A new history of ecclesiastical writers containing an account of the authors of the several books of the Old and New Testament, of the lives and writings of the primitive fathers, an abridgement and catalogue of their works ... also a compendious history of the councils, with chronological tables of the whole / written in French by Lewis Ellies du Pin.

CHAP. IX. (Book 9)

An Account of the Lives and Letters of the Popes who possess'd the See of Rome from Eugenius III. to the end of the Century.

ANASTASIUS IV. was a Citizen of Rome, and was call'd Conrad before his promo∣tion to the Papal Dignity. He was at first Abbot of St. Anastasius, in the Diocess of * 1.1 Velitri, afterwards Cardinal Bishop of St. Sabina, and succeeded Pope Eugenius July 10. A. D. 1153. He possess'd the See of Rome only during one Year four Months and some Days, and died December 4. 1154.

He had for his Successour ADRIAN IV. an English-Man by Nation, who was nam'd Ni∣colas Break-spear before he attain'd to that Station, and was Cardinal Bishop of Albano. Eu∣genius * 1.2 III. sent him in quality of a Missionary into Norway, where he converted a great num∣ber of Infidels. He was generally reputed to be a Man of a gentle and liberal Disposition. In the beginning of his Popedom, Arnold of Brescia and his followers excited some troubles in Rome, and wounded Cardinal Gerard. Whereupon the Pope having suspended the City from Divine Service till the Romans had expell'd him and his Adherents, so that the latter were forc'd to make their escape by flight and retir'd to Otricoli in Toscany, where they were favourably receiv'd by the People; who look'd upon Arnold as a Prophet, but he was ap∣prehended soon after, and notwithstanding the opposition made by the Viscounts of Campania, who had rescu'd him, he was deliver'd up to the Prefect or Governour of Rome, who caus'd

him to be burnt at a Stake, and his Ashes to be thrown into the River Tiber, lest the People should honour him as a Saint. This Pope pronounc'd an Anathema against William King of Sicily, who had refus'd to receive his Letters, because he did not give him the Title of King, and who had seiz'd on some Territories belonging to St. Peter's Patrimony. Then his Holi∣ness went as far as Sutri to meet Frederic, who was arriv'd in Italy, accompany'd him to Rome, and set the imperial Diadem on his Head. A little while after, he made Peace with William King of Sicily, and granted him the Royal Style of King of both Sicilies. In writing to the Emperor Frederick about the Affair of the Bishop of London, he incurr'd the displeasure of that Prince, by infinuating that the Empire was a Donation receiv'd by him from the Holy See; insomuch, that the Pope was oblig'd to explain himself in a second Letter, and to say, that he meant only with respect to his Coronation and Consecration. However this did not fail to set them at variance, and their Quarrel was inflam'd, because his Holiness refus'd to con∣firm a certain Person, whom the Emperor had nominated to be Arch-bishop of Ravenna. 'Tis also reported that the Pope design'd to excommunicate the Emperor if he had liv'd longer, but he died of a Quinsie in the City of Anagnia, September 1. A. D. 1159. But his Body was translated to Rome, and interr'd in St. Peter's Church.

After the solemnization of his Funeral Obsequies, 23 Cardinals met together, and chose at the end of three Days, Roland Cardinal Priest, with the Title of St. Mark, and Chancel∣lor * 1.3 of the Church of Rome, who was nam'd ALEXANDER III. But there were three Car∣dinals, viz. Octavian, John of St. Martin and Guy of Crema, who undertook to carry on another Election, and Octavian having obtain'd the Suffrages of the two others, assum'd the Quality of Pope, and the Name of Victor III. Afterwards he caus'd himself to be Cloathed in the Pontifical Habit; took possession of St. Peter's Church by force, and set a Guard of Senatours over Alexander and his Cardinals, who were confin'd in the Fort during nine Days. The latter was remov'd to a Castle on the other side of the Tiber, and after having been shut up therein three Days, the People began to raise a Mutiny, insomuch, that he was conducted with divers Bishops and Cardinals a-cross the City, to a Place call'd Nero's Victory, and there Con∣secrated. The Emperor Frederick was then in Italy besieging Cremona, and the two Competi∣tours having made application to him to get their Interest maintain'd, he order'd them both to repair to Pavia, to take their Trial in a Council. Alexander not thinking fit to go thither, retir'd to Anagnia; and the Emperor in the mean while caus'd the Parties to be summon'd to the Council which he had conven'd: The former refus'd to appear, but Octavian presented himself according to Order. Then the Emperor after having inform'd the Bishops, that the Right of calling Councils belong'd to Princes, referr'd the Decision of that Quarrel to their Judgment. The Council was compos'd of fifty Arch-bishops and Bishops, and of a great number of Abbots. Victor, who was present there without an Adversary, carry'd the Cause without any difficulty, upon making Proof, that he was first invested with the Pontifical Mantle; put in possession of the Holy See; and acknowledg'd by the Clergy. Thus his Election, not∣withstanding its irregularity, was confirm'd by the Council, and that of Alexander declar'd null: The next Day, the latter and his Adherents were solemnly excommunicated. We have still in our possession the Acts of that Council, held, A. D. 1160. with the Synodical Let∣ter of the Fathers assembled therein, that of the Emperor, that of the Bishop of Bamberg, and that of the Canons of St. Peter at Rome, concerning the Election of Victor, and the Judgment pass'd in his favour. They accuse the Cardinals, who chose Alexander, of having met toge∣ther even in Pope Adrian's Life-time, to substitute Roland in his room, and of having carry'd on the last Election in a tumultuous manner. Alexander being inform'd of what was transacted against him in the Assembly of Pavia, excommunicated the Emperor Frederick.

