A new history of ecclesiastical writers containing an account of the authors of the several books of the Old and New Testament, of the lives and writings of the primitive fathers, an abridgement and catalogue of their works ... also a compendious history of the councils, with chronological tables of the whole / written in French by Lewis Ellies du Pin.

CHAP. VI. (Book 6)

An Account of the Church of Rome, and of the Popes who Succeeded Gregory VII. to the end of this Cen∣tury.

AFTER the Death of Gregory VII. the Cardinals and the Clergy of Rome had their * 1.1 Eyes upon Didier Abbot of Mount Cassin, to advance him to the Popedom. Some Authors say that Gregory VII. had recommended him to them, before he Died. He was descended from a noble Family of Benevento, and had spent all his Life in the Mona∣stery of Mount Cassin. He at first refus'd the Dignity which was offer'd him; so that the Holy See remain'd Vacant for almost a whole Year. In the mean time Guilbert the Anti-pope became Master of one part of the Churches of Rome, and would fain have been ac∣knowledg'd for lawful Pope. The Cardinals and Bishops who acknowledg'd Gregory, to prevent Guilbert's design, came to Rome about Easter in the Year, 1086. with the Prince of Salerno, and Duke Roger, to proceed to the Election of a Pope. When they were there, they renew'd their Importunities to Didier, to engage him to accept of the Popedom; but he would never expresly consent to it. However, they Elected him, and having taken him by force, carry'd him to the Church of S. Lucia to proclaim him Pope under the Name of VICTOR III. But when they were about to put on him the Pontifical Robes, he made so great a Resistance, that they could not put his Albe on him, but only cast a red Chappe about his Body. Four Days after he left Rome, and when he came to Terracina, threw off all the Ensigns of the Pontificate, and retir'd to Mount Cassin, where he liv'd pri∣vately, and could by no means be prevail'd upon to be Ordain'd. But the Year after in a Council held at Capua during Lent, he yielded to the Intreaties of Duke Roger, of the Prince of Capua and of the Bishops, reassum'd the Purple and the Pontifical Cross; and af∣ter he had spent the Easter Holidays in his Monastery, was Conducted to Rome by the Princes of Salerno and Capua, who having taken the Church of S. Peter by force from Guilbert, caus'd Victor to be Ordain'd by the Bishops of Ostia, Frescati, Pavia and Albania, and plac'd him on the Papal Chair, May the 9th in the same Year. This Election was not only oppos'd by the Favourers of Guilbert, but also by Hugh, who from the Bishoprick of Dia was translated to the Arch-bishoprick of Lions, and pretended to the Popedom; by the Arch-bishop of Aix and by Cardinal Richard Abbot of Marseilles, who were underhand supported by the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia, who had himself likewise some Votes on his side. The Arch-bishop of Lions was the greatest opposet of Victor's Ordination, and wrote * 1.2 against him two Letters to the Princess Matilda, to hinder her from acknowledging and assisting him: Accusing him of holding correspondence with the Emperor Henry. But these Letters made no impression on the Mind of that Princess; on the contrary she came forth∣with to Rome with some Forces, and retook from Guilbert that part of the City of Rome which he was possess'd of, and the Castle of S. Angelo. Within a while after, the Romans who favour'd that Antipope, being got together, assaulted the Church of S. Peter on the Vigil of that Apostle's Festival, and oblig'd those who held out for Victor to throw them∣selves into the Castle of S. Angelo. The two Parties continued these Acts of Hostility for several Days together. But at last Victor desisted, and retired to his Monastery; from whence he went out in August, to hold a Council at Benevento, compos'd of the Bishops of * 1.3 Apulia and Calabria; wherein he made a Speech against Guilbert, and issu'd out a fresh Anathema against him. He therein likewise excommunicated the Arch-bishop of Lions, and Richard Abbot of Marseilles; renew'd the Prohibitions against receiving Benefices from the Hands of Lay Patrons, and the Penalties inflicted on those who were guilty of Simony;

and prohibits the receiving the Communion from the Hands of excommunicated and simo∣nical Persons. Victor fell Sick during this Council, which oblig'd him to return immediately to Mount Cassin, where he died September the 16th 1087. after he had recommended Otto Bishop of Ostia for his Successor.

