherwise contemned. The Physician enter∣tayned him kindly, and after inuited him to a Feast, where were many Students,* 2.140 and some of the Royall bloud (of which that Citie hath very great store) which were glad of his acquaintance; and when he had once mentioned his staying there, the Physician was so eager in desire thereof, that he feyned that the President Scilan had written to him, to procure him residence there,* 2.141 be∣cause [ 10] in the former abode he had not his health. The Chinois esteeme such lyes to bee wisedome. Hee soone got credit amongst them by Mathematicall lectures and instruments, and by his arti∣ficiall memorie especially.* 2.142 For the Chinois aboue all others commit whole bookes to memorie with vnwearyed paynes, and in the first yeeres of their studies doe nothing else. He repeated the most confused and independant Characters in order, yea, backwards as well as forward. Many desired to learne it, and some hee entertayned. Physicians being of no great authoritie, he sought to insinuate into fauour of the Magistrates; but a certayne Student had counselled him to neg∣lect their license, and thereupon enquirie being made by the Vice-roy, this his friend and land∣lord very friend-like, would needs throw him suddenly out of doores,* 2.143 and hee was forced by force to defend himselfe. But the Vice-roy hauing receiued a Libell from him, testifying who he [ 20] was, greatly reioyced (hauing heard of him) and when hee came to his Court, arose from the Tribunall to meete him, would not suffer him to kneele, and gaue him good vsage and magnifi∣cent Titles, inuiting him also to reside there. Whose affections were after kindled into a greater flame by his Physicians, magnifying his Mathematickes, Memoratiue, Bookes, three square Glasse and other nouelties. The Vice-roy would haue him make him a Dyall, and teach his Sonnes, but for that admirable Glasse, hee would by no kinde force accept the gift.

And whereas time out of minde many of the Royall bloud are there,* 2.144 two of them hauing the tytle of Kings, Chiengan, and Longan, sent their principall Seruants or Courtiers, to inuite Fa∣ther Matthew to the Palace, which is fitting to Royall Maiestie, both for Greatnesse, magnifi∣cence of Building, pleasure of Gardens, and other furniture of houshold and attendance. Chien∣gan [ 30] first inuited and entertayned him, attyred with a Royall vesture and Diadem▪ Father Mat∣thew gaue him a Dyall with the Signes of the Zodiacke, and a Globe with China characters, and other Europaean commodities; which hee recompenced with Silkes, weight of Siluer, and diuers viands. Nothing gaue him such content as two Bookes of Iapon paper, smooth and hard bound in Europaean manner: one contayning Maps and other Mathematicall representations, with an explication in their Language; the other was a tractate of Friendship,* 2.145 wherein Dialogue-wise (as Cicero in his Laelius) hee bringeth in the King, questioning what the men of Europe thought of Friendship, and set downe the sentences of Philosophers, Doctors, and other Authors; a worke to this day read there with great applause and admiration, Printed in diuers Prouinces. Chiengan continued his friendship and left it as a legacie to his Sonne, who vsed when the Father [ 40] visited him, to pay the Porters, and to giue money to his seruants, a token with them of great welcome. The Societie also of Learned men grew acquainted with him, and the chiefe of them,* 2.146 hearing him complayne of multitude of visitors, wished him to command his Seruants to say hee was not at home: which officious lye he affirming to bee by our Law vnlawfull, bred in him and the rest much wonder.

In the meane while at Xauceo they sustayned abuses, and Sebastian Fernandus was vsed igno∣miniously by the calumnies of their quarrelsome neighbours, and sentence of a partiall Iudge,* 2.147 which caused two Seruants to bee whipped vnheard, and Fernandus to stand as in a Pillorie, with his head in a board an ell and halfe square, therein a hole fitted for the necke,* 2.148 to bee opened and shut; so that a man cannot put his hand to his mouth: and this forsooth for beating the Bachellors. [ 50] This was written as the cause of his punishment. Hee afterwards sought the Iesuites fauour, a∣shamed of his fact, inuited them, and set vp an Edict for their safetie. Fernandus was sent here∣vpon to Ricius, and Cataneus continued alone without any Father, till the yeere 1597. and fell sicke:* 2.149 then going to Amacao (Father Iohn Aroccia was sent in his place) hee returned with Fa∣ther Nicholas Longobard a Sicilian. Father Matthew was appointed superiour of the China missi∣on by the Visitor Valignanus, without subjection to the Rector of Amacao. To him precious watches were sent, and Images with other things, which might further their China proceedings, the Portugals of Amacao continuing their liberalitie herein.

Father Matthew minding to trie all meanes to peerce to the Court, assayed Chiengan in vaine, who feared to raise any suspicion of himselfe. Hearing therefore that Guan (which had as you [ 60] heard) visited the house of Xauceo, in his way to Hainan, was thence called by the King to Nan∣quin to bee President of the first Councell, called Li Pu, that is, the Councell of Magistrates:* 2.150 in his way at Nancian they visited him with a present, (in which nothing so pleased him as the tri∣gone Glasse) and tooke opportunitie to signifie to him, their desire of presenting the King with some Europaean rarities. Hee approued thereof and sayd, they should not onely goe with him to

Nanquin, but to Pequin also; whither within one moneth of his comming hee was to goe. Ricius with Cataneus attend him (leauing two of the company at Nancian) with two brethren of the company,* 2.151 Seb. Fernandus, and Emanuel Pererius, of China parentage in Amacao: who of their God-fathers take vsually both Christian name and Sir-name, vsing also their China names in dealing with Chinois. They set foorth from Nancian on Midsummer day, 1598. and when they were come to Nanquin they found all full of feare, by reason of the Iaponian warre in Co∣rai, so that none durst giue vs entertaynment, grieuous Proclamations hauing lately forbidden to receiue men any way suspicious, by occasion of Iaponian Spyes taken. Euen the President himselfe, feared to bee author in so troublesome time of bringing Strangers: and Ricius when he visited him,* 2.152 vsed his Gestatorie seate. They gaue eight pieces of Gold to a cunning Clerke to [ 10] write their Petition (so deare doe Learned men there prize their labour) which when they gaue the Chancellour (which sends Petitions from Nanquin to the King••) hee would not meddle with it, but put it off to the President, that hee should carrie them with him to Pequin. He being to bee there to gratulate the King at his Birth day, in name of the sixe Tribunals or Coun∣sels, sent his goods by water and the Iesuites with them, but went himselfe by land.

When this President came to Nanquin, other Magistrates visited him with presents after the manner,* 2.153 and one the Vice-roy of that Prouince with a Map of Ricius his inuention, concealing the name of the Author in a new impression; which hee shewed to Ricius, who soone knew and challenged his owne. This the President intimated, that the Author was going with him to Pequin. Hee presently sends the Captayne of the Souldiers, to desire the President that he might [ 20] haue sight of a man whom hee so much admired; sending withall a Chayre, and Porters with Horses also. For the Vice-roy of Nanquin resideth not in Nanquin, because in that High Court are higher Magistrates, which would seeme to eclipse his Greatnesse. So Cataneus went with the Ship,* 2.154 Ricius to the Vice-roy, whom hee sal••ted with Europaean gifts. He stayed with him ten dayes, so great desire he had to conferre with him. And when hee shewed him the Image of Christ, he would not take view of it there, but would first ascend to a neate Chappell which he had on the top of his House, therein after the rites of their Learned, to worship Heauen; with three doores to it,* 2.155 from the South, East, and West: about it round was a Gallerie distinguished and cancelled. There he caused an Altar to bee erected, and thereon Wax-lights and Incense to be fired; and then the Image being set thereon, hee came in his most sumptuous attire and did worship foure times, after their accustomed rites: after which hee would not stand before it but [ 30] besides it, to take view, which hee did a good space. After him, his familie did likewise: and e∣uery day they reiterated the same, one also being appointed to keepe perpetuall Odours burning before it. Hee brought other Magistrates also to see the same: and when he might not detayne the Father longer, he sent him away with great weight of Siluer, which came fitting to their necessitie. Hee gaue aduise also touching their designe, and told them of that frustrate successe which followed. He went with him to the Riuer, and sent one with him till he had ouertaken his companion. The Chinois call that Riuer Iansu-chian, Chian signifying the greatest Riuer; o∣ther Riuers they call Cho.* 2.156

