Purchas his pilgrimes. part 3 In fiue bookes. The first, contayning the voyages and peregrinations made by ancient kings, patriarkes, apostles, philosophers, and others, to and thorow the remoter parts of the knowne world: enquiries also of languages and religions, especially of the moderne diuersified professions of Christianitie. The second, a description of all the circum-nauigations of the globe. The third, nauigations and voyages of English-men, alongst the coasts of Africa ... The fourth, English voyages beyond the East Indies, to the ilands of Iapan, China, Cauchinchina, the Philippinæ with others ... The fifth, nauigations, voyages, traffiques, discoueries, of the English nation in the easterne parts of the world ... The first part.

§. V. Aduertisements and reports of the sixth * 1.1 Voyage into the parts of Persia and Me∣dia, gathered out of sundry Letters written by CHRISTOPHER BVR∣ROVGH; and more especially a voyage ouer the Caspian Sea, and their shipwracke and miseries there endu∣red by the Ice.

FIrst it is to bee vnderstood, that the ships for the voyage to Saint Nicholas in Russia, in [ 10] which the Factors and merchandise for the Persian voyage were transported,* 1.2 de∣parted from Grauesend the nineteenth of Iune, 1579. which arriued at Saint Nicho∣las in Russia, the two and twentieth of Iuly, where the Factors and Merchants lan∣ded, and the merchandise discharged and laden into Doshnikes, that is, barkes of the Countrey, to be carried from thence vp by Riuer vnto Vologda. And the fiue and twentieth day of the said Iu∣ly, the Doshnikes departed from Rose Iland by Saint Nicholas vp the riuer Dwina Peremene, that is to say in poste, by continuall sayling, rowing, setting with poles, or drawing of men, which came to Colmogro the seuen and twentieth day,* 1.3 and departed thence the nine and twentieth of Iuly vp the said riuer Dwina, and came to Vstyoug (which is at the head of the riuer Dwina, and mouth of Sughano) the ninth of August, where they stayed but a small time,* 1.4 prouiding some vi∣ctuals, [ 20] and shifting certaine of their Cossacks or Barkmen, and so departed thence the same day vp the Sughano, and came to Totma (which is counted somewhat more then halfe the way from Vstyoug) the fifteenth day, where they shifted some of their Cossacks, and departed thence the same day, and came to the Citie Vologda the nineteenth of August, where they landed their goods, and stayed at that place till the thirtieth of the same. Hauing prouided at Vologda, Telegas or Waggons, whereupon they laded their goods, they departed thence with the same by land to∣wards Yeraslaue, the said thirtieth of August at eight of the clocke in the morning, and came to the East side of the riuer Volga, ouer against Yeraslaue, with fiue and twentie Telegas laden with the said goods, the seuenth of September at fiue of the clocke afternoone.* 1.5 Then the three stroogs or barkes, prouided to transport the said goods to Astracan, (where they should meete the [ 30] ship that should carrie the same from thence into Persia) came ouer from Yeraslaue vnto the same side of the riuer Volga, & there tooke in the said goods. And hauing prepared the said Barks ready with all necessarie furniture, they departed with them from Yeraslaue down the riuer of Volga, on the fourteenth day of September at nine of the clocke in the morning,* 1.6 and they arriued at Niz∣nouogrod the seuenteenth day at three of the clocke afternoone, where they shewed the Empe∣rours letters to passe free without paying any custome, and tarried there about three houres to prouide necessaries, and then departing, arriued at Cazan (or neere the same Towne) on the two and twentieth of September at fiue of the clocke afternoone, where (through contrary windes,* 1.7 and for prouiding new Cossacks in the places of some that there went from them) they remay∣ned till the sixe and twentieth day, at what time they departed thence about two of the clocke [ 40] after noone, and arriued at Tetushagorod, which is on the Crim side of Volga, and in latitude 55. degrees 22. minutes, the eight and twentieth day at ten in the forenoone, where they anchored, and remained about three houres, and departing thence came to Oueak, which is on the Crims side (on the Westerne side of Volga) the fift of October about fiue of the clocke in the morning. This place is accounted halfe the way betweene Cazan and Astracan: and heere there groweth great store of Liqouris: the soyle is very fruitfull: they found there Apple-trees,* 1.8 and Cherrie-trees. The latitude of Oueak is 51. degrees 30. minuts. At this place had beene a very faire stone Castle called by the name Oueak, and adioyning to the same was a Towne called by the Russes, Sodom: this Towne and part of the Castle (by report of the Russes) was swallowed into the earth by the iustice of God, for the wickednesse of the people that inhabited the same.* 1.9 There re∣mayneth [ 50] at this day to be seene a part of the ruines of the Castle, and certaine Tombes, wherein as it seemeth haue beene layd noble personages: for vpon a tombe stone might be perceiued the forme of a Horse and a man sitting on it with a Bow in his hand, and Arrowes girt to his side: there was a piece of a Scutchion also vpon one of the stones, which had characters grauen on it, whereof some part had been consumed with the weather, and the rest left vnperfect: but by the forme of them that remained, we iudged them to be characters of Armenia: and other characters were grauen also vpon another tombe stone. Now they departed from Oueak the said fift of October at fiue of the clocke after noone,* 1.10 and came to Perauolok the tenth day about eleuen or twelue of the clocke that night, making no abode at that place, but passed alongst by it. This word Perauolok in the Russe tongue doth signifie a narrow straight or necke of land between two [ 60] waters, and it is so called by them, because from the riuer Volga, at that place, to the riuer Don or Tanais, is counted thirtie versts, or as much as a man may well trauell on foot in one day. And se∣uen versts beneath, vpon an Iland called Tsaritsna,* 1.11 the Emperour of Russia hath fiftie Gunners all Summertime to keepe watch, called by the Tartar name Carawool. Betweene this place and A∣stracan are fiue other Carawools or watches.

The First is named Kameni Carawool, and is distant from Perauolok one hundred and twen∣tie verstes. The second named Stupino Carowool, distant from the first fiftie verstes. The third called Polooy Carowool, is one hundred and twentie verstes distant from the second. The fourth named Keezeyur Carawool, is fiftie verstes distant from the third. The fift na∣med Ichkebre, is thirtie verstes distant from the fourth, and from Ichkebre to Astracan is thir∣tie verstes.

* 1.12The sixteenth of October they arriued at Astracan. The ninteenth of Nouember the winde being northerly, there was a great frost, and much Ice in the Riuer: the next day being the twentieth of Nouember, the Ice stood in the Riuer, and so continued vntill Easter day.

