A new history of ecclesiastical writers containing an account of the authors of the several books of the Old and New Testament, of the lives and writings of the primitive fathers, an abridgement and catalogue of their works ... also a compendious history of the councils, with chronological tables of the whole / written in French by Lewis Ellies du Pin.

HERVEUS Archbishop of Rheims.

HIS Successor was one HERVEUS, a young Lord belonging to Court, and Nephew to Count Hughbold. He was ordain'd by the unanimous consent of all the Bishops of the Pro∣vince. * 1.1 Immediately after his Ordination he soon render'd himself capable of governing his Diocess, and gain'd the Esteem and Love of all the World by his Charity to the Poor, by his sweet Temper, by his good Nature, and by the Zeal he expressed for the Welfare of the Church, and for Ecclesia∣stical Discipline. He held several Provincial Councils, wherein he discours'd very usefully of Reli∣gion, and of the Peace both of Church and State, and of the Conversion of the Normans, who a∣bout that time embrac'd the Christian Faith. It was for their sakes that he sent to Guy Archbishop of Roan a Letter containing three and twenty Articles extracted out of the Canons and Letters of the Popes, about the manner of treating those, who after they had been baptiz'd, had apostatiz'd, and afterward's return'd to the Church. In the Year 909. he held a Council at Trosly (a Village near * 1.2 Soissons) at which assisted the Archbishop of Roan, with the Bishops of Laon, Beauvais, Noyon, Cha∣lons, Soissons, Cambray, Meaux, Senlis, Terouane and Amiens; in which, after he had discours'd at large of the Miseries under which France groan'd, which he imputed to the Sins both of the Laity and the Clergy, he gave them very fine and large Instructions, grounded on several Passages of the Fathers and Canons of Councils. 1. Concerning the Honour and Respect due to Churches and to Ecclesiasticks. 2. Concerning the Duty and Allegiance which Bishops and Ecclesiasticks ow'd to their King, and concerning the Duties and Qualifications of a Prince. 3. Concerning the Reformation of those Abuses which were crept into the Monastick Life, and particularly concerning the Abbeys which were possess'd by Laicks. It was ordain'd that Abbots should be Religious Persons, well skill'd in the Regular Discipline; and that the Monks and Religious should live according to their Profession and Rule, praying for the Welfare of Kings, for the Peace of the Kingdom, and for the Tranquility of the Church, without concerning themselves with Secular Affairs, without hunting after the Pomps of this World, and without incroaching on the Rights and Priviledges of Ecclesiasticks: and that they might have no Excuse for stragling, the Abbots were enjoyn'd, or at least those who had the Go∣vernment of Monasteries in their Care, to provide them Necessaries. 4. Against those who either by violence, or by any other method, seiz'd on Church Lands: which he look'd upon as Sacrilege. 5. Against those who either abus'd or persecuted the Clergy. 6. Against those who would not pay Tenths, and the other Revenues belonging to the Church. The Duty of Tithes reached not only to the Fruits of the Earth, and to the Breed of Cattle, but likewise to those things which were the Profits of a Man's Industry and Labour. 7. Concerning the Rapines and Robberies so rise at that

time. He demonstrates the Enormity thereof, and shews the Obligation they lay under of making Restitution, before they could expect Absolution. 8. Against stealing young Women, and against clandestine or unlawful Marriages. 9. Concerning the Prohibitions renew'd so often by the Canons against Priests having Women amongst them. 10. Concerning the Chastity which all Christians were oblig'd to preserve in their Words and Actions. 11. Concerning the Obligation of keeping strictly to the Oaths they took, without being perjur'd. 12. Against quarrelsome Persons who took delight in Law-Suits and vexatious Prosecutions. 13. Against Homicides and Lyars. 14. Against the Abuse which then prevail'd of rifling the Goods of Bishops after their Decease. Upon this he advises that two or three of the neighbouring Bishops, upon the News of the Death of their Bro∣ther, should go and perform the last Offices over him. In the Conclusion, he exhorted the Bishops to refute the Errors of Phetius. Lastly, He sums up in a few words what Christians ought to be∣lieve and practice, and exhorts them faithfully to discharge their Duties.

In the Year 921. Herveus held another Council at the same place, wherein he took off the Ex∣communication * 1.3 issued out against Count Ertebold, who had seiz'd upon some of the Church Reve∣nues.

This Archbishop assisted Charles the Simple in his Expedition against the Hunns, who ravag'd Lor∣rain, and was the only Man who continued Loyal to that Prince, when he was abandon'd by the French Lords. In the Year 920. he brought him back to Rheims, and adjusted Matters betwixt him and his Lords, and re-establish'd him in his Kingdom. But within a short time after the Lords re∣volted again, and being met at Rheims, they elected King Robert, and Herveus was constrain'd to crown him. He did not survive this Coronation but four days, and dy'd in the Year 922. having presided over the Church of Rheims Two and twenty years lacking four days.

Robert caus'd Seulfus to be elected in his room, who was then Archdeacon of that Church. He had been the Disciple of Remy of Auxerra, who had instructed him in the Sciences, both Divine and * 1.4 Prophane. He was ordain'd by Abbo Bishop of Soissons, and by the other Bishops of the Province of Rheims. Eudes the Brother of Herveus, and a Nephew of that Name, were cited before him, being accus'd of Disloyalty to Robert; and they not justifying themselves, were strip'd of all the Reve∣nues of the Church of Rheims in their possession, and cast into Prison: the former in the Custody of Hebert Count of Vermandois; and the latter at Paris. In a Provincial Council held in the Year 923. he impos'd a Pennance on those who had born Arms in the War between Robert and Charles; and in another Council held in the Year 924. at Trosly, he put an end to the Difference which was between Count Isaac and Stephen Bishop of Cambray; the former paying an hundred pounds to the latter, for the wrong he had done to his Church. 'Tis said that Seulfus agreed with Hebert to resign the Arch-bishoprick to the Son of that Count. However the case was, Seulfus did not enjoy this Dignity long, being prison'd in the Year 925. by the order of Hebert as it is supposed.

Presently after his death that Count came to Rheims, and having called thither Abbo Bishop of Soissons, and Bauvo Bishop of Chalons, he caus'd his Son Hugh, who was not then above five years old, * 1.5 to be elected by the Clergy and People of Rheims. Afterwards he procured the Confirmation of this Election by King Radulphus, who committed the Temporalities of this Diocess to Hebert, till his Son came of Age to take upon himself the Government thereof. The Spiritualities were conferr'd by Pope John X. on Abbo Bishop of Soissons, so that Hebert became absolute Master of that Church, and drove out of it all the Clergy whom he suppos'd to be against his Interests, and among others Flodoard, as he himself informs us.

