A new history of ecclesiastical writers containing an account of the authors of the several books of the Old and New Testament, of the lives and writings of the primitive fathers, an abridgement and catalogue of their works ... also a compendious history of the councils, with chronological tables of the whole / written in French by Lewis Ellies du Pin.

CHAP. II. (Book 2)

The History of the Church of Rome under the Popedom of Paschal II. Gelasius II. and Calixtus II. Containing the Rise, Progress, and Conclusion of the Contests be∣tween the Holy See and the Empire, about the Right of Investitures.

PAschal II. call'd, before he was Pope, Rainier, was a Tuscan, the Son of Crescentius and Al∣satia. * 1.1 He embrac'd the Monastick Life, and practis'd it in the Abbey of Cluny, under the Abbot Hugh. He was Created Cardinal Priest of St. Clement, by Gregory VII. and made Abbot of the Monastery of St. Stephen, and St. Lawrence of Rome. After the Death of Urban II. the Cardinals cast their Eyes upon him to advance him to the Papal Chair. When he had intimation of this, he absconded for some time; but being afterwards discovered, he was Proclaimed Pope by all the Cardinals, with the loud Acclamations of the People, and Consecrated the 14th day of August, in the Year 1099.

The first thing he did was entirely to drive out the Anti-pope Guibert. He declar'd War against * 1.2 him, and forc'd him to fly to the Mountains of Abruzzo, where he Died, in the Year 1100. His Death did not put an end to the Schism which had lasted 20 Years already; for after him came three more Anti-popes, who succeeded one after another, but fell within a short time. The first was Albert of Acella, whom Richard Duke of Campania, the great supporter of Guibert, caus'd to be Elected in his stead. At the end of four Months he was taken by Pope Paschal's Friends, and shut up in the Monastery of St. Lawrence. After this the people of Cava a small Town near Palestrina, undertook to bestow the Pontificate on a Roman nam'd Theodoric, who enjoy'd the Title of Pope on∣ly three Months, and thought himself very happy in relinquishing it and becoming an Anchoret. Maginulphus who was Elected at Ravenna, by the name of Silvester IV. seem'd to have a greater

interest, but he Dy'd within a short time after. By this means Paschal being freed from all his Ri∣vals, retook Castellano and Benevento from the Prince of Capua, and the Town of Cava, on which Peter Collona Abbot of Farfa had seized, and driven Stephen Corso out of Rome, who having seiz'd upon St. Paul's Church, annoy'd the Romans by his continual Incursions.

Having thus quieted Italy, his designs were aim'd against the Emperor Henry. Conrad the Son of that Emperor, who was Governor of Italy, Dying in the Year 1101. Henry had a design of passing * 1.3 into Italy, going to Rome, and holding a Council there the beginning of the Year 1102. to adjust the differences that had been between him and the Holy See. The Pope made no open op∣position to it, nay, he invited the Emperor thither: But forasmuch as they could not trust each o∣ther, the Emperor would not venture to rely on the Italians, and Paschal was not very sorry that Hen∣ry did not come into Italy.

However, he held a very large Council at Rome about the end of Lent, where, Henry not appea∣ring * 1.4 in Person, nor having sent any Ambassadors thither, was Excommunicated with all his Adhe∣rents. And because several maintain'd that there ought to be no regard had to such kind of Anathe∣ma's, the Pope in this Council drew up a Form in these Terms:

I Anathematize all Heresie, and chiefly that which disturbs the State of the present Church, which teaches and maintains that no regard is to be had to Anathema's, and that one may lawfully contemn the Ecclesiastical Sancti∣ons. I promise to obey Pope Paschal and his Successors; I approve and condemn what the Ho∣ly Catholick Church approves and condemns.

The Pope exacted this Oath of all that assisted at the Council, and on Holy-Thursday published the Excommunication against Henry, drawn up in these Words:

Whereas Henry has not ceased from rending the garment of Jesus Christ, that is, has not ceas'd from ravaging the Church by Fire and Sword, from dishonouring it by his Perjuries, In∣continence, and Homicides; he has been Excommunicated and Condemn'd for his Contumacy and Disobedience, by Pope Gregory of Blessed Memory, and by our Predecessor, Urban II. and we also have anathematiz'd him for ever in our last Synod by the Judgment of the whole Church, which we desire may be notified to the whole World, and especially to the people residing beyond the Moun∣tains, that they may have no hand in his Iniquity.

Henry to avoid the stroke of this Excommunication, about the end of that Year order'd publication to be made that he intended to resign the Empire to his Son Henry, and to Travel to the Holy-Land. * 1.5 He not only caus'd this to be published by Bishop Eginard, but likewise engag'd himself by a Vow to undertake this Journey. This proposal engag'd the affection of the Princes and Clergy of the Empire to him; and several of his Subjects made preparations to accompany him in this Expedition. But when they perceiv'd that he had no design to perform his Vow, they began to change their inclination towards him; which gave his Son Henry an occasion of Rebelling against him, when by his Father's stay he saw his hopes of very suddenly enjoying the Empire frustrated. Having enter'd upon this De∣sign by the wicked Counsels of three great Lords, he left his Father at Mentz, where he had spent the Christmas Holy-days in the Year 1104. and withdrew to Bavaria, Religion being the cloak to co∣ver this unatural Disloyalty. He began by anathematizing the Heresie of his Father, and by promising Obedience to the Pope. The Nobless of Austria, Germany, and the Eastern parts of France declaring for him, he enter'd into Saxony, where he was very well received; and having spent the Easter Ho∣ly-days at Quiedlingburg, he was acknowledg'd Emperor by all the Towns of that Countrey. Ro∣thard Arch-Bishop of Mentz, and Gebehard Bishop of Constance, the Pope's Vicars in Germany entred in∣to this Confederacy, and advis'd young Henry to reconcile all Saxony to the Holy See.

Young Henry to establish his Power appointed a general Assembly of the Bishops and Clergy to be held on the 29th of May, in the Year 1105. at Northusa, a Royal Seat; wherein, they made several * 1.6 Orders with respect to the Discipline of the Church. They reform'd upon the Spot what they thought they might safely do; and what appear'd to be of the most consequence they referr'd to the determinati∣on of the Holy See. They therein condemn'd the Heresie of the Simoniacal, and that of the Nicolaitans, namely of such Clerks as would not live in Celibacy. They therein fix'd the Summer Ember-week, which was to be the Whitson-week; and order'd that those persons who had been Consecrated by false Bishops should be reconcil'd the next Ember-week. Henry V. would not appear at that Council till af∣ter he had been invited thither; and when he came he seem'd to behave himself with a great deal of Modesty, Humility, and Wisdom. He declar'd to them, that he did not covet his Father's Throne, and was ready to resign it to him, if he would but submit to St. Peter and his Successors. The Bishops of Hildesheim, Paderborne, and Halberstat, throwing themselves at the Feet of the Arch-Bishop of Mentz their Metropolitan, declar'd, that they would submit to the Holy See; whereupon their Cause was referred to be tried by the Pope.

No sooner did this Assembly break up, but Henry V. marched towards Mentz at the Head of some * 1.7 Troops, in order to render himself master of that City, and to re-establish the Arch-Bishop thereof. The Emperor his Father being within the place, Henry would not venture to invest it, but drew his Forces off to Wirtsburgh, which he took by surprize, drove out thence Bishop Erlong, and put Robert in his place. Afterwards he invested the Castle of Nuremberg, which Surrendred to him at the end of two Months; and being come to Ratisbonn, he was set upon by his Father who deseated him and re-took that City. Young Henry without being shocked at this Overthrow rally'd up more Forces, and having been joyn'd by the Saxons, he encamped over against his Father's Army, being separated from each other only by the River Regen. After several slight skirmishes, Young Henry found a way of winning over the Princes and Great Men who were in his Father's Army. They would not fight, so that the Emperor was forc'd to fly, and left his Son Master of the Field, who seiz'd on his Father's Treasures that were at Spires.

About the end of the Year it was agreed that a Convention should be held at Mentz, to adjust * 1.8 the difference then on foot between the two Emperors. The Father came upon the Rhine with an in∣tention of being there; but the Son being afraid he should not obtain all that he desir'd from this Convention, had recourse to Fraud and Treachery. He waited upon his Father, protested to him that he was very sorry for what had passed, accompanied him towards Mentz: but in the Road some body acquainted the Old Emperor that a very great number of Lords of Suabia and Saxony his Enemies were Arrived there: Upon this, his Son shew'd him that it would not be safe to trust him∣self in their hands, and perswaded him to retire to the Castle of Binghen near Mentz. He no sooner enter'd the place, but the Gates were shut upon him, where he was kept close Prisoner. Afterwards they sent to him requiring him to deliver up the Ensigns of his Imperial Dignity, that they might forthwith be conferred on his Son Henry. The Bishops of Albany and Constance, the Pope's Legates in this Assembly, repeated the Excommunication issued out against him. At last, they took him out of the Castle of Binghen, and carry'd him to Ingelheim, where they sorc'd him to renounce the Em∣pire, to confess that he had been in fault, and on his Knees to ask Absolution of the Bishop of Al∣bany, who deny'd it him, and referr'd him to the Pope. Young Henry was Crown'd Emperor, and acknowledg'd as such by the Assembly of Mentz. He dispatched Six Bishops in the Quality of De∣puties to Rome with several persons of Quality, to obtain a Confirmation of all that had been done at Northusa and Mentz.

However; Old Henry having made his Escape from Ingelheim, was receiv'd by Henry de Limbourg, * 1.9 Duke of the Lower Lorrain, and by Obert Bishop of Liege who held out several places upon the Rhine for him. The City of Liege was the place he made choice of for his Residence, from whence he wrote Letters to the King of France, to his Son, to the Bishops, and to the Princes of Saxony and Ger∣many. Wherein he makes loud Complaints of the manner wherein he had been us'd, and protests against all that they had forc'd him to do by constraint. In the last Letters, he declar'd that he was rea∣dy to pay all manner of Respect to the Pope, to regulate all the Affairs of the Empire by the Advice of Henry Abbot of Clugny, and appeals to the Pope's Determination of all that had been done against him in Germany.

His Son caus'd an Answer to be return'd to him in the Name of the Lords, to this Effect;

That * 1.10 the miseries which he had brought upon both the Church and State had oblig'd them to depose him, and set up his Son on the Throne in his stead: That he had acknowledg'd himself that he was unworthy of the Empire, and had resign'd it into his Son's hands: That the promises he at present made signified nothing, since they could not tell how to give any Credit to them: That however, that he might have no reason to complain, they would consent to have the business examin'd over again in an Assembly of the Lords and Commons.

