Purchas his pilgrimes. part 1 In fiue bookes. The first, contayning the voyages and peregrinations made by ancient kings, patriarkes, apostles, philosophers, and others, to and thorow the remoter parts of the knowne world: enquiries also of languages and religions, especially of the moderne diuersified professions of Christianitie. The second, a description of all the circum-nauigations of the globe. The third, nauigations and voyages of English-men, alongst the coasts of Africa ... The fourth, English voyages beyond the East Indies, to the ilands of Iapan, China, Cauchinchina, the Philippinæ with others ... The fifth, nauigations, voyages, traffiques, discoueries, of the English nation in the easterne parts of the world ... The first part.

CHAP. I. Of the improuement of Nauigation in later Times, and the meanes whereby the World in her old Age hath beene more then euer discouered.

§. I. Of Magneticall and Astronomicall Instruments, first applyed to Nauigation.

GOD, the giuer of euery good Gift, hauing first made the World, made Man, as it were a visible God of this visible World; infusing in his super-admirable Creation, the know∣ledge of it, of himselfe, of GOD. This Trinitie of Know∣ledge was defaced by Mans voluntarie Rebellion, which enforced against him the Sentence of Curse from the euer∣blessed TRINITIE: Which yet in Iudgement remem∣bring Mercie, did not at once dissolue the World, or Man, but altered his Tenure, suffering him as a Customarie Te∣nant for terme of life (to be holden at the Will of the Lord) to occupy and husband it for the necessitie of his Body; lea∣uing [ 10] also some sparkes of that Heauenly Fire in his Soule (maugre those darkest flames of Hell) whereby he might by laborious Art (being robbed of his white and pure Robes, wherewith Nature had adorned him) patch together Leaues or Skins for a time, to couer some part of his nakednesse. Neyther is * 1.1 it any more, or of more worth, that here we labour for, and get as Seruants, then some light Plumes and bro∣ken Feathers of that goodly Fowle, which wholly without labour God had first giuen vs as Children.

Thus in regard of this temporall state; which yet he (out of a Curse producing Blessing) made the Seed-time of a better Haruest, a richer Possession (raysed out of this Rubbish of our Ruine) by farre then that which we had lost: for Time, which we had forfeited, giuing [ 20] vs Eternitie, which cannot die; for Paradise, Heauen; and GOD himselfe for the World; an earnest whereof wee haue alreadie, his SONNE giuen for vs, his SPIRIT to vs, and the promise of HIMSELFE in ineffable fruition.

Yea, meane-while, to solace this our wearie Pilgrimage, he hath giuen an erected * 1.2 Coun∣tenance to the Body, still to be viewing the vtter Court of our promised Palace, the faire Walls of our fairer Inheritance; and to the Soule the Eye of Art, whereby not leauing the greater, or her little, Earth, it can in a moment mount and surmount Heauen, and compasse all this spacious extension (that I speake not of that spirituall Eye of * 1.3 Faith, which sees things vnseene, the priuiledge of his Saints.) Yea, she hath found out meanes, by the Giuers bountie, to carry her beloued Body (not from some high Mountaine to ouer-looke the lowly Plaines, or as Moses into Mount Nebo, in Vision, to see that, which to see with ioyfull en∣ioying, was denyed; but) really and actually to possesse and vse the remotest Seas and Lands. She emboldeneth the Body to forsake her Earthly Nest, and (like young Eaglets on the [ 10] Eagles Wings) carryeth her to take a Naturall and Vniuersall Possession of the Vniuerse,* 1.4 where the Heauens alone * 1.5 are spread about her as a Curtaine, where the Beames of her Chambers are (in properest sense) layd in the Waters; where the Clouds are her Chariot (the Wheeles at least) whereby shee walketh on the wings of the Wind, and those swelling Spi∣rits are made her Driuers; the angriest Element being tamed by industrious Art, which vseth all their Natures to her best purposes.

To compasse this in former times, was impossible, and how many Seas to our fore-fathers impassable, for want of the Compasse? The Starres and Coasts were then the Guides, and without those Stilts, and Stayes, Nauigation durst not aduenture, in that her impotencie and infancie, to goe into the Maine. And if any disastrous Stormes had made sudden surprize of [ 20] Ship and Men, the Master found himselfe and his Art at a losse in the midst of his Ship and Mariners; and if the frowning Heauens long refused with wonted Eyes to looke on him, and the absented Earth forgot to extend her Lap and Armes, lost hee must bee for euer. No great Discouerie was otherwise by the Art of the Ancients performed; nor durst any repeat that Lesson by Art, which Tempest had occasionally taught him, farre from the Coast, against his will. Chance is a forgetfull Mistresse, vnlesse Art be the Vsher of her Schoole, teaching and emboldening to repetition of her casuall Lectures.

GOD Almightie pittying this Frailtie, intending better things to the last and worst Ages of the World (as in this fulnesse of time he sent his Sonne and the Spirit of his Sonne to prepare Men for Heauen, so since, I hope to further the former) hath giuen the Science of [ 30] the Loadstone and Astronomicall Rules and Instruments, applyed by Art to Nauigation, that hee might giue more ample Possession of the Sea and the Earth to the sonnes of Men.* 1.6 Let others applaud, admire, adore, the Stones called Precious: this shall bee to mee Pearle and Ruby, and Saphire, and Diamant, and more then all those multiplyed Names of Gemmes, which all are also made ours by helpe of the Loadstone. This Magneticall vertue was hidden to the Golden and Siluer Ages, her Iron sympathie hath long beene knowne to the Iron World; but her constant Polar rauishments, and her no lesse constant inconstancie by Vari∣ation, were Mysteries reserued to later Posterities. The former of these Qualities yeelds the Compasse, the Needle by Magneticall touch directing the way in waylesse Wildernesses by Land, and thorow the vastest Waterie Plaines.

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This vertue of the Loadstone, to be the Lead-stone and Way-directing Mercurie thorow the World, Plato, Aristotle, Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Galen, Lucretius, Plinie his Solinus, and Ptolomee, Scholers of the highest Formes in Natures Schoole, knew not, though the Magneticall attraction of Iron be mentioned in their Workes. Some haue also added some Physicall Vertues, and some the Fables of the Adamant and Garlike preuenting that attrac∣tion, which later Authors haue receiued by authoritie, without due examination. But if any list to see Armies of Authors mustered, and their Writings also of this Subiect examined, D^r Gilbert in his learned Worke of the Magnete,* 1.7 hath done it in sixe whole Bookes; the causes also enquired both of that attraction, and this (whereof we now speake) Polar motion. This inuention some ascribe to Salomon: which I would beleeue, if he had written of Stones, [ 50] as he did of Plants; or if the Tyrians, which were almost the engrossers of * 1.8 Nauigation in that Age, and were the Sea-men which Salomon vsed in his Ophyrian Discoueries (which we haue laboured in fitter place to discouer) had left any Tradition or Monument thereof to Posteritie: which could no more haue been lost then sayling it selfe; which the Greekes, Carthaginians, and other Nations successiuely deriued from them. Others therefore looke further into the East, whence the Light of the Sunne and Arts haue seemed first to arise to our World; and will haue Marco Polo the Venetian aboue three hundred yeeres since to haue brought it out of Mangi (which wee now call China) into Italy. True it is, that the most magnified Arts haue there first beene borne,* 1.9 Printing, Gunnes, and perhaps this also of the Compasse, which the Portugals at their first entry of the Indian Seas (whereof you shall pre∣sently [ 60] heare) found amongst the Mores, together with Cards and Quadrants to obserue both the Heauens and the Earth.* 1.10 And Vertomannus about the same time trauelled with them

ouer the Arabian Desarts to Mecca and Medina, directing their course by the Compasse, and there also obserued that Tale of Mahumets Body hanging in the Roofe of the Temple by the attractiue power of Loadstones (which Chinocrates is reported to haue intended to himselfe at Alexandria, in the Temple of Arsinoe, making the Roofe of these Stones, so to attract his Iron Image, preuented by death) to be but a Tale and Fable. But as neyther Printing nor Ordnance were brought from thence to vs, but (casuall Acts opening a passage to industri∣ous Arts) were inuented by European heads, and brought to riper perfections then in the East, which had knowne them before, so I also conceiue of these Marine Instruments. Nor will I enuie to Iohn Goia of a 1.11 Malsi, that whatsoeuer glory of the first Inuention, which Blondus and others (some b 1.12 naming him Flauius) haue ascribed to him. Italy indeed hath [ 10] best deserued in Discoueries, for her Polo and Goia, and Vertoman, now mentioned, and for her Colombo and Cabota, of which is question, whether first found out the Variation of the Needle, or whether discouered more of the New World; though another Italian, Americus Vesputius, carried the c 1.13 Name away from them both.

This Variation is, when the Magneticall Needle points not out the true Pole, but is distracted somewhat eyther with an Easterly or Westerly deflexion. This Variation of the Compasse is the best remedie yet found out against the Mariners Variation from their Com∣passe, and Deuiation from their scope and intended course. And although the Variation can∣not without Starre or Sunne be obserued, as the direction of the Compasse may (which giues [ 20] Light in the darkest Night, pointing still toward the Pole) neyther can hereby the true lon∣gitude of Places be discouered (this Light shines most out of Darkenesse, and from Ecclipses, which I haue therefore in this Historie taken all occasions to obserue, is most illustrious and plaine) yet for ordinarie and generall vse in Discoueries and Nauigations in vnknowne Seas, this yeelds best supply of that knowledge of Longitudes, by reason of the constant inconstancie (as I said) of this Variation. For howsoeuer it varies from the true Pole, yet it neuer varies from it selfe, but in the same place eternally holds the same Variation, if it be ex∣actly obserued; which sometimes, by want in the Instrument or Workman, and almost alway by Sea, through the vnsteadinesse thereof, falls out, and therefore is better farre, being taken in calme Weather, and best, if opportunitie serue, on Land.

[ 30] Now for the Causes d 1.14 eyther of Direction or Variation, Philosophers haue rather busied their owne, then established others Conceits from variation by their Directions, and pointing out the causes hereof in nature: some, telling vs of Hyperboreall Magneticall Mountaines; some, deriuing the cause from the Pole of the Heauen; some, from a Starre in the tayle of the greater Beare; some, from the Heauens neere to the Pole; some goe also beyond the Poles and Heauens, to I know not what Magneticall Power, placed out of place; some lead vs into a Magneticall Iland (Ly-land) euery man will say somewhat, and so doe they that flye to hidden Miracles in Nature. But that somewhat is nothing: And we indeed are lesse then Nothing and Vanitie; which, whiles we call all our Arguments Demonstrations, and all our Arts Sciences, neyther know God, nor the World, or Nature, nor our selues, how euer vainly [ 40] puffed vp with the Conceits and Deceits of Knowledge. Ego vero quid? (sayth e 1.15 Scaliger of this Subtletie, who yet hath a Reason too, though as reasonlesse (perhaps) as those of o∣thers; so fortunately doth our Wit find it selfe vnfortunate, and knowes but one thing, that it knowes nothing) quid aliud nisi vnum verum? nos in luce rerum tenui caligare, in mediocri caecutire, in maiori caecos esse, in maxima insanire. Quid aliud quàm me nescire? Solus omnium ego nihil afferendo veritatem attuli.

Most laborious haue beene the paines, most probable (perhaps) the reasons of our Countreyman Doctor Gilbert, by many yeeres experiments in this subiect, who hath obserued the whole Earth to bee as a great Loadstone, the Loadstone and the Iron (which naturally also with exact tryall hee hath obserued, euen without f 1.16 touch, to hold [ 50] like Direction and Variation, in respect of the Pole) to containe the principall Qualities of the Earth; that the Direction and Variation are both, not from Contraction or Coition, or other hidden cause, but from the disposing power of the Earth, and the conuertible nature of the Magnete, the Earth it selfe being Mother and originall Fountaine of the Mag∣neticall vertues and operations. Hee deriueth the Direction from the Polar conformitie of the Earth; the Variation, from the inequalitie of the same, in the Superficies thereof; partly by Seas, partly by Mountaines, which haue difformed though not deformed the Globositie of this Globe, in paying to other places by excessiue height whatsoeuer was taken from the Deepes, to make Channels for the Waters. Hence the greater Continents of Earth haue greater force and power, and where the Earth is most depressed or weakened, there hath it [ 60] lesser; yet so, as these Magneticall Motions being from the constant Magneticall nature of the whole Earth, a small Iland cannot preiudice or preuent the clayme of the greater Con∣tinent. Thus in the Azores the Needle hath no apparant Variation, which on the Coast of

Guinnee inclines Eastward to the African g 1.17 Continent, and neere the American bends Westward; in these Ilands as indifferent betwixt two equall Continents, aimes at the Pole of the Earth, and therefore Magneticall. His many h 1.18 Rules, Experiments, and Obseruati∣ons are worthy a learned and leysurely Reader: My selfe hauing haste to trauell ouer the World, and that with so many Trauellers, cannot stand in this Muze, or Maze rather of Phi∣losophers. Let vs now consider not the naturall Causes, which are hard, but take easier view of the sensible effects thereof in the furtherance of Nauigation, wherein the touched Needle is the Soule as it were of the Compasse, by which euery skilfull Mariner is emboldened to compasse the whole Body of the Vniuerse. Let the Italians haue their prayse for Inuention: the prayse of Application thereof to these remote Discoueries is due to the Portugals, who [ 10] first began to open the Windowes of the World, to let it see it selfe. These first also of all Europeans, applyed by the direction of King Iohn (as followeth in this storie) Astronomi∣call Instruments to this Magneticall, and occasioned those Spanish Discoueries in the New World, by Colombo's Industry.

The Load-stone was the Lead-stone, the very Seed and ingendring Stone of Discouerie, whose soeuer Iouiall Braire first conceiued that Minerua. But the Iuno Lucina, that helped Nature in this happy Conception and educated Discouerie to that strength, that it durst or∣dinarily aduenture beyond the knowne World, and made way to that Maturitie, whereby it opened soone after another World, was Prince Henry of Portugall.

* 1.19Thus doth the Great GOD rayse vp the least things to Greatnesse: and this, one of the [ 20] last and least of Europaean Kingdomes, was dignified with the first search and Science of Discoueries. Spaine and Portugall, after a long seruitude, fattened their Soyle with the bloud of the Moores, and thence haue growne by Diuine Blessing not onely to free themselues of that Yoke, but with farre-spreading Boughes to ouer-looke and ouer-awe the remotest East and furthest West; paying themselues with the Drugges and Gemmes of Asia, the Gold and Slaues of Africa, the Siluer and Possessions of America, as Wages for that Europaean slauery vnder the Mahumetans, many Ages continued, which now shall follow to be declared.

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§. II. Of HENRY, third sonne to IOHN the first King of Portugall by an English Woman, the Prince of later Discoueries: and of the helpes both against the Mores, and in their Discoueries which the Portugals haue receiued of our Nation.

THe Saracens (as we haue related a 1.20 elsewhere) about the yeere * 1.21 712. brought by Iulianus Earle of Cepta (to reuenge the deflowring of his Daughter Caba by Ro∣dericus, the last of the Gottish Kings) into Spaine, vnder the conduct of Muses, conquered and subiected the same to Vlit the Chalipha. Pelagius b 1.22 began first [ 40] to make head against these Barbarians, whose successors had succeeded in the same Quarrell with prosperous successe aboue three hundred yeeres space, when Alphonsus the sixt tooke Toledo from the Mores. He, in recompence of good seruices in the Warres, gaue vnto Henry of Lorraine, whom some call Earle of Limbourg, his Daughter Teresa, with the Countrey of Portugall in Dowrie, and whatsoeuer he could further conquer from the Mores, by Title of an Earle: whose sonne Don Alphonso was the first King of that Realme, newly erected on the bloud and desolation of the Mores in those parts, whom by degrees they chased quite out of that Kingdome, from that time till that of Iohn the first. He pursuing that Heredi∣tarie Quarrell, passed ouer Sea into Africa, and there tooke Cepta, and brake the Ice to his Po∣steritie, which made valiant and successefull progresse in those Designes of Africa, till their [ 50] Nauigations into Asia with greater hopes and happinesse, made them neglect that neerer and dearer Purchase.

This Conquest of Cepta, or Seut, is mentioned by Thomas c 1.23 Walsingham, which then liued, in these words: This yeere the King of Portugall relying on the helpe of the Mer∣chants of England most of all, and of the Almans, ouercame the Agarens in the Land of the King of the Betinarines, many thousands of them being sent to Hell; and tooke their Citie, seated on the Sea, called Sunt, very large, compassed with a Wall, as they say, of twentie miles.