The sixth of Ianuarie being Twelfe day (which they call Chreshenia) the Russes of Astracan brake a hole in the Ice vpon the Riuer Volga, and hallowed the water with great solemnitie, ac∣cording [ 10] to the manner of their Countrey, at which time all the Souldiers of the Towne shot off their small Peeces vpon the Ice, and likewise to gratifie the Captaine of the Castle, being a Duke, whose name is Pheodor Michalouich Troiocouria, who stood hard by the ship, beholding them as they were on the Riuer, was shot off all the Ordnance of our ship being fifteene Pee∣ces, viz. two Faulcons, two Faulconets, foure Fowlers, foure Fowlers Chambers, and three o∣other small Peeces made for the Stroogs to shoot Haile-stones, and afterwards the great Ord∣nance of the Castle was shot off.

* 1.13On the one and thirtieth of Ianuarie there happened a great Eclipse of the Moone, which began about twelue of the clocke at night, and continued before shee was cleere an houre and an [ 20] halfe by estimation, which ended the first of Februarie about halfe an houre past one in the mor∣ning: shee was wholly darkned by the space of halfe an houre.

The seuenteenth of Aprill, the variation of the Compasse obserued in Astracan, was 13. de∣grees 40. minutes from North to West.* 1.14 This Spring there came newes to Astracan, that the Queene of Persia (the King being blind) had beene with a great Armie against the Turkes that were left to possesse Media, and had giuen them a great ouerthrow: yet notwithstanding Der∣bent, and the greatest part of Media were still possessed and kept by the Turkes. The Factors of the Companie consulting vpon their affaires, determined to leaue at Astracan the one halfe of their goods with Arthur Edwards, and with the other halfe, the other three Factors would pro∣ceed in the ship on their purposed Voyage to the coast of Media, to see what might bee done [ 30] there: where, if they could not finde safe trafficke, they determined to proceed to the coast of Gilan,* 1.15 which is a Prouince neere the Caspian Sea bordering vpon Persia: and thereupon appoin∣ted the said goods to be laden aboord the ship, and tooke into her also some merchandise of Tisiks or Persian Merchants.

The second of May they weighed, and plyed downe the Riuer Volga, toward the Caspian Sea. The seuenth of May in the morning, they passed by a Tree that standeth on the left hand of the Riuer as they went downe, which is called Mahomet Agatch, or Mahomets Tree, and a∣bout three verstes further, that is to say, to the Southwards of the said Tree, is a place called Vchoog,* 1.16 that is to say, The Russe Weare: (but Ochoog is the name of a Weare in the Tartar tong••e) where are certaine Cotages, and the Emperour hath lying at that place certaine Gun∣ners [ 40] to guard his Fisher-men that keepe the Weare. This Vchoog is counted from Astracan sixty verstes: they proceeded downe the said Riuer without staying at the Vchoog. The ninth and tenth dayes they met with shallow water,* 1.17 and were forced to lighten their ship by the Pauos: The eleuenth day they sent backe to the Vchoog for an other Pauos: This day by mischance the ship was bilged on the grapnell of the Pauos, whereby the companie had sustayned great losses, if the chiefest part of their goods had not beene layd into the Pauos: for notwithstanding their pumping with three Pumps, heauing cut water with Buckets, and all the best shifts they could make, the ship was halfe full of water ere the leake could be found and stopt. The twelfth day the Pauos came to them from the Vchoog, whereby they lighted the ship of all the goods. The thirteenth day in the morning there came to them a small Boat, sent by the Captaine of Astra∣can,* 1.18 [ 50] to learne whether the ship were at Sea cleare off the flats. The fifteenth day by great in∣dustrie and trauell they got their ship cleare off the shoales and flats, wherewith they had beene troubled from the ninth day vntill then: they were forced to passe their ship in three foot wa∣ter or lesse.* 1.19 The sixteenth day they came to the Chetera Bougori, or Iland of foure Hillockes, which are counted fortie verstes from Vchoog,* 1.20 and are the furthest Land towards the Sea. The seuenteenth day they bare off into the Sea, and being about twelue verstes from the Foure hil∣lockes, riding in fiue foot and a halfe water about eleuen of the clocke in the fore-noone, they tooke their goods out of the Pauoses into the ship, and filled their ship with all things necessarie. The eighteenth day in the morning about seuen of the clocke, the Pauoses being discharged de∣parted away towards Astracan, the winde then at South-east, they rode still with the ship, and [ 60] obseruing the eleuation of the Pole at that place,* 1.21 found it to be 45. degrees 20. minutes. The nineteenth day, the winde South-east, they rode still. The twentieth day, the winde at North-west, they set sayle about one of the clocke in the morning, and steered thence South by West, and South South-west, about three leagues, and then anchored in sixe foot and a halfe water, a∣bout