That Riuer of Nanquin which I called (Yamsu or) Iansu, the sonne of the Sea, goeth North∣ward to Nanquin, and then returning somewhat Southward, runneth into the Sea with great [ 40] force; fortie myles from which it passeth by Nanquin. And that from hence to Pequin there might bee passage by Riuers, the Kings of China haue deriued a large Channell from this to ano∣ther Riuer, called the Yellow Riuer, such being the colour of that troubled water. This is the o∣ther famous Riuer of that Kingdome, in greatnesse and note, which ariseth without the King∣dome to the West, out of the Hill Cunlun, conjectured * 2.157 to bee the same whence Ganges ariseth, or one neere to it. Where it first breakes foorth, it maketh a Lake which they call of the Con∣stellations: thence it pierceth into the borders of China in Sciensi, the most Westerly Prouince, and goeth out againe out of the Northerne walls into the Tartars Countries: after which it re∣turneth to the South, and that Prouince whence it had come, and washeth another Prouince na∣med [ 50] Sciansi, and another named Honan: then turneth into the East and entreth the Easterne Ocean, not farre from the Sonne of the Sea. This Riuer against their lawes for Strangers, entreth China from Barbarous Regions, and as in reuenge of their malice to Strangers, often ouer-floweth great part of the Kingdome, and shifteth his Channell being full of Sands which it mooueth. Certayne Off••cers or Magistrates designed doe sacrifice thereto, or to the Spirit of it (for they set Spirits ouer diuers things) with many rites:* 2.158 and they fayne that it cleeres the troubled waters, but once in one thousand yeeres; whence it is prouerbiall of a ••ild-seene thing▪ When the yellow Ri∣uer shall bee cleered. They that sayle therein, must therefore keepe the water many dayes till it setleth, the third part prouing myre and sand. Before the ingresse and egresse of this Riuer, are Channels which giue passage to Ships that carry prouision to Pequin. Those Ships are sayd to [ 60] bee ten thousand,* 2.159 sent onely out of fiue Prouinces, Chiansi, Cechian, Nanchin, Vquam, and Scian∣tum. For these Prouinces pay their yeerly tribute in Rice and Corne, the other ten in Siluer. Besides these, there passe innumerable Ships of Magistrates and of priuate Merchants: but pri∣uate men are forbidden to goe out of the Hiansu into those lesse Riuers (those onely passe which

dwell within such Riuers to the North) lest the multitude of Ships should hinder the passage, or bee able to doe harme to Pequin. Yet is there such store of Ships notwithstanding, that they are forced to stay sometimes diuers dayes, one hindring another, especially at some seasons when water is scarce, for remedie whereof, they haue lockes and stood-gates, which opened make way from one to another of them, with great labour and tedious lingring. The crossenesse of windes and labours of drawing with ropes, I need not mention. Some ships are ouerwhelmed at the o∣pening of those lockes.* 2.160 They haue woodden Engines on the bankes to draw the ships of Magi∣strates, at the Kings cost, against the streame all the way. And in fitting this Riuer to Nauiga∣tion, a million is spent yeerely; the feare of the Sea and Pyrats, haue made them take this course [ 10] rather then that by Sea.

In all this way, many Cities most worthy note appeare, of the Prouinces Nanquin, Scian∣tum, Pequin, and besides the Cities there are so many Townes, Villages, Houses on the bankes, that all the way may be sayd to bee inhabited; so that the Saylers no where want to furnish themselues with Corne, Rice, Fish, Flesh, Fruits, Hearbs, Wine and the like, at a very cheape rate. By the same Riuer, Wood, Timber, Boards,* 2.161 Pillars (for the Chinois make reckoning onely of those of wood) are carryed for the Kings workes: especially, then when the Kings Palace had beene on fire, which consumed two parts of three thereof. In all the Iourney, ours found great rankes of Timber-trees tyed together, and of other wood, which many thou∣sands of men drew with huge toyle, and scarcely could get forwards fiue or sixe myles in a day, and from the Prouince Suscuen, which is furthest from the Court, such Timber-trees were in [ 20] going vp, two or sometimes three yeers space: whence euery pillar made of them prodigiously arose each to three thousand pieces of Gold: and of those Timber-rankes they encountred one, seeming longer then the rest, which was esteemed to reach two myles in length. The Bricks al∣so (which the Chinois preferre before Stone) for the Kings Palace,* 2.162 were carryed this way fifteen hundred myles, and many Ships had no other vse, so many as might seeme sufficient, not for a Palace but a great Citie. Out of the Southerne Prouinces, are yearely sent those things which in the more barren Prouinces of Pequin are wanting; as Fruits, Fish, Rice, Silkes, Cloathes and other things: and a day is set them, at which if they bee not there, they incurre grie∣uous penalties. Of the Ships called Horses, the Kings Eunuches haue command.* 2.163 By this Riuer [ 30] they sayle almost onely when the Riuers swell ouer their bankes, peraduenture by the melting of the Snowes from the Hills whence they spring. By the heate in that Iourney of a moneth, and sometimes two moneths, the viands which they carrie,* 2.164 are often corrupted before they come to Pequin, for which cause they coole them with Ice, and in all those wayes much Ice is preserued for that purpose, and distributed to the passengers, and so all things are carryed fresh to the Court.

The Eunuches of those Ships, sell emptie roomes to the Passengers for their gayne: for the Chinois thinke it a glory to send that which goeth to the King in many ships, & not to giue them their full lading, which is also profitable for that sterilitie of Pequin, Merchants by these con∣uenient fraights making nothing to want there where nothing growes. Ours hyred a roome in [ 40] like manner for their ease. By reason of the great heat they all fell sicke, yet by Gods helpe reco∣uered. When they were to passe out of the Riuer, in the Prouince of Sciantum, they met with a hand-made Riuer, which runnes out neere Pequin, to the Tower Tiensin.* 2.165 Another Riuer from Pequin or rather from Tartaria, meetes it, and runnes together with it into the Sea, or in∣to that Bay, betwixt Corai and China, after they haue runne together one day. In this Tower there was a new Vice-roy extraordinary, by reason of that inuasion of Corai from Iapon. Hee prouided a huge Fleet for defence of Corai,* 2.166 by which meanes that whole Riuer was full of Ships of warre and militarie tumult. Ours went thorow the thickest of them without let, and at length came to the Port or Banke rather of Pequin, which banke is a dayes journey from the walls of Pequin. And although by Art they haue made a huge Channell to the walls, yet lest it should bee filled with multitude of Ships, they suffer none but the Kings burthens to goe that [ 50] way, the others being carryed by Carts, Beasts, and Porters. They came to Pequin on a festiuall day, the Eeuen of the Virgins Natiuitie.

The chiefe Mart Townes in this way were Iamcheu in Nanquin Prouince, in thirtie two degrees thirtie minutes. Hoaingan in thirtie foure not all so much;* 2.167 Sinceu in thirtie foure de∣grees thirtie minutes. In Sciantum Prouince Zinim in thirtie fiue degrees fortie minutes. Lincin in thirtie seuen degrees fortie minutes. In Pequin Prouince Tiencin in thirtie nine degrees thirtie minutes. Pequin in fortie large. They are deceiued which eleuate it to fiftie. Now from Can∣ton (which is two dayes from Amacao) are of China furlongs (fiue of which make a mile, and fifteene a league) by Riuer to Nanhiun, one thousand one hundred and seuentie. Thence to Nan∣cian [ 60] eleuen hundred and twentie. From that to Nanquin, one thousand foure hundred and fortie.* 2.168 And thence to Pequin three thousand three hundred thirtie fiue, in all seuen thousand sixtie fiue: which makes of miles, one thousand foure hundred and thirteene.

PEquin is situated in the Northerne border about one hundred miles from the wall against the Tartars.* 2.169 Nanquin exceeds it in greatnesse, composition of the Streets, hugenesse of Buil∣dings, and Munitions: but Pequin exceedeth it in multitude of Inhabitants, and of Magistrates. To the South it is compassed with two walls high and strong, so broad that twelue Horses may easily runne abrest oin the breadth without hindering one the other. They are made of Brickes, saue that on the foot it stands all on huge stones,* 2.170 the midle of the wall is filled with Earth: the height farre xceeds those in Europe. To the North is but one wall. On these walls by night is kept as vigilant watch as if it were time of warre:* 2.171 in the day Eunuches guard the gates, or rather exact Tributes, which is not done in other Cities.

* 2.172The Kings Palace riseth within the inner Southerne wall, neere the City gates and extends to [ 10] the Northerne walls, seeming to take vp the whole Citie: the rest of the Citie running forth on both sides: It is some-what narrower then the Palace of Nanquin, but more goodly and glorious; that seeming by the Kings absence,* 2.173 as a carkasse without soule. Few of the Streets are paued with Bricke or Stone, so that in Winter dirt, and dust in Summer, are very offensiue: and be∣cause it raineth there seldome, the ground is all crumbled into dust, and if any wind blow, it en∣ters euery Roome. To preuent which they haue brought in a custome, that no man of whatso∣euer ranke goeth on foot or rideth without a Veile or Bonnet hanging to his brest,* 2.174 of that sub∣tiltie that he may see, and yet the dust not annoy him: which also hath another commoditie that he may goe any whither vnseene, so freed from innumerable tedious salutations, and also he spares attendance and cost. For to ride is not magnificent enough with the Chinois, and to bee [ 20] carried in their Seats is costly, with Attendants especially; and in that time of Warre it fitted with ours to passe vnknowne, being Strangers.

* 2.175Muletters stood at the Palace, and City gates, and in euery Street to let Mules, themselues also attending the Hirers whether they would in the City; which leading the beasts by the bri∣dle, in that frequencie made way, being also skilfull of the wayes, knowing most of the great mens Houses:* 2.176 all at a reasonable rate. There is a Booke also which truly relateth all the Streets, Lanes, Regions of the City: Porters also with Seats to carrie Men, and Horses are euery-where found, but dearer then at Nanquin, or other places.

* 2.177All things are to bee had in abundaace, but brought thither and therefore dearer. Wood is scarce, but supplied with Mine-coles (we call them Sea-cole) necessary to that Region, cold be∣yond [ 30] what the Glimate vsually exacteth: their Beds are so made with Brick-workes, that they by a new kind of Stones admit the heate of those Coles: a thing vsuall in all those Northerne Regions.* 2.178 These Northerne Chinois are some-what more dull, but better Souldiers then the o∣ther. Here they learned that this Kingdome is Cataio, and the King of China the great Can, and Pequin Cambalu.