In the Year 927. King Radulphus and Count Hebert fell out upon the account of the Earldom of Laon, which Hebert would have had given to his Son Odo, and which the King desir'd to keep for * 1.6 himself. Hebert willing to rely on a Power which might support his Pretensions, had an Interview with Henry King of Germany, and struck up an Alliance with him. He caus'd a Council to be con∣ven'd the same Year at Trosly, notwithstanding the Prohibition of King Radulphus, which consisted of six Bishops of the Province of Rheims: Afterwards he deliver'd Charles the Simple out of Prison, brought him to S. Quintin, and procur'd an Interview between him and Radulphus Duke of Nor∣mandy: from whence he brought him to Rheims, and writ to Pope John X. for the restablishing of that Prince. This attempt oblig'd Radulphus to quit the City of Laon to Hebert, and to adjust Mat∣ters with him. Radulphus Duke of the Normans would not restore to Hebert his Son. Odo, till he had set Charles at liberty, and promis'd to obey him. At the same time Hebert invited to Rheims Odalric Archbishop of Aix, who had been turn'd out of his Church by the Saracens, that he might there discharge his Episcopal Functions; and to reward him, he gave him the Abby of S. Timotheus, with the Revenue of a Prebend.

France was then as it were parted between the great Lords, and the Regal Authority was ex∣treamly cramp'd. Hugh the White, Count of Paris, and Hebert, were two of the most powerful: * 1.7 Radulphus had the Title of King, and that little of the Regal Authority which remain'd. For Charles was the sport and pastime of all three. As soon as Hebert was reconcil'd to Radulphus, he threw Charles again into Prison; and Radulphus afterwards returning to Rheims, gave him a seeming sort of Liberty, which he did not long enjoy, dying on the Seventh of October in the Year 929. Af∣ter his Death Hugh and Hebert fell out, the Umbrage of which quarrel was, that the Latter had given Entertainment to several Vassals belonging to the former, and among others to Herluin Count * 1.8 of Monstreuil. Radulphus sided with his Brother-in-law Hugh and there was a warm War between them: but Radulphus having taken the City of Rheims in the Year 931. caus'd Artaldus, a Monk

of S. Remy, to be ordain'd Archbishop of the place, who the year after receiv'd the Pall from Pope John XI. This Archbishop held a Council in the Year 934. at Chatteau-Thierry, where he ordain'd Hildegarius Bishop of Beauvais; and in the same year he ordain'd Fulbert Bishop of Cambray. The year after he held another Council at Fismes, wherein he Excommunicated those who had made an unlawful Seisure on the Revenue of the Church. King Radulphus being dead, Hugh the White recall'd out of England Lewis, Charles the Simple's Son, call'd upon that account Lewis d••Outremer, and caus'd him to be crown'd at Laon by Artaldus Archbishop of Rheims, who continued in the peaceable possession of his Archbishoprick for some time, and ordain'd Bishops in all the Churches of his Province, except Chalons and Amiens. But Hebert would not endure that any other but him∣self should be in the possession of so considerable a Post, and thereupon sent several of his Troops to take and rifle the Castles and Villages which belong'd to the Archbishoprick of Rheims. Artaldus for this Excommunicated him. King Lewis to make him amends for the Losses he sustain'd, grant∣ed him the Earldom of Rheims, and the Priviledge of the Mint, and assisted him in taking several Castles which were held out by the Troops of Hebert. Fortune did not long favour Artaldus; for Hugh entring into a new League with Hebert against Lewis d'Outremer, they came with William Duke of Normandy, besieg'd the City of Rheims, became Masters of it at the end of six days, and caus'd Artaldus to appear in the Church of S. Remy, in the presence of several Lords and Bishops; and oblig'd him to make a Resignation of his Archbishoprick, and to content himself with the Ab∣beys of S. Bazol and Avenay, into the former of which he retir'd, after he had govern'd the Church of Rheims for the space of Eight years and seven months. Hugh the Son of Hebert, was replac'd in possession thereof, and was ordain'd Priest by Guy Bishop of Soissons, three Months after his return, and fifteen Years after his first Election. He had spent this Interval of Time at Auxerre, where he had follow'd his Studies under Guy Bishop of that City, who had ordain'd him Deacon; for he had receiv'd his other Orders at Rheims from the Hand of Abbo Bishop of Soissons.

The next Year, namely 941. the two Counts Hebert and Hugh conven'd the Bishops of the Pro∣vince * 1.9 of Rheims at Soissons, and enter'd into a Consultation of ordaining Hugh the Son of Hebert Archbishop of Rheims. The Deputies of the Clergy and Laity of Rheims met there, and demand∣ed that he might be ordain'd, asserting that Artaldus had not been Elected according to the Canon, but intruded by Force; and that he had given up all the Title he could claim to that Archbishop∣rick. Upon this Remonstrance, the Bishops resolv'd upon ordaining Hugh, and immediately set out for Rheims for that purpose. Artaldus was already withdrawn to Lewis d'Outremer: but that Prince having been defeated in the Year 941. near Laon, Artaldus was very lucky in reconciling himself with Hugh the White and Hibert, in re-entring into the Possession of his Abbeys, and in making a League with Hugh Archbishop of Rheims, who soon after receiv'd the Pall that was sent him by Pope Stephen VIII. Notwithstanding this League, Artaldus return'd to Lewis d'Outremer. In the mean time Hebert dying in 943. Lewis was perswaded by Hugh the White to entertain the Sons of this Count, and also to leave Hugh in possession of the Archbishoprick of Rheims, upon condition that they restor'd to Artaldus his Abbeys, give him another Bishoprick, and grant that his Kinsmen should retain the Honours they had obtain'd. This Treaty was not long kept; for Hugh the White and Lewis d'Outremer Warring against each other, the latter laid Siege twice to the City of Rheims, and the second time having chas'd away Hugh Archbishop of Rheims, he enter'd the City, and re-establishes Artaldus, who was replac'd in his See in the Year 946. by the Archbishops of Treves and Mayence. The Church of Amiens becoming Vacant the year after, Hugh ordain'd Tetbold Arch-deacon of Soissons Bishop thereof, which occasion'd a Trial which was brought before an Assembly of Bishops and Lords, held near the River Cher. The Affair was not brought to any Issue at that place, but put off 〈◊〉〈◊〉 November. In the mean time Artaldus was left in possession of the Archbishop∣rick of Rhems, and Hugh permitted to stay at Mouzon.

