Purchas his pilgrimes. part 1 In fiue bookes. The first, contayning the voyages and peregrinations made by ancient kings, patriarkes, apostles, philosophers, and others, to and thorow the remoter parts of the knowne world: enquiries also of languages and religions, especially of the moderne diuersified professions of Christianitie. The second, a description of all the circum-nauigations of the globe. The third, nauigations and voyages of English-men, alongst the coasts of Africa ... The fourth, English voyages beyond the East Indies, to the ilands of Iapan, China, Cauchinchina, the Philippinæ with others ... The fifth, nauigations, voyages, traffiques, discoueries, of the English nation in the easterne parts of the world ... The first part.

CHAP. IIII. Obseruations of WILLIAM FINCH, Merchant, taken out of his large Iournall.

§. I. Remembrances touching Sierra Leona, in August 1607. the Bay, Countrey, Inha∣bitants, Rites, Fruits and Commodities. [ 10]

* 1.1THe Iland which we fell with, lyeth some ten leagues to the South of the Bay, the latitude is eight degrees, it hath no inhabitants, nor did I learne the name. It hath some Plantans, and by report good watering and wooding for ships. Some league from the shoare is a dangerous breach of a rocke, scarcely at high water to bee dis∣cerned. The Bay of Sierra Leona is about three leagues in breadth. On the South is high land, full of trees euen to the Sea-side, hauing diuers Coues, in which wee caught plentie and varietie of fish. On the further side of the fourth Coue is the watering place, of excellent water continually running: at which place, on the rockes, we found the names of [ 20] diuers English men which had bin there; amongst the rest, of Sir Francis Drake, which had bin there seuen and twentie yeeres before, Thomas Candish, Captaine Lister, with others. About the middest of the Bay, right from the third Coue lyeth a sand, neere about which, is not aboue two or three fathome; in most places else eight or ten close to the shoare. It floweth East South∣east, and higheth sixe or eight foote, a strong tide of ebbe; the latitude eight degrees and a halfe North.

The King keepeth his residence in the bottome of the Bay, and is called by the Moores, Borea, or Captaine, Caran, caran, caran. Hee hath other pettie Kings vnder him, whereof one, called Captaine Pinto, a wretched old man, dwelleth at a Towne within the second Coue: and on the other side the Bay, Captaine Boloone. Boreas Dominions stretch fortie leagues into the land; he hath tribute of Cotton-cloath, Elephants teeth and gold: he hath power to sell his people for [ 30] slaues, (which he proffered vnto vs) and some of them are by Portugall Priests and Iesuits made Christians, and haue a Chappell, wherein are written in a table, such dayes as they are to obserue holy. The King, with some about him, are decently cloathed in Iackets and Breeches, and some with hats, but the common sort go naked, saue that with a Cotten girdle about their waste, they couer their priuities; the women couer theirs with a Cotton-cloath, tacked about their middles and hanging to the knees, wrapped round about them; the children goe starke naked. They are all, both men and women, raced and pinked on all parts of their bodies very curiously, hauing their teeth also filed betwixt, and made very sharpe. They pull off all the haire growing on their eye-lids. Their beards are short, crispe, blacke, and the haire of their heads they cut into allyes [ 40] and crosse pathes; others weare it iagged in tufts, others in other foolish formes; but the women shaue all close to the flesh.

Their Townes consist of thirtie or fortie houses, all clustered together (yet each hath his own) couered with ••eed and enclosed with mud-walls, like our houels or hog-sties in England, hauing at ••he entrance a matte in stead of a doore, locked and bolted, not fearing robbery, where the house∣hold holds correspondence to the house. In stead of a carued bed-sted, they haue billets of wood laid ouerthwart, vpon which, in stead of a fether-bed, they spread a matte or two. Some are so proud, that they haue their (Arras) hangings also of mattes about the walles, yet most about their beds b••twixt them and the wall. Their other furniture, is two or three pots of earth to keepe water in, and to boyle such meate as they can get, a gourd or two to fetch Palme-wine, and [ 50] a halfe go••rd for his quassing cup, earthen dishes for their loblolly, a basket or two by the walles for his Maria to gather cockles, with a snap-sacke for himselfe made of rindes of trees to carry his prouant, with his Tobacco and Pipe, and thus is their house furnished. When they goe abroad each weareth one of those snap-sackes on his shoulder, wherein he carrieth his prouision and To∣bacco (which in no wise must be long from his mouth) with his do-little sword by his side, made by themselues of such iron as is brought them; hauing also his bow and quiuer full of poyson-arrowes, pointed with iron in forme of a Snakes-sting, or else a case of Iauelins or Darts, poi••••ed with iron of a good breadth and sharpe; and sometime with both. They are bigge and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 set me••, strong and couragious, of a ciuill-heathen disposition. They keepe themselues for••••e most part vnto their owne wiues, of whom they are not a little iealous. I could not learne ••heir Reli∣gion [ 60] what it is: they haue some Images, yet know there is a God aboue: for w••en wee asked them of their woodden Puppets, they would lift vp their hands to heauen; ••ore they knew not: but how soeuer it comes to passe, their children are all circumcised. They are very iust and true, and theft is punished with present death. When any dieth, a little thatched shed is set ouer

his funerall hearse, vnder which in earthen pots they continually keepe fresh water,* 1.2 and in ear∣then platters set diuers meates, sticking about them some three or foure bones.

To the South of the Bay, some fortie or fiftie leagues distant within the Countrey,* 1.3 inhabiteth a very fierce people which are man-eaters, which sometime infest them. The Moores of Sierra Leona feed on Rice, of which they haue no great quantitie, sowing only what is needfull, in pla∣ces neare to their houses, where they haue burnt vp the wood, not hauing otherwise so much free ground: they sow also another little seed which they call Pene, of which they make bread, not much vnlike to Winter-sauory seed. They haue some few hennes about their houses, but no other flesh, except sometime they get a Fawne of the wilde Deere, running in the Mountaines (not many) or some fowle. They feed also vpon Herbs, Cockles, Oysters,* 1.4 whereof they haue great [ 10] store growing on the rockes and trees by the sea-side, but of a flash taste. They take much good fish with waues and other deuices. They feed also much on rootes, and plant about their houses many Plantan-trees, Gourds, Potatoes, Pompions and Guinne-Pepper. But Tobacco is planted about euery mans house, which seemeth halfe their food:* 1.5 the boll of their Tobacco-pipe is ve∣ry large, and stands right vpward, made of clay well burnt in the fire. In the lower end thereof they thrust in a small hollow cane, a foot and halfe long, thorow which they sucke it, both men and women drinking the most part down, each man carrying in his snap-sack a small purse (called Tuffio) full of Tobacco, and his Pipe. The women doe the like in their wrappers, carrying the Pipe in their hands. Vnto their Tobacco they adde nothing, but rather take from it: for I haue [ 20] seene them strayning forth the iuyce of the leaues, being greene and fresh, before they cut and drie it (making signes that otherwise it would make them drunke) then doe they shr••••d it small,* 1.6 and drie it on a sherd vpon the coles. We beheld in a certaine Iland neare (and no where else) halfe a dozen of Goats, but could not get a taile of one all our time.

They haue innumerable sorts of fruits, growing wilde in their woods; whole woods of Lim∣mon trees, especially a little on this side the watering place neare the Towne,* 1.7 and some few O∣renge trees. Their drinke is for the most part water; yet the men deuour much Palmito wine, which they call Moy, giuing little or none to the women. It is strange to behold their manner of climbing these trees, which haue neither boughes nor branches, saue only on the top, being al∣so of great height and bignesse: with a withe he graspeth his body and the tree together, and so [ 30] bearing backe his body, and lifting vp his withe before him, he foots it vp with such speed and certaintie, comming downe againe also so orderly, bringing his gourd full of wine on his arme, that it was admirable. They haue diuers sorts of Plummes, one like a wheaten Plumme,* 1.8 whole∣some and sauoury: a blacke one also, as bigge as a Horse-plumme, much esteemed, hauing an aro∣maticke sauour: Mansamillias like to a wheaten Plumme, very dangerous, as are likewise the boughes of the tree, full of sappe, perillous to the sight, if it should happely flye in. They haue Beninganions about as bigge as a Limmon, reddish on the rinde, very wholesome: another fruit called Beguill, as bigge as an apple, with a rough knottie skinne, which being pared, it eateth like a Strawberry, being like it also in colour and graine, of which wee did eate many: there is store of wilde grapes in the woods, of a wooddie and bitterish taste. They eat the nuts roasted [ 40] which fall from the Palmito tree: they vse small store of Pepper and graines, this in Surgerie, that in Cookery. They haue certaine fruits growing sixe or eight together on a bunch, each as long and bigge as a mans finger, of a browne yellowish colour, and somewhat downie, containing within the rinde a certaine pulpie substance of pleasant taste: I know not how wholesome. There grow in the woods trees like Beeches, bearing fruits like Beans,* 1.9 of which I obserued three kinds: one great and tall, bearing a cod like a Beane-cod, which hath in it foure or fiue square Beanes, almost like the seed of a Tamarinde, enclosed with a hard pill like a shell, within which is a yellow kirnell, a dangerous poison vsed by the Negros, to enuenome their arrowes; they call the fruit Ogon. The second is lesse, his cod crooked byas-wise, of a thicke rinde, sixe or seuen in∣ches in the bending, and halfe so much in breadth, containing fiue large beanes of an inch long. [ 50] The third is large, hath short leaues like the former, the fruit much bigger, on a strong wooddie stalke, thicke and massie, a little indented on the sides, nine inches long, and fiue broad: within which are fiue long beanes, larger then the other, called by them Quenda, which they affirme al∣so to be dangerous.

I saw Trees like Willowes, bearing fruits like Pease-cods. They haue a fruit called Gola, which growes vp further in the Countrey, inclosed in a shell; it is hard, reddish, bitter,* 1.10 about the big∣nesse of a Wal-nut, with diuers corners and angles: this fruit they much set by, chewing it with the rinde of a certaine Tree, then giuing it to the next, and he hauing chewed it to the next, so keeping it a long while (but swallowing none of the substance) before they cast it away, to which they attribute great vertue for the teeth and gummes, these Negros being vsually as well [ 60] to••••hed as Horses. This fruit passeth also amongst them for monie,* 1.11 this happie-haplesse-people knowing none other. They plant also Potatoes, and higher within Land, Cotton, called ••nnum∣ma, wh••••eof with a Spindle they make a good Threed, and weaue it artificially, making cloth thereof a ••••arter broad, to make couerings for their members, and being sewed together,* 1.12 Iackets and Breeche. They haue another Wood called Cambe, wherewith they dye their Purses and

Mats red.* 1.13 The Limon Tree much resembleth a Crab-Tree, and is exceeding full of prickles, car∣rying a slender leafe like a Willow, abounding with fruit as our Crab-trees, beginning to ripen in August, and continuing on the Trees till October; whither they beare twice a yeere I know not.

* 1.14The Tree which beareth Plantans is of a reasonable height, the bodie about the bignesse of a mans thigh, and seemeth to be an annuall Plant, and in my iudgement might better bee accoun∣ted amongst Reedes then Trees; the bodie not beeing of wooddie substance, compact of ma∣ny leaues, wrapped close one vpon another in manner of an Artichoke stalk, adorned with leaues in stead of boughes from the very ground, which are for the most part about two ells long, and some ell broad, hauing a very large rib in the middle thereof. The fruit is a bunch of ten or twelue Plantans, each a span long, and almost as thicke as a mans wrist, some-what crooked or bending inwards, growing on a leauie stalke on the mids of the Plant, at the first greene, growing yellow [ 10] as they ripen, and tender: the rinde being stripped off, the substance within is also yellowish, pleasant in taste. Beneath the fruit on the same stalke hangs downe a leauie tuft, sharpe-poin∣ted, which seemeth to haue beene the flowre, which I know not whether it hath any seed or no. They call this fruit Bannanas,* 1.15 and haue reasonable plentie: they are ripe in September and Octo∣ber: we carryed some to Sea greene, which lay sixe weekes in ripening.

* 1.16Guinny Pepper is not plentifull, it groweth in the Woods wilde, a small Plant like Priuet, or P••icke-wood, adorned with little slender leaues, bearing a small fruit like vnto our Barberie in forme and colour, greene at f••rst, turning as it ripeneth, red; but not growing in bunches as Bar∣beries, but heere and there two or three together about the stalke: they call it Bangue. Of their Pene whence they make their bread is spoken,* 1.17 a small slender herbe like grasse, the stalke full of [ 20] Seed, not inclosed with any huske; the same I thinke which the Turkes call Cuscus, the Portugals Yfunde.

The Palmito Tree is strait high, knottie (only in the rinde) the wood of a soft substance with∣out boughes,* 1.18 except in the top, those also seeming rather Reeds then boughes, being all pithie within, inclosed with a hard rinde: the leafe long and slender in manner of Sword grasse, or the flagge of Calamus: the boughes are from the bodie of the Tree some yard or better in length, be∣set on both sides with sharpe and strong prickles, standing like the teeth of a Saw, but longer. It beareth a small fruit like to an Indian Nut, as bigge as a Chesnut, inclosed in a hard shell, and streaked with threeds on the out-sides, contayning a kernell of a hard hornie substance without taste. The people eate them rosted, and call the Tree T••bell, and the fruit Bell. The manner of [ 30] extracting the Wine is this: they cut off one of the branches within some spanne of the head, a little opening the place by inc••••ion, and thereto make fast the mouth of a guord, which in foure and twentie houres will be filled with a cleere whitish water, distilling from the Tree of good rellish and strong, wherewith the people will be drunke.

* 1.19There grow likewise within the Bayes great store of Oysters on Trees, resembling Willowes in forme, but the leafe broad and of thicknesse like Leather, bearing small knops like those of the Cypresse. From this Tree hang downe many branches, (each about the bignesse of a good wal∣king flicke) into the water, smooth, lithe, pithy within, ouer-flowne with the tyde, and hanging as thicke of Oysters as they can sticke together, being the only fruit the Tree beareth, begotten thereof, as it seemeth, by the Salt-water. [ 40]

* 1.20Fishes they haue many of ordinary kind, and some which seemed to vs extraordinarie: Mullets, Raies, Thorne-backes, Old-wiues with beetle Browes, Fishes like to Pikes, Gar-fishes, Cau••l∣lios (like Mackerell) Sword-fishes with snowts a yard long, toothed on both sides like the teeth of a Saw, Sharkes, Dog-fishes; Shark••rs, like a Sharke, but hauing a snowt flat and broad like a Shouell; Shoomakers, hauing on each side the mouth pendants like Barbels, and grunting like Hogges, &c. We catched in an houre sixe thousand of a kind, like Bleakes.

Of Fowles are Pellicans, white, as bigge as Swannes, with a large and long bill; Hearnes, Curlews,* 1.21 Boobies, Oxe-eyes, with diuers strange kindes of water-fowles. On Land are great numbers of gray Parrets, as also store of Guinny Hennes, which are very hurtf••ll to their Rice. This is a beautifull Fowle, about the bignesse of a Phesant, with parti-coloured feath••rs. [ 50] I saw also among the Negros many Porcupine Quils, with other strange Fowles in the Woods, whereof we knew not the names. There are store of Monkeyes leaping to and fro the Trees, Lions,* 1.22 Tygres, O••nces on the Mountaines; heere are Elephants but no store; wee saw but three, for they are further within Land. The Negros told vs of a strange beast (which the In∣terpreter called a Carbuncle) oft seene,* 1.23 yet only by night, hauing a stone in his fore-head, incre∣dibly shining and giuing him light to feed attentiue to the least noyse, which he no sooner hea∣reth, but he presently couereth the same with a ••lme or skinne, giuen him as a naturall couering, that his splendor betray him not. The Commodities here are few, but are further vp, viz. Gold and Elephants teeth, which at certaine times of the yeare, the Portugals get of them for 〈◊〉〈◊〉 [ 60] Salt, Beads, Bels, Garlicke, French Bottles, Copper Kettles; low-prized Kni••es, Hats, L••nen checkered like Barbers Aprons, Lattin Baso••s, edge-tooles, Iron barres, and sundry spec••us tri∣fles, but for your Toyes they will not giue Gold in this place but Victuals.

This diligent Obseruer hath taken likes paines touching Soldania, but because wee tou•••• there often,

and haue alreadie giuen many Relations, we will double the Cape, and take a little view with him of Cape Saint Augustine.

§. II. Of Saint AVGVSTINE and SOCOTORA, like Obseruations, with other notes taken out of his Iournall.

[ 10]

THis place is rather a Bay then Cape or Point, not hauing any land,* 1.24 much more bearing out then the rest, it lyeth in twentie three degrees, thirtie eight minutes of South la∣titude, hath variation fifteene degrees fortie minutes, hauing on either side breaches, which make it easie to be discerned, lying some league from the Mayne West South-west. Right from the Bay is deepe water to Sea-ward, but when you are entred, the ground is so sheluie, that you shall haue one Anchor aground on the North in twentie two, and your other in aboue sixtie fathomes, and in some places more inward, not two foot at a low water,* 1.25 and o∣uer that, deepe againe neere the shoare, yet all soft Ozie ground. The land within a mile or two is high, stonie, barren, full of small Woods. In the bottome of the Bay runne two Riuers,* 1.26 the Land about them sunken, sandie Land: forth these Riuers, came so strong a fresh, that the floud [ 20] neuer stils them, although it floweth at least two fathomes, wherewith the water is thicke and muddie. Great store of Canes come downe, of which wee had seene some store, twentie or thirtie leagues off at Sea. It lyeth open to a North-west wind,* 1.27 we caught heere Smelts of a foot long, and Shrimps of ten inches. The best fishing is on the sandie shoare of the low Land, neere which the Natiues catch many with strong Nets. A ledge of Rockes trending alongst, breakes off the force of the Sea. Within the Woods, we found on the low Land, infinite numbers of wa∣ter Melons, which yeelded good refreshing: the Riuers nothing, saue hurt to one by an Allega∣tor, the water not also very good, but wooding plentie.

The place seemeth not very populous. We saw not at any time aboue twentie together:* 1.28 the men are comely, lustie, tall and wel-set, of a tawnie colour, wearing no apparel, but a Girdle made [ 30] of rindes of Trees to couer their priuities: the haire on their beards blacke, and reasonable long; on their head, likewise, which they pleate and frizzle very curiously, neither haue they bad smels on their bodies. Behind on their Girdles are many Trinkets, fastned with Allegators teeth, some hollow to carrie Tallow to keepe their Darts bright, which are their chiefe Weapons (of which each carries a small bundle) and a faire Lance artificially headed with Iron,* 1.29 and kept as bright as Siluer. Their Darts are made dangerously with holes on each side backe-ward. They carry about them certaine Kniues, like Butchers Kniues, artificially made. They therefore regard no Iron, nor will barter for any thing but Siluer, for which we bought a sheepe for twelue pence, a Cow for three shillings and sixe pence, they asked Beads into the bargaine, for which yet alone they [ 40] would giue nothing, saue a little Milke brought downe in gourds, excellent sweet and good.

Their Cattel haue great bunches on their fore shoulders, like a Sugar-loafe in fashion and quan∣titie, which is a grislie substance, and good meat; their beefe not loose, like that of Soldania,* 1.30 but fast and good, little differing from English, as also their sheep, which haue tayles weighing twenty eight pounds a peice, therefore vsually cut off from the Ewes, least it should hinder their bree∣ding. In the woods neere about the Riuer, is great store of beasts, as big as M••nkies, ash-coloured, with a small head, long taile like a Fox, garled with white and blacke, the furre very fine.* 1.31 Wee killed some with Peeces, not being able to take them aliue. There are Bats as big bodied almost as Conies, headed like a Foxe, with a hairie furre in other things like Bats. We killed one, whose wings extended an ell in length: their cry is shrill and loud. Here are Hernes plentie, white, [ 50] blacke, blew, and diuers mixed colours; many bastard Hawkes; birds of infinite varietie of co∣lour, hauing for the most part crests on their heads, like Peacocks. There are store of Lizards and Chamelions, which agree to Plinies description; onely it is aire, that they liue of aire without other meat: for hauing kept one aboord but a day, we might perceiue him to hunt for flies,* 1.32 in a very strange manner. Hauing espied her setting, he suddenly shootes a thing forth of his mouth (perhaps his tongue) lothsome to behold, the fashion almost like a Bird-bol••, wherewith he takes and eates them, with such speed, that a man can ••••arsly discerne what he doth; euen in the twink∣ling of an eie. In the woods on the hils are many great Spiders, which spin their webs from tree to tree, it being very excellent strong silke of a yellow colour, as if it were died by art.* 1.33 I found also here great Worm••s, in manner of our Grubs, with many legges, which are enclosed within a [ 60] double cod of white silke, hanging on the trees.