Notwithstanding this Young Henry pursued his Father, and after he had been beaten off from the * 1.11 Bridge of Viset, he invested Cologne, designing afterwards to march to Liege. But the Besieged held out more vigorously than he expected; and after two Months Siege, he was ready to break up, when he received the News of his Father's Death at Liege, the 7th of August, in the Year 1106. The people of Liege obtain'd their Pardon, upon Condition, that they would dig up the Body of the Late Emperor, which was carry'd to Spires, and put into a Sepulchre of Stone, where it remained without the Church unburied for five Years together: The Pope's Partisans were of Opinion, that since he Died Excommunicated, they could not give him Ecclesiastical Burial. Guibert the Antipope was us'd after the same manner, whom they dug up Six Years after his Burial, and cast his Bones to the Common-Shore to insult over his Memory.

After the Death of the Emperor Henry IV. those Princes and people who had continu'd firm to his * 1.12 Interests were oblig'd to submit to the New Emperor. The Pope was invited into Germany, and left Rome with that Design. In the way, on the 19th of October, in the Year 1106. he held a Council at Guastalla, a Town of Lombardy, situated on the Po, therein to regulate what concern'd the Churches of Germany and Lombardy, which had been engag'd in the Schism. He therein declar'd that the Bishops, the Priests, and the other Clerks who had been Ordain'd during the Schism, should still keep their Or∣ders, provided, they had not procur'd them by Simony or by force, nor were conscious to themselves of being guilty of any other Crimes. He therein renew'd the Decrees of his Predecessors against In∣vestitures, and prohibited the Alienation of the Church Revenues. He took away from the Metropolis of Ravenna the Towns of Aemilia, that is, Placenza, Parma, Reggio, Modena, and Bologne, to punish it for its Rebellion.

The Decree against Investitures was dislik'd by the Emperor, whereupon Paschal instead of going to * 1.13 Mentz, as he had design'd, retir'd into France; and after he had spent the Christmas Holy-days in the Abbey of Clugny, he went to implore the Protection of King Philip. However, the German Nobles and Bishops being conven'd at Mentz, resolv'd upon sending Deputies to the Pope, to let him know that the power of Creating Bishops had been granted by the Holy See to Charlemagne and his Successors; and that therefore he could not divest that Prince of it. These Deputies enter'd into a Conference with the Pope at Chalons, and the Arch-Bishop of Treves being their Prolocutor, after he had told the Pope that the Emperor wish'd him all manner of Prosperity, and profer'd to serve him to the utmost of his Power so long as it did not prejudice the Rights of the Empire, he declar'd that from the time of St. Gregory the Great, the Emperor had notice given him of the person to be chosen; that after he had given his Consent, the Election was publickly made; that then he who was Elected was Consecrated; and that after the Consecration he waited upon the Emperor, to receive from him the Investiture for the Royalties, by the Ring and Pastoral Staff, by which at the same time he did Homage and swore Allegiance to the Emperor: That this custom seem'd to be very reasonable, because without it the

Bishops could not enjoy the Cities, Castles, Territories, Fiefs, or any other Revenues depending on the Empire.

The Pope reply'd by the Bishop of Placenza, that the Church being redeem'd by the Blood of Je∣sus * 1.14 Christ was free, and therefore ought not to be put into Bondage: That if it could not chuse its Prelates without the Consent of the Emperor, it would become his Vassal; and that if these Prelates after their Election were oblig'd to receive the Investiture from him by the Ring and Pastoral Staff, this would be an Usurpation on the Prerogative of God himself: That lastly, it was unbecoming and beneath the Sacerdotal Order and Unction, that Hands Consecrated by the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ should be put into Hands stain'd with Blood-shed.

The Emperor's Deputies withdrew, being very much dissatisfied at this reply, threatning to put an end to this Debate at Rome, with their Swords in their Hands. The Pope would willingly have re∣new'd the Business with Adelbert the Emperor's Chancellor; but they could not come to an agreement in any one point, and the Emperor's Deputies return'd back into Germany.

The Pope on his part Assembled a Council at Troyes in Campagne, about Ascension-day, in the Year 1107. wherein after he had made several Institutions about Church Discipline, he propos'd to renew the Decrees of his Predecessors against Laicks concerning themselves with Ecclesiastical Dignities. The Emperor who had spent the Easter Holy-days at Mentz, made his approaches towards the Council, and sent thither his Ambassadors to acquaint them that the Popes had formerly granted to Charlemagne, the Right of making Bishops; and that if they would not consent thereto, to declare that he would pre∣vent the determining of that Affair in a strange Countrey. Upon this remonstrance the Council gran∣ted the Emperor a Years time, that he himself might come in person to Rome, there to plead the Cause in a general Council which should determine it.

The Emperor put off his Journey till such time as he had fully regulated the Affairs of the Empire; after which, in the beginning of the Year 1110. he held a Convention at Ratisbone, wherein he de∣clar'd * 1.15 that he had resolv'd to go to Rome, there to receive the Imperial Crown, and to adjust the differences betwixt the Pope and him. He order'd the Princes of the Empire to prepare to wait up∣on him, and to raise an Army by August. At that time he set out according to his former resolution. His Army consisting of 30000 Horse, was divided into two Bodies; He put himself at the Head of the one at Yurea, and the other stay'd for him at Novara, and joyn'd him near Milan, where he was Crown'd King of Lombardy, by Arch-Bishop Chrysolaus. Afterwards he cross'd the Po and came to Placenza, where and at Parma he stay'd for some time, whilst he sent his Deputies to adjust mat∣ters with the Princess Mathildis, whom he continu'd in her Dominions, upon Condition, that she should not oppose his passage. The Season being very far gone, he lost a great many Sumpter Hor∣ses in crossing the Appennine Mountains, which oblig'd him to stay some time at Florence, where he spent the Christmas Holy days. From thence he marched to Sutri, after he had in his Passage demo∣lish'd the Town of Arezzo, which oppos'd his March.

The Embassadors which he had sent to the Pope, waited upon him at this place, with the Legates of his Holiness; and they agreed that the Pope should Crown Henry, and that this Prince should * 1.16 allow the Churches their Liberty, and grant no more Investitures to Bishops, upon condition that he should retain the Dutchies, Counties, Marquisates, Territories, the Rights of Money, Justice, and Marches, the Revenues, Fiefs, and other Estates which they held of the Empire. This agreement seem'd at first sight to be very advantageous to the Church; but in reality stripp'd the Bishops of their Estates and Dignities, for a Chimerical Honour, and reduced them to extream Poverty. The Emperor foreseeing that one of these two things would happen, either that this Agreement should be Execu∣ted, and he be a great gainer thereby; or that if the Pope could not prevail upon the Bishops of Germany to quit their pretensions to those great Estates, he should re-enter upon the Rights of Inve∣stitures, made no scruple to ratify this Treaty, upon condition that the Pope would prevail upon the Bishops to approve thereof. The Pope for his part, who lost nothing by it, and was satisfied that by this means he should humble the Bishops of Germany, was likewise very well pleas'd with this Treaty. Whereupon it was sign'd and sworn to, and Hostages exchang'd on both sides.

After the Conclusion of this Treaty, the Emperor marched towards Rome, and on the 11th of Februa∣ry * 1.17 in the Year MCXI, arriv'd at the Town Leonina, where he was receiv'd by the Clergy and Laity, who came to wait upon him, and Conducted him with loud Acclamations to St. Peter's Palace, where he met with the Pope and the Cardinals who attended his coming on the Top of the stairs. He kiss'd the feet of his Holiness, and afterwards his forehead, Eyes and Mouth, and went into the Church on the Pope's Right hand, who celebrated Mass. When they came to the Ceremony of the Coro∣nation, the Pope ask'd the Emperor whether he was willing to observe the Treaty to which they had agreed, and remit his Right of Investitures: The Emperor reply'd that he was ready t•…•…do it, provided the Bishops of Germany would Consent thereto; and that it was requisite to know their Sentiments of the matter. The Bishops of Germany oppos'd it all they could, and complain'd that the Pope was minded to dispose of that which did not belong to him. The Pope in vain remonstrated to them that these Estates were committed to them by way of Trust, and that they needed not scruple to resign them back to the Emperor; for they would never consent to so disadvantageous a Proposition. Upon these debates, Henry summon'd the Pope to Crown him, and upon his Refusing to do it, order'd his Guards to apprehend him and several Cardinals. The News of this being nois'd about the City, the Romans ran to their Arms, animated thereto by the Cardinals of Frescate and Ostia, kill'd several Germans stragling in the City, and set upon the Emperor's Forces very vigorously. The Engagement was very obstinate on both sides, the Emperor was in great danger of his Life, but at last repuls'd the Romans, and marched out of the City two days after, carrying along with him the Pope and Cardinals Prisoners.

He quartered near two Months about Rome, till at last the Pope to put an End to the War which * 1.18 was ready to break out, and to get his Liberty, resolv'd to grant him the Right of Investitures and to Crown him. Being thus agreed with the Emperor, they reenter'd Rome the thirteeenth of April, and coming to St. Peter's Palace, the Emperor receiv'd the Imperial Crown at the hands of the Pope. They say that the Pope communicated to him a moiety of the Host which he had Consecrated, protesting that he gave it him as a Seal and Pledge of the Peace which he had made with him, and of the Con∣cord that was between them; and that whoever of them should break this Concord or Violate this Peace, should have no part of portion in the Kingdom of Jesus Christ. The Pope likewise granted him a Bull of Confirmation of the Right of Investitures, importing that he granted and confirm'd the Privilege which the Emperors his Predecessors had of giving Investitures by the Ring and Crosier to the Bishops and Abbots of his Dominions Elected without Simony or Violence: That they should not be consecrated till after they had receiv'd Investiture, excepting such as were us'd to be invested by the Arch-Bishops or the Pope. This Concession is founded on these two Reasons; First, because the Predecessors of Henry had considerably enriched the Churches, by the Revenues of the Crown which they had bestowed on them: and Secondly because it was necessary that the Dissentions and Disturban∣ces which might happen upon Elections, might be appeas'd by the Royal Authority. Lastly the Pope in this Bull denounc'd an Anathema against those who should oppose this Concession.

The Emperor having thus compass'd his design, departed from Rome being attended by the Pope. They parted very good Friends in appearance, by shewing to each other a Reciprocal Good Will and Affection. The Pope returned to Rome, and the Emperor as he went through Lombardy, took an Oath of Fidelity from all the Towns, and arriv'd at Spires August IV. Where he interr'd his Fa∣thers Corps with great Magnificence, according to the Leave he had from the Pope, upon the Testi∣mony given that he dy'd a Penitent.