A Council was call'd and held at Verdun: wherein were Robert Archbishoy of Treves, Artaldus * 1.10 Archbishop of Rheims, Odalric Archbishop of Aix, Adalberon Bishop of Mets, Gozelin Bishop of Tulle, Hildebald Bishop of the Upper Rhine, in the presence of Bruno an Abbot, Brother to King Otho, and of the Abbots Agenold and Odilo. Hugh was cited thither by two Bishops, but would not appear. The Synod adjudg'd the Archbishop•• of Rheims to belong to Artaldus.

Another Council was call'd in January following upon the same Subject, and held in the Church of * 1.11 S. Peter, near to Mouzon. They met at the time appointed, and Hugh made his appearance. But after he had discours'd with Robert Archbishop of Treves, he withdrew, and only caus'd a Letter to be presented by one of his Clergy, which was brought from Rome, and writ in the name of Pope Agapetus, wherein it was order'd that Hugh should be re-establish'd in the Archbishoprick of Rheims. The Bishops having read the Letter, alledg'd that it would not be reasonable to supersede the Execution of the Orders which they had reciv'd from the Holy See, upon the account of a Letter presented by the Enemy of Artaldus, and after they had read the nineteenth Chapter of the Council of Carthage con∣cerning the Accuser and the Accused, they adjudg'd Artaldus to have continued in the Communion of the Church, and in possession of the Archbishoprick of Rheims; and that Hugh, who had been already summon'd before two Synods, without appearing to either, ought to be depriv'd of the Communion and Government of that Church, till such time as he should clear himself in a General Council. This Sentence they notified to Hugh, who for his part declar'd, that he would not submit to it. In the mean time Artaldus having appeal'd to the Authority of the Holy See, Pope Agapetus sent Bishop Marinus his Vicar to King Otho, that he might call a General Synod, to pass a definitive Sentence on this Affair.

It was held at Ingelheim the seventh of June in the Year 948. Marinus the Pope's Legat was the * 1.12 President thereof, and the Archbishop of Cologne, Mayence, Treves, and Hambourgh his Assistants, with six and twenty Bishops of Germany, without reckoning Artaldus Archbishop of Rheims, upon whose account the Assembly met. The Kings Otho and Lewis d'Outremer were likewise present. The latter made his Complaints against the Rebellion of Hugh; and afterwards Artaldus presented his Petition to the Popes Legat and the Synod, wherein he gave a Remonstrance of all his Concerns, which was as follows. That after the death of Herveus, Seulsus who had been put up in his place, declar'd himself against the Kindred of his Predecessor: and that he might gain his point, he enter'd in∣to a Confederacy with Count Hebert, who cast them into Prison, where they were confin'd till the death of King Robert. That Seulfus dying in the third year of his Pontificate, being poyson'd (as several atte∣sted) by Hebert's Creatures, that Count seiz'd on the Church of Rheims, and was in possession thereof for the space of six years by the permission of King Radulphus. But that afterwards that King being mov'd by the Remonstrances of the Bishops, who complain'd that that Church was left so long without a Pastor, after he had made himself Master of Rheims, had caus'd him to be ordain'd by eighteen Bishops. That he had discharg'd the Episcopal Functions for nine years together, ordain'd eight Bishops, and a great ma∣ny Clerks, and crown'd King Lewis and Queen Gerberga. But that Count Hugh being incens'd against him, because he would not joyn in his Revolt against the King, had forc'd him, after he had taken the Ci∣ty of Rheims, to resign his Archbishoprick, had sent him into the Monastery of S. Bazol, and had put in∣to his place Hugh, Count Hebert's Son, who had been ordain'd Deacon at Auxerre. That afterwards he call'd a Synod at Soissons, wherein a Proposal was made to him to permit the Ordination of Hugh. That he immediately oppos'd it, and had declar'd them Excommunicated who should ordain any other Archbishop of Rheims whilst he was living, and him who should accept of such Ordination. That afterwards, to get out of their hands, he had desir'd them, that they would let him go to ask advice of the Queen, and his Friends, what he ought to do, and that they would send some body along with him to know his answer. They sent with him Bishop Deroldus, to whom, in the presence of the Queen, he gave this Answer, That he Excommunicated the Bishops who should dare to ordain another in his place; repeating the Protestation he had formerly made of appealing to the Holy See. That without being concern'd at this Denunciation, some of these Bishops went to Rheims to ordain Hugh. That from that time King Lewis proving un∣successful, he had been oblig'd to wander from place to place like a Vagabond; and that afterwards several of his Friends had brought him by force to the Counts Hugh the White and Hebert, who having him in their power, constrain'd him to resign the Revenues of his Church, and sent him into the Monastery of S. Bazol. That being inform'd that they design'd to make away with him, he fled to Laon. That since that, King Otho came in to the assistance of King Lewis, had turn'd Hugh out of the Archbishoprick of Rheims, and re-establish'd him therein. That Hugh retir'd to the Castle of Mouzon: that in the Con∣ference held upon the River Cher, where he was present with Hugh, his Affair was there debated before the Bishops then present. That Hugh had there produc'd a Letter writ to the Pope in his name, where∣by he desir'd to be discharg'd from his Archbishoprick, which he had maintain'd was counterfeit. That the Favourites of Hugh having alledg'd that an Affair of that Importance could not be determin'd in that Assembly, because it was not a Synod convocated according to form, they had put it off to November, wherein a Synod was to be held; and that in the mean time it was, order'd, that he should have the Go∣vernment of the Church of Rheims, and Hugh was allow'd to stay at Mouzon. That Hugh came in the Season of Vintage with Count Thibold, to carry off all the Wine round about the City of Rheims. That the Synod had been held at Verdun as appointed, to which Hugh was cited, and he would not make his Appearance, nor to another held afterwards near Mouzon, which had pass'd a Sentence absolutely in his favour. But that Hugh having declar'd that he would not submit to this Sentence, and remaining still at Mouzon. he had sent to Rome by the Ambassadors of King Otho a Petition containing his Com∣plaints; that he expected the Issue of all from the Orders of the Holy See, and the Determination of the Council. This Petition of Artaldus having been read in Latin and in the old Teutonick Language, Sigeboldus a Clerk belonging to Hugh enter'd, presented to the Council the Letter which had been brought from Rome, and which had been already produc'd before the Council of Mouzon, and a∣vouch'd that it had been given him by the Legat Marinus then present. It was written in the name of Guy Bishop of Soissons, Hildegaire Bishop of Beauvais, and of all the other Bishops of the Province of Rheims, who desir'd the re-establishment of Hugh, and the Expulsion of Artaldus. When this Let∣ter had been read, the Bishops therein mention'd did declare that it was Counterfeit, and that they had never heard the least mention of any such thing, nor gave their Consent that such a Request should be made in their Names. Upon this their Declaration this Deacon was depos'd as an Im∣postor and Calumniator; and in the same Session Artaldus was confirm'd in the Archbishoprick of Rheims. In the second Session Robert Archbishop of Treves alledg'd, that since they had re-establish'd Artaldus as lawful Archbishop of Rheims, it was requisite to condemn the Intruder. Marinus told them the Council ought to pronounce a Sentence agreeable to the Canon; and after the Decrees of the Pope's touching this Subject were read, the Bishops declar'd Hugh to be Excommunicated and thrown out of the Church, till such time as he should do Pennance for his Fault. In the other Ses∣sions they debated on several Points relating to Church Discipline; and all the Acts of this Council are reduc'd into Ten Canons.