nine of the clocke before noone, at which time it fell calme: the eleuation of the Pole at that place 45. degrees 13. minutes. The one and twentieth, hauing the winde at North-west, they set sayle, and steered thence South by West, and South vntill eleuen of the clocke, and had then nine foote water: and at noone they obserued the latitude, and found it to bee 44. degrees 47. minutes: then had they three fathoms and a halfe water, being cleare off the flats. It is counted from the Foure hillockes to the Sea about fiftie verstes. From the said noone-tide vn∣till foure of the clocke, they sayled South by East fiue leagues and a halfe: then had they fiue fathoms and a halfe, and brackish water:* 1.22 from that till twelue at night they sayled South by East halfe a league, East ten leagues: then had they eleuen fathoms, and the water salter. From [ 10] that till the two and twentieth day three of the clocke in the morning, they sayled three and fiftie leagues, then had they sixteene fathoms water: from thence they sayled vntill noone South and by West seuen leagues and a halfe,* 1.23 the latitude then obserued 43. degrees 15. mi∣nutes, the depth then eight and twentie fathoms, and shallow ground: from that vntill eight of the clocke at night, they sayled South by East fiue leagues and a halfe, then had they three and fortie fathoms shallow ground. From thence till the three and twentieth at foure of the clocke in the morning, they sayled South South-west three leagues and a halfe: then could they get no ground in two and fiftie fathoms deepe. From thence vntill noone they sayled South nine leagues, then the latitude obserued, was 42. degrees 20. minutes. From that till the foure and twentieth day at noone, they sayled South by West seuenteene leagues and a halfe, then the lati∣tude [ 20] obserued, was one and fortie degrees two and thirtie minutes.* 1.24 From noone till seuen of the clocke at night, they sayled South South-west foure leagues, then had they perfect sight of high Land or Hills, which were almost couered with Snow, and the midst of them were West from the ship, being then about twelue leagues from the neerest Land: they sounded but could finde no ground in two hundred fathoms. From thence they sayled South-west vntill mid-night: about three leagues from thence till the fiue and twentieth day, foure of the clocke in the mor∣ning, they sayled West three leagues, being then little winde, and neere the Land, they tooke in their sayles, and lay hulling: at noone the latitude obserued, was 40. degrees 54. minutes:* 1.25 they sounded but could get no ground in two hundred fathoms. At foure of the clocke in the after-noone, the winde North-west, they set their sayles: and from thence till the sixe and [ 30] twentieth day at noone, they sayled East South-east foure leagues. From thence they sayled till eight of the clocke at night South-west three leagues, the winde then at North. From thence they sayled vntill the seuen and twentieth day two of the clocke in the morning, West South-west eight leagues, the winde blowing at North very much. From the said two till foure of the clocke, they sayled South by West one league: then being day light, they saw the Land plaine, which was not past three leagues from them, being very high ragged Land. There were certaine Rockes that lay farre off into the Sea, about fiue leagues from the same Land, (which are called Barmake Tash) they sayled betweene those Rockes and the Land, and about fiue of the clocke they passed by the Port Bilbill, where they should haue put in but could not: and bearing longst the shoare about two of the clocke after noone,* 1.26 they came to Bildih in the Countrey of Media [ 40] or Sheruan, against which place they anchored in nine foot water. Presently after they were at anchor, there came aboord of them a Boat, wherein were seuen or eight persons, two Turkes, the rest Persians, the Turkes vassals, which bade them welcome, and seemed to be glad of their arriuall, who told the Factors that the Turke had conquered all Media, or the Countrey Sheruan, and how that the Turkes Basha remayned in Derbent with a Garrison of Turkes, and that Sha∣maky was wholly spoyled, and had few or no Inhabitants left in it. The Factors then being de∣sirous to come to the speech of the Basha, sent one of the Tisikes (or Merchants that went ouer with them from Astracan, passingers) and one of the Companies seruants Robert Golding, with those Souldiers, to the Captaine of Bachu, which place standeth hard by the Sea,* 1.27 to certifie him of their arriuall, and what commodities they had brought, and to desire friendship to haue quiet [ 50] and safe trafficke for the same. Bachu is from Bildih, the place where they rode, about a dayes iourney, on foot easily to be trauelled, which may be sixe leagues the next way ouer Land: it is a walled Towne, and strongly fortified. When the said Messenger came to the Captaine of Ba∣chu, the said Captaine gaue him very friendly entertaynement.

In the morning very early, hee sent Horse for the rest of the companie which should goe to Derbent, sending by them that went, ten Sheepe for the ship. Whilest they were at breakfast, Master Turnbull, Master Tailb••yes, and Thomas Hudson the Master of the ship, came thither, and when they had all broken their fasts, they went to Bachu. And from Bachu they proceeded to∣wards Derbent, as it was by the Captaine promised, being accompanied on their way for their safe conduct, with a Gentleman, and certaine Souldiers, which had the Captaine of Bachu his [ 60] Letters to the Basha of Derbent, very friendly written in their behalfe. In their iourney to Der∣bent they forsooke the ordinarie wayes, being very dangerous, and trauelled thorow Woods till they came almost to the Towne of Derbent: and then the Gentleman rode before with the Cap∣taines Letters to the Basha, to certifie him of the English Merchants comming, who receiuing the Letters, and vnderstanding the matter, was very glad of the newes, and sent forth to re∣ceiue

them certaine Souldiers Gunners, who met them about two miles out of the Towne, salu∣ting them with great reuerence,* 1.28 and afterwards rode before them: then againe met them other Souldiers, somewhat neerer the Castle, which likewise hauing done their salutations rode be∣fore them, and then came forth Noblemen, Captaines, and Gentlemen, to receiue them into the Castle and Towne. As they entred the Castle, there was a shot of twentie Peeces of great Ordnance, and the Basha sent Master Turnbull a very faire Horse with furniture to mount on, esteemed to be worth an hundred Markes, and so they were conuayed to his presence: who after he had talked with them, sent for a Coat of cloth of Gold, and caused it to be put on Ma∣ster Turnbuls backe, and then willed them all to depart, and take their ease, for that they were wearie of their iourney, and on the morrow he would talke further with them. The next day when the Factors came againe to the presence of the Basha, according to his appointment, they [ 10] requested him that he would grant them his priuiledge, whereby they might trafficke safely in any part and place of his Countrey, offering him, that if it pleased his Maiestie to haue any of the commodities that they had brought, and to write his minde thereof to the Captaine of Ba∣chu, it should be deliuered him accordingly. The Bashaes answere was, that he would willingly giue them his priuiledge: yet for that he regarded their safety, hauing come so farre, and know∣ing the state of his Countrey to be troublesome, he would haue them to bring their commoditie thither, and there to make sale of it, promising he would prouide such commodities as they nee∣ded, and that he would be a defence vnto them, so that they should not be iniured by any: where∣vpon the Factors sent Thomas Hudson backe for the ship to bring her to Derbent. The latitude of Bildih by diuers obseruations is 40. deg. 25. m. the variation of the Compas 10. deg. 40. min. from [ 20] North to West.* 1.29 They arriued at anchor against Derbent East and by South from the said Castle in foure fathom & a halfe water, the two and twentieth of Iune at ten of the clock in the morning: then they tooke vp their Ordnance, which before they had stowed in hold for easing the ship in her rolling. In the afternoone the Basha came down to the water side against the ship, and hauing the said Ordnance placed, and charged, it was all shot off to gratifie him: and presently af∣ter his departure backe, he permitted the Factors to come aboord the ship. The nine and twen∣tieth day their goods were vnladen, and carried to the Bashaes Garden, where hee made choice of such things as he liked, taking for custome of euery fiue and twentie Kersies, or whatsoeuer, one, or after the rate of foure for the hundred. The Factors after his choice made, determined to send a part of the rest of the goods to Bachu, for the speedier making sale thereof. They de∣parted [ 30] from Derbent with the said Barke the nineteenth of Iuly, and arriued at Bildih the fiue and twentieth day. Robert Golding desirous to vnderstand what might bee done at Shamaky, which is a dayes iourney from Bachu, went thither, from whence returning, he was set on by theeues, and was shot into the knee with an Arrow, who had very hardly escaped with his life and goods, but that by good hap he killed one of the theeues Horses with a Caliuer, and shot a Turke thorow both cheekes with a Dag. On the sixt day of August, the Factors being aduer∣tised at Derbent that their ship was so rotten and weake, that it was doubtfull shee would not carrie them backe to Astracan, did thereupon agree and bargaine at that place with an Arme∣nian, whose name was Iacob, for a Barke called a Busse, being of burden about fiue and thirtie tunnes, which came that yeere from Astracan, and was at that instant riding at an Iland called [ 40] Zere,* 1.30 about three or foure leagues beyond, or to the Eastward of Bildih, which Barke for their more safety, they meant to haue with them in their returne to Astracan, and thereupon wrote vnto Wincoll and the rest at Bachu, that they should receiue the same Busse, and lade in her their goods at Bildih, to be returned to Derbent, and to discharge their first Boat, which was obserued by them accordingly. When all their goods were laden aboord the said Busse at Bildih, and being readie to haue departed thence for Derbent, there arose a great storme with the winde out of the Sea,* 1.31 by force whereof the Cables and Halsers were broken, and their Vessell put ashoare, and broken to pieces against the Rockes: euery of them that were in her saued their liues, and part of the goods. But there was a Carobia or Chist, wherein were Dollers, and Gold, which they [ 50] had receiued for the commodities of the Companie, which they sold at Bachu, which at the ta∣king out of the Busse, fell by the Barkes side into the water amongst the Rockes, and so was lost. The packes of Cloth which they could not well take out of the Busse were also lost: other things that were more profitable they saued.