There groweth great store of herbe Aloes, and also Tamerind trees by the waters side. Here was also store of a very strange Plant, which I deeme a wild Coco-nut,* 1.34 seldome growing to the height of a tree, of a shrubby nature, with m••ny long prickled stalkes, of some two yards long. At the ende of each foot-stalke, 〈…〉〈…〉 ••afe about the bignesse of a great Cabbage leafe, s••ipt round halfe the leafe, like sword grasse. From the tops thereof amongst the leaues, come forth

many woodie branches, as thicke set commonly with fruit as they can stand, one by another (I haue seen fortie together clustering on one branch) about the bignesse of a great Katherine peare, and like it in colour being ripe, at the first greenish, fashioned almost like a sheepes bell, with a rinde bearing forth neere the head, flat at the top, and smooth; within which rinde is contained a hard substance, almost like the Coco-nut-shel, in which is included a round white kernell, of a hard gri••••ly substance, yet to be eaten: and within that (for it is hollow) is about a spoonefull of pleasant sweet water and coole, like milke, or that rather of the Coco-nut.

H••re groweth also another as big as a Peare tree, thicke set with boughes and leaues, like those of the Bay-tree, bearing a great foot-ball fruit (such is the round forme) sticking to a strong 〈…〉〈…〉 by certaine seames into foure quarters. The rind of it beeing cut greene, yeelds a [ 10] cl••mmi•• s••bstance, sauouring like Turpentine. The rind is very thicke, with which I found di∣uers parcels p••••ked together, almost like the substance that groweth on trees, but harder, rather like a piece of browne woody Agarike, being thirteene in number, couched neatly together, with∣in each of which is contained another great kernell of a darkish white colour, hard, bitter, and vnpleasant of tast.

In Socotora, the Guzerats and English build them houses for the time of their stay, sleight with stone•• (the whole Iland seemeth nothing else) and pieces of wood laid ouerthwart,* 1.35 couered with Reed and Date branches to keepe out the Sunne, for raine in that time they feare not. About the head of the Riuer, and a mile further into the land, is a pleasant Valley replenished with Date-trees. On the East side is Dibree a little Towne, little inhabited, except in their haruest of Dates. [ 20] In this Valley the wind bloweth with such violence in Iune and Iuly,* 1.36 that it is strange; yet with∣in a flight shot off towards the Town of Delisha,* 1.37 ouer against the r••ad, you shal not haue a breath of wind.* 1.38 About an hundred yeers since, this Iland was conquered by the King of Caixem (or Cushem, as the Arabs pronounce it) a King of no great force, able to make two or three thousand souldiors: he hath this, and the two Irmanas, and Abba del curia subiect to him. The two Irmanas, or two Brethren, are stonie, small, barren, hauing nothing but Turtles or Tortoises, not inhabited. Abba de la curia is large, hath st••re of Goa••es, and some fresh water, not aboue three or foure inhabi∣tants, as we were certified. The Kings sonne Amor Benzaid resideth at Socotora, which he ruleth during his fathers pleasure. They haue trade to the Iles of Comoro, and to Melinde, for which he hath heere two good Frigats, wherewith they fetch Rice and Melo from the maine, which [ 30] is their chiefe food.

* 1.39The Arabians h••re are in manner slaues to the Snakee or Prince, are all souldiours, and attend on him when he commands; some of them are shot. Moreouer, euery of them weares a kind of wood-knife, or crooked dagger on their left side, without which they dare not bee seene abroad. They haue also thin, broad, painted Targets. Their dagger handles and chapes, the better sort set forth with Siluer, the other with Red Latten. They are tawney, industrious, ciuill in gesture: the women are some of them reasonable white,* 1.40 much like to a Sun-burnned countrey maid in England. The men are of stature like ours, well proportioned in their limmes, wearing their haire most of them long,* 1.41 binding a cloth or Turbant about the same like the Turkes, and a cloath wrap∣ped about their middles, which hangeth downe to their knees; not wearing vsually other appa∣rell, [ 40] except sometimes a paire of sandals on their feet, fastened with thongs; carrying their sword naked on their shoulders, or ha••ging from the shoulder in the sheath by a strap, or else on their arme; and thus they march vp and downe. They loue Tobacco, but are loth to giue any thing for ••t.

Diuers of them fling a Pintado or other cloth in manner of an Irish mantle ouer their shoul∣ders, and others make them shirts and surplesses of white Calico: some weare a paire of linnen breeches vnder,* 1.42 like the Guzerates. But their women goe altogether in these smockes hanging downe to the ground, of red, blew, or for the most part of a light black colour, being died Calicoes: and ouer their heads they put a cloth, with which (when they lust) they hide their faces, making very dainty to be seene, yet are scarsly honest. And though the men be very poore, and haue but [ 50] to defend necessitie, yet their women (whereof some keepe foure, fiue, or sixe, as many as they are able) are so laden with Siluer,* 1.43 and some also with some Gold, that I haue seene one not of the best, which hath had in each eare at least a dozen of great Siluer rings, almost like Curtaine rings, with as many smaller hanging in them: two Carkanets or chaines of siluer about her necke, and one of Gold bosses; about her wrists, tenne or twelue Manillias of Siluer, each as big as ones lit••le finger, but hollow, one about another, on one arme: almost euery finger laden with rings, and the small of her legs with siluer rings like horselockes. And thus adorned, they cannot stirre, but they make a noise like Morris-dauncers. They are kept closely by their iealous husbands. They de∣light in Christ••ll, Amb••r, or Currall beads, but ha••e little to buy them, but will either beg them, or make a swap with you in priuate.* 1.44 The young children (except of a few of better sort) go na∣ked [ 60] till they come to some age. They are married at tenne, or twelue yeares olde. They call themselues Musselmen, that is, Catholikes, or true beleeuers, according to their false faithlesse faith of M••homet: yea they alledge this reason for themselues (let Iesuite-Catholikes acknowledge their owne) the great multitude of them,* 1.45 and the small number of vs, all the world, say they, be∣ing

of our Religion, and but a handfull of yours.* 1.46 They eate their meat on a Mat spread on the ground, but neither vse Spoones nor Kniues (hands are the elder) in vnmannerly manner: they drinke vsually water, yet in secret can be content to be drunke with wine. They make in the time of yeare some wine of Dates, pleasant and strong.

Thus much for the Conquerours. They call the conquered Caffars (misbeleeuers,* 1.47 or if you will heretikes) and subiect them to great slauery, insomuch that some remaine in the Mountaines, li∣uing in a wild liberty like beasts, the other not suffered to haue any weapons. They are well sha∣ped, more swart then the Arabs, weare nothing on their heads, weare their haire long, I suppose neuer cut, staring as if they were frighted. About their middles they weare a cloath wrapped a∣bout [ 10] them, made of Goats haire, or course wooll, wouen by themselues, on their feet slight san∣dals. Their women goe all in smocks of coloured Calico, or course cloth hanging to the ground; on their heads vsually nothing: in imitation of the Arabs,* 1.48 haue Manill as of earth painted or of yron, about their armes and legs, beads in stead of Karkanets, painting their faces with yellow and blacke spots, loathsome to behold. For Religion, they are meere Heathen all of them,* 1.49 as the Arabians certified vs, obseruing no rites of Marriage, but vse their women in common. Their na∣turall language is much different from the Arabique, which yet the most learne. They liue very miserably, and many of them are famished with hunger. Flesh they are not permitted to kill, so that they are forced to liue of fish which they take at Sea, and by their share of Dates, not ha∣uing wherewith to buy Rice, except with the vse of their womens bodies to the Gazerates, while [ 20] they remaine there. Such as haue the keeping of the Cattell, maintaine themselues with the milke.

I could learne of no Merchandise the Iland yeeldeth, but Aloes, Sanguis Draconis, and Dates, and as they say, on the shoare of Aba del curia, blacke Ambergreese. Of Aloes,* 1.50 I suppose they could make yearely more then Christendome can spend, the herbe growing in great abundance, being no other then Semper viuum, in all things agreeing to that description of Dioscorides, in seed,* 1.51 stalke, &c. It is yet all of a red pricklie sort, and much chamfered in the leaues, so full of a rosin∣iuyce, that it is ready to breake with it. The chiefe time to make it, is when the winds blowe Northerly, that is, about September, and that after the fall of some raine, which being then ga∣thered, they cut in small pieces, and cast into a pit made in the ground, well cleansed from filth [ 30] and paued: there it lieth to ferment in the heat of the Sunne, whereby it floweth forth. Thence they take and put it in skinnes, which they hang vp in the wind to dry, where it becommeth hard. They sold vs for twentie Rials a Quintall, which is an hundred and three pound English:* 1.52 but we were after told, that they sold to others for twelue, which considering the abundance and ea∣sie making, may be credible. Their Date trees beare fruit twice a yeare; one haruest was in Iuly whiles we were there. It is a principall part of their sustenance, pleasant in tast: and when they are through-ripe, are laid on a heap vpon a skin lying sloping, whence distilleth a liquor, receiued in earthen pots placed in the earth, and is their Date-wine, reserued for drinke, wherewith they will also be drunke. Those dates beeing thus drained, they take out their stones, and pack them hard into a skinne, which will so keepe long. Another meanes to preserue them, is by cutting be∣fore [ 40] they are through ripe, and taking out their stone, to dry them: these are the best of all, and eate as if they were canded: whole they will not keepe. In haruest time in euery Valley where these trees grow, the King hath a Deputy which seeth all gathered,* 1.53 and brought to a certaine place (none daring to touch a Date vpon paine of death without order, or seuere punishment) where he diuideth them in three equall parts; one for the King, one for the Arabs, and the third for the Caffars: which are after distributed seuerally, but not alike to each.

This Iland hath store of Ciuet cats, which the Caffars take in the Mountaines with traps,* 1.54 and sell them for twelue pence a piece to such as will buy them. Flesh is deare, tenne Rials of eight a Cow, one Goat, or two sheepe for a Rial of eight; their cattell good and fast flesh,* 1.55 like English beefe: their Goats large and good flesh, their sheep small, like our English sheepe, bearing course [ 50] wooll: of Goats and Sheep they haue great abundance. They make very good butter, but it is alway soft like Creame, at foure pence or sixe pence a pound, Goats milke at three pence a quart, store of Hennes, but fiue for a Riall of eight, or twelue pence a piece. In the whole Iland are not aboue one or two Horses, very small of the Arabian breed, and some Camels. At Delisha they take much good fish, Lobsters and others. On the Strand groweth cotton Plants, but few: ther•• groweth also amongst the stones a shrubby Plant, with thicke, round, greene leaues, as big as a shilling, with a fruit like Capers (of which it is a kind) called Eshac, eaten in Sallets.* 1.56 Orenges there are few and deare, exceeding sweet Basil: and on the shoare many faire shels are found, with cuttle bones, and peerle Oystershels, which the people affirme to driue thither: for there are none found, yet shels abundant.

[ 60] They are beggers, buy what they can, beg what they may, yet giue faire vsage. Their best in∣tertainement is a China dish of Coho, a blacke bitterish drinke, made of a berry like a Bay berry,* 1.57 brought from Mecca, s••pped off hot, good for the head and stomacke. And thus much for his discourses of these places, to which I thought good to adde these notes taken out of his Iournall.

Nouember the twenty ninth, 1607. in thirty foure degrees, we saw a monstrous ouergrowne

Whale comming vp close vnder our sterne,* 1.58 and spouting water in great quantitie, hauing much trash growne about his head which we iudged to be Limpets, and other Shel-fi••••. At ••is going downe he turned vp his taile, which we deemed neere as broad as our after Deck, estimating him to be at the least one hundred tunnes in weight.

* 1.59In Socotora at our first landing, the people hauing receiued before iniurious dealings from the Portugals, (which, they said, had carried some of them away) were all ••edde from vs for feare to the Mountaines. Their Towne which they had left is built of stone 〈◊〉〈◊〉 couered with Rafts and Palme-branches, with artificiall doores and woodden lockes. Neere the Sea side stands their Church enclosed with a wall in manner of a Church-yard▪ within it a couple of Crosses and an Altar, with Frankinsence, Wood and Gumme. They said (when we came to speech) that this was not Socotora but Abba del Curia, which wee after found false, wee walked vp two or three [ 10] mile, not seeing so much as a sprig of greene grasse, but many Date trees, and one other tree very strange, about the height of a man, or little better, great at the roote, and lesse and le••e toward the top where it ended almost piked; the trunke smooth, not couered with barke, ••••••ting forth in the top some branches of a Cubite long void of leaues, bringing forth Reddish flowres, which after change into a fruit first greene, in forme and bignesse not vnlike to the Date: within which is contayned many small whitish kernels, bitter, as are also the branches, full of ra••sinous sub∣stance. Whether this be the Mirrhe I leaue to better iudgements. They also saw another * 1.60 Church with a Crosse on the top of it.

[ 20]

§. III. Occurents in India touching the English, Dutch, Portugals, and the Mogols dealing with the English.

* 1.61TThe eight and twentieth of August, 1608. Captaine Hawkins with the Merchants and certaine others landed at Surat, where the Captaine was receiued in a Coach, and carryed before the Dawne. Wee had poore lodging alloted vs, the Porters lodge of the Custome house: whither the next morning came the Customers who searched [ 30] & tumbled our Trunkes to our great dislike, which had yet brought ashore only necessaries. We were inuited to Dinner to a Merchant where wee had great cheere: but in the midst of our Ban∣quet sowre sawce, for hee was the man that had sustayned almost all the losse in a ship that Sir Edward Michelborne tooke. The Captaine also of that ship dined with vs. Which when it was there told vs, the Captaine answered that hee neuer heard of such a matter, and rather iudged it done by Flemmings: but they said, that they knew certainely that they were English, deploring their hard fortunes, and affirming that there were Theeues in all Countries: nor would they im∣pute that fault to honest Merchants. This speech somewhat reuiued vs. The day after, Mede Colee the Captaine of that ship aforesaid inuited vs to Supper.

The second of October, wee imbarqued our goods and prouision, gaue Shek Abdelreheime a [ 40] Present, and got dispatch to depart: the Customers denying leaue, till they had searched the ship whether she had discharged all her goods, to ship any new; but meeting with Frigats they sup∣posing them Malabars, durst not aduenture their own Riuer. These Frigats were Portugals, which desired one to come talke with them, and Master Bucke rashly doing it, they detayned him, and after (I and Nicholas Vfflet being ashoare) Master Marlow and the rest beganne to flee; the Cock∣son would haue fought, which he would not permit, but running a ground through ignorance of the Channell, they were taken going on the sandie Iland by Portugall treacherie, and the fault of some of themselues, nineteene with Master Bucke: but the Ginne put off the Pinnace, and notwithstaning the Portugall Bullets, rowed her to Surat. Foure escaped by swimming and got that night to Surat, besides Nicholas Vfflet and my selfe, neere twentie miles from the place. [ 50] Yet had we resisted, we wanted shot, and in number, & armour they very much exceeded vs. The fourth, the Captaine of the Frigats sent a reuiling Letter to the Gouernour of the Towne, cal∣ling vs Lutherans and Theeues, and said we were Flemmings and not English; charging him (on continuance of their friendship) to send aboord the Captaine with the rest of vs: which Ab∣delreheime not only denied, but in the Mogols name commanded him to render the goods and men.

The fifth, came a Captaine of one of the Frigats which vsed peremptorie words, and before the Gouernour stood vpon it that the King of Spaine was Lord of those Seas, and that they had in Commission from him to take all that came in those parts without his Passe.

The thirteenth, the Gouernour called all the chiefe Merchants of the Towne vpon their con∣science to value our cloth (before carryed to his house) which they did at a farre vnder rate, the [ 60] Gouernour affirming that hee must and would haue it, the Captaine denying his consent.

On the sixteenth, we were forced to accept for some of our cloth in their hands, promise of a little more,* 1.62 and were permitted to carrie away the rest: causing vs to leaue fiftie pieces, and four∣teene

Deuonshire Kersies for the King, with nine and twentie other Kersies; and fifteene clothes for Shek Ferred, keeping also the foure clothes which wee reserued for Presents for the King. Wee were otherwise molested by a contention betwixt Shek Ferred and Mocrow Bowcan (or Mocreb Can) about the Custome-house, that wee could not get our goods from thence. Wee heard that the Portugals sold our goods for halfe that they cost: Our men were sent to Goa.

The fifteenth of December, came Mo. Bowcan with a Iesuite Padre Peniero;* 1.63 to this our Cap∣taine shewed kindnesse for hope of his men; to the other he gaue Presents: both dealt treache∣rously [ 10] in requitall, the Iesuite (as it was reported by Mo. Bowcan himselfe) offering a Iewell which he said was worth two hundred thousand Rials to betray vs. This day came to vs R. Carelesse an Englishman, who had long liued amongst the Portugals, from whom hee now fledde for feare of punishment for carrying necessaries to the Dutch at Muselpatan, desiring to bee en∣tertayned, which we did with much circumspection.

The seuen and twentieth, Mo. Bowcan desired great abatements vpon our cloth, or else hee would returne it, and (will wee nill wee) abated two thousand seuen hundred and fiftie Ma∣mudies, before hee would giue vs licence to fetch vp the rest of our goods to make sales. My selfe was very ill of the bloudy Fluxe (whereof Master Dorchester dyed) of which that English∣man Carelesse, (next vnder God) recouered me. I learned of him many matters, as namely of the great spoile done the last yeere to the Portugals by the Hollanders, who lying before Malac∣ca [ 20] with sixteene ships, inclosing the Towne with helpe of other Kings by Sea and Land; newes was carryed to the Vice-Roy, then before Achen accompanied with all the Gallants of India) hauing with him a very great Fleet of Ships, Gallies and Frigats, and foure thousand Souldiers, being commanded by the King to take Achen, and there to build a Castle and appoint an Al∣phandira; and thence to goe and spoile Ior and chastise the Moluccas for giuing the Hollanders traffique, being minded to roote out the Holland name in those parts, for which purpose came two thousand Castilians from the Manilias.

Andrew Hurtado then gouerned within Malacca, and sent word of their present distresse,* 1.64 vpon which the Vice-Roy weighed from Achen (which otherwise had beene spoyled) where∣of the Dutch Generall aduertised, got his men and Artillery a-boord, and went forth to meete [ 30] him; where after a long and bloudie fight, with much losse on both sides, the Dutch depar∣ted, enforced to stop the leakes of their Admirall, likely otherwise to perish. The Portugals let slip this opportunitie, and fell to merriments and bragges of their Victorie, not looking any more for the Hollanders, who hauing stopped their leakes at Ior,* 1.65 new rigged and returned vpon the Portugals, whom they found disordered and feasting ashoare, where they sunke and burned the whole Fleet, making a cruell execution: and had not the Vice-Roy before sent sixe shippes on some other seruice, they had beene all heere vtterly extinguished. After this fell such sicknesse in the City, that most of them dyed, amongst which the Vice-Roy was one: and shortly after the Gouernour of the Spaniards in the Moluccas, so that their strength was laid in the dust, and the Archbishoppe made and yet * 1.66 remayneth [ 40] Vice-Roy.

This last yeere the Malabarres vexed the Portugals, and tooke or sunke of them at times, sixtie saile or more.

This yeere also was expected a Vice-Roy to come with a strong Fleet, to driue the Hollanders out of India.