For the nine Kingdomes (of Mangi) are those Southerly Prouinces which are vnder the great Riuer Iansuchian, and sixe vpon it make vp the fifteene, so great that some one of them is as great as all Italy. Anno 1608. whiles we write, it is fortie yeares since two Turkes or Moores out of Arabia brought to China a Lion (a beast seldome here seene) by Land, which had an Of∣fice giuen by the King to them and theirs, to keepe the Lion, and that they should carry no [ 40] Tales thence. They in conference called this Kingdome great Catay, and this City Camhalu the like we heard of others which had comne from Persia. The Chinois also haue heard of that name,* 2.179 and still call the Tartars Lu, and the North parts Pa and Pe: to which Can the Tartarian Title added easily makes Canpalu or Cambalu with others; for the Chinois seldome vse B. and Marco Polo comming in with the Tartars called it by their name. And at this time without the walls of China is found no Catay. The Portugals called it China, borrowing the name as may be supposed from the Siamites, and hence Cosmographers made them two Kingdomes. But Goez his Iourney by Land to Catay Hath taken away all scruple.* 2.180

To returne to ours now come to Pequin, the President gaue them entertainment, and procured an Eunuch to vndertake the businesse for the Presents, which were a Clocke, two Pictures, two [ 50] Trigone-glasses and a Bell:* 2.181 all pleased the Eunuch, but his minde ranne more on making Siluer of Quick-siluer, which he had heard they could doe, and which would bee more gratefull to the King. And when he saw that would not be vndertaken, neither would he vndertake to acquaint the King, in this time of Corayan Warres; and ours also were taken for Iaponians, or neere vnto them, they not knowing how by true names to distinguish Nations. The President also began to be fearefull and purposed to carry them backe with him to Nanquin. Yet they staid a moneth after him (he being at a certaine day by Law to depart) and when they had tryed all wayes in vaine, none daring to acknowledge Strangers, they returned to Nanquin. They had a Bill of Exchange from Amacao to take vp money at Pequin,* 2.182 but the Merchant had plaid the Merchant and Chinese too, none such there to be found. They hired a ship at an easie rate for their returne [ 60] (because they goe empty) but not easie in this respect that the Owners pouertie made the Iour∣ney tedious for what of helpes. This benefit they made of this Iourney to learne the Language better,* 2.183 making a Dictionary, obseruing their Accents with Points deuised; (that speech consi∣sting wholly of Monosyllables, the want of skill in those Accents had caused that they neither

did, nor were vnderstood) Cataneus sk••ll in Musicke helping to distinguish those sounds. What course Ricius and he instituted, that the Company still obserue in their Writing.

All the Riuers in China vse to be frozen in the beginning of Winter, that ships cannot passe by water, and Carts by Land are safer.* 2.184 They agreed that Father Matthew should goe by Land with two Seruants, to try if he could settle at Nanquin, the rest and the burthens to stay till the Riuer were thawed. He purposed also to goe to Suceu whither Chiutaisu had often inuited him, being his Countrey. Passing thorow Sciantum, he visited Siuceu and Yamceu famous Marts, and passing the Riuer Yamceu, at Chinchiamfu,* 2.185 the chiefe City of that Prouince hee entred into a hand made Riuer, by which is sailed to Suceu and to the chiefe Citie of Cechian Hamceu. This Riuer being Southerly and neere frozen ouer, is so narrow that multitudes of shippes cloy it so [ 10] somtimes that they cannot passe forward or backward. He was forced therefore to go by another way, which is a Coach or Wagon of one wheele, so builded that one sitting in the midst,* 2.186 and two on the sides, the Coach-man behind with woodden Leauers or Barres driues it forwards both surely and swiftly; that in short time he came to Suceu.

This Noble Mart is one of them whereof is the Prouerbe, That which is in Heauen the Seat of the Blessed, that in Earth is named Suceu, and Hamceu: in splendour, wealth,* 2.187 frequencie remark∣able. It is built in a calme fresh-water Riuer, and quite thorow one may goe, as in Venice, by Land or Water, but herein it excelleth Venice that the water is fresh. The streets and buildings stand vpon piles of Timber, the Wares from Amacao and other parts are most sold here. It hath one ga••e to the Land, the other are water-wayes. The Bridges are innumerable, & Magnificent, [ 20] Ancient, but of one Arch in those narrow Chanels. Butter and White-meates are plentie, Rice, and the best Wine, which thence is carryed to Pequin and other parts. It is scarsly two dayes from the Sea. It is well fortified, the chiefe City of the Region, which hath eight Cities.* 2.188 One of the Princes held this, when the Tartars were expelled, against this Royall Race; whereupon it still payeth a great Tribute, to wit, the halfe of ••ll things growing, (so that some two whole Prouinces pay lesse then this one Region to the King against whom it had stood out) it is still also awed with a frequent Garrison. Chiutaiso was then absent at Tanian a Neighbour City,* 2.189 who receiued him with great humanitie. He abode in a Monasterie, and resigned his bed to his Master, who tired by trauell fell sicke, and was likely there to haue dyed. Recouered by his care, he gaue him a Triangle Glasse, which he put in a Siluer case with Gold Chaines at the ends, and [ 30] adorned it further with a Writing that it was a fragment of that matter whereof the Heauens consist.* 2.190 One was said to offer him fiue hundred pieces of Gold soone after for it, which till Father Matthew had presented his to the King hee would not sell: after that hee set a higher price and sold it.

At the beginning of the China yeare▪ all are busied in sending Presents to their friends, feasts and salutations.* 2.191 They went to Cinchian to the p••blike Solemnitie where Chiutaiso was well knowne, and by his speech Father Matthew and from thence they went to Nanquin, in Fe∣bruary, 1599. Before wee come thither wee will looke backe to our Canton Iesuits.

[ 40]

§. VI. Letters from Father LONGOBARD and TAISO. RICIVS his entertaynment at Nanquin and Residence there. The Chinois vnlearned Lear∣ning.

FAther Nicolas Longobard wrote vnto Claudius Aquaviva the Iesuiticall Generall,* 2.192 the eig••teenth of October, 1598. that in the Kingdome of China there were then se∣uen [ 50] Iesuits distributed into two Residences and one Mission: at Nancian, Father Iohn Soerius and Iohannes à Roccia; himselfe and Francis Martines a Chinese at Sciau∣ceum in Canton Prouince, Ricci and Cataneus, and Sebastian Fernandez a Chinese, were then gone to Pequin: that China condition and conditions agreed so well with him, that hee seemed to bee in the midst of Italy: that much respect had accrewed to them in conceit of the Chinois toge∣ther, with that Habit of their Learned, which they had taken, the Bonzi and their Habit estee∣med base alike. He also much commends Thaiso or Taiso,* 2.193 (Chiutaiso before mentioned) who much euery-where commended the Iesuits and their Learning, as much exceeding what euer had beene taught in China. And truly, saith he, the Chinois Learning exceedeth not the Science of the Romanes in the time of Cicero.

[ 60] They are much exercised in a kind of writing and speaking briefe and pithie Sentences: their Bookes expresse well Ethickes and Politickes, but are rude in Naturall Philosophie. When I had

l••tely runne thorow two of their Bookes, which they esteeme as their Metaphysikes, or first Philosophie, one of their learned men gratulated my proficience; when as I found therein no more difficulty then in Tully, or Titus Linius. They say, none but the Chinois can vnderstand them, Father Ricci vseth to adde none better then the Europeans. A Letter of Taiso to Ricci hee addeth thus inscribed. Thaiso * 2.194 younger Brother which stand at the * 2.195 side to learne, doe sub∣mit my head to the ground, and exhibite honour and reuerence to the elder Brother, Master and Father Matthew Ricci, a famous Peere, and Master of the most choise flowers of the great Law, and cast downe my selfe at the feet of his Seat and Chaire. The Letter followeth.

After our departing (it being foure yeeres since sight of each other) there hath not beene a day in which I haue not set before mine eyes the excellent vertue of your Worship. I gaue two yeeres since to Sciauchin, my Countreyman, a Merchant, Letters to your Worship, thereby to learne where and what it [ 10] did. I know not whether they haue attayned that, to come to your magnificent hands, &c. When I went from your Worship I said it must goe into the North parts, if it would behold the splendour and magni∣ficence of this Kingdome, that my Countrey had nothing singular, that Nanquin Court was trouble∣some, and mixed of all sorts: that Chiansi Prouince was fit onely for dwelling, because there were lear∣ned men in it of excellent vertue, and of a true and solid spirit to receiue the Law—This yeere gathering together those things which your Worship taught mee, I made a Booke, and exhibited it to the Society of learned men, of which there was none which did not admire and subscribe, saying your Wor∣ship was Scingin, that is, a Saint of these times. Those things which I haue added haply may be errone∣ous, and I feare lest they contradict its sounder and higher learning: and therefore haue sent my seruant to bring it to your Worship to reade, which I most humbly entreat, and to correct, to approue the trueth, [ 20] to blot out the false, to illustrate the obscure, writing all in another Booke, and sending it by the same seruant in few dayes, because I would presently commit it to the Presse, that your Worships learning might be knowne thorow the World. In these places are of greatest reckoning the Bookes of Hothu, Co∣scui, Pequa, Queuscieu, Thaiquitu, and other like, which haue written of a Point, Line, Extremitie, and Thicknesse. All these learned make of a Line a Circle: but according to your Worships teaching, of a Line is made the termination of a Circle, and a Circle consists therein. From which principles the con∣clusions brought of Thaiquu, that is, of God, doe farre exceed the Commentaries of all our learned men. And they are enough to illustrate a thousand obscurities of antiquitie, which hitherto haue not beene pierced. This one thing afflicts mee, that my writing and stile is meane and abiect, and most vnfit to illustrate and enlarge the most excellent conceits of its mind. Meane while I much long, and as it [ 30] were on tiptoes looke about euery where, if haply I may see your face. From Suceo the two and twentieth of the fourth Moone, and the foure and twentieth of the Raigne of Vanlia. Subscribed; Thaiso younger Brother againe bends his head to the ground, &c.