Otto was a French Man of Chatillon upon the Marne in the Diocess of Rheims. He had * 1.4 been taken out of the Monastery of Cluny to be Cardinal, and had done signal Services for Gregory VII. who had sent him Legat into Germany against King Henry. He could not be Elected immediately after the Death of Victor; because the Cardinals and the Bi∣shops were dispers'd. The Countess Matilda conven'd them again at Terracina the be∣ginning of Lent in the Year ensuing, whither John Bishop of Porto, brought the Consent of the absent Cardinals; and Benedict Prefect of Rome, brought a Commission from the People of that City, to acknowledge him who should be elected Pope by the Assembly. Otto was proclaim'd by the Cardinal Bishops of Porto, Frescati, and Albany, and the Choice confirm'd by the whole Assembly. They gave him the Name of Urban II. and plac'd him on the Papal Chair. Upon his departure from Terracina, he went to Mount Cassin, where they say that he was miraculously Cur'd of a Pain in his Side, by S. Benedict who appear'd to him, and who assur'd him that his Body was reposited in that Monastery. Roger and Beaumont the Counts of Apulia and Calabria, waited upon him in that Place, and carry'd him along with them into Apulia. He was almost constantly resident on their Territories or in Campania, and went now and then to Rome, which sometimes favour'd Guilbert, and sometimes Him. For Guilbert was at first turn'd out by the Romans, and oblig'd to renounce the Popedom. Afterwards he was receiv'd there in the Year, 1091. retook the Castle of S. Angelo, and continued Lord of that City, so long as the Emperor Henry had the bet∣ter of it: But his Son Conrad revolting in the Year, 1093. and in League with Welpho Duke of Italy, whom Urban had got to Marry the Princess Matilda; Guilbert's Faction began to grow weaker, and Conrad whom that Pope favour'd in his Revolt, caus'd Urban to be ac∣knowledg'd in Lombardy, and to be receiv'd in Placenza, where he held a famous Coun∣cil in the Year, 1095. He went from thence into France, where he call'd a Council at Clermont in Auvergne, wherein he gave in the Project of the grand CROISADE, which was perform'd under his Popedom in the East. When he return'd into Italy, he at last be∣came Master of Rome, tho' Guilbert had a great many Favourers in that City. He dy'd there July the 29th in the Year, 1099.

The Register of this Pope's Letters is lost: Those that are left us are as follow.

Urban's first Letter, is a Privilege granted to the Monastery of Bantino, which the Pope * 1.5 had founded at the Instance of the Dukes Roger and Beaumont.

The Second and Third are directed to the Arch-bishops of Toledo and Tarragon, about their Primacy.

In the Fourth, he prescribes to the Arch-bishop of Milan the method he ought to use in reconciling those who had been ordain'd during the Schism: Which is to order them to come at the time wherein he gives the Blessing, and the Imposition of Hands, that is, at the time of Ordination, and to perform all the Ceremonies with relation to them, except the Unction.

By the Fifth, he confirms to the Arch-bishop of Bari or Canosa, the dignity of Metropo∣litan, and grants him the Pall.

In the Sixth, he exhorts the Dukes Roger and Beaumont to protect the Abbot and Monks of Bantino, against the Lords who persecuted them, and seiz'd upon their Estates.

In the Seventh, he grants the Arch-bishoprick of Tarragon to the Bishop of Vich, which Berenger Count of Barcelona had lately re-establish'd and Peopled with Christians.

In the Eighth, he sent word to the Clergy and People of Chartres, that he approv'd of the Choice which they had made of Yves for their Bishop in the place of Geofrey who had been depos'd, and that he would send him to them, after he had Consecrated him. By the following Letter he acquainted Richerus Arch-bishop of Sens with the same thing, who had refus'd to Consecrate him, and injoyns him to receive him, and to use him kindly. This Letter is follow'd by a Discourse of that Pope, which contains a great many Instructions in a few Words, directed to Yves of Chartres after his Consecration.

The Tenth is a Privilege granted by the Pope and Duke Roger to the Monastery of Cave.

The Eleventh and Twelfth contain the Confirmation of the Privileges granted to the Ca∣nons of S. Martin of Tours.

The Thirteenth is a kind of Declaration which the Pope made to Roger Count of Ca∣labria and Sicily, that he would not send any Legat into his Dominions without his Consent: That he and the Princes his Successors shall be the innate Legats of the Holy See in their own Territories: And that when the Pope shall send for any Bishops or Abbots of their Country, he gives them leave to send whom they pleas'd, and retain those whom they should think fit.

In the Fourteenth, he advertises the Count Radulphus, that the Clerks ought to be Subject to none beside their Bishops, and that secular Persons have no Jurisdiction over them.

In the Fifteenth he interdicts a Priest of Salerno, who held a Church as the Patronage of a Laick, and pronounces the same Penalty against all those who receiv'd the Investiture of Benefices from any beside their Bishops.