Notwithstanding this, Pope Paschal at his Return, found a great many Cardinals offended that he * 1.19 had granted the Right of Investitures to the Emperor, and he excus'd himself as well as he could, upon the Account of the Extremity he was in, and the Miseries which threatned Rome, if he had not made this Condescention. These Reasons did not satisfy the more Resolute, who took an occasion from the Pope's going into the Country, to call an Assembly, wherein they cancell'd all that the Pope had done, renew'd and confirm'd the Decrees of his Predecessors against Investitures. The Pope ha∣ving heard of it sent them Word, that though their intention might be good, yet their way of Pro∣ceeding was not to be tolerated: That he hop'd for the future to make amends for what he had done amiss, only to divert the Ruin of Rome and all the Country; but that they ought to have patience, and to take care that the Zeal they have for the Welfare of the Church does not prove prejudicial to it.

Bruno Bishop of Signi, Abbot of Mount Cassin, was one of those who was the freest in speaking against Investitures; and who solicited the Pope most to revoke what he had done, and to Anathematize the Emperor. The Cardinals who had been taken Prisoners with the Pope, were divided in their Senti∣ments; some were for what he had done, others disapprov'd it. The Pope offended that this Divi∣sion rose so high, and fearing it would spread farther if the Monks of Mount Cassin follow'd their Ab∣bot's Sentiments, order'd Bruno to retire to his Bishoprick, and another Abbot to be Elected in his Room. This Question was likewise debated out of Italy, and we are inform'd that John Arch-Bishop of Lions, would have call'd a Council to condemn what the Pope had done, and that Ivo of Chartres endeavour'd to disswade him from it. Some maintain'd that one could not approve of Investitures without being guilty of Heresy; others believ'd that they might be tolerated, though they were irre∣gular, and a third openly stood up in their Vindication. Pope Paschal was very sorry that he had de∣viated from the Decrees of his Predecessors, and desir'd nothing more than to revoke what he had done; but durst not undertake it on his own head after the Oath which he had taken, and the solemn Bull he had granted.

To wind himself out of this Difficulty, he assembled a Council of one hundred Bishops or therea∣bouts * 1.20 in the Lateran Church in March 1112. The chief Institution of which was the Repealing the Right of Investitures. For after they had renew'd against the Clerks, the Favourers of Guibert the Anti-pope, the Interdiction pronounced against them, the fifth day of the Session the Pope shew'd in what manner He and the Cardinals had been apprehended by King Henry, and how contrary to his Resolution he had been forc'd to grant to that Prince the Investitures for to obtain his Freedom, the Peace of the Church and the People: That he had taken an Oath that he would give him no farther disturbance about Investitures, and that he would pronounce no Anathema against his person: That though the King had not observ'd the Conditions of that Oath, yet he was resolv'd to stand to what he had done; that however he acknowleg'd that he had done amiss, and desir'd it should be re∣dress'd, so that the Church might come to no prejudice. To clear himself the more fully from all Suspicion of Heresy, the next day he made a Profession of Faith, wherein he declar'd that he embrac'd the Faith and Doctrine contain'd in the Holy Scriptures, in the four General Councils, and in the Decrees of the Popes his Successors, especially those of Gregory 7. and Urban 2. that he approv'd of what those Pope approv'd, and that he condemn'd what they had condemn'd. After this Declaration, Gerard Bishop of Angoulême read a paper, importing that all those who were then present at that Coun∣cil condemn'd, declar'd Null, and absolutely cancell'd the Privilege, or rather Pravilege extorted from Pope Paschal, by the Compulsion of Henry, particularly that which imply'd that those who should be Canonically Elected by the Clergy and People, could not be Consecrated till such time as they had Received Investiture from the King. This Sentence was approv'd by all the Prelates of the Council, consisting of twelve Arch-Bishops, an hundred and fourteen Bishops, and twenty three Car∣dinals, Priests and Deacons.

There was nothing done in this Council against the Person of the Emperor Henry, but Guy Arch-Bishop * 1.21 of Vienna the Pope's Legat, a Man very zealous for promoting the interests of the Holy See, call'd a Council together in September, wherein he not only cancell'd the privilege of Investitures, as had been before done in the Lateran Council; but farther declar'd, that it was Heresie to receive In∣vestiture at the hand of any Laicks, and Excommunicated the Emperor Henry. He sent the Pope word of what he had done in that Council, and desir'd that he would be pleas'd to confirm it. The Pope who had already declar'd against what himself had done, made no scruple to grant his Request. Cardinal Conon, Bishop of Palestrina, and Legate of the Holy See in the East, thunder'd out Excom∣munications against Henry, as well in a Council held at Jerusalem, as in those he held at his return, in the Years 1114, and 1115. at Beauvais, at Rheims, at Cologne, and at Châlons. Thierry Cardinal and Legate of the Holy See appointed a Council to be held at Cologne in the Christmas Holy-days, 1115. and set out with an intention of being there; but he dy'd by the way, however, the Council thun∣der'd out an Excommunication against the Emperor Henry.

That Prince perceiving himself to be thus frustrated of the hopes which he had conceiv'd of quietly * 1.22 enjoying the Investitures, resolv'd upon marching a Second time into Italy, and the rather because his Presence there was requisite for the taking possession of the Dominions of the Princess Mathildis, who dy'd the 24th of July 1115. Thereupon having enter'd into Lombardy, he made a stay near the Ri∣ver Po, to take possession of the Estates left him by the Death of that Princess; and in the mean time sent the Abbot of Clugny, and several other Deputies to the Pope, to endeavour an Accommodation with the Holy See.

The Pope, held at that time a Second Council in the Lateran, which commenc'd the 6th of March, * 1.23 the three first Sessions whereof were wholly taken up in discussing the private Affairs of some Bishops. Several of those who assisted in this Council complained that they spent too much time on such Af∣fairs as were of little, or no consequence to the Church, and required that they might enter imme∣diately upon the Debate of that for which they were more especially assembled, that they might know what the Pope's sentiments were, and what they ought to teach when they were return'd to their Diocesses. Upon t•…•…s Remonstrance the Pope declar'd, that he freely acknowledg'd, that designing to put a stop to the Robberies, Burnings, Murders, and other Crimes which were daily committed; he had done amiss in granting the privilege of Investitures which now he condemn'd with an Eternal Anathema, and desir'd they would do the same. All who were there present, cry'd out, Let it be so, Let it be so. Bruno of Signi immediately said,

Let us give God thanks for that Pope Paschal President of this Council has in our hearing condemn'd this wicked Privilege so full of Injustice and Heresie.

Moreover, a Bishop averr'd, that since this Privilege was Heresie, he who had granted it by conse∣quence was an Heretick. This discourse mov'd Cardinal John Cajetan, who applying himself to that Bishop, How dare you (says he) in our presence call the Pope Heretick? The Writing indeed which he granted was bad, but not Heretical. Another added, that strictly speaking, it could not be call'd bad, because it had been done to deliver the people of God: which according to the Gospel was a good Work. The Pope who was out of patience to hear himself accus'd of Heresie, caus'd silence to be made, and then with a loud Voice expressed himself thus.

Hark ye my Lords and Brethren; † 1.24 let the whole World know that the Church of Rome has never been guilty of Heresie, and that it has extirpated them all: That the Arian Heresie which lasted for 300 Years together was at last condemn'd at Rome: That the Heresies of Eutychius and Sabellius were there likewise Condemn'd: That Photinus and the other Hereticks receiv'd their Condemnation at Rome: That lastly, 'tis for this Church the Son of God pray'd just before his Passion, when he said, Peter, I have pray'd for thee that thy Faith fail not.

And thus ended the third Session. At the fourth, which was held on Thursday, the Pope was not pre∣sent, because he was taken up in giving Audience about the Emperor's Affairs to the Abbot of Clugny, to John Catejan, and to Peter Leo, Prefect of the City of Rome, and to the other Favourers of Henry.

The fifth Session on Friday, began with the Disputes between John Cajetan and the other Defenders of the Emperor Henry, and Conon of Palestrina, who was absolutely for Excommunicating him. The Pope to pacifie them, said, that the Church in the Primitive times flourished by its Martyrs; and by the Piety of its Professors; that afterwards, when Emperors and Kings were Converted to the Faith, they Honour'd the Church by granting it Demeans, Revenues, and Temporal Rights and Dignities: That it was reasonable she should enjoy the Benevolence of Princes, and bestow those Goods on her Sons as she judg'd most convenient. He afterwards repealed the Privilege of Investitures, and renew'd the Decrees of Gregory VII. but would pronounce nothing in particular against Henry's Person. However, he confirm'd what Cardinal Conon of Palestrina had done against that Prince in Syria, in Greece, in Hun∣gary, in Saxony, in Lorrain, and in France. This was pass'd by the majority of Voices.

The next day the Pope discuss'd in the Council the Contest between Grosolanus, or Chrysolaus and Jor∣danes, pretenders to the Arch-Bishoprick of Milan; and after he had observ'd that the Translations of Bishops were never allow'd, but in case of necessity, or for the Churches greater benefit, he declar'd that of Grosolanus Null, which had been more prejudicial than advantageous to the Church. Af∣terwards he granted indulgences of forty days, to those who would visit the Sepulchres of the Apostles, and dissolv'd the Council by giving his Blessing to the Prelates.

The Emperor Henry having heard of the proceedings of this Council, thought it requisite that he him∣self should appear personally at Rome, to prevent the Consequences of the Excommunication, and * 1.25 maintain the Privilege which the Pope had granted him. He thereupon order'd his Army to advance towards that City. The Pope not venturing to stay his coming, retir'd to Mount Cassin, and from thence for the greater security went into Apulia. The Emperor came to Rome and enter'd it without any op∣position,

and caus'd himself to be Crown'd a Second time, by Maurice Burdin Arch-Bishop of Brague. This Arch-Bishop was Limosin, who went into Spain to wait upon Bernard Arch-Bishop of Toledo, who made him Arch-Deacon of his Church, from whence he was prefer'd to the Bishoprick of Conimbra, and afterwards to the Arch-Bishoprick of Brague. He was come to Rome to defend the Rights of his Church against the Arch-Bishop of Toledo, and stay'd there two Years. The Emperor spent the Easter Holy-days at Rome, but was forc'd by the excessive hotness of the Season to draw off towards Tus∣cany, from whence he sent Ambassadors to the Pope to promise him all manner of satisfaction, provided, he would but absolve him, from the Excommunication. The Pope return'd him this Answer that for his part he had not Excommunicated him, because he had engag'd himself upon Oath to do no suchthing; but that he could not take off the Excommunication which others had denounc'd against him, till he had heard what they and he had to say for themselves in a Synod. In the mean time, the Pope return'd * 1.26 towards Rome with the Norman Troops of Apulia, and fell Sick at Anagnia. Being recover'd of his illness, he went and spent the Christmas Holy-days at Palestrina, and from thence advanc'd towards Rome and enter'd it; and as he was studying to bring his Enemies to submit, he Died two days after his return, in January 1118.