Lombard proceedeth in his Letter, and sheweth the commodiousnesse of one King which ru∣leth all, of one Mandarine Tongue, of the common industrie and cheapnesse of prouisions (not as in the pouertie of Iapon, where the worke-mens maintenance must come from other parts) all fitting to bring in the Gospell.* 2.196 There are, sayth he, almost infinite houses of Bonzi maintayned by the King, besides gifts which they receiue of others which yet repose no great confidence in Idols: what would these doe if they beleeued to receiue a hundred for one, and eternall life? [ 40] Their composition of bodie, complexion, condition, rites; no vse of weapons, not so much as a Knife carried (but by Souldiers in Garrison, not in the way or at home) their habite long, and anciently vsed, with their hands alway hidden in their long sleeues. except in vse of their fanne, which all, euen the meanest carrie with them; their quarrels, if any happen in the vulgar, en∣ded in a few boxes or brawles; their seemely behauiour equall to the European; yea, in some things to the Religious there;* 2.197 their studiousnesse of learning the onely foundation of dignitie and greatnesse, as many Athens there as great Cities, each hauing a Schoole or Vniuersitie with∣out mixture of other Regions) their politike and morall Rules and Lawes; all these might be furtherances to the Gospell. Their tenacitie also of their owne customes and jelousie of Stran∣gers, might better secure them from Heresies. Hee commends also their workes of Piety, and [ 50] Charity, Almes, Hospitals for poore, voluntary chastisements of the bodie to subdue the affe∣ctions, as fastings (in which they abstaine from Flesh, Fish, Milke, and Egges, but eate other things as oft and as much as they will) liberties and gifts by Magistrates to Widowes which contayne themselues from second marriages; triall of a mans selfe in all his actions com∣mended in their Bookes, especially of those things which other men cannot know; and here∣vpon the liking of a solitary and contemplatiue life in the Countrey, and restoring themselues to the first state, as they say, wherein the Heauen created them; for which purpose are congre∣gations of learned men, together in Villages addicted to contemplation, and fleeing publike Offices (as the ancient Fathers had their conferences in woody and mountainous places) in which also their women are as forward as the men, many of them liuing in Nunneries, gouerned [ 60] by an Abbesse; and all China women liue so enclosed, as if their owne houses were Cloisters: These he commends in them, as also that of all vertues they giue the first place to Obedience to Parents as in which consists a mans perfection. And that no man may be ignorant of his duty, if they cannot reade (of which there are but few) they haue a short Summe (or Catechisme)

for publishing whereof there is a man appointed at publike charge, euery full and change,* 2.198 to publish the same in euery street of the City, so that on the same day & houre, a little before Sun∣rising the same doctrine is propounded in all the Cities of China, and thorow all their streets. This is sixe Articles or Principles, which are, First, Obey Father and Mother: Secondly,* 2.199 reuerence Betters and Elders: Thirdly, make peace among Neighbors: Fourthly, teach Children and Nephewes: Fifthly, let euery man well discharge his office: Sixthly, commmit no offence, that is, not to kill, steale, fornication, &c. which in manner comprehend the second Table of the Decalogue. As for the first Table, the Chinois, especially the learned are Atheists, little regarding Idols, whereof their Houses and Temples are full; little minding the rewards or punishments of the life to come, or the soules immortalitie, which yet are easily found in their bookes touching the punishments [ 10] at least of Holy Pao (so they call God) in Hell. Of rewards of blessednesse there is not such euidence, as Thaiso affirmed. And although many difficulties happened to ours in the Bonzian habite, yet is it now farre otherwise. As for Canton Prouince, the Mandarines which come this way, aske vs why we stay amongst these Mangines, that is, Rusticks and Barbarians: We must,* 2.200 say they, leaue the Barke and pierce to the pith and marrow of the Kingdome, if we would see the China splendor and politie. He writes for Labourers, Bookes, Images, and Pictures, for con∣solation of new Conuerts: the Ethnicks worship that of the Virgin,* 2.201 and call her Scin mu nian nian, that is, holy Mother, and Queene of Queenes: and ends with imploring the patronage and intercession of all the heauenly Quire, specially of the blessed Virgin, the Apostles, the An∣gels guardians of China, to obtaine of the holy Trinitie happy successe to their endeuours, [ 20] &c. But wee will returne to our best acquainted in China, Ricius, whom we left newly arriued at Nanquin.

The case was now altered at Nanquin,* 2.202 they went on foot without impediment to their lodg∣ing, which was in a huge Monastery, called Cinghensu, in which is great resort of guests which there hire lodgings, being built in the centre of the Citie. The Iaponians were now beaten from Corai and Quabacondono was dead, which had so terrified that vnwarlike Nation. He heard that they had heard of his going to Pequin, and that the Corai warre was the frustrating of his de∣signes in that vnseasonable time. The President was verie glad of his comming, and exhorted him to buy a house there, and sends two of his followers to looke out for one. Scarsly had he and Chiutaiso gotten home to their lodging, when the President followeth to visit them, which [ 30] hee did with the solemnest Rites. And when they were set in the Hall,* 2.203 the Abbot came to offer them the wonted potion, kneeling to all three (to the President hee was bound as supreme go∣uernour of Temples) and the President inuited the Father to spend two or three daies in his house, to see the Fire-workes, which that full Moone, the first of the yeere would bee to bee seene, which strange deuices of lights that and the following nights; which he did and beheld that which without wonder cannot be beholden, the Nanquiners herein exceeding as may be thought the whole world.

When it was reported that the President had visited him, all the Maiestie of Magistrates did the like, yea some whom he had not visited. The President of the Court of Criminall Causes, and [ 40] the President of the Treasury (which is the second Tribunall) came with rites & gifts, as also did others; yea hee which a little after was the High Colao at Pequin, which all vrged him to buy a house; and he now went thorow all Streets and Palaces without gainesaying (which he knew from a vision hee before had had thereof) and procured a house which the President helped to furnish. So much admiration and respect had the opinion of Europaean science acqui∣red to him, these being to the China wits baits for the Gospels fishing. Now first did they heare that the Earth was round (for they conceited the Heauen round and the Earth square) that the Centre drew all heauie things to it, that the Vniuerse was inhabited round, that there were Antipodes,* 2.204 that the Earths interposition caused the Moones eclipse (some saying that the Moon opposite to the Sunne was dazled or amazed; others that there was a hole in the Sunne, against [ 50] which the Moone opposed lost her light) that the Sunne was greater then the Earth; and that the Starres also, this was out of measure paradoxicall: the like was the soliditie of the Orbes, and their number; the fixed posture of the Starres, the Planets wandrings, the eleuation and depression of the Pole according to the various Climates;* 2.205 and likewise the inequalitie of the daies, without the Tropikes Geographicall Maps in plano, and Globes, Meridians, Parallels, Degrees, the Line, Tropikes, Poles, Zones, Spheres, Sun-dialls, they had not at all vnderstood, with other points of Europaean learning. A Doctor of theirs confessed himselfe ashamed; For, said hee, you may thinke of me as wee doe of the Tartars and barbarous out-lawes; for you begin where wee end (which hee spake of the studie of eloquence, which takes vp our childhood, their whole life.) They numbred fiue Elements, Metall, Wood, Fire, Water, Earth, one of which they [ 60] said was procreated of the other: the Aire they did not acknowledge for one, because they see it not, placing a vacuum or emptinesse where wee place the aire: as incredible it was that the fierie Element was the highest, and that Comets and Exhalations were there with fired. Father Matthew writ a booke of the Elements in their language much applauded,* 2.206 and often by them reprinted. Diuers became his Schollars; one sent from his Master in Hanlin Colledge in

Pequin (the chiefe place for China learning, to be admitted into, which is a great dignitie.) Hee was very wittie, and without any Master attained the first booke of Euclide, and exacted of Father Matthew Geometricall demonstrations.* 2.207 And when hee added some things of Christia∣nitie, you need not, saith he, confute that Idolatrous Sect, it is enough to teach the Mathema∣tikes.* 2.208 For these Bonzi would also be Philosophers and Mathematicians. They said the Sunne hid himselfe by night behinde a Hill called Siumi, rooted in the Sea foure and twentie miles deepe.* 2.209 And for the eclipses, they said that the God Holochan caused that of the Sun couering it with his right hand, and that of the Moone with his left.