By the Sixteenth he acquaints Alexius the Emperor of Constantinople, of the great num∣ber of those engag'd in the CROISADE for the Relief of the Christians of the East, and exhorts him to assist them in their Expedition.

In the Seventeenth, he replies to Lucius Provost of S. Iuvensius of Pavia upon several Que∣stions which he had proposed to him. In this Letter he proves that all manner of Selling Ecclesiastical Things is Simony. And as to what that Provost had demanded, whether the Ordinations and Sacraments administred by the Simoniacal, by the Adulterous, or by any other notorious Offenders, were valid: He replies, that in case they be not separated from the Church by Schism or Heresy, their Ordinations are valid, and their Sacraments Holy and Venerable: That however his Predecessors Pope Nicholas II. and Pope Gre∣gory VII. had prohibited the assisting at the Mass of such Priests as were guilty of these Ir∣regularities, in order to bring them to Pennance: But as to Schismaticks and Hereticks, that they have indeed the Form of the Sacraments, but not the Power and Efficacy of them; and that they do not produce their Effect, till those who have received them are re∣concil'd to the Church by the imposition of Hands.

The Eighteenth is a confirmation of the Privileges granted to the Arch-bishop of Sa∣lerno.

In the Nineteenth, he acquaints two Abbots of Fossombrona, that he had excommuni∣cated and depos'd Guezilon Arch-bishop of Maience, who was Consecrated by excommuni∣cated Persons.

In the Twentieth, directed to the Arch-bishop of Sens and other Bishops of France, he declares that no Bishop has any power of absolving the King of France, whom he had ex∣communicated.

In the One and twentieth, he wrote to the Arch-bishop of Lions to use his utmost En∣deavours to oblige an Abbot to return to his Abbey, who was withdrawn to lead an heremitical Life.

The ancient Collection of Urban's Letters contains only these One and Twenty: There have been several others added since of which a new Collection is made under other Heads.

The first of these is a Letter directed to Gebehard Bishop of Constance, about the Dif∣ficulties he met with in executing the Excommunications thunder'd out by Gregory VII. He therein determines, (1.) That Guilbert and King Henry are Excommunicated. (2.) That all those who assist them are Excommunicated likewise. (3.) That those who Communi∣cate with these Excommunicated Persons to the third Degree, ought not to be admitted into the Communion of the Church till they have been Absolv'd. (4.) That he will make an Order in a general Council concerning the Clerks who have been ordain'd by excommu∣nicated Bishops; but that in the mean time, they ought to hold their Orders, who have been ordain'd without Simony by Catholick, tho' excommunicated Bishops, after they had been enjoyn'd Pennance: But yet they should not be permitted to take upon them any higher Order without urgent Necessity. (5.) That he ought to turn out of the clerical Order all those who are guilty of a Crime which deserves to be punish'd according to Law, whether they have committed it before or after their Ordination. Lastly, he makes that Bishop, as well as the Bishop of Passaw, Vicar of the Holy See for the Ecclesiastical Affairs of Germany.

The Second is directed to Robert Count of Flanders, whom he exhorts to suffer the Church to enjoy the Revenues which belong to it. Notwithstanding this Remonstrance, that Prince continu'd to rifle the Revenues of the Church; whereupon the Clergy of Flan∣ders preferr'd their Complaints against him to the Arch-bishop of Rheims, who order'd in a Council held in the Year, 1092. that Robert should restore to the Churches what he had taken away from them, under the pain of Excommunication. That Prince obey'd, and dy'd within a short time after.

The next Fourteen relate to the re-establishment of the Bishoprick of Arras.

In the Seventeenth, directed to Pibo Bishop of Toul, he renews the Decrees of Gre∣gory VII. against the Simoniacal, and those who kept Concubines; and the Decree which prohibits the Children of Priests from entring into Holy Orders. He repeats what he had said in his Letter to Gebehard concerning Ordinations which were perform'd by excom∣municated Persons. He excommunicates the Simoniacal, and declares that the Churches which they Consecrate, ought to be Consecrated over again by a Catholick Bishop. He leaves to the pleasure of Bishops, the receiving or rejecting those who are ordain'd without a Title. Lastly, He renews the Law which forbids Holy Orders to those who were guilty of Bigamy.

In the Eighteenth, he permits Richerus Arch-bishop of Sens, to bestow some Livings on some Regular Canons.

In the Nineteenth, he answers Hugh Arch-bishop of Lions, that he may, if he thinks fit, admit of the Ordinations of the Clerks of his Diocess, who have receiv'd Orders from the Hands of another Bishop, if there be no other defect in their Ordination.