Some reason the English had to this Assistance: for the Wife of Don Iohn was Philip, Daughter of Iohn of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and Sister to Henry the fourth, whose sonne Henry the fifth then reigned in England. They did imitate also their [ 60] English Ancestors, who long before, in the time of Henry the second, had ioyned themselues with other Northerne d 1.24 Pilgrimes for the Expedition to the Holy-Land, and sayling to∣gether

from Dartmouth, about 37. ships well manned touched at Lisbone, where the Por∣tugall King besought their aid against the Mores in the Citie Syluia, or Syluis, profering to them the spoyle in recompence. Which they attempted, and on the third day of the Siege, brake into the Suburbs, and forced Alchad the Prince to yeeld the Citie, wherein were of all sorts aboue 60000. Mores, whereof 47000. were slaine, and the Mahumetan Temple con∣secrated to the Mother of God.

Thus both at home and abroad were the Portugals indebted to the English; as also in the example of some Englishmen, and namely one Macham, which had beene by tempest driuen on shore in Madera: but in nothing more, then that English Lady before mentioned, whose [ 10] third sonne Don Henry was the true foundation of the Greatnesse, not of Portugall alone, but of the whole Christian World, in Marine Affaires, and especially of these Heroike ende∣uours of the English (whose flesh and bloud hee was) which this ensuing Historie shall pre∣sent vnto you.

This illustrious Henry hauing giuen proofe of his valour against the Infidels at Cepta, de∣uised e 1.25 with himselfe, how he (being Gouernor of the Militarie Order of IESVS CHRIST, formerly instituted, and endowed to maintaine Warres against the Mores, alreadie expelled out of Portugall) might aduance the honor of his Name and Order, in Conquests which o∣thers had not yet attempted, and therefore in Discoueries of Countries yet vnknowne. To this end he spent his life in single estate, and in the studies of the Mathematikes: for which [ 20] purpose, he chose the clearer Ayre of Cape S. Vincent, that there he might better intend his Mathematicall Theorie, the practike thereof in Instruments, and the vse, in sending out Ships at his owne charge to discouer remoter parts, whereof he had both heard by enquirie of Captiues taken at Cepta, and conceiued by his owne studie and reason (for besides that of Macham, ancient Histories giue some light to the studious, in the f 1.26 reports of Menelaus, Hanno, Eudoxus, and others) that the Atlantike and Indian Seas had concourse, the one yeel∣ding passage to the other, or rather being one continued Ocean. He also from Maiorca cau∣sed one Master Iames, a man skilfull in Nauigation, and in Cards and Sea Instruments, to be brought into Portugall, there at his charge, as it were, to erect a Schoole of Marinership, and to instruct his Countreymen in that Mysterie.

[ 30] The first Ships which he sent, discouered no further then Cape Bogiador, 180. miles be∣yond Cape g 1.27 Non (the Non vltra before, of the Spanish Nauigations) beyond which they durst not passe, because of the loftie breaking of the Surge, caused by the Capes extension farre into the Sea: not daring (such was then the infancie of Nauigation) to auoid the same, to put further off into the Sea, lest they might hap to lose themselues, if they lost the sight of Land. That which Art durst not, Tempest compelled in the next Barke sent for Discoue∣rie, which with distresse of Weather driuen into Seas out of the Mariners knowledge, happily encountred that Iland, which they hereupon named Porto h 1.28 Santo, and without further coa∣sting the shore of Afrike, returned home with the newes, and desire of licence to people it; so well did they like of the Ayre, Soyle, and gentle Condition of the Natiues. The Prince accordingly sent three Ships, two of which hee committed to Iohn Consaluo Zarco, and [ 40] Tristan Vaz, the former Discouerers; the third to Bartholomew Perestrello, who with Seeds and Plants carried thither a i 1.29 Conie great with young; which lighting her burthen by the way, and together with them put forth, so multiplyed in two yeeres, that they grew wearie of all their Labours, destroyed by those Conies. Whereupon Perestrello returning, the other two, Consaluo and Vaz would needs discouer whether it were Land or no, which appeared vnto them like Clouds or Vapours, and found it indeed the Iland k 1.30 Madera, or Wood, so called of the abundance of Wood which then ouer-shadowed it, and with the moist Vapours had seemed to bury it in a Cloud. They returning with this newes to the Prince, receiued by the Kings consent the same Iland, diuided betwixt them; the one part, called Funciale, to Consaluo and his heires; the other, called * 1.31 Machico, to Vaz. This was so na∣med [ 50] of an Englishman, called Macham, which had before arriued l 1.32 there by Tempest, and buried therein a Woman, whom he loued, with a memoriall thereof ingrauen on the Stone of her Tombe; after which, with a Boat made of one Tree, he passed to the Coast of Barbary without Sayle or Oare, and being presented to the King for a Wonder, was by him sent to the King of Castile.

In the yeere 1420. began that m 1.33 Plantation, and the thicke Trees being by Consaluo set on fire, continued burning seuen yeeres: which destruction of Wood hath caused since as great want. The Prince caused Sugar Canes to be carried from Sicilia thither, and men skilfull of that n 1.34 Art, whereof the increase hath beene such, that in some yeeres the fifth [ 60] part (which the Prince reserued to his Militarie Order) hath amounted to aboue threescore thousand Arrobes (euery Arrobe is fiue and twentie pounds) growing onely in one place, lit∣tle more then nine miles compasse. To Perestrello o 1.35 hee gaue Porto Santo, on condition to

people it, which hardly hee could doe for the Conies, whereof in one little I••let at one time were killed three thousand.

Twelue yeeres had passed, since the Prince had begun this Enterprise▪ before Cape Baia∣dore could be passed; such was the p 1.36 conceit of tempestuous Seas, strong Currents, Whirle∣pooles which would swallow Ships, beyond that Cape: yea they added, that the Land was not fit for habitation, but like the sandie Desarts of Libya. Much did they murmure, that the Natures of the Land were exhaust in Discoueries, which before, wise and prouident Kings would haue vndertaken, had there beene likelyhood of successe, who yet contented themselues with the knowne World, and sought not a torrid Zone, vnfit for humane dwel∣ling. These costs might with lesse danger haue beene bestowed in the barrenner parts of [ 10] the Kingdome at home, without Sea-perils.

These murmurings I recite, as alwayes attending and preoccupating great Actions, and to shew the poore Prentiship which Nauigation then serued, that it might attaine that Free∣dome which the next Age brought forth. The patient Prince endured these Exceptions, with quarrellings at the Victualls, Money, and Men spent in a Seruice so vnseruiceable and need∣lesse, so dangerous, so hurtfull, and so! what euery barking Tongue could alledge; nor could the apparant profits of Madera and Porto Santo stop their mouthes. His men also, which he sent forth, preyed on the Coasts of Barbary, and tooke Slaues, which helpe bare charges.

But one of his seruants, named q 1.37 Gilianes, seeing the Prince discontent that they went no further, aduentured that Herculean Labour (as it then seemed) and passed that Turne-againe [ 20] or Baiadore Cape, with some proofe of the Plants, report of the Seas passable, and commendations of the Ayre and Soyle in those parts. This happened An. 1433.

The next yeere Anton. Consaluo pierced fortie miles further, and found the Countrey in∣habited. Nor could much more be effected, till the yeere 1441. when Nugno Tristan disco∣uered r 1.38 Cape Blanco, and tooke some Prisoners. After which, Prince Henry obtained s 1.39 of Pope Martin the fifth a perpetuall Donation to the Crowne of Portugall, of whatsoeuer should be discouered from Cape Baiadore to the East Indies inclusiuely, and Indulgence ple∣narie for the Soules of all such as should perish in that Conquest: which the succeeding Popes, Eugenius, Nicholas, and Sixtus confirmed, at the instance of King Alphonsus and his sonne Iohn.

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At the next t 1.40 returne they traded with the Negros for exchange of their Men, for which they had Gold and other Slaues, whereupon they called the place the Golden Riuer, and passed further to the Isles of Argin and Garze. Gold made a recantation of former Murmu∣rings, and now the Prince was extolled; yea, u 1.41 now the inhabitants of Lagos capitulated with the Prince to set forth Carueiles at their owne charges, which tooke many Captiues.

The yeere 1445. Denis Fernandez passed the Riuer x 1.42 Sanaga, which diuideth the Aze∣negui from those of Guinea, called Gialof, and discouered also Cape Verde. Other Discoue∣ries successiuely followed; in which, some hauing made slaues of friends, the Prince made the Authors apparrell and send them backe at their owne charges, to the Canaries, whence they had stolne them.

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These y 1.43 Canaries, by relations of Macham the Englishman aforesaid, became knowne to the French and Spaniards; and Betancor, which held three of them in possession, com∣pounded for them with Prince Henry: but the Spaniard challenged them, as conquered by that Frenchman through the aid of Cast••le; vnder which Crowne they now are, after many choppings and changings. But the Prince neuer gaue ouer his endeuours of Discouerie, till he discouered the Celestiall Ierusalem, which z 1.44 happened the thirteenth of Nouember, 1463. three and fortie yeeres after Madera had beene descryed: in all which time, his Trauell suc∣ceeded no further then from Baiadore to Sierra Liona, one thousand one hundred and tenne miles space, in neere fiftie yeeres continued Cares and Costs. So hard a thing is it to disco∣uer. An argument of patience to our Moderne Discouerers, which are readie to murmure, and [ 50] almost to mutinie, if new Worlds drop not into their mouthes at the first Voyage.

A little before his death, the Ilands of * 1.45 Cape Verde were discouered by Antonio di Nolle, A Genuois, licensed by the Prince. On May Euen was Maio found, and on the next day two others, called also of the Time, one Philip, and the other Iacob, or Iago, which was first peopled. In his time * 1.46 also were discouered the Terceras, by certaine Flemmings sayling to Lisbone; which first began to be peopled An. 1449.

King Alphonsus hauing little leysure for further Discoueries, farmed the same to Fernand Gomez, a Citizen of Lisbone, for fiue yeeres space, with condition euery yeere to discouer three hundred miles, to begin from Sierra Liona, and so to proceed along the Coast. He dis∣couered * 1.47 Mina by Santaren and Scouare his Captaines; and after that, to Cape S. Catarine, [ 60] on the South side of the Line. In that time was also discouered the Iland of Fernand Po, the Ilands also of S. Thomas, S. Matthew, Annobon, & del Principe; the Names of the Discouerers are vnknowne.

§. III. Of King IOHN the second his Discoueries, and aduancement of the Art of Nauigation.

KIng Iohn the second hauing some experiment of the Profits of Guinea, which King Alphonso had bestowed on him for his Princely maintenance, could not now by the Obiections of the length of the Way, vnholesomenesse of the Countrey, ex∣pence [ 10] of Victuali, and the like, be detained by his Counsellors; but in the yeere 1481. he sent a Fleet of ten * 1.48 Carauels, vnder the command of Diego Dazambuia, to build the Castle of S. George della Mina, which in the yeere 1486. he dignified with the Priuiled∣ges of a Citie. In the Church thereof was ordayned a perpetuall Soule-Priest for Prince Henry aforesaid: and three yeeres after that Castle was builded, he added to his Regall Title, Lord of Guinea. Caramansa the Lord of the Countrey would haue hindered that Building, and the people (which worshipped the Stones and Rockes) mutined; but the Popes Gift, with their Strength, Gifts, Cunning, and some Reuenge, preuayled: The King commanded, that Stone Crosses or Pillars, with the Portugall Armes,* 1.49 should be set vp in conuenient pla∣ces, expressing the time and Authors of such Discoueries. So did Diego Can 1484. on the [ 20] Bankes of the Riuer Zaire, in the first Discouerie of the Kingdome of a 1.50 Congo (the King whereof, as also the King of Benin, desired Priests, and Baptisme) and in his next returne two others, hauing discouered sixe hundred miles, and in both his Voyages 1125. miles from Cape Catarine, further on the Coast.

By the Embassador of the King of Benin (which is not farre from Mina) the King of Portugall vnderstood of the b 1.51 Abassine, commonly called Prester Iohn, by them Ogane, whose Vassall the King of Benin then was, none being c 1.52 acknowledged lawfull Prince, till he had sent his Embassadour to the said Ogane, and had receiued from him a Crosse to weare about his necke, in token of his admission. Hereupon King Iohn sent both d 1.53 by Sea and Land to inquire both of the Indies, and of this great Negus, or Ogane: by Sea, two Pinnaces, of [ 30] fiftie Tunnes apiece, vnder the conduct of Bartholomew Diaz, with a little Victualling Barke, in August, 1486. Hee set certaine Negros on shore in diuers places, which had beene before carried into Portugall, and well vsed, that among those Sauages they might relate the Portu∣gall Ciuilitie and Greatnesse; carrying also with them some shewes thereof in Apparrell, and other things giuen them; and to make knowne, if it were possible, his desire, to find by his Discoueries meanes of acquaintance with Prester Iohn. He gaue Names to places discouered, and erected Pillars or Crosses of Stone (as is said) the last in the Ile called hereof, the Crosse; where his people with much disquiet vrged his returne, alledging their Victuals spent, and the losse of their Victualling Barke. Yet after consultation, hee proceeded so farre, that hee first discouered the famous Cape, which for his manifold troubles he termed Cabo Tormentoso, [ 40] or the tempestuous Cape: but King Iohn hoping thence to discouer the Indies, named it at his returne the e 1.54 Cape of Good Hope; where hee placed another Pillar of Stone, called S. Philip; as the other were termed S. George in the Riuer of Zaire, S. Augustine in the Cape thereof so termed, and likewise the rest. He returned in December, 1487. sixteene moneths and seuenteene dayes after his setting out, hauing discouered a thousand and fiftie miles of Coast. He found by the way his Victualler, wherein he had left nine men, of which, three onely were left aliue; f 1.55 one of which, Fernand Colazzo, died with sudden ioy of this fight nine moneths after the losse of each other.

By Land, the King had sent some by the way of Ierusalem to passe with the Abassine Pilgrims; which yet, for want of the Arabick Tongue, returned. Whereupon he sent Peter [ 50] g 1.56 Couilian, well skilled therein, and with him Alphonso Paiua, in May, 1487. which went to Alexandria, thence to Cairo, and thence with certaine Mores to Aden: from whence Paiua went to seeke a passage to Prester Iohn, but died at Cairo. Couilian from Aden, neere the straits of the red Sea, unbarked himselfe for Cananor, and thence to Calicut and Goa in the East Indies: from whence he returned vnto Africa, neere the Mines of Sofala, and after that to Cairo, with purpose of returne into Portugall. But the King had sent by two Spanish Iewes, Rabbi Abraham and R. Ioseph, the later of which had beene at Bagdad, and had ac∣quainted the King with the Trade at Ormus, and from thence had passed to Aleppo and Damasco, and was now sent backe to Couilian, that by the one an answere might be brought what he had done, with charge not to desist, till he had beene with the Abassine, to whom he [ 60] imployed him in Embassage: the other, to goe to Ormus, and informe himselfe of the Af∣fa••res of those parts. By Ioseph, Couilian wrote to the King, and to encourage his Nauigati∣ons, sent him a Mappe of his Discoueries in India, and on the African Coast. Hee pierced

after this, to the Court of Alexander the Abassine, who kindly entertained him, but soone af∣ter died; neyther would his successors permit that Vlysses to returne, a man of many Lan∣guages,* 1.57 and much vsefull for his experience in the World: but to Francis Aluares, which ac∣companied Roderike de Lima in an Embassage thither almost thirtie yeeres after, hee related the summe of his Trauels.

Many other worthy Acts were performed by King Iohn, in seeking to reduce some of these wild people both in Guinea and Congo, to holy Baptisme and Christian Religion, not so pertinent to this our purpose: but this was the furthest of his Discoueries. He had omit∣ted an oportunitie offered by Columbus, whom in his first returne from the Indies with his new Indians, he saw in March, 1493. But Occasions Head in the hinder parts was bald, the [ 10] Spaniard hauing before fastned on her fore-lockes. Yet doth Nauigation owe as much to this Prince as to any,* 1.58 who had imployed Roderigo and Ioseph, his Iewish Physicians, cunning Ma∣thematicians of that time, with Martin Bohemus the Scholler of Iohn Monte Regius, to de∣uise what helpes they could for the Mariners in their saylings thorow vnknowne Seas, where neyther Starres (as vnknowne) nor Land (being out of kenne) could guide them. These first, after long study, applyed the Astrolabe, before vsed onely by Astronomers, to Marine vse, and deuised the Tables of Declinations,* 1.59 to find out the Latitude of Places, and how to direct their course (which was afterwards by the knowledge of the Variation, exceedingly furthered) whereby the Mariners Art first began to free it selfe from the rudenesse of former times, and in these Nauigations of Canus and Dias, as those also of Columbus, to prepare a Way to [ 20] open our Eyes in these parts, to see a new World, and there in those, to see a new Heauen by Euangelicall Light, whereof a little misled glimpse they haue alreadie; an Earnest (as wee hope) of more, and more perfect, by Gods grace in due time to be reuealed.