The third day of October all things were brought from the shoare aboord the ship: and that day the Factors went to the Basha to take their leaue of him, vnto whom they recommended those the Companies seruants, &c. which they had sent to Bachu, making account to leaue them behind in the Countrey: who caused their names to be written, and promised they should want nothing, nor be iniured of any. After this leaue taken, the Factors went aboord, purposing pre∣sently to haue set sayle and departed towards Astracan, the winde seruing well for that pur∣pose [ 60] at South South-east: And as they were readie to set sayle, there came against the ship a man, who weued: whereupon the Boat was sent ashoare to him, who was an Armenian sent from William Wincoll, with his writing tables, wherein the said Wincoll had written briefly, the mis-hap of the losse of the Busse, and that they were comming from Bildih towards Derbent,

they, and such things as they saued with a small Boat, forced to put ashoare in a place by the Sea side called the Armenian Village: Whereupon the Factors caused the ship to stay, hoping that with the Southerly winde that then blew,* 1.32 they would come from the place they were at to the ship, but if they could not come with that winde, they meant to sayle with the ship, with the next wind that would serue them, against the place where they were, and take them in, if they could: which stay and losse of those Southerly winds, was a cause of great troubles, that they afterwards sustayned through Ice, &c. entring the Volga as shall be declared.

The latitude of Derbent (by diuers Obseruations exactly there made,* 1.33 is fortie one degrees fif∣tie two minutes. The variation of the Compasse at that place about eleuen degre••s from North [ 10] to West. From Derbent to Bildih by Land fortie sixe leagues. From Derbent to Shamaky by Land, fortie fiue leagues. From Shamaky to Bachu, about ten leagues, which may bee thirtie miles. From Bachu to Bildih fiue or sixe leagues by Land, but by water about twelue leagues. From the Castle Derbent East-wards, there reach two stone wals to the border of the Caspian Sea, which is distant one English mile. Those wals are nine foot thicke, and eight and twentie or thirtie foot high, and the space betweene them is one hundred and sixtie Geometricall paces, that is, eight hundred foot. There are yet to bee perceiued of the ruine of those wals, which doe now extend into the Sea about halfe a mile: also from the Castle West-ward into the Land, they did perceiue the ruines of a stone wall to extend, which wal, as it is reported, did passe from thence to Pontus Euxinus, & was built by Alexand. the great, when the castle Derbent was made.

[ 20] The fift of October about noone, the winde North North-east they weighed Anchor, and set sayle from Derbent, being alongst the Coast to the South-wards to seeke their men: but as they had sailed about foure leagues the winde scanted Easterly, so that they were forced to An∣chor in three fathome water.

The seuenth day about seuen of the clocke in the morning, they set sayle, the wind South-west. They considered the time of the yeare was farre spent, the ship weake, leake, and rotten, and therefore determining not to tarry any longer for Wincoll and his fellowes, but to leaue them behind, bent themselues directly towards Astracan: and sayling North North-east vntill mid∣night about sixteene leagues, the wind then came to the North North-west, and blew much, a very storme, which caused them to take in all their Sayles, sauing the fore Corse, with which they were forced to steere before the Sea, South by West, and South South-west. And on the [ 30] eight day about two of the clocke in the morning, their great Boat sunke at the ships sterne, which they were forced to cut from the ship to their great griefe and discomfort: for in her they ho∣ped to saue their liues if the ship should haue miscarried. About ten of the clocke before noone, they had sight of the Land about fiue leagues to the South of Derbent, and bare alongst the Coast to the South-east-wards vnto Nezauoo, where they came at Anchor in three fathomes, and blacke Ozie, good Anchor hold, whereof they were glad,* 1.34 as also that the winde was shifted to the North-west, and but a meane gale. Wincoll and the rest of his fellowes being in the Arme∣nian Village, which is about eighteene Versts to the West-wards of Nezauoo, the place where against they rode at Anchor, saw the ship as she passed by that place, and sent a man in the night [ 40] following alongst the Coast after her, who came against the ship where shee rode, and with a fire-brand in the top of a Tree made signes, which was perceiued by them in the ship, where∣vpon they boysed out their Skiffe, and sent her ashoare to learne what was meant by the fire: which returned a Letter from Wincoll, wherein he wrote that they were with such goods as they had at the Armenian Village, and prayed that there they might with the same goods bee taken into the ships.

The tenth day they sent their Skiffe to the Armenian Village to fetch those men and the goods they had, with order that if the winde serued,* 1.35 that they could not returne to fetch the ship, they of the ship promised to come for them, against the said Village. But in their want God sent them two Couies of Partridges, that came from the shoare, and lighted in and about their [ 50] ships, whereby they were comforted, and one that lay sicke, of whose life was small hope, re∣couered his health.

Pauoses were sent from Astracan, in which they laded the ships goods, leauing her at Anchor with Russes to keepe her.

The thirteenth of Nouember they departed also in those Lighters, with the goods towards the Chetera Bougori, leauing the ship at Anchor, and in her two Russes, which with three more that went in the Pauoses to prouide victuals for themselues and the rest, and therewith promised to returne backe to the ship with all speed, had offered to vndertake for twentie Rubbles in Mo∣ney, to carrie the ship into some Harbour, where shee might safely winter, or else to keepe her where she rode all Winter, which was promised to bee giuen them if they did it: and the same [ 60] day when with those Lighters they had gotten sight of the foure Ilands, being about eight Ver∣stes South-west from them, the wind then at North-east, did freese the Sea so as they could not row, guide, stirre, or remoue the said Lighters, but as the wind and Ice did force them. And so they continued driuing with the Ice, South-east into the Sea by the space of fortie houres, and then being the sixteenth day, the Ice stood. Whiles they droue with the Ice, the dangers which

they incurred were great: for oftentimes, when the Ice with force of wind and Sea did breake, pieces of it were tossed and driuen one vpon another with great force, terrible to behold, and the same happened at sometimes so neere vnto the Lighters, that they expected it would haue ouer-whelmed them to their vtter destruction: but God who had preserued them from many perils before, did also saue and deliuer them then.