The other Princes of Europe were ready to do more Justice to Pope Alexander; for Henry II. King of England and Philip II. King of France, being persuaded by their Prelates of the equity * 1.4 of their Cause, favour'd him under Hand; but not to do any thing rashly in an Affair of that importance, they call'd Assemblies of the Prelates of their respective Kingdoms, viz. the for∣mer at Newmarket in England, and the other at Beauvais in France. It was agree'd in those Conventions that Alexander's Right was most preferrable; but the Princes before they openly declar'd their Sentiments, sollicited Frederick to own him as Pope, and to abandon Octavian. But perceiving him to be altogether inflexible to authorize their Declaration to the best ad∣vantage, they call'd a general Assembly of the Prelates and Noble-men of their Kingdoms, in which the Legates of the two Competitors were also present, in order to take a full cogni∣zance of the Cause, and afterwards to declare for him, who should be acknowledg'd as law∣ful Pope in that Assembly, for hitherto out of respect to the Emperor they did not think fit publickly to espouse Alexander's Cause, altho' they were well inform'd of the validity of his Right. The matter being debated for some time in the Council, it evidently appear'd, from the Relation of the Cardinals, the Testimony of many Witnesses, and even the Confession of those of Victor's Party, That the latter seiz'd on the See of Rome by force; was Cloath'd in the Pontifical Vestments by Lay-men, without any Canonical Form; was excommunicated before his Consecration; and was chosen by three excommunicated Persons: On the other side, That Alexander was elected by all the other Cardinals; that he might have been imme∣diately invested with the Pontifical Ornaments, if he had not at first refus'd to accept of them

thro' Humility; that he afterwards assum'd them in a solemn manner; and receiv'd Conse∣cration from the Hands of those, who had a right to administer it. It was also made appear, That the Emperor declar'd for Octavian, a long time before the meeting of the Assembly of Pavia; that that Convention was not compos'd of 153 Bishops, as his Imperial Majesty gave it out, but only of 44; that the Prelates had taken a Resolution to suspend their Judgment, and not to own either of the two Competitors as Pope, till a general Synod were call'd, con∣sisting of the Prelates of divers Kingdoms, or till they knew which of them was approv'd by the sound part of the Church; that they agreed to give the same Advice to the Emperor; but that he could not be induc'd to follow it; and that on the contrary, he had compell'd the Bishops, to confirm him whom he had already receiv'd; except 24, among whom was the Bishop of Pavia, in whose City, that Assembly was held: Therefore the Prelates of England and France, being well satisfied with these Reasons, acknowledg'd Alexander as lawful Pope, at the same time Excommunicating Octavian with his Adherents, and the two Kings in like manner follow'd the Judgment of the Council.

The Emperor being inform'd of the Transactions in France, held a second Assembly at Lodi; in which assisted Pilgrin Arch-bishop of Aquileia, Guy elect Arch-bishop of Ravenna, divers Bishops, a great number of Abbots and some Noble-men. He caus'd the Election of Octavian to be confirmed therein, and several Letters of Excuse were read, that (as it was given out) were sent by the Kings of Denmark, Norway, Hungaria and Bohemia, as also by six Arch-bishops, twenty Bishops, and many Abbots, as well of the Order of Clairvaux as of other Congregations, and in which they acknowledg'd Octavian as Pope: Hubert Arch-bishop of Milan, the Consuls of that City, and the Bishops of Placentia, Brescia, Bononia and some others were excommunicated in that Council, which was held in the Month of June, A. D. 1161. and continu'd during some Days.

In the mean while Alexander took Sanctuary in the Dominions of William King of Sicily, * 1.5 because the Emperor Frederick was Master of a great part of Italy, and waited for a favou∣rable Opportunity to pass over from thence into France, where the distress'd Popes always met with a Place of Refuge, during the Persecutions that were rais'd against them. At last he found means to set out to Sea, and arriv'd in France on the Festival of Easter, A. D. 1162. where he was receiv'd by the Kings of France and England, who went to meet him as far as Torcy sur Loire, alighted in his presence, and conducted him on the Road, each of them holding the Reins of his Horse's Bridle. Frederick perceiving that Alexander retir'd to a place of safety, and was own'd by all the Christians of Europe, except the Germans and some Ita∣lians, caus'd a Proposal to be made to the King of France, that there should be an Interview between them at Avignon, or in some other Frontier-Town; that he would bring Victor along with him, and that the King should in like manner cause Alexander to appear there; that the Election of both should be thoroughly examin'd in an Assembly compos'd of the Pre∣lates of Germany, France and Italy, and that all Parties should entirely submit to their final Decision. His Design was to cause both Competitors to be rejected, and to procure the Election of a third Person. However, the King of France approv'd his Proposal, and went * 1.6 to the Place appointed, but Alexander being more mistrustful than that Prince, refus'd to accompany him, and contented himself only to send some Cardinals thither to maintain his Right. The Emperor was highly offended, that the King had not brought Alexander, and forasmuch as he was the stronger 'twas much to be fear'd lest he should hem him in on every side, and take him Prisoner, if the King of England had not speedily caus'd his Troops to march on purpose to rescue him. This unexpected Recruit having broken Frederick's Mea∣sures, he caus'd another Proposal to be made to the King, viz. that he should come to meet him with the Prelates of his Kingdom, to receive the Sentence that should be pronounc'd by the Prelates of the Empire, as to the Contest between the Competitors to the Popedom; affirming, That they only had a right to judge of the validity of the Election of a Pope: The King reply'd, That his Prelates and Clergy being the Sheep of the Pope of Rome, 'twas their Interest to take cognizance of the Person, who was to be their supreme Pastor. Whereupon the inter∣course was discontinu'd, and the King retir'd with his Forces.