§. IIII. Of the Coniectures touching a New World by CHRISTOPHER COLON or COLVMBVS, and his manifold [ 30] Difficulties therein.

ANd vnto Portugall was Spaine beholden for Columbus, and Columbus also for his skill, whereby the Columbian (so fitlier named, then American) World was dis∣couered. This Columbus or Colombo (by the Spaniards for easier pronunciation termed Colon) was borne, some say, at Sarona, some at Nerui, others in Cicurco, in the territorie of Genua,* 1.60 of an ancient House, of great reputation in the Empire of Otho the second (whose Charters to the Family of the Columbi are yet extant) but now almost anti∣quated, rotten and ruined with antiquitie. He began to embrace the Sea, and vse Nauigation in his Childhood, and traded many yeeres into Syria and other parts of the East; and became [ 40] also a maker of Cards for the Sea. The fame of the Portugall Nauigations brought him thi∣ther, to learne the Coasts of Africa, and with their skill to amend his Cards, and withall, his fortunes. There he married a Wife, Philippa Mumiz de Perestrello (by whom he had his sonne Iames) and traded the Coast of Guinea. Some skill, it is manifest, hee had in the Latine Tongue, and was very studious of the Mathematikes, being also in his Religion (according to that knowledge he had) very deuout,* 1.61 frequent in Prayer, obseruant of Fasts, temperate in Diet, modest in Attyre, grauely courteous in Behauior, abstinent of Oathes, and abhomina∣ting Blasphemies. Such an one did God make him, before he would make him a Discouerer. And as the Psalmist singeth of Heauenly,* 1.62 it is true also in Earthly Mysteries, The secret of the Lord is with them that feare him, and the meeke he will guide in iudgement: Which easily shew∣eth [ 50] the cause why no better successe hath followed some mens endeuours, who going forth with high swolne Sayles, filled with puffes of Pride, and blasts of Arrogance, addicting themselues to Swearing, Cursing, and other resolute Dissolutenesse (as if they sought Disco∣ueries in the infernall Regions, and acquaintance with those Legions of Hell, rather then to discouer Lands, and recouer Infidels to internall peace by the eternall Gospell) eyther perish at Sea, or returne with the gaine of losse, and shame, in stead of glory. Our Christopher Columbus was such in Deed as in Name, carrying Christ in his heart, and Doue-like louely carriage in conuersation.

He is reported by Gomara, Mariana, and others, to haue beene first moued to this Disco∣uerie by a Pilot, which had beene before by distresse of Weather driuen vpon the Ilands of [ 60] America,* 1.63 which the most iudicious Spaniards either omit or deny; Benzo and Ramusio thinke it a tricke of Spanish enuy, derogating from the worth of an Italian. But the reasons more

probable, are his piercing Wit, iudicious obseruation of Occurrents, learning in the Mathema∣tikes, and the speciall instinct of Diuine Prouidence, without which no humane patience could haue sustained such magnanimous Indeuours, so long contemned, so much, so variously condemned. Experience of the Portugals, amongst whom he dwelt,* 1.64 had taught him the va∣nitie of Antiquitie touching the Antipodes, the Torrid Zone not habitable, and that the Sea was euery way Nauigable. Art instructed him of the roundnesse of this inferior Globe (which in the Moones Ecclipse is visible) and the proportionablenesse of the Earth to the Water, that as much dry Land might be as well on that, as on this side the Line: neyther was it likely, that so huge a quantitie of the Globe should be couered with Waters, which was made princi∣pally [ 10] for the vse and habitation of Man; or that this Globe was not equally poyzed on both sides that Centre, which is one to it and the Water; or that there should be such huge Lands (if they were Lands) in this old Age of the World, no•• inhabited by Man,* 1.65 whose Blessing from the Creator was to fill or replenish the Earth, renewed againe after the Floud; or that the Indies in the East might not in the Earths Globositie be as readily found out by the West, following the Sunne in his dayly Iourney, which with all his Night-watch of Starres was as vnlike to be there appointed a continuall course and circular Race for the Seas or Desart Lands. Experi∣ments had also taught him, both by relation of the Portugals in their longer Voyages, and in his owne on the West of Spaine, that the Westerne Winds holding a constant course yeerely, and that also farre off at Sea, could not but arise from some Lands further Westward, then any yet [ 20] knowne: And Martin Vincent, a Mariner which vsed the Azores or Terceras, had told him, that he was once carried foure hundred and fiftie leagues to the West of Cape S. Vincent, and there tooke vp a piece of Wood or Timber, wrought by mans hand, and that,* 1.66 as farre as he could iudge, without Iron, which he imagined had come from some Westerne Iland. Pedro Correa, which had married his Wiues sister, had likewise signified to him, that at Puerto Santo he had seene the like Peece driuen thither by the Westerne Winds, wrought in the same fashion: and besides, he had seene great Canes, which in each knot might containe aboue two gallons of Wa∣ter, which he also sent to him to see; which being vnlikely to grow in the knowne parts of the West, and hauing read of such growing in India, he supposed, that some long and violent Westerne Winds had brought them thither from thence. The inhabitants also of the Azores [ 30] had told him, that strong West and Northwest Winds had brought by Sea vpon Graciosa and Fayal certaine Pine trees, two dead men also on the Coast of Flores, with larger faces then are vsuall in these parts, and of other fauor, and two Canoas another time driuen also by the Wind. Antonio Leme of Madera had related, that being carried in his Caruile farre Westward, he had seemed to see three Ilands: And another of that Iland had sued to the King of Portugall in the yeere 1484. for licence to discouer certaine Land which he sware he had seene euery yeere ouer-against the Azores. Diego Velazques had fortie yeeres before beene carried farre into the West, and there obserued the Seas and Winds such, as if the Land were not farre off, as he affir∣med to Columbus: and another Mariner told him of Land hee had seene farre West from Ire∣land, which is supposed to be New-found-Land. Petro de Velasco had signified the like, in his [ 40] going for Ireland; and Vincent Diaz, a Portugall Pilot, had seemed to himselfe, in his returne from Guinea, to see an Iland in the height of Madera, for which also search was after made, but no discouerie.

These things argue his laborious industrie and diligent enquirie: his readings of Marco Polo and other Iournals (that I mention not the Ancients) did not a little animate him, as may ap∣peare in his enquirie for Zipango, mentioned by Polo, supposed now to be Japan; and naming Hispaniola Ophir, thinking, or seeming to thinke, that he had found out the East Indies.* 1.67 And for that cause was this New World called the Indies also, with distinction of West: and this was his maine argument to such Princes as he sought to patronize this his discouerie, the riches of the East Indies, promised by a Westerne Nauigation. And herein his resolution was admi∣rable, [ 50] that howsoeuer some derided as folly, others reiected as impossible, his suit, yet he neuer desisted.

Hee first propounded it to his Countreymen the Genuois, and found, that a Prophet found no profit at home; he seconded it in Portugall where he dwelt, and was married at Lisbone, and had learned most of his Art and Intelligence,* 1.68 confirmed therein also by Martin Bohemus the Mathematician; but Iohn the second did not second his desires, as adiudged vaine by Rode∣rigo and Ioseph the Iewes, before mentioned, with other Committees; which yet moued with his reasons, counselled the King secretly to send a Caruell, vnder colour of a Voyage, to Cape Verde, to make this Discouerie; wherein crossed with foule Weather, they effected nothing. This made him out of loue with Portugall, and to send his brother Bartholomew to King Henry the seuenth of England with the same suit: who falling into the hands of Pyrats, was forced [ 60] to sustaine himselfe with making Sea-Cards, and so long deferred for want of sutable suites, to make his suit and petition to the King, that when it was granted, and his brother sent for, hee had sped before in Spaine. Thither had hee himselfe repaired in the yeere 1484. secretly, and by Sea, for feare of the Portugals, which had before deluded him: Ferdinand and Isabel the

Catholike Princes being then busied in Warre against the Mores of Granada. But hauing spent fiue yeeres in pursuing his suit, his answer from the Court was, That the Kings Treasure was so exhaust in the Conquest of Granada, that they could not entertaine new expences: but those being ended, they would better examine his intent, and giue him dispatch.

Much was Columbus aggrieued at this answer, yet failed not his constancie. Hee caused his desires to be made knowne to the Dukes of Medina Coeli, and of Medina Sidonia, but with ef∣fect like the former. Twice hee purposed (as his sonne Fernand Columbus writeth) to leaue Spaine, and goe himselfe into France or England, whence hee had not heard of his brother Bar∣tholomew: but Diuine Prouidence otherwise disposed. And hee which hitherto had not found credit to aduance (nay, scarcely meanes, but in great part, by the bountie of Alphonso di Quin∣taniglia [ 10] the Kings chiefe Auditor, to sustaine) him, obtained the Letters of Frier Ivan Perez de Marchena to Frier Fern••ndo di Talouera the Queenes Confessor, and at last, by the mediation of the Cardinall Mendoza, Archbishop of Toledo, procured audience and graunt of the Catholike Kings, Queene Isabel taking order with Lewis of S. Angelo to empawne some of her Iewels, to the value of two thousand Duckats for his Expedition, which yet he lent out of his purse: so low was the Treasure of Spaine, when God offered them the Westerne Treasurie.

Magnanimous Columbus, not broken with Pouertie at home, with Affronts and Discounte∣nances abroad, with imputations of impotent, almost impudent, at least as imprudent as impor∣tunate fancies of impossible, impassable Nauigations by vnknowne Seas to vnknowne Lands! not amated so farre, as to abate his Conditions of no small nature to him and his heires, as if he [ 20] had alreadie effected his designes: not desiring any reward, except he found somewhat answe∣rable to his promise, nor lesse then, than the Office and Title of Admirall by Sea, and Vice-Roy on Land, with the Tenth of the Profits thorow all the Seas, Ilands, or firme Lands (to himselfe during his life, and after, to his heires and successors) whatsoeuer he should discouer: which (saith Ouiedo) he enioyed whiles he liued,* 1.69 his sonne Admirall, Iames or Don Diego Colombo, after him, and his nephew Don Lewis Colombo the Admirall at this day. This composition was made be∣twixt him and the Catholike Kings in the Field before Granada, then besieged, in the middest of the Armie, the seuenteenth of April, 1492. as if God would reward their endeuours and ex∣pences, in rooting out the Mores, which had possessed those parts of Spaine aboue seuen hun∣dred yeeres, with this New Discouerie, so profitable to the Spanish Crowne. [ 30]

§. V. COLVMBVS his first Voyage, and improuement therein of the Mariners Art.

ON Friday, the third of August, the same yeere, hee set forth with his three Carauels from Palos; himselfe in the Admirall, called * 1.70 Santa Maria; the second Pinta, in which, was Captaine Martin Alonso Pinçon, and his brother Francisco Martinez [ 40] Pinçon, Master; the third Ninna, whose Captaine and Master was Vincent Yannez Pinçon, which found halfe that eighth part of the expence which Colombo had couenanted to contribute.* 1.71 There were in all (some say) an hundred and twenty men; Herera hath but ninety. On the fourth of August, the Rudder of the Pinta proued loose, which they fastened as well as they could with Cords, but soone after with force of Wind brake, and they were all compelled to strike sayle; which, in such a Voyage as this (they knew not whither) could not but be trou∣blesome, and seeme also ominous. On the eleuenth of August they had sight of the Canaries; where hauing refreshed themselues in the Ile Gomera, they hasted thence the sixt of Septem∣ber, for feare of the Portugals, who had set forth three Caruels to take them. The seuenth they lost sight of Land, with sighes and teares, many of them fearing neuer to see it againe; whom [ 50] Don Christopher comforted as well as he could, with promises of rich Discoueries: and sayling that day * 1.72 eighteene leagues, he reckoned no more then fifteene, diminishing his accompt, to make them seeme neerer home. On the foureteenth of September he first obserued the Variation of the Compas, which no man till then had considered, which euery day appeared more euident. On Sunday, the sixteenth, they saw pieces of * 1.73 Grasse, or Herbes, on the Water, of a pale greene colour, and on one of them a Grasse-hopper aliue, and some signes of Land approching, made some beleeue they had seene it. On the nineteenth they saw an Alcatraz (a kind of Sea-Fowle) and the next day two, which with other Grasse euery day encreasing, encreased their hopes of Land, saue that the Grasse sometimes hindered their sayling.

All this while he had the Wind in poupe, which on the two and twentieth of Septembe•• [ 60] came crosse at Southwest; and the Spaniards murmured, that the former Winds, which had been large to bring them hither, would neuer permit their returne to Spaine, and now began to blam•• the King and Queene, which had listned to that bold Italian, res••luing to pursue the Voyage 〈◊〉〈◊〉 further (the Admirall vsing all his Wits to the contrarie in vaine, mixing with 〈…〉〈…〉

Prayers, Threats and Menaces) alledging, That he thought to make himselfe a great Lord with the price of their liues; and that they had alreadie done their dutie, sayling further from Land then euer any had: nor ought they to be guiltie of their owne deaths, proceeding they knew not whither, till Victuals fayled them, which alreadie would scarcely hold out their returne, nor yet the Caruels, being alreadie spent, and faultie, with other like quarrels: threatning to throw him into the Sea, if he would not returne; and if hee were so desperate to perish, they would saue themselues. Colombo sweetly calmed those tempests with gentle words and rich promises, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 (as is thought, before agreed vpon) talking with Vin••ent Pinçon, suddenly cryed, Land, Land, on the fiue and twentieth of September, which filled them with cheare and hope, [ 10] which yet proued but Clouds: and therefore howsoeuer the mutinous tempest was for a time stilled, yet on the second of October that storme reuiued with such force, that hee hauing pro∣longed as farre as hee might, with likelier signes dayly of Land, at last he indented with them for three dayes. This they promised to trie, but not one houre longer▪ saying, all were Lyes which he had promised. The first of these dayes he perceiued by the Sunne-set, that Land was neere, and commanded, that they should abate their Sayles in the Night; in which Night hee spyed Light.

Two houres after Midnight, Rodrigo de Triana descryed Land on the eleuenth of October,* 1.74 1492. which when it was day, they saw to be an Iland of fifteene leagues compasse, plaine and woodie, with a great Poole of fresh Water, the naked people wondring on the shore, thinking [ 20] their Shippes were liuing Creatures. They went on Land, and termed it San Saluador,* 1.75 by the Inhabitants called Guanahani, one of the Iles Lucayos, nine hundred and fiftie leagues from the Canaries, and hauing said a Te Deum on his knees, with teares in his eyes, Colombo tooke pos∣session in name of the Catholike Kings, Ferdinand and Isabella, in presence of Rodrigo de Esco∣uedo, Notarie; the Spaniards also acknowledging him for Vice-Roy. The people wondred at the Beards, Whitenesse, Clothing of the Spaniards, who gaue them coloured Caps, Glasse-beads, and other Toyes. And when they departed, the naked Natiues followed, some in Canoas,* 1.76 others swimming after them. They were all naked, their haire bound vp, their stature meane, bodies well formed, colour like those of the Canaries, Oliue, painted some blacke, others of other colours, in part, or all ouer the body, as each best fancied. They knew not the vse of Iron, or [ 30] Weapons, but layd their hands on the edge of the Sword. They saw no liuing Creatures but Parrats among them. They trucked for Cotton Yarne, and had Rings of Gold in their Nose∣thrils, which they said that it came from the South, where they had a King rich therein. They tooke the Spaniards to be men come from Heauen.

On the fifteenth of October he went seuen leagues thence to another Iland (which he cal∣led Santa Maria de la Concecion) the seuenteenth, to Fernandina, where the Women, with Cotton short Coates, from the Nauill to the mid Thigh, couered their nakednesse. The fourth Iland he called Isabella, and thereof (as of all the former) tooke solemne possession. He would not suffer any of his companie to take ought from the Natiues in any place. Thence he passed to Cuba, and went on Land, thinking it to be Zipango; and some Indians which he carried [ 40] with him, signified, that there was Gold and Pearles.* 1.77 He sent two Spaniards with two Indi∣ans to search the Countrey, which found a Towne of fiftie houses of about a thousand persons (for a whole Kindred or Linage dwelt together in one house) where the people kissed their hands and feet, thinking them heauenly Wights, gaue them Bread of a Root, and perfumed them with certaine Herbes burned. They saw store of Cotton growing of it selfe, and strange kinds of Birds and Trees. The Spaniards had most mind to the Gold which they saw in their Noses, of which they questioned these Indians, who answered Cubanacan, that is in the midst of Cuba, which the Spaniards vnderstood of the Can of Cathay, mentioned by Marco Polo. In hope of singular successe, Martin Alonso Pinçon left the Admirall, who also left Cuba, which he called Iuana, in honour of the Prince of Castile, to seeke that Iland which he named Hispa∣niola, before Hayti. For hauing demanded of Zipango in Cuba, the Indians thinking hee had [ 50] meant Cibao, which is one of the richest Mines of Hispaniola, directed him thither. Here gi∣uing a Woman which they tooke, Meat, Drinke, and Clothes, he sent with her some of his In∣dians, which reported much good of the Spaniards, whence grew much acquaintance betwixt them, and after, with their King Guacanagari, which entreated Colombo to come aland. Here he lost his principall Ship, and erected a Fort called the Natiuitie,* 1.78 and vnderstood of the Gol∣den Prouinces of this Iland: and hauing good remonstrance of his Golden Hopes and Haps also, in exchange for Trifles, with some Indians taken with him, leauing eight and thirtie Spaniards in his new Fort, after reconciliation with Pinçon (the Indians, which carried the Admirals Letter to him, attributed their mutuall vnderstanding to some Deitie therein) he pre∣pared [ 60] for his returne.