This Fleet consisted of nine shippes of Warre, and sixe for the Voyage: they were separated in the calme of Guinea, and neuer met together after. Two of them came to Mosambique, where they were fired of the Hollanders, who also much distressed the Castle, but could not take it: and the time of the yeere requiring their departure, they set sayle for Goa, to the num∣ber of fifteene shippes and one Pinnasse, where they rode at the Barre, challenging the great [ 50] Captaine Andrew Hurtado, who durst not visit them. Another of that Voyage hauing ad∣uise that the Hollanders rode at the Barre, put to the Northward, where they present∣ly landed their money and goods and set fire of their shippe, to saue the Dutch a labour: and lastly, the Souldiers fell together by the eares for the sharing of the money. This Fleet departing from Goa sailed alongst the Coast of Malabar, spoyling and burning all they could meet with. There was report of leaue giuen them by the Samorine, to build a Castle at Chaul.

This moneth here was also newes of an Ormus ship taken by the Malabarres,* 1.67 and three Fri∣gats: and shortly after of a Fleet of twentie fiue Frigots from Cochen, whereof sixt••ene were taken and burnt by the Malabars, which the rest escaped, if miserable spoile be an escape: also [ 60] of fiftie Frigats and Galiots of the Malabars spoiling on their Coast.

In Ianuary, came other newes of thirtie Frigats which put for Diu richly laden, taken by the Malabars, beeing at this time Masters of these Seas. They are good Souldiers, and carry in each Frigat one hundred Souldiers, and in their Galiots, two hundred.

The first of February, the Captaine departed with fiftie Peons, and certaine Horsemen▪ A∣bout

this time was great stirre touching the Queene Mothers ship, which was to be laden for Mocha: the Portugals then riding at the Barre with two and twentie Frigats, threatned to carry her to D••••: at length they fell to compounding, the Portugals demanding an hundred thou∣sand Mamudies for her Ca••tas or Pa••••e, and after twentie thousand, at last taking one thousand Rialls and odde money, with diuers Presents, which the Mogolls were faine to giue them. Mo. Bowcan gaue me faire words, but the Diuell was in his heart, he minded nothing lesse indeed then paiment of his debts, seeking also to deduct some, others imbeselled, striking off by new accounts seuenteene thousand of one and fortie thousand. I thought he meant to shift, if hee could, and pay nothing, secretly departing the Towne, owing much to certaine Banians, who must get it when they can: at last I got his Cheet for some, though with great abatements, esteeming halfe [ 10] better secured, then to endanger all.

The six and twentieth of March 1609. it was here reported that Malacca was besieged with thirtie ships of Holland,* 1.68 in succour of which the Vice-Roy assembled all these his Northerne In∣dian forces, appointing Andrew Hurtado Generall, being the more cranke, by newes of a New Vice-Roy with fourteene saile to winter at Mosambique. Meane while a ship of Cambaya which had been at Queda, came for Goga, which the Portugalls finding without Cartas, made prize of. The Customers at that time by new prices and reckonings,* 1.69 sought to make prize in great part of vs. I was also in the beginning of Aprill taken with a burning Feuer, which drew from me much blood, besides ten dayes fasting with a little Rice: and after my F••uer, miserable stitches tor∣mented me. The next moneth I was visited againe with a burning Feuer. [ 20]

* 1.70The twelfth of May came newes that Melik▪ Amber, King of Decan, had besieged the Citie of Aurdanagar (which had been the Metropolitan of that Kingdome, conquered by the Aca∣bar) with two and twentie thousand horse, and that after diuers assaults, the Mogolls made shew to deliuer vp the Citie, vpon condition that hee would withdraw his armie some foure or fiue * 1.71 Co••e from thence, that they might passe with more assurance with bagge and baggage: which being done, they suddenly issued forth with all their forces vpon the vnprouided ene∣mie, and made a great slaughter, but feared hee would bee reuenged on those parts which were lesse able to resist. The Canchanna gathered great forces, and demanded of Surat three hundred thousand M. towards the charge, sending also for the Gouernour, an expert Decan Souldier. [ 30]

The twentieth of Iune, came newes of the arriuall of fiue shippes at Goa, and of the Vice-Royes Death,* 1.72 whereupon Andrew Hurtado was chosen Vice-Roy, being the only stay left of all those parts, and reported a braue souldier. He presently gaue order for shipping to be built, in∣tending after the breaking vp of winter to make a bolt or shaft with the Hollanders, which were now reported to lye before Malacca with eighteene ships. The Portugall ships in the way had met with one of this Towne, and finding her without Cartas, brought her with them as prize for Go••, where on the Barre shee was cast away; whereupon the Gouernour for Can-Channa, and the Customer for Mo. Bowcan seised on Tappidas the owner, a Ba••ian, for money owing to them, whereby also we lost his debt to vs, for which we may thanke the Portugall.

* 1.73The twentieth of Iuly, Sha Selim commanded Can Channa and Manisengo, two great Com∣manders [ 40] of his, to inuade all the Kingdomes from hence to the South, euen to Cape Com••ri; for which a huge armie was assembling. In resistance of whom, three great Kings were combi∣ned, the King of Decan (whose chiefe Citie is Genefro) the King of Visapor, and the King of Gol∣cunda (who••e chiefe Citie is Braga••adar) who also gathered great forces, making head neare Bramport, vpon the Mogolls Frontiers, expecting the breaking vp of winter, both armies lying abroad in Tents.

* 1.74In August I receiued flying newes of an English Pinnasse at Gandoue, which departing thence, was againe forced thither by three Portugall Frigats: I supposed that it might belong to some of our shipping, which standing for Socatora, might not be able to fetch in, and so be forced to fall on this Coast;* 1.75 which proued accordingly, it being the Ascensions Pinnasse, wanting water, [ 50] wood, and victuall, the Master, Iohn Elmer, with fiue men and two boyes. The Master and foure of the Company came hither on the eight and twentieth, but I had no small a••oe with the Townsmen of Surat, for bringing them into the Towne, they taking them from me, pretending we were but allowed Trade, indeed fearing the Portugalls, till I should send to the N••b•••• foure course off,* 1.76 fearing force: to which euill, was added a worse of the Portugalls comming into the Ri••er with fiue Frigats, and carrying away the Pinnasse, weighing also the two Falcons, which they had cast by the boord: and yet a worse report came the fifth of Septemb. of the casting away of the As••e••sion, the company about seuentie persons being saued, which the next day came to Surat, but were forced by the Towne to lye without amongst the trees and tombes, I being not able to procure leaue for the Generall himselfe (notwithstanding diuers letters of recommenda∣tion [ 60] which hee brought from Mocha,* 1.77 besides letters from the King himselfe) into the Towne. Such is their slaui••h awe of the Portugalls, two Iesuits threatning ••••re, faggot, and vtter desola∣tion, if they receiued any more English thither. That which I could doe, was to send them re∣freshing, and carry them to the Tanke, where they were conueniently lodged, yet amongst

tombes, till the Gouernor appointed them a more conuenient-place at a small Aldea two Course off, and with much adoe got leaue for Master Riuet, Master Iordan and the Surgion, to come hi∣ther to prouide necessaries for the rest. I had other trouble by the disorder and riot committed by some of them, especially one Thomas Tucker, which in drinke had killed a Calfe,* 1.78 (a slaughter more then murther in India) which ma••e mee glad of their departure, fifteene staying hehind sicke, or vnwilling to goe for Agra: and some returned againe.

The sixt of October, came Letters from Captaine Hawk••ns, importing his mariage with the daughter of an Armenian: and others in the latter end of the next moneth, for my comming to Agra. In December, we stood much in feare of Badur his comming vpon Surat, he lying with∣in [ 10] two dayes iourney, with sixe hundred horse and many foote: for which cause the Gouernour cessed all men with the entertainment of souldiers, setting vpon my head ten men. I went to him, and told him that I had twentie English at his command, for which hee thanked mee, and freed mee of further charge. During this time, the Banians were forced to labour to barricado all the streets of the Citie: great watches were appointed at the gates, certaine peeces drawne from the Castle, and from Carode Garrison fiftie horse, which had not sufficed, had not the Go∣uernour of Amadanar sent one thousand horse, and two thousand foot to our succour: vpon newes of which forces, Badur withdrew to his Holds. Two yeeres before our comming, had this man sacked Cambaya, whereof his Grand-father had been King.

The eighteenth of Ianuary, I departed out of Surat towards Agra, willing yet to leaue some notice thereof before I leaue it. The Citie is of good quantitie, with many faire Merchants ho••∣ses [ 20] therein, standing twentie miles within the land vp a faire Riuer. Some three miles from the mouth of the Riuer (where on the South-side lyeth a small low Iland ouer-flowed in time of Raine) is the Barre, where ships trade and vnlade, whereon at a spring tide is three fathome wa∣ter. Ouer this, the Channell is faire to the Citie side, able to beare vessels of fiftie tunnes laden. This Riuer runneth to Bramport; and from thence, as some say, to Musselpatan. As you come vp the Riuer, on the right hand stands the Cas••le well walled, ditched, reasonable great and faire, with a number of faire peeces, whereof some of exceeding greatnesse. It hath one gate to the Green-ward, with a draw-bridge and a small Port on the Riuer side. The Captaine hath in com∣mand two hundred horse. Before this lyeth the Medo••, which is a pleasant greene, in the mid∣dest [ 30] whereof is a May-pole to hang a light on, and for other pastimes on great Festiualls. On this side, the Citie lyeth open to the Greene, but on all other parts is ditched and fenced with thicke hedges, hauing three gates, of which one leadeth to Variaw, a small Village, where is the ford to passe ouer for Cambaya way. Neare this Village on the left hand, lieth a small Aldea on the Ri∣uers banke very pleasant, where stands a great Pagod, much resorted to by the Indians.* 1.79 Another Gate leadeth to Bramport, the third to Nonsary, a Towne ten cose off, where is made great store of Calico, hauing a faire Riuer comming to it. Some ten cose further lyeth Gondoree, and a lit∣tle further Belsaca, the frontire Towne vpon Daman.* 1.80 Hard without Nonsary gate is a faire Tank sixteene square, inclosed on all sides with stone steppes, three quarters of an English mile in com∣passe, with a small house in the middest. On the further side are diuers faire tombes, with a good∣ly [ 40] paued court pleasant to behold: behind which groweth a small groue of Manga trees, whither the Citizens goe forth to banquet. Some halfe cose behind this place,* 1.81 is a great Tree much wor∣shipped by the Banians; where they affirme a Dew to keepe, and that it hath been oftentimes cut downe and stocked vp by the rootes, at the Moores command, and yet hath sprung vp againe. Neare to the Castle is the Alphandica, where is a paire of staires for lading and vnlading of goods:* 1.82 within are roomes for keeping goods till they be cleared, the custome being two and an halfe for goods, three for victualls, and two for money. Without this gate is the great Gondoree or Bazar. Right before this gate stands a Tree with an Arbour, whereon the Fok••ers (which are Indian ho∣ly men) sit in state. Betwixt this and the Castle, on the entrance of the Greene, is the market for horse and cattell. A little lower on the right hand ouer the riuer, is a little pleasant Towne, Ranele, inhabited by a people called Naites, speaking another language,* 1.83 and for the most part [ 50] Sea-men: the houses are faire therein, with high steps to each mans doore, the streets narrow: they are very friendly to the English. Heere are many pleasant Gardens, which attract many to passe there their time: and on the trees are infinite number of those great Bats,* 1.84 which wee saw at Saint Augustines, hanging by the clawes on the boughes, making a shrill noise. This fowle the people say, ingendreth in the eare; on each wing it hath a hooke, and giueth the yong sucke.

The Winter heere beginneth about the first of Iune,* 1.85 and dureth till the twentieth of Septem∣ber, but not with continuall raines, as at Goa, but for some sixe or seuen dayes euery change and full, with much wind, thunder and raine. But at the breaking vp, commeth alway a cruell storme, which they call the Tuffon, fearefull euen to men on land;* 1.86 which is not alike extreame euery [ 60] yeare, but in two or three at the most. Monsons heere for the South, serue in Aprill and Septem∣ber, and for Mocha in February and March: from the South, ships come hither in December, Ia∣nuary and February, and from Mocha about the fifth of September, after the raines: from Or∣mus for the Coast of India in Nouember. But none may passe without the Portugalls Passe, for

what, how much, and whither they please to giue licence, erecting a Custome on the sea, with confiscation of shippe and goods not shewing it, in the full quantitie, to the taker and exa∣miner.

§. IIII. His Iourney to Agra: Obseruations by the way, and there; and of the Decan warres there.

[ 10]

* 1.87THe second of Ianuary, I departed from Comuariaw (a small village three Cose from Surat) to Mutta a great Aldea 7 ^c. 21.8 ^c. to Carode, a great countrey Towne, by which on the North runneth Surat Riuer. It hath a Castle, with two hundred horse Pa••ans good souldiers, twentie two to Curka 12 ^c. it is a great Village with a Riuer on the South side.* 1.88 In the way 7 ^c. is Beca, a Castle with a great Tanke, and a pleasant Groue, 23.10 ^c. to Nacampore a great Towne vnder the Pectopshaw. In this way on the right hand beginneth a great ridge of mountaines, which come from Amadanar-wards, neare which Badur keepeth, holding diuers strong holds thereon, that the King with all his force cannot hurt him. These Mountaines runne to Bramport:* 1.89 on them are bred many wilde Elephants, 24. to Dayta, 8 ^c. a [ 20] great Towne. In the mid-way you passe a stony troublesome Riuer. This Towne hath a Castle, and is almost encompassed with a Riuer, seated in a fertile soyle. 25. to Badur, 10 ^c. a filthy towne and full of theeues: heere is made much wine of a sweete fruit called M••wa, but I found it not wholesome, except it be burnt. This Towne is the last of note in Pectopshaws Land, who is a small King or Raiaw, a Gentile, keeping on the top of inaccessible Mountaines, which beginne at Curka▪ and extend many Courses. He holdeth two faire Cities, Salere, and the other Mu∣liere,* 1.90 where the Mamudees are coyned, each hauing two mightie Castles, which haue way to them but for two men abrest, or for an Elephant at most to get vp; hauing also in the way eigh∣tie small Fortresses dispersed on the Mountaines to guard the way. Vpon the top of these Moun∣taines is good pasture, and abundance of graine, fountaines running thence into the Plaines. The [ 30] Acabar besieged him seuen yeeres, and in the end was forced to compound with him, giuing him Narampore, Dayta, and Badur, with diuers other Aideas, for the safe conducting of his Mer∣chants alongst this Plaine; so that he now remaineth this Kings friend, sends Presents yeerely, leaues one of his sonnes at Bramport, for pledge of his fealtie. He is said to haue alway in readi∣nesse foure thousand Mares of a strange breed and excellent:* 1.91 and one hundred Elephants. 26.7 ^c. to Nonderbar a Citie, short of which are many Tombes and houses of pleasure, with a Castle and a faire Tanke. seuen and twentie to Lingull, 10 ^c. a beastly Towne, with theeuish inhabitants, and a dirtie castle; a deepe sandie way neare the Towne. 28.10 ^c. to Sindkerry, a great dirtie Towne. In the way the Gouernour of Lingull (with others as honest as himselfe) would haue borrowed some money of me, but seeing it proue powder and shot, gaue ouer, and wee drew on [ 40] our Carts without trouble. On the further side of Sindkerry runneth a Riuer of brackish water, with drinking whereof, I got the bloody fluxe, which accompanied me to Bramport. 29.10 ^c. to Taulneere,* 1.92 a theeuish way, the Towne faire, with a Castle and a Riuer, in time of raine not pas∣sable without Boat. 30.15 ^c. to Chupra, a great Towne. I rested two dayes by reason of raine, in which time came the Gouernour of Nonderbar with foure hundred horse,* 1.93 without whose com∣pany I could not haue proceeded without danger, Can-Canna hauing been beaten, and retired to Bramport, after the losse of the strong and rich Towne of Ioulnapore, whereupon the Decanes grew so insolent,* 1.94 that they made roades into this way, and spoyled many passengers.

* 1.95The second of February, 6^c. to Rawd, a countrey Village. The vnseasonable thunder, wind and raine, with my disease, almost made an end of me: which made vs make Mukom the third [ 50] and fourth, the fifth to Beawle 10^c. a great towne, with a faire castle, 6. stayed by foule weather, 7.16 ^c. to Rauere, a great Towne, 8.10 ^c. to Bramport, where I pitched my Tent in the Armeni∣ans yard, not being able for money to get an house, the Towne was so full of souldiers. Some 2 ^c. short of this Citie lyeth Badurpore, a faire City, and betwixt these two Cities, the Campe of Can-Canna vnder Tents, 2 ^c. in length (hauing some fifteene thousand Horse, two hundred faire Elephants, an hundred peeces of Ordnance of all sizes) on the North side. On the other side, within twentie or thirtie course,* 1.96 lay Amberchapon, an Ab••shed, and Generall of the King of Decans Forces, with some ten thousand of his owne cost, all braue souldiers, and som forty thou∣sand Decanees: in so much that the Citie of Bramport had certainly been lost, had not the Prince Saltan Peruis, and Raiaw Manisengo, come instantly downe with great forces. For at this time [ 60] he had sent to the Can-Canna to yeeld vp the Citie vpon composition, deeming him not able to hold it against him.

This Citie is very great, but beastly, situate in a low, vnholsome aire, a very sickly place, cau∣sed especially by the bad water:* 1.97 On the North-east is the Castle on the Riuers bank (comming

from Surat) large and well fortified. By the Castles side in the Riuer lyeth an Elephant of stone, so liuely, that a liuing Elephant comming one day to drinke, ranne against it with all his force,* 1.98 and brake both his teeth. The head is painted red in the fore-head; and many simple Indians worship it. Some two Cose forth of the Citie, is Can Cannas Garden called Loll bage; the whole way thereto being vnder shadie trees very pleasant. Within it are diuers faire walkes, with a stately small Tanke standing square betweene foure trees, all shaded and inclosed with a wall; at the entrance without, a faire Banketting house built aloft betweene foure trees.

I rested to the twelfth, for recouery (which God sent) vnder my Tent. Two dayes after my [ 10] comming came newes of the sacking of Rauere,* 1.99 by fifteene hundred Decan Horse with other places neere thereto, we blessing God for our safe arriuall, the way now not passable with one thousand Horse. I was here certified also by an Armenians Letters, of a great ouerthrow giuen to the Portugall Armada vpon the Mallabar Coast, consisting of fiftie Frigats and two Gallies,* 1.100 which being dispersed with foule weather, were sudainly out of diuers creekes assailed by the Malabars, which was attended with spoile, fire, taking the rest fleeing. On the twelfth I rode to visit the Prince, and on the thirteenth, gaue him a Present, found him courteous, promising what I desired. The Prince had with him twentie thousand Horse, and three hundred faire E∣lephants, and with him, Asaph Can with some three thousand, and Emersee Rastein late King of Candbar, with some thousand old Souldiers. And during my abode in the Campe, came also Raia Manisengo with ten thousand Horse, all Resboots, and neere a thousand Elephants: so that all the [ 20] Plaines for a great distance were couered with Tents very braue to behold: with the Armie came diuers great Boates for the transporta••ion of forces ••uer waters. The Prince remouing I retur∣ned to Bramport: and on the sixe and twentieth, hee beeing aduanced 3 ^c. towards the E∣nemie, I went to him to take my leaue, where newes came of the ouerthrow of certaine of Ma∣nisengos forces.