In the Twentieth, he admonishes the Bishop of Laon, not to take away from the Monks of S. Remy of Rheims, a Church which they had in his Diocess, and determines in the ge∣neral, that all the Churches which the Monks have been in Possession of for Thirty or Forty years together, shall still be Theirs.

In the One and twentieth, he recommends to Count Raimond and the People of Narbonne, their Arch-bishop Dalmatius, and orders them to cause Restitution to be made to the Church of Narbonne, of all the Revenues which belong to it.

In the Two and twentieth, he orders the Abbot of Tomeri to restore several Revenues which he had taken from the Church of Narbonne, and the Monastery of S. Cucufato of Barcelona. By the next Letter he refers that Affair to Rainier his Legat upon the place.

The Nine next Letters concern the Primacy of the Church of Toledo.

The Thirty third, contains an Agreement between the Monks of S. Aubin of Angers, and the Monks of Trinity of Vendome.

By the Four and thirtieth, he enjoyns the Count of Poitiers to restore several Revenues which he had taken away from the Monastery of Vendome.

In the Five and thirtieth, he upbraids the Arch-bishop of Rheims and the Bishops his Suf∣fragans, for having permitted the King of France to part from his Wife, and to Marry one of his Kindred, and for that the Bishop of Senlis had bless'd him upon the Marriage. He exhorts them to reprove the King, to prevail upon him to turn to his Duty, to set at Li∣berty Ives of Chartres, and if he did not obey, to excommunicate him, and interdict his Kingdom.

These Letters are follow'd by a Collection of several Letters of Reginald Arch-bishop of Rheims, of Pope Urban, of Lambert Bishop of Arras, and of several others written about the Ordination of that Bishop of Arras, who having been elected by the Clergy and Laity of that City, had been deny'd Ordination by the Arch-bishop of Rheims. Pope Urban being inform'd thereof, enjoyns that Arch-bishop to ordain him. Instead of doing it, he sent him to Rome, where the Pope ordain'd him himself. The Arch-bishop of Rheims was oblig'd to approve of this Ordination, and he wrote to Rob•…•… ••ount of Flanders in his behalf. The Pope when he went into France, sent for Lambert 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••he Council of Clermont. That Bishop was taken Prisoner as he was going through Provence, and set at Liberty afterwards at the Pope's desire, who gave him a very kind reception, confirm'd the Privileges of the Church of Arras, and depos'd Gaucher Bishop of Cambray. Sometime after the Arch-bishop of Rheims wrote to Lambert against a Lord who had Plunder'd and Burnt a Village belong∣ing to the Church of Cambray. This is the Subject Matter of the Letters we men∣tion'd.

Pope Urban held several Councils; the first at Rome in the Year, 1089. wherein he confirm'd all that Gregory VII. had done against Guilbert. Several Lords propos'd to the * 1.6 Emperor Henry, to abandon Guilbert, for the procuring of Peace to the Empire and the Church. He was well enough inclin'd to it, but was diverted from it by his Bishops, who fear'd being depos'd as well as Guilbert.

The same year Urban held a Council at Melphi, wherein he renew'd the Decrees against the Simoniacal, and concerning the Celibacy of those who were in Holy Orders. He there∣in * 1.7 enjoyns that none should be admitted into Holy Orders but such as had led chast Lives, and had never been Marry'd to any more than one Woman: That none should be or∣dain'd Sub-deacon before he was Fourteen years old, nor Deacon before One and twenty, nor Priest before Thirty. He therein prohibits Laicks from granting the Donation of Churches, without the Consent of the Bishop or the Pope: And Abbots from exacting Mony of those who took upon them the Monastical Habit. He therein abolish'd the Custom of Exempt Clerks, who either were in the Service of great Lords or depended on them. He therein declares the Sons of Priests uncapable of entring into Holy Orders, unless they have taken upon them the Monastical Habit; and he advises Ecclesiasticks to behave themselves modestly. This is the Subject Matter of the Sixteen Canons made in that Council, which was held in the presence of Count Roger.

The Legats of this Pope, held a Council at Toulose in the Year, 1090. wherein they made several Decrees about Discipline. The Arch-bishop of Toulose clear'd himself in this * 1.8 Council, and they there resolv'd to send Legats to Toledo for the re-establishing of the Faith.