Pope Alexander arriv'd at Paris, A. D. 1163. and at his departure from that City, held a * 1.7 Council at Tours, where he renew'd the Anathema's published against Octavian and Frederick. The Antipope Octavian died the next year at Lucca on the Festival of Easter, and his fol∣lowers substituted in his room, Guy of Crema, who took the Name of Paschal III. The Death of Octavian weaken'd his Party, and the Italians wearied with the Emperor's tyrannical Government, began to incline towards Alexander's side; besides that Conrad chosen Arch-bishop of Mentz, and many other Bishops of Germany, declar'd in his favour. Therefore Alexander * 1.8 taking the advantage of so favourable a Conjuncture return'd to Italy, and made his publick Entry into the City of Rome in the Month of November, 1165. after having resided three Years in France. He was joyfully receiv'd by the People: But on the other side, Frederick us'd his utmost endeavours to maintain Paschal the Antipope, and to that purpose call'd an Assembly at Wurtzburg, A. D. 1166. in which he himself took an Oath, and caus'd the like Oath to * 1.9 be given to the most part of the Lords and Prelates of the Assembly, that they would not ac∣knowledge any other Pope but Paschal, and that they would cause all those who depended

on them, to submit to his Authority. The Deputies of the King of England, who was at variance with Pope Alexander, by reason of the Contests he had with Thomas Arch-bishop of Canterbury, took the same Oath.

Afterwards Frederick appear'd at the Head of an Army, and pass'd into Italy to put Paschal in possession of the Papal See: He enter'd Lombardy, besieg'd Ancona, and the next Year en∣camp'd near Rome; then he defeated the Romans in Battel; took part of the City; seiz'd on St. Peter's Church, and would have made himself Master of the whole City, if a Distemper, that rag'd in his Army had not oblig'd him speedily to retire to Lombardy. Alexander being thus deliver'd form so imminent a danger, had recourse to his thundering Bulls, and pronounc'd a Sentence of Deposition against Frederick in a Council held at Lateran, A. D. 1168. The Italians animated by that Sentence, revolted against the Emperor, submitted to Alexander, and expell'd the Schismatical Bishops. Frederick having attack'd the Milanese Troops, lost Twenty thousand Men, and was forc'd to shut himself up in Pavia, but not believing himself to be safe there, in regard that the whole Country of Lombardy had declar'd against him, he at last found means to escape into Germany, not without much difficulty. In the mean while Paschal continu'd in possession of St. Peter's Church, and Alexander resided at Benevento: The latter return'd from thence in the end of the Year 1169. and receiv'd the City of Frascati under his Protection: Whereupon the Romans were incens'd against him, and only promis'd to give him admittance into Rome, as their Sovereign, on condition that he should cause the Walls of Frascati to be demolished. He did it accordingly; but the Romans not having kept their word, he caus'd that Place to be fortified again, left a Garrison therein, retir'd to Anagnia: and from thence pass'd to Benevento, where he receiv'd in 1170. the Proposal made to him by Manuel Comnenus Emperor of the East, to re-unite the Greek Church to the Latin, and to own the supreme Authority of the See of Rome, on condition that he should Crown him Emperor of the West. The Pope commended his Design about the Re-union of the two Churches, and promis'd to contribute, as far as 'twas possible towards the carrying it on; but as for the de∣mand of the Empire, he answer'd, That the matter appear'd to him to be too difficult, and that it did not lye in his Power to grant what he desir'd.

Some time after, Paschal the Antipope died at Rome, and those of his Party chose for Pope, John Abbot of Struma: Altho' Frederick had own'd his Authority, yet he did not forbear to send the Bishop of Bamberg to Alexander to negotiate a Treaty of Peace with him. That Prelate had a Conference with Alexander in Campania, and told him that his Master did not design any longer to act contrary to his Interest, but forasmuch as he refus'd to declare plainly, that he would acknowledge him as lawful Pope, or to promise Obedience to him, they parted without concluding any thing. Altho' Alexander's Affairs prosper'd every day more and more; nevertheless the Romans could not be induc'd to receive him into their City, and he usually resided either at Frascati or in Campania.

Frederick carry'd on a War in Italy, A. D. 1175. but not being succesful in his Enterprizes, he renew'd the Negotiations of Peace; so that the Pope sent Legates to treat with him about it, but they were not able to come to any Agreement. The next Year Frederick's Army was entirely defeated by the Milanese Forces, insomuch that he was constrain'd to send Ambassadors to Alexander to conclude a Treaty of Peace: The Conditions were propos'd and were at last ratify'd in 1177. at Venice, where the Emperor and the Pope had an Interview: The former abandon'd the Party of Octavian, Guy and John of Struma, and promis'd Obedience to Alex∣ander, who took off the Excommunication denounc'd against Frederick, and re-admitted him to the Communion of the Church of Rome. Some Authors relate divers fabulous Circum∣stances concerning this Reconciliation, and amongst others, that the Pope made an escape to Venice in a Disguise; that he was forc'd to implore the assistance of the Doge; that the Em∣peror sent his Son Otho with a Fleet to oblige the Venetians to deliver up the Pope into his Hands; that they defeated him and took him Prisoner; that the same Son agreed upon cer∣tain Articles of Peace with the Pope; that Frederick came in Person to confirm the Treaty; that he prostrated himself before all the People, at the Feet of the Pope, who set his Foot on his Neck, pronouncing these Words; It is written, thou shalt tread upon the Basilisk, and trample under Foot the Lion and the Dragon; that Frederick answer'd, I do not obey you but Peter; and that Alexander reply'd, both me and Peter. All these particulars are so many Fables, the Falshood of which is prov'd by Alexander's Letters, and by the Testimony of the Historians of that time. 'Tis worth the while to observe, after what manner Alexander speaks upon oc∣casion of that Peace in his Letter.