Before this, he charged them to behaue themselues with all due respects to Guacanagari, and to his Indians, without wrong to any: and on Friday, the fourth of Ianuary, in the yeere 1493. (after their account) sayled from the Port of Natiuitie. He saw three Mermaids leaping a good height out of the Sea, Creatures (as hee affirmed) not so faire as they are painted,* 1.79 somewhat

resembling Men in the face, of which at other times he said he had seene on the Coast of Gui∣nea. In his returne, he discouered a great part of the Coast of Hispaniola, and gaue Names to Capes and Harbours. In this Voyage, Colombo is said first to haue taught the Spaniards, in their sayling, to obserue the Sunne and Pole in their Nauigations, which they before knew not. Obseruing by his skill in Astronomie, that the Moone being in coniunction with Mercury, and opposition with Iupiter, and the Sunne also in like opposition, to produce great Windes, hee made some stay, and had new commerce with other Indians, where accidentally happened the first quarrell and skirmish betwixt the Spaniards and Natiues. But soone after their King sent them his Crowne of Gold, and much Victuall, and gaue them further intelligence. From this Gulfe de las Flechas, or of Arrowes, on Wednesday the seuenteenth of Ianuarie, hee departed, [ 10] and made homewards: in which it is obserued, that as in their way to the Indies, hauing the Wind large, they reckoned farre fewer leagues then they sayled, so in their returne they accoun∣ted more, the Admirals reckoning being a hundred and fiftie lesse then theirs.

* 1.80A tedious Tempest befell them in Februarie: wherein other remedies seeming to fayle, they vowed Pilgrimages to our Lady by Lot; the first fell on the Admirall himselfe, to Guadalupe; the second to Loretto, on Pedro de Villa; and a third Vow was common to all, that they should at the first Church of our Lady they came to, make Procession in their shirts, with other like de∣uoted Deuotions.

How vnlike was this to that of the Psalmist, in like stormes happening to them that see the Wonders of the Lord in the Deepe.* 1.81 For the Lord commandeth and rayseth the stormie Wind, which [ 20] lifteth vp the Waues thereof. They mount vp to the Heauen, they goe downe againe to the Depths, their Soule is melted because of trouble. They reele too and fro, and stagger like a drunken man, and are at their wits end. Then they cry vnto the Lord in their trouble, and he bringeth them out of their distresses. He maketh the Storme a Calme, so that the Waues thereof are still. Then are they glad, because they be quiet. So he bringeth them vnto their desired Hauen. O that men would prayse the Lord (not goe on Pilgrimage to our Lady) for his goodnesse and for his wonderfull workes to the children of men, &c.

The Psalmist in like case is to distressed Mariners a better Admirall then Colombo, whose de∣uotion herein fayled in the Obiect.* 1.82 Yet his diligence and wisedome in this is to be commended, that fearing shipwracke, lest this famous Discouerie might also be lost, he writ the whole Dis∣course [ 30] in Parchment, and folding it in a Seare-cloth, he put it in a Barrell or Hogs-head, which he threw into the Sea.

But on the fifteenth of February they saw Land, being S. Maries Iland, one of the Azores; where going on shore to fulfill their vowed Pilgrimage, the Gouernour came vpon them, and after many words told them, that hee had order from the King of Portugall to take them. But making an escape, another Storme tooke them, and caused another Pilgrimage to be vowed to our Lady of Cinta, the Lot falling on the Admirall: And thus was he forced to Lis∣bone;* 1.83 where, after much contesting with the Portugals, the King sent for him, being now much grieued for omitting such an opportunitie; yet vsed him kindly, although there were that offe∣red to kill Colombo, before hee should carry newes of this Discouerie to Spaine; the rather, for [ 40] his boldnesse, obiecting to the King his neglect. But the gentle King repro••ed these cruell Gentlemen, and after kind vsage, licenced him to depart.

True it is, that the Portugall Nation haue in their Bookes and Writings sought to obscure this Exploit of Columbus, attributing it rather to a Dreame of Zipango out of Marco Polo, and his confident glorious nature, seconded by successe vnlooked for (for which, as idle imaginations, their King had refused his offer) then any such excellencie as the Castilian Writers ascribe to him.* 1.84 But Enuy is the darke shadow, that alwayes followes him at the heeles, which walkes in the bright Sunne-light of Vertue and high Attempts. Euen the Spaniards themselues, not only by the tale of the Pilot before mentioned, but by light esteeme of his worth haue shewed a con∣temptible contempt of him: some of whom obiecting to himselfe the easinesse of this Disco∣uerie, [ 50] as he sate at Table, he prayed to make an Egge, which then he gaue them, to stand on end; which when they could not, hee bruising the shell, and making the end flat, made it to stand thereon: thereby insinuating, how easie it was for them to doe that which they had seene and learned of him.

Yea, the Pinçons, his chiefe Associates, by like spirit of proud Enuy, maligned him; one of which had, after the Islands discouered, forsaken him, as yee haue heard: which hee was forced to dissemble, and be reconciled, the most of his companie being of kinne to the Pinçons, or at lest inhabitants of Palos with them. They also entred suit with Colombo, and arrogated to their owne valour this Discouerie, which Columbus would (after so many dayes not finding Land) haue forsaken, but was proceeded in by their resolution. And in his third Voyage 1949. Rolda∣nus [ 60] Ximenius raysed a Rebellion in those parts, and effected, that Bouadilla was sent Gouernour into Hispaniola, who sent the Admirall, with his Brother, Prisoners all the way, of his long Discouerie into Spaine, for which he had so aduentured. These Iron Chaynes could cold Enuy, for so much Gold, for such a World, render vnto that Worthy of Men. But the Catholike Kings

of higher Spirits (for Enuy, the first sinne we read of in the Deuill,* 1.85 and which made him a De∣uill, as Tertullian and Cyprian in their Tractates of Patience haue obserued, the first also in the first-borne Man, which made him an incarnate Deuill and Murtherer, is but the sink•• and settled Dregs of Basenesse, which wanting proper worth, malignes it to others) these much honoured Columbus, as well they might, and confirmed his Priuiledges anew, besides many speciall graces done him, as did also the Cardinall of Spaine, and still is done by their ingenuous Writers, Ouiedo, Herera, and others.

This Storie at large I haue set downe, that Discouerers may by this example learne to digest greater Stormes at home, then the boysterous Elements in their tempestuous Conspiracie yeeld [ 10] them; and to know, that Pusillanimitie and Impatience are the vnfittest Attempters in the World. The Spaniards other Discoueries in the American parts (for so were they called of Americus Vesputius, a Florentine, who accompanied Colombo in his first Voyage, and after dis∣couered a greater part of the Continent then the Admirall had, as Cabota in that did more then they both) I list not to pursue; easie it is to know, that Gold bartered for Glasse, Beads, Nee∣dles, and other Toyes, would be strongly actiue, and strangely attractiue to new Discoueries. Dimidium facti qui bene caepit, habet. Cortes his Conquest of Mexico, and Pizarro his Peru were not comparable to their Masters Master-Peace, who found the New World, to find them worke. Before Colombo went his second Voyage, he left a Card, contayning the description of the whole Nauigation and Discouerie, in Spaine with the Kings, and his sonnes, Pages to [ 20] the Prince.

§. VI. Of the Popes Bull made to Castile, touching the New World.

THe Catholike Kings, presently after that first Discouerie, gaue accompt thereof to the Pope, which then was Alexander the sixt (before named Borgia, a Spaniard of Valen∣tia) by his Embassadour, and desired his fauour for the Crowne of Castile and Lions, [ 30] in the Grant of these New Discoueries, made or to be made: For long since had the Pope challenged Christs right ouer the Christian World. Adrian the fourth, in his Letters of Ireland to King Henry the second affirmeth, That all Ilands vnder the Sunne, of righteous∣nesse belong to Papall disposition. This second Alexander, in Gods right, claymes all the World: & in ordine ad Deum, for the conuersion (forsooth) to the Faith, the temporall Estates of the whole World are by his Parasites vsually put vnder that triple Diademe. So they thought, or so would seeme to thinke, in regard of Papall Grants before to the Crowne of Por∣tugall (whence was like to arise some grieuance and impediment to their Affaires, as pretending a Monopoly, by former Dispensation in Indian D••scoueries) and therefore sought this fauour of that Monster of Men, then sitting in that Chayre. This Bull, because it is not common, I [ 40] haue here transcribed.

EXEMPLAR BVLLAE SEV DONATIONIS, Autoritate cuius, Episcopus Romanus ALEXANDER eius nominis sextus, concessit & donauit Castellae Regi∣bus & suis successoribus, Regiones & Insulas Noui Orbis.

[ 50] ALEXANDER Episcopus, seruus seruorum Dei,* 2.1 Charissimo in Christo filio FERDINANDO Regi, & Charissimae in Christo filiae ELIZABETH Re∣ginae Castellae, Legionis, Arragonum, Siciliae, & Granatae, illustribus, salutem & Apostolicam Benedictionem.

Inter caetera Diuinae Maiestati beneplacita opera & cordis nostri desiderabilia, illud profecto potissimum existit vt fides Catholica & Christiana Religio nostris praesertim temporibus exaltetur ac vbilibet amplietur ac dilatetur, animarum{que} salus procuretur, ac barbarae Nationes deprimantur & ad fidem ipsam reducantur. Vnde cum ad hanc sa∣••ram PETRI Sedem Diuina fauente clementia (meritis licet imparibus) euocati fu∣erimus, [ 60] cognoscentes vos tanquam veros Catholicos Reges & Principes: quales semper fuisse nouimus, & à vobis praeclare gesta, toti penae Orbi notissima demonstrant, nedum id exoptare, sed omni conatu, studio, & diligentia, nullis laboribus, nullis impensis, nul∣lisque parcendo periculis, etiam proprium sanguinem effundendo efficere, ac omnem

animum vestrum, omnesque conatus ad hoc iam dudum dedicasse, quemadmodum recupe∣ratio Regni Granatae à Tyrannide Saracenorum hodicrnis temporibus per vos, cum tanta Diuini nominis gloria facta, testatur. Digne ducimur non immerito, & debemus illa vobis etiam sponte, ac fauorabiliter concedere per quae huiusmodi sanctum ac lauda∣bile ab immortali Deo acceptum propositum, indies feruentiori animo ad ipsius Dei ho∣norem & Imperij Christiani propagationem, prosequi valeatis. Sane accepimus quòd vos qui dudum animum proposueratis aliquas Insulas & Terras firmas remotas & incogni∣tas, ac per alios hactenus non repertas, quaerere & inuenire, vt illarum incolas & habi∣tatores ad colendum redemptorem nostrum & fidem Catholicam profitendum reduceretis, [ 10] hactenus in expugnatione & recuperatione ipsius Regni Granatae plurimum occupati, huiusmodi sanctum & laudabile propositum vestrum ad optatum finem perducere ne∣quiuistis. Sed tandem, sicut Domino placuit, Regno praedicto recuperato, volentes desi∣derium vestrum adimplere, dilectum filium CHRISTOPHORVM COLONVM, virum vtique dignum, & plurimum commendatum, ac tanto negotio aptum, cum Na∣uigijs & hominibus ad similia instructis, non sine maximis laboribus, ac periculis, & expensis destinastis vt Terras firmas & Insulas remotas & incognitas, huiusmodi per Marev••i hactenus Nauigatum non fuerat, diligenter inquireret. Qui tandem (Diuino auxilio facta extrema diligentia in Mari Occano Nauigantes) certas Insulas remotissi∣mas, [ 20] & etiam Terras firmas, quae per alios hactenus repertae non fuerant, inuenerunt. In quibus plurimae gentes pacifice viuentes, & (vt asseritur) nudi incedentes, nec carni∣bus vescentes, inhabitant: Et vt praefati Nuncij vestri possunt opinari, gentes ipsae in Insulis, & terris praedictis habitantes, credunt vnum Deum Creatorem in Coelis esse, ac ad fidem Catholicam amplexandum & bonis moribus imbuendum, satis apti videntur: Spesque habetur, quod si erudirentur, nomen saluatoris Domini nostri Iesu Christi in Terris & Insulis praedictis facile induceretur. Ac praefatus CHRISTOPHORVS in vna ex principalibus Insulis praedictis, iam vnam turrim satis munitam, in qua certos Christianos qui secum inerant in custodiam, & vt alias Insulas ac Terras firmas remotas [ 30] & incognitas inquirerent posuit, construi & aedificari fecit. In quibus quidem Insulis & terris iam repertis, Aurum, Aromata, & aliae quam plurimae res praeciosae diuersi ge∣neris & diuersae qualitatis reperiuntur. Vnde omnibus diligenter, & praesertim fidei Catholicae exaltatione & dilatione (prout decet Catholicos Reges & Principes) conside∣ratis, more progenitorum vestrorum clarae memoriae Regum, Terras firmas & Insulas praedictas, illarumque Incolas & Habitatores, vobis Diuina fauente clementia subijcere, & ad fidem Catholicam reducere proposuistis. Nos itaque huiusmodi vestrum sanctum & laudabile propositum plurimum in Domino commendantes, ac cupientes vt illud ad [ 40] debitum finem perducatur, & ipsum nomen saluatoris nostri in partibus illis inducatur, hortamur vos quamplurimum in Domino, & per sacri lauacri susceptionem, qua man∣datis Apostolicis obligati estis, vt per viscera misericordiae Domini nostri Iesu Christi attente requirimus, vt cum expeditionem huiusmodi omnino prosequi & assumere prona mente Orthodoxae fidei zelo intendatis, populos in huiusmodi Insulis & Terris degen∣tes, ad Christianam Religionem suscipiendum inducere velitis & debeatis, nec pericula nec labores vllo vnquam tempore vos deterreant, firma spe siduciaque conceptis, quod Deus omnipotens conatus vestros foeliciter prosequetur. Et vt tanti Negotij Prouinciam Apostolicae gratiae largitate donati, liberius & audacius assumatis, motu proprio non ad [ 50] vestram vel alterius, pro vobis super hoc nobis oblatae petitionis instantiam, sed de nostra mera liberalitate, & ex certa scientia, ac de Apostolicae potestatis plenitudine, omnes In∣sulas & Terras firmas inuentas & inueniendas, detectas & detegendas versus Occiden∣tem & Meridiem, sabricando & construendo vnam lineam à Polo Arctico, scilicet Sep∣tentrione, ad Polum Antarcticum, scilicet Meridiem, siue Terrae firmae & Insulae in∣uentae, & inueniendae sint, versus Indiam, aut versus aliam quamcunque partem, quae li∣nea distet à qualibet Insularum, quae vulgariter nuncupantur de los Azores, & Cabo Verde centum leucis, versus Occidentem & Meridiem. Itaque omnes Insulae & Terrae firmae repertae & reperiendae, detectae & detegendae à praefata linea versus Occidentem [ 60] & Meridiem, quae per alium Regem aut Principem Christianum non fuerint actualiter possessae vsque ad diem Natiuitatis Domini nostri Iesu Christi proxime praeteritum, à quo incipit Annus praesens Millessimus quadringentessimus nonogessimus tertius, quando

fuerunt per Nuncios & Capitaneos vestros inuentae aliquae praedictarum Insularum, Au∣toritate Omnipotentis Dei nobis in beato PETRO concessa, ac Vicari••tus Iesu Christi, qua fungimur in Terris, cum omnibus illarum Dominijs, Ciuitatibus, Castris, Locis, & Villis, iuribusque & iurisdictionibus ac pertinentijs vniuersis vobis, haeredibusque, & successoribus vestris (Castellae & Legionis Regibus) in perpetuum tenore praes••ntium do∣namus, concedimus, & assignamus: Vosque, & haeredes, ac successores praefatos illarum Dominos, cum plena, libera, & omnimoda potestate, autoritate, & iurisdictione, facimus, constituimus, & deputamus. Decernentes nihilo minus, per huiusmodi donationem, c••n∣cessionem, [ 10] & assignationem nostram, nulli Christiano Principi, qui actualiter praefatas Insulas & Terras firmas possederit vsque ad praedictum diem Natiuitatis Domini nostri Iesu Christi ius quaesitum, sublatum intelligi posse, aut auferri debere.