Not at Pequin alone, but at Nanquin also is a Colledge of China Mathematicians of better building then Astrologicall Science.* 2.210 They do nothing but bring their Almanacks to the rules [ 10] of the ancients, when they mis-reckoned, they ascribed it to irregularitie of nature, not theirs, deuising some prodigious euent to follow. These at first were afraide that Father Matthew would haue depriued them of their dignitie; and freed of that feare, they visited him friend∣ly, and he them, where hee saw a strange sight. There is an high Mountaine, on the top whereof is an open Plaine or Floore fit to contemplate the Starres. In this open space one euery night is appointed to watch, and obserue if any Comets or other alterations be in the skie, thereof to giue the King notice, and what it portends. In this place, of cast mettall are Mathematicall In∣struments,* 2.211 admirable for their greatnesse and neatnesse, the like whereof wee haue not seene in Europe. They haue continued there in all chance and change of weather neere two hundred and fiftie yeeres without damage.* 2.212 Of them were foure greater, the one a huge Globe distinguished [ 20] by degrees with Meridians and Parallels, as great as three men can fadome: it stood on a huge Cube of brasse likewise, vpon his Axel-tree: in the Cube was a little doore, sufficient for it to passe when need was. On the vtter superficies was nothing grauen, neither Stars, nor Regions, whereby it appeares that it was either vnfinished, or purposely so left that it might serue both for a Celestiall and a Terrestriall Globe.* 2.213 The second was a huge Sphere, the Diameter where∣of was a fadome; with Horizon and Poles, and in stead of Circles, certaine double chaines, the space betwixt them representing the Circles in our Spheres: all these were diuided into three hundred and sixtie degrees, and a few minutes. In the middest was a Globe of the Earth, but a certaine pipe hollowed like the barrell of a Peece, which might bee turned any way, and set in any degree and eleuation for triall of the Starres very artificially.* 2.214 The third was a Diall two [ 30] fadoms high in a huge & long Marble set to the North, with a channell about the table to hold water, whereby to trie if it stood plaine or no: the stile placed perpendicular, both it and the stone distributed into degrees: it seemes, for exact triall of the shadowes of Solstices and Equi∣noctialls.* 2.215 The fourth and greatest was an engine or instrument of three or foure huge Astro∣labes set one by another, each containing a Geometricall pace in a Diameter, with their Fidu∣ciall line, or Halhilada, and Dioptra: one of them represented the aequator inclined to the South, another (which made a crosse with the former) to the North; another stood erected to the South, perhaps for knowledge of the Verticall Circle, but turned about to shew any Verticall: all had the degrees marked with iron knots standing forth, that they might bee knowne by feeling in the night.* 2.216 This Worke of Astrolabes was set in a plaine floore of Marble also, with channels [ 40] about. In euery of these Instruments was expressed in China Characters what euery thing signi∣fied; the foure and twentie Constellations of the Zodiake, answering in the number doubled to our twelue Signes. There was in them this one errour, that they were set in the sixe and thir∣tieth degree of the Pole eleuated, whereas Nanquin stands without all doubt in two and thirtie and a quarter of a degree.* 2.217 They seeme to haue beene made to be placed somewhere else, and placed here by some vnskilfull Mathematician. Afterwards Father Matthew saw the like, or the same Instruments rather at Pequin, cast with the same hand, at that time when the * 2.218 Tartars ruled ouer the Chinois, by some expert of our sciences.

The greatest Magistrate desired Father Matthew to reuise the Vniuersall Map, which he had made in Canton Prouince, and make larger Commentaries, and hee would print it at publike [ 50] cost, which he did, and with an elegant Proeme commended the Author of the worke. This was published and carried into all parts, and in other places reprinted. The Vice-Roy of Cuiceu Prouince printed it with another methode, making to euery Kingdome a proper Com∣mentarie in a booke, adorning the Author also with his praises. Besides, the Presidents of the sixe Tribunalls (equall except for the Kings presence, in the gouernement of their Prouince, to these of Pequin) hee had three other friends, yet vnmentioned. There is a certaine hereditarie dignitie deriued to the eldest sonnes, from those Captaines which expelled the Tartars: they are called Quocum; their posteritie are honoured by the King, most of all the eldest, which in processe of time haue growne into a numerous Family; and although they beare no publike office, except some militarie commands, yet haue they great dignitie and wealth: and these [ 60] onely doe truely resemble the Nobilitie of Europe. One head of this Family is at Nanquin, li∣uing in great pompe, with Palace, Furniture, Gardens, all like a King. He one day inuited Fa∣ther Matthew,* 2.219 and entertained him in the best Garden in the Citie: in which, besides other pleasing rarities, he saw an artificiall Mount or Rocke of diuers vnpolished Marbles, hollowed

into Caues; it contained Chambers, Halls, Staires, Fish-ponds, Trees, and other things, Art wantonising with Nature to engender pleasure; especially in time of heate to coole themselues in their studies or feasts with this Caue-retiring; which although it comprehended no great space of ground, yet would it aske the space of two or three houres time to visit all the parts, the egresse being by another gate. This Nobleman was yong, and desired to see some things of Europe.

Another which became familiar with Father Matthew,* 2.220 was the Commander of all the Nan∣quin Souldiers, which had also another great Office, called Heu, who often visited him, and be∣came his great friend, whose friendship gaue vs security, to whom the watch and ward, and se∣curity of the Citie belongeth. Besides, I will name the chiefe Eunuch,* 2.221 which hath great au∣thority [ 10] ouer the Nanquin Eunuchs, whereof are numbred some thousands, who is Ruler ouer the Kings Palace, and hath command of all the Citie gates, and ouer the military Musters together with the former Captaine, with other parts of authority, and expresseth the same with great pompe. He was almost decrepit, and after the Eunuchs fashion there, not so gentle; and when Ricius came to him, his Courtiers commanded him to giue him a title which answe∣reth to Highnesse with vs. I explane it thus; when they speake to the King,* 2.222 they wish to him ten thousand thousand yeeres of life in these three syllables, Van van siu, which is all one with the title of Maiestie: to others in the Palace, the Queenes, or Children of the King, they with inferiour title pray, one thousand yeeres. Now the Eunuchs are so arrogant that they expect this thousand yeeres wish, and to bee saluted on the knee. Father Matthew could not doe this safely, lest hee [ 20] should doe more to him then to the chiefe Magistrates; but hee had learned not to neglect in China their rites; and he being deafe, one that hollowed in his eare made vp what the Father wanted. Hee gaue him a great gift, which he refused, and denyed him the trigone Glasse: yet this caused the other Eunuchs to honour him.

At that time liued in Nanquin one which had obtayned the first place in the declaration of Doctors (which is a very great dignity) who liued here in this Countrey priuate,* 2.223 but all great esteeme of all. Hee had degenerated to become a Preacher of the three China Sects, and profes∣sed great knowledge of them. Hee had at his house a famous Votarie, or Bonzi-Monke,* 2.224 who renouncing the publike Offices which he had borne, had shaued his head, and (which is not v∣suall in China) of a Learned Man, had become a Minister of the Idols. And because hee was [ 30] both learned in the China Sciences, and growne seuenty yeeres old, he had acquired much same and many Disciples, professors of that new Sect which he deuised. These visited Father Mat∣thew, to the wonder of all; that Literate-apostata confessed the truth of our Law, and presen∣ted the Father with a Fanne with two elegant Epigrams therein. Two other visited him,* 2.225 one of which counterfeited himselfe to haue liued three hundred yeeres, whom the China Grandes much followed, as doting on the studie of long life, the precepts whereof he read to his Schol••rs. Hee also boasted of Geomancy. The other was a Physician, and companion to the other, each blazing the others Science: and whiles both preferred the Father, some suspected that hee had liued some Ages (which they vse to affirme of Strangers differing in countenance from them) and would not let it be knowne.

[ 40] The Chinois haue one day solemne to Confutius the Prince of the Learned, in which they make a kind of Sacrifice to him, not as to their God, but their Master. They call it a Sacrifice,* 2.226 but in larger extent of the word. Musike was prepared against that day, at the triall whereof Father Ricius was present. The Priests of the Learned, called Tansu, ordered the Musike;* 2.227 and in the Kings Hall (or Temple rather) dedicated to the Lord of Heauen, this triall was made. The Priests came forth in precious vestures, as if they would sacrifice, who after their wonted rites to the President, fell to their Musike: in which were small brasse Bells, Basons, other as it were Tabors, others of stone, stringed Instruments, Pipes, Organs blowed with the mouth, not with Bellowes; others resembled Beasts out of the hollow bellie yeelding a sound: all these sounded together with such discording discord as you may imagine; the Chinois themselues con∣fessing [ 50] the concord and harmoniacall consent to bee lost; onely the Instruments remayning from their Ancestors.

That Temple was great and magnificent, built neere the Citie in a Pine-groue,* 2.228 compassed with walls twelue miles about. The wall of the Temple was of bricke, the other parts of tim∣ber: it is diuided into fiue Iles; the Pillars were round of huge timbers as great as two men could fathome, the heigth proportionable to that thicknesse; the roofe is excellently carued, and all gilded: and although it be two hundred yeeres since it was built, and the King resides not at Nanquin, nor sacrificeth there, yet is it little decayed from the first splendour. In the midst of the Temple is a more eminent place of most precious marble, in which is a double Throne, both of marble; the one for the King when he sitteth to sacrifice, the other is left for him to ••it [ 60] by, to whom the sacrifice is made. The Cloisters without are beautified with most elegant windings, and lest the Birds should defile all, the windowes are all netted with Iron wyers (which is vsuall thorow all the Palace:) all the gates of the Temple are couered with Brasse plates gilded, and wrought with neat Visages of the same metall. Without the Temple were many Altars of red marble, which represented the Sunne, Moone, Starres, and Hills of China▪

Lakes and Seas, intimating that that God which is there worshipped made the rest, which are placed without, lest they might be worshipped for Deities. It is prohibited by grieuous penal∣ties, to cut the trees of that Groue, or any bough thereof, whence they are great and old. In the circuit of the Temple are many Cells, which are said to haue beene Baths for the Kings to wash in when they were to sacrifice.