Within three or foure dayes after the first standing of the Ice, when it was firme and strong, they tooke out all their goods, being fortie and eight Bales or Packes of Raw Silke, &c. laid it on the Ice, and couered the same with such prouisions as they had. Then for want of victuals, &c. they agreed to leaue all the goods there vpon the Ice, and to goe to the shoare: and there∣vpon brake vp their Chests and Corobias,* 1.36 wherewith, and with such other things as they could get, they made Sleds for euery of them to draw vpon the Ice, whereon they layed their [ 10] clothes to keepe them warme, and such victuals as they had, and such other things as they might conueniently carrie, and so they departed from the said goods and Pauoses very early, about one of the clocke in the morning, and trauelling on the Ice, directed their way North, as neere as they could judge, and the same day about two of the clocke in the after-noone, they had sight of the Chetera Babbas (foure Hillocks of Ilands so called) vnto the same they directed themselues,* 1.37 and there remayned that night. The goods and Pauoses which they left on the Ice, they judged to be from those Chetera Babbas, about twentie Versts. And the next morning departed thence East-wards, and came to the Chetera Bougories (or foure Ilands before spoken of) before noone (the distance betweene those places is about fifteene Versts) where they remained all that night, [ 20] departing thence towards Astracan: the next morning very early they lost their way through the perswasion of the Russes which were with them, taking to much towards the left hand (con∣trary to the opinion of Master Hudson) whereby wandering vpon the Ice foure or fiue dayes, not knowing whether they were entred into the Crimme Tartars Land or not, at length it fortu∣ned they met with a way that had beene trauelled, which crost back-wards towards the Sea: that way they tooke, and following the same, within two dayes trauell it brought them to a place, called the Crasnoyare (that is to say, in the English Tongue) Red Cliffe, which diuers of the company knew.

There they remayned that night, hauing nothing to eate but one Loafe of Bread, which they happened to find with the two Russes that were left in the ship, to keepe her all the Winter (as [ 30] is aforesaid) whom they chanced to meet going towards Astracan, about fiue miles before they came to the said Crasnoyare, who certified them that the ship was cut in pieces with the Ice, and that they had hard scaping with their liues.* 1.38

In the morning they departed early from Grasnoyare towards the Ouchooge, and about nine of the clocke before noone, being within ten Versts of the Vchooge, they met Amos Riall, with the Carpenter, which he found at Ouchooge, and a Gunner newly come out of England, and also six∣tie fiue Horses with so many Cassacks to guide them, and fiftie Gunners for guard, which brought prouision of victuals, &c. and were sent by the Duke to fetch the goods to Astracan. The mee∣ting of that company was much joy vnto them.

The Factors sent backe with Amos Riall, and the said company to fetch the goods, Thomas [ 40] Hudson the Master, Tobias Paris his Mate, and so they the said Factors and their company mar∣ched on to the Vchooge, where they refreshed themselues that day, and the night following. And from thence proceeded on towards Astracan,* 1.39 where they arriued the last day of Nouem∣ber. These that went for the goods after their departure from the Factors, trauelled the same day vntill they came within ten Versts of the Chetera Babbas, where they rested that night. The next morning by the breake of the day they departed thence, and before noone were at the Che∣tera Babbas, where they stayed all night; but presently departed thence Thomas Hudson with the Carpenter and Gunner to seeeke where the goods lay: who found the same, and the next day they returned backe to their company at the Chetera Babbas, and declared vnto them in what sort they had found the said goods. [ 50]

The third day early in the morning, they departed all from the foure Babbas towards the said goods, and the same day did lade all the goods they could finde vpon the said sleds, and withall conuenient speed returned backe towards Astracan.* 1.40 And when they came to the Chetera Bou∣gori, where they rested the night, in the morning very early before the breake of day, they were assaulted by a great company of the Nagays Tartars Horse-men, which came shouting and hallowing with a great noyse, but our people were so inuironed with the sleds, that they durst not enter vpon them, but ranne by, and shot their Arrowes amongst them, and hurt but one man in the head, who was a Russe, and so departed presently. Yet when it was day, they shewed themselues a good distance off from our men, being a very great troope of them, but did not as∣sault them any more.* 1.41 The same day our men with those carriages, departed from thence to∣wards [ 60] Astracan, where they arriued in safetie the fourth of December, about three of the clock in the after-noone, where our people greatly rejoyced of their great good hap to haue escaped so many hard euents, troubles and miseries, as they did in that Voyage, and had great cause therefore to prayse the Almightie, who had so mercifully preserued and deliuered them.

They remayned the Winter at Astracan, where they found great fauour and friendship of the Duke, Captaine, and other chiefe Officers of that place: but that Winter there hapned no great matter, worth the noting.

In the Spring of the yeere 1581. about the midst of March, the Ice was broken vp, and cleare gone before Astracan.* 1.42

A Letter of Master HENRIE LANE to the worshipfull Master WILLIAM SANDERSON, containing a briefe discourse of that which passed in the [ 10] North-east discouerie, for the space of three and thirtie yeeres.

MAster Sanderson, as you lately requested me, so haue I sought, and though I cannot finde some things that heretofore I kept in writing, and lent out to others, yet perusing at London copies of mine old Letters to content one that meaneth to pleasure many, I haue briefly and as truely as I may, drawne out as followeth: The rough hewing may bee planed at your lea∣sure, or as pleaseth him that shall take the paines.

First, the honourable attempt to discouer by Sea North-east and North-west named for Cathay, being chiefly procured by, priuiledge from King Edward the sixt, and other his Nobilitie, by and at the cost [ 20] and sute of Master Sebastian Cabota, then Gouernour for Discoueries, with Sir Andrew Iudde, Sir George Barnes, Sir William Garrard, Master Anthony Hussie, and a companie of Merchants, was in the last yeere of his Maiesties raigne, 1553.* 1.43 The generall charge whereof was committed to one Sir Hugh Willoughbie Knight, a goodly Gentleman, accompanied with sufficient number of Pilots, Ma∣sters, Merchants, and Marriners, hauing three Ships well furnished, to wit, The Bona Sperança, the Edward Bonauenture, and the Confidentia. The Edward Bonauenture, Richard Chancelor be∣ing Pilot, and Steuen Burrough Master, hauing discouered Ward-house vpon the Coast of Finmark, by storme or fogge departed from the rest, found the Bay of Saint Nicholas, now the chiefe Port of Rus∣sia, there wintred in safetie, and had ayde of the people at a Village called Newnox.