In the Year 1691. August the 1st, Urban held a Council at Benevento, wherein he re∣new'd the Condemnations issu'd out against Guilbert, and made Four Canons. By the First, he prohibits the Electing any one for Bishop who is not in Holy Orders, that is, ac∣cording to his Explication, who is not Deacon or Priest: And with respect to Sub-deacons, he enjoyns, that they cannot be promoted to Episcopacy, unless upon an extraordinary oc∣casion, and with the Permission of the Holy See. In the Second, he suspends ab officio the

Chaplains who are nominated and paid by Lay-Patrons, without the consent of the Bishop. In the Third he prohibits the receiving Clerks, who were Strangers, without Letters Dimis∣sory from their Bishop. In the fourth, Laicks are forbid the eating of Flesh after Ashwednesday, and all the Faithful of both Sexs are enjoyn'd to put Ashes on their Heads on that Day: It is likewise order'd that no Marriage shall be Solemniz'd from Septuagesima Sunday till after the Octave of Whitsontide, and from the first Sunday in Advent till after the Octave of Epiphany.

In the Year, 1093. he held a Council in a City of Apulia, call'd Troyes, wherein he re∣new'd * 1.9 the Prohibitions against contracting Marriages between Kindred.

In the Year, 1094. Gebehard Bishop of Constance, his Legat in Germany, held a Council in his City against incontinent and simoniacal Clerks. He likewise order'd that Ember Week in March should be held the first Week in Lent, and that in June the Whitson Week, and that there should be no more than three Holydays at Easter and Whitsontide; for till then they were us'd to keep Holyday all the Week long. The Princess Praxedis, Henry the Emperors Wife, appear'd before that Council, and discover'd a great many Enormities, which she said she had been constrain'd by her Husband to commit.

She made the same Declaration before the Pope, in the Council held at Plaisance in the Year, 1095. during Lent, which was so numerous that they were forc'd to hold the As∣sembly in the open Field. Philip King of France sent his Ambassadors thither to excuse his not appearing. The Pope allow'd him time till Whitsontide. Hugh Arch-bishop of Lions was Suspended in this Council, because he neither appear'd there himself, nor sent any De∣puty to excuse him. The Pope gave audience to the Ambassadors of the Emperor of Con∣stantinople, who demanded assistance against the Infidels, and he engag'd the Lords who were there present to promise to go into the East for that purpose: This was the first step towards the CROISADE, which was fully resolv'd upon in the Council of Clermont. There were likewise several Rules of Discipline made in this Council, by which it is or∣der'd that those who will not part with their Concubines, or pardon their Enemies, or were habituated in any mortal Sin, should not be admitted to the Holy Communion. That the Priests shall admit none to Pennance but those who shall be referr'd to them by the Bishops. That the Eucharist shall not be deny'd to those, who shall confess themselves as they ought. They renew'd likewise the Decrees against the Simoniacal, and the Inconti∣nent, and the Judgments pass'd against the Heresy of Berenger, against Guilbert, and against those who were ordain'd by Schismaticks.

Urban going into France, in November, 1095. held a Council at Clerment in Auvergne, * 1.10 which was compos'd of Thirteen Arch-bishops, and a great many Bishops their Suffragans; wherein he confirms the Decrees of the Council of Plaisance, and made other new ones; publish'd the CROISADE for the East; excommunicated King Philip; confirm'd the Primacy of the Arch-bishop of Lions, and made a great many other Institutions. These are the things we will speak of more particularly, and will begin with the Excommunica∣tion of Philip I. King of France. This Prince had put away his Wife Bertha, the Daugh∣ter * 1.11 of Florentius the chief Count of Holland, and of Gertrude of Saxony, for being too nigh a Kin to him. This Divorce having been made in form by the Authority of the Church in the Year, 1086. and in pursuance of a juridical Sentence, the King banish d her to Monstrevil a Sea Port, and look'd after another Wife. At first he courted the Daughter of Roger Count of Sicily, nam'd Emma, who was carry'd to the Borders of Provence; but the Match broke off, perhaps because she did not think it safe to Marry a Prince who had another Wife Living. Bertrade the Daughter of Simon of Montfert, who had Marry'd Fulcus Rechinus Count of Anjou, pleas'd the King, and she made no scruple to part from her Husband and Marry him: She was the Kings Relation in the fifth or sixth Degree, and Rechinus her Husband, in the third or fourth Degree. Besides, if Philip were free as he pretended, Bertrade was not, her first Marriage being still valid. All these considerations were of no weight to King Philip, who surmounted them all, and resolv'd upon solemnizing this Marriage with Bertrade publickly. He fix'd upon a Day to celebrate it at Paris, and sent for Reginald Arch-bishop of Rheims, Yves of Chartres, and several other Prelats to render the Solemnity the more Authentick. Yves of Chartres sent the King word, that he could not be there, nor could he consent to, or approve of that Marriage, because his Di∣vorce from Bertha had not as yet been confirm'd by the Authority of the Holy See, and because Bertrade could not Marry him, being another Man's Wife. He sent likewise word to the Arch-bishop of Rheims; that he ought not to celebrate this Marriage, but rather to disswade the King from it. Lastly, he wrote to Hugh Arch-bishop of Lions (who because of this business refus'd to take upon him the quality of Legat of the Holy See in France) telling him that he ought to be inspirited with a Holy Zeal in order to oppose this Criminal Proceeding of the King. Notwithstanding this, Philip Marry'd Bertrade, and found out a Bishop who dar'd to Marry them for the Revenue of some Churches which the King gave * 1.12 him. Hugh of Lions at the instance of Yves of Chartres held a Council at Autun October the 16th in the Year, 1094. wherein he excommunicated Philip, because he had Married a second Wife whilst the first was Living. In this Council he likewise renew'd the Excom∣munications