The first contains the Excommunication of Hugh.

The second, the Resettlement of Artaldus, and the Excommunication of those, who were or∣dain'd by Hugh, unless they should appear before the Synod to be held at Treves, September 13. to make Satisfaction, and to receive Pennance for what they had done.

The third inflicts the same Punishment on Count Hugh the White, for having turn'd out Radulphus, Bishop of Laon.

The fourth prohibits the Laity from bestowing Churches on Priests, or from turning them out of them without the Approbation of the Bishop.

The fifth is against those who abuse the Priests, or do them any wrong.

In the sixth, it is order'd that the whole Easter-Week, and the Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday after Whitsunday should be kept as Festivals, as well as the Lord's Day.

In the seventh, it is order'd, that in the Grand Litany (which is on S. Mark's day) a Fast shall be kept as in the Rogation-Week before the Ascension.

The eighth imports that the Laicks should have no share of the Offerings which the Faithful of∣fer'd on the Altar.

The ninth, that the Cognizance of all Differences about Tithes should be brought before the Bi∣shops.

The tenth and last Canon is imperfect, and one cannot well comprehend the meaning thereof; There is mention made of Widows dedicated to the Service of God.

After this Council Lewis d Outremer assisted by Conrad Duke of Lorrain, retook Mouzon, Mon∣tague * 1.13 and Laon, and the Bishops being met at Mouzon, Excommunicated Count Thibold, and cited Count Hugh the White to appear before the Synod to be held at Treves. In this Assembly, Guy Bi∣shop of Soissons, who had ordain'd Hugh, came to wait upon King Lewis, and to give him Satis∣faction.

Artaldus when he departed from Laon went to Treves with Guy Bishop of Soissons, Radulphus Bi∣shop of Laon, and Wickfroy of Terrouane, where they met with Marinus the Pope's Legat, and Ro∣bert Archbishop of Treves, who waited for their coming, without whom there would not have been a∣ny * 1.14 other Bishops of Germany and Lorrain. Marinus asked Artaldus and the rest of the Bishops, how Hugh the White had behav'd himself since the last Synod, and whether the Letters which cited him before the Synod had been deliver'd to him. They reply'd, That he still persisted in his Rebellion and Robberies; that one of their Letters had been deliver'd to him, and that the other had been in∣tercepted by his Party. Upon this Reply, It was asked whether any one was come on his behalf; and none appearing, the Assembly was adjourn'd till the morrow. On that day there appear'd no Deputy in behalf of Count Hugh; and tho' the Clergy and Nobless cry'd out, that he ought to be Excommunicated; yet that was put off to the third day. In the mean time they consulted about the Affair of the Bishops who had been cited before the Synod, or who had any hand in the Ordina∣tion of Hugh. The Bishop of Soissons begg'd Pardon and obtain'd it; the Bishop of Terouane was found to have no hand in the Ordination; and the Bishop of Noyon was excus'd by reason of his Sickness. On the third day High the White was Excommunicated till such time as he should come and ask the Legat and the Bishops Pardon for what he had done: and in case he should defer that, he enjoyn'd him to go to Rome for Absolution. There were likewise two Bishops Excommunicated who were ordain'd by Hugh, the one of Amiens, the other of Senlis; and a Clerk who had instituted and inducted the Latter. Hildegairus Bishop of Beauvais was cited before Marinus, or to Rome, for assisting at their Ordination: and lastly, the young Count Hebert, Brother to Hugh, was likewise summon'd to make Satisfaction for the wrong he had done the Bishops. All these things were trans∣acted in the Year 948. and from that time forward Artaldus remain'd in possession of the Arch-bishop of Rheims, which was made sure to him by the Peace concluded between Lewis d'Outremer and Hugh the White in the Year 953. In the same Year this Archbishop held a Council of five Bi∣shops at S. Thierry, wherein he Excommunicated Count Reginald, who had seiz'd upon the Revenues of the Church.

Artaldus dying the last day of August in the Year 967. after he had been Archbishop of Rheims * 1.15 thirty years, several Bishops propos'd the Re-establishing Hugh. The Affair was debated in a Coun∣cil held in a Village of the Diocess of Meaux upon the River Marne, consisting of Thirteen Bishops of the Provinces of Rheims and Sens. The Bishops of Laon and Chalons very strongly oppos'd his Re∣stitution, and the Case was referr'd to the Arbitration of his Holiness. He gave them to understand by Bruno Archbishop of Cologne, that Hugh had been Rejected and Excommunicated by the Coun∣cils of Rome and Pavia, and that there was no thinking of him again. Whereupon they elected a Clerk of the Church of Rheims call'd Odalric, the Son of a Count nam'd Hugh, who was supported * 1.16 by King Lotharius, by the Queen-Mother, and by Bruno. He enjoy'd the Archbishoprick very peaceably for the space of Seven years, and dy'd in the Year 968. His Successor was Adalberon or Alberon, Brother of Count Henry, who govern'd the Church of Rheims for Nineteen years, with a great deal of Prudence and Candor. Under his Episcopacy a Council was held at Rheims in the Year 975. whereof Stephen Deacon of Pope Penedict VII. was President. In this Council Thibold was Excommunicated for having unlawfully seiz'd upon the Church of Amiens. In the Year 972. he held another Council at St. Mary's Mount, wherein he procur'd a Ratification of an Order he had made, of putting Monks into the Monastery of S. Mouzon instead of Canons who were there: Af∣ter * 1.17 the death of this Archbishop, Hugh Capet laid hold on this opportunity of taking into his Inter∣ests Arnulphus, the Bastard Brother of Charles Duke of Lorrain, the last of the Carolignian Race,