On the 21st Day of July (says he) by the Emperor's Order, the Son of the Marquess Albert, and his Imperial Majesty's Chamberlain, took on Oath in the presence of divers Ecclesia∣stical and Secular Princes of the Empire; that upon the Emperor's arrival at Venice, he should ratify by Oath, the Articles of the Peace of the Church that were already agreed upon; that he should grant Peace to William King of Scicily for fifteen Years, and a Truce for Se∣ven, to the Lombards. On the 24th Day of the same Month, the Emperor came to the Church of St. Nicolas, at the distance of a Mile from Venice, and having abjur'd the Schism, as well as all the Bishops and German Princes, he receiv'd Absolution with them; after∣wards being arriv'd at Venice, he gave us the marks of his Obedience, with all man∣ner

of Humility, at the entrance of St. Mark's Church, in the presence of an innumerable Multitude of People; receiv'd from us the Blessing of Peace; gave us the right Hand; and conducted us with Devotion to the Altar. The next day, being the Festival of St. James, we went to St. Mark's Church to celebrate Mass; the Emperor came to meet us without the Church; gave us the right Hand; re-conducted us when Divine Service was ended; held the Stirrup, whilst we got up on Horse-back; and perform'd all the Devoirs and Re∣spects due to us, that his Predecessors were wont to do.

The Matters of Fact are thus re∣lated by the Pope himself in three Letters.

The next day, the Emperor went to pay a Visit to the Pope, and on August 1. he himself took an Oath, the same thing being likewise done by the German Lords, to observe the Peace that was concluded. Afterwards Absolution was given to those that had taken part with the Antipopes, and who promis'd for the future, to obey Pope Alexander and his Successors. On September 16. the Pope held a Council of the Bishops of Italy and Germany, in which the Treaty of Peace was confirm'd, and the Anathemas renew'd against the Schismaticks, who were not as yet return'd to the Bosom of the Church, and the Emperor ratify'd it by publick Letters. Lastly, the Emperor before he left Venice, concerted with the Pope Matters relating to the restitution of the Revenues of the Church of Rome; and set forward in his Journey to Lom∣bardy, whilst the Pope went to Anagnia, where he arriv'd December 14. and from whence the next Year, he was re-call'd to Rome by the Clergy, Senate and People of that City. Thus an end was put to the Schism of the Church of Rome, and Alexander continu'd in the peace∣able Possession of that See till his Death, which happen'd in the Month of August, A. D. 1181.

Cardinal HUMBALD, a Native of Lucca, was chosen in his Place, and sirnam'd LU∣CIUS * 1.10 III. He was expell'd Rome by the Senators, and retir'd to Verona, where he died, No∣vember 25. A. D. 1185.

LAMBERT Arch-bishop of Milan, succeeded him under the Name of URBAN III. These * 1.11 two Popes had several Conferences at Verona with the Emperor Frederick, about the putting of the Treaty of Peace in Execution, and the Election of the Arch-bishop of Trier. The lat∣ter had also some Contests with the Emperor, about certain Territories left by the Princess Mathilda to the Church of Rome; the disposal of the Estates of the Bishops after their de∣cease, which the Emperor claim'd as his Right; and the Taxes that were allotted to be paid to the Abbesses. And indeed, Matters were carry'd to that height, that Urban threaten'd to excommunicate the Emperor, and that Prince call'd an Assembly of the Prelates and Princes of Germany at Geinlenhusen, A. D. 1186. to maintain his Rights, in which it was determin'd * 1.12 to write to the Pope about that Affair. Their Letter extremely incens'd his Holiness, and caus'd him to take a resolution to denounce a Sentence of Excommunication against the Em∣peror, which would have been actually put in Execution, if the Inhabitants of Verona had not entreated him not to do it in their City. Therefore he departed from thence with that design, but was prevented by Death, which happen'd October 17. A. D. 1187.

The next day, ALBERT, Cardinal Priest of St. Laurence, and Chancellor of the Church of * 1.13 Rome, was plac'd on that See, and bore the Name of GREGORY VIII. His Popedom did not continue during two entire Months; for he died December 16. in the same Year.

After a vacancy of twenty days, the See of Rome was fill'd up by PAULINUS Cardinal of * 1.14 Palestrina, chosen Jan. 26. A. D. 1188. and nam'd CLEMENT III. Under his Popedom the Christian Princes undertook a Crusade for the recovering of the Places that Saladin had taken from them in the Levant. The Emperor Frederick, Richard I. sirnam'd Coeur de Lion King of England and Philip II. King of France, were engag'd in that Expedition. The first was drowned in 1190. as he was washing himself in a small River between Antioch and Nice, and his Son Henry succeeded him in the Imperial Dignity. Pope Clement III. died April 10. A. D. 1191.

HYACINTHUS, Cardinal Deacon with the Title of St. Mary, was chosen in his Place, * 1.15 under the Name of CELESTIN III. and after having been ordain'd on Holy Saturday, was plac'd in St. Peter's Chair on Easter-day. At that time, Henry arriv'd with an Army near Rome, and determin'd to enter the City to be Crown'd Emperor. Forasmuch as the Pope put him off from time to time, the Romans sent Deputies to promise him, That if he would engage to preserve their Rights and Privileges, and to demolish the Castles that were built at Frascati, they would admit him, and would oblige the Pope to solemnize his Coronation. He accordingly consented, and took an Oath before the Pope, at the Door of St. Peter's Church, that he would maintain the Ecclesiastical Rights; restore St. Peter's Patrimony; and rase the Citadel of Frascati. Afterwards the Pope caus'd him to enter the Church, and actually Crown'd him Emperor, and Constance his Wife, the Daughter of Roger King of Sicily, Empress. William sirnam'd the Good King of Sicily, the Nephew of that Princess, dying, she laid claim to the Crown; but Tancred her Bastard Brother excluded her, and got Possession of the Throne, which gave occasion to the War that Henry undertook to subdue that Kingdom. He march'd into Italy with a formidable Army, A. D. 1196. and treated the Nobility of Sicily in so outragious a manner, that his own Wife being sensibly afflicted with the Calamities of her Nation, joyn'd with them against her Husband, and compell'd him by force to grant them