The first of March, the Gouernor of Bramport departed for Agra, and I with him 12^c. to Barre a great Village, stonie & steep way, being the passage ouer the great ridge of Mountaines which come from Amadauarwards.* 1.101 About some 4 ^c. of this way lyeth the strong and inuincible Castle of Hassere, seated on the top of a high Mountaine, large and strong,* 1.102 able to re∣ceiue (as is reported) fortie or fiftie thousand Horse. And on the top are many faire Tankes and [ 30] good pasture grounds. It hath had in the dayes of Badur Sha late King thereof, some sixe hundred Peeces of Ordnance. The Acabar besieged it a long time, circling it on all sides, and at length tooke it by composition. For it is said, that there bred such an innumerable sort of Emmets or o∣ther small Wormes in all the waters, that the people swelled and burst with drinking thereof: which mortalitie caused him to compound and deliuer it, being by meere humane force inuinci∣ble. The third, 11 ^c. to Camla, a small Aldea, stonie, troublesome way. The fourth,* 1.103 to Magergom 4 ^c. a great Aldea, bad way. The fifth, 10 ^c. to Kergom a great Village, steepe way. The sixth, 13 c. to Berkul a small Village. The seuenth, 8 ^c. to Taxa∣pore a small Towne. At 2^c. on this way, you passe a faire Riuer called Neruor which comes from Baroche: vpon the Banke is a prettie Towne and faire Castle, and vnder it the Fer∣rie [ 40] place. To passe ouer with Camels is a way a C. lower on the left hand, where is an ouer∣fall, and not aboue three foot in the passage, but neere a mile ouer. The eight, 5 ^c. to Man∣dow, 3 c. whereof is vp a steepe stonie Mountaine, hauing way but for a Coach at most.* 1.104

This ridge of Mountaines extendeth North-east and South-west. On the top at the edge of the Mountaine standeth the gate or entrance of the Citie, ouer which is built a faire Fort and House of pleasure; the walls extending all along the Mountaines side for many Coses. On the left hand at the entrance some two or three miles distant, on the toppe of a picked Mountaine standeth a strong Fort, and in other places dispersed some ten or twelue more. For 2 c. or better within this gate the City is ruined all saue only Tombes and Meskites, which remayne in great numbers to this day, with some tottered walls of great Houses. The olde City is from [ 50] gate to gate 4 c. long North and South, but East and West ten or twelue Coses: and yet to the East-ward of all lyeth good pasture ground for many courses. Aloft on this Mountaine are some sixteene faire Tankes here and there dispersed about the Citie. That which is now stan∣ding is very faire, but small in comparison of the former,* 1.105 with diuers goodly buildings all of firme stone, and faire, high gates, that I suppose the like not to be in all Christendome. At the entrance on the South within the gate of the City now inhabited, as you passe along on the left hand, stands a goodly Meskite, and ouer against it a faire Palace, wherein are interred the bodies of foure Kings, with exceeding rich Tombes. By the side thereof standeth a high Turret of one hundred and seuentie steps high, built round with Galleries and Windowes to euery roome, all exceeding for goodly Ports, Arches, Pillars; the walls also all interlayed with a greene stone much [ 60] beautifying. On the North-side where I came forth lyeth a piece of a foot and an halfe bore in the mouth, but the breech was in the ground. The gate is very strong with a steepe descent; and without this sixe other, all very strong, with great walled places for Courts of Guard betweene gate and gate. On this side is also a small Port, but the way thereto is exceeding steepe. All a∣longst on the side also runneth the wall, with flankers euer here and there among; and yet is the

hill so steepe of it selfe, that it is not almost pos••••ble for a man to climbe vp on all ••oure to any part of it.* 1.106 So that to mans iudgement it is altogether inuincible; and yet was taken partly by force, partly by Treason by Hamawne, this mans Grandfather, for••ing Seic Sha Selim whose Ancestors had conquered it from the Indians some foure hundred yeeres agoe. This Sha Selim was a very powerfull King of Dely, and once forced Hamawne to flye into Persia for ayde; from whence returning with Persian forces, he put him againe to the worst; who yet held out against him all his life time, as also a long time of Ecabars Raigne, flying from one Moun∣taine to another. Without the wals of the City on this side, the Suburbs entred 4 ^c. long, but all ruinate, saue certaine Tombes, Meskits and goodly Seraies, no man remayning in them. [ 10]

The way exceeding stony and bad at 4 ^c. end lyeth Luneheira, a small Saray where wee pitched the ninth. Betweene this and the ruines about 3 ^c. of the way, is a goodly Tanke inclosed with stone, and a banketting house in the middest: On the South whereof are faire houses of pleasure now ruinated, from whence goeth an arched bridge to the banketting house in the Tanke.

Some halfe a Cose beyond Luneheira on the right hand, are foure or fiue faire Tankes with a great Pagode,* 1.107 a very pleasant place. The tenth, to Dupalpore 14 ^c. good way, a small Towne. The eleuenth, to Ouglue a faire City twelue long Coses. This Countrey is called Mal∣ua, a fertile soile, abounding with Opium. Here the Cose or Course is two miles English. The twelfth,* 1.108 wee made Mukom. The thirteenth, to Conoscia, 11 ^c. good way, a little Vil∣lage. [ 20] I enqu••red the price of Opium. They giue the head three scratches, from whence issue small teares, at the first white, which with the cold of the night turneth reddish, which they daily scrape, not without infinite trouble, the head beeing very small and yeelding little. The fourteenth,* 1.109 to Sunenarra 8 ^c. way much stony and theeuish, a people called Graciae, inha∣biting the hils on the left hand, which often vngraciously entertayn Carauans. A hundred of them had done the like to a Caffila now, had not our comming preuented. It is a small Towne, short of which is a great Tanke full of wilde fowle▪* 1.110 The fifteenth, 10 ^c. to Pimpelgom a ragged Aldea. At 4 ^c. end of this way lyeth Sarampore, a great Towne with a Castle on the South∣west side, with a faire Towne-house. Here are made faire Turbants and good linnen. Short of this Towne we met Caun Iohn a great Minion of the Kings with ten thousand horse, many Ele∣phants, [ 30] and Boats carryed on Carts, going for Bramport. On the way also we passed diuers of Manisengos men, hee hauing in all some twenty thousand, so that it was deemed there were one hundred thousand Horse assembled.

The sixteenth, 7 ^c. to Cuckra, a great Countrey Towne abounding with all sorts of Graine,* 1.111 Victuall and Mewa Wi••e: at 4 ^c. lyeth Berroul a great Aldea. The seuenteenth, 12 ^c. to Delout, a great Aldea, the way for the fiue last Coses theeuish, hilly, stony, the other pleasant Plaines. The eighteenth, 7 ^c. to Burrow a small Towne, but plentifull of Victuall, except flesh which is scarse all this way; the way dangerous. The nineteenth, 7 ^c. to Sukesera a small ragged Towne.* 1.112 The twentieth, to Syrange 9 ^c., a very great Towne, where are many Betele Gardens. The one and twentieth and two and twentieth, wee [ 40] make Muckom. The three and twentieth, to Cuchenary Saray 8 ^c. The foure and twen∣tieth, to Sadura 5 ^c. The fiue and twentieth, to Collebage 7 ^c. The sixe and twen∣tieth,* 1.113 12 c. to Qualeres, a pretty small Towne encompassed with Tamarind and Manga Trees. The seuen and twentieth, to Cipry seuen of Surat Couses a mile and an halfe way thee∣ui••h, stony, full of Trees, a Desart passage: a walled Towne, faire Houses couered with Slate. Two nights before some sixtie or seuentie Theeues (mistaking for a late passed Carauan) assayled in a darke night one hundred and fiftie Potan Souldiers, and fell into the pit they digged for o∣thers,* 1.114 ten being slaine and as many taken, the rest fled. The eight and twentieth, to Norwar 12 ^c. a Desart rascally way full of Theeues. In the Woods sate diuers Chuckees to pre∣uent robbing, but the Foxe is often made the Goose-heard. One pretty neat Meskite and in one [ 50] place at the foot of the gate, a few poore Inhabitants wee saw in this dayes iourney, and nine∣teene faire Saraies ruinated.

The Towne at the foot of the hill, hath a Castle on the top of a stony steep mountaine, with a narrow stone causey leading to the top some mile or better in ascent.* 1.115 In the way stand three gates very strong, with places for Corps du guard. At the t••p of all is the fourth gate, which leads into the Castle, where stands a guard, not permitting any s••rang••r to enter without order from the King. The Towne within is faire and great, with a descent thereto; being situate in a Valley on the top of a Mountaine very strangely. As it is reported, this cliffe is in circle some 5. or 6 ^c. and walled round with Towers and Flankers here and there dispersed, without treason inuincible. [ 60] This hath been the gate or border of the Kingdome of Mandow, and hath been beautifull, and s••o∣red wi••h Ordnance, but now is much gone to ruine. The twenty ninth to Palacha 7 ^c. the thir∣tieth to Antro,* 1.116 a great Towne 12 ^c. the thirty one to Gualere 6 c. a pleasant Citie with a Castle. On the East 〈◊〉〈◊〉 is on the top of a steep piked hill, a ruinous building where diuers great men haue been interred. On the West side is the Castle, which is a steep craggy cliffe of 6 c. compasse

at least (diuers say eleuen) all inclosed with a strong wall. At the going vp to the Castle adioyning to the Citie, is a faire Court enclosed with high walls, and shut in with strong gates, where keeps a strong guard, not permitting any to enter without publike order. From hence to the top, leads a stone narrow cawsey, walled on both sides; in the way are three gates to be passed, all exceeding strong, with Courts of guard to each. At the top of all at the entrance of the last gate, standeth a mightie Elephant of stone very curiously wrought. This Gate is also exceeding stately to be∣hold, with a goodly house adioyning, whose wals are all set with greene and blue stone, with di∣uers gilded Turrets on the top. This is the Gouernours lodging: where is place to keepe Nobles that offend (he is said to haue three such Noble-Prisons or Castles, this, and Rantimore 40 ^c. to which are sent such Nobles as he intends to put to death,* 1.117 which commonly is some two moneths [ 10] after their arriuall, the Gouernour then bringing them to the top of the wall, and giuing them a dish of milke, which hauing drunke, he is cast downe thence on the Rockes. The third is Rotas,* 1.118 a Castle in the Kingdome of Bengala, whither are sent those Nobles which are condemned to per∣petuall imprisonment) from whence very few returne againe. On the top of this Mountaine of Gualere, is very good ground, with three or foure faire Tankes, and many other faire buildings. On the Towne side are many houses cut out of the maine Rocke, for habitation and sale of goods. On the North-west side, at the foot of the hill is a spacious meadow, inclosed with a stone wall, within which are diuers gardens and places of pleasure, fit also to keepe horses in time of warre. This Castle was the Gate or frontier of the Kingdome of Dely, bordering on Mandow, and is neere [ 20] a mile of ascent.

The first of Aprill 1610. to Mendaker 9 ^c. the second 10 ^c. to Doulpore. Within 2 ^c. of the Towne, you passe a faire Riuer called Cambere, as broad as the Thames,* 1.119 short of which is a narrow passage, with hills on both sides, very dangerous. The Castle is strong, ditched round, and hath foure walls and gates one within an other, all very strong, with steep ascents to each, paued with stone; the Citie is inhabited most-what with Gentiles. The Castle is three q••arters of a mile through, and on the further side hath like Gates to be passed againe.* 1.120 The third to Iaiow 9 ^c. the fourth to Agra 9 ^c. In the afternoone, the Captaine carried me before the King. I here found at my comming, Captaine Thomas Boys, with three French Souldiours, a Dutch Inginer, and a Ve∣netian Merchant with his sonne, and a seruant, newly come by land out of Christendome.

[ 30] In May and part of Iune, the Towne was much vexed with fires night and day, flaming in one part or other, whereby many thousands of houses were consumed, besides Men, Women,* 1.121 Chil∣dren, and Cattell, that we feared the iudgement of Sodome and Gomorrha vpon the place. I was long dangerously sicke of a Feuer; and in Iune the heat so exceeded, that we were halfe rosted a∣liue. Iune the twenty eighth, arriued Padre Peniero, an arch-knaue (a Iesuite I should say) who brought Letters from the Vi••eroy, with many rich Presents, tending only to thwart our affaires.* 1.122 In this time, Mo. Bowcan was complained of by the Captaine to the King, who commaunded Abdel Hassan the chiefe Vizier to doe iustice; but birds of a feather will flie together, and Mo. Bowcan partly mis-reckoned, partly turned vs ouer to a Bankrupt Bannian; so that of thirty two thousand fiue hundred one M. and an halfe due, he would pay but eleuen thousand: neither would [ 40] he pay that present.

In Iuly, came newes of the ill successe of the Kings forces in Decan, who beeing within some foure dayes Iourney of Amdananager, hoping to raise the siege thereof, were forced through fa∣mine and drought, to make their retrait for Bramport, whereupon the Citie,* 1.123 after much miserie indured, was lost. This armie consisted of one hundred thousand horse at the least, with infinite numbers of Cammels and Elephants: so that with the whole baggage, there could not bee lesse then fiue or sixe hundred thousand persons, insomuch that the waters were not suff••cient for them; a Mussocke of water being sold for a Rupia and yet not enough to be had▪* 1.124 and all victualls at an ex∣cessiue rate. For the Decan army still spoyled the Countrey before them, and cut betwixt them and supplies for victualing them out of Guzerate and Bramport, daily making light skirmishes vp∣on [ 50] them, to their great disaduantage, that without retiring the whole army had been endangered. At their returne to Bramport, there were not to bee found thirty thousand horse, with infi∣nite number of Elephants, Cammels, and other Cattell dead. This Moneth also came newes of the sacking of Potana, a great Citie in Purrop,* 1.125 and surprising of the Castle where the Kings Trea∣sure lay, the Citizens flying without making resistance. But vpon this Caualero, presently came a great Ombra adioyning, and tooke him in the Castle. The Citizens returning, he sent twelue of the chiefe of them to the King, who caused them to be shauen, and in womens attire, to bee carried on Asses through all the streets of Agra,* 1.126 and on the next day (as it is said) cut off their Heads.

All this Moneth also was much stirre with the King about Christianitie, hee affirming before his Nobles, that it was the soundest faith, and that of Mahomet lies and fables.* 1.127 He commanded [ 60] also three Princes, his deceassed brothers sonnes, to be instructed by the Iesuites, and Christian apparell to be made for them, the whole City admiring. And yet at the same time, Abdel Has∣sans iudgement was, that it was not iustice to pay debts to Christians, in Mo. Bowcans case, wher∣of againe we had reference from the King to him, perhaps on like ground, as some Europaeans

thinke it lawfull to make price of the goods and ships of Ethnikes, eo nomine, therefore setting out men of warre, so to make the Christian Name, not as an ointment powred out, that the Virgin soules may be conuerted, and loue Christ, but as filthy matter running out of rotten hearts and poi∣soned lips, yea, with force and armes, to exoccupate the Kingdome of Christ in those parts: at least, let reformed Professors reforme this Man-of-warre-Profession against innocents, that the Name of God through them be not blasphemed among the Gentiles. But to returne to this dissimulati∣on (as since it hath to the world appeared) those three Princes were Christened solemnly, con∣ducted to Church by all the Christians of the Citie,* 1.128 to the number of some sixtie horse, Captaine Hawkins being in the head of them, with S. Georges colours carried before him, to the honour of the English Nation, letting them flie in the Court before Sha Selim himselfe. The eldest was na∣med [ 10] Don Philippo, the second Don Carlo, the third Don Henrico: and on the ninth of September, was christened another young Prince, the Acabars brothers sonnes sonne, by the name Don Du∣arte, the King giuing daily charge to the Fathers for their instruction, that they might become good Christians.

* 1.129October the twelfth, we were certified by Letters of M. Iourdaine from Surat, that thirtie Frigats of the Portugals were cast away on the barre of Surat, hasting before the winter was bro∣ken vp, to catch more English; many of the men escaped, and were glad to beg releefe at the En∣glish doore.

[ 20]

§. V. Descriptions of Fetipore, Byana; the way thither; of the Nill or Indico, and of diuers Mogoll affaires, Cities, and Castles.

THe first of Nouember, I was sent to buy Nill or Indico at Byana. I lodged that night at Menhapoore,* 1.130 a great Saray, 7 ^c. by which is a Garden, and Moholl or summer house of the Queene Mothers, very curiously contriued. The second at Cannowa, 11 ^c. at 4 ^c. end, is a Moholl of the Kings. And at euery cose end from Agra, is erected a stone pillar for 130 ^c. to Asmere, where lieth interred the body of a great Moorish Saint, called Hog∣hee [ 30] Mondee,* 1.131 whereto the Acabar wanting children, made a foot-pilgrimage to beg for issue, and caused a pillar at each course to be set vp; and a Moholl with lodgings for sixteene great women at euery eighth course alongst, and after his returne obtained three sonnes.

At 7 c. on this way, and 12 ^c. from Agra, is seated the famous citie of Fetipore, built by the Acu∣bar,* 1.132 and inclosed with a faire stone wall, which yet standeth fresh, hauing foure faire and strong Gates, it being some three English miles betwixt gate and gate. In the middest it is all ruinate, ly∣ing like a waste desart, and very dangerous to passe through in the night, the buildings lying wast without inhabitants;* 1.133 much of the ground beeing now conuerted to Gardens, and much sowed with Nill and other graine, that a man standing there, would little thinke he were in the middest of a citie.

To the entrance of the gate from Agra, some course in length vpon a stony ascent, lie the [ 40] ruines of the Suburbs; as also without the Southwest gate for two English miles in length, many faire buildings being fallen to the ground: and on the left hand are many faire enclosed Gardens, three miles alongst from the citie. At the entrance of the Northeast Gate, is a goodly Bazar (mar∣ket place) of stone,* 1.134 halfe a mile long, being a spacious straight-paued street, with faire buildings on either side. Close within the gate is the Kings Saray, with large stone lodgings, but much rui∣ned. At the head of this street stands the Kings house and Moholl, with much curious building: and on the further side hereof, vpon an ascent, stands the goodliest Meskite of the East. It hath some twentie foure or thirty steps of ascent to the Gate,* 1.135 which is one of the highest and fairest (I suppose) in the whole world: on the top are a number of clustering pinnacles, curiously disposed. [ 50] The top of this Gate may be plainely seene eight or tenne miles distance. Within is a goodly spa∣cious court, very curiously paued with free stone, about sixe times the largenesse of Londons Ex∣change, with faire large walkes alongst the side, more then twice as broad, and double the height of those about the Burse of London, the pillars vpholding them, beeing of one intire stone: and round about are entrances into many goodly roomes, neatly contriued. Opposite to the Gate to∣ward the further side, stands a faire and sumptuous Tombe, artificially inlaied with mother of Pearle, and inclosed with a grating of stone curiously carued. Ouer head is rich pargetting and paynting.* 1.136 Herein lyeth the body of a great Kalender, at whose cost the whole Meskite was builded. Vnder the court yard is a goodly Tanke of excellent water; none other being to be had through the citie, but brackish and fretting, by drinking whereof was caused such mortality, that [ 60] the Acubar before it was quite finished, left it, and remooued his seat to Agra, so that this good∣ly Citie was short liued, in fifty or sixty yeares space beeing built and ruinate.

It was at the first called Sykary, which signifieth, seeking or hunting; but after the Acabar was returned from his Asmere Pilgrimage, and was father of this Sha Selim, hee named it Feti∣pore,

that is, a Towne of content, or place of Hearts desire obtained.* 1.137 The North North-west side of the Citie, without the walles, is a goodly Lough for 2. or 3 ^c. in length, abounding with good fish and wilde fowle; all ouer which groweth the herbe which beareth the Hermodactyle,* 1.138 and another bearing a fruit like a Goblet, called Camolachachery, both very cooling fruits. The herbe which beareth the Hermodactyle, is a weed abounding in most Tankes neare Agra, spreading o∣uer all the water; the leafe I obserued not, but the fruit is inclosed with a three cornered shell, of a hard woodie substance, hauing at each angle a sharpe picked pricking point, and is a little in∣dented on both the flat sides like two posternes. The fruit being greene, is soft and tender, white and of a mealish taste, much eaten in India, being exceeding cold in my iudgement: for alwayes [ 10] after it, I desired Aqua-vitae. It is called by the people Singarra. The other beareth a fruit in maner of a Goblet, flat on the toppe, and of a soft greenish substance, within which a little emi∣nent, stand sixe or eight small fruits like Akornes, diuided from each other, and inclosed with a whitish filme, at the first of a russettish greene, tasting like a Nut or Akorne; in the middest is a small greene sprigge naught to be eaten.