Clerk of the Church of Laon, by procuring him to be elected Archbishop of Rheims in the Year 989. who immediately took of him an Oath of Fidelity. But within six Months after his being in possession of the Archbishoprick of Rheims, his Brother Charles was introduc'd into that City, and became Master of it by means of a Priest nam'd Adalger. Which was brought about, as 'tis sup∣pos'd, by the Intelligence he had from the Archbishop, who however was carry'd by his Brother to Laon, and cast into Prison for forms sake. Arnulphus notwithstanding issued out a Sentence of Ex∣communication against those who had made an unlawful Seizure of the Revenues of the Church of Rheims; and the Bishops of the Province met at Senlis, and passed a Decree against Adalger, whereby they Excommunicated him and all others who had any hand in the Usurpation made upon the Churches of Rheims and Laon. This Excommunication was sent to all the Bishops, and Com∣plaints were made to the Holy See, who took part with Arnulphus. But Hugh Capet, who had al∣ways suspected his Treachery, having discover'd that his Suspicion was not groundless, and that he was in the Interests of his Brother, wrote against him to Pope John XV. and caused the Bishops of the Province of Rheims to write to him likewise, who accus'd Arnulphus, and desir'd he might be Condemn'd. After this Hugh becoming Master of the City of Laon, and having Charles in Custody, he took Arnulphus, and brought him to Rheims, where he call'd a Council to proceed against him. It consisted of six Suffragans of the Archbishoprick of Rheims, viz. Guy Bishop of Soissons, Adalberon * 1.18 of Laon, Herveus of Beauvais, Gotesman of Amiens, Ratbode of Mayon, and Eudes of Senlis; besides them were Debert Archbishop of Bourges, Sigwin Archbishop of Sens, Gautier Bishop of Autun, Bru∣no of Langres, Milo of Mascon, Arnulphus Bishop of Orleans, and Hebert of Auxerre, with several Abbots of several Diocesses. Sigwin was President thereof, and Arnulphus of Orleance Prolocutor. In the first Session held the sixteenth of June in the Church of Bazol, Arnulphus Archbishop of Rheims was accus'd for having betray'd his Trust to King Hugh, and being the chief Cause of the taking that City. Sigwin Archbishop of Sens, alledg'd that he would not permit a Process to be made on this Charge, till he was sure that Arnulphus should not be put to Death in case he were Convicted of High Treason; and moreover cited the Thirty first Chapter of the Council of Toledo, which imports that Bishops shall not proceed to the Determination of such Matters, till they had engag'd the Prin∣ces upon Oath to remit the Punishment of the Offenders. Herveus shew'd that it would be of worse consequence if the Prince should take cognizance of the Case, and deprive the Bishops of the right of doing it. Bruno declar'd that he was most concern'd in this Affair; that upon the account of his being a Retainer to the King Lotharius his Uncle, he had engag'd himself for the Fidelity of Arnulphus, that he might be made Archbishop of Rheims, in hopes that he would not let him suffer any prejudice for this Act of Kindness: That Arnulphus was so far from making his due acknowledgments, that he had begun to persecute his Friends, and had put him in danger of his Life: that he had to no pur∣pose warranted that he would not break the Oath of Fidelity which he had taken to King Hugh; that there was sufficient Evidence of his Treachery, because the Authors of that Rebellion were his most intimate Friends, and such as he esteem'd very highly. As to that which was alledg'd, that care ought to be taken that the Offender should not lose his Life; he answer'd, that there was no need to fear any such thing under Princes so merciful as theirs were; but that it was more to be fear'd, whilst they endeavour'd after the Safety of one Man, that the whole Ecclesiastical Order would be expos'd to danger. At last it was concluded, that the Priest who had deliver'd up the Gates of the City to Duke Charles, should be brought in. Whilst they staid for his coming, they read over the Oath of Fidelity which Arnulphus had taken to King Hugh and King Robert. After∣wards the Priest nam'd Adalger appearing, declar'd that it was Arnulphus who gave him the Keys of the City Gates, with orders to deliver them up to Duke Charles. After this Evidence was given, they read the Decree which Arnulphus had made against those who made an unlawful Seizure of the Revenue of the Church of Rheims, which prov'd that himself was Excommunicated, because he was the Author of that Depredation, and went shares with thóse who committed it. To this was joyn'd the Sentence of the Bishops of the Province of Rheims, pass'd at Senlis much about the time wherein they began to suspect Arnulphus of Treason. After the reading of these Papers and the Canons of the Council of Carthage against Persons Excommunicated who partake of the Sacrament, and against Bishops who do any thing contrary to the Oath which they have taken in their Ordination, leave was given to all who were minded to vindicate Arnulphus, to say freely what they could in his behalf. The Clergy of his own Church would neither accuse nor defend him: But John Scholasticus of Au∣xerre, Ranulphus Abbot of Sens, and Abbo Superior of the Monastery of Flewry, undertook to de∣fend him, and produc'd a great many Passages extracted out of the false Decretals of the Ancient Popes, to prove that Arnulphus ought to be re-establisht before they proceeded to judge him; and that they might not judge him till he had been cited several times, and the Holy See made acquaint∣ed with the Business. It was answer'd them that he had sufficient Notice given him; That they ought not to re-establish him till he had receiv'd such a Sentence as declar'd him Absolv'd, since he had been already Condemn'd; That Hildemare Bishop of Beauvais, and Abbo Archbishop of Rheims charg'd with the same Crime as Arnulphus was, had been judg'd by the Synods of the Province; That the Holy See had been already inform'd of this Affair by the Letters of King Hugh, and of the Bishops of the Province of Rheims, which had been carry'd to Rome by Deputies, which the Pope at first had pretty well entertain'd: but that since Count Hebert had presented his Holiness with a fine white Steed and several other things, he deny'd to give them any further Audience. The Deputies which Bishop Bruno had sent to Rome for his Releasment, added, that having requested the Pope to Anathe∣matize