* 2.229The Father vsed the Habit of the Learned (as is said) of those especially which professe them∣selues Preachers of the Law; the Habit modest, and the Cap not vnlike ours in Crosse fashion al∣so. He confuted both the Sects of Idolaters, and commended that of the Learned, praysing Con∣futius, which was rather silent, then would deuise any thing touching the next life, and taught good Rules for the Life, Family, and Republike. A great man flourished at Nanquin then (which had some thousands of Disciples) in opinion of Vertue and Learning, and had set dayes in [ 10] which to heare and to be heard euery moneth. Chiutaiso brought the Father, and this Father together, and in some reasoning Ricius wrung from him that some corruptions were in the Idoll Sects,* 2.230 which he followed not, holding that only (he sayd) which was good. It being a fashion that Learned men met in their Societies to conferre of Morall Vertues, in one of those meetings this man learnedly confuted Confutius, which another Magistrate tooke haynously, and cryed out, it was intolerable that the Sect of Idols brought out of other Countreyes should bee prefer∣red before Confutius, whom the Learned Ricius also admireth, refelling the Idol-follies. He an∣swered, he had spoken with the man, but he was not yet well acquainted with China businesse, and he would instruct him better. Soone after he inuited him to a Feast (for the Chinois vsually [ 20] in such meetings determine Controuersies) and there hee met Sanhoi a famous Idol-Priest,* 2.231 a Learned Philosopher, Orator, Poet, and well skilled in others Sects also. When they were set, this Priest and the Father together, the Priest began shewing his desire to conferre of Religion. Ricius first asked what he thought of the first beginning of Heauen and Earth, and the Creatour of things whom we call the Lord of Heauen. I deny not, sayd he, that there is such an one, but he hath no Majesty nor Deity, but I am equall to him, and so are all others. Canst thou (saith Ricius) make those things which he hath done? he granted. Make then such a Chasing-dish (one stood before him) this, sayd the other, was an vnworthy demand. Thou (sayth he) art an Astro∣nomer, and makest new Sunnes in thy minde when thou reasonest thereof. That, sayth Ricius, is but an Image or likenesse which the minde from things seene conceiueth, as in reflexion of a Glasse whereon the Sunne shineth, yet doth not the Glasse create a Sunne. The Hoast for feare [ 30] of further quarrell parted them. At Dinner the Chinois disputed of a Question of humane na∣ture, how it came bad (they want Logicke and cannot well distinguish betwixt morall and na∣turall good, and neuer heard of originall sinne) they discoursed thereof a whole houre: after which Ricius repeating what had beene sayd, entred into dispute with Sanhoi, who laughed at his and their Reasons and answered all with a Tale of I know not what Floud, according to his Sect; but he straitned him with Arguments, so that he and this Disputation grew famous. They conceiue that God and the Creatures are all of one substance, and that God is as a great Soule of the Vniuerse; which opinion from the Idol-sects hath infected the Learned. Ricius writ a sum∣mary of that point, which gaue men good satisfaction, and his Law seemed not so barbarous as [ 40] they imagined.

* 2.232The Kings Treasure was exhaust by the Corayan Warre, whereupon contrary to the Lawes he caused the ancient Mines which were sayd to be stopped, to bee sought, and opened, and im∣posed new Tributes, that in all Prouinces, Merchandizes should pay two of a hundreth: which had beene tolerable if gathered by Magistrates; but his Eunuches, sent to euery Prouince, with∣out shame or mercie exacted on the people, and raysed a worse combustion then that of Coray. So many Impostors, Counterfeits, Theeues were euery-where: if a man dwelt in a good House, they would digge it vp to search for a Myne, to force composition from the owner. Some whole Cities and Prouinces compounded with these Caterpillers to free themselues from their vexati∣ons; the money so gotten they gaue the King as taken out of their Mynes. This caused Dearth, [ 50] and in some, Commotion. The Magistrates petitioned the King against these abuses, but sweet∣nesse of gaine had not only stopped that eare, but procured grieuous penalties to those which withstood his Catch-poll-Eunuches, which by those punishments grew more insolent. Ours which wintered at Lincin, happily escaped these Harpy-clutches, who with their Presents arri∣uing at Nanquin rejoyced to see a Residence so prepared there. These Presents intended for the King, bred such an amazement in the beholders that others were ready to offer force to see them. They still minding to present the King, (the weather now more cleare and peaceable) Cataneus went to Amacao; where was much rejoycing for these hopes, but soone quenched with sorrow for losse of their ship which tradeth to Iapon, men and goods lost, on which ship all their Commerce dependeth. They found themselues therefore vnable to maintayne three Resi∣dences: [ 60] the Iesuites Rector scraped all hee could for that purpose, and added a Watch and Image of the blessed Virgin, and Trigone Glasses, Houre-g••afles and other Rarities to their Presents.* 2.233

Father Diego Pantoia a Spanish Priest also accompanyed Cataneus to Nanquin, and thence

went with Ricius to Pequin, with Sebastian and Emanuell. Father Iohn was called from Nancian to reside with Cataneus at Nanquin. They went with an Eunuch then going to Pequin with six ships, who shewed them much kindnesse.* 2.234 In Zinin a City of the Prouince of Sciantum is a Vice-roy which is as High Admirall ouer all the ships, whether they carry prouision or other things,* 2.235 which gaue kind entertaynment to Ricius▪ telling him at parting, Sithai (that was Ricius his China name) I also desire to goe to Paradise, intimating that all his Heauen was not in earthly honours, but that he minded also what the other p••eached. Presently with great pompe and state hee followed him to his ship and there visited him with vsuall Rites of Vrbanity and a Present, and wondred much at the sight of those Presents they carryed for the King. He sent an [ 10] Officer also to make him a readier way. One Liciu had made way to this Vice-royes friendship, who soone after killed himselfe, hearing that vpon some complaint of his Books,* 2.236 the King had commanded him to bee imprisoned and his Books to bee burned; preuenting so the study of his Aduersaries to put him to some shamefull death.

Amongst those Eunuches which the King had sent to oppresse the people, was one Mathan,* 2.237 which dwelt at Linci••, whose exactions had raysed the people and Souldiers into mutiny, which burnt his Palace and killed his Seruants, himselfe escaping disguised, but the Captiue and Slaue of Couetousnesse no lesse then before. Our Eunuch addressed himselfe to him,* 2.238 but could not till the third time be admitted, because his Gifts were not answerable to the others appetite. Hee to make way for himselfe betrayed Ours to this Harpy, they not knowing it, saying, that in [ 20] one of his ships were strangers with precious Gifts for the King, which he shewed closely to his Officers▪ with these he might get the Kings fauour. The Gouernour which in that and the Neighbour Cities had great command was his great friend, of whom Ricius asked counsell: he told him that now the Eunuches reigned, and they almost only were the Kings Counsellors, nor could the greatest Magistrates withstand their iniuries. Yet the countenance of this Magistrate was a great helpe to him, this being the man whom of all the Gouernours he most feared; a man so well deseruing that his Citizens erected to him a Temple, Image, and Inscription; who now also both countenanced Ricius what he might, and gaue him the best aduice how to carry him∣selfe to this Eunuch, and perhaps but for him they had lost all and themselues to.* 2.239 This Capon had erected Palaces and Temples, and had built a huge ship in which the King himselfe might haue [ 30] sayled; so many were the Cels, Chambers, Hals, and other commodious Buildings thereof; the Windowes, Galleries of vndecaying wood carryed with many Meanders, * 2.240 all shining with Vernish and glittering with Gold. In this ship was hee carryed to ours, where Ricius met him. He viewed and liked all, and downe on his knees to the Virgins Picture, promised to procure her a place in the Palace. Ricius modestly refusing his seruice for them to the King, saying, many Magistrates of best ranke had vndertaken that kindnesse: he smiled, saying, none of them could doe so much as he with the King: the King answeres my Petitions the same day, to them or late, or nothing. The Eunuch which brought ours was sent away, and all the Presents put a-board his ship. Hee carryed the Iesuites with him to the Towre of Thiensin,* 2.241 whither hee went to send thence the six moneths Tribute to the King: he feasted them, Comedies, Rope-runners, Tum∣blers, [ 40] Vaulters, and Mimicke Ape-men attending the cheare with such disports as they had ne∣uer seene in Europe. One cast three great Kniues into the Ayre one after another,* 2.242 and catched them againe in their sheathes: another lay on the ground, raysing his feete ouer his shoulders, with which hee tossed vp and tumbled too and fro an Earthen Pitcher in such sort, as hardly could bee done with the hands; the like hee did with a Drumme on a Table. A Comedie was acted only with gestures, of disguised Gyants in glorious habits; one from the Theatre pronoun∣cing all their parts. A Boy danced admirably, and then as it were falling, layd his hands on the ground, and another Boy of Clay came forth, which vsing his hands for feete, imitated all the prankes of the other, and fell to wrestle with the liuing Boy, as if both had beene aliue.

We will leaue you Spectators here, and now bring you forth another Actor, which hauing in little while [ 50] trauelled much, and learned more of his Fellowes; suddenly sent into Europe these Relations not vnworthy your view: which I haue therefore examined with the Originall Spanish, and the Latine Translation, and cut off some superfluities to giue you more full content and to preuent Repetitions; the rather because bee descendeth to many particularities which Ricius looking higher and knowing more, hath omitted.

[ 60]

Notes

• * 1.1

  Ignatius and Francis cano∣nized by Greg. 15. March 12. 1622.
• * 1.2

  This happened in Capt. Saris his ship. See to. 1. l. 4. c. 1. p. 367.
• * 1.3

  See sup l. 9. c. 12. §. 5. and the last Chapter of my Pilgrimage
• * 1.4

  2. Cor. 10.4.
• * 1.5

  See Sir T. Roe and M. Terry, sup. p. 1482. and 586.

  This Storie shewes that with Mogols & Chinois gifts are best Con∣uert••rs.
• * 1.6

  Adol. Schul∣kenius. Colon. A. 1622. Iun. 26.
• * 1.7

  See before in Polo; Conti, &c. the truth here∣of.
• * 1.8

  Apoc. 18.
• * 1.9

  Acts 20.
• * 1.10

  Cit. pro Mil••n••.
• * 1.11

  How little in comparison was Pauls, from Ierusalem to Il∣lyricum?
• * 1.12

  Letter of Xaui∣er.
• * 1.13

  Deuill wor∣shipped by the Chinois.
• * 1.14

  Canton.
• * 1.15

  Cangoxima in Iapon Paul had beene in India, and was Bapti∣sed.
• * 1.16

  Seas tempestu∣ous and Pira∣ticall.
• * 1.17

  Xauiers zeale.
• * 1.18

  Sancian thirtie leagues from the China shoare.
• * 1.19

  Xauiers death. See Vita Xaue∣rij. & F. Pinto. & Eman. Acosta Mafferius Rici∣us, &c.
• * 1.20

  Since the Ex∣pedition of the Westerne Christians (the chiefe of which were Franks) to the conquest of Ie∣rusalem.
• * 1.21

  A Peninsula is compasted with water ex∣cept on one part.