Cannowa is a small countrey Towne, round about which is made very good Nill,* 1.139 by reason of the fastnesse of the soile, and brackishnesse of the water: it maketh yeerely some fiue hundred M. Ouchen 3 ^c. distant makes very good; besides which, no Towne but Byana it selfe, compares with this. I remained heere to the two and twentieth and three and twentieth. 6 ^c. to Candere,* 1.140 a roguish dirtie Aldea. At 2 ^c. on this way, is one of those Moholls, before mentioned. It is a square [ 20] stone building: within the first gate is a small court, with a place for the King to keepe his Dar∣sany, and two or three other retiring roomes, but none of note. Within the second court is the Moholl, being a foure-square thing, about twice as bigge, or better, then the Exchange; hauing at each corner a faire open Deuoncan, and in the middest of each side another,* 1.141 which are to bee spread with rich carpets, and to sit in to passe the time: And betwixt each corner and this middle-most, are two faire large chambers for his women (so that each Moholl receiueth six∣teene) in seuerall lodgings, without doores to any of them, all keeping open house to the Kings pleasure. Round by the side goeth a faire paued walke, some eight foot broad: and in the mid∣dest of all the court stands the Kings chamber, where he like a Cocke of the game may crow o∣uer all. At Candere I remained till the eight and twentieth, and returned to Bachuna, 4 ^c. backe [ 30] in the way.

The twentieth of December, I went to Byana 8 ^c. a backe way thorow the fields.* 1.142 This citie hath beene great and faire, but is now ruinate, saue two Sarayes and a long Bazar, with a few stragling houses, many faire ones being fallen,* 1.143 and many others not inhabited (except by rogues or theeues) so that many streets are quite desolate. On the North-west some three or foure cose off, are the ruines of a Kings house, with many other faire buildings: the like ruines are to bee seene on the South-west side, ouer against a Towne called Scanderbade, in like distance vpon the height of the rocky mountaines: the way leading vp is a narrow steepe stony cawsey, not to be passed on horse-backe, some quarter of a mile the ascent: the entrance is thorow a small wicket, passing the lips of the mountaines in a narrow gutte. On the right hand, vpon the very edge, [ 40] stands a pleasant building, where are diuers Tombes: from each side, the way may be made good with stones against millions of men. Passing a mile hence on a faire cawsey, you come to the Kings house, sometimes faire, now ruinate, where a few poore Googers remaine in the ruines. Many Tombes and Monuments yet remaine. At the foote of the hill toward Scanderbade,* 1.144 is a pleasant Valley inclosed with a wall, and therein many gardens of pleasure. This City hath been in ancient times the seate of a great Potane King, and hath had the walles extending on the cliffes 8 ^c. in length, in those places where is any possibilitie of getting vp, the rockes other-where ouer-hanging: the fortifications on the other side I saw not. It hath beene a goodly city, inhabited now only with Googers, which are keepers of cattell, and makers of Butter and Cheese. From hence notwithstanding all this strength, did the Acabar force Sha Selim the Tyrant, and [ 50] then laid it waste, as he hath done Mandow, and most of the strong holds which he tooke. The countrey which affordeth that rich Nill which takes name of Byana, is not aboue twenty or thir∣tie cose long.

The herbe Nill, groweth in forme not much vnlike Ciues or Cich-pease,* 1.145 hauing a small leafe like that of Sena, but shorter and broader, and set on a very short foot-stalke, the branches hard and of a woodie substance like vnto broome. It vsually groweth not aboue a yard high, and with a stalke at the biggest (which is at the third yeare) not much exceeding a mans thumbe.* 1.146 The feed is included in a small round codde about an inch long, resembling Foenigraecum, saue that it is more blunt at both ends, as if it had been cut off with a knife. It carryeth a small flower like that of Hearts-ease: the seed is ripe in Nouember, and then gathered. The herbe once sowne dureth [ 60] three yeeres, being cut euery yeere in August and September after the raines. That of one yeere is tender, and thereof is made notee, which is a weighty Reddish nill sinking in water, not come to his perfection: that of the second yeere is rich, and called Cyeree, very light and of a perfect Violet colour, swimming on the water: in the third yeere the herbe is declining, and this Nill is called Catteld, being a weightie blackish Nill, the worst of the three. This herbe being cut the

moneth aforesaid, is cast into a long cisterne, where it is pressed downe with many stones, and then filled with water ti••l it be couered,* 1.147 which so remaineth for certaine dayes, till the substance of the herbe be gone into the water. Then they let the water forth into another round cisterne, in the middest of which is another small cisterne or center: this water being thus drawne forth, they labour with great staues, like batter or white starch, and then let it settle, scumming off the cleare water on the toppe: then labouring it afre••h, and let it settle againe, drawing forth the cleare water, doing this oft, till nothing but a thicke substance remaine; which they take foorth and spread on cloth, to dry in the Sunne: and beeing a little hardened, they take it in their hands, and making small balls, lay them on the sand to dry (for any other thing would drinke vp the colour) this is the cause of the sandy foot. So if raine fall, it looseth his colour and glosse, and is called Aliad. Some deceitfully will take of the herbe of all three crops, and steepe them altoge∣ther,* 1.148 hard to be discerned, very knauishly. Fowre things are required in Nill: a pure graine, a vi∣olet [ 10] colour, his glosse in the Sunne, and that it be dry and light, so that swimming in the water, or burning in the fire, it cast forth a pure light violet vapour, leauing a few ashes.

About the sixt of Ianuary, the King being on hunting, was assailed by a Lyon which hee had wounded with his Peece,* 1.149 with such fiercenesse, that had not a Captaine of his, a Resboot, Tutor of the late baptized Princes interposed himselfe, thr••sting his arme into the Lions mouth as hee ramped against his Maiestie, he had in all likelihood been destroyed. In this strugling, Sultan Co∣rom, Raiaw Ranidas, and others came in, and amongst them slew the Lyon, that Captaine hauing first receiued thirty two wounds: whom therfore the King tooke vp into his owne Palanke, with his owne hands also wiped and bound vp his wounds, and made him a Captaine of fiue thousand [ 20] horse,* 1.150 in recompence of that his valourous loyaltie.

The Kings manner of hunting is this: about the beginning of Nouember, accompanied with many thousands, he goeth forth of his Castle of Agra, and hunteth some thirty or forty Course round about the Citie;* 1.151 so continuing till the ende of March, when the heat driues him home a∣gaine. He causeth, with choise men, a certaine wood or desart place to bee incircled, so contra∣cting themselues to a neerer compasse, till they meet againe; and whatsoeuer is taken in this in∣closure, is called the Kings Sikar or game, whether men or beasts; and whosoeuer lets ought e∣scape, without the Kings mercy, must loose his life. The beasts taken, if mans meat, are sold, and the money giuen to the poore: if men, they remaine the Kings slaues, which he yearely sends to Cabull, to barter for horse and dogs; these beeing p••ore miserable theeuish people that liue in woods and desarts, lit••le differing from beasts. [ 30]

This Moneth, the King was prouiding more forces for Decan, notwithstanding the Decan••es required his peace, offering to restore what they had taken▪ Caun Asom was sent Generall, and with him twentie thousand horse, accompanied with Matrobet Caun another Great Captaine, together with infinite treasure. With these forces went Iohn Frenchman, and Charles Charke, en∣tertained in his seruice for the warres.* 1.152

Ianuary the ninth, I departed from Agra for Lahor to recouer debts, and carried twelue carts la∣den with Nil in hope of a good price. The places I passed were Rownocta twelue courses, Badeg Sara 10. Acabarpore 12 ^c. formerly a great city, still famous for the Antiquities of Indian Gobins or Saints. A little ••hort of this place, is a faire Deury inclosed with a stone wall, in which is a De∣voncan, and round about a little distance in vaults (or cloisters) are to be seen many Pagods, which [ 40] are stone images of monstrous men feareful to behold, but adored by the Indians with flowers and offerings. Houdle 13 ^c. At the entrance of the Saray is a faire fountaine three stories, and one hun∣dred steps. Pulwooll 12 ^c. Ferreedabade 12 ^c. Dely 10 ^c. On the left hand is seene the carkasse of old Dely, * 1.153 called the nine castles, and fiftie two gates, now inhabited onely by Googers. A little short is a stone bridge of eleuen arches, ouer a branch of Gemini: from hence a broad way shaded with great trees, leading to the sepulchre of Hamaron this Kings Grandfather, in a large roome spread with rich carpets, the Tombe it selfe couered with a pure white sheet, a rich Semiane o∣uer head, and a front, certaine bookes on small tressels, by which stand his Sword, Tucke, and shooes: at the entrance are other Tombes of his Wiues and Daughters. Beyond this, vnder like shaded way you come to the Kings house and Moholl, now ruinous. The City is 2^c. betweene [ 50] Gate and Gate, begirt with a strong wall, but much ruinate, as are many goodly houses: within and about this Citie are the Tombes of twenty Potan Kings, all very faire and stately. The Kings of India are here to be crowned, or else they are held Vsurpers. It is seated in a goodly plaine, en∣vironed with goodly pleasant Gardens and Monuments.

Nalero is hence 14^c. about 2 ^c. without Dely, is the remainder of an auncient Mole or hunting house, b••lt by Sultan Berusa a great Indian Monarch, with much curiositie of stone-worke: with and aboue the rest, is to be seen a stone * 1.154 Pillar, which passing through three stories, is higher then all twenty foure foot, hauing at the top a Globe, and a halfe Moone ouer it. This stone they say, stands as much vnder the earth, and is placed in the water, being all one entire stone, (some say [ 60]

Nasordengady a Potan King would haue taken it vp, and was prohibited by multitude of Scorpi∣ons, and that it hath inscriptions.) In diuers parts of India the like are to be seene, and of late was found buried in the ground about Fettipore a stone piller of an hundred cubits length, which the King commanded to bring to Agra, but was broken in the way, to his great griefe.* 1.155 It is re∣markeable, that the Q••••rries of India, specially neere Fettipore (whence they are carryed farre) are of such nature, that they may be cleft like logges, and sawne like plancks to ••eele chambers, and couer houses of a great length and breadth. From this Monument is said to bee a way vnder ground to Dely Castle. Now here remaine onely Googers, and there are store of Deere. We saw in the way the raines of diuers places, and neere the same, the raines of a wall 20^c. in c••rcuit, be∣ing a Parke for game. Some part of this way was theeuish, and some report being giuen out of the Kings death, many R••g••es with that false alarme were abroad: we met the Fosder of Dely with [ 10] some 2. thousand horse and foot in their pursuit, who burnt their Townes, & tooke thē and theirs whatsoeuer he could get: and the next day at breakfast we were like to be surprized by theeues.

G••nowre 14 c. Panneput 14 ^c. at the entry whereof was placed a Manora, with the heads of some hundred theeues newly taken; their bodies set on stakes a mile in length. Carmall 14 ^c. the way theeuish, where but for our peece language we had b••en assaulted. On the North-west ex∣tend Mountaines neere to Lahor from hence, with snow on the tops. Tanassar 14 ^c. here is a Ca∣stle, a goodly Tanke, and by it Pagods, much reuerenced by all the Gentiles throughout India.* 1.156 Neere it also are the Sal-armoniake pits.* 1.157 Shabad or Goobade 10 ^c. Amballa 12 ^c. H••llowa Saray 14 ^c. Syrinam 7 ^c. it hath a faire Tanke with a Summer-house in the middest, to which leads a Bridge of fifteene stone arches very pleasant. From hence is a small Riuer cut to the Kings Gar∣den [ 20] a corse distant, with a cawsey of forty foot bread, planted with trees on both sides to it. The Garden is fowre square, each square a cose in length, or better, inclosed with a Bricke-w••ll,* 1.158 richly planted with all sorts of fruits and flowers, rented yeerely (as I was told) for f••fty thou∣sand Rupias: crossed with two maine walkes forty foot broad, and eight high, with ••a••er run∣ning alongst stone channells in the middest, and planted on both sides thicke with faire Cy∣presses: one of these cawseys is also paued with pe••••e curiously inter-wrought. At the crossing stands an eight square Mohol with eight chambers for women, in the midst thereof a faire Tank; ouer these eight other roomes, with faire Galleries round about: on the top of all a faire ••oun∣ter; the whole building curiously wrought in stone, with faire painting, rich caruing, and pa••∣getting: [ 30] and on two sides two faire Tankes in the midst of a faire stone chounter, plan••ed round with Cypresse trees: a little distant is another Mohol, but not so curious.

From hence we passed to Dorapy 15 ^c. Pulloceque Saray 13^c. Nicoder 12^c. Sultanpoore 11 ^c. Fe∣tipore 7 ^c. a Saray built (if it were finished) by Sha Selim, in memoriall of the ouerthrow giuen Sultan Cusseroom his eldest sonne: the occasion whereof was this. Sha Selim vpon some disgust tooke armes in his fathers life time, and fled into P••••rop,* 1.159 where he kept the strong Castle of A∣lobasse (but came in some three moneths before his fathers deceasse) whereupon Acabar gaue the Crowne to Sultan Cusseroom his sonne. But after Acabars death, Selim by his friends, seized on the Castle and treasure, and his sonne fled for Lahor, where hee gathered some twelue thousand horse all good souldiours and Mogols, possessing the Suburbs twelue daies, and proclaimed King in the Kasse, and his Father in the Castle. In this place he gaue battell to Strek Fereed, and dis••rac∣••ed [ 40] his three hundred horse, and put them to the sword: to the second of him came Melec Ale Cutwall (the King b••ing some 20 ^c. behind) with some two hundred horse, beating vp the Kings dr••mmes, and g••uing a braue assault, shout••ng God saue King Sel••••, vpon which the Princes soul∣diours fa••rted and fled, the Prince himselfe fleeing only with fiue horse, and got 30 ^c. beyond La∣hor for Cabull, which if he had gotten, he would ha••e put his father to further trouble: but bee∣ing to passe a Riuer where hee gaue Mohors of Gold, the Boate-man grew in distrust, and in the middest of the Channell leapt ouer-boord, and swamme to the shoare, where hee gaue notice to the Gouernour of the Towne adioyning, who presently with fiftie horse came downe to the Riuer, where the Boat was still floting, imbarq••ed himselfe in ano••her, and saluted him by the name of King, dissembli••gly offering his aide, and inviting him to his house:* 1.160 which [ 50] the Prince accepting, was locked vp with his Company and guarded, till hee had sent the King word, who sent G••rmaunabeg to fetch him fettered on an Elephant. From hence his Father pro∣ceeded to Cabul, punishi••g such as he found tar••••e in this reuolt, carrying his sonne with him pri∣soner, and returning by this place where the battell was fought (as some say) caused his eyes to be burned out with a glas••e; others say, on••ly blind-folded him with a napkin tying it b••hind,* 1.161 and sealing it with his owne seale, which yet remaineth, and himselfe prisoner in the Castle of Agra. All alongst on both sides the way from Cabul to Agra, a reasonable distance, the King cau••ed trees to be planted to shade the way, in remembrance of this exploit, and called this place ••••ti∣poore, that is, hearts content, as ye before heard of the Citie, which for his birth was named so by his Father Accubar: these as any decay, must by the peoples toyle be supplied.

[ 60] From hence to Hughe M••h••ed•• 10 ^c. Cancan••a Saray 12 ^c. Lahor 7 ^c. where I arriued February the 〈◊〉〈◊〉. On the twentie eighth, arriued here a Persian Embassadour allied to Sha Abash,* 1.162 with a grea•• Carauan accompanying him. I by them learned, that the way to Ca••d••har was now 〈◊〉〈◊〉, the wa••r••s being ended, which the Tink•••• Gelole had caused, who the former yeare had

fled to the Persian with some ten thousand Turkes, and had obtained some Iaggere neere thereto, whereof he purposing to make him selfe King, was ouerthrowne, and being sent for by the Per∣sian, refused to come, till deluded by promise of a mariage, he was got to the Court, and there lost h••s head. We heard also of the Persians taking from the Turke, the strong Castle of Curdes, after a yeeres siege, with other Asian and Europaean newes.

§. VI. Description of Lahor, and of the Kings house there: how the Mogolls entred India: Of diuers strong holds, strange Beasts, and Plants; f••nd Supersti∣tions: [ 10] Of the Wayes, Theeues, Outlawes, Cities, Buildings, adioy∣ned and intermixed: Princes not subiect: Agra and Echebars Sepulchre described.

LAhor is one of the greatest Cities of the East, containing some 24 ^c. in circuit by the ditch which is now casting vp about it, and by the Kings command, now to be inclosed with a strong wall. In the time of the Potans it was but a Village, Multan then flou∣rishing, till Hamawn enlarged this. The Towne and Suburb is some 6 ^c. thorow. The castle or Towne is inclosed with a strong bricke wall, hauing thereto twelue faire gates, nine by [ 20] land, and three openings to the Riuer: the streets faire and well paued, the inhabitants most Ba∣neans and handicrafts men;* 1.163 all white men of note lying in the Suburbs. The bu••ldings are faire and high, with bricke and much curiositie of carued windowes and doores: most of the Gentiles doores of sixe or seuen steps ascent, and very troublesome to get vp, so built for more securitie, and that passengers should not see into their houses.* 1.164 The castle is seated on Rauee, a goodly Riuer which falleth into Indus, downe which go many Boats, of sixtie tunne or vpwards, for Tatta in Sind, after the fall of the raine, being a iourney of some fortie dayes alongst by Multan, Seetpore, Buchur, Rauree, &c.

This Riuer commeth from the East, and runneth Westerly by the North side of the Citie: vp∣on which within the Castle is the Kings house,* 1.165 passing in at the middle gate to the Riuer-ward. [ 30] Within the Citie on the left-hand, you enter thorow a strong gate; and a Musket shot further another smaller, into a faire great square court, with Atescanna for the Kings guard to watch in. On the left-hand, thorow another gate you enter into an inner court, where the King keepes his Darbar, and round about which court are Atescanna's also for great men to watch in. In the middest there stands a high pole to hang a light on. From hence you go vp to a faire stone Ioun∣ter or small court, in the middest whereof stands a faire De••oncan, with two or three other reti∣ring rooms, wherein the King sits out all the first part of the night, commonly from eight to ele∣uen. On the w••lles is the Kings Picture sitting crosse-legged on a chaire of State: on his right-hand Sultan Peruése,* 1.166 Sultan Caroone, and Sultan Timoret, his sonnes: next these, Sha Morat, and Don Sha, two of his ••rothers (the three baptized before spoken, were sonnes of this later) [ 40] next them Emersee Sheriff, eldest brother to Caun Asom (of whom it is reported his estate to be such, tha•• of one hundred chiefe women which he kept, he neuer suffred any of their clothing af∣ter their first wearing to be euer touched by any s••ranger, but caused them to bee buried in the ground there to rot: as also that he alway had in service fiue hundred Massalgees, in so much that whensoeuer he went from court to his house in Agra, which was at least a corse, no man remoued foote with his torch, but stood all alongst to his house) next this man, Emersee Rostene, late King of Candhar,* 1.167 then Can Canna (which sig••ifie••h Prince of Cannes) then Cut••ùp Caun, Raiaw Manisengo, Caun Asom, Asoph Caun, Sheck Fereed, Kelish Caun, and Raiaw Iuggonat (who at his death has seuen of his friends that burned th••mselues with him, besides one of his sisters, and a brothers childe.) On the left hand of the King stands Raiaw Bowsing, who beats away flyes, then [ 50] Raiaw Ramdas, who holds his sword, Cleriff Caun, Caun Iohn, Iemana Lege or Mawbet Caun, Mocrow Bowcan, Raiaw Bossow, Raiaw Ransing, Maio Kesso, and Lala Bersing. Note also that in this Galle••y, as you enter, on the right-hand of the King, ouer the doore is the Picture of our Sa∣uiour; opposite on this left-hand of the Virgin Mary. This Deuoncan is very pleasantly seated, ouer-looking the Rauee.