against the Emperor Henry, and against the Antipope Guilbert; and the De∣crees against the Simony and Incontinence of the Clergy; and prohibited Monks from usurping the functions and rights of Curats. Pope Urban suspended the execution of this Decree against Philip, and cited him to the Council of Plaisance, whither he sent, as we mention'd before, his Ambassadors, who obtain'd a farther Respite till Whitsontide. After∣wards when Urban was come to France, the King sent his Deputies before him, to endea∣vour to work the Pope into a good Disposition, and to prevail upon him to cancel the Ex∣communication, and to confirm his Marriage: But the Pope being prevented by the Let∣ters of Yves of Chartres, refus'd to grant him what he desir'd, and wrote to the Arch-bishops and Bishops of France ordering them to exhort the King to do Pennance for his Fault, and to part from Bertrade: Yves of Chartres was the only Person who did it with Resolution, which was the cause of his being persecuted, and taken Prisoner. The Pope perceiving that all his Admonitions prov'd ineffectual, in the Council of Clermont thunder'd out a Bull of Excommunication against King Philip, and his Concubine Bertrade.

As to the CROISADE set on foot for the relief of the Christians in the East, Gre∣gory * 1.13 VII. was the first promoter of it, but could not put it into practice because of his dif∣ferences with the Emperor. Victor III. notwithstanding the difficulties he labour'd under, found out a Means of sending an Hundred thousand fighting Men into Africa against the Infidels. Urban in imitation of those great Exemplars, and being importun'd by the Let∣ters of Alexius Emperor of the East, and by the remonstrances of Peter the Hermit, a Gentleman of Picardy near Amiens, who had brought a Letter from Jerusalem from the Patriarch Simeon, who conjur'd the Christians to free the Holy Land from the Tyranny of the Turks, did so animate the By-standers, by his warm and pathetical Discourses to un∣dertake the Conquering of the Holy Land, and so far prevail'd upon all the Prelats to make use of the same Exhortations in their Diocesses, that within a very short time an infinite number of Men were listed for that Service, and took a Voyage by Sea under the Conduct of a great many Princes and Persons of Quality. The Badge which the Soldiers wore was a Red Cross sew'd on the left Shoulder, and the Military Word, Deo placet.