those who were guilty of his Confinement, the Clerks of the Pope had demanded M•…•…y of them for it; and that they not being willing to give them any on that account, the Pope ••••d told them as his final Answer, That the Person for whom he had been Apprehended might release him, if he thought fit: from whence they concluded, that the Holy See did not hinder them from proceed∣ing upon the Spot to the Judgment and Determination of that Affair. But they carried the Point higher yet, and Arnulphus Bishop of Orleans remonstrated, that they might go on in the Trial, with∣out waiting for what Rome should say in the Case. And after he had made Protestation that all due Respect ought to be paid to the Holy See and its Decisions, without offering prejudice to the Ca∣nons of the Councils; he gave them to understand that there are two things of which great care ought to be taken, which were not to permit that the Silence, or the new Laws or Institutions of the Popes, be any prejudice to the Ancient Laws of the Church: Because this would be to overthrow all order, and to make every thing depend on the Will and Pleasure of one single Man. That this did not derogate any▪ thing of the Privileges of the Pontifex Maximus; because if the Bishop of Rome were a Man of Worth for his Learning and his Piety, there was no fear of his Silence, or of his Al∣tering the Constitutions of the Church. That if on the contrary, either out of Ignorance, or Fear, or Passion, he should swerve from Justice, his Silence and his new Decrees were the less to be fear'd; because he who acts contrary to the Laws, cannot prejudice the Laws. From thence he took an oc∣casion to lament the sad. Estate of the Church of Rome, and gave a brief account of the Popes from Octavian to Boniface, and shew'd his abhorrence of their Irregularities. He asked whether Bishops, noted for their Sanctity and Piery, were oblig'd to submit themselves blindly to such Infamous Mon∣sters, who had no Learning, neither Divine nor Prophane. He complain'd that they should advance to the highest Post of the Church the meer Scu•• and Refuse of the Clergy; Pastors who more de∣serv'd the name of Walking Statues, than of Reasonable Men. Upon default of excellent Popes, he was for consulting Metropolitans; and took notice that there were a great many such in Gallia, Belgiea, and in Germany, very well skill'd in Matters of Religion; and that it was more proper to ask their Opinion, if the War which happens between Princes did not hinder it, than to go to seek it in that City, which at present declares in favour of him who gives most, and weighs its Judgments by the Number of Crowns which are presented. He adds, that if any one should alledge with Pope Gela∣•…•…, that the Church of Rome is the Judge of all Churches, and can be judg'd by none, this is a Pro∣position which the African Bishops would not consent to, and which could not be true at this tim, wherein there was scarce one at Rome who had so much as studied Humane Learning, if common Fame were to be credited therein. That Ignorance was more excusable in other Bishops than in the Bishop of Rome, who ought to be Judge of the Faith, of the Life, of the Manners, and of the Discipline of the whole Church. That according to St. Gregory's Opinion, the Bishops, when in fault, are subject to the Correction of the Holy See; but when they are unblameable, Humility in one sence renders them all Equal. Lastly, That when the Bishops of Rome of this time were like to Da•…•…, nothing could be done more than had been done, since the Bishops and the King had writ concerning this very Business to the Holy See, and they had not undertaken to decide it in the Province, till such time as they had no hopes of having it try'd at Rome, which was conformable to the Canons of the Council of Sardica. He quoted several Passages out of St. Gregory, to show that Bishops are ob∣lig'd to punish Offences, and that they may Depose Bishops who are convicted thereof. He added, That tho' one might pass by other Crimes in silence, one could not do so in the Case of High Treason: yet that there have been Instances of Archbishops of Rheims, condemn'd by the Bishops of the Province for this very Crime; namely Gilles Archbishop of Rheims, who prov'd disloyal to Childebert and Eb∣b••, and was depos'd at Thionville: That the Decree of D•…•…, which imports that the Causes of Bishops shall be try'd at Rome, ought to be extended to none but difficult Causes, and not to such wherein the Crime is self-evident: That the African Bishops have contested the very Right of Ap∣pellation, and that the Councils of Nice and Antioch appointed the Synod of the Province to deter∣mine these Matters: That he would very readily grant the Church of R•…•… more than ever the Afri∣can Bishops pretended to allow it: That they consulted it when the Affairs of the State permitted it, and they submitted to its Determinations, unless they were contrary to Equity: But if it remain'd silent, the Ecclesiastical Laws ought to be consulted, and the rather because the Church of Rome at present was destitute of all manner of Supports and Supplys; for since the Fall of the Empire it has lost the Churches of Alexandria and Antioch, as well as those of Africa and Asia, and all Europe be∣gan to fly off from it: That the Church of Constantinople was withdrawn from its Obedience: That the Churches of Spain, which were most remote, did not acknowledge its Determinations; and that * 1.19 Rome had abandon'd it self, since it no longer gave any wholesome Advice to it self, or others. He concludes, that according to the Examples and Canons of former times, they ought to proceed to the Trial of the Archbishop of Rheims.

Upon this the Synod came to a Resolution; the Defendant was called in, who took his place a∣mong the Bishops. The Bishop of Orleans upbraided him with the Favours he had received from the King, which he had return'd with Treachery. The Defendant alledg'd that he had done nothing against the King: that he was always Loyal to him; that he had been taken by force in his City by the Enemy, the King not coming to his Assistance. The Bishop of Orleans oppos'd to him the Te∣stimony of Adalger the Priest, who said he had deliver'd up the Gates of the City by his order. The Defendant reply'd that the thing was false: the Priest maintain'd to his Face that his Evidence was true. Arnu••phus of Rheims complain'd of the ill usage he had met with; the Bishoy of Soissons ask'd him why he did not appear when he was cited by the King and Bishops; and upon the Answer he made, that he could not, being then retain'd in Custody; that Bishop reply'd, that he had offer'd to conduct him, and alledg'd several Circumstances to prove that he had behav'd himself very de∣ceitfully. Afterwards another Witness was produc'd, who told him that he had said to him that he preferr'd Prince Charles to all the World; and if he had any kindness for him, he ought to endeavour to serve him. Whereas several Abbots declared that Arnulphus ought to be permitted to withdraw, and to ask advice what Answer to make, it was granted him; and he withdrew into a corner of the Chamber with the Archbishop of Sens, and the Bishop of Orleans, Langres, and Amient. Whilst they consulted together, they read in the Synod the Canons of the Councils of Toledo against those who prov'd disloyal to their Prince. In the mean time Ar••ulphus acknowled'd and confess'd his Crime before the Bishops who were retir'd aside with him, who call'd others to be present at his Declara∣tion. He made it before them, and thirty Abbots or Clerks, which were call'd to be Witnesses. This Acknowledgment took off the Objection which might arise upon the Account of the Holy See; because Arnulphus having not appeal'd to it, chose his Judges, and acknowledg'd his Fault there was no difficulty remaining; so that they might condemn him without in••roaching upon the Rights of the Holy See. But to be inform'd what Ceremony they should use in his Deposition, several Canons were consulted, and a great many Instances were produc'd, which took up the remaining part of this Session.