From hence passing thorow a small entire to the West, you enter another small court, where is another open Chounter of stone to sit in, couered with rich Semianes. From hence you enter in∣to a small Gallery, at the end of which, next the Riuer, thorow a small window, the King looks forth at his Dersanee, to behold the fights of wilde beasts on the medow by the Riuer. On the wall of ••his Gallery is drawne the Picture of the Acabar sitting in his S••ate, and before him [ 60] Sha Selim his sonne, standing with a Hawke on his 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and by him Sultan Cusseroom, Sultan Per∣uis, Sultan Coroome, his three sonnes: at the end is a small Deuoncan, where the King vseth to fit▪ behind which is his lodging chamber, and before it all open into a paued court, alongst the right-hand whereof runneth a small Moholl of two stories,* 1.168 each containing eig••t faire lodgings for

seuerall women, with Galleries and windowes looking to the Riuer, and to the court. All the doores of these chambers are to bee fastened on the out-side, and none within. In the Gallery where the King vseth to sit, are drawne ouer-head many P••ctures of Angels,* 1.169 with Pictures of Banian Dews, or rather Diuels, intermixt in most vgly shape, with long hornes, staring eyes, shagge haire, great fangs, vgly pawes, long tailes, with such horrible difformity and deformity, that I wonder the poore women are not frighted therewith. Within this court is a pleasant De∣uoncan and lodgings, and the way to another Moholl for the King to passe, but none other.

Now to returne to the former court, where the Adees or Guard keepe their watch, there is also on the left hand the new Derbar, beyond it another small court with Atescanna, and passing [ 10] thorow another gate, a faire large square Moholl, called the new Moholl,* 1.170 of that largenesse that it may lodge two hundred women in state all seuerall. Likewise returning to the great court, passing right on, you enter another small paued court on the left hand, and into another Moholl, the stateliest of the three, contriued into sixteene seuerall great lodgings, each hauing faire lod∣gings, a Deuoncan (or Hall) a small paued court, each her Tanke, and enioying a little world of pleasure and state to her selfe; all seated very pleasantly vpon the Riuer. Before the Moholl of Sultan Casserooms mother, is placed an high pole to hang a light on, as before the King, for that shee brought forth his first sonne and heire. In the midst stands a goodly Gallery for the King to sit in, with such vgly Pictures ouer-head as before. At the end are drawne many portraitures of the King in state sitting amongst his women, one holding a flaske of wine, another a napkin,* 1.171 a [ 20] third presenting the Peally, behind one pankawing, another holding his sword, another his bow, and two or three arrowes, &c.

Before this Gallery is a faire paued court, with stone gratings, and windowes alongst the wa∣ters side; at the end a faire marble Iounter, conuexed ouer-head, looking ouer the Riuer, beneath it a Garden of pleasure; behind, the Kings lodgings very sumptuous, the walles and seelings all ouer-laid with pure gold; and round alongst the sides, about a mans height, some three foote di∣stant are placed faire Venice Looking-glasses, three and three each aboue other: and below the these alongst the walles, are drawne many pictures of this mans Ancestors, as of Acabar his Father, Hamowne his Grand-father, Babur his great Grand-father, who first set foote into India, with thirtie of his Nobles, all clad like Kalendars or Fookeers,* 1.172 which so came to Dely to Secanders Court [ 30] then raigning, where by his very countenance he was discouered, yet found mercy, and returned vpon his oath not to attempt any thing during the said Secanders raigne; which he performed: but after this death, he sent his sonne Hamawne vpon his Successor Abram, from whom he tooke the whole Kingdome. Yet at length rose vp a great Captaine of the Blood-Royall in Bengala, who fought a great battel with Hamawne neare Ganges, put him to flight, and so closely followed him, that he draue him forth of the Kingdome to the Persian Shaw; of whom hee obtained new Forces (with whom came Byram, Caun Canna his father, for Generall) and reconquered all li∣uing after that in security. This King dying, left Acabar very yong, appointed Byram Caun Pro∣tector, whom the Acabar, comming to yeares, cast off, and on a Roomery or Pilgrimage to Mec∣ca, as is said, made away with him. His sonne Can Canna or Caun, of the Caunees, doth also much [ 40] curbe Sha Selim the King, with his friends and Allyes, being able to make better then an hundred thousand horse. Sha Selim affirmeth himselfe to be the ninth lawfully descended from the loynes of Tamerlane the Great, being the Great-grand-child of Babur, King of Cabull.* 1.173

But to returne to the entrance of this Moholl, passing forth of that court thorow a strong gate, you enter into the City againe; this house and appurtenances of Mohols being at the least two English miles in circuit. On the East-side of the Castle hard without the wall, is the Garden of Asoph Caun, small, neat,* 1.174 with walkes (planted with Cypresse-trees) diuers Tankes and Ioun∣ters: as you enter, a faire Deuoncan supported with stone pillars, with a faire Tanke in the midst, and in the midst of that, on foure stone pillars, a Iounter for coolenesse. Beyond are other Galle∣ries and walkes, diuers lodgings for his women neatly contriued; and behind, a small Garden, [ 50] and Garden-house. In the midst of the Garden is a very stately Iounter with faire buildings o∣uer-head, and a Tanke in the center with large and goodly Galleries alongst the foure sides there∣of, supported with high stone pillars. Adioyning to this is a Garden of the Kings, in which are very good Apples, but small, Toot white and red, Almonds, Peaches, Figges, Grapes, Quinces,* 1.175 Orenges, Limmons, Pomgranats, Roses, Stock-gellow-flowers, Marigolds, Wall-flowers, Ireos, Pinkes white and red, with diuers sorts of Indian Flowers.

On the West-side of the Castle is the Ferry to passe ouer to Cabul (and so to Tartary or Cas∣car,) a very great road-way, and the further side of the Riuer is a goodly Countrey. Infinit num∣bers of Gardens full of rarity exceeds, two or 3 ^c. in length. Passing the Sugar Gonge is a faire M••skite b••ilt by Shecke Fereed▪ beyond it (without the Towne, in the way to the Gardens) is [ 60] a faire monument for Don Sha his mother, one of the Acabar his wiues, with whom it is said Sha Selim ••ad to do (her name was Immacque Kelle, or Pomgranate kernell) vpon notice of which the King ca••led her to be inclosed quicke within a wall in his Moholl, where shee dyed: and the King in toke•• of his loue, commands a sumptuous Tombe to be built of stone in the midst of a foure-square Garden richly walled, with a gate, and diuers roomes ouer it: the conuexity of the Tombe he hath willed to be wrought in workes of gold, with a large faire Iounter with roomes ouer-head. Note that most of these monumēts which I mention, are of such largenesse, that if they

were otherwise contriued, would haue roome to entertaine a very good man, with his whole houshold. Without the Dely Droware, where the Nolat or great Drum beats, is a goodly streight street, about three quarters of a mile long, all paued; at the end of which is the Bazar, by it the great Saray, besides which are diuers others, both in the City and Suburbs, wherein diuers neate lodgings are to be let, with doores, lockes and keyes to each. Hence to the North-east lyeth Am∣bere, the place of hospitality: from hence to the South-east the habitation of diuers louing, &c.

The seuenteenth of May, came news of the sacking of Cabul by the Potan theeues, which kept in the Mountains,* 1.176 being eleuen thousand foot, and one thousand horse, the Gouernour thereof be∣ing at Gelalabade about other affaires, & the Garrison so weak, that they were able only to main∣taine the Castle. In six houres they spoiled the City and retired with great booty. The King for better awing of these rebels, hath placed twenty three Ombraes betwixt Lahor and Cabul, and [ 10] yet all will not serue, they often sallying from the mountains, robbing Carauans and ransacking townes. The eighteenth of August, arriued a great Carauan from Persia, by whom we had newes from an Armenian, which had serued M. Boys, of the French Kings death, and of affaires betwixt the Turk and Persian; he hauing destroyed the country about Tauris, raced the Citie, and filled vp the wells to hinder the Turks armie:* 1.177 the Merchants by this means (to our griefe) not daring to aduenture beyond Candhar.

Of diuers wayes in the Mogols Kingdome, to and from Lahor and Agra, and places of note in them.

* 1.178FROM Lahor to Cabull passing the Rauee at 10 ^c. stands Googes Seray: beyond which 8 ^c. Emenbade, a faire City: thence to Chumaguckur 12 ^c. a great towne: to Guzurat 14 ^c. a [ 20] faire Citie of great trade: at 7 ^c. of this way you passe the Riuer Chantrow, neare a corse ouer: to Howaspore 12 ^c. to Loure Rotas 15 ^c. a Citie with a strong Castle on a Moun∣taine, the Frontier of the Potan kingdome to Hattea 15 ^c. to Puckow 4 ^c. to Raulepende 14 ^c. to Collapanne 15 ^c. to Hassanabdall 4 ^c. a pleasant Towne with a small Riuer, and many faire Tanks, in which are many fishes with gold rings in their noses hung by Acabar, the water so cleare, that you may see a penny in the bottome: to Attock 15 ^c. a Citie with a strong Castle, by which In∣dus passeth in great beautie: to Pishore 36 ^c. to Alleek Meskite 10 ^c. the way dangerous for rebels, which are able to make ten or twelue thousand men: to Ducka 12 ^c. to Beshoule 6 ^c. to Abareek 6 ^c. to Aleboga 9 ^c. by which runneth Cow, a great Riuer, which comes from Cabul: (way still theeuish) to Gelalabade 4 ^c. to Loure-charebage 4 ^c. to Budde-charbag 6 ^c. to N. mla 8 ^c. to Gondo∣ma [ 30] 4 ^c. to Surcrood 4 ^c. a Saray, with a small Riuer which lookes red, and makes to haue a good stomack: to Zagdelee 8 ^c. to Abereek 8 ^c. to Dowaba 8 ^c. a great mountain in the way 4 ^c. ascent: to Butta Cauke 8 ^c. to Camree 3 ^c. to Cabul 3 ^c.* 1.179 It is a great and faire Citie, the first seate of this Kings great Grand-father, with two Castles and many Sarayes. 20 ^c. beyond is Chare-cullow, a pleasant faire Citie, and 20 ^c. beyond Gorebond, a great Citie bordering vpon Vsbeke. 150 ^c. be∣yond Cabul is Taul Caun, a Citie in Buddocsha.

* 1.180From Cabull to Cascar, with the Carauan, is some two or three moneths iourney. It is a great kingdome, and vnder the Tartar. A chiefe Citie of trade in his Territorie is Yar Chaun, whence comes much Silke, Pur••lane, Muske, and Rheubarb, with other Merchandize: all which come from China,* 1.181 the gate or entrance whereof is some two or three moneths iourney from hence. [ 40] When they come to this entrance, they are forced to remaine vnder their Tents, and by license send some ten or fifteene Merchants at once to doe their businesse, which being returned, they may send as many more. But by no meanes can the whole Carauan enter at once.

* 1.182From Lahor to Cassimere the way is as in Cabull way to Guzerat: from thence North, or some∣what Easterly withall 16 ^c. to Bimbar; to Ioagek Hately 14 ^c. to Chinges{que} Hately 10 ^c. to Peckly 10 ^c. to Conowa 12 ^c. thence 8 ^c. you ascend a mountaine called Hast Caunk Gate, on the top of which is a goodly plaine, from whence to Cassimer is 12 ^c. thorew a goodly Countrey. The City is strong, seated on the Riuer Bahat, the Countrie is a goodly Plaine, lying on the mountaines, some 150 ^c. in length, and 50 ^c. in breadth, abounding with fruits, graine, Saffron, faire and white women. Heere are made the rich Pomberies which serue all the Indians. This Countrey is [ 50] cold, subiect to frosts and great snowes, neare to Cascar, but seperated with such mountaines, that there is no passage for Carauans:* 1.183 yet there commeth oft-times Musk, with Silke and other mer∣chandize this way by men, and goods are faine to be triced vp, and let downe often by engines and deuices. Vpon these mountaines keepes a small King called Tibbot, who of late send one of his daughters to Sha Selim to make affinitie.

Nicholas Vphet made another way from Agra to Surat, by Fetipore, Scanderbade, Hindoine, Che∣ningom,* 1.184 Mogoll Saray, Nonnigong at the foot o•• a Mountaine, which with others adioyning, are held by two Raiaws of no note. Opposite to these on the left hand, beginne the mountaines of Marwa, which extend neare Amadauer. Vpon these mountaines stands an impregnable Castle, called Gur Chitto,* 1.185 the cheefe seat of Rana, a very powerfull Raiaw, whom neither Potan, or the [ 60] Acabar himselfe could euer subdue: which comes to passe by reason that all India hath been Gen∣tiles, and this Prince hath bin, and still is esteemed in like reuerence by them, as the Pope of Rome by the Papists. And for this cause the Raiaws, which haue been sent against him, frame some ex∣cuses that they may not indamage much his Territories, which extend hence alongst Amadauer way an hundred and fifty great corses, and in breadth toward Ougen 200 ^c. inclosed for the most

part with inaccessible mountaines, and fortified well by art in places accessible. He is able to make twelue thousand good horse vpon any occasion, and holds many faire Townes and goodly Cities. The way followeth by Gamgra,* 1.186 Charsoot (chiefe seat of Raiaw Manisengo his Prigonies) Lada∣ney, Mousalde, Banderamde.

Asmere, seated vpon the top of an inaccessible Mountaine of 3 ^c. ascent,* 1.187 being a Fort inuin∣cible: the Citie at the foot not great, inclosed with a stone wall, ditched round, the buildings reasonable faire; without the wals are many Antiquities, amongst which some 2 ^c. toward A∣gra is a very faire Tanke. This place is only famous for the Sepulchre of Hoghee Mundee, a Saint much respected by the Mogols, to whom (as is said before) the Acabar made a Romery on foot [ 10] from Agra to obtayne a Sonne. Before you come to this Tombe, you passe three faire Courts, of which the first contayneth neere an acre of ground, paued all with blacke and white Marble, wherein are interred many of Mahomets cursed Kindred: on the left hand is a faire Tanke in∣closed with stone. The second Court is paued like the former, but richer,* 1.188 twice as bigge as the Exchange in London; in the middest whereof hangs a curious Candlesticke with many lights. Into the third you passe by a Brazen gate curiously wrought; it is the fairest of the three, especi∣ally, neere the doore of the Sepulchre, where the pauement is curiously interlayed: the doore is large and inlayed with Mother of Pearle, & the pauement about the Tombe of interlaid Marble; the Sepulchre very curiously wrought in worke of Mother of Pearle, and Gold, with an Epitaph in the Persian Tongue. A little distant stands his seate in a darke obscure place, where he sat to [ 20] fore-tell of matters, and is much reuerenced. On the East-side stand three other Courts, in each a faire Tanke; on the North and West stand diuers faire houses, wherein keepe their Sides or Church-men. Note, that you may not enter any of these places but bare-foot.

From hence the way lyeth to Cairo,* 1.189 Mearta (which hath a stone Castle with many faire Tur∣rets, a faire Tanke, and three faire Pagodes richly wrought with inlayd Workes, adorned richly with Iewels, and maintayned with rich Offerings) Pipera, Iouges gong Settrange, Canderupe, Ie∣loure, (this last is a Castle, seated on the height of a steepe Mountaine, 3 ^c. in ascent, by a faire stone cawsey, broad enough for two men to passe a-brest. At the first Cose end is a gate and place of Armes: there the cawsey is inclosed with wals on both sides, and at the 2 ^c. end is a double gate: at the 3 ^c. stands the Castle where you must enter three seuerall gates, the first very [ 30] strongly plated with Iron, the second not so strong, with places ouer it to throw downe scal∣ding Lead or Oyle: the third strongly plated with Pikes, sticking forth l••ke harping Irons. Be∣twixt each of these gates are spacious Courts for Armes, and within the further gate is a faire Portcullis. Being entred on the right hand stands a faire Meskite, with diuers Deuoncans ad∣ioyning, both to doe Iustice, and to take the Aire. On the left hand stands the Gouernours house on the height of the hils ouer-looking all.

A flight-shot within the Castle is a faire Pagode built by the Founders of the Castle, Ance∣stors of Gidney Caun which were Indians. He turned Moore, and bereaued his elder Brother of this hold by this stratageme. He inuited him and his women to a Banket, which his brother re∣quiting with like inuitation of him and his,* 1.190 in steed of women he sends choice Souldiers well [ 40] appointed and close couered, two and two in a Dowle; who beeing entred after this manner, possest themselues of the Ports, and held it for the Great Mogoll, to whom it now appertay∣neth, being one of the strongest seated Forts in the world. Some halfe Cose within the gate is a goodly Tanke foure square, cut directly downe into the Rocke, affirmed to bee fiftie fathome deepe, of cleere and good water. A little further is a faire Plaine shaded with many goodly trees, beyond which on the top of a little piqued Mountayne, is the Sepulchre of King Hassward, while he liued a great Souldier, since his death a great Saint, honoured in these parts. Here lye also interred two sonnes of Gillould a Potan King of Dely: neere to which is a wall which di∣uides the Castle neere a Cose in circuit,* 1.191 (the whole Castle beeing about 8 ^c. in compasse) nigh whereto is said to keepe a huge Snake of fiue and twentie foot long, and as bigge as a man in the [ 50] waste, which the people will by no meanes hurt, holding it a good fortune; for it hurts no man, but keepes amongst the bushes and bryars of this piqued Mountaine. This Castle is called the Gate or Frontire of Guzurate. From hence you come to Mudre,* 1.192 Billmall (the foundations of whose ancient wall, are yet seene) they haue beene 24 ^c. in circuit, many goodly Tankes also go∣ing to ruine, by one of which is the Founders Sepulchre, whither the Indians resort to worship: From hence to Amadabade, is a deepe sandy Desart Countrey. Rodeapore in this way hath ma∣ny Sepulchres, (I let passe it and the rest.)

Amadabade or Amadauar is a goodly City, and scituate on a faire Riuer,* 1.193 inclosed with strong wals and faire gates, with many beautifull Turrets. The Castle is large and strong, where resideth C••un Asom his Sonne, the Vice-Roy in these parts. The buildings comparable to any Citie in [ 60] Asia or Africa, the streets large and well paued, the Trade great (for almost euery ten dayes goe from hence two hundred Coaches richly laden with Merchandise for Cambaya) the Merchants rich, the Artificers excellent for Caruings, Paintings, Inlayd Workes, imbroydery with Gold and Siluer: at an houres warning it hath in readinesse sixe thousand Horse; the gates perpetually strong guarded, none suffered without license to enter, nor to depart without Certificate.* 1.194 The cause of this is Badurs Neighbour-hood in his strong hold, within 50 ^c. of this Citie to the East, where Nature with some helpe of Art and Industry hath fortified him against all the Mogolls

power; and whence some foure yeeres since (proclaiming Liberty and Lawes of good fellow∣ship) hee sacked Cambaya with a sudden power, combined by hope of spoile, of one hundred thousand men, which for fourteene dayes continued possessors there and sharkers. There is also betwixt this and Trage a certaine Raiaw on the Mountaines able to make seuenteene thousand Horse and Foot,* 1.195 the people called Collees or Quullees, keeping in a Desart Wildernesse which se∣cures him from Conquest: and on the right hand is another able to make tenne thousand Horse, holding in a Desart Plaine a Castle impregnable; whose Land is subiect t•• Gidney Cauns gouern∣ment, but these seuen yeeres hee hath denyed him Tribute, and stands on his defence. This Raiaw is said to haue a Race of Horses not equalled in all the East, each valued at fifteene thou∣sand R. reported to bee much swifter then the Arabian, and able to continue with reasonable [ 10] speed a whole day without once drawing bitte; of which he is said to haue one hundred Mares. From Geloure to this Citie is all a sandy, woody Countrey, full of theeuish beastly men, and of Mankind, Sauage Beasts, Lions, Tygres, &c. 30 c. about this City is made Nill called Cickell, of a Towne 4 c. from Amadauar, not so good as that of Biana.