After his Death, the Cardinals met in a Monastery of the Benedictines of Rome call'd the Palladium, * 1.27 near to the Palace of Franchipani, and six days after Elected John Cajetan the Chancellor, who was call'd Gelasus II, and Proclaim'd Pope. Cincius of Franchipani being offended that they had not made choice of a Cardinal whom he had propos'd, enter'd the Monastery in a forcible manner, with Armed Men, fell upon the Pope, abus'd him, and carry'd him away Prisoner to his Palace. The Ro∣mans could not endure this Affront; the chief among them met, and sent to demand the Pope from Cincius, and the common people rose up in Arms to set him at liberty. Upon this, Cincius was forc'd to deliver him. He was put in possession of the Papal Chair, which he enjoy'd very peaceably till the Arrival of the Emperor, who being inform'd that Gelasus would not confirm the privilege of In∣vestitures, march'd directly with his Army to Rome. The Pope made his Escape by Sea to Cajeta, where he was Consecrated by the Bishop of Ostia, in the presence of William Duke of Apulia, and Ro∣bert * 1.28 Prince of Capua. After his Consecration he came to Capua, where he heard that the Emperor had caus'd Maurice Burdin Arch-Bishop of Brague to be Proclaim'd Pope, under the Name of Grego∣ry VIII. In the mean time Gelasus rais'd Forces, William of Apulia came in to his Assistance; they march'd towards the Territories of Rome, where the Emperor invested a place of some strength, who hearing that Forces were coming to its relief, rais'd the Siege immediately, and retir'd into Germany. The Pope retook several places in the Countrey, and enter'd privately into Rome; but his Enemies there being more powerful than himself, after he had settled his Affairs in a good posture, he went in∣to France, and retir'd to Clugny, the usual Sanctuary of the Popes, where he Dy'd of a Pleurisie on the 29th of January, in the Year 1119. after he had nominated Cardinal Guy Arch-Bishop of Vienna for his Successor, upon the refusal of Conon Bishop of Palestrina.

This Choice was approv'd of by all the Cardinals then present at Clugny when the Pope Dy'd: They * 1.29 unanimously Elected Guy who was Nam'd Calixtus II. and their Election being confirmed by the Car∣dinals who were at Rome, he was Consecrated by the Bishop of Ostia.

The Emperor Henry, who had been Excommunicated afresh by Conon in two Councils held in Germa∣ny, to skreen himself from these proceedings and to restore peace to Germany, held a Convention at Tri∣bur, * 1.30 wherein it was propos'd to put an end to the difference between him and the Pope, by way of Accommodation. He promis'd to do it, and to go to the Council which the Pope had appointed to be held at Rheims on the 18th of October. In the mean time to prepare matters for the Peace, William of Champeaux Bishop of Chalons, and Pontius Abbot of Clugny went to Strasburg to begin the Treaty. The Emperor demanded how he might put an end to this Affair without losing any thing of his Prero∣gative; to which the Bishop of Chalons reply'd, That if he were sincere in his desires of the Peace, it was requisite he should remit the Investitures, but that he would not thereby diminish the least of his Prerogative; because then the Case would be the same as it was in France, where, though the Bishops neither before nor after Consecration received their Investiture from the King, yet they were not there∣by dispens'd from discharging their Duties to him, whether in paying Taxes, or contributing towards the Soldiery, or any other Dues whatsoever. The Emperor said, that he desired nothing more, provi∣ded, the Pope would do him Justice, and restore to his Subjects the Lands which they had lost during the War. These two Deputies having gain'd this Concession from the Emperor, went to wait upon the Pope who was hard by Paris, and propos'd the Business to him. He immediately sent the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia, and another Cardinal to finish the Treaty with him. They met the Emperor between Metz and Verdun, and agreed with him in Writing about the same things; and for a compleat consum∣mation of this Affair, the Emperor promis'd to meet the Pope at Mouzon on the 24th of October.

The Council of Rheims open'd on the 21st of October. The Pope and Lewis King of France were personally present at it, and it consisted of fifteen Arch-Bishops, above 200 Bishops of France, Spain, * 1.31 Germany, and England, and a great many Abbots and other Ecclesiasticks. The Pope made a Dis∣course on the Gospel for the Day, and Conon made another upon the Pastoral Care. In this Council, King Lewis preferr'd several Complaints against Henry King of England. Geofrey Arch-Bishop of Roan undertook to answer him, but was forc'd to be silent by the Noise that arose in the Assembly. Af∣terwards Hildegarda Countess of Poictiers appear'd in the Council, and complain'd that her Husband had left her and marry'd another Woman. The Bishop of Saintes, and other Prelates of Aquitain undertook the Defence of their Prince, and excus'd him for not appearing because he was sick. The Pope accepted of this Excuse, and put off the Tryal of this Cause till another time. The Contest which afterwards was started between Audin Bishop of Eureux, and Amaury who had turn'd him out of that Bishoprick, rais'd a great Heat between the French and the Normans. The Pope to lay

it, made a Discourse on the Advantages of Peace and Unity, and declar'd that the Emperor had pro∣pos'd an Accommodation, and that he was to meet him at Mouzon to put an End to it; that he de∣sir'd the Prelates to stay till his Return which should be very speedy. The Cardinals who had wai∣ted upon the Emperor, the Bishop of Chalons, and the Abbot of Clugny, gave an Account of their Ne∣gotiation to the Council.

On the morrow the Pope took his Leave of the Assembly, recommended them to put up their * 1.32 Prayers and Wishes for the Peace, and the next day set out for Mouzon. He arriv'd there on the Thursday, and after he had conferr'd with the Prelates whom he had brought along with him, and read over again the Projects of the Accommodation, he sent the Deputies who had already com∣menc'd this Negotiation to the Emperor. That Prince at first deny'd that he had made any such promise; afterwards they debated how the Pope should receive him in giving him Absolution, but could come to no agreement. On the morrow the Emperor desir'd farther time, and the Pope per∣ceiving that he sought to procrastinate the Business, retir'd to a Castle belonging to the Count of Troyes with an Intention of returning back again. The Emperor desir'd time till Munday, but the Pope would not grant it; and after he had order'd him to be told that if he were sincerely intent upon Peace, he was ready to grant it him either in or after the Council. He set out on Sunday Mor∣ning, and return'd with all expedition to Rheims. The next day being fatigued by his Journey, he could not stay long in the Council, he only gave them an Account of his Proceedings at Mouzon. On Tuesday he was not there at all, but on Wednesday he appear'd. At first they debated of a great many private matters, and afterwards the Pope publish'd five Canons.

The first was against the Simoniacal, who either bought or sold any Ecclesiastical Goods.

The second was against Investitures.

The Third against those who either seiz'd or detain'd the Revenues of Churches.

The Fourth against those who left them to their Heirs by way of Succession, and against the Priests who exacted Money for the Administration of the Sacraments or for Burial.

And the fifth against the Priests, Deacons and Sub-deacons who had Wives or Concubines.

The Canon concerning Investitures made a great Noise in the Council. It was drawn up in these Terms: We absolutely forbid the receiving the Investiture of Churches or any other Ecclesiastical things from the hands of Laicks. Several were of opinion that this Canon thus express'd took away from the Eccle∣siasticks the Tenths and Benefices which they held or receiv'd from Laicks, so that the Contest arising upon this Article, hinder'd the Council from determining any thing about it that day. On the Mor∣row the Pope remov'd this Difficulty by mending the Canon and drawing it up in these Terms. We absolutely forbid the receiving the Investiture of Bishopricks and Abbeys from the hands of Laicks. After∣wards they brought in 427 Candles, which were given to the Assistants, who rose up and held them Lighted whilst the Pope solemnly Excommunicated the Emperor Henry, the Anti-pope Burdin and all their Adherents; He likewise declar'd all the Emperor's Subjects dissolv'd from their Oath of Alliegance to him and forbad them to obey him, till he return'd to his Duty, and had made the Church satisfaction. Thus the Council broke up.

The next year Calixtus went into Italy, with a Design of going to Rome. He was joyfully receiv'd * 1.33 every where, and enter'd Rome as in Triumph. The Anti-pope Burdin being drove out of that City retir'd to Sutri, from whence he made several Excursions, to the very Gates of Rome. Calixtus to rid himself of this Enemy, went into Apulia to desire assistance from Duke William, and having rais'd a Considerable Army, he march'd to invest Sutri. The Inhabitants of this City perceiving they should be taken by Storm, siez'd upon Burdin, and deliver'd him up to the Normans, who by way of deri∣sion cloath'd him with a Goat's-Skin, made in the form of a Cope, set him on a white Camel, with his face towards the Tail which serv'd him for a Bridle, and in this manner led him through the whole City, heaping affronts upon him. Afterwards he was shut up in a Castle, and confin'd in a Monastery of Cava, where he spent the rest of his days in a forc'd Penance.

After this Victory the Pope becoming absolute Master of Rome, where he caus'd the Forts of the * 1.34 Franchipani and of the other Favourers of the Emperor to be raz'd, sent an Ambassy to Adalbert Arch-Bishop of Mentz, a profess'd Enemy to the Emperor, and solicited him to stir up Saxony against that Prince. This Enterprize succeeded, and within a short time all Saxony revolted, and rais'd an Army against Henry, who likewise for his part rais'd some Forces: So that there would have been a bloody War in Germany; if the Lords on both sides had not agreed upon a Treaty of Peace, by which they agreed to restore to the Emperor what belong'd to him; that he should likewise restore to the Chur∣ches the Revenues which had been taken away from them; and send Deputies to Rome to make up an Accommodation with the Pope. This Treaty was concluded at Wirtzburgh in the year 1121. Bruno Bishop of Spires and Arnulphus Abbot of Fulda were chosen for this Deputation. They came to Rome, where they Negotiated this accommodation; and being agreed about it, the Pope sent Lambert Car∣dinal Bishop of Ostia, and two other Cardinals, who met with the Emperor Henry at Wormes in Sep∣tember 1122. and there concluded the Treaty between the Pope and Him. The Emperor remitted the Right of Investiture, which was given by the Ring and Crosier; and engag'd himself to leave to all the Churches within his Dominions, the Liberty of Elections and Consecrations; to restore to the Church of Rome all the Revenues which had been taken away from it since the Beginning of this Contest, whether under his Reign, or during the Reign of his Father; to restore likewise to other Churches, Princes and private persons as well Ecclesiasticks as Laicks all the Revenues which have been taken away from them; to Live in peace with the Church of Rome, and assist it, whenever it should have occasion. The Pope on his part granted to the Emperor that the Elections of Bishops and Abbots within the Kingdom of Germany should be made in his presence, without Simony and Force, upon Condition that in Case of any contest, he should favour him, who should be approv'd by the

Metropolitan and the Bishops of the Province. He consented that the person who should be Elected, should receive the Royalties from the Emperor by the Sceptre, except of such things as belong'd to the Church of Rome, and should faithfully perform what he was bound to by Virtue of those Royal∣ties: That the Prelates of the other States of the Empire, should likewise receive the Royalties at the Emperor's hands, within six Months after their Consecration. He likewise oblig'd himself to assist the Emperor on all occasions, and lastly granted absolution to him and all his Adherents. These Arti∣cles of Peace were solemnly publish'd in the Emperor's Camp, and within a short time that Prince was receiv'd into the Communion of the Church by the Pope's Legates, who carry'd this Treaty to Rome, where it was confirm'd in the general Council of the Lateran, held in the Year 1123. and publish'd in Rome. Thus ended the Quarrel about Investiture, which Lasted six and fifty Years, and which had caus'd so much disturbance to the Church and Empire. We shall farther illustrate this by some Reflexions on the Original and Use of Investitures.