reasonable terms of Peace. Henry did not long survive that Reconciliation, for he dy'd at Messina in 1197. Pope Celestin excommunicated him some time before, for detaining Prisoner, Ri∣chard King of England, whom Leopold Duke of Austria had sold to him, after having seiz'd on that valiant Prince in his Territories, as he was returning from his Expedition to the Holy Land. Upon account of that Excommunication, the Arch-bishop of Messina refus'd to bury him in consecrated Ground, till he had consulted the Pope. Therefore he went to meet his Holiness, and requested of him three Things, viz. 1. A Licence to interr the Emperor's Body according to due Form. 2. The deliverance of Marcowald his Imperial Majesty's Chief Ju∣stice, who was besieged by the Romans. And 3. That Frederick the Son of Henry, might be Crown'd King of Sicily. Celestin reply'd as to the first Article, That the Emperor could not be bury'd without the consent of the King of England, and till the Mony were restor'd to that Prince, which he had exacted from him for his Ransom: As to the second Article, That the setting of Marcowald at Liberty depended on the Pleasure of the Romans. He granted the last Article, on condition that the Sum of a thousand Marks of Silver should be paid to him, and as many to the Cardinals; and after that the Empress had taken an Oath upon the Holy Gospels, That Frederick was begotten in lawful Wedlock of Her and Henry: As for the Suc∣cession to the Empire, it was contested between Philip the Brother of Henry deceased, and Otho the Son of the Duke of Saxony, as we shall have occasion to shew hereafter. Pope Celestin did not long survive the Emperor Henry; for he fell Sick on the Festival of Christmas in the same Year, and died Jan. 8. A. D. 1198.

It remains only for compleating the History of these Popes, to give some account of their Letters.

The Letters of Anastasius IV. are few in number. In the First, he reprehends Engebaud Arch-bishop of Tours, for neglecting to acquaint him with the high Misdemeanours of which * 1.16 the Bishop of Treguier is accus'd, and orders him incessantly to Summon that Prelate to appear in his Court; and if he find him guilty of the Crimes laid to his charge, that is to say, of having riotously wasted the Revenues of his Church; of having conferr'd Orders contrary to the Canonical Constitutions; and of having committed Simony and Perjury; to send him to the Holy See, to the end that he might be punish'd according to the severity of the Can∣ons.

In the Second, he writes to Hugh Arch-bishop of Sens and to his Suffragans, to look upon the Inhabitants of Vezelay, as under a Sentence of Excommunication, by reason of the Perse∣cutions that they rais'd against Ponce Abbot of the Monastery of that place. He writes the same thing to the Count and Lords of Burgundy in the Third, which only differs from the for∣mer in the Superscription.

By the Fourth, he orders Peter Arch-bishop of Bourges to excommunicate the Count of Nevers and the Inhabitants of Vezelay, unless they gave Satisfaction to the Abbot and Mo∣nastery of Vezelay, within thirty days after the Monition is exhibited to them.

He writes again on the same Subject to Lewis VII. King of France, to the Bishops of that Kingdom, and to Ponce Abbot of Vezelay, in his Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Letters.

In the Eleventh, he confirms the Statutes of the Regular Canons of St. John at La∣teran.

In the Twelfth, he takes into his Protection, the Order of the Knights of St. John at Je∣rusalem, and ratifies their Privileges.

The First of the Letters attributed to Pope Adrian IV. is a Privilege granted to the King of England, to make himself Master of Ireland, referr'd to by Matthew Paris. But it is a * 1.17 very doubtful Piece, and there are no grounds to rely upon it.

The Second, is the Letter that gave offence to Frederick, and in which the Pope complains, That the Bishop of London was misus'd in the Emperor's Dominions, as he was returning from the Holy See, and that he did not take care to revenge that Indignity. To induce him to do it, he entreats him to call to mind, with what kindness he was receiv'd at Rome the pre∣ceding Year, as also the Honour and Dignity that he had conferr'd upon him in setting the Imperial Crown on his Head. He declares at the same time, That he does not repent of hav∣ing given him Satisfaction, and that he should be very glad to find an opportunity, to bestow on him greater Favours if it were possible.

This Letter being deliver'd to Frederick, by Bernard Cardinal of St. Clement, and by Ro∣land Cardinal Priest of St. Mark, whom the Pope had sent on purpose to bear it: That Prince at first entertain'd them very honourably, but at the second Audience, having read that Passage of the Letter, in which it was express'd, That the Pope had conferr'd on him the notable Be∣nefit of the Crown, he fell into so great a Passion, that he could not forbear reviling the two Legates who had brought it, ordering them immediately to retire out of his Dominions. Af∣ter their departure, he prohibited all his Subjects to go to Rome, and set Guards on the Fron∣tiers to stop those who were about to travel thither. Adrian having heard this News, wrote the Third Letter to the Bishops of France and Germany, in which after having related the Mat∣ter as it happen'd, he entreats them to use their utmost endeavours to oblige Frederick to return to his Duty. At the same time he wrote to him in the Fourth Letter, That it was not his meaning that the Word Beneficium should be taken for a Fee, but for a good Action; that in

that sense, it might well be said, That he had done him a Favour in conferring on him the Imperial Crown, because he perform'd an Act of Kindness in so doing; and that when he wrote, that he gave him the Imperial Crown, Giving denotes no more than that he set it upon his Head: That they who had otherwise interpreted those Terms, were spiteful Per∣sons, that only sought for an opportunity to disturb the Peace of the Church and of the Em∣pire: Lastly, if that Expression were offensive to him, he ought not nevertheless to have acted as he had done, nor to forbid all his Subjects in general to go to Rome, but he might have given him notice of it by his Ambassadors. He gives him to understand that he sent two other Cardinals, by the advice of Henry Duke of Bavaria, and entreats him to receive them favourably, to the end that the Business might be accommodated through the Mediation of that Duke.