The other two ships attempting further Northwards (as appeared by Pamphlets found after written by [ 30] Sir Hugh Willoughbie) were in September encountred with such extreame cold, that they put backe to seeke a wintring place: and missing the said Bay fell vpon a desa••t Coast in Lappia, entring into a Riuer immediately frozen vp, since discouered, named Arzina Reca, distant East from a Russian Monasterie of Monkes called Pechingho, from whence they neuer returned, but all to the member of seuentie persons perished, which was for want of experience to haue mad•• Caues and Stoues. These were found with the Ships the next Summer, Anno 1554. by Russe-fishermen:* 1.44 and in Anno 1555. the place sent vnto by English Merchants, as hereafter appeareth.

Anno 1554. the said ship Edward Bonauenture (although robbed homewards by Flemings) retur∣ned with her companie to London,* 1.45 shewing and setting foorth their entertainments and discouerie of the [ 40] Countries, euen to the Citie of Mosco, from whence they brought a priuiledge written in Russe with the Kings or great Dukes seale, the other two ships looked for and vnknowne to them where they were.

Anno 1555. the said companie of Merchants for a discouerie vpon a new supply, sent thither againe with two Ships, to wit, the Edward Bonauenture,* 1.46 and another bearing the name of the King and Queene, Philip and Marie, whose Maiesties by their Letters to the said Muscouite, recommended sundry their subiects then passing, whereof certaine, to wit, Richard Chancelor, George Killing∣worth, Henrie Lane, and Arthur Edwards, after their arriuall at the Bay, and passing vp Dwina to Nologda, went first vp to Mosco, where, vpon knowledge of the said Letters, they with their trayne had speciall entertainment, with houses and dyet appointed, and shortly permitted to the Princes presence, they were with Gentlemen brought through the Citie of Mosco, to the Castle and Palace, replenished with numbers of people, and some gunners. They entred sundry roomes, furnished in shew with ancient [ 50] graue personages, all in long garments of sundry colours, Gold, Tissue, Baldekin, and Violet, as our Vestments and Copes haue beene in England, sutable with Caps, Iewels, and Chaines. These were found to bee no Courtiers, but ancient Muscouites, Inhabitants, and other their Merchants of credit, as the manner is, furnished thus from the Wardrobe and Treasurie, waiting and wearing this apparell for the time, and so to restore it.

Then entring into the Presence, being a large roome floored with Carpets, were men of more estate, and richer shew, in number aboue one hundred set square: who after the said English-men came in,* 1.47 do∣ing reuerence, they all stood vp, the Prince onely sitting, and yet rising at any occasion, when our King and Queenes names were read or spoken. Then after speeches by interpretation, our men kissing his hand, and bidden to dinner, were stayed in another roome, and at dinner brought through, where might bee seene [ 60] massie siluer and gilt Plate, some like and as bigge as Kilderkins, and Wash-bowles, and entring the Di∣ning place, being the greater roome, the Prince was set bare-headed, his Crowne and rich Cap standing vpon a pinacle by. Not farre distan•• sate his Metropolitan, with diuers other of his kindred, and chiefe Tartarian Captaines: none sate ouer against him, or any, at other Tables, their backes towards him:

which tables all furnished with ghests set, there was for the English-men, named by the Russes, Ghosti Carabelski, to wit, Strangers or Merchants by ship, a table in the midst of the roome, where they were set direct against the Prince: and then began the seruice, brought in by a number of his young Lords and Gentlemen, in such rich attire, as is aboue specified: and still from the Princes table (notwithstanding their owne furniture) they had his whole messes set ouer all in massie fine Gold, deliuered euery time from him by name to them, by their seuerall Christian names, as they sate, viz. Richard, George, Henrie, Ar∣thur. Likewise Bread and sundry drinkes of purified Mead, made of fine white and clarified Honey. At their rising, the Prince called them to his table, to receiue each one a Cup from his hand to drinke, and tooke into his hand Master George Killingworths beard, which reacheth ouer the table, and pleasant∣ly deliuered it the Metropolitane,* 1.48 who seeming to blesse it, said in R••sse, This is Gods gift. As indeed at that time it was not onely thicke, broad, and yellow coloured, but in length fiue foote and two inches of as∣size. [ 10] Then taking leaue, being night, they were accompanied and followed with a number, carrying pots of drinke, and dishes of meate dressed, to our lodging.

This yeere the two Ships, with the dead bodyes of Sir Hugh Willoughbie, and his people, were sent vnto by Master Killingworth, (which remayned there in Mosco Agent almost two yeeres) and much of the goods and victuals were recouered and saued.

* 1.49Anno 1556. The Companie sent two Ships for Russia, with extraordinarie Masters and Saylers to bring home the two ships, which were frozen in Lappia, in the riuer of Arzina aforesaid. The two ships sent this yeere from England sayling from Lapland to the Bay of Saint Nicholas, tooke in lading with passengers, to wit, a Russe Ambassadour, named Ioseph Napea, and some of his men shipped with Ri∣chard [ 20] Chancelor in the Edward. But so it fell out that the two which came from Lappia, with all their new Master and Marriners, neuer were heard of, but in foule weather, and wrought Seas, after their two yeeres wintring in Lapland, became, as is supposed, vnstanch, and sunke, wherein were drowned also di∣uers Russes Merchants, and seruants of the Ambassadour. A third ship the Edward aforesaid, falling on the North part of Scotland, vpon a rocke was also lost, and Master Chancelor with diuers other, drowned. The said Russe Ambassadour hardly escaping, with other his men, Marriners, and some goods saued, were sent for into Scotland, from the King, Queene, and Merchants, (the messenger being Ma∣ster Doctor Laurence Hussie, and others:) And then, as in the Chronicles appeareth, honorably enter∣tayned and receiued at London.

* 1.50This yeere also the company furnished and sent out a Pinnesse, named the Serchthrift, to discouer the [ 30] Harborowes in the North coast from Norway to Wardhouse, and so to the Bay of Saint Nicholas. There was in her Master and Pilot, Stephen Borough, with his brother William, and eight other. Their discouerie was beyond the Bay,* 1.51 toward the Samoeds, people dwelling neere the Riuer of Ob, and found a sound or sea with an Island called Vaigats, first by them put into the Card or Map. In that place they threw Snow out of their said Pinnesse, with shouels in August, by which extremitie, and lacke of time, they came backe to Russia, and wintred at Golmogro.