Et insuper mandamus vobis in virtute sanctae obedientiae (vt sicut pollicemini & non dubitamus pro vestra maxima deuotione & Regia magnanimitate vos esse facturos) ad Terras firmas & Insulas praedictas, viros probos & Deum timentes, doctos, peritos, & expertes ad instruendum Incolas & habitatores praefatos in fide Catholica, & bonis mo∣ribus imbuendum, destinare d••beatis, omnem debitam diligentiam in praemissis adhiben∣tes. Ac quibuscunque personis, cuiuscunque dignitatis, etiam Imperialis & Regalis status, [ 20] gradus, ordinis vel conditionis, sub excommunicationis latae sententiae poena quam eo ipso, si contra fecerint incurrant, districtius inhibemus ne ad Insulas & Terras firmas inuentas & inueniendas, detectas & detegendas versus Occidentem & Meridiem, fabricando & construendo lineam à Polo Arctico ad Polum Antarcticum, siue Terrae firmae & Insulae inuentae & inueniendae sint versus Indiam aut versus aliam quamcunque partem, quae linea distet à qualibet Insularum, quae vulgariter nuncupantur de los Azores, & Cabo Verde centum leucis versus Occidentem & Meridiem vt praefertur, pro mercibus haben∣dis, vel quauis alia causa accedere praesumat, absque vestra ac haeredum & successo∣rum vestrorum praedictorum licentia speciali: Non obstantibus constitutionibus & or∣dinationibus [ 30] Apostolicis, caeterisque quibuscunque: in illo in quo Imperia & Dominatio∣nes & bona cuncta procedunt, Confidentes quod dirigente Domino actus vestros, si hu∣iusmodi sanctum ac laudabile propositum prosequamini, breui tempore cum foelicitate & gloria totius populi Christiani, vestri labores & conatus exitum foelicissimum consequen∣tur. Verum quia difficile foret praesentes literas ad singula quaeque loca in quibus expedi∣ens fuerit deferri, volumus ac motu & scientia similibus decernimus, quod illarum trans∣sumptis manu publici Notarij inde rogati subscriptis, & sigillo alicuius personae in Eccle∣siastica dignitate constitutae, seu Curiae Ecclesiasticae munitis, ea prorsus fides in iudicio [ 40] & extra, ac alias vbilibet adhibeatur, quae praesentibus adhiberetur si essent adhibitae vel ostensae.

Nulli ergo omnino hominum liceat hanc Paginam nostrae commendationis, hortationis, requisitionis, donationis, concessionis, assignationis, constitutionis, deputationis, decreti, mandati, inhibitionis, & voluntatis, infringere, vel ei ausu temerario contraire. Si quis autem hoc attentare praesumpserit, indignationem Omnipotentis Dei, ac beatorum PE∣TRI & PAVLI Apostolorum eius, se nouerit incursurum.

Datum Romae apud Sanctum PETRVM, Anno Incarnationis [ 50] Dominicae 1493▪ quarto nonas Maij, Pontificatus nostri, anno primo.

THE SAME ENGLISHED.

ALEXANDER Bishop, the Seruant of the Seruants of GOD,* 2.2 to our most deare beloued Sonne in CHRIST, King Ferdinando, and to our deare be∣loued Daughter in CHRIST, Elizabeth, Queene of Castile, Legion, Ar∣ragon, [ 60] Sicilie, and Granata, most Noble Princes, greeting, and Apostolicall Bene∣diction.

Among other Workes acceptable to the Diuine Maiestie, and according to our hearts desire, this certainely is the chiefe, that the Catholike Faith and Christian Re∣ligion,

specially in this our time, may in all places be exalted, amplified, and enlar∣ged, whereby the health of Soules may bee procured, and the barbarous Nations subdued and brought to the Faith. And therefore, whereas by the fauour of Gods Clemencie (although not without equall deserts) we are called to this holy Seat of PETER, and vnderstanding you to be true Catholike Princes, as wee haue euer knowne you, and as your noble and worthy Facts haue declared in manner to the whole World, in that with all your studie, diligence, and industry, you haue spared no Trauailes, Charges, or Perils, aduenturing euen the shedding of your owne Bloud, with applying your whole Mindes and Endeuours hereunto, as your Noble [ 10] Expeditions atchieued in recouering the Kingdome of Granata from the Tyrannie of the Sarracens in these our dayes, doe plainely declare your Facts, with so great Glory of the Diuine Name. For the which, as wee thinke you worthy, so ought wee of our owne free will fauourably to graunt you all things, whereby you may dayly, with more feruent mindes, to the honour of God, and enlarging the Chri∣stian Empire, prosecute your deuout and laudable Purpose, most acceptable to the Immortall God. Wee are credibly informed, that whereas of late you were deter∣mined to seeke and finde certaine Ilands and firme Lands, farre remote and vn∣knowne (and not heretofore found by any other) to the intent to bring the Inha∣bitants [ 20] of the same to honour our Redeemer, and to professe the Catholike Faith, you haue hitherto beene much occupied in the expugnation and recouerie of the Kingdome of Granata, by reason whereof you could not bring your said laudable Purpose to the end desired. Neuerthelesse, as it hath pleased Almightie God, the foresaid Kingdome being recouered, willing to accomplish your said Desire, you haue, not without great Labour, Perils, and Charges, appointed our welbeloued Sonne Christopher Colonus (a man certes well commended, as most worthy and apt for so great a Matter) well furnished with Men and Ships, and other Necessaries, to seeke (by the Sea, where hitherto no man hath sayled) such firme Lands and Ilands [ 30] farre remote, and hitherto vnknowne, who (by Gods helpe) making diligent search in the Ocean Sea, haue found certaine remote Ilands and firme Lands, which were not heretofore found by any other: in the which (as is said) many Nations inha∣bite, liuing peaceably, and going naked, not accustomed to eate Flesh; and as farre as your Messengers can coniecture, the Nations inhabiting the foresaid Lands and Ilands, beleeue that there is one God, Creator in Heauen, and seeme apt to bee brought to the imbracing of the Catholike Faith, and to be endued with good Man∣ners: by reason whereof, wee may hope, that if they be well instructed, they may [ 40] easily be induced to receiue the Name of our Sauiour IESVS CHRIST. Wee are further aduertised, that the fore-named Christopher hath now builded and ere∣cted a Fortresse, with good Munition, in one of the foresaid principall Ilands, in the which he hath placed a Garrison of certaine of the Christian men that went thi∣ther with him, as well to the intent to defend the same, as also to search other Ilands and firme Lands farre remote, and yet vnknowne. Wee also vnderstand, that in these Lands and Ilands lately found, is great plentie of Gold and Spices, with diuers and many other precious things, of sundry kinds and qualities. Therefore all things diligently considered (especially the amplifying and enlarging of the Catholike [ 50] Faith, as it behoueth Catholike Princes, following the examples of your Noble Progenitors, of famous Memorie) you haue determined, by the fauour of Almigh∣tie God, to subiect vnto you the firme Lands and Ilands aforesaid, and the Dwellers and Inhabitants thereof, and to bring them to the Catholike Faith.

Wee greatly commending this your godly and laudable purpose in our Lord, and desirous to haue the same brought to a due end, and the Name of our Sauiour to be knowne in those parts, doe exhort you in our Lord, and by the receiuing of your holy Baptisme, whereby you are bound to Apostolicall Obedience, and ear∣nestly require you by the Bowels of Mercie of our Lord IESVS CHRIST, that [ 60] when you intend, for the zeale of the Catholike Faith, to prosecute the said Expe∣dition, to reduce the People of the foresaid Lands and Ilands to the Christian Re∣ligion, you shall spare no Labours at any time, or be deterred with any Perils, con∣ceiuing

firme hope and confidence, that the Omnipotent God will giue good suc∣cesse to your godly Attempts. And that being authorised by the Priuiledge of the Apostolicall Grace, you may the more freely and boldly take vpon you the Enter∣prise of so great a Matter, wee of our owne motion, and not eyther at your re∣quest, or at the instant petition of any other person, but of our owne meere libera∣litie and certaine science, and by the fulnesse of Apostolicall power, doe giue, grant, and assigne to you, your heires and successors, all the firme Lands and Ilands found or to be found, discouered or to be discouered, toward the West and South, draw∣ing [ 10] a Line from the Pole Artike to the Pole Antartike (that is) from the North to the South: Contayning in this Donation, whatsoeuer firme Lands or Ilands are found, or to be found toward India, or toward any other part whatsoeuer it be, be∣ing distant from, or without the foresaid Line, drawne a hundred Leagues toward the West, and South, from any of the Ilands which are commonly called De los Azores and Capo Verde. All the Ilands therefore, and firme Lands, found and to be found, discouered and to be discouered, from the said Line toward the West and South, such as haue not actually beene heretofore possessed by any other Chri∣stian King or Prince, vntill the day of the Natiuitie of our Lord IESV CHRIST [ 20] last past, from the which beginneth this present yeere, being the yeere of our Lord a thousand foure hundred ninetie three, when soeuer any such shall bee found by your Messengers and Captaines, wee by the Authoritie of Almightie GOD, graunted vnto vs in Saint PETER, and by the Vicarship of IESVS CHRIST which wee beare on the Earth, doe for euer, by the tenour of these presents, giue, grant, assigne, vnto you, your heires and successors (the Kings of Castile and Le∣gion) all those Lands and Ilands, with their Dominions, Territories, Cities, Castles, Towers, Places, and Villages, with all the Rights and Iurisdictions thereunto per∣taining; constituting, assigning, and deputing you, your heires and successors, the [ 30] Lords thereof, with full and free Power, Authoritie, and Iurisdiction: Decreeing neuerthelesse by this our Donation, Grant, and Assignation, that from no Christian Prince, which actually hath possessed the foresaid Ilands and firme Lands, vnto the day of the Natiuitie of our Lord beforesaid, their Right obtained, to be vnderstood hereby to be taken away, or that it ought to be taken away. Furthermore, wee command you in the vertue of holy Obedience (as you haue promised, and as wee doubt not you will doe, vpon meere Deuotion and Princely Magnimitie) to send to the said firme Lands and Ilands, honest, vertuous, and learned men, such as feare God, and are able to instruct the Inhabitants in the Catholike Faith and [ 40] good Manners, applying all their possible diligence in the premisses. Wee further∣more straitly inhibite all manner of persons, of what state, degree, order, or con∣dition soeuer they be, although of Imperiall and Regall Dignitie, vnder the paine of the Sentence of Excommunication, which they shall incurre, if they doe to the contrary, That they in no case presume, without speciall Licence of you, your heires, and successors, to trauaile for Marchandizes, or for any other cause, to the said Lands or Ilands, found or to be found, discouered or to be discouered, toward the West and South, drawing a Line from the Pole Artike to the Pole Antartike, whether the firme Lands and Ilands, found and to be found, be situate toward [ 50] India, or toward any other part, being distant from the Line drawne a hundred Leagues toward the West, from any of the Ilands commonly called De los Azores and Capo Verde: Notwithstanding Constitutions, Decrees, and Apostolicall Or∣dinances whatsoeuer they are to the contrary. In him from whom Empires, Do∣minions, and all good things doe proceede: Trusting, that Almightie GOD, directing your Enterprises, if you follow your godly and laudable Attempts, your Labours and Trauailes herein, shall in short time obtaine a happie end, with feli∣citie and glorie of all Christian People. But forasmuch as it should be a thing [ 60] of great difficultie, these Letters to be carried to all such places as should be expe∣dient; wee will, and of like motion and knowledge doe decree, That whither soeuer the same shall be sent, or wheresoeuer they shall be receiued, with the subscription of a common Notarie thereunto required, with the Seale of any person constitute

in Ecclesiasticall Dignitie, or such as are authorized by the Ecclesiasticall Court, the same faith and credite to be giuen thereunto in Iudgement, or elsewhere, as should be exhibited to these Presents.

Let no man therefore whatsoeuer infringe or dare rashly to contrary this Letter of our Commendation, Exhortation, Request, Donation, Grant, Assignation, Con∣stitution, Deputation, Decree, Commandement, Inhibition, and Determination. And if any shall presume to attempt the same, let him know, that hee shall there∣by incurre the Indignation of Almightie GOD, and his holy Apostles, Peter and Paul.

[ 10]

Giuen at Rome at Saint PETERS, In the yeere of the Incarnation of our Lord 1493. The fourth day of the Nones of May, the first yeere of our Popedome.

ANIMADVERSIONS ON THE SAID Bull of Pope ALEXANDER.

[ 20]

ALthough some deny libertie of Examination and Censure to Historians, but will haue them leaue all to the Iudgement of the Readers, to conclude what their owne Iudge∣ments shall gather out of Historicall Premisses: Yet because wee write a 2.3 vitae non Scholae, and Historie is not b 2.4 onely vita Memoriae, but Magistra vitae, is the Schoole of Diuine Prouidence, wherein by Example is alway read that Rule, Discite iustitiam moniti; let me haue like leaue as almost all Historians, Diuine, Ecclesiasticall, and Humane, haue with thankes also obtained: And let the seuerer Criticke call it a Digression, or Parenthesis, or what he pleaseth, so it may profit the feebler feet of such as may stumble hereat, and confirme the firmer and more resolued: Difficile est Satyram non scribere. It is almost necessarie in this [ 30] Treatise of Nauigations (most of which are, or seeme thereby inhibited) not to suffer this Bull (as Butcherly in sequele, as those the Statute includeth) to passe vnbaited.

It was now the time that the Antichristian Kingdome was growne to the height, and began to sinke vnder the weight of it selfe, and the Prophecies of the Churches Restauration and Reformation began to ripen and hasten to the Birth, when this c 2.5 Borgia ascended the Papall Throne, stiling himselfe Alexander, a Name ominous to the World, to the Church, and to themselues; in some, to some of them; in this (the totall summe of Mischiefe) to all. This appeared in that Great Macedonian, who was called d 2.6 Foelix terrarum praedo; and to whom a e 2.7 Pyrate, charged with Sea-rouings, obiected his greater World-rouings and robbings, this on••ly differing, that the one did little with his little Ship, and therefore was called a Theefe, [ 40] the other doing great harme with his great Army, was surnamed Great: who after his great C••nquests, and greater ambition of Deitie, with a little Poyson was confined to his little Earth, a few Feet, a few handfuls of Dust; leauing the Ptolemeys and Seleucidae, which succeeded in part of his State, to exceed in crueltie to the Church.

To the Christian Church, such haue beene the Popes that haue named themselues Alex∣anders. Thus Alexander the second (the first that assumed that Name reiecting Anselmus, which in his Baptisme hee had receiued) brought forth a Schisme with his Papacie, proceeded like an Alexander in Warres, and died in Prison (as some thinke of Poyson) to giue place to f 2.8 Hildebrand, the true Scanderbeg of the Papacie. The next Alexander was procreated in g 2.9 Schisme, betrayed Frederike the Emperour to the Soldan, sending him his Picture to that [ 50] end, and after degenerating from the Macedonian Alexanders Humanitie, trode on his Necke in the Temple of S. Marke at Venice, and prophaned Scripture, super aspidem &c. to that Dia∣bolicall Designe; first made the Law of Canonization, and then with deuout Bernard canonized T. Becket h 2.10 (an Angell of Light, and of Darkenesse yoaked together, this being murthered or martyred in the Deuils Quarrell) had at once (beyond all Alexanders Pompe) the Kings of England i 2.11 and France attending on foot, and holding his Bridle. The next Alexander began with Excommunications, Persecutions, Warres against Manfrede King of Sicilia, which to maintaine, hee vsed Extortions and Exactions, such as had neuer beene heard of; k 2.12 the Cry wh••reof ascended to God, the Lord of Reuenge, that the Bishop of London protested he would ra∣ther loose his head, the Bishop of Yorke writ to him, to feede, not to shere, to flay, to ••••••scerate, to [ 60] deuoure the Sheepe like a hungry Wolfe, as Matthew Paris, who then liued, recordeth. The Tenth

which was granted for the Holy Land, and the prizes of Absolution for Homicide, Treason, Sodomie, Witchcraft, Periurie, and all Crimes, he thus imployed; and after that publike Pesti∣lence of the Decretales published, he died of Thought, Euent not seconding his Alexander-like Designes. The fifth Alexander l 2.13 was produced in the greatest Schisme that euer befell the Papacie; he deposed Ladislaus King of Naples, and gaue that Scepter to Lewis the Duke of Aniou; as also the Kingdome of the Romans, from Rupertus to Wenceslaus; guided in all things by Balthasar, full of fiercenesse and secularitie; hee died of Poyson, giuen him by his Physician, at the procurement of Balthasar his successor, leauing a yeere of Pestilence and Fa∣mine to infest the World.