The next day the Bishops meeting in the same place, after they had debated several Affairs both Ecclesiastical and Civil, resum'd that of the Archbishop of Rheims: and as they were de∣bating after what manner he ought to be treated, King Hugh, and King Robert entred with the Lords, and then thank'd the Bishops for the Zeal they had express'd for them, and ask'd them how the Case stood. The Bishop of Orleans return'd them this Answer, that there was no need of returning them Thanks for doing what was only their Duty: that they had not acted therein out of any Motive of Love to them, or of Hatred to Arnulphus: they could heartily with that he were a∣ble to clear himself; but that at last, after many Evasions, he had acknowledg'd his Crime, and consented to be degraded from his Priesthood, in the presence of several Abbots, and several Clerks who were Witnesses of that Declaration: that he thought it proper to have him there before him, that the King himself might be both Witness and Judge, and that by this means his Accusers, the Witnesses which had given in Evidence against him, and the Judges might be discharg'd. He was forthwith introduc'd, and the Bishop of Orleans having ask'd him whether he were still of the same Mind, he reply'd, that he was. The Bishop ask'd him, whether he were willing to be deprived of the Sacerdotal Dignity, which he had hitherto abus'd: He reply'd, as you please for that. Count Brochard catching at that word, said, That he did not explain himself enough, and that he ought to acknowledge his Fault publickly, that so he migh•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 afterwards say, that the Bishops had impos'd upon him therein, and that he had not made 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Acknowledgment of that Nature. He reply'd That he had openly confess'd his Fault, and acknowledg'd that he had swerv'd from that Allegiance which he ••••'d to his Prince: that he d•…•… that they would credit what the Bishop of Orleans should say of him, and that he intreated him to make 〈◊〉〈◊〉 fair a Report of his Case 〈◊〉〈◊〉 he could. Thereupon this Bishop said, that Arnulphus of Rheims being naturally modest in speaking, and asham'd to acknowledge in pub∣lick, what he had confess'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them in private, it was enough that he should acknowledge in gene∣ral th•••• he had not kept the Oath of Allegiance which he ow'd to his Prince. Count Brochard in∣sisted that ••e ought to declare it publickly; but the Bishop of Orleans silenc'd him by saying, that the Bishops were the only Persons who could extort a Confession of that Nature; and that it was suffi∣cient that the Archbishop of Rheims had made his Confession to them in private, and declar'd him∣self unworthy of the Priesthood because of his Sins, as he had done by a Writing which was read, wherein he declar'd, that he had confess'd himself to Sigwin Archbishop of Sens, and to other Bishops, and had appointed them the Judges of his Offences, that he might receive from them such Pennance as he deserv'd, and be remov'd from the Sacerd••••al Dignity; and consented that another Arch-bishop should be put in his place, without pretending ever to return contrary to this Declaration. Afterwards Adalger the Priest confess'd his Fault. He was ask'd whether he had rather be degra∣ded, o•• ly under a perpetual Excommunication. He preferr'd Degradation, which was perform'd with the usual Ceremony; for he was strip'd of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 his Clerical Habits from his Priesthood to his Sub-deaconship; and each time he was order'd to forbear performing the Offices of the Order, and of the Habit he was strip'd of a after this he was enjoyn'd Pennance, and receiv'd Absolution with leave to Communicate as a Laick. Lastly, They issued forth an Anathema against the other Re∣bels, who did not appear to make Satisfaction and Arnulphus was sent Prisoner to Orleans.

Arnulphus being thus depos'd and depriv'd of the Archbishoprick of Rheims, the Bishops elected in his * 1.20 place one Gerbert or Gilbert. He came of a considerable Family of Auvergne; and applying himself to study, he became a great Proficient in the Sciences and Philosophy. He was brought up in the Mo∣nastery of Aurillac, where he liv'd a Monastick Life; and from thence he went into Spain, where he learn'd the Mathematicks. He was afterwards Schoolmaster of the Church of Rheims, where Prince Robert, Son of Hugh Capet, Leoteric Archbishop of Sens, and Fulbert Bishop of Chartres were his Scholars; and he had afterwards the Honour of being Tutor to Otho III. Immediately after his Election he made a Profession of his Faith, and thereupon was Ordain'd, and Instituted and Inducted into the Archbishoprick of Rheims. In the Year 998. he held a Council, wherein he Ex∣communicated Count Hebert and other Usurpers, who had unlawfully seiz'd upon the Revenues of the Church of Rheims. He wrote at the same time to Fulcus Bishop of Amiens, who had appropri∣ated to his own use several Revenues of his Church.

King Hugh and the Bishops sent the Decrees of this Council to Pope John XV. by the Arch-deacon of Rheims, and pray'd him to approve of their Election of Gerbert. But this Pope being perswaded that Arnulphus could not have been Depos'd without his Authority, very highly resented what the Bishops of France had done. King Hugh wrote him word that they had done nothing in this Affair that might be of any Prejudice to the Holy Sea; and that if he pleas'd to come to Gre∣noble, or into France, he would receive him with all the Tokens imaginable of Submission and Re∣spect; and that if he pleas'd, they should try this Matter over again in his Presence. The Pope sent into France Abbot Leo, with orders to call a Council, and in the mean time forbad the Bishops who had assisted at the Council of Rheims to be there. Gerbert foreseeng the Storm that was coming on him, wrote to an Abbot, and Archbishop Sigwin, and endeavour'd to fortifie the latter, against the fearful apprehensions he had of the Thunderbolts of Rome, by telling him, that the Judgment of the Pope was not Superior to God's Decree: That if he (meaning the Pope) should fall into Error, he might be reprov'd: that he could not exclude Bishops from the Communion of JESUS CHRIST, for being unwilling to consent to a thing which they thought contrary to the Gospel: that they had no Power to debar him of the Communion, neither as a Guilty Person, since he was Innocent, nor as a Rebel, since he had not refus'd to go to any Council: that this Sentence, being unjust, ought not to be look'd upon as proceeding from the Holy See, according to S. Leo's Maxim. That the Rules whereby the Catholick Church ought to be regulated are the Gospel, the Apostles, the Prophets, the Canons made by the Spirit of God, and consecrated by that respect which all the World paid them, and the Decrees of the Holy Apostolical See which were conformable thereto. That those who out of Contempt swerv'd from these Rules, ought to be judg'd and condemn'd by these Rules: but that whoever observes and follows them, ought to enjoy perpetual Peace, without ever being separated from the Communion of the Church. In conclusion he declar'd to Sigwin, that he ought not to su∣spend the performing of his Functions because of the Prohibition of Rome, and that he ought to de∣spise this irregular Judgment, for fear that whilst he endeavour'd to appear Innocent, he should declare himself Guilty.