The Word Investiture signifies the Grant of any Fief, Territory, Dignity, Place of Trust, or Pri∣vilege, * 1.35 made by a Lord to his Vassal or Client, or by a Prince to his Subject, upon condition that he prove Faithfull to him, and do him all the Service and Duty requir'd of him. This Investiture was perform'd with certain Ceremonies, by putting into the person's hands to whom it was granted something as a Symbol or Sign of the Donation then made, such as a piece of Turf, a Staff, Green Boughs, the Ornaments or the Habits of the Dignity or Place of Trust, or other such like Tokens, which had resemblance to, or denoted the thing given. The Christian Church, which in the Pri∣mitive times had no other Goods than those of the Voluntary Oblations of the Faithful, or the Revenues of such Estates as had been bestow'd upon it by private persons, began in the time of Pepin, and Charlemagne to be possess'd of a great many Fiefs, with which those Princes enrich'd it. This render'd the Bishops and Abbots more considerable in the State, and engag'd them to take an Oath of Fealty and Homage to their Prince for the Fiefs which they held of him, to supply him with a Certain Number of Soldiers for the Wars, to go themselves thither in person, to concern themselves with the Affairs of the State, and to discharge the other Duties to which they were bound by virtue of the Fiefs and Dignities which they enjoy'd. According to Ancient Custom, af∣ter the death of those who had those Fiefs, the Lord of the Manner enter'd into the Possession of them and held them, till such time as the Heir or successor were invested anew, and had taken the Oath of Fealty and Homage. Upon this Account after the Death of a Bishop, the Princes and Lords en∣ter'd into the Possession of his Fiefs, and held them till such time as the person elected in his stead had receiv'd Investiture from them, and had taken the Oath of Homage and Fealty. In process of time this Prerogative extended to all the other. Revenues left by the Bishop, and the Princes granted indifferently the Investiture of all the Revenues of the Bishoprick to the person who was elected Cano∣nically before he was Consecrated, but they never pretended by this Ceremony to confer any Spiri∣tual Power or Mission to the Bishops. Some are of Opinion that this Right of Investiture was granted to Charlemagne by Pope Adrian, as 'tis related by Gratian Distinct. 63. Ch. Adrianus, which is taken out of the Chronicon of Sigebert of Gemblours, wherein 'tis said that that Pope in a Council held at Rome in the Year 774. granted to Charlemagne the Right of Electing Popes, and order'd that all Arch-Bishops and Bishops within his Dominions should receive Investiture at his hands before they were Consecrated. But most of the Learned are perswaded that this matter of Fact is forged, be∣cause neither Eginard who wrote the Life of Charlemagne, nor any other Cotemporary Author, make any mention either of this Grant, or of Charlemagne's, going to Rome this Year. This Consti∣tution notwithstanding is cited by Leo viij. who renew'd it in favour of Otho 1. both with respect to the Election of the Pope, and to the Investiture of Bishops. But thô we cannot found the Original of Investitures upon Gratian's Chapter intitled Adrianus, which is at least doubtful, yet we may be certain that this Custom commenc'd a long time before Otho, and soon after Charlemagne, and that it was observ'd not only by the Emperors, but likewise by the Kings of France and England, and by most of the other Christian Princes.

We are not certain what Ceremony was us'd at first in the Investiture of Bishops and Abbots; but * 1.36 'tis very probable that they made use of the Crosier, or the Ring, the Marks and Tokens of their Dignity; as the Custom was with regard to secular Offices. We find in the Author of the Life of St. Romanus Arch-Bishop of Roan, that when this Saint, was Elected, the Great men about Court una∣nimously advis'd the King to approve his Election, and that that Prince ('twas Clovis 2. or his Father Dagobert) having conven'd the Bishops and Abbots, gave him the Pastoral Rod, in consequence whereof he was Consecrated. The Author of the Life of Aldric Bishop of Mans, tells us that after the Election of that Bishop made in the Year 832. Lewis the Gentle having taken the Pastoral Rod from the hands of Landramnus Arch-Bishop of Tours, the Metropolitan of Mans, gave it to Aldric, and in giving it to him, committed to him the Care and management of that Bishoprick. Glaber in the Life of King Robert, relates that that Prince desiring to gratify an Abbot who had presented him with a sine Horse, demanded the Crosier of him, and that having put it into the hand of our Saviour's Statue, bad the Abbot take it again, and by Virtue thereof to enjoy his Dignity, without any man∣ner of Dependance. We find that in the tenth Century, this Custom was become Common in Ger∣many, and that those who were instituted into Bishopricks, carry'd the Pastoral Rod, and the other Ensigns of their Dignity, even before they were Consecrated. Ivo of Chartres takes notice that the King had inducted him into his Bishoprick, by giving him the Pastoral Rod. However this Cere∣mony was not so general nor so necessary, but it was sometimes omitted, or supply'd by some other. Investiture might be given by Writing, or by word of Mouth, or even by a dumb sign. Several Authors tell us that the Emperor Henry II. conferr'd the Bishoprick of Paderborne on Meinvercus, by presenting him with one of his Gloves. Let this Account be how it will, 'tis certain that 'tis a

thing very indifferent with what Ceremony, or after what manner the Investiture was conferr'd. Yet there can be no question made but that commonly in granting the Investitures of Bishopricks and Abbeys they made use of the Pastoral Staff, to which they afterwards join'd the Ring, because these were the Tokens and Ensigns of the Episcopal Dignity.

When this quarrel about Investitures first began, it was not the Ceremony, but the thing it self * 1.37 which rais'd the Heat; and Gregory VII. in prohibiting Investitures, not only oppos'd those which were perform'd by the Pastoral Rod and Ring, but in general all manner of Investitures of Benefices gran∣ted by Laicks. The principal reason that induced him to prohibit them was, that it very much hin∣der'd the Liberty of Elections, and render'd Princes the Masters and sole Disposers of all Benefices. For when a person canonically Elected could not enjoy his Benefice, nor be Consecrated till he had receiv'd Investiture from his Prince, it was unavoidably requisite before they proceeded to an Electi∣on to know whether the Person they had an Eye to were agreable to the Prince or no; and in case they Elected one who was not so, the Election would be Invalid. By this means it absolutely de∣pended on the Will of the Prince to confer Bishopricks and Abbeys on whomsoever he pleas'd. Of∣tentimes he granted them as a Reward for some Service done, or to the man who was the highest bid∣der. This was that Abuse which mov'd Gregory VII. absolutely to prohibit all Investitures of Benefi∣ces; and he carry'd it so high, as to forbid Bishops taking an Oath of Homage and Fealty to their Princes. Victor III. and Urban II. his Immediate Successors prohibited likewise in general all manner of Investitures. Ivo of Chartres tells us that Urban only forbad Princes the Corporal Investiture: but that he never prohibited them from concerning them with an Election to which they had a Right, as being Heads of the People, and that he had not taken away from them the Right of Concession. However that Pope in the Council of Clermont absolutely prohibited all Investitures, and even the Bishop's Oath of Fealty to their Prince.

It was in the time of Pope Paschal II. that they began to have a more particular design upon the * 1.38 Ceremony of granting them by the Rod and Ring; and hence they rais'd a fresh Argument against Investitures, by looking upon those Ornaments as tokens of the Ecclesiastical Power appertaining to the Altar; from whence 'twas Concluded that the Prince in making use of this Ceremony seem'd to conser the Ecclesiastical Power. 'Tis thus that Paschal explain'd himself in the Conference which he held at Chalons with the Emperor's Deputies; and 'tis chiefly upon this Reason those men argu'd, who look'd upon Investitures as an Heresy worse than Simony. The Princes on their side urg'd to no pur∣pose, that they did not pretend by this Ceremony to bestow any Spiritual Power: That their Inten∣tion was only to invest the Bishops, as they did the other Lords, with the Temporalities which be∣long'd to the Church by the Grants of Princes. But the Enemies to this Right to render it the more odious would perswade us that this Ceremony had another meaning. The Accommodation which was set on foot between Pope Paschal II. and the Emperor Henry V. entirely remov'd the Difficulty: For it took away from the Bishops all the Fiefs and other Temporalities which they possess'd by the Donation of the Emperors since Charlemagne, which were the only Ones for which the Princes could justly demand the Right of Investitures; but it divested the Churches of great, real and solid Goods, for a chimerical, fanciful Independance: The Bishops likewise did not relish this Accommodation, and so it came to nothing. The forc'd Concession of Investitures made by Pope Paschal was resen∣ted by some as an Heresy, and consider'd by others as a Dangerous Relaxation. There were some who would have it pass for a necessary Toleration, and others for a thing reasonable and Lawful.

In the Beginning of the Popedom of Calixtus II. the Difficulty seem'd to be reduc'd to the Cere∣mony * 1.39 of Investiture with the Ring and Rod: At least those who were concern'd in the Negotiation thought so. Henry V. was very ready to renounce this, provide it did not prejudice his Prerogative; and if the Bishops and Abbots would hold their Fiefs and Royalties of him; take to him the Oaths of Allegiance, and pay him all the Dues to which they were oblig'd by virtue of the Estates which they possess'd. But the Pope always insisted upon a General Prohibition of Receiving any manner of Investiture or Ecclesiastical Benefices at the hands of Laicks; to which the Emperor would never consent. The French themselves would not admit this Prohibition to extend to Bishopricks and Abbeys.