[ 10] But this sixt Alexander was Heire of all their Vices: who hauing procreated many Bastards, procured the Papacie m 2.14 by Simonie (some adde, Diabolicall * 2.15 Contracts) to aduance them and himselfe, with vniust Iustice miserably plaguing those Simoniacall n 2.16 Cardinals, which for Price and Promise had exalted this Plague-sore into that Chayre of Pestilence, where hee acted the Monster of Men, or was indeed rather an incarrate Deuill. Bellarmine o 2.17 himselfe (a man not of the tenderest Forhead) blusheth at his Name, though ashamed of that shame, hee returnes with greater impudence, and from the immanitie of this and some other Popes, would haue vs more admire the stedfastnesse of that Romish Rocke, which hath sustained such porten∣tuous Beasts, as an argument of Diuine Prouidence, that the Gates of Hell shall neuer preuaile (and what else but Vices, are the Gates of Hell!) against it. In vaine doe we Heretikes labour [ 20] to set forth the Vices of some Popes, which themselues confesse, but so, that the glory of that See is thereby exceedingly amplified. Egregiam vero laudem! An exceeding amplification of Bellarmine his Wit! p 2.18 Onuphrius, Iouius, Guicciardine, Volaterrane, and others of their owne seeme amazed at this mans Monstrositie, though Vices be no rarities in Popes, and of the ordi∣narie ones, one q 2.19 sayth, that he is accounted a good Pope (not whose Vertues equall his Vices, and hold some counterpoyse, as Comminaeus of a Prince, but) whose Wickednesse doth not ex∣ceed that of other men. To omit the Deluges of Waters, of Famine, Plague, Warres, which ouerflowed the Citie and all Italy in his times, Rome was by the impunitie of Assassinates made a very * 2.20 Butcherie; within it, no going by Night; nor without, by Day. And for his personall Vertues, Theologicall and Cardinall, his Loue was vnnaturall Lust, to his Daughter, [ 30] and for his Sonnes; his Faith, perfidie to all which trusted him: Gemes the Turkish Emperors Brother, for Turkish r 2.21 Gold hee betrayed, and with a white sweet lingring Poyson, mixed with his Wine, murthered; his reconciled Enemies he fraudulently betrayed to massacre; to his Guests inuited to his Table, hee gaue poysoned Potions, in ex••hange of their great Riches (in one of which Banquets, himselfe at vnawares, by a mistaken Cup, was payd in his owne Coyne, the Sonne also pledging the Father; but to the Worlds greater scourge, by the benefit of Youth and Physicke, recouering.) His Hope was to make his Sonne Caesar Borgia (which had slaine his Brother, and is said to communicate with his Father in his * 2.22 Sisters Bed) the Caesar of the Churches State or Patrimonie. His Fortitude was daring to any Mischiefe; in Prudence, he was not wise as a Serpent, to preuent, but a wise Serpent to inuent Euill. With his [ 40] Temperance I will not further distemper your patience; but consider his Iustice in this Dona∣tion, of he knew not whom, to he knew not what Miserie.

And if it seeme impertinent to haue said so much of the Person, let such know, that I haue done it to shew, that here was Dignum olla operculum, Lips sutable to the Lettuce, and amongst all the Popes of later times, the Deuill (which is a Murtherer from the beginning) could not haue found a fitter Vicar, whether wee regard the bloudie Executions and Depopulations that ensued, wherein both Alexander the Macedon, and Alexanders Popes, and if there be any A∣lexander Deuils, are by the euent of this Bull surmounted all; or whether that the Deuill, fore∣seeing by the Prophecies of Babylons Fall (confirmed also with the s 2.23 Fall of the Angell in this Popes time from the top of S. Angelo) that his Kingdome would soone decline, raysed vp this [ 50] Alexander to be another Alexander, a Conqueror of another World, by his Spirituall Weapons, vnder a seeming Conuersion to Christianitie, to make a t 2.24 Conuersion (of another Ciceronian Etimologie) a sweeping of a World of Men out of the World together, and wiping u 2.25 them as a man wipeth a Dish, wiping it and turning it vpside downe; this first, and in the remainders a Con∣uersion to such a Christianitie, as should make them x 2.26 two-fold more the Children of Hell, which is by themselues y 2.27 testified of the Indians: Or whether the Pope, his Vicar, as honest as that z 2.28 Steward in the Gospell, fearing to be cast out of this Europaean Stewardship, bethought him, by giuing so great a part of the World, whereof his Master is called a 2.29 the God, to procure en∣tertainment somewhere else, and thereupon was so liberall of the Deuils peculiar, this Ethnike World: Or that in the decay of the Spirituall Power, that Genius of the Papacie sought to [ 60] supply it with Temporall (whereof the Christian Kings are more iealous) and therefore hath

new forged the Keyes into Sword, that what his Keyes could not vnlocke (nay, had nothing to doe with, as being no part of the House, like the first Alexander in the Gordian Knot) his Sword might chop in ••sunder, and giue the one halfe to one, and the other halfe to another. Once, the Sword hath made way to the Keyes in those parts, and made the Farme of the Popes Pardons a good Reuenue.

I question not the Right of the Spanish Crowne in those parts: Quis me constituit iudicem? It is the fault I find in this great Ardelio. The Castilian Industry I honour (as appeares in the former Relations) their Right may, for that which is actually in their Possession, without this Bull, plead Discouerie euen before this was written, the Sword, Preseription, subiection of the Inhabitants, long and quiet Possession; which, howsoeuer the b 2.30 Case was at first (wherewith [ 10] I meddle not) must now, after so long Succession, be acknowledged Iust. I quarrell the Pope onely, and the Clayme of that See, herein truly Catholike, or Vniuersall, challenging euen in the Deuils c 2.31 stile, Omnia Regna Orbis Terrae, and, Potestatem hanc vniuersam & gloriam illorum, quia mihi tradita sunt, & cui volo, do illa. Hee as the Deuils Vicar (cui tradita sunt, who by Tradition challengeth a Right to them, and by Tradition, that is, Treason, disturbes Right and Rites in them) doth Tradere, betray the Rights of them, by Sentences, Censures, and I know not what Bulls. True it is, that the Catholike Kings had other reasons to aske this furtherance from the Pope, in regard of the Portugall, which had obtained former Bulls (as is before rela∣ted; as d 2.32 Neptune with the Ethnikes, so Nauigation with these, is propitiated with Bulls) and challenged a Monopoly of Discouerie; in regard of other Princes, to whom the Popes [ 20] Censures (as Thunder in a darke Night) were in those times terrible, especially in a Case other∣wise iust, where they had made Discouerie, and taken and continued Possession before all others; and in regard of the People, and (those blind Leaders of the blind) the Friers and Priests, who (si dolosi spes refulserit nummi) could with this Bull, as a Bagge full of Wind, make Musike to the Vulgar, and cause them dance ouer the Seas in this Attempt, as no lesse holy (approued by that Holy Father) then e 2.33 DAVIDS dancing before the Arke. The Bulls bellowing, Authoritate Omnipotentis Dei nobis in beato PETRO concessa, ac Vicariatus IESV CHRISTI, quae fungimur in terris, where Gold and Glory were really proposed, with Conceits of Heauen and Merit annexed, could not but to Minds credulous, couetous, and therefore willing, adde Wind in Poupe, and become another generall Wind, to carry them to this New World. Besides, in [ 30] Mindes scrupulous touching the lawfulnesse of that Designe, but acknowledging that fulnesse of Apostolicall power without examination or scruple, it was almost necessarie to obtaine that, which had it beene necessary to themselues, and in their owne Consciences had begun the law∣fulnesse of that Action, they would not first haue discouered and possessed (as the Bull it selfe intimates) and afterwards haue demanded the Popes Grant; they would not haue deuoured that was sanctified and set apart from their vse, and after the Vowes haue enquired.

Reason of State is euident (abundans cautela non nocet) Religion of Episcopall power to be reason of giuing iust Title of Inheritance, and that to a World, to an Ethnike World, f 2.34 Religio est dicere, is not onely (as the Mysteries of Religion are) beyond and aboue, but vtterly against and contrary to reason. But from these Reasons of State, haue the Romists (whose Religion at Rome is little else but Reason of State, as appeared in their late erected Pillar and ground of [ 40] Truth, which pilled and cast the Truth to the ground, their g 2.35 Councell of Trent) gathered a Soueraigntie ouer Kings and Kingdomes; and therefore whatsoeuer was done in this kind, whiles their Houre and the Power of Darkenesse lasted, is set vpon the Last, and stretched, to make it a fit Slipper for the Popes pride-swolne Foot to tread vpon the Neckes of Kings and Emperors, as super Aspidem & Basilicum, with conculcabis Leonem & Draconem. Thus Alex∣ander serued Frederike, and thus of the second Frederike, said h 2.36 Innocentius, then angry with the Kings of England and France, Expedit vt componamus cum Principe F. vt hos Regulos conte∣ramus recalcitrantes: Contrito enim vel * 2.37 pacificato Dracone cito Serpentuli conculcabuntur. These things he spake voce susurra, oculos obliquando & nares corrugando. Yea, now Bellarmine [ 50] is much i 2.38 amused and amazed, that his Maiestie should presume to compare himselfe with the Pope, being a King of two Ilands in a Corner of the North, forgetting that Great Constantine, the Sunne of the Empire, arose from this Northerne Corner, which first filled the Hornes of the Popes Miter with secular Light, and by remouing the Imperiall Seat, made way for that Starre to become a full Moone: which though a long time (as the Moone whiles the Sunne shineth). made no great shew, the Imperiall Greatnesse continuing; yet in the Ecclipse of the Empire, or that irrecouerable Night rather by Barbarian Deluges (these also God raysed out of the contemned North, to tread vnder foot the Roman Pride) seemed to become, in that Night of Darkenesse, Lady of the Light, indeed a light Lady; which dazzled with selfe-reflecting her borrowed Beames, challenged to be the Sunne, and glories to haue procreated this later Moone, [ 60] in translating and erecting the Westerne Empire; which, and all other Christian Kingdomes must no longer shine, then they admit the light of the Papall Sunne: otherwise their Opposition must be a Coniunction, and thence Thunder-striken, like young Phaetons, they must loose their Light, and Life, and Empire together, becomming as opacous Earth (so some conceit the Moone)

yea, as darke Hells of Heresies, for not acknowledging the Pope.* 2.39 Let this contemner of the North remember, that this Northerne Corner was once k 2.40 their Paradise and Garden of Plea∣sures, where the Pope himselfe l 2.41 would haue personally for a time resided, and was reiected, euen in his Sonnes dayes, who (Bellarmine sayth vntruly) de m 2.42 consensu Bar••num, resigned his Crowne to the Pope. And let him remember, that of the ten Hornes which shall hate the Whore, and make her desolate and naked, and eat her flesh, and burne her with fire, some may come out of some corner of the North. The ancient Almes of n 2.43 Peter-pence he calls Tribute, and alledgeth Ireland to be the Popes Gift. Sure we are, that the Popes haue done their best and worst a∣gainst the English Right in Ireland, Paul o 2.44 the fourth stomacking the Title of King, without [ 10] Papall Licence, Pius the fifth impiously deposing Queene Elizabeth by his Bull, and Gregorie the thirteenth intending it also to his Sonne, sending Forces with Stukley to that purpose, which (the Popes Blessing notwithstanding) perished before they came there. Neyther need we here or there feare Balac or * 2.45 Balaam (their Curses are Blessings, though Sanders also play the Shemei. But for that of Ireland, one of his owne Religion hath answered the Cardinall (whom hee applauds in Diuinitie, but in forensibus aut rebus saeculi esteemes haud mediocriter peritum) That if the Pope or his predecessors euer had right, yet by his Bull, Possession taken by the Eng∣lish, and Prescription, they are vtterly excluded. He alledgeth also, besides the succession of di∣uers Ages, that the Roman Court knowes well enough, that q 2.46 Ius socialis Belli, and that vo∣luntarie submission, yea supplication of the Irish to King Henry for that purpose, which hee ac∣cepted and performed, their Letters (as hee saith) still remayning in the Vatican. r 2.47 Baronius [ 20] hath testified, Hiberniam sponte deditam sibi consensu omnium vendicauit, and mentions the tran∣script of those Letters to Pope Alexander. Adrian indeed writ to King Henry, who had be∣fore consulted with him, being an Englishman, about those Irish Affaires, asking his aduice and assistance (Consilium exiges & fauorem Sedis Apost. are Adrians words, and the whole Epistle is of aduice) but by that Epistle nothing was attempted. Fifteene yeeres after, King Henry of∣fered aide to King Dermitius at his humble sollicitation, and by his Sword, not the Popes Keyes (as the s 2.48 most learned Bishop hath answered the Cardinall) together with the submission of the Irish, obtayned that Soueraigntie.p 2.49

The same challenge may they make to France, for consultation with Pope Zacharie, when [ 30] Hilderike or Childerike was deposed by the French. Yea, what Kingdome doe they not finde some Window or Posterne to creepe into, and though these vniust Stewards cannot t 2.50 digge, and to begge are ashamed; yet herein, where they haue begged for u 2.51 Peter-pence (as Adrian in that Letter of King Henry) euen of such Begging will make an Instrument to digge thorow and steale; as some Rogues, which by Begging obtayning an Almes, haue seized on the whole Purse, and robbed their Benefactor.

Thus he, which at first was a holy Bishop, after, by beneficence of Princes, became a Princely Prelate in the Church: next, by a Murtherer and Traytor was made Head and Prince of the Church, in Church-Affaires x 2.52 Oecumenicall Pope: after which, by Princes bountie made a Prince, but tributarie; by Treason against his Prince, made himselfe his Princes Peere, and ex∣alting [ 40] himselfe aboue all that is called God, from the time of Gregorie the seuenth hath bestirred him to make himselfe the Prince of all Princes * 2.53 Christian, and now in this Alexander, a God of the World, the Stile (as is said) of the Deuill. For whereas Adrian had challenged y 2.54 omnes Insulas quibus Sol iustitiae Christus illuxit & quae documentae fidei Christianae susceperunt, ad ius B. Petri & SS. Rom. Ecclesiae pertinere, he doth it but of Christians, and for his * 2.55 Peter-pence, as an argument to receiue Almes, not to giue Scepters: but this Bull hath a lowder bellow, and opens his mouth wider, Omnes Insulas & Terras firmas, inuentas & inueniendas, detectas & de∣tegendas—versus Indiam aut aliam quamcun{que} partem—and that with an imagined Line from the Articke to the Antarticke Pole, by the imaginarie authoritie of Almightie God; with all their Cities, Castles, Dominions, Rights, Iurisdictions: inhibiting all others, vnder paine of Excommuni∣tion, [ 50] to presume thither for Merchandise, or any other cause, &c. Doe they not challenge the Kingdomes of Hungarie, of Arragon, of Spaine it selfe, of Denmarke, of Dalmatia and Croatia, of Portugall, of Naples, Sicilia, Ierusalem, Sardinia, Bohemia, Swethen, N••rway, Poland, Scotland, and all the Kingdomes of Europe; as * 2.56 Stapleton, * 2.57 Steuchus, Marta, and others haue written. Wee r••ad of a mad man at Athens, which esteemed euery Ship that came into the Hauen his owne, and therefore to••ke Inuentories of the Goods. Such is the sobrietie of Rome, as if the World had beene created for the Papacie; whatsoeuer Promises are made to the Church in Scripture, is their Inheritance; the Pope is the Church, and Peter, and Bishop, and Apostle, and Prince: yea, Christ, and God, and Caesar, and all, and more then all; his Centre at Rome, his Circumference euery where and nowhere. Accordingly he giues, as if he had all things: he [ 60] takes, scrapes, rakes, as if he had nothing. Wittily did a 2.58 Sanctius, Brother of the King of Ar∣ragon, shew himselfe gratefull to his H••linesse for like bountie, whom when the Pope by 〈◊〉〈◊〉

of Trumpet had proclaymed King of Aegypt, he requited him with like bountie by his Trum∣petters, proclayming the Pope Chaliph of Baldach, that is, Mahomets Vicar (so Chaliph signifies) and supreme Head of the Saracens. No lesse wisely did Earle Richard, Brother to King Henry the third, acknowledge b 2.59 the Popes bountifull Gift of the Kingdomes of Naples and Sicil, taken from King Conradus, demanding Hostages, Money, and some Forts in the Popes hand, to be deliuered him: otherwise (saith he) it is all one as if he should giue me the Moone, and bid me climbe vp and fetch it. And well had it beene, if King Henry himselfe had so answered him. Yea, the Catholike King c 2.60 himselfe, in this inheritance of Sicill, was sensible of the Popes clayme, and prohibited that part of Baronius which maintained it.