The Letter in which Frederick desires the confirmation of Guy the Son of the Count of Blan∣drata chosen Arch-bishop of Ravenna, follows the former. It is written in very respectful and submissive Terms.

The Pope denies him that favour in the Fifth Letter, under pretence, that he was unwil∣ling to remove Guy from the City of Rome; and in the Sixth, complains of Frederick's Let∣ter, because he set his own Name before that of the Pope, exacted Homage and Fidelity of the Bishops; refus'd to admit his Legates to Audience, and hinder'd his Subjects from going to Rome.

The Seventh is written to the Arch-bishop of Thessalonica, whom he exhorts to be reconcil'd with the Church of Rome, and to procure the Re-union of the Greek Church.

The Eighth is a Confirmation of the Treaty made with William King of Sicily.

The Fifteen following, are taken out of the fourth Tome of the Historians of France by Du-Chesne. The Ten first and the Twenty Fourth, are written in favour of Hugh, Chan∣cellor of that Kingdom, to whom he grants an Arch-deaconry of Arras, and the Revenues of a Prebend in the Cathedral of Paris: He likewise wrote to the Bishops of Arras and Paris, and to some other Persons on the same Subject. The Three other Letters are directed to King Lewis; and in the Twenty first, he advises him to bring the Inhabitants of Veze'ay un∣der subjection to the Abbots of that place, and to oblige them to restore what they had taken from him.

The Twenty fifth, twenty sixth, Twenty seventh and Twenty eighth, relate in like man∣ner to the Abbey of Vezelay.

By the Twenty ninth, he renders the Abbey of Baune in the Diocess of Besanson, subject to the Jurisdiction of that of Cluny, as a Priory that ought to depend on it.

The Six following, relate to the Primacy of Toledo, and the Affairs of Spain.

The Thirty sixth, Thirty seventh, Thirty eighth, Thirty ninth and Fortieth, treat of Mat∣ters concerning the Primacy, Patriarchate and Rights of the Arch-bishop of Grado.

In the Forty seventh and last, publish'd by M. Baluzius and directed to Berenger Metropo∣litan of Narbonne, he confirms the Declaration made by Ermengarda Lady of the Mannor of Narbonne, by which she prohibitted the Alienation of the Revenues and Estates of the Arch-bishop of that Province after his decease, and denounces an Anathema against those who should presume to do it.

Father Dachery has inserted in the first Tome of his Spicilegium, a Privilege granted by Pope Adrian IV. to the Monastery of Casaure.

The First Letter of Alexander III. is written to the Canons of Bononia about his Ele∣ction. * 1.18

The Second to Arnulphus Bishop of Lisieux on the same Subject, and about the Assembly of Pavia.

The Third is the Bull for the Canonization of Edward I. King of England.

The following relate to the Affair of Thomas Becket Arch-bishop of Canterbury, except the Thirty second, which is an Instruction to the Sul••••n of Iconium, who was desirous to embrace the Christian Religion.

The Forty fifth, Forty sixth and Forty seventh, are the Letters which were written by him, concerning the Treaty of Peace, that he made at Venice, with the Emperor Frederick.

In the Forty eighth, he recommends to a certain Indian King, commonly call'd Prester John, the Legate, whom he sent into his Country.

In the Forty ninth, he returns thanks to Hugh, for a Book which he had sent to him, and en∣treats him to endeavour to procure the Reconciliation of the Emperor of Constantinople, with the Church of Rome.

The Fiftieth, is the Letter for the calling of the General Council at Lateran.

The Fifty first, is a Letter about the Opinion of Peter Lombard, who maintain'd, That Je∣sus Christ, quatenus Man, is not a Thing.

The Fifty second, is a Confirmation of the Rights and Privileges of the Arch-bishop of Colen.

The Two following, relate to the Erection of the Bishoprick of Alexandria della Paglia, a City newly built in the Milanese Territory. He nominated the first Bishop, but to the end

that that Nomination might not be prejudicial to the Inhabitants, he left them the liberty of proceeding to an Election for the future.

The Fifty fifth, Fifty sixth and Fifty seventh, contain the Confirmation of the promotion of John to the Bishoprick of St. Andrew in Scotland, against Hugh who was nominated by the King.

By the Fifty eighth, directed to Casimir Duke of Poland, he ratifies certain Constitutions made by that Prince for the preservation of Church Revenues.

The Fifty ninth, is a circular Letter directed to all the Christian Princes, in which he ex∣horts them to afford succours to the Christians of the Holy-Land, and renews to those that do so, the Privileges and Immunities granted by Urban and Eugenius his Predecessors, and puts their Estates, Wives and Children under the protection of the Holy See.

The Sixtieth, is directed to all the Bishops of Christendom on the same Subject, to the end that they might publish the preceding Letter in their respective Diocesses, and induce the Princes and People to so pious an Undertaking.

In the Three following Letters, directed to certain Prelates of England, he gives them an Account after what manner he concluded a Treaty of Peace with the Emperor at Venice.