In the mean time the Pope by his Legat very warmly press'd for the re-establishment of Arnulphus, and after he had appointed Councils to be held for this purpose at Aix-la-Chapelle, and at Rome, to * 1.21 which the Bishops of France would not go, he order'd one to be held at Mouzon the Second of June, in the Year 995. in which assisted Luitolfe Archbishop of Treves, Aimon Bishop of Verdun, and Notger of Liege, with Sigefroy Bishop of Munster. Leo Legat of Pope John XV. presented to them a Letter of that Pope, and after it had been read, Gerbert made an eloquent Speech in his own Defence, wherein after he had shown the Reasonableness of his Conduct, he declar'd that he had not taken the Church of Rheims from its lawful Possessor; but that Arnulphus, who was unworthy thereof, ha∣ving condemn'd himself, he had been elected and ordain'd Canonically in his place. He gave this Speech in writing to the Legat, who handed to him the Pope's Letter. After this the Council broke up, having first appointed to meet at Rheims the first of July, and deputed John a Monk of the Ab∣bot Leo the Pope's Legat, to go to King Hugh. But as Gerbert was going away, Leo order'd two Bishops to remonstrate to him, that he ought to abstain from celebrating Divine Service, till the Con∣vention of the Synod. After he had declar'd that their Denunciation signified nothing, he went him∣self to wait upon Leo, and told him that it was not in the Power of any Bishop, nor of any Patriarch, nor of the Pope himself to exclude any of the Faithful from the Communion of the Church, till such time as he had been either convicted of any Crime, or had acknowledg'd himself to be Criminal, or had refus'd to appear before a Synod, being cited thereto according to the Canon: That neither of these being his Case, he could not tell how to condemn himself. However Luitolf Archbishop of Treves, having calmly, and like a Brother, admonish'd him not to give any occasion of Scandal, he prevail'd upon him so far, that for peace and quietness sake, he would only abstain from celebra∣ting Mass till the first of July next, which was the time appointed for the Synod at Rheims. The Queen Adelaid wrote to Gerbert, ordering him to appear at that Synod; threatning him that if he did not, such Measures should be taken as should be thought most proper. Gerbert understanding that they would Absolve Arnulphus, and re-establish him, and all to gratifie Leo, who had promis'd that the Pope should confirm the late Marriage of King Robert; and being inform'd that his Clergy and Laity had declar'd against him, return'd this Answer to that Princess, That he would not be there; and declar'd that he would patiently attend the Determination of the Synod: That having receiv'd the Government of the Church of Rheims at the hands of the Bishops, he was not willing to

quit it till the Bishops had so order'd it: But that he was not in any manner capable of opposing the Sentence which should be pass'd upon him, or of retaining his Diocess by force: That in attend∣ing the Judgment of the Synod, he suffer'd with grief an Exile, which many believe to be very hap∣py for him.

The Synod appointed at Rheims was held there accordingly; of which we have not any Acts or Decrees. All that we can learn of it is, that they therein resolv'd to re-establish Arnulphus, and to * 1.22 turn out Gerbert. The latter, according to the Resolution he had taken, obey'd, and retir'd to O∣tho III. who soon after gave him the Archbishoprick of Ravenna, from whence he ascended the Pa∣pal Chair in the Year 999. As to Arnulphus (whatever some Authors may say) he was not set at liberty, and re-establish'd till three years after, at the instance of Pope Gregory V. John the Fifteenth's Successor. His re-establishment was likewise afterwards confirm'd by Gerbert himself when he was advanc'd to the Popedom. For that Pope very generously forgetting all that was past, sent him word, That as it was the Duty of the Holy Apostolical See to raise up those who were faln, and to restore to them the Dignity of which they had been depriv'd; so he thought it convenient to suc∣cour him, even him who had been turn'd out of the Archbishoprick of Rheims for some default: Be∣cause since his Deposition had not been ratified by the Pope, it was believ'd that he might be re-establish'd by the Clemency of the Holy See, St. Peter having such a Soveraign Authority as no o∣ther could stand in competition with. That therefore by restoring to him the Pastoral Rod and Ring, he grants him a power of performing all his Archi-Episcopal Functions; to retain the Dig∣nity thereof; to enjoy all the Revenues belonging to the Church of Rheims; and to wear the Pa••••. That he prohibits all manner of Persons from upbraiding him with his Deposition; being willing that the Apostolical Authority should protect him, tho' his Conscience condemn him: That lastly, he confirms and grants to him de novo, the Archbishoprick of Rheims with all that belong'd to it. This is the Language of Gerbert when advanc'd to the Papal Chair; which seems to be in a differen•• strain from what he formerly us'd.

Notes

• * 1.1

  HERVE∣US Arch-bishop of Rheims.
• * 1.2

  The Council of Trosly in 909.
• * 1.3

  The Council of Trosly in the Year 921.
• * 1.4

  Seulsus Archibishop of Rheims.
• * 1.5

  Hugh Archbishop of Rheims.
• * 1.6

  The Wars between Hebert and Radul∣phus.
• * 1.7

  The State of France.
• * 1.8

  Artaldus Archbishop of Rheims.
• * 1.9

  The Council of Rheims for the De∣posing Artaldus and or∣daining Hugh.
• * 1.10

  The Council of Verdun.
• * 1.11

  The Council of Mouzon
• * 1.12

  The Council of Ingel∣heim in fa∣vour of Attaldus.
• * 1.13

  The Council of Mouzon,
• * 1.14

  The Council of Treves,
• * 1.15

  The death of Artal∣dus.
• * 1.16

  Odalric Archbishop of Rheims. Adalberon Archbishop of Rheims.
• * 1.17

  Arnulphus Archbishop of Rheims.
• * 1.18

  The Council of Rheims against Arnulphus.
• * 1.19

  [From all this Learn∣ed and Ju∣dicious Speech of the Bishop of Orleans, it cannot but be observ'd, that even in these dark times, wherein Rome might with ease have imposed on the blind and ignorant World, there were some so wise, and so honest as not to think its Bishop (especially if a wicked and ignorant one) to be the Infallible Judge of all Controversies. Now whether this honest proceeding of the Council of Rheims in judging Arnulphus, even in a time when they professed to pay all due deference to the Holy See; and whether the Practice of the Modern Gallican Churches in this Age, be not a sufficient Evidence to prove how little they (even of the Romish Commu∣nion) believe the Doctrine of the Pope's Infallibility (unless as far as they gain by it) I leave the fair and impartial Rea∣der of both Parties to judge.]
• * 1.20

  Gerbert Archbishop of Rheims.
• * 1.21

  The Coun∣cil of Mou∣zon.
• * 1.22

  The Synod of Rheims against Gerbert. The re∣stablish∣ment of Arnulphus in the Arch-bishoprick of Rheims.