But whence this Power so boundlesse? Is hee the Vicar of Christ? This is hee, that being [ 10] Heire d 2.61 of all things, e 2.62 by whom and for whom all things were created, yea, f 2.63 the beginning of the new Creation of God, did g 2.64 exinanire se, tooke on him the forme of a Seruant, that is, not the shew, but the substance, as is his forme of God, and h 2.65 came not to be serued, but to serue: Hee in his Birth would be i 2.66 taxed or enrolled a Seruant to a forraine Prince; in his Life payd Tribute Money, yea for Peter as well as himselfe; did it, k 2.67 and taught so to doe; in his Death payd that he neuer tooke (vile & seruile supplicium) openly witnessed a good confession to Pilate, That his l 2.68 Kingdome was not of this World; yea, that this power ouer him was giuen from aboue to Pilate: and when they would haue m 2.69 made him a King, he refused; nor would n 2.70 diuide the Heritage betwixt the Brethren, reiecting it with Quis me constituit? Whereas his pretended o 2.71 Vicar hath made a Constitution of purpose to arrogate both Swords, and this Alexander hath [ 20] excluded all others, and diuided almost all the World to two Brethren.

But the Pope is Successor of Peter and Paul the Apostles, yea, the Heire of all Apostleship! And why not then of that p 2.72 Reges gentium dominantur eorum, vos autem non sic? And why doth he not listen to Peters, q 2.73 Non dominantes in clerum, much lesse in mundum? And why doth he not with Peter, put vp his Sword into his sheath, not drawing in such an Exigent for his Ma∣sters Life, such a Weapon with approbation? Malchus his right Eare, the Kings seruants faithfull Eare, by this High Priest is cut off, and they made Recusants to Gods Seruice and the Kings Allegeance by his Sword, and Bellarmine his Armour-bearer. Yet if hee loues so well Armour, why doth hee not follow Paul in his r 2.74 Arma Militiae nostrae carnalia non sunt? and if he will needs be a Souldior, why breakes he Pauls Rule, s 2.75 Nemo militans implicat se Ne∣gotijs [ 30] saecularibus? If yet he will change Peters Keyes into Pauls Sword, let him know Mucro furor Sauli, that Sword makes him the Successor of Saul a Persecutor, not Paul an Apostle. King Richard the first t 2.76 being requested by the Pope to free his Sonne the Bishop Beluacensis, taken in the field, sent the Pope his Armour wherein he was taken, with this Message, Vide vtrum tu∣nica filij tui sit, annon: which caused the Pope modestly to disclayme him, Non filius meus est vel Ecclesiae, quia potius Martis quam Christi Miles indicatur. Mutato nomine de te Fabula nar∣ratur: The reason is strong against the Popes challenging temporall Power and Kingdome, for which the u 2.77 seruants must fight in the iudgement of Truth it selfe, with Weapons correspon∣dent. Si vtrum{que} habere voles, saith x 2.78 Bernard (aut dominans Apostolatum, aut Apostolicus do∣minatum) perdes vtrum{que}. The y 2.79 Canons are strict herein; but the Pope is like the late Pro∣pheticall [ 40] King of z 2.80 Barbary, which could cause (as they report) the Bullets to remaine in the discharged Peeces, and therefore aduentured himselfe and his on the Ordinance, without harme.

But what should I multiply words in this Argument, wherein not only our a 2.81 men haue ta∣ken this weightie Crowne from the Head of this Man (who worse then that Ammonite, serues not Embassadors, but Kings themselues in that homely fashion, cutting off their garments by the Buttockes, not leauing to couer their nakednesse, or his owne shame) and set it on Dauids Head; but euen b 2.82 their owne, also both Schoolemen and Lawyers, and Vniuersities and States, haue written, decreed, by Penne and Pike sought to maintaine (as at Venice lately) the right of the Crowne free from the Triple Diademe. And Melchior Goldastus hath published a large Li∣brarie [ 50] of this kind. But this Argument hath found a Kingly Writer, a King a Writer, a King of Writers, as patterne and patron of other Learning, so herein also a Defender of the Faith. And foolishly doe I further powre Water into this Sea, into which Pope Alexanders Bull hath brought me: But their Romish Shop and Mint of Doctrines prouoke me, which hauing c 2.83 lately hammered a new Creed, annexed to their Tridentine Anathema's, and made a Bull to proclayme them, like d 2.84 Mahomets Bull, which in the Turkes Legend brings the Alcaron in his Hornes, seeke haply to adde this as a Thirteenth, of the Popes Monarchie ouer Monarchs, so strangely rather then strongly defended by Iesuiticall e 2.85 Spirits, no lesse Iebusiticall, in denying Dauids right, then Iezabellicall, in painting the face of their Idolatrous Mother, whose Witchcrafts and Whoredomes remaining in too many, will not suffer euen Children to hold their Peace. And in∣deed [ 60] to recite, is to refute the Arguments of their Popes and Cardinals, as those of Boniface f 2.86 the eight: In principio: ecce duo gladij: spiritualis homo iudicat omnia, and other of like light moment.

So that of Cardinall Bellarmine, Pasce Oues, and of Baronius, Occide & manduca, and before them, of our Countreyman Cardinall g 2.87 Poole, for the Popes Temporall Power, Haec omnia adijcientur vobis, Mat. 6. & Filij eorum qui te humiliauerunt curui ad te venient vt adorent vesti∣gia pedum tuorum, Es. 60. for Princes submitting their Scepters to the Pope; and the Diuine Prouidence, in giuing some Temporall peculiar for S. Pe••ers Patrimonie, In qua administranda exemplo suo Imperatores & Reges proprium corum hoc est Reg••am a••tem & veram regendi po••ulos rationem docerent. And yet how many of them liued in France, and neuer saw S. Peters Patri∣monie? And well had it beene, if this Alexander had liued in this new World, or quite out of the World: yea, in the rest, their owne Historians shew no man more transported either by [ 10] faction or affection to their kindred, whom they seeke with publike losse to aduance: such ex∣amples they haue beene at home. And what good examples they haue beene abroad, appeares in that h 2.88 King, which denyed his owne and his progenitors Grants, pretending the example of the Pope his playing fast and loose with his Non obstante; and the Popes practise of dispen∣sing with Oathes both of Princes and subiects, can testifie; y••a, most Corruptions, which Hi∣stories obserue in secular Gouernment, thence may deriue easie Originals. Hence did that Iusti∣ces complaint arise, Heu, heu, hos vt quid dies expectauimus? E••ce iam ciuilis Curia exemplo Ec∣clesiasticae coinquinatur & à sulfureo fonte riuulus intoxicatur. The same Historian tels of Oathes that multoti••s iurauerat obseruare idem Rex contraire non formidauit, credens pro munere ••bsolui, which is now deuolued to the people, both prohibited and absolued from Oathes by the Pope, [ 20] now that Kings begin to discouer and to hate the Whore, and are not as hee then saith, PP. & Rex in grauamen Ecclesiae consoederati. And much lesse needs it, that the Pope should giue that which is out of the Church, and none of Christs Flocke: For what power haue the Keyes of the i 2.89 Kingdome of Heauen to shut the Doores of Earthly, of meere Earthly Kingdomes? Or to shut out such as were neuer let into the Church? Yea, when Christ sayth, k 2.90 Let him be as an Ethnike vnto thee, expressing the vtmost extent of the Keyes, how can Ethnikes be included, who are not sicut, but m••rè & verè Ethnici, alreadie? S. Paul sayth, l 2.91 Quid mihi de ijs qui foris sunt iudicare? Nonne de ijs qui intus sunt, vos iudicatis? Nam eos qui foris sunt Deus iudicabit. This is cited by m 2.92 Victoria, a Spanish Diuine, to proue, that the Pope non habet do∣minium in Terris Infidelium quia non habet potestatem nisi intra Ecclesiam; adding, that Infidels [ 30] are verè Domini, seeing the Apostle commands n 2.93 Tribute to be payd them, and that the con∣trarie is merum commentum in adulationem & assentationem Pontificum: largely prouing these Propositions, That the Pope is not Lord of the World, That the Temporall Power depends not of him, That it is not subiect to his Temporall Power, and that he hath nothing to doe or∣dinarily to iudge of Princes Cases, Titles, Iurisdictions, nor hath any Power meerely Tempo∣rall; That the Temporall Power doth not at all depend of the Spirituall. And in his R••lecti∣ons of the o 2.94 Indians he sayth, That it doth not appeare to him, that the Chris••ian Faith hath so beene preached to them, that they are bound sub nouo p••ccato to beleeue it, hauing had no pro∣bable perswasion, as Miracles and examples of Religious life, but the contrarie: yea, had the Faith beene neuer so probably propounded, and they reiected it, yet might they not theref••re [ 40] be spoyled of their Goods, or pursued by Warre. And what right then had the Pope to pro∣pound that Method in his Bull, Vobis sub••cere & ad fidem Catholicam reducere? Is any thing more free, then to beleeue? Else if p 2.95 Ethnikes had beene to be compelled to enter into the Church (for it is otherwise with the Children of the Kingdome) hee would haue sent Cap∣taines, Conquerors, Alexanders (as the Saracens did, and this Alexander imitates) not Fisher∣men, Tent-makers, Publicans, as Sheepe amongst Wolues, not Wolues amongst Sheepe. On whom did Dauid, or M••ses▪ or any of the ancient Kings make Warre onely for Infidelitie? Vnde grau••ssimê peccaremus (sayth Cardinall q 2.96 Caietan) si fidem Christi Iesu per hanc viam ampliare contenderemus; nec essemus legitimi Domini illorum, sed magna latrocinia committere∣mus, & teneremur ad restitutionem, vtpote iniusti debellatores aut occupatores. Good men (sayth [ 50] he) should be sent, by their Preaching and liuing to conuert them to God; and not such as shall oppresse, spoyle, scandalize, subiect, and make them twice more the Children of Hell, like the Pharises.

And this may be the cause of all those Misorders which happened in the Indies: the most by a blind zeale, thinking they did God seruice in punishing the Idolatries, Man-eating, and Sodomies, and other Vices of the Ethnikes, with Inuasion and Warre, especially where Terr••r might bring them, or, they being slaine, others by their example, to admit the Gospell; that had not the pietie and pittie of some eye-witnesses excited the Royall Prouision of the Catho∣like Kings in this case (which ouer so wide Seas and spacious Lands they could not discerne) euen Hell it selfe had beene loosed on Earth, vnder the pretext of Heauen, and the Prince of Darkenesse had effected his blackest and cruellest Designes, in habite of an Angell of Light [ 60] Tantum Religio poterat suadere malorum, may we say of this Religious irreligious Bull. Thus Nunho di r 2.97 Gusman, a Spanish Commander, relates in an Epistle to the Emperour, his manner of inuading: first, after his Martiall Prologue, preaching to the Indians, GOD, the Pope, and the King of Spaine, Minister of GOD on Earth, whom all men in the World ought to obey;

the s••lly Indians for feare acknowledging themselues ready to worship the King, till his better instruction. He also perswades the Emperour not to giue libertie to the Christian Indians, and to allow nothing but necessaries, that by much subiection they might be made good Christians. Hee quarrels those Quarrellers, that hold this Warre vniust, and seeke to disturbe it, being the most holy and meritorious Worke that can be done in the seruice of God, for which himselfe hoped the diminution of his sinnes. And if I should shew out of f 2.98 Casas, a Spanish Bishop in those parts, the executions of this Bull, you would say, that the Brazen Bull of Phalaris, the Monster-Bull of Minos, the fire-breathing Bull subdued by Hercules, the Iewes * 2.99 Behemoth, and those of Aegypt, were but Calues to this of Pope Alexander: Hinc illae laechrymae. They had beene Heretikes, if they had not obeyed the Pope, Subijciendo & ad fidem Catholicam re∣ducendo. [ 10] All that wee haue talked of Kings all this while, see effected in t 2.100 Mutezuma (no meane, though an Ethnike Prince) out of Cortez his owne Relations to the Emperour, and in Attabaliba or Atahualpa, the mightie Inga, related by u 2.101 Benzo, the Dominican Vincentius de valle viridi preaching the Popes Gift, to which if he did not willingly yeeld, he should be forced; which that Heathen disclaymed as vniust, saying, That the Pope was foolish and im∣pudent, to giue so liberally another mans goods. Whereupon the Frier cruelly cryed to the Spaniards, to execute that which was in that manner easie to effect, saying, agite Christiani, trucidate istos canes &c. What should I speake of Millions perishing without the Faith by this new Article of Faith, Subijcere & ad fidem Catholicam reducere? Of Shambles of Mans flesh, and other Cruelties? I delight not in such Tragaedies, I onely shew the Choragus, the [ 20] Westerne Alexander his Bull, or Bucephalus, the very Cerberus which produced those Dogges which hunted and deuoured the Indians, and yet as Casas hath, were more milde then their Masters, Masters indeed of x 2.102 immanitie and inhumanitie, but proceeding in this Schoole, and writing Comments and a world of Glosses on this Bull-Text with the bloud of a world of men in that New World. How doth Acosta and others deplore these bloudie and therefore slip∣perie foundations of the Faith? That from these forced beginnings, Nihil pium & salutare nisi per vim agant? That they haue receiued but a shew of Christianitie, closely embracing their old Superstitions? As a Plant (sayth hee) growing crooked at first, must eyther be broken, or still suffered so to grow, Ita prorsus cùm Indorum natio bellici apparatus potius authoritate quàm ger∣mana praedicatione magna ex parte Christum acceperit &c. So amongst these Indians, as the [ 30] feare of Warre, not true Preaching, made way to Christianitie, so doe they still retaine feare and a seruile condition, not freely translated to be the Children of God by Regeneration. For nothing is so contrarie to Faith, as is all force and violence. But of their Christianitie I haue spoken * 2.103 elsewhere out of their owne Authors; I here shew the root of it, this Apostolike Bull. The Poets tell of Europa deflowred by Iupiter, hauing conueyed her thorow the Sea in forme of a Bull. The Roman Iupiter of the Vatican Capitoll, or S. Angelo Veiouis, hath conueyed ouer this greater part of the World, this New World, America, to be both deflowred and deuoured by Catholike Souldiers, by his Catholike Bull, in faire shew of reducing to Faith, but first men∣tioning Forts, and Subiection. That Bull by the Poets was exalted to a Constellation in Hea∣uen: This Bull hauing made such hauocke on Earth, rather deserues Hell, except some Poets [ 40] which can make their Gods (as the Pope in Canonization, the Priest in Consecration) can de∣uise also to make new Antartike Heauens to place this Bull in: Our Artike is now too full of Constellations, to admit any such Monsters, lest hee should make terrible Tragedies there also, being since growne so huge, that he incompasseth the two Hemispheres with his hornie Hemi∣circles.

And for his prohibition of all Christians else to attempt those parts for Merchandise or other cause; what is it, but with his two Hornes to push at, and out, both Nature and Grace? That in so large a Tract of the World it may neyther be lawfull to carrie Spirituall, nor recarrie Tem∣porall Commodities, without leaue obtained, vnder paine of Excommunication? And is it not Bulla, a bubble and froth, the babbling or babelling of Babel, That a Bishop should countermand [ 50] Merchandise, and the Seruant of Gods Seruants should make himselfe a Lord of Heathen Lords, to giue the Crownes of Kings by Apostolicall Salutem & benedictionem? What more Aposta∣ticall or Apotacticall? What could Alexanders Malediction haue done more, or worse? Is sub∣ijcere the way to bring to the Catholike Faith? Proh fidem istam Catholicam! Proh Deûsm at{que} hominum fidem! Rara fides pietas{que} viris qui castra sequuntur.