In short the last Accommodation made between Pope Calixtus and Henry was a great deal more Advan∣tageous * 1.40 to the Princes than the Ecclesiasticks. For the Princes pretended to these three things. (1.) That no Election of Bishops or Abbots ought to be made without their Consent. (2.) That the Person Elected ought to receive Investiture with the Pastoral Rod and Ring before he was Consecrated. (3.) That he was oblig'd to take an Oath of Fealty to them, and do them Homage for the Fiefs and Royalties which were dependent on them. Now by this Treaty it was granted to them (1.) That the Elections of Bishops and Abbots should be made in their Presence and Consequently with their Consent. (2.) That in Germany the Bishop Elect shall be invested with the Royalties (that is all the Estates which he holds of the Crown, by the Sceptre, before his Consecration; and in the other States within six Months after his Consecration. (3.) It preserves to them all the Dues and Services to which the Bishops were oblig'd by Virtue of their Fiefs and Royalties. So that all the Alteration it made to the ancient Custom of the Emperors consisted (1.) In that it took away the Ceremony of Inve∣stiture by the Pastoral Rod and Ring, and order'd that it should be done with the Sceptre. (2.) That it restrain'd this Ceremony precisely to the Royalties, that is, to such Fiefs and other Estates which the Bishops held of the Crown. (3.) In that it permitted the Consecration of Bishops out of Germany before they had receiv'd Investiture, yet upon condition that they should receive it within six Months after.

The Treaty made between Pope Calixtus II. and the Emperor Henry V. was executed on both sides. * 1.41 But Lotharius, Henry's Successor, in the time of the Schism which was between Pope Innocent II. and his Adversary Peter de Leon, thought he had a favourable opportunity of re-entring upon the Right of Investiture. He made this Proposal in the Conference which he had with Pope Innocent at Liege, letting him know that he would not acknowledge him but upon this Condition. This very much startled the Roman Prelates, but Saint Bernard perswaded that Prince not to insist on this Pretension, and things remain'd in the same state wherein they were before.

This is what relates to the Empire: As to France the Kings had never any Contest with the Popes * 1.42 about Investitures: They enjoy'd them quietly even in the time of Gregory VII. who was not indeed pleas'd at it, but durst not fall out with France upon that Subject. Under the succeeding Popes the Kings of France left off giving Investiture by the Pastoral Rod and Ring, and were pleas'd to confer it by a Writing or by Word of Mouth; so that the Popes whose chief design was to abolish that Exter∣nal Ceremony, left them in the quiet enjoyment of their Prerogative.

This Affair made a greater Noise in England than in France: For S. Anselm willing to be confor∣mable * 1.43 to the Decrees of the Popes against Investitures, refus'd to pay Homage and Fealty to the Kings. This Contest lasted a great many years, and neither the Popes, nor the Kings of Eng∣lahd would yield the point: But at last they both conform'd themselves to the Regulation of Ca∣lixtus II.

The Right of Investitures was not the Peculiar Prerogative of Emperors and Kings; but Dukes, * 1.44 Counts and other Lords who had Bishopricks or Abbeys in their States, possessing Fiefs or Revenues in their Dominions, did likewise enjoy the same Right. Thus it appears by a Letter wrote by Gre∣gory VII. to Radulphus Arch-Bishop of Tours, that the Counts of Bretagne had been in possession of the Right of granting Investitures to Bishops, since that Pope commends them for having receded from that Custom which they had so long enjoy'd, in compliance to the Holy See. Saint Anselm tells us likewise that Robert Count of Flanders had been us'd to invest the Abbots after their Election. Ivo of Chartres in several places takes notice, that Robert Duke of Normandy granted Investiture to the Bishops and Abbots of that Province. The Counts of Champagne, Anjou and Savoy had the same Custom, and even the petty Lords assum'd this Privilege to themselves: As the Lord of Rotrou, whom we find in the Chartulary of St. Denys of Nogent, to have granted to Hubert the Investiture of that Abbey with the Crosier, so that when Gregory VII. and the other Popes condemn'd Investitures, this did not only Extend to Emperors and Kings, but likewise to Dukes Marquises, Counts, and in general to every Lay Person whether Man or Woman.

The Lateran Council which approv'd of the Treaty about Investitures, made between Pope Calix∣tus * 1.45 and the Emperor Henry, is that which is call'd the first general Lateran Council. It was held in March A. D. 1123. and compos'd of three hundred Prelates or thereabouts, according to the Testimony of Sugerus Abbot of Saint Denys, who was present at the Council, a more creditable Witness than the Abbot of Usperge, who reckons four hundred Twenty Six; and than Pandulphus who tells us of almost a Thousand. There were two and Twenty Canons made in this Council.

The First renews the Canons made against the Simoniacal, and ordains that all those who shall have obtain'd any Ecclesiastical Dignity for Money, shall be turn'd out of it.

The Second forbids the bestowing the Dignities of a Provost, Arch-Priest or Dean on any but Priests, or that of Arch-deacon on any other but Deacons.

The Third renews the Prohibitions made by the Laws of the Church against Clerks having Wives or Concubines, or to live with Women, excepting such as are exempted in the Canon of the Council of Nice.

The Fourth Imports that the Laicks, how pious soever they may be, shall not have the Disposal of the Revenues of the Church, and that this shall be Peculiar to Bishops, and declares those Princes and Laicks who shall attribute it to themselves Sacrilegious.

The Fifth renews the Prohibition of Marriages among Relations.

The Sixth declares the Ordinations made by the Arch-Heretick Burdin after his Condemnation, and those that had been made by the false Bishops whom he had ordain'd, to be Null and Void.

The Seventh Prohibits Arch-deacons, Arch-Priests, Provosts and Deans from giving any Benefices ha∣ving the Charge of Souls, or Prebends, without the Consent and Approbation of the Bishop.

The Eighth pronounces an Anathema against any Person whatsoever who shall sieze upon the Town of Benevento.

The Ninth renews the Prohibitions made in the Canons, against admitting those who had been Ex∣communicated by their Bishop to the Communion.

The Tenth prohibits the Consecrating of a Bishop, who has not been Elected Canonically.

The Eleventh grants remission of Sins to those who go to Jerusalem to aid the Christians against the Infidels, puts their Persons, their Families, and their Estates under the Protection of the Holy See; prohibits the offering any Violence to them under the Pain of Excommunication; and enjoyns all those, who were Cross'd to go into the Holy Land, or into Spain, and who having chang'd their Minds, had laid aside their Cross, to take it up again, and go that expedition within a year under the Pain of Excommunication.

The Twelfth abolishes the Custom of siezing on the Estates of those who dy'd without Heirs.

The Thirteenth Orders that they shall be declar'd Excommunicated who shall violate the Truce en∣joyn'd for Certain Days.

The Fourteenth prohibits Laicks from seizing on any Oblations made to Churches, and from inclosing any Churches within the Bounds of Castles.

The Fifteenth is against Counterfeit Coiners.

The Sixteenth Excommunicates those who Rob or exact any Tribute from the Pilgrims who go to Rome or to any other Places of Devotion.

The Seventeenth prohibits Abbots and Monks, from admitting Sinners to Publick Pennance, from visi∣ting the Sick, from performing the Extream Unction, and from singing Solemn and publick Masses, and enjoyns them to receive from their Bishop the holy Chrism, the holy Oyls, and Ordination.

The Eighteenth enjoyns that the Curats shall be Established by the Bishops, and that no person shall receive a Church or Tenths from the hand of Laicks without the Consent of the Bishop.

The Nineteenth imports that the Monasteries shall continue to pay the Bishops the Services and Duties which they have paid them since the time of Gregory VII. and it takes away from Abbots and Monks the Right of claiming the Possession of Thirty years, in order to hold those Churches which belong to the Bishops.

The Twentieth provides for the Security of the Church Revenues.

The Twenty first does again prohibit Priests, Deacons, Sub-Deacons and Monks from having Wives or Concubines, and Declares the Marriages which they have contracted, Null. This is the Canon which expressly pronounces the Nullity of the Marriages of such Persons as are in holy Orders.

The Twenty second declares the Alienations of Church Revenues made by Bishops, Abbots, or any other Ecclesiasticks Null, and Void.

This is the Summary of what we have left of the general Lateran Council, held under Pope Calix∣tus II. who dy'd the Year after. To compleat the History of those three Popes already mention'd, we have nothing more to do, than to give you an Extract of the Letters which they wrote.

Paschal II. was he who wrote most; of which a Collection is made of an hundred and seven, * 1.46 without reckoning the Fragments of several others which are to be met with in Gratian, and in the other Collectors of Canons.

In the First he congratulates those Persons of the Croisade in the Holy Land, for the Victories they had gain'd.

In the Second he confirms the Establishment of a new Monastery in the Diocess of Chalons, and the Treaty which had been made between the Religious of that Monastery and those of Moleme by the Arch-Bishop of Lions according to the order he had receiv'd from Urban II.

In the Third he commends Saint Anselm Arch-Bishop of Canterbury for the Stedfastness he shew'd in standing up for the Rights of the Church.

In the Fourth directed to Bernard Arch-Bishop of Toledo, he confirm'd the Primacy of that Church.

The Fifth and Sixth are not two distinct Letters. The former of the two is only a fragment of the latter, whose inscription has been chang'd: It is directed to an Arch-Bishop of Poland, who scru∣pled to take an Oath to the Pope, in receiving the Pall. He therein magnifies the Dignity and Au∣thority of the Church of Rome, and the Necessity of the Pall.

The Seventh is directed to Robert. Count of Flanders, whom he commends for having executed his Orders touching the Church of Cambray; and whom he exhorts to persecute the Emperor Henry IV. and the Inhabitants of Liege, to whom that Prince was retir'd.

The Clergy of Liege having procur'd a Copy of this Letter return'd a very smart reply to it: Wherein they made it appear how contrary that Order which the Pope gave in this Letter of making War against them, was to the Spirit of the Church, and to the Charity which the Pope, the Com∣mon Father of all the Faithful, ought to bear towards all the Churches. They say that they could not tell how to believe that the Pope had approv'd of the Destruction of the Church of Cambray, and the Outrages which had been there committed, had they not learn'd from his own Mouth, that all this was done by his Order; without mentioning the dividing of that Bishoprick into two, and the Expul∣sion of Gautier who was Bishop thereof. They make mention of several Instances to prove that one ought not to make use of the Sword, or engage in a War to put the Sentences of Excommunication in Execution: That moreover they have done nothing which deserv'd either Death or Excommunication: That they were Excommunicated only because they had paid to their Lawful Soveraign the Respect which they ow'd him, according as they were oblig'd by the Law of God: That they are not Simo∣niacal, but on the Contrary avoid those who are so, and that they have no less abhorence to those who pretending to give Ecclesiastical Graces for nothing, sell them under a pretence of Charity: That in fact they had not been Excommunicated by their Arch-Bishop, and that they suppos'd they had not been Excommunicated by the Pope, since he could not do it without hearing them first. That no one could say that they were Excommunicated, because they Communicated with their Bishop, who would not fail in his Duty towards his Prince, since therein that Prelate had done his Duty, and had greater Reason to fear the Curse which God had pronounc'd against those who obey'd not his Com∣mandments, than that which some Popes have within a while invented against those who would not be Rebels to their Lawful Prince: That the Holy Fathers inform us that Kings ought not to be Ex∣communicated, or at least but very rarely: That according to Ancient Custom they stand to the De∣cisions of their Metropolitan and of their Provincial Synod, and they did not recognize those Legates à Latere, who ran from place to place to enrich themselves, and who reform'd neither Manners nor Discipline, but were the Cause of rifling Churches and of the Wars: That they liv'd as Regular Clerks, according to the Rule of the Canon. Lastly, they inveigh'd against the Memory of Gre∣gory VII. who was the first that stirr'd up the People against their Emperor, and was for extending the Spiritual Power of binding and unbinding even to Temporalities; which they prov'd to be con∣trary to the Maxims and Practice of the Popes his Predecessors.