These are the Letters of Pope Alexander III. that are contain'd in the first Collection, to which three Additions have been since annex'd; the first of those Additions comprehends Fif∣ty six Letters, publish'd by Father Sirmondus, in the end of the Works of Peter Abbot of Celles.

In the first Eighteen, which are almost all directed to Peter Abbot of St. Remy at Rheims, he nominates him in a Commission with others to determine divers particular Affairs.

The Nineteenth, directed to the Arch-bishop of Upsal in Sweden and his Suffragans, con∣tains several Constitutions against Simony, and against the Privileges of Clergy-men, taken out of the Councils and the Decretals of the Popes.

In the Twentieth, he recommends to the Charity of the Northern Christians, Fulcus Bishop of the Estons, a People of Sweden.

In the Twenty first, he exhorts the Northern Kings and Potentates, to perform the Duties of Christian Princes, to endeavour to procure the advancement of the Church by encountering its Enemies.

In the Twenty second, directed to the Arch-bishop of Upsal and his Suffragans, he spe∣cifies the Pennances that they ought to impose for the Crimes of Incest and Uncleanness, and inveighs against two Abuses that prevail'd in their Country, viz. the first, That the Priests were wont to celebrate Mass with the Lees of Wine, or with Crums of Bread steept in Wine; and the second concerning clandestine Marriages, that were contracted without the Benediction of the Priest.

The following relate to many particular Affairs of Churches or Monasteries, which he him∣self decides, or for the determination of which he grants a Commission to other Persons in the respective places.

In the second Addition, are compris'd 109 Letters directed to Lewis VII. King of France, or to the Prelates of his Kingdom, the greatest part of which relate to the Affairs of the Churches of France; as also some to the Contest between Alexander and Victor, and others are only recommendatory Letters or full of Compliments. They are taken out of the Col∣lection of the Historians of France, by Du-Chesne.

The last Addition contains 22 Letters, of which the six first are written on the Schism rais'd by Victor; the two following treat of the Privileges of the Canons of Challon: In the Ninth, he acquaints Henry Arch-bishop of Rheims, after what manner he was receiv'd in Rome: The five following were written in favour of the Church of Vezelay: In the Fifteenth, he com∣mends Hugh Bishop of Rhodez, for establishing a general Peace in his Diocess: The Seven∣teenth and Eighteenth, are the Bulls for the Canonization of Edward King of England and St. Bernard: The Twentieth, Twenty fir•…•… and Twenty second, are Acts of Approbation of the Order of the Knights of St. James in Spain; of that of the Monks of the Abbey of St. Saviour at Messina; and of that of the Carthusians, and of their Constitutions. There are also in the Addition to the Tenth Tome of the Councils, five other Letters attributed to Alex∣ander III. of which the four first relate to the Immunities of the Schools and Chapter of Paris, and the last to those of the Chapter of Anagnia.

Lucius III. having possess'd the See of Rome but a little while, has left us only three * 1.19 Letters.

By the First, he takes off the Excommunication of William King of Scotland and the Suspen∣sion of his Kingdom, denounced by the Arch-bishop of York, in Pope Alexander's Life-time, for opposing the Consecration of John, elected Bishop of St. Andrew.

The Second Letter is directed to Henry II. King of England, in which he exhorts that Prince to permit a Tax to be rais'd in his Kingdom, for the Relief of the Holy-Land.

The Third is a Decree against the Hereticks of that time, in which he pronounces a per∣petual Anathema against the Cathari, the Patarins, those that style themselves the Humbled or the poor People of Lyons, the Passagians, the Josepins and the Arnoldists, and prohibits all sorts of Persons to profess Divinity or to Preach publickly, unless they have obtain'd a License

from the Holy See, or from the Diocesan Bishop. He likewise condemns all those who pre∣sume to maintain any Doctrines or Practices different from those of the Church of Rome, con∣cerning the Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ, Baptism, the Remission of Sins, Marriage, or the other Sacraments, with their Abetters and Adherents: He ordains That Clergy-men, convicted of those Errors shall be depos'd, and Laicks deliver'd up into the Hands of the Secular Judges to be punish'd, unless they immediately abjure them, without allowing any Pardon to Relapses: He enjoyns the Arch-bishops and Bishops to make a Visitation every Year, either Personally or by their Arch-deacons, in order to discover such Miscreants: He exhorts the Counts, Barons, Lords and Magistrates vigorously to aid and assist the Clergy-men in the Prosecution of those Hereticks, under pain of Excommunication, and Privation of their Dig∣nities: And in that Case, he grants a peculiar Jurisdi•…•…n to the Arch-bishops and Bishops, over such Persons as enjoy certain Immunities and are subject only to the Holy See, pro∣vided they be obey'd as the Pope's Delegates, notwithstanding all manner of Privileges.

Urban III. gave notice to all the Bishops, of his Election by a circular Letter, dated Ja∣nuary * 1.20 11. A. D. 1186. which is the first of his Letters.

The Second, dedicated to William King of Scotland, relates to the Contest between the Bishops of St. Andrew and Dunckell, the Tryal of which was referr'd to the See of Rome, in the time of his Predecessor, but could not be deter•…•…d, till the Popedom of Urban, who entreats the King in this Letter to take the Bishop of Dunckell into his Protection, and makes the same Request in the following, to Jocelin Bishop of Glasco.

In the Fourth, he writes to Baldwin Arch-bishop of Canterbury, about the building of a new Church in Honour of St. Stephen and St. Thomas.

In the last, he approves the Foundation of a House of Hospitallers at Bononia, and ratifies their Constitutions and Privileges.