  Beginnings of Amacao.
• * 1.22

  Melchi••r Nuns.
• * 1.23

  Canton le••st Metropolitan Citie.

  I take but a li••∣tle of his rela∣tion, because you haue so much before. Aiton, Aitao, or Haitao.
• * 1.24

  So Pinto al••o, but this is the Prouinces Armes not the Kings.
• * 1.25

  Some Sects ack••owledge more, others 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.26

  Valignanus.
• * 1.27

  Admiranda reg∣ni Sinensis ex∣tant with the Iesuites Epistles published by Io. Hayus. Plaut.
• * 1.28

  Mich. Ruggeri∣us.
• * 1.29

  Portugall trade at Canton by day, and extru∣sion at night.
• * 1.30

  Rugg. first en∣trance.
• * 1.31

  Ruggerius freed by the Hai-tao.
• * 1.32

  Ambassage of Siam.
• * 1.33

  Zumpim or Chumbim.
• * 1.34

  Mat. Ricius.
• * 1.35

  Fraternitie of Iesus.
• * 1.36

  Vice-roy of Canton.
• * 1.37

  Quamsi.
• * 1.38

  Sciauquin.
• * 1.39

  Bribe trickes.
• * 1.40

  Mat. Ricius.
• * 1.41

  Clocke-watch.
• * 1.42

  Iesuites first China station. Three corne∣red Glasse.
• * 1.43

  Quam-cheu the true name of Canton.
• * 1.44

  Pasius dieth long after.
• * 1.45

  Iaponian Em∣bassage to the Pope.

  Ed••dit Hen. Cuickius.
• * 1.46

  King of Bungos Letter.
• * 1.47

  But that Hor∣tus de••iciarum An••lia was more worth then both In∣dies to the Pope. See sup. lib. 8. c. 6. &c.
• * 1.48

  This the most acceptable mysterie of Papall Faith.
• * 1.49

  Extract. è literit Roma missis.
• * 1.50

  See the last chap. of my Pilg. l. 9.
• * 1.51

  Popes presents
• * 2.1

  Papall fauours, with little cost buying much esteeme.
• * 2.2

  Pompe pre∣scribed.
• * 2.3

  See of these Iaponian Kings and Rites my Pilg. l. 5. c. 15. Nabunanga.
• * 2.4

  Frenoiama.
• * 2.5

  The Bonzian Quanon and Popish Corpus Christi Playes like by Iesuites testimoni••. Shau••lings.
• * 2.6

  Faxiba made Quabacondono. Quabacu signi∣fies, the Chist of treasure. Cos. Turrianus.
• * 2.7

  The 3. chiefe men in Iapon. The Vo, High Priest and Quingue.

  A greater then they.

  Meaco the chiefe Citie of Iapon.
• * 2.8

  Corai.
• * 2.9

  Organtinus Brixiensis.
• * 2.10

  Qui•• tulerit Gracchos &c.
• * 2.11

  The Dairi, the titular King.
• * 2.12

  China inuasion. Reckoning without his Host.

  Iaponian Theo∣logie.
• * 2.13

  The Iesuits.
• * 2.14

  Christian Reli∣gion alway by the Deuill and his accu••ed for a State-distur∣ber.

  Iesuites bani∣shed.
• * 2.15

  Iaponian work∣manship.
• * 2.16

  Preparation for inuasion of Corai.
• * 2.17

  Corai descri∣bed: see my China Map.
• * 2.18

  This is that F••reisama of whom you reade in Capt. Saris, and Ma∣ster Cocke, de∣priued by Ogo∣shosama.
• * 2.19

  1592. Wide Riuer betwixt China and Corai.
• * 2.20

  190. Iesuites.
• * 2.21

  China Embas∣sage.
• * 2.22

  Huge Palace, and prepara∣tion for enter∣tainment of the Chinois.
• * 2.23

  Noximandono a Iaponian Pirat.
• * 2.24

  Prodigious raines.
• * 2.25

  Earth-quakes.
• * 2.26

  Iaponian poli∣cy to keepe all the Lords a∣bout the Court for securitie; seldome suffe∣red to visite their King∣domes.

  China Presents and Letters.
• * 2.27

  Chia an herb vsed in warme water in all entertayn∣ments in Iapon and China.
• * 2.28

  Bish. of Iapon.
• * 2.29

  ••••an Pastus. Alex Va••gna∣nus

  P. Pilo lib. 5. c. 1••. §. 4. See of his death tom. 1. p. 407.

  T••m••le of Scinfaciman. C••p•• Saris told mee hee saw it.
• * 2.30

  Sup. l. 7. in fines
• * 2.31

  Ci-hien a Go∣ue••nour of a Hien or Citie▪
• * 2.32

  Iesuites suppli∣cation.
• * 2.33

  Ciai-yuen or Chaen, Prouin∣ciall Visitour.
• * 2.34

  Money brings the Iesuites to China, and pro∣cures them re∣sidence.
• * 2.35

  Liuqueceo. Viegas bountie.
• * 2.36

  Friars in China, see cap. 3.
• * 2.37

  Anno 1583.
• * 2.38

  Sciauquin tow∣er.
• * 2.39

  Temple and statue to Go∣uernours.
• * 2.40

  Ignoto Deo. Wilde Christi∣anitie.
• * 2.41

  Iesuites build a house, at first meane, after greater.
• * 2.42

  D. wanting to Chinois.
• * 2.43

  Images wor∣shipped.
• * 2.44

  First Baptisme
• * 2.45

  Fancies of the vulgar.
• * 2.46

  Tables of ho∣nour.
• * 2.47

  Chinois in Hos∣pitall.

  Portugals cal∣led Deuils.
• * 2.48

  Tenderd••n stee∣ple.
• * 2.49

  Conspiracie.
• * 2.50

  False accuses truely rewar∣ded.
• * 2.51

  Mathematicks and Map of the world, in∣troduction to the Gospell.
• * 2.52

  Chinois igno∣rant of the world.
• * 2.53

  Ricius his Map.
• * 2.54

  The world v∣shers the Iesuits Gospell.
• * 2.55

  Ruggers r••turn.
• * 2.56

  Sphe••res and Globes.
• * 2.57

  Linsitau Ruler of two or three Diuisions or Hundreds.
• * 2.58

  See that Bull. sup. l. 2. c. 1. Gaine sepa∣rates the sub∣iects of one Crowne, with∣out separation of state. Apply this to the quarrell twixt the English and Dutch in the Indies. And hereby you see the Iesuites in∣struments of secular affaires Edw. Menese, whose Booke you haue in the 9. booke. tom. 1.
• * 2.59

  F. Edw: Sande.
• * 2.60

  Antonie Almei∣da, License for Cequian.
• * 2.61

  Strange course for names. Iesuites change their names.
• * 2.62

  Almeidas Let∣ter to Ed. Sande. Rector at Xau∣chin or Sciau∣chin, contra∣cted.
• * 2.63

  Moilin.
• * 2.64

  The Linsitaus brother afore∣sayd.

  Another riuer.
• * 2.65

  Way paued and populous.
• * 2.66

  Seats and Por∣ters in the high-wayes.
• * 2.67

  Faquen.
• * 2.68

  Great Cities thicke.
• * 2.69

  Metropolitan Citie of Chi∣ansi.
• * 2.70

  All this way is apparent in the new Map.
• * 2.71

  New Riuer.
• * 2.72

  Nine Tatis.
• * 2.73

  These miles seeme to bee intended Spa∣n••sh leagues. Cold Region.
• * 2.74

  Papists and Paynims Cere∣monies alike.
• * 2.75

  Ciquion. Cuixion.
• * 2.76

  New Riuer.
• * 2.77

  Ste••ilitie.
• * 2.78

  Sciaubin or Ciquion like Venice.
• * 2.79

  Prouincials Letter. Fortie Chinois compa∣red to 40000. Iaponian Con∣uerts.
• * 2.80

  Coellius first teacher to paint.
• * 2.81

  Vutan a holy place haunted by Pilgrimes.
• * 2.82

  New Conuert, a false Knaue.
• * 2.83

  Martin whip∣ped to death.
• * 2.84

  Manner of ho∣nouring good Magistrates.
• * 2.85

  R. goeth into Europe.
• * 2.86

  Priuiledged old men.
• * 2.87

  Their elegant Petition is whole in Ricius, too long for this place.
• * 2.88

  Iesuites merit their exhibi∣tion by seruice to the state.
• * 2.89

  Iesuites bani∣shed.
• * 2.90

  Iesuites house cost 600. pieces of Gold, which in Ch••na is a great summe. Nanh••um. Xauceum.
• * 2.91

  1589.
• * 2.92

  Nanhoa Mona∣sterie of 1000. Monk••s.
• * 2.93

  Lusus L••gend.
• * 2.94

  Bodily exercise profiteth little, 1. Tim. 4.8.
• * 2.95

  Pilgrimage.
• * 2.96

  China hypo∣crisie.
• * 2.97

  Monstrous Idolatry. Bels.
• * 2.98

  Lusus Shrine.
• * 2.99

  Folly of Selfe-pleasing.
• * 2.100

  Apply to Ima∣ges.

  Originall of Idols.