Cambaya is hence 38 ^c. sandy, wooddie, theeuish way: it stands by the Sea, encompassed with a strong bricke wall,* 1.196 the houses high, and faire, the streets paued in a direct Line with strong gates at the end of each,* 1.197 the Bazar large: about the Citie are such infinite nu••bers of Munkeyes, leaping from house to house, that they doe much mischiefe, and vntyling the houses, are readie to braine men as they passe in the streets with the stones that fall. On the South is a goodly Gar∣den with a Watch-tower of an exceeding height; on the North are many faire Tankes. It is [ 20] the Mart of Guzurat, and so haunted by the Portugals, that you shall often finde two hundred Frigats at once riding there.* 1.198 It aboundeth with all sorts of cloth and rich Drugges. The Bay is 8 c. ouer, dang••rous to passe by reason of the great Bore which drownes many, and therefore requires Guides skilfull ••f the tydes: in the neape tydes is least perill. Theeues also, when you are ouer the Channell▪ are not a little dangerous, forcing you (if not the better prouided) to quit your goods, or in long bickerings, betraying you to the tydes fury, which comes so swift that ten to one you escape not. Foure Coses beyond this Bay is Ioumbeser, now much ruined, and from thence eighteene to Boroche,* 1.199 a woodie, dangerous passage, in which are many wilde Peacockes. Within 4 c. of Boroche is a great Mine of Agats. It is a faire Castle seated on a Riuer twice as broad as the Thames, to the mouth of which is hence 12 c. Here are made the rich Baffatas, in [ 30] finenesse surpassing Holland Cloth, for fiftie Rupias a Booke, which contayneth fourteene Eng∣lish yards, and are not three quarters broad.

Hence to Variaw 20 ^c. a goodly Countrey and fertile, full of Villages, abounding with wild Date Trees,* 1.200 which gen••rally are plentifull by the Sea-side in most places, whence they draw a l••quor called Tarrie or Sure, as also from another wild Coco-tree called Tarrie, 3 c. hence is Surat.

In a Towne betweene Boroche and Amadauar, lyeth a Great Saint of the Moores called Polle-Medomy much resorted to out of all places of India, for wealth, children, or what else they de∣sire. Diuers in the way goe with great chaines on their legges, and with their hands chained together, and their mouthes locked vp, (only opening them for food) and when they come be∣fore him in this manner of their humble deuotion, they affirme that presently their chaines and [ 40] lockes flye open, not one returning in vaine; if themselues bee not vaine in their hopes, and in these and other like affections, which wayting on lying Vanities, forsake their owne Iudge.

From Agra to Cannowes is 130 ^c. East, the Citie great and vnwalled, seated on an ascent, and the Castle on the height well fortified:* 1.201 at the foot whereof anciently Ganges tooke his course, but hath now broken a passage thorow the Valley some 4 ^c. distant, notwithstanding as yet a small branch remayneth there. Ganges is within his bounds three quarters of a mile broad, but with great raines sw••ls ouer his barkes, couering the whole Vale neere 10 ^c. It hath thirtie Ri∣uers of note which fall into it, as doth he himselfe into the Gulfe of Bengala. In it are innume∣rable Alagaters or Crocodiles, there called Murgurmach. It hath eighteene faire branches. Thence to Lacanowes is 30 ^c. a Towne of great traffique for Linnen and other Merchandize. To Oude [ 50] from thence are 50 ^c. a Citie of ancient note, and seate of a Potan King, now much ruined: the Castle built foure hundred yeeres agoe. Heere are also the ruines of Ranichand Castle and Hou∣ses whi••h the Indians acknowlede for the great God, saying, that he tooke flesh vpon him to see the T••masha of the World.* 1.202 In these ruines remayne certaine Bramenes, who record the names of all such Indians as wash themselues in the Riuer running thereby; which custome they say, hath continued foure lackes of yeeres (which is three hundred ninetie foure thousand, and fiue hundred yeeres before the Worlds Creation.) Some two miles on the further side of the Riuer is a Caue of his, with a narrow entrance, but so spacious and full of turnings within, that a man may well loose himselfe there, if he take not better heed; where it is thought his ashes were bu∣ried. Hither resort many from all parts of India, which carry from hence in remembrance cer∣taine [ 60] graines of Rice as blacke as Gun-powder, which they say haue beene reserued euer since. Out of the ruines of this Castle is yet much Gold tryed: here is great Trade, and such abundance of Indian Asse-horne,* 1.203 that they make hereof Bucklers, and diuers sorts of Drinking Cups. There are of these Hornes, all the Indians affirme, some rare of great price, no Iewell comparable, some esteeming them the right Vnicornes Horne.

From Oudee to Acabarpore 30 ^c. some 30 ^c. from whence lyeth Bonarce the principall Mart of Bengala goods. From Acab, to Iounpore 30 ^c. seated on a small Riuer, ouer which is a bridge with Houses like London Bridge, but nothing so good. The Castle hath beene a seat of the Potan Kings, there yet remayning two faire Meskites, with many other ancient Monuments: the hou∣ses are like those of Amadauar, the circuit some 8. or 10 ^c. Hence come excellent sweete Oyles, Carpets, Hangings embrodered with Silke, all sorts of fine Linnen, &c.

Thus much from Agra to Iounpore this way: from thence (returning that way to Agra) to Alabasse is 110 ^c. 30 ^c. all which are thorow a continuall Forrest.* 1.204 The Towne and Castle stand on the further side of Ganges pleasantly seated, called anciently Praye, and is held one of [ 10] the Wonders of the East. Diuers Potan King haue sought to build here a Castle, but none could doe it, till Acabar layd the foundation and proceeded with the Worke. It stands on a Point or Angle hauing the Riuer Gemini on the South-side falling into Ganges. It hath beene fortie yeeres a building, and is not yet finished, neither is like to bee in a long time. The Acabar for many yeeres had attending this worke by report twentie thousand persons, and as yet there continue working thereon some fiue thousand of all sorts. It will be one of the most famous buildings of the World. In this Castle Sha Selim kept when he rebelled against his Father. The outward wals are of an admirable height, of a red square stone, like Agra Castle, within which are two other wals nothing so high. You enter thorow two faire gates into a faire Court, in which stands a Piller of stone fiftie Cubits aboue ground (so deeply placed within ground that no end can be found) which by circumstances of the Indians, seemeth to haue beene placed by Alexander or [ 20] some other great Conquerour, who could not passe further for Ganges.* 1.205 Passing this Court you enter a lesse, beyond that a larger, where the King sits on high at his Dersane to behold Elephants and other Beasts to fight. Right vnder him within a Vault are many Pagodes, being Monuments of Baba Adam, and Mama Hauah, (as they call them) and of their Progenie, with Pictures of Noah and his Descent.

The Indians suppose that Man was heere created, or kept heere at least for many yeeres,* 1.206 affir∣ming themselues to be of that Religion, whereof these Fathers were. To this place resort ma∣ny thousands from all parts to worship: but before they approch these Reliques, they wash their bodies in Ganges, shauing their heads and beards, thereby deeming themselues clensed from [ 30] all their former sins. Out of this Court is another richly paued where the King keepes his Der∣bar; beyond it another whence you enter into the Moholl, large, diuided into sixteene seuerall Lodgings for sixteene great Women with their Slaues and Attendants: in the middest of all, the Kings Lodgings of three Stories each contayning sixteene roomes, in all eight and fortie Lodgings, all wrought ouer-head with rich Pargetting and curious Painting in all kind of Co∣lours. In the midst of the lowest storie is a curious Tanke.

In this Moholl is a Tree which the Indians call the Tree of Life (beeing a wilde Indian figge Tree) for that it could neuer bee destroyed by the Potan Kings and this mans Ancestors,* 1.207 which haue sought to doe it by all meanes, stocking it vp and sifting the very earth vnder it to gather forth the sprigs, it still springing againe, insomuch that this King lets it alone seeking to cherish [ 40] it. This Tree is of no small esteeme with the Indians. In the waters side within the Moholl are diuers large Deuoncans, where the King with his Women often passe their times in beholding Gemini, paying his Tribute to Ganges. Betweene them and the waters side at the foote of the wall is a pleasant Garden shaded with Cypresse Trees, and abounding with excellent fruits and flowres, hauing in the midst a faire Banquetting House, with priuie staires to take Boate. From hence in October or Nouember when the great Frost is past, you may passe by Boats for Benga∣la; but the passage is dangerous: 4 ^c. downe are two Castles opposite on the Bankes, Harrayle and Gussee, seated on two hils raysed by industry, built by the Potans.

From Alabasse to Menepore is 20 ^c. alongst the Riuer Ganges.* 1.208 At 2 ^c. on this way is a sump∣tuous Tombe for this Kings first Wife, Mother to Sulian Cusseroon, and Sister to Raia Manisen∣go, who vpon the newes of her Sonnes reuolt poysoned her selfe. From hence passing Ganges [ 50] is a more direct way to Iounpore.

To Chappergat is 12 ^c. here is one of the fairest Sara••es in India,* 1.209 liker a goodly Castle then a Inne to lodge strangers, the lodgings very faire of stone with Lockes and Keyes able to lodge a thousand men: a man can scarse shoote from side to side with an Arrow; neere to it is a faire br••dge both built by one man: the way perillous for Theeues.* 1.210 Itay is thence 12 ^c. anciently the seate of a Potan King but now ruined. On the height of the hill cut steep downe, is seated a strong Castle double walled, hauing at the entrance the figure of a mans face which the Indians much worship powring abundance of Oyle vpon it. To Amedipore is 43 ^c. a plentifull Coun∣trey full of good Sara••es for Carauans. Much Indico called Cole of a grosse sort is made in th••s way, which is spent in India, or transported for Samercand, Cascat, and those parts, none pas∣sing [ 60] into Christendome, except mixed with that of Biana. Hence to Agra is 7 ^c. passing Gemi∣ni close to the Citie.

Lands lying Easterly from Lahor with their Lords.

ALongst the Rauee Easterly, lyeth the Land of Raiaw Bossow, whose chiefe seate is Tem-mery,* 1.211 50 ^c. frō Lahor. He a is mighty Prince now subiect to the Mogol, a great Minion of Sha Selim.

Out of this, and the adioyning Regions, come most of the Indian Drugges, growing on the Mountaines, Spikenard, Turbith, Miras, Kebals, Gunlack, Turpentine, Costus, &c. This Raia confines the Kings Land Easterly. Bordering to him is another great Raiaw, called Tulluck-Chand, whose chiefe City is Negercoat, 80 ^c. from Lahor, and as much from Syrinan, in which City is a famous Pagod,* 1.212 called Ie or Durga, vnto which worlds of people resort out of all parts of India. It is a small short Idoll of stone,* 1.213 cut in forme of a man; much is consumed in offerings to him, in which some also are reported to cut off a piece of their tongue, and throwing it at the Idols feet, haue found it whole the next day (able to lye I am afraid; to serue the father of lyes and lyers, how euer) yea some out of impious piety heere sacrifice themselues, cutting their throats, and presently recouering: the holyer the man, the sooner forsooth he is healed, some (more grieuous [ 10] sinners) remaining halfe a day in paine, before the Diuell will attend their cure. Hither they re∣sort to craue children, to enquire of money hidden by their parents, or lost by themselues, which hauing made their offerings, by dreames in the night receiue answere, not one departing discon∣tented. They report this Pagan Diety to haue beene a woman (if a holy Virgin may haue that name) yea that shee still liues (the Diuell shee doth) but will not shew her selfe. Diuers Moores also resort to this Peer. This Raia is powerfull, by his Mountaines situation secure, not once vouchsafing to visite Sha Selim.

On this Raiaw Easterly confineth another, called Deccampergas, a mightie Prince, his chiefe seat Calsery about an 150 ^c. from Agra, his Country held 500 ^c. long, North and South 300 ^c. broad,* 1.214 populous, able to raise vpon occasion fiue hundred thousand foot, but few or no horse; the [ 20] Land plentifull in it selfe, but sends forth little.

To the Eastward of this Raiaw, betwixt Iemini and Ganges lyeth the Land of Raiaw Mansa, a mighty Prince and very rich, reported to be serued, all in vessels of massie gold: his Countrey 300 ^c. long, and one hundred and fifty broad, his chiefe seat Serenegar: the Mountaines called Dow Lager,* 1.215 vpon which in time of Winter falls such extreame Snowes, that the Inhabitants are forced to remooue into the Valleyes. Yet doe I not thinke that any of these Lands extend Nor∣therly aboue forty degrees, but the height of the Mountaines causeth this extremity of cold. This Raias Land extendeth within some 200 ^c. of Agra,* 1.216 part within 50 ^c. of Syrinan, very plentifull.

On the further side of Ganges lyeth a very mighty Prince, called Raiaw Rodorow, holding a [ 30] mountainous Countrey, his chiefe seat Camow; his territories extend 400 ^c. long, and not much lesse in breadth,* 1.217 abounding with graine, haue many goodly Cities: thence commeth much Muske, and heere is the great breed of a small kind of Horse, called Gunts, a true trauelling scalecliffe beast.* 1.218 This Prince is puissant in foot, but hath few Horse or Elephants, the mountaines not re∣quiring the one, and the cold excluding the other: his Lands thought to reach neare China.

To the South of this Raia, thwart the streames of Ganges, is seated another, Raia Mugg. very powerfull in horse, foote, and Elephants. In his Land is the old rocke of naturall Dia∣monds,* 1.219 which yeelds him no small benefit. His Lands extend East, somewhat South 700 ^c. from Agra. Beneath him amongst the streames of Ganges, keepeth a Potan Prince of the Dely-Kings race, whom the King cannot subdue, by reason of the streames and Ilands of Ganges. He con∣fineth [ 40] vpon Purrop, and makes often inroades vpon the Kings lands, enforcing Sha Selim to main∣taine a frontire army. Hence to the mouth of Ganges, all is the Kings land: only in the mouth, the Portugall Out-lawes hold a small Fort, and doe much mischiefe, liuing in no forme of sub∣iection to God or man.* 1.220

On the further side of Ganges, is the mightie King of Arracan, enioying a large territory, and infinite numbers of small Barkes. Eastward from him is the Kingdome of Siam; behind it Oua and Iangoma. Between Tanassar and Arracan is the Kingdome of Pegu; the Land now ly∣eth waste.* 1.221 To the South is the Kingdome of Queda, Malacca, &c. On the Sea-coast of Beu∣gala, this King hath two chiefe Ports, Ougolee (tyrannized by the Portugals) and Pipilee,passing which, and the Land of Orixa, you enter into the Lands of Goloconda, on whom Sha Selim ma∣keth [ 50] warres, and hath forcibly taken much of his Land. His chiefe Port is Masulipatan, and his Royall seat Braganadar and Goloconda, that late builded. Alongst the sea side toward the Cape, is the mightie King of Bezeneger, vnder whom the Portugals hold Saint Thome and Negapatan, but are not suffered to build a Castle. But I let passe these neighbouring Indies, and returne to Agra, the Mogols royall residence.

Agra hath not been in fame aboue fiftie yeeres, being before Acabars time a Village, who re∣moued (as you haue heard) from Fetipore for want of good water.* 1.222 It is spacious, large, populous beyond measure, that you can hardly passe in the streets, which are for the most part dirty and narrow, saue only the great Bazar and some few others, which are large and faire. The Citie ly∣eth in manner of a halfe-moone, bellying to the land-ward some 5 ^c. in length, and as much by [ 60] the Riuers side▪ vpon the bankes, whereof are many goodly houses of the Nobility, pleasantly ouer-looking Gemini, which runneth with a swift current from the North to the South, some∣what Easterly into Ganges.* 1.223 Vpon the banke of this Riuer stands the Castle, one of the fairest and admirablest buildings of the East, some three or foure miles in compasse, inclosed with a faire and strong wall of squared stone; about which is cast a faire ditch, ouer it draw-bridges. The

walles are built with bulwarkes somewhat defensible, regalled with a counter-scarfe or front without, some fifteene yards broad. Within this are two other strong walls and gates. To the Castle are foure gates, one to the North, by which you passe to a Rampire with great peeces, an∣other West to the Bazar, called the Cichery gate, within which, ouer against the great gate,* 1.224 is the Casi his seat of Chiefe-Iustice in matters of law, and by it two or three murtherers very great (one three foot in the bore, and fifteene long) of cast brasse. Ouer-against this seat is the Cichery or Court of Rolls, where the Kings Viseer sits euery morning some three houres, by whose hands passe all matters of Rents, Grants, Lands, Firmans, Debts, &c.

Beyond these two gates you passe a second gate, ouer which are two Raiaws in stone * 1.225, who [ 10] were slaine in the Kings Derbar before the Kings eyes, for being ouer-bold in speech, they selling their liues brauely, in remembrance of which they are heere placed. Passing this gate, you enter into a faire streete, with houses and munition all alongst on both sides. At the end of this street being a quarter of a mile, you come to the third gate, which leads to the Kings Derbar, alwayes chained, all men, but the King and his children, there alighting. This gate is to the South called Acabar Drowage, close within which is the Whores child, many hundreds of which attend there day and night, according as their seuerall turnes come euery seuenth day, that they may bee ready when the King or his women shall please to call any of them to sing or dance in his Mo∣holl, he giuing to euery one of them stipends according to their vnworthy worth.

The fourth Gate is to the Riuer called the Dersane, leading into a faire Court extending alongst [ 20] the Riuer, in which the King lookes forth euery morning at Sun-rising, which hee salutes, and then his Nobles resort to their Tessillam. Right vnder the place where he lookes out, is a kind of scaffold whereon his Nobles stand, but the Add••es with others awayt below in the Court. Here also euery noone he looketh forth to behold Tamashan, or fighting of Elephants, Lyons, Buffles, killing of Deare with Leopards; which is a custome on euery day of the weeke, Sunday excepted, on which is no fighting; but Tuesday on the contrary is a day of blood, both of fighting beasts, and iusticed men, the King iudging and seeing execution. To returne to the third Gate, with∣in it you enter into a spacious court with Ates••anna's round about like shops or open stalls, wherein his Captaines according to their degrees, keep their seuenth day Chockees. A little further you enter within a rayle into a more inward Court, with in which none but the Kings [ 30] Addees, and men of sort are admitted, vnder paine of swacking by the Porters cudgells, which lay on load without respect of persons.

Being entred, you approach the Kings Derbar or Seat, before which is also a small Court in∣closed with railes, couered ouer head with rich Semianes to keepe away the Sunne; where aloft in a Gallery, the King sits in his chaire of State, accompanied with his Children and chiefe Vi∣zier (who goeth vp by a short ladder forth of the Court) no other without calling daring to goe vp to him, saue onely two Punkaw's to gather wind. And right before him below on a scaffold is a third, who with a horse taile makes hauocke of poore flies. On the right hand of the King, on the wall behind him, is the picture of our Sauiour; on the left, of the Virgin. Within these railes none vnder the degree of foure hundred horse are permitted to enter. On the further side of this [ 40] Court of presence, are hanged golden bels, that if any be oppressed and can get no iustice by the Kings Officers, by ringing these bells when the King sits, he is called, and the matter discussed be∣fore the King. But let them be sure their cause be good, least he be punished for presumption to trouble the King. Here euery day betweene three and foure a clocke, the King comes forth (and many thousands resort to doe their duties, each taking place according to his degree) where hee remaines hearing of matters, receiuing of newes by letters read by his Vizier, graunting of suites, &c. till shutting in of the Euening, the drumme meane while beating,* 1.226 and Instruments playing from a high Gallery on the next building opposite: his Elephants and Horses passing by in braue fashion, doing their Tessillam, and being perused by Officers to see if they prosper. In the Castle are two high turrets, ouer-laid with pure massie gold, which may be seen from farre, one ouer his [ 50] Mohol, the other ouer his Treasury. After his going in from the Derbar in the Euening, some two houres after he comes out againe, sitting forth in a small more inward Court, behind the o∣ther, close to his Moholl, into which none but the Grandes, and they also with tickets to be re∣newed with euery Moone, are permitted to enter, where he drinkes by number and measure, sometimes one and thirtie, and running ouer, mixing also among, seuere iudicatures. From this Court is his priuy passage into a curious Garden, and to his Barge, by which he often passeth the Riuer to an other Garden opposite. It is remarkeable, that both in Court, and here in these Gardens, no Courtiers or Gardeners are tied to attendance, but by their seuenth dayes turne.