* 1.52Anno 1557. The companie with foure good Ships, sent backe the said Russe Ambassadour, and in companie with him, sent as an Agent, for further discouerie, Master Antonie Ienkinson, who after∣ward Anno 1558. with great fauour of the Prince of Muscouia,* 1.53 and his letters, passed the riuer Volga to Cazan, and meaning to seeke Cathay by Land, was by many troupes and companies of vnciuill Tarta∣rians [ 40] encountred, and in danger: but keeping companie with Merchants of Bactria, or Boghar, and Vr∣geme, trauelling with Camels, he with his companie, went to Boghar, and no further: whose entertain∣ment of the King is to be had of Master Ienkinson,* 1.54 which returned Anno 1559. to Muscouie. And in Anno 1560. hee, with Henrie Lane, came home into England: which yeere was the first safe returne, without losse or shipwracke,* 1.55 or dead fraight, and burnings. And at this time was the first trafficke to the Narue in Liuonia, which confines with Lituania, and all the Dominions of Russia: and the Markets, Faires, Commodities, great Townes and Riuers, were sent vnto by diuers seruants: the reports were ta∣ken by Henrie Lane, Agent, and deliuered to the companie, 1561. The trade to Rie, and Reuel, of old time hath beene long since frequented by our English Nation, but this trade to the Narue was hitherto concealed from vs by the Danskers and Lubeckers. [ 50]

Anno 1561. the said Master Antonie Ienkinson went Agent into Russia, who the next yeere after, passing all the riuer of Volga to Astracan, and ouer the Caspian sea, arriued in Persia, and opened the trade thither.

Also betweene the yeeres of 1568. and 1573. sundry Voyages after Master Ienkinsons, were made by Thomas Alcock,* 1.56 Arthur Edwards, Master Thomas Banister, and Master Geffrey Duc∣ket, whose returne (if spoyle neere Volga had not preuented by rouing Theeues) had altogether salued and recouered the Companies (called the old Companies) great losse, charges, and damages: But the saying is true, By vnitie small things grow great, and by contention great things become small. This may bee vnderstood best by the Companie. The frowardnesse of some few, and euill doing of some vniust Factors, was cause of much of the euill successe.

Arthur Edwards was sent againe 1579. and dyed in the voyage at Astracan. About which [ 60] matters, are to bee remembred the Voyages of Master Thomas Randolph Esquire, Ambassa∣dour Anno 1567. And late of Sir Ierome Bowes, Anno 1583. both tending and treating for further Discoueries, Freedomes, and Priuiledges, wherewith I meddle not. But in conclusion, for their paines

and aduentures this way (as diuers doe now adayes other wayes) as worthie Gentlemen sent from Prin∣ces, to doe their Countrey good, I put them in your memorie, with my heartie farewell. From Saint Mar∣garets neere Dartforth in Kent.

To the Reader.

I Haue had much trouble to giue thee this Authour, both for his Language, being Portugall (which for this, and some other parts of this worke, I was forced to get as I could) and for the raritie of his Relations, seeming both in themselues so stupendious, and not seconded in many things, that I say not [ 10] contraried, by other Authours. Besides his booke came not out, till himselfe was gone out of the world. I answere, that Ricius the Iesuite his Relations came not to vs, till himselfe was likewise gone; and that that might rather plead not onely for the Maturitie, but the sinceritie, by that Cassian rule, Cui bono; for whom should a dead man flatter, or for what should hee lye? Yea, hee little spares his owne companie and Nation, but often and eagerly layeth open their vices: and which is more, I finde in him little boa∣sting, except of other Nations; none at all of himselfe, but as if he intended to expresse Gods glorie, and mans merit of nothing but miserie. And howsoeuer it seemes incredible to remember such infinite par∣ticulars as this Booke is full of, yet an easie memorie holdeth strong impressions of good or bad: Scribunt in marmore laesi, is said of one; and of the other, Omnia quae curant senes meminerunt. Nei∣ther [ 20] is it likely but that the Authour wrote Notes, which in his manifold disaduentures were lost otherwise, but by that writing written the firmer in his memorie, especially new whetted, filed, forbushed with so many companions of miserie, whom in that state, Haec olim meminisse juuabat; their best mu∣sicke in their chaines and wandrings being the mutuall recountings of things seene, done, suffered. More maruell it is, if a lyar, that he should not forget himselfe, and contradict his owne Relations; which som∣times he may seeme to doe in the numbers of the yeere of the Lord; yea, and other numbers: but his leaues were left vnperfect at his death, and those numbers perhaps added by others after: and besides, mine owne experience hath often found figures mistaken from my hand, which being by the Compositor set at large,* 1.57 haue runne at large by ten times so much; and girt in otherwhiles as narrow with the tenth place dimini∣shed, or one figure set for another. And none but the Authour, or he which knowes the subiect, can ea∣sily amend that fault, being so great by so small and easie a lapse. The graduations of places I doe con∣fesse [ 30] otherwise then in the Iesuites, and as I suppose not so truely as theirs: for I thinke that he neither had Arte * 1.58 or Instrument to calculate the same, but contented himselfe in the writing of this Booke to looke into the common Maps of China, and to follow them in setting downe the degrees, and so the blind led the blind into errour; no printed Map that I haue seene being true. And perhaps the Chronicler to whom the papers were brought vnfinished might out of those Maps doe it; erring either of ignorance, or (which we haue often seene in Cards of remote places East and West) purposely, to conceale from others that which they haue found sweet and gainfull; the Mariner and Merchant not looking with the gene∣rous eyes of the ingenious, ingenuous Scholer.

For his repute at home; it was dedicated to King Philip the Third of Spaine, which impudence would not haue obtruded (if altogether a tale) on such Maiestie; licenced by the Holy Office, and prin∣ted [ 40] at Lisbon; translated into the Spanish by the Licentiate, Francisco de Herrera Maldonado, Canon of the Church Riall of Arbas, and dedicated to a Clergie-man Senerin de Faria, Printed 1620. at Madrid (and small credit it had beene to the House of the Farias, that one of them should publish in Portugall, and in Castile to another should be dedicated, a friuolous tale and deuised foolerie.) I adde also the Authours stile so religious, and his often protestations: his credit, as Herrera reporteth with King Philip the Second, who spent much time in discourse with him about these things. I might adde the Spanish Translators Apologie at large, and out of him Fr. Andrada the Portugall Chroni∣clers testimonie.