The Eighth Letter of Paschal is directed to the Clergy and People of Bamberg, to whom he re∣commends Otho their Bishop Elect.

By the Ninth directed to Henry King of England he exhorts that Prince to renounce his Right of Investitures.

By the Tenth he advises Didasus Bishop of Compostella, to take care that his Clergy live regularly, to hinder forbidden Marriages, and not to suffer the Monks to live with the Nuns.

The Eleventh is the Bull of Canonization of Peter Bishop of Anagnia, by which he orders that his Feast should be celebrated on the third of August.

In the Twelfth directed to Gebehard Bishop of Constance, and to Oderick Bishop of Passaw, he de∣termines that those who unwillingly converse with Excommunicated persons by necessity or in duty, are not liable to Excommunication.

By the thirteenth he cites the Laity and Clergy of Augsburgh, who accus'd their Bishop; and

By The fourteenth congratulates their being reconcil'd to him.

By the fifteenth he advises the Clergy and Laity of Arles to Elect another Arch-Bishop in the place of Gibbeline, who had been made Patriarch of Jerusalem.

In the sixteenth he congratulates S. Anselm for his being reconcil'd to the King of England, and grants him a Power of absolving those who had opposed the Decrees of the Holy See about the In∣vestitures of Benefices granted by Laicks, or who had done Homage to the King for Ecclesiastical Preferments.

In the Seventeenth he advises Gerard Arch-Bishop of York to submit to the Arch-Bishop of Canterbury.

By the Eighteenth he writes to Baldwin King of Jerusalem, to subject all the Churches which shall be conquer'd by him to the Church of Jerusalem as their Metropolitan.

In the Nineteenth he grants this Privilege to Gibeline Patriarch of Jerusalem.

In the Twentieth, he declares to Bernard Patriarch of Antioch, that he did not thereby intend to prejudice his Rights.

In the Twenty first he orders Uraca, the Daughter of the King of Castile, to part from Alphonso King of Arragon her Kinsman in the third Degree.

The Twenty second is the Draught of a Bull which he had thought of making, according to the first agreement which he had made with the Emperor Henry V. whereby he enjoyns the Bishops and Ab∣bots of Germany to abandon all the Fiefs and other Estates which they held of the Empire, upon Condition that the Emperor should make no pretension to the Estates which had not been bestow'd on the Church by the Emperor.

The Twenty third is written to John Cardinal Bishop of Frescati, to Leo of Verceil, and to other Cardinals, who were met at Rome to Cancel the Decree of Pope Paschal, whereby he had granted the Right of Investiture to the Emperor Henry.

In the Twenty fourth directed to Guy Arch-Bishop of Vienna, he himself cancels this Decree, and declares the Concession null and void.

In the Twenty fifth he advertises the Clergy of Augsburgh, that he had interdicted their Bishop five Years ago, upon the Complaints that had been preferr'd against him; and that since that Bishop never appear'd to clear himself of the Crimes laid to his Charge, he thought it not convenient to take off the Interdiction pronounc'd against him.

In the Twenty sixth, he refers this Affair to the Determination of Arnulphus Arch-Bishop of Mentz.

The Twenty seventh directed to the Chapter of Augsburgh does not at all agree with the two for∣mer. For he therein excuses the Bishop of Augsburgh, and refers his Affair to Guy Bishop of Coire; which has made Baronius suppose that it was surreptitious.

In the Twenty Ninth written to the Patriarch of Antioch, he renews the Declaration which he had formerly made; that by the Letter which he had written in favour of the Patriarch of Jerusalem, he did not pretend to prejudice the Rights of the Church of Antioch. He wrote the same thing to Bald∣win King of Jerusalem by the Twenty Ninth.

In the Thirtieth he wrote word to Henry King of England that he would not meddle with the Rights and Privileges of the Church of Canterbury.

In the Thirty first directed to the same Prince he complains of their having turn'd Turstin Arch-Bishop of York out of his Church, without having observ'd any forms of Justice.

In the Thirty second written to Pontius Abbot of Cluny, he orders that in the Communion they should give the Bread and Wine apart, which was contrary to the Custom of Cluny, where sometimes they dip'd the Host in the Wine. However he excepts Infants and Infirm persons.

In the Thirty third he sent word to Daimbert Arch-Bishop of Sens, that he had Consecrated him who had been Elected Bishop of Paris without prejudicing the Rights of the Church of Sens.

By the Thirty fourth directed to Lambert Bishop of Arras, he confirms the Disunion which had been made by his Predecessor Urban II. of the Bishoprick of Arras, from that of Cambray; gives two Arch-Deaconries to the former, and orders it should enjoy all the Territories which depended on it formerly.

By the Thirty fifth he wrote word to the Bishops of the Provinces of Rheims, Sens, and Tours, that he had commission'd them with Lambert Bishop of Arras, to give King Philip Absolution, in case he would sincerely part with Bertrarda. To this Letter is annex'd the Oath which that Prince and Ber∣trarda took at Paris in the Year 1104. in the presence of those Bishops, to have nothing more to do with each other.

In the Thirty sixth he Commissions Daimbert Arch-Bishop of Sens to try the Difference which was between the Abbot of Vezelay and the Abbot of Flavigny.

The Thirty seventh is the Bull of the Legation of Gerard Bishop of Angoulême, in the Provinces of Bourges▪ Bourdeaux; Auche▪ Tours and Bretagne.

In the Thirty eighth directed to Norigand Bishop of Autun, he confirms his Election, and orders that he shall freely enjoy all the Revenues of his Church.

The next written to Stephen Bishop of Autun contains some thing like the former.

The Six next Letters are directed to Saint Anselm Arch-Bishop of Canterbury. In the forty se∣cond he answers to several questions which that Arch-Bishop had proposed, especially about the In∣vestitures of Churches, and he therein determines that a Bishop may receive Ecclesiastical Reve∣nues from the hands of Laicks, who bestow them on the Church, provided it were within his own Diocess, but that he ought not to receive those which are in another Diocess, and that Abbots ought not to receive them but from the hands of Bishops: That one might not receive a Church from the King, as a Recompence of those Ecclesiastical Revenues which he had seiz'd upon: That an Ecclesiastick ought not to pay Homage to a Lay Prince: That the Sons of Priests may be admitted into Holy Or∣ders: That it was better in case of extremity one should receive the Viaticum from the hands of a Married Priest, rather than not receive it at all.

In the forty sixth, he wrote word to the Clergy of Terrouane, that they ought not to suffer any Mar∣ry'd Clergy amongst them.

The forty seventh is a Privilege granted to the Monastery of St. Sophia near Benevento.

The forty eighth directed to Richard Arch-Bishop of Narbonne, is a confirmation of the Revenues and Privileges appertaining to that Arch-Bishoprick, with Prohibitions against making any attempts on them.

In the forty ninth he prohibits two Abbots from admitting into Communion two persons Excommu∣nicated by the Arch-Bishop of Narbonne.

In the fiftieth directed to Rhotard Arch-Bishop of Mentz, he wrote against the Inves•…•…res of Chur∣ches, which Princes made with the Pastoral Rod and Ring. He therein renews the Decree of the Council of Placenza under Urban II. against the Clerks Ordain'd during the Schism, and refers to a Council to determine how they ought to proceed against Excommunicate and Schismatical persons who had procur'd themselves to be Ordain'd Bishops.

The fifty first is a Privilege granted to the Abbey of Vezelay.

The five next Letters are written in favour of that Abbey.

The fifty seventh and eighth confirm the re-establishment of the Bishop of Arras.

In the two next he nominates Umpires to decide the difference between the Clergy of Arras and the Monks of St. Vaast.

The next Letters to the seventy sixth are particularly in favour of the Abbey of Cluny. He grants that Abbot a Power of wearing the Mitre and the Crosier, and the Pontifical Habits: but forbids him to cause the Holy Chrism to be Consecrated in his Abbey.

In the seventy sixth he commends Otho Bishop of Bamberg, for not accepting of that Bishoprick from the hands of the Emperor.

In the seventy seventh, he recommends to the Clergy of Paris, Gualon their Bishop, and exhorts them to joyn with him in the recovery and preservation of the Revenues of their Church. He therein pro∣hibits the Great Prebendaries from exacting Homage from the Demi-Prebendaries.

The four next are directed to Guy Arch-Bishop of Vienna, Legate of the Holy See: In the first he confirms to him his Privileges: In the second and third he orders him to determine the difference which was between the Canons of Besanzon and those of St. Stephen in the same City: And in the last he confirms what that Arch-Bishop had done in the Council of Vienna. The Contest between the Canons of St. John and St. Stephen of Besanzon was about the Right of the Cathedral. The Pope had referr'd the Determination thereof to William the Predecessor of Guy; afterwards the Cause was heard at Rome: The Pope there order'd that in case the Canons of St. Stephen could prove that they had been in quiet possession of the right of the Cathedral for thirty years past, they should enjoy it without any more dispute. It was upon this and several other differences that their Cause was referr'd to the Arch-Bishop of Besanzon, who having call'd a Council at Tornus, in the Year 1115. found that the Canons of St. Stephen produc'd very sorry Witnesses to prove their Possession, and thereupon adjudg'd the Right to the Chapter of St. John. Pope Paschal was not satisfied with this Sentence, as appears by his third Letter written to Guy; but Calixtus II. confirm'd the Judgment of the Coun∣cil of Tornus. But this did not put an end to the Dispute, till Cardinal Hugh united those two Chur∣ches by a Treaty concluded between them, An. Dom. 1253.

In the eighty fourth, he confirms the Limits granted to the Cittadel of Velitra by Gregory VII.

In the eighty fifth, he wrote word to William Arch-Bishop of Melphi, that he put down the Bishop∣rick established in the Burrough of Lavella, and confirms the Privileges of the Church of Melphi.

In the eighty sixth directed to Guy Bishop of Pavia, he confirm'd the Rights and Privileges of the Church of Pavia.