We have not all the Canons which were made in this Council of Clermont compleat, but only an Abridgment of them, of which the largest is that which was made by Lambert Bi∣shop * 1.14 of Arras, who was, as we said before, at that Council. They are Two and thirty in all. The First takes notice of the Days wherein the Breach of the Peace or Truce of God was made. The Second imports, that the Voyage of those who went to Jerusalem out of Devotion to deliver the Church of that City, shall serve them instead of all manner of Pen∣nances. The Third, that the Deaneries of Churches shall be bestow'd only on Priests; and the Arch-deaconeries only on Deacons. The Fourth, that the Clerks shall not bear Arms. The Fifth, that Laicks cannot be chosen Bishops, and that those who are Elected, shall be Sub-deacons at least. The Sixth, that no Person shall Sell Prebendships or any other Be∣nefices, and that those who shall give any Mony for them, shall resign them into the Hands of the Bishop. The Seventh, that the Altars bestow'd on the Congregations of Monks or Canons, after the Death of those who gave them shall be at the Disposal of the Bishops, if they have not been confirm'd to them by their Letters. The Eighth, that no Person shall exact any Duty for Burial. The Ninth and Tenth are against those Clerks who keep Con∣cubines. The Eleventh prohibits the promoting to Holy Orders and to Ecclesiastical Dig∣nities the Sons of Concubines; or the bestowing any Benefices upon them unless they have embrac'd the monastical or canonical Life. The Twelfth, Thirteenth and Fourteenth pro∣hibit one and the same Person from holding two Prebendships, or two Livings in the same, or in several Churches, and from altering the Title. The Fifteenth prohibits the receiving the investiture of Livings from Lay Patrons. The Sixteenth prohibits Kings and Princes from granting the investiture of Livings. The Seventeenth prohibits Bishops and Priests from taking an Oath of Allegiance to Kings or any other Laick. The Eighteenth prohibits Laicks from having Chaplains Independent on the Bishop. The Nineteenth and Twen∣tieth prohibit them from detaining the Tenths or Churches. The One and Two and twen∣tieth prohibit the granting Absolution to those who are in possession of another's Right, un∣less they make Restitution; and to those who live in the habitual Commission of any mortal Sin. The Three and twentieth prohibits Christians from Eating Flesh from Ash-wednesday till Easter. The Four and twentieth fixes the times of Ordination, viz. the four Ember Weeks, and the Saturday of the third Week in Lent: And declares that if it were possible, they should continue their Fast till Sunday Morning, that so the Celebration of Holy Orders might be on that Day. The Five and twentieth imports, that the Children of Priests, Deacons, and Sub-deacons shall not be promoted to Holy Orders, if they be not either Monks or regular Canons. The Six and twentieth, that on Holy Saturday the Fast shall last till Night. The Seven and twentieth, that the Ember Week in Spring shall be always the first Week of Lent, and that in Summer in the Whitson Week. The Eight and twentieth, that all those who shall communicate at the Altar shall receive the Body and Blood of JESUS CHRIST under both Kinds, if there be no necessity or provi∣sion

made for the Contrary. The Nine and twentieth and Thirtieth, that those who fly to a Cross, when pursued by their Enemies, shall be as secure as those who fly into a Church: And that they shall not be deliver'd up to Justice, till they are assur'd that no Violence shall be offer'd to their Lives or Members. The One and thirtieth anathematizes those who shall seize on the Revenues of the Church. And the Two and thirtieth declares that those who shall apprehend or imprison a Bishop, shall be in perpetual Disgrace, and never capable of bearing Arms.

In this very Council Pope Urban confirm'd the Primacy of the Arch-bishop of Lions, in * 1.15 opposition to the Arch-bishop of Sens, as 'tis intimated in the Bull of Confirmation, dated the first of December in the Year, 1095. publish'd by Monsieur de Marca, with an inge∣nious Discourse of his own about Primacies. Richerus Arch-bishop of Sens would not sub∣mit to this Constitution; but Hugh Arch-bishop of Lions, got it ratified in the two suc∣ceeding Councils held at Tours and at Nismes: and Urban oblig'd Danibert, who succeeded Richerus, to promise that he would acknowledge the Arch-bishop of Lions for his Primat. Urban likewise in this Council adjusted the Difference which was between the Arch-bishop of Tours and the Monks of the Monastery of S. Martins, upon condition that that Arch-bishop should not have any Station, nor perform any Office in their Church, nor be capa∣ble of Excommunicating them: Only they should receive Holy Orders and the other Sacra∣ments from the Hands of the Arch-bishop of Tours.

Before the Council of Clermont broke up, the Pope appointed another Council at Tours, * 1.16 to be held in Lent the Year ensuing; and in his Journey thither he held a Council at Li∣moges in December, 1095. wherein 'tis said that he depos'd Humboldus Bishop of that City. When he arriv'd at Tours he held a Council there according to Appointment, wherein he renew'd his Exhortations to engage all manner of Persons to undertake the Expedition to the Holy-Land, and adjusted the Differences of several Monasteries. From thence he went to Nismes, where he held another Council, wherein he gave Absolution to King Philip, who promis'd to part from Bertrade; and made Sixteen Canons.

By the First all Bishops are prohibited from bestowing Altars, Churches or Prebendships for Mony: And a reservation is made to the Monks of the Altars and Tenths which they have been in possession of for Thirty Years past, upon condition that they pay the yearly Quit-••ent. It is therein likewise order'd that the Monks shall not institute and induct Priests into the Churches which they possess, without the Consent of the Bishop: That they shall be instituted and inducted into them by the Bishop with the Approbation of the Abbot, and that they shall be accountable to the Bishop for the Spiritualities, and to the Abbot for the Temporalities.