If this moue thee not to beleeue, yet beleeue thus much, that I haue no minde to deceiue thee, but giue [ 50] thee what I found, onely much contracted, and not going all the way with our Authour, whose originall Booke is aboue one hundred and fiftie sheets of paper in folio, but contented with his China and Tarta∣ria Relations: that also too much, if not true. And yet I would not haue an Authour reiected for fit speeches framed by the Writer, in which many Historians haue taken libertie; no, if sometimes he doth mendacia dicere, so as he doth not mentiri; that is, if he be so credulous to beleeue, or so improuident to proffer to others faith, probable falshoods related by others (as I will not sweare but of himselfe hee might mistake, and by others be mis-led, the Chinois here might in relating these rarities to him enlarge, and de magnis maiora loqui) so as he still be religious in a iust and true deliuerie of what himselfe hath seene, and belye not his owne eyes: the former is rashnesse and distastfull, the later is dishonest and detestable. Once, the Sunne Rising hath found many worshippers, but the Westerne Sunne is neerer night: [ 60] and neerer obscuritie and meannesse are our Westerne affaires then those China Raies of the East; and wee were Backes and Owles not to beleeue a greater light then our selues see and vse.* 1.59 All China Au∣thours how diuersified soeuer in their lines, yet concurre in a centre of Admiranda Sinarum, which if others haue not so largely related as this, they may thanke God they payed not so deare a price to see them; and for mee, I will rather beleeue (where reason euicts not an ••••ectione firma) then seeke to see

at the Authours rate; and if he hath robbed the Altars of Truth, as he did those of the Calempluy Idols, yet in Pequin equity we will not cut off the thumbs (according to Nanquin rigour) vpon bare sur∣mise without any euidence against him, Howeuer, cheaper I am sure he is by farre to thee then to mee, who would haue beene loth to be so true a labourer in a lying Authour, willingly or commonly (in my con∣ceit) falsifying his owne sight, though perhaps not seldome deceiued in things taken vp on China mens trust, or entred into their China Bookes, such as he here often citeth. Men refuse not Siluer for the Oare; gather the Rose notwithstanding the prickles; neglect not Haruest mixed with weeds, Wheat with the chaffe, Fruit for the shells, and hate not Honie for the Bees sting; nor will I either in prodiga∣litie of faith beleeue all, or be so penurious as to reiect the most of that which here I present. Vse thou thy freedome, and him at thy pleasure (I say not mee) and if thou wilt not pardon such a briefe [ 10] collection, thou wouldst hardly giue Castilian entertainement to all, and more then all, often yeelding brauadoes and enlarging flourishes of stile, beyond a translation, as if his Authour had not said enough. The variety, if it had beene meerly deuised, presents I know not how many entercourses as interludes of Comicke and Tragicke euents, more worthie the reading then most in this kinde, and as fit to recreate: how much more, where veritie is (as I suppose) the ground and substance, though perhaps inlayed with other phantasies among. That the Iesuites in some things differ, is their authoritie against his, who as more learned and iudicious, and longer experienced, might finde out some truths better then hee; as his various fortunes, and that time, might let him see many particularities which they could not, writing sixtie yeeres after. In many things they both agree: and Gaspar de Cruz hath many the same things; and that his strange Relation of the Crosse in China and the Hungarian of the Mount Sinai, is deli∣uered [ 20] by Lucena, perhaps learned by some of His companie: and these exceptions by mee mentioned, are rather praeoccupations of censorious iudging my iudgement, then my iudiciall sentence, which the iudi∣cious will suspend, and leaue to better experience. Iudicent posteri; veritas Temporis filia.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The other voyages are in Master Hakluy••, this I haue for Tartaria and the Caspian sea brought hi∣ther.
• * 1.2

  Saint Nicholas.
• * 1.3

  Colmog••••▪
• * 1.4

  Vstyo••g.
• * 1.5

  Yeraslaue.
• * 1.6

  Niznouogrod.
• * 1.7

  Cazan.
• * 1.8

  Great store of Liquoris.
• * 1.9

  Sodom. Strange iudge∣ment.
• * 1.10

  Perauolok.
• * 1.11

  Tsaritsna.
• * 1.12

  Ice at Astracan for foure mo∣neth.
• * 1.13

  An Eclipse.
• * 1.14

  The variation of the Com∣passe in Astra∣can, was 13. de∣grees 40. min.
• * 1.15

  Gilan.
• * 1.16

  Vchoog.
• * 1.17

  Shallow water.
• * 1.18

  Flats.
• * 1.19

  Chetera Bougori.
• * 1.20

  The Caspian Sea.
• * 1.21

  45. deg. 20. mi∣nutes.

  The first obser∣uation in the Caspi••n Sea.
• * 1.22

  Brackish water farre within the Sea.
• * 1.23

  43. degrees 15. minutes▪
• * 1.24

  41. degrees 32. minutes.
• * 1.25

  40. degrees 54. minutes.
• * 1.26

  Bilbill.
• * 1.27

  Bachu Po••••.
• * 1.28

  The receiuing of the English into Derbent.
• * 1.29

  The latitude of Bildih 40. deg. 25. min. The variation of the Com∣passe 10. deg. 40. min.
• * 1.30

  Zere Iland.
• * 1.31

  The English suffer ship∣wracke.
• * 1.32

  The Armenian Village.
• * 1.33

  The latitude of Derbent 41. degrees 52. mi∣nutes.

  The variation of the Com∣passe.
• * 1.34

  Nezauoo.
• * 1.35

  The particu∣lars of their returne are o∣mitted.

  A strange ac∣cident of pro∣uision for their reliefe▪
• * 1.36

  Trauell vpon the Ice.
• * 1.37

  Chetera Babbas.
• * 1.38

  The English ship cut in pie∣ces with Ice.
• * 1.39

  December.
• * 1.40

  Assaulted by Tartars.
• * 1.41

  Their returne to Astracan.
• * 1.42

  The breaking vp of the Ice.
• * 1.43

  Anno 1553. Master William Burrough was th••n young, and with his brother in this first voyage. Newnox is from the road of S. Nicholas Westward 35. miles.
• * 1.44

  Note.
• * 1.45

  Anno 1554.
• * 1.46

  Anno 1555. The King and Queenes let∣ters.
• * 1.47

  Entertain∣ment by the Duke.
• * 1.48

  Master Killing∣worths beard of a maruel∣lous length.
• * 1.49

  Anno 1556. the disastrous voy∣age.
• * 1.50

  Serchthrift.
• * 1.51

  Stephen Borough
• * 1.52

  Anno 1557.
• * 1.53

  Boghar voyage.
• * 1.54

  Muscouie trade long vnfortu∣nate.
• * 1.55

  1560. The first trade to the Narue. 1560.
• * 1.56

  Alcock slaine in Persia.

  Banister dyed in Media. Edwards dyed at Astracan.
• * 1.57

  Note for num∣bers (if great care bee not had) how ea∣sily, how dan∣gerously mis∣taken.
• * 1.58

  So it seemes by those words of his, fol. 122. Aind a que con∣fesso que me falta o milhor, que be saber & engenho para dar a enten∣der o clima & a Altura d••s graos &c. False gradua∣tions a com∣mon thing in Maps of East and West In∣dies.
• * 1.59

  Valignanus a great Iesuite wrote a booke with that title.