Most of the following Letters are confirmations of Privileges.

The ninety sixth, ninety seventh, ninety ninth, the hundredth, hundredth and first and second are written to Henry King of England, and to St. Anselm about Investitures, and about the Prohibition made against admitting the Sons of Priests into Orders.

The next Letters are likewise directed to the same Persons, and have regard to the Affairs of Eng∣land; such as the Institution of the Bishoprick of Ely, and the Translation of Radulphus from the Bi∣shoprick of Rochester to the Arch-Bishoprick of Canterbury. In the ninety eighth directed to Osborn Bishop of Exon, he determines that he ought to allow the Monks to have a Church-yard within their Monastery to Bury their Dead.

These Letters are followed by several fragments of other Letters Attributed to this Pope, in the Col∣lection of Gratian, several of which are against the Laicks who were for conferring the Investiture of

Churches, or seiz'd on their Revenues; others about Tenths; some whereby the Monks were pro∣hibited from claiming the Rights which belong'd to Bishops, or from exempting themselves from their Jurisdiction; and others against Marriages between Relations.

Pope Gelasus II. being but a short time on the Chair, wrote but a very few Letters. * 1.47

In the first directed to all the Prelates of the Kingdom of France, he gives them to understand that the Emperor being unexspectedly come to Rome had drove him thence, and that afterwards he threatned to do him all the mischief he could, if he would not grant him what he desir'd. That he had return'd this Answer to him, that he was ready to determine the difference which was between the Church and the Empire, at Milan or at Cremona, about St. Luke's-day, by those whom God had appointed to be Judges in the Church: That notwithstanding this proposal, he had set on the Chair Maurice Arch-Bi∣shop of Brague, Excommunicated by his Predecessor Pope Paschal: That thanks be to God the Empe∣ror had not been favour'd by any of the Romans in this his proceeding; but only by those of the Faction of Guibert. He exhorts the Prelates of that Kingdom to find out ways of vindicating the Ho∣nour of the Church.

The second directed to Bernard of Toledo, is upon the same Subject.

In the third he exhorts the Clergy and Laity of Rome to have no Correspondence with Maurice the Intruder, who was both Perjur'd and Excommunicated.

In the fourth, he Congratulates Gautier Arch-Bishop of Ravenna, his being advanc'd to that Arch-Bishoprick, and the re-union which he had procur'd between that Church and the Holy See; in pur∣suance whereof, he restores to the Arch-Bishoprick of Ravenna all the Bishopricks of Aemilia, which had been taken away from it during the Schism, and granted him the Pall.

In the fifth he recommends to the Christians who were at the Siege of Saragossa to receive him whom he had Consecrated Arch-Bishop of that City, and grants Indulgences to all who should Die in that Expedition.

The sixth and seventh are Privileges granted to the Abbey of Cluny.

Calixtus II. wrote more Letters. * 1.48

By the first he informs Adalbert Arch-Bishop of Mentz of his Election to the Popedom.

The second is a confirmation of the Constitutions of the Order of Cisteaux.

The third is a Confirmation of the Privileges, Rights, and Revenues of the Church of Vienna.

The fourth is written to the Bishops of France, about the taking of Maurice Burdin.

The fifth is a Congratulatory Letter to the Emperor Henry V. upon the Conclusion of the Treaty which he had made with the Holy See about Investitures.

By the sixth he confirms the Privileges of the Church of Brague.

By the seventh and eighth those of the Church of Bamberg.

By the ninth and tenth those of the Abbey of Vendome.

In the eleventh, he refers to the Bishop of Langres a difference which was between the Monastery of St. Peter the Lively of Sens, and the Abbots of Molesin, and of St. Rhemy of Rheims.

The next are written in favour of the Chapter of St. John of Besanzon, to whom he adjudg'd the Right of the Cathedral.

The four next are Privileges granted to the Abbey of Tornus.

The twenty first and second are other Privileges granted to the Abbey of Cluny.

The twenty third is a Letter of Compliment to King Lewis the Gross, to whom he recommends his Legat.

The twenty fourth is directed to Gerbert Bishop of Paris: He therein orders that all the Churches and Abbeys of his Diocess shall be subject to him, and that the Canon of his Church who had been made a Bishop, shall no longer hold his Prebend.

In the twenty fifth, he permits a certain Lord of Germany to found a Monastery; upon Condition, that the Revenues which he bestow'd should be under the Protection of the Holy See, to which than Monastery should give every fourth Year an Albe and some white Vestments; and that neither he 〈◊〉〈◊〉 his Successors should have any thing to do with what related to the Monastery.

In the twenty sixth and seventh, he approves the Institution of the Regular Canons in the Churches of Benriad and Berchgetesgaden.

By the twenty eighth, he Establishes Gerard Bishop of Angoulême, his Legat in the Provinces of Bour∣ges, Bourdeaux, Auche, Tours, and Bretagne.

In the twenty ninth directed to the Bishops of Orleans and Paris, he confirms the Prohibitions made by his Legat against Celebrating Divine Service, where-ever William the Son of Count Robert, who had Marry'd the Daughter of the Count Angers his Kinsman, should be.

In the thirtieth directed to Pontius Abbot of Aniana, he adjudg'd to that Abbot a Priory, which was Contested between him and the Arch-Bishop of Arles, and the Monks of the Abbey de la Chaise-Dieu.

In the thirty first and second, he order'd that those who pillag'd the Revenues of the Village of Mon∣godin, belonging to the Chapter of Mascon, shall be Excommunicated.

In the four next, he confirms the Primacy of the Arch-Bishoprick of Toledo.

To these Letters is annex'd a Letter of Lewis the Gross, directed to that Pope, as an Answer to that which he had sent into France upon the taking of Burdin; wherein, after he had declar'd to him the Joy he conceiv'd at this Success, he returns him thanks for having superseded for a while the Sen∣tence pass'd against the Arch-Bishop of Sens, in favour of the Arch-Bishop of Lions, and desires he would be pleas'd wholly to revoke it, observing to him that he had laid this business very much to heart, and would expose himself and his Kingdom to the utmost dangers, rather than put up such an Affront. He puts his Holiness in mind of the great services which the Kings of France had always done to the

Holy See, and of those which in a particular manner he had done for him by being present at the Coun∣cil of Rheims, wherein he had more regard to the Honour of the Holy See than to his own Interest. He conjur'd him as an acknowledgment - of those good turns, that he would be pleas'd to preserve the Church of Sens in its Ancient Liberty, which could not be taken away from it by a Privilege granted by Stealth, and without his knowledge, to the Arch-Bishop of Lions.

The four Sermons upon St. James attributed to Calixtus II. Publish'd by Mariana, and inserted in the Bibliotheca Patrum, are supposititious pieces, and unworthy of that Pope.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The Ele∣ction of Paschal II.
• * 1.2

  The Death of Guibert. The Anti-popes who succeeded him.
• * 1.3

  The Designs of Paschal II. against the Empe∣ror Henry.
• * 1.4

  The Council of Rome under Pas∣chal II. against the Emperor Henry.
• * 1.5

  The Rebel∣lion of Hen∣ry V. a∣gainst his Father.
• * 1.6

  The Assem∣bly of Nor∣thusa in the Tear 1105.
• * 1.7

  The War between the two Henries.
• * 1.8

  Henry IV. is cast into Prison and Dethron'd.
• * 1.9

  Henry IV. retires to Liege, and issues forth a Declara∣tion.
• * 1.10

  The Reply of his Son Henry.
• * 1.11

  The Death of Henry IV.
• * 1.12

  The Council of Guastal∣la, in the Year 1106.
• * 1.13

  The Contest between the P••pe and the Emperor concerning Investi∣tures. The Rea∣sons al∣ledg'd by the Empe∣ror's Depu∣ties for the Investi∣tures.
• * 1.14

  The Rea∣sons al∣ledg'd by the Pope's Deputies for the In∣vestitures. The break∣ing up of the Confe∣rence about Investi∣tures. The Council of Troyes in the Year 1107.
• * 1.15

  The Empe∣ror's Jour∣ney into I∣taly.
• * 1.16

  The Treaty between the Pope and the Emperor.
• * 1.17

  The Pope and Cardi∣nals appre∣hended by the Empe∣ror's Order.
• * 1.18

  The Pope grants the Right of Investi∣tures to the Emperor.
• * 1.19

  The Grant of Inve∣stitures disapprov'd by the Car∣dinals.
• * 1.20

  The Coun∣cil of La∣teran in the Year 1112.
• * 1.21

  The De∣crees a∣gainst Hen∣ry upon the account of Investi∣tures.
• * 1.22

  The Empe∣ror Henry V's. second Journey in∣to Italy.
• * 1.23

  The Late∣ran Coun∣cil in the Year 1116.
• † 1.24

  This is a bold assertion, and fit only for a Pope, an infallible Pope to make; but how true it is, we with him appeal to the Determination of the whole World.
• * 1.25

  Henry en∣ters Rome, Paschal with-draws.
• * 1.26

  Paschal re∣turns to Rome.
• * 1.27

  Gelasus II, Elected Pope.
• * 1.28

  Henry comes to Rome and causes Maurice Burdin to be Pro∣claimed Pope.
• * 1.29

  The Electi∣on of Ca∣lixtus II.
• * 1.30

  The Confe∣rence be∣tween the Emperor and Wil∣liam of Cham∣peaux con∣cerning In∣vestitures.
• * 1.31

  The Coun∣cil of Rheims in the Year 1119.
• * 1.32

  The Nego∣tiation between the Pope and the Emperor.
• * 1.33

  Calixtus Il. is re∣ceiv'd into Rome and Burdin shamefully divested.
• * 1.34

  The Treaty between Calixtus II. and Henry. V.
• * 1.35

  The Origi∣nal and Progress of Investi∣tures.
• * 1.36

  The Cere∣monies us'd in Investi∣tures.
• * 1.37

  The Begin∣ning of the Contest a∣bout Inve∣stitures.
• * 1.38

  The State of the Con∣test in the time of Pas∣chal II.
• * 1.39

  The State of the Que∣stion under Calixtus II.
• * 1.40

  Remarks upon the Treaty con∣cluded be∣tween Ca∣lixtus II. and Hen∣ry V.
• * 1.41

  The Exe∣cution of the Treaty made with Henry.
• * 1.42

  The Cu∣stom of France with re∣spect to In∣vestitures.
• * 1.43

  The Custom of Eng∣land with respect to the same.
• * 1.44

  Investi∣tures gran∣ted to Pet∣ty Princes.
• * 1.45

  The first general Lateran Council in the year 1123.
• * 1.46

  The Letters of Paschal II.
• * 1.47

  The Letters of Gelasus II.
• * 1.48

  The Letters of Calixtus II.