Some adde, * 1.227 that the Citie hath no walls, but a ditch round about, not broad, and dry also: ad∣ioyning to the ditch without the Citie are very large suburbs. The City and suburbs are one way [ 60] seuen mile in length, three in breadth. The Noble mens houses and Merchants built with bricke and stone, flat roofed, the common sort of mudde walls, couered with thatch, which cause often and terrible fires. The Citie hath sixe Gates, the adioyning Riuer Gemini being broader then the Thames at London, on which are many Boats, some of one hundred Tunnes, but these cannot re∣turne

against the streame. Most of the Noble mens houses are by the Riuers side. From Agra to Lahor sixe hundred miles, the way is set on both sides with Mulbery-trees.

* 1.228King Acabars Sepulchre is 3 ^c. distant from Agra in the way to Lahor, nothing neere finished as yet, after tenne yeares worke. It is placed in the midst of a faire and large Garden, inclosed with bricke walls, neere two miles in circuit; is to haue foure Gates (but one of which is yet in hand) each, if answerable to this foundation, able to receiue a great Prince with a reasonable traine) alongst the way side is a spacious Moholl for his fathers women (as is said) to remayne and end their dayes in deploring their deceassed Lord, each enioying the lands they before had in the Kings time, by the pay or rents of fiue thousand horse the principall, so that this should be to them a perpetuall Nunnery, neuer to marry againe.

In the Center of this Garden stands the Tombe foure square, about three quarters of a mile in [ 10] compasse. The first inclosure is with a curious rayle, to which you ascend some sixe steps into a small square Garden quartered in curious Tankes, planted with variety of sweets: adioyning to which is the Tombe, rounded with this gardenet, being also foure square, all of hewne stone, with faire spacious Galleries on each side, hauing at each corner a small beautifull Turret, arched ouer head, and couered with various Marble. Betwixt corner and corner are foure other Turrets at like distance. Here within a faire round coffin of Gold, lieth the body of this Monarch, who sometimes thought the World too little for him. This Tombe is much worshipped both by the Moores and Gentiles, holding him for a great Saint. Some tenne or twelue foot higher, you a∣scend by staires to another Gallery, (like, but narrower, to the former, as are also the rest that follow) containing onely three of those Turrets between corner and corner. Here in the midst is [ 20] his Wardrobe for a memoriall. The third story hath but two of those middle Turrets on a side: the fourth one: the fifth hath only the corner Turret, and a small square Gallery. The Tombe was not finished at my departure, but lay in manner of a coffin, couered with a white sheet, interwrought with Gold flowers. By his head stands his Sword and Target, and on a small pillow his Tur∣bant, and thereby two or three faire gilded bookes. At his feet stand his shooes, and a rich Bason and Ewre. Euery one approaching neere makes his reuerence, and puts off his shooes, bringing in his hand some sweete smelling flowers to bestrew the Carpets, or to adorne the Tombe.

At my last sight thereof, there was onely ouer head a rich Tent, with a Semiane ouer the Tombe. But it is to be inarched ouer with the most curious white and speckled Marble, and to be seeled all within, with pure sheet-Gold richly inwrought. These foure last Turrets also inclo∣sing [ 30] the Sepulchre, are of most rich curious Marble, & the ground vnderfoot paued with the like. There are in continuall worke about this and other buildings about it, the Moholl and Gate, not so few as three thousand. The stone is brought from a rich Quarrey neere Fetipore, which (wee haue said) may be cut in length and forme, as Timber with ••awes, and Plankes and seelings are made thereof.

Notes

• * 1.1

  This should haue followed next after Ma∣ster Hawkins, with whom he went into the Mogolls Coun∣trey, if I then had had it. But better a good dish, ••hough not in d••est place of ser∣ui••e, then not at alle neither is he altogether borne out of due time, which comes in due place (whiles we are yet in India) and in time also, be∣fore the Mogoll affaires recei∣ued any later accesse or bet∣ter maturitie: and for that cir∣cumstance fai∣ling, thou shalt find it supplied in substance, with more ac∣curate obser∣uatiō•• of Men, Beasts, P••a••••ts, Cities, D••serts, Cast••es, Buil∣dings, Regions Re••igions, then almost any o∣ther, as also of Waies, Wares, Warres.

  Christianitie at Sierra Leona. Their apparell. They are also Gallants and fashion-mon∣gers.

  Townes and houses.

  Their hous∣hold-stuffe and riches.

  Their Armes. Their feature and conditi∣ons.

  Circumcision.
• * 1.2

  Funerall.
• * 1.3

  Their food.
• * 1.4

  Oysters on trees.
• * 1.5

  Tobacco-pipe••
• * 1.6

  Little fl••sh.
• * 1.7

  Fruits. Woods of Lim∣mons.

  Palmito wine.
• * 1.8

  Plummes.
• * 1.9

  Beane trees of venomous na∣ture, wherewith they poyson their arrowes.
• * 1.10

  Carob trees. Cola, a fruit of much esteeme.
• * 1.11

  Potatoes. Cot∣ton.
• * 1.12

  Cambe, a wood to dye Red.
• * 1.13

  Limon Tree.
• * 1.14

  Plantan Trees or Reeds.
• * 1.15

  Bannanas.
• * 1.16

  Guinny Pepper.
• * 1.17

  Millet or Pa∣nike.
• * 1.18

  Palmito Tree.
• * 1.19

  Oyster Trees.
• * 1.20

  Fishes.
• * 1.21

  Fowles.
• * 1.22

  Wild beasts.
• * 1.23

  Carbuncle, a beast strange, if true.
• * 1.24

  S. Augustine.
• * 1.25

  Sheluy ground
• * 1.26

  Two Riuers.
• * 1.27

  The fishes.
• * 1.28

  The people. Nea•• naked∣nesse.
• * 1.29

  Weapons.
• * 1.30

  Their cattell.
• * 1.31

  Strange beasts. Capt. Keeling in his Iournall cals it the Beau∣tifull beast. Bats huge. Fowles.
• * 1.32

  Chamelions, they eat flies.
• * 1.33

  Spiders silke weauers.
• * 1.34

  Strange trees.
• * 1.35

  Socotora.
• * 1.36

  Dib••ee.
• * 1.37

  Strange winds
• * 1.38

  The King of Cushem in Ara∣bia ha••h here foure Iles. Irmanas two. Abba del curia. Socolora.
• * 1.39

  The Arabs there.

  Their armes.
• * 1.40

  Persons.
• * 1.41

  Apparell.
• * 1.42

  Their women.
• * 1.43

  Galantry.
• * 1.44

  Their children
• * 1.45

  Popish argu∣ment of faith.
• * 1.46

  Their diet.
• * 1.47

  The Natiue So∣cotorans.
• * 1.48

  Gallant fashi∣ons.
• * 1.49

  Religion and life, most mise∣rable if the A∣rabs their ene∣mies be to bee credited.
• * 1.50

  Their mer∣chandise.
• * 1.51

  Aloes or semper-viuum, the time and making thereof.
• * 1.52

  A hundred & three▪ or a hun∣dred and two pound, fiue ounces and a halfe.

  Dates two har∣uests.

  Wine of Dates
• * 1.53

  Haruest and diuision.
• * 1.54

  Ciuit Cats.
• * 1.55

  Cattell and victuals.
• * 1.56

  Eshac a kind of Capers.
• * 1.57

  Coho. Other notes and remem∣brances.
• * 1.58

  A huge Whale.
• * 1.59

  Barrennesse▪ A strange tr••e.
• * 1.60

  Of these Churches and of this whole Iland, See Iohn d' Ca••tro. For they were in times past Christians, which (as all other not of their Faith) the Mahometa••s cal Cassars: but rude and bru∣tish, the easier pray to these Arabs.
• * 1.61

  Surat. Hee neuer cals C. Hawkins, Lord Embas∣sador, but C. Hawkins. For he, Master Can∣ning and Ma∣ster Edwards had no such Commission, but only Let∣ters from his Maiestie, and orders from the Company, &c.

  The danger which men of War occasion to their Coun∣trimen, honest Merchants, especially a∣mongst re∣mote and Eth∣nike people, I adde not the scandall of their Religion and Countrey. Portugall trea∣chery and ho∣stilitie.
• * 1.62

  Iniustce clo∣ked.
• * 1.63

  Peniero the Ie∣sui••e.

  Iesuitic••ll Hu∣maniti••, Diui∣nitie and Preaching. R. Carelesse had long liued with the Por∣tugals.

  M. Bowcans iniustice. Warre twixt Dutch and Por∣tugals at Ma∣lacca.
• * 1.64

  Andr. Hurtado.
• * 1.65

  Port. defeated.
• * 1.66

  At the time when this was written, which is to be obser∣ued in all this Iournall.

  Malabars an∣noy the Port, New Fleet dispersed.
• * 1.67

  Ormus ship taken.
• * 1.68

  Malacca againe besieged.
• * 1.69

  Portugals take prize all ships which saile without their Passe.
• * 1.70

  He st••ll c••ls the Mogols father, the Amber (o∣thers vse to leaue out the article) and so in others.
• * 1.71

  A Cose or Course is a mile and halfe English.
• * 1.72

  Andrew Hurta∣do Vice-Roy.
• * 1.73

  Great warres of and with Mogolls.
• * 1.74

  Ascension lost.
• * 1.75

  The Hopewell.
• * 1.76

  Portugall domi∣neering.
• * 1.77

  Note what Gospell the Ie∣suits preach for conuer∣ting Infidels.
• * 1.78

  Sacrilegious Calfe-slaugh∣ter: Caluish deuotion of the Bania••s. This mariage of Captaine Hawkins, some say was ••ut as a trick on him by false friends and the cause of his disre∣spect with the Mogoll. He tells otherwi••e him∣sel••••.

  Badur descen∣ded of the Cambayan King•• a bad neigh∣bour to those parts.

  Description of Surat.

  The Castle.
• * 1.79

  Indian Idoll.
• * 1.80

  A faire Tanke or Pond.
• * 1.81

  Stocke wor∣shippers of a stocke or tre••.
• * 1.82

  Custome-house.
• * 1.83

  Naites, nau••a.
• * 1.84

  Great Bats, their nature.
• * 1.85

  Winter.
• * 1.86

  Tuffon. Mon••ons.
• * 1.87

  Comuariaw. Mutta. Carode.
• * 1.88

  Curca. Beca. Necampore. Badurs holds.
• * 1.89

  Wilde Ele∣phants. Dayta. Badur.
• * 1.90

  Salere and Mu∣lere, Cities of Berropsha. Castles im∣pregnable.
• * 1.91

  Breed of horse rare.

  Nonderbar▪ Lingull. Sindkerry.
• * 1.92

  Taulneere.
• * 1.93

  Chupra.
• * 1.94

  Ioulnapore.
• * 1.95

  Rawd. Mukom, stay for refreshing. Beawle. Rauere. Bramport. Badurpore.
• * 1.96

  The Tents and compasse of both sides.
• * 1.97

  Description of Bramport.
• * 1.98

  Atificiall Ele∣phant.
• * 1.99

  Rauere sacked.
• * 1.100

  Portugall losse.
• * 1.101

  Barre••.
• * 1.102

  Hassere a strong and strange Fort.
• * 1.103

  Camla. Magergom. Kergom. Berkul.
• * 1.104

  Mandow the Riuers of the old Towne.
• * 1.105

  The present described.
• * 1.106

  The first of name th••t took it was C••n Iohn •• P••••an who built the Tur∣ret, and lye••h buried in the Pal••ce adioy∣ning with three of his Succ••s∣sors.

  This Citie was built by an In∣••ll••n some thousand yeeres agoe. Luneheira.
• * 1.107

  Dup••lpore. Ouglue.
• * 1.108

  Conoscia. Opium.
• * 1.109

  Sunenarra.
• * 1.110

  Pimpelgom.
• * 1.111

  Cuckra. Berroul. Delout. Burrow.
• * 1.112

  Sukesera. Syrange.
• * 1.113

  Collebage. Qual••res. Cipry.
• * 1.114

  Norwar.
• * 1.115

  Strong Castle.
• * 1.116

  Antro. Gualere. A strong Ca∣stle.
• * 1.117

  Rantimore:
• * 1.118

  Rotas.
• * 1.119

  Mendaker. Doulpore.
• * 1.120

  Iaiow, Agra.
• * 1.121

  Terrible fires at Agra.
• * 1.122

  See how Merchants speake the Ie∣suites, when Iesuites play the Merchants
• * 1.123

  Amdananager lost to the De∣can.
• * 1.124

  Perill of huge armies.
• * 1.125

  Potana sacked.
• * 1.126

  Punishment of Cowardize.
• * 1.127

  Christianitie seemed to bee aff••cted by the Mogull.
• * 1.128

  Three Princes christened. English colours displayed be∣fore the Mogol.
• * 1.129

  Portugals afraid to come too late.
• * 1.130

  Saray is a kind of publike Inn. See Stell and Crowder.
• * 1.131

  Asmere, a child-giuing Saint.
• * 1.132

  Fetipore de∣scribed.
• * 1.133

  Ruines.
• * 1.134

  The Bazar.
• * 1.135

  Faire Meskite:
• * 1.136

  Kalender is an order of Moo∣rish Vot••ries. Badwater.
• * 1.137

  Fetipore inter∣preted.
• * 1.138

  Hermodacty••us described.
• * 1.139

  Cannowa.
• * 1.140

  Candere. The Kings Mo∣holls described.
• * 1.141

  Deuoncan is a Hall.
• * 1.142

  Byana.
• * 1.143

  Ruines.
• * 1.144

  A strong Fort.
• * 1.145

  Description of Nill or Indico.
• * 1.146

  The growth and varietie of the Herbe.
• * 1.147

  Their making of Indico.
• * 1.148

  To know good Indico.
• * 1.149

  The Great Mo∣gol in danger of a Lyon.
• * 1.150

  His thankful∣nesse.
• * 1.151

  Kings manner of hunting.
• * 1.152

  This Ch. Charke I haue spoken with since in London after diuers yeares seruice. Iourney to La∣bor. Indians idola∣try.
• * 1.153

  Dely. There are said to ••ee foure Delyes within 5 ^c. the eldest built by Rase, who by his Ponde or Magicians counsell tried the earth by an Iron stake▪ which he pul∣led outbloody with the blood of a Snake, which his Pondesaid was signe of good fortune.

  The last of his race was Rase Pet••••ry, who after seuen times taking a Po••an King, was at last by him taken and slaine. He began the Potan Kingdome. They came from the moun∣taines betw••en Cand••ha•• and Catull. The s••cond built by Togall Sha, a Potan King. The third little of note. The fourth by Shersh••s••••••m, where is that Tombe of Hamaron.
• * 1.154

  A stately Obeliske with Greeke or Hebrew inscriptions, as some affirme, supposed to be set there by Alexander.
• * 1.155

  The stone of Indiae.
• * 1.156

  Pagods.
• * 1.157

  Sal-armoniake pits.
• * 1.158

  The Kings gar∣den. Some say it was made, An. Dom. 15••0.
• * 1.159

  The cause of the qu••rrel twixt ••he Mog••ll and his el∣dest ••on••e.
• * 1.160

  The Prince taken.
• * 1.161

  Of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 enlarg∣men••, &c. you shall rea•• after in Sir T. Ro••s Iournall. Two ••e••ipore••.
• * 1.162

  Gelole a Tray∣tor ••o two 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.163

  The houses.
• * 1.164

  The Riuer Rauee.
• * 1.165

  The Kings house descri∣bed.
• * 1.166

  Pictures.
• * 1.167

  The Pictures on the wall of the Princes or great men.
• * 1.168

  The Moholls.
• * 1.169

  Pictures of Angels and Banian Dews.
• * 1.170

  Large Moholl for two hun∣dred women.
• * 1.171

  Pictures of his women and their offices.
• * 1.172

  Babur first con∣querour: his st••atagems.
• * 1.173

  Tamerlane.
• * 1.174

  Asoph Caun his Garden.
• * 1.175

  Apples, with fruits and flowers.
• * 1.176

  Anno 1611. Cabull sacked by theeues.
• * 1.177

  Tauris raced.
• * 1.178

  Relation of the way from Lahor to Cabull, be∣yond Cabull 60 ^c. runne mountaines, at the foote of which lyeth the way to Cas∣car.
• * 1.179

  Cabull.
• * 1.180

  Cascar. Yar Chaun.
• * 1.181

  China.
• * 1.182

  Of this see my Pilg. l. 4. c. 12. §. ••.

  Goes his trauell from Lahor to Cabul and China Cassimere.
• * 1.183

  Imp••ssible Mountaines.
• * 1.184

  Another way from Agra to Surat.
• * 1.185

  Gur-chitto an impregnable Castle.

  Rana Pope of the Resboates or India•• Gentiles.
• * 1.186

  Prigonies are Lordships.
• * 1.187

  Description of Asmere before the Mogoll made it his Royall resi∣dence.
• * 1.188

  Esteeme of a Mahumetan S. Hoghee Munde.
• * 1.189

  Pagodes. Ielowre a strong Castle.
• * 1.190

  Cunning trea∣ch••rie. A Dowly or Dowle is a Chaire or Cage wherein they carry their Women on mens shol∣ders.
• * 1.191

  A huge Snake.
• * 1.192

  Billmall a great Citie.
• * 1.193

  Amadauar de∣scribed.
• * 1.194

  Baedur, whose Progenitors were Kings of Guzurat.
• * 1.195

  Two other Raiawes which stand out. An excellent race of horses.
• * 1.196

  Cambaya.
• * 1.197

  Munkeyes.
• * 1.198

  Port. Frig••ts. Violent tyde called the Bore.
• * 1.199

  Boroche. A Mine of Agats.
• * 1.200

  Tarrie or Tad∣die, a strong Wine.

  Polle Medomy a Moore Deuil or Saint. Pilgri∣mage to him. Miracles as true as—
• * 1.201

  Certaine pla∣ces of note in the Coun∣trey of Purrop. Cannowes. Ganges his be∣ginning and greatnesse. Lacanowes. Oude.
• * 1.202

  Holy▪ holy place and In∣dian Fa••les.
• * 1.203

  Indian-Asse-horne.
• * 1.204

  The returne from Iounpore another way to Alabasse to Agra.

  Alabasse Castle A mighty Castle.
• * 1.205

  Alexanders Piller.
• * 1.206

  Mon. of Adam and Eue, and of the Creation. Pilgrimage & Holy-water.
• * 1.207

  Strange Tree▪
• * 1.208

  Menepore.
• * 1.209

  Chappergat. A faire Saray.
• * 1.210

  Itay. Face wor∣shipped.
• * 1.211

  Tem-mery.
• * 1.212

  Negercoat.
• * 1.213

  Idolatrous pil∣grimage, and cruell deuoti∣ons.
• * 1.214

  Calsery.
• * 1.215

  Serenegar. Dow Lager.
• * 1.216

  Extremitie of cold.
• * 1.217

  Camow.
• * 1.218

  Gunts, a race of horse to climbe hilles.
• * 1.219

  Rocke of Dia∣monds.
• * 1.220

  Port-outlawes.
• * 1.221

  See of Pegu Flo••i•• his Rela∣tion before.
• * 1.222

  Description of Agra, and the Castle.
• * 1.223

  The Castle.
• * 1.224

  Seats of Iu∣stice.
• * 1.225

  It is said that they were two Brothers Res∣boots▪ Tutors to a Prince their Nephew, whom the King demaun∣ded of them. They refused, and were com∣mitted, but drew on the Offic••rs slew twelue, and at last by multi∣tudes oppres∣sing were slain, and here haue Elephants of stone, and themselues fi∣gured.

  Singsters or whoores atten∣ding. Some say they are there as a Court of guard of wo∣men, of which are here two or three hundred daily by succes∣sion.

  Tessillam is a gesture of hu∣miliation. The Kings Der∣bar.
• * 1.226

  Of his Ele∣phants yearly presenting of his Treasures in this Castle, &c. see Capt. Hawkins for∣mer relations. Of other things, see that which followes in Sir T. Roes Iournall.
• * 1.227

  A written booke entitu∣led, A discourse of Agra, and the foure principall waies to it. I know not by what Author, except it be Nic. Vphlet.
• * 1.228

  Description of Acabars Tomb.