By the Second and Third it is prov'd by several Authorities, that the Monks may ad∣minister the Sacraments, and take upon them the Care of Souls.

The Fourth sets a Brand of Infamy upon, and Excommunicates those who dare to make the Ecclesiasticks Prisoners.

The Fifth enjoyns that after the Death of the Bishop, two Persons of Probity shall be made choice of to take care of the Revenues of his Church, and to preserve them for the use of his Successor: And excommunicates all that shall seize on them; and interdicts the Cathedral Church and the Churches that depend upon it.

The Sixth and Seventh excommunicate the Laicks who possess or detain the Revenues of the Church.

The Eighth injoyns that those who shall receive Benefices from the Hands of Laicks shall be Suspended ab officio.

The Ninth, That those who leave a small Church to go to a great one, shall lose both of them.

The Tenth, that those who Marry their Relations shall be Excommunicated.

The Eleventh, that Ravishers who are Kill'd in the very Rape, without having done Pen∣nance, shall be depriv'd of Christian Burial, and of the Prayers of the Church.

The Twelfth, that the Priests who are guilty of Fornication shall be Depos'd.

The Thirteenth, that young Women shall not be Marry'd before they are twelve Years old.

The Fourteenth, that it is not Lawful to alien the Revenues given to the Church, nor to cite Clerks before secular Judges.

The Fifteenth, that Bishops shall not entertain those who have been Excommunicated by other Bishops.

The Sixteenth, that Monks shall not grant Burial to, nor admit to Divine Service Per∣sons who are Excommunicated, Suspended, or are guilty of Rape. * 1.17

When the Pope was return'd to Italy, he held a Council at Bari in the Year, 1098. wherein S. Anselmn disputed against the Greeks about the Procession of the HOLY GHOST. He held likewise another Council about the end of the same Year at Rome, of which we have no Monument, except his granting a farther time to the King of England. Lastly, in the Year, 1099. he call'd a grand Council at Rome the last of March, wherein he Published Eighteen Canons, which are only a Repetition of the Canons of the Council of Pla∣cenza,

and of the other last Councils, against the Simoniacal, and the Usurpators of the Re∣venues of the Church.

The Canons of the Council of Clermont were publish'd and confirm'd in a Council held * 1.18 at Roan in the Year, 1096. under William Arch-bishop of that City, wherein Eight Ca∣nons were made, of which the first four are about that which they call the Truce of God: That is to say, the Days wherein it is prohibited to make War, and the Persons whom 'tis not Lawful to Assault. The Fifth reserves to the Churches all the Revenues of which they were in Possession of, and prohibits Laicks from exacting any thing from them. The Sixth prohibits likewise Laicks from giving Churches to, or taking them from Priests without the Consent of the Bishop; and prohibits in general all the Faithful from wearing long Hair. The Seventh imports that Laicks shall have no Ecclesiastical Courts of Judicature. And the Eighth, that the Priests shall not be Vassals to Laicks.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Victor III.
• * 1.2

  The Letters of Hugh Arch-bishop of Lions.
• * 1.3

  The Coun∣cil of Be∣nevento under Victor III.
• * 1.4

  Urban II.
• * 1.5

  The Letters of Urban II.
• * 1.6

  The Coun∣cil of Rome, in the Year 1089.
• * 1.7

  The Coun∣cil of Melphi, in the Year 1089.
• * 1.8

  The Coun∣cil of Toulose, in the Year 1090. The Coun∣cil of Beneven∣to, in the Year 1091.
• * 1.9

  The Coun∣cil of Troyes in Apulia in the Year, 1093. The Coun∣cil of Con∣stance in the Year, 1094. The Coun∣cil of Plai∣sance in the Year, 1095.
• * 1.10

  The Coun∣cil of Cler∣mont in the Year, 1095.
• * 1.11

  King Phi∣lip I. Di∣vorc'd from Bertha.
• * 1.12

  The Coun∣cil of Au∣tun in the Year, 1094.
• * 1.13

  The CROI∣SADE under Ur∣ban II.
• * 1.14

  The Canons of the Council of Clermont.
• * 1.15

  The Confir∣mation of the Prima∣cy of Li∣ons.
• * 1.16

  The Coun∣cil of Li∣moges in the Year, 1095. The Coun∣cils of Tours and Nismes in the Year, 1096. The Canons of the Council of Nismes.
• * 1.17

  The Coun∣cils of Bari and Rome in the Year, 1098. The Council of Rome in the Year, 1099.
• * 1.18

  The Council of Roan in the Year, 1096.