Gregory VIII. was no sooner advanc'd to the Papal Dignity, but he wrote a Circular Letter * 1.21 to all the Faithful, to exhort them to relieve the Holy Land. He gives a lively description of the most deplorable Calamities that befel the Christians, when the City of Jerusalem was taken by Saladin, and earnestly presses the Faithful to undertake an Expedition for the reco∣very of it out of the Hands of that implacable Enemy of Christianity. He grants Indulgences to those, who shall take upon them the Cross for the Holy War, and renews in their favour, the special Privileges that were allow'd by his Predecessors in the like Case.

In the Second Letter, he ordains, That to deprecate the Wrath of God, the Faithful should be oblig'd to fast during five Years, on all Fridays from Advent to Christmass, and that they should abstain from Flesh on Wednesdays and Saturdays.

By a Third Letter, he confirms the Orders that his Predecessors had given to all the Ec∣clesiastical Judges to determine the Law-suits of private Persons.

The Five first Letters of Clement III. relate to the Contest that arose between John and Hugh * 1.22 about the Bishoprick of St. Andrew in Scotland.

In the Sixth, he confirms the Rights and Immunities of the Church of that Kingdom.

The Seventh, is the Act for the Canonization of Otto Bishop of Bamberg.

The First Letter of Celestin III. is directed to the Prelates of England, whom he orders to * 1.23 excommunicate all those, who shall refuse to obey William Bishop of Ely Legate of the Holy See and Regent of the Kingdom in the absence of King Richard, who was engag'd in the Ex∣pedition to the Holy Land.

By the Second, he takes off the Excommunication denounced by Geffry Arch-bishop of York, against Hugh Bishop of Durham.

The Third is the Act for the Canonization of St. Ubald Bishop of Eugubio.

The Fourth, is an elegant Exhortation to induce the Christian Princes to make Peace, that they may be in a Condition to regain the Holy Land.

In the Fifth, directed to the Bishop of Lincoln, he gives him a Commission to take cogni∣zance of the Misdemeanours and Crimes of which the Arch-bishop of York was accus'd.

The Sixth, sent to the Dean and Arch-deacon of the Church of Lincoln, is written on the same Subject.

In the Seventh, he constitutes Hubert Arch-bishop of Canterbury, his Legate in England; and in the Eighth, orders the Bishops of England to acknowledge and obey him in that Quality.

The Ninth, is a Fragment of a Letter directed to the Arch-bishop of Sens, in which he declares null the Divorce that Philip King of France had made with Queen Batilda, the Daughter of the King of Denmark, under pretence of nearness of Kin, and enjoyns him to re-take her.

In the Tenth, he entreats Hubert Arch-bishop of Canterbury, to levy Recruits to be sent in∣to the Holy Land to King Richard.

The Three following Letters are written about the Disorders caus'd in the Church of York by the Arch-bishop: He commits the Care and Reformation of that Church to Simon Dean of the Chapter; and forasmuch as the Arch-bishop had appeal'd to the Holy See, before the Bishop of Lincoln exhibited an Information against him, he allows him time to come to Rome till the Festival of St. Martin; but in case he do not then appear, he orders the Bishop of Lincoln to proceed against him, and in the mean while suspends him from the Government of his Province.

In the Fourteenth, he orders Hubert Arch-bishop of Canterbury, to oblige those who had taken upon them the Cross for the Expedition to the Holy Land, to set forward on their Jour∣ney, at least, unless they were prevented by a lawful Impediment.

This Letter is follow'd by that of Philip Bishop of Beauvais, written to Pope Celestin; in which that Prelate complains, That the King of England enter▪d the Territories of Beauvaisis with his Forces in a hostile manner, and took him Prisoner. The Pope return'd an Answer in the following Letter, That he had no reason to make a Complaint of the Misfortune that be∣fel him, since he presum'd to take up Arms contrary to the Duty of his Profession; besides, that the Conduct of the King of England ought not to be blam'd, in regard that the King of France had unjustly taken from him divers Towns, contrary to the solemn Promise that he had made to that Prince not to commit any Hostilities against him, 'till his return to his Domi∣nions: That instead of performing that Promise, he determin'd to take the advantage of his Confinement: And that the King of England being at last set at Liberty, had good reason to oppose the Enterprizes of the King of France.

In the Sixteenth, he enjoyns the Arch-bishop of Canterbury, the Bishop of Lincoln, and the Abbot of St. Edmund, to re-establish in one of the Churches of England, the Monks that were turn'd out under colour of the Pope's Bull got by surprize, upon a false Exhibition.

In the last, directed to William King of Scotland, he confirms the Rights and Privileges of the Churches of that Kingdom.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Anastasius IV.
• * 1.2

  Adrian IV.
• * 1.3

  Alexan∣der III.
• * 1.4

  The Decla∣ration of the Kings of Eng∣land and France, in favour of Alexan∣der.
• * 1.5

  Alexan∣der III. passes over into France.
• * 1.6

  A Confer∣ence at Avignon.
• * 1.7

  A Council held as Tours, by Alex∣ander III.
• * 1.8

  Alexan∣der III. returns to Rome.
• * 1.9

  An Assemb at Wurtz burg in, 1166.
• * 1.10

  Lucius III.
• * 1.11

  Urban III.
• * 1.12

  An Assem∣bly at Geinlen∣husen in 1186.
• * 1.13

  Gregory VIII.
• * 1.14

  Clement III.
• * 1.15

  Celestin III.
• * 1.16

  Anasta∣sius IV's Letters.
• * 1.17

  Adrian IV's Letters.
• * 1.18

  Alexan∣der III's Letters.
• * 1.19

  Lucius III's Let∣ters.
• * 1.20

  Urban III's Let∣ters.
• * 1.21

  Gregory VIII's Letters.
• * 1.22

  Clement III's Let∣ters.
• * 1.23

  Celestin III's Let∣ters.