  Contesse and be hanged. Xauceum de∣scribed. Nanhium.
• * 2.101

  Iesuits new Seat.
• * 2.102

  Chiutaiso Scho∣ler of Ricius.
• * 2.103

  China Arith∣meticke.
• * 2.104

  An Image sent from New Spaine.
• * 2.105

  Seuere Iustice.
• * 2.106

  Fran. de Petris·
• * 2.107

  Vice-roy de∣priued.
• * 2.108

  Taicho.
• * 2.109

  China absti∣nence.
• * 2.110

  Nanhiun.
• * 2.111

  Theeues.
• * 2.112

  Their sentence
• * 2.113

  Queenes par∣doner.
• * 2.114

  Rioters. Theft ignomi∣nious.
• * 2.115

  Pequin Presi∣dent.
• * 2.116

  Bonzi infa∣mous.

  Popish and Ethnike priests like in sh••uing and habite.
• * 2.117

  Iesuites alter their habite.
• * 2.118

  Scilan.
• * 2.119

  Mount Muilim or Moilin: See sup. Ex. Almei∣da.
• * 2.120

  Naughan.
• * 2.121

  Canceu. Great Vice-roy and Grea∣ter President.
• * 2.122

  Stately enter∣taynment.
• * 2.123

  Boat-bridge.
• * 2.124

  Sciepathau, that is 18. streames. It seemes so many in that space flow into it.

  Lying vanities
• * 2.125

  Chiengan.
• * 2.126

  Kings Posts.
• * 2.127

  The Glasse e∣steemed a great Iewell, giuen to Scilan, Nancian Me∣tropolis of Chiansi.
• * 2.128

  This seemes to agree with Pintos Muchi∣parom. sup. pag••. 274.
• * 2.129

  Admirable Lake: see the new Map.
• * 2.130

  Mount Liu: this perhaps so that Calemplui in Pinto 262. or some like place
• * 2.131

  Riuer Yamsu or Seas Sonne, be∣yond the Lake.
• * 2.132

  Nanquin. (which Polo calls Quinsay) described. It was then grea∣ter, as being the Royall re∣sidence, which remoued and warres toge∣ther haue di∣minished it: perhaps also that Lake de∣caying and d••ying vp; or not rebuilt af∣ter the Tartars expelled.
• * 2.133

  Second Wall twelue Gates. Third Wall.
• * 2.134

  Citie wall two dayes iourney on horsebacke.
• * 2.135

  Garrison 40000. In 32. or 32. de∣grees, 15. min.
• * 2.136

  Large Suburbs
• * 2.137

  Miserable Churle.
• * 2.138

  Nancian.
• * 2.139

  Fast from flesh, fish, egges, and milke.
• * 2.140

  Many of the Royall bloud at Nancian.
• * 2.141

  China lying is prudence.
• * 2.142

  Ricius his arti∣ficiall memorie
• * 2.143

  Fortune friend
• * 2.144

  Chiengan and Longan, Kings titular.
• * 2.145

  Ricius his China Booke of friendship.
• * 2.146

  Token of wel∣come.
• * 2.147

  Cauils.
• * 2.148

  Pillorie board.
• * 2.149

  Aroccia and Longobardus,
• * 2.150

  The Couns••ll Li Pu so called of creating Maiestrates▪
• * 2.151

  Custome of Conuerts names in Bap∣tisme. Anno 1598.
• * 2.152

  Writing well in China brings credit and gaine.
• * 2.153

  Vice-roy of Nanquin, a lo∣uer of Geo∣graphie.
• * 2.154

  Honour to an Image.
• * 2.155

  Chappell.
• * 2.156

  Chian or Quian See Polo sup. 90 Riuer of Nan∣quin: one cut from it for Pe∣quin.

  Yellow Riuer see the Map.
• * 2.157

  Such con∣iectures as this and those in Pinto of this Lake seeme ill grounded. Lake of Constel∣lations.
• * 2.158

  Magistrates sa∣crifice to the Riuer.
• * 2.159

  10000. Ships of the Kings for fiue Prouinces
• * 2.160

  Cranes to draw ships. Tempestuous seas and Py∣rats on that coast. See Pinto.
• * 2.161

  Timbers for the Kings buil∣dings.

  Two thirds of the Kings house burnt by Lightning.
• * 2.162

  Bricks prefer∣red to stone.
• * 2.163

  Swifter ship•• called Horses.
• * 2.164

  Heat and cold.
• * 2.165

  Hand-made Riuer. Tiensin.
• * 2.166

  They come to Pequin.
• * 2.167

  Iamcheu. Hoain∣gan. Sieucen. Zinim. Licin.
• * 2.168

  Length of the way.
• * 2.169

  Pequin de••c••i∣bed, compared with Nanquin.
• * 2.170

  The walls.
• * 2.171

  Watch and Ward.
• * 2.172

  Palace.
• * 2.173

  Streets.
• * 2.174

  All goe and ride veiled.
• * 2.175

  Commoditie of Mules and Mulletters.
• * 2.176

  Booke of Pe∣quin.
• * 2.177

  See Polo sup. 88.
• * 2.178

  China, Cathay. See Pantoia.
• * 2.179

  Camhalu the great Tartar of the North.
• * 2.180

  Goez sup. cap. 4.
• * 2.181

  Alchymie and base couetise.
• * 2.182

  Coozening Merchant.
• * 2.183

  China Lan∣guage and Ac∣cents.
• * 2.184

  Riuers frozen▪ Ric. goeth by Land.
• * 2.185

  Siuceu and Yamceu.
• * 2.186

  Coach of one wheele.
• * 2.187

  Suceu descri∣bed.

  Another Ve∣nice.
• * 2.188

  Huge Tribute.
• * 2.189

  Tanian.
• * 2.190

  Glasse glazed.
• * 2.191

  New yeares day.
• * 2.192

  Letter of F. Nic. Lombard.
• * 2.193

  China Lear∣ning.

  This compari∣son with that time of the Ro∣manes seemeth p••rh••ps not the best, th••t being the best of Heathen Rome; Varro, and Cicero, and Virgil, as the Romane Trium viri for Learning, besides, Sa••••s•• Caesar, &c.
• * 2.194

  Thaisos Let∣ter. To their superiours and equals they write not in the first person, but the name for the pro∣noune (I).
• * 2.195

  This (as to sit at the feet, with the Iewes) sig∣nifieth to be a mans scholer: taken from their sitting at the side in Le∣ctures. Suceo.

  North of China the best.

  Scingin is the greatest title of honour a∣mongst the Chinois, intima∣ting a holy birth, greatest learning that he may be Ma∣ster of all, as was their Con∣fusias: such an one they 〈◊〉〈◊〉 comes euery 500. yeere, and now Ricius. Probabilities for the Gospel.
• * 2.196

  China Mona∣steries.
• * 2.197

  Vniuersities in our sence with Professors and publik Schools are not in Chi∣na: but for ta∣king degrees as in our Vni∣uersities, a mans priuate studies, and the Cities publike examinations haue some re∣semblance. Many things in which the Iesuites and Chinois con∣curre.
• * 2.198

  A fornight Sabbath.
• * 2.199

  Sixe precepts of China.
• * 2.200

  Cantonians Mangines.
• * 2.201

  Blessed Virgin honoured.
• * 2.202

  Nanquin. Cingensu a great Abbie.
• * 2.203

  The President supreme go∣uernour of Full Moone fire-workes.
• * 2.204

  Mathematikes baits to the Gospell.
• * 2.205

  China learning how vnlearned
• * 2.206

  Hanlin Col∣ledge in Pequin.
• * 2.207

  Wit of a Chinese.
• * 2.208

  Bonzis, dotages.
• * 2.209

  Eclipses.
• * 2.210

  Colledge of Astrologers.
• * 2.211

  Mathematicall huge Instru∣ments.
• * 2.212

  A Globe.
• * 2.213

  A Sphere.
• * 2.214

  A Diall.
• * 2.215

  Astrolabes.
• * 2.216

  The Chinois number 24. constellations of the Zodiake.
• * 2.217

  The like Instru∣ments at Pe∣quin.
• * 2.218

  This time a∣greeth with the time of Ta∣merlane; which giueth autho∣rity to Alhacens former story of him: besides the Chinois call the last Tartar which ruled them Temor. Cuiceu.

  Quocum, the Nobilitie of China.
• * 2.219

  Artificial rock.
• * 2.220

  Captaine of the Citie Gar∣rison.
• * 2.221

  Chiefe Eu∣nuch.

  Thousands of Eunuchs at Nanquin.
• * 2.222

  Van, van, siu, as to the Ba∣by••onian Mo∣nar••hs, liue for euer. Dan. 5.10.
• * 2.223

  A principall Doctor, a Preacher.
• * 2.224

  A Mandarine becomes a Bonzi.
• * 2.225

  Epigrams.
• * 2.226

  Confutius his holiday.
• * 2.227

  Musike of China.
• * 2.228

  Temple royall▪ and magnifi∣cen••e thereof.
• * 2.229

  Iesuits habit.
• * 2.230

  Societies of Learned.
• * 2.231

  Conference or disputation twixt an Idol-Priest and Ricius.
• * 2.232

  Oppression. Mines of Gold and Siluer stopped by an∣cient Kings & forbidden to be opened to preuent rob∣beries.
• * 2.233

  Didacus or Ia∣cobus Pantoia.
• * 2.234

  Zinin.
• * 2.235

  High Admiral,
• * 2.236

  Liciu killeth himselfe.
• * 2.237

  Mathan a great and base Eu∣nuch.
• * 2.238

  Treacherie,
• * 2.239

  Great and glorious ship.
• * 2.240

  Turnings.
• * 2.241

  Thiensin.
• * 2.242

  China Players. and Feat-wor∣kers.