And yet one clause of Baptisme is more Bullish or Hellish then the rest (per sacri lauacri sus∣ceptionem qua Mandatis Apostolicis obligati estis) That Christians, that Kings are obliged, by their very Baptisme obliged to the Apostolicall, that is, in their sense, the Popes Commande∣ments. a 2.104 Diuisus est Christus? Nunquid PAVLVS crucifixus est pro vobis, aut in nomine PAVLI baptisati estis? said that glorious Apostle of the Gentiles: but this gentle glorying [ 60] Apostle will needs in a new Catholike Faith be eyther crucified for vs with Christ, or make a fourth Person in the Trinitie, vnto whose Mandates alone wee are baptized. But Boniface had answered this, b 2.105 Vnum caput, non duo capita quasi monstrum, Christus & ipsi Vicarius. This also fauours Alexander, which would needs be a God, the sonne of Iupiter, and was so by his

Parasites acknowledged. And right so the Pope by his flatterers, who affirme, c 2.106 R••ges cum hac conditione admitti ad Ecclesiam vt Christo Scept••a subijciant, and consequently, to his Vicar the Pope. We poore men had thought, that in the Sacraments God had vouchsafed vs a great dig∣nitie, that we are therein equall with Kings; that in d 2.107 one Spirit we had been all baptized into one Body, whether Iewes or Gentile••, whether bond or free; that e 2.108 whosoeuer were baptized in Christ, had put on Christ, and that there was neither Iew nor Greeke, neither bond nor free, neither male nor female: omnes enim vos vnum estis in Christo Iesu. But see how this h••rned Beast, with his Scepter-pushing Bull blesseth and makes vs more happy then baptized Kings: for we may enioy our Possessions, our Professions as more free, at least not impaired by Baptisme; but Kings [ 10] are admitted into the Church, with subiection of their Persons and Crownes to the Pope; their subiects also may disclayme, not sweare, forsweare Allegeance; yea, it shall be tolerable, nay lawfull, nay commendable, yea, and merit••rious for Heauen, to kill the Kings of the Earth, which shall be immorigerous to his Holinesse. Protestants are generally beholden to his Ca∣tholike Keyes, which open Rome, the Catholike Mother Citie, to Strumpets, to Iewes, but locke out our Generation to the consuming f••ames: but Protestant, yea, Catholike Kings, are lesse in fauour then other Catholikes, and in condition like the Iewes: for as they must, in con∣uerting to Christianitie, renounce their former Wealth (as f 2.109 Victor de Carben, a Christened Iew, complaynes) together with the World and the Deuill, embracing beggerie with their Christia∣nitie, which makes so few Conuerts; so Kings (which euen amongst Heathens knew no Supe∣riour [ 20] but God) must in their Baptisme make a tacite renuntiation of their Kingdomes, when their holy Lord the Pope (in ordine ad Deum) shall so adiudge. And if he obey not, he loseth his Baptisme, becomes now an Heretike, and his subiects, by vertue of that his Baptisme also, which obliged him to the Pope, are at the Popes Bulls first lowing to depose him. Iam sumus ergo pares, Kings and Iewes may say: it is better (in secular respects) not to professe Christ, not to be baptized. The reason out of Tortus his new Kabala (as that learned g 2.110 Bishop calls it) ortus cui{que} duplex, in our naturall birth we are borne subiects to our Prince, in our supernaturall (by Baptismall Regeneration) congenitum aliud & tacitum iuramentum ad obediendum Pr••ncipi spirituali, Christi Vicario, Papae, we are therein sworne forsooth to the Pope. It is no maruell that this Bull hath begotten such brutish Christians in America, as the h 2.111 Iesuites complayne; [ 30] I hope in the East they teach otherwise.

That the Pope renounceth his Baptismall Name, I neuer knew the reason before, nor doe I now maruell; for then our Roderigo Borgia was sworne in Baptisme to Christ, and tacitely to the Pope: but now he is made Pope himselfe, a Name in opposition to all obedience, free from both, i 2.112 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, exlex ille; no more Roderigo the Christian, subiect (it is a terme of all others most odious to Popes) to Christ and the Pope, but Alexander the Great, the very Pope, emu∣lous to Christ; his Vicar, which doth and receiueth all things, as one and the same Head with Christ (giuing a World, receiuing Kings in Baptisme, as here) and therefore very Antichrist, both as 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, opposing, and as 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 in the Name of Christs Vicar, with his two Hornes like the Lambe, extolling himselfe k 2.113 aboue all that is called God, or that is worshipped, [ 40] ita vt in Templo Dei sedeat ostendens se tanquam sit Deus. And so I leaue him, and his Apis, his Aegyptian Babylonicall Bull: In bayting whereof, if I haue playd the fierce English Mastiffe, no man that hath read the storie of the Spanish Dogges in the West Indies (which came out of this Kennell) can be iustly offended. And (besides that the place where I writ this,* 2.114 hath beene a place of argument to moue me to enter these Lists) the argument of this great Worke, Na∣uigations, English Indian Nauigations exacted some Apologie, to shrowd themselues from this Bulls pushing and lowd bellowing Thunders, Nulli omnino hominum liceat hanc Paginam in∣fringere, vel ei ausu temerario contraire: si quis autem hoc attentare praesumpserit, indignationem Omnipotentis DEI ac beatorum PETRI & PAVLI Apostolorum eius se nouerit incursurum. The Curse that is causelesse, shall not come: GOD will doe good to Dauid for Shimeis cursing. [ 50] The Catholike Princes of those dayes did not beleeue him, nor haue they since. The Portugals (as you shall presently heare) regarded it not; and not the Bull, but other compromise, stayed them from open Hostilitie. The peaceable and wise King of England, Henry the seuenth, sent presently after, Cabota to discouer: The French, in their France Antarctike, and new France, and other East and West Nauigations, haue contradicted. These beleeued not, that the Sunne shined onely in one Kingdome, whatsoeuer Combustions this portentuous Comet diffused. And long, long may his Maiestie of Great Brittaine spread his long and iust Armes to the fur∣thest East and remotest West, in the gainefull Traffiques, in the painefull Discoueries, in the Glorious and Christian Plantations of his Subiects (maugre such Bug-beare, Bull-beare bellow∣ings) Salomon and Hiram, Israelites and Tyrians, all Arts and Religions concurring into one [ 60] Art of Arts, the Truth of Religion, and aduancing of the Faith, together with the glory of his Name, the splendour of his State, the loue of his People, the hopes of his Royall Posteritie to the last of Ages. Amen. Amen.

§. VII. Of the Portugals discontent and compromise with the Spaniard, and their first Discouerie of the East Indies.

THe King of Portugall was much discontent, and sent his Embassadour to the King and Queene, who also sent vnto him in Embassage Garcia de Herera; and after that, seeing that the Portugall intended by force to defend his supposed Right to the Ocean, and by a strong Fleet to dispossesse the Castilians of their late Discouerie, sent Don Pedro de Ayala, and Lopez de Caruaial; the substance of whose Embassage, was to con∣gratulate with King Iohn his desire of Peace to be conserued betwixt them, which was also the [ 10] care of their Catholike Maiesties: And as for that difference touching Discoueries, which the King by Apostolicall Grant and by Possession and Prescription challenged, they would yeeld vnto any honest course, which might maintaine brotherly loue and amitie; themselues being perswaded, that their late Discouerie no way concerned him, nor disturbed their mutuall League, as not neere Guinea, or any of the Portugall Discoueries: That they were content to name fit persons, by way of Iustice to determine the Controuersie, or to put it to his Holinesse, to be heard in the Court at Rome.* 2.115 But secretly they gaue order, that the Businesse should at least be protracted, and continued on foot, till they might heare how their second Fleet succeeded: which the Embassadours performed cunningly, but not vnperceiued of King Iohn; who sayd, [ 20] that Embassage of the Castilians had neyther Head nor Feet: smartly insinuating the lame Leg of the one, and the light and vain-glorious Braine of the other Embassador. The Portugall Embassadour had made ouerture of all the North Discoueries thorow the World, to belong to Castile, from the Canaries, and thence Southward to the Portugall. But this was not accepted. Afterwards, three Counsellors of State, on the behalfe of each Kingdome, were imployed in this Discouerie of the right and iust Titles and Bounds of the Discouerers: which on the se∣uenth of Iune,* 2.116 1493. agreed, That the Line of Partition, contained in the Bull of the Pope, should be extended 270. Leagues further to the West, all from thence Westward to remayne to the Castilian, and Eastward to the Portugall Nauigation and Conquest: That there should be free sayling on both parts, but neyther should send to trade without these Limits. This was [ 30] put in Writing, and confirmed on the second of Iuly by the Castilian, on the seuen and twen∣tieth of February by the Portugall, Kings; and Cosmographers also imployed, which should designe the said Limitation. And now each partie intended to prosecute new Discoueries, King Iohn preparing a Fleet for search beyond the Cape of Good Hope, on the Coast of Africa, whereof Couilian had giuen him intelligence. But amids these preparations, God calls him to the fatall and finall peregrination of all Flesh.

* 2.117Don Emanuel succeeded him in that Crowne the twentieth of October, 1495. And the yeere 1497. imployed Vasco di Gama with three * 2.118 Ships, one Victualler with 160. men. This Voyage had beene the rather thus long deferred, because the Portugals in the former Discoue∣rie hauing met with such stormes and tempests neere the Cape which therefore they called [ 40] Tormentoso, a new Conceit possessed most of the Mariners, as had done before touching Cape Bogiadore, that there was no sayling any further. But Gama feared no such phantasies, and receiuing Couilians Map and Instruction, with Letters to the Indian Kings, hoysed sayle on the ninth of Iuly (a season vnfitting,* 2.119 as Experience after shewed) and passing by the Ile of Saint Iames, directed his course Eastwards. The first Land he saw, was that which he tearmed the Bay of S. Helena (for this was their Customes, to name Lands at their first discouerie, of that Saint on whose day they discouered the same) where, after three moneths ill weather, they went on Land. They tooke some Negros of curled haire, whose Language none of theirs could vnderstand; which receiuing Glasse-Beads, and Bells, with other trifling kindnesses, procured their Countreymens familiaritie and traffique by signes for such Victuals as they had. But one [ 50] Portugall desiring to goe with them to their houses, not liking their diet, and returning with much companie, when he came in sight of his owne, more for feare then any iust cause, cryed out for their helpe. This caused the Portugals to come in to succour, and the Negros to flye, which with their Poles sharpened at the end with Hornes,* 2.120 as with sharpe Darts, wounded the Christians, and amongst many others, Gama himselfe. By this fooles occasion they hastened thence, towards the Cape of Good Hope, and encountred such Winterly stormes in the way (the time of the yeere being then vnseasonable) that they were forced to strike sayle, and com∣mit themselues to the Windes boysterous tuition; and the companie importuned Gama not to permit them to so terrible a death,* 2.121 but to hast his returne. Which when he constantly refused, they conspired his death: but by his brother Pauls relation fore-warned, he fore-armed him∣selfe [ 60] with vigilant circumspection, and laying the Masters in the Bolts, became Master himselfe.

On the twentieth of Nouember hee doubled the Cape, and sayled continually neere the Land, which they saw full of Cattell, and People like those at S. Helena, naked, inclosing their

priuities in a receptacle of Wood, vttering their speech out of the Throat, as it were sobbing. Hauing refreshed themselues not farre from the Cape, they proceeded, and the eight of De∣cember a storme draue them out of sight of Land, whereto with faire Weather they presently returned: and hauing passed two hundred and thirtie miles from their last Watering place, see∣ing a pleasant Countrey, and the Sea deepe hard by the shore, and much people, on the tenth of Ianuarie he sent one on shore with a Present, who was kindly vsed, and with their Countrey Presents returned.* 2.122 Here Gama set two condemned persons on shore (ten of which he had with him, hauing pardon of their liues, with condition to be set on shore where the Gouernour saw meet) there to obserue the Countrey and People. And proceeding, he came to a goodly Coun∣trey, [ 10] where the people coloured as the former, were more bold and familiar▪ and one with ill Arabike signified, that in a Countrey not farre thence, Ships like theirs vsed to come: whence he termed that the Riuer of good signes, hoping thence to find out India quickly; erecting also a Stone-Crosse, and naming the Countrey S. Raphael, leauing there likewise two other con∣demned persons.

After refreshing his sicke companie, he departed, and on the first of March they espyed seuen small Sayles, which made toward the Admirall, and comming neere, with a lowd crie saluted them in Arabike, and made them much Musike. The men had Garments of Silke, with Lin∣nen Turbants wrought with Gold, and Falchions girded to their sides. They came abord, were well entertained, and tell, that the name of the Iland was Mozambique, the people Ethnike,* 2.123 but [ 20] a great part inhabited by Mores or Mahumetans. For some knowledge of Diuine Scripture hath in vsuall appellation caused a distinction of these from others which haue no knowledge of God but meerely naturall, whom therefore Authors vsually call Idolaters, or Gentiles and Ethnikes. It was subiect to the King of Quiloa, and thence was ordinarie Trade into Arabia, India, and other parts of the World. They learned, that they had passed Zophala, where is much Gold.

It is remarkable, that these Mores vsed both * 2.124 Compasse, and Sea-Cards or Plats; Quadrants also, wherewith they obserued the height of places, the Sunnes declinations and distance from the Line; and were furnished with diuers Maritime Mysteries, not much short of the Portu∣galls. They mistooke the Christians for Mahumetans of Barbary, and therefore vsed them so [ 30] kindly. Zacoeia, the Gouernour of the place, to whom they had sent Presents, visited them in great pompe, and was feasted on shipboord (the sicke being remoued out of sight, and the rest well armed, for feare of Trecherie) neyther did their superstition forbid them to drinke Wine, if it were not ignorance rather of that Liquor. He inquired of them (not doubting of their Mahumetisme) whether they were * 2.125 Mores or Turkes (vsually all Mahumetans of Africa, A∣rabia, and the Indian Coasts are called Mores, from which name, the Greatnesse of the Turke, Tartars, Persian, and Mogull, with I know not what differences of Sect, haue in ordinary appel∣lation exempted them) he asked also of their Weapons and Mahumetan Bookes. Gama an∣swered, That they came out of the remotest West; that they vsed such Armour as he saw, with such Ordinance able to ruine Castles; and for his Bookes, he would shew them when he had [ 40] finished his Iourney: for hee was now in his way to India, and desired his helpe for Pilots to Calicut. This Zacoeia promised; and the next day brought him two, with whom hee agreed how much Gold he should giue to conduct him thither. But in the midst of all this kindnesse it being perceiued that they were Christians, they deuised all mischiefe against them, which was by one of those Pilots reuealed to Gama. They set vpon the Christians also as they were filling Water.

Hereupon Gama with his three ships (for the fourth was set on fire before) went to a 2.126 Qui∣loa, but eyther by necessitie, or their Pilots trecherie, were hindered from shore: This Pilot per∣swaded them to goe to b 2.127 Mombaza, dissembling, that a great part of that Citie were Christi∣ans, and that it was a fit place to refresh his sicke men, many of his companie being dead, and [ 50] the rest feeble. The Land is there fertile, the Ayre wholesome, the People hee found treche∣rous. For the King sent a ship with a hundred men, armed c 2.128 Turk-fashion, which would all haue entred; but Gama onely suffered foure of the principall, who related their Kings desire of his acquaintance, and proffered all kindnesse, if hee would bring his ships neerer the Citie. The King also by two condemned persons whom he put on shore, sent him Spices, and so wrought, that Gama intended to fulfill his mind: but in the way fearing a shelfe, suddenly commanded to cast anchor. Whereupon his More-Pilots, by selfe-guiltinesse accused, leaped into the Sea, suspecting that their trecherie was reuealed, hauing before couenanted with the King of Mom∣baza, to set the ships eyther on ground, or in easie possibilitie of taking. The trecherous Pilots escaped in Boats: and in the Night the King sent others closely to cut their Cables, which by [ 60] vigilant care they auoided.

They departed thence for d 2.129 Melinde, and there arriued on Easter day. The Houses he found of hewen Stone, stately and vsefully built, the Countrey fruitfull, the People Idolaters, blacke, with curled haire, from the Nauell vpwards naked, thence clothed with Silkes to the middle Legge. Here he found e 2.130 Christians of India, which much reioyced at the sight of the Portugals,

and admonished them of many things fitting to their Voyage. Hee was kindly vsed of the Prince (the King himselfe was decrepit) who gaue him a Master, an Indian for his Nauigation. Hence they departed the two and twentieth of Aprill, and hauing passed the Line, with ioy re∣couered sight of the Starres, which so long they had not seene.

§. VIII. Of GAMAS Acts at Calicut, and his returne.

[ 10]

THe nineteenth of May they had sight of Land, being the high Mountaines neere to Calicut, and came within two miles of the Citie the same day. He gaue thankes to God, and set one of his condemned persons on shore, who was almost oppressed with multitudes pressing to see a man of so vncouth habite, till at last two Merchants of Tunis easily knew him to be a Spaniard: and Monzaida, one of them, asked him in Spanish of what parts of Spaine he was; and being answered, of Portugall, inuited him home: and ha∣uing made him eat and drinke, went on boord with him to Gama, and profered him all kind∣nesse; telling him, that the King of Calecut (whose Customes were his chiefe Reuenues) would be glad of their comming. To him Gama sent two of his companie with Monzaida, which declared to him, that their King moued by his worthy fame, had sent one of his Cap∣taines thither, to establish mutuall loue and amitie. The King gladly heard them, and willed [ 20] them to bring their Fleet to Pandarane (where hee then was) because the road of Calecut was dangerous in that season of the yeere, and sent a Pilot to effect it. Soone after, the King sent an Officer or Magistrate, called Catual, honourably to conduct Gama vnto him: who ap∣pointing Paul Gama his brother ouer the Fleet, bad him, if ought amisse happened to him, that hee should returne home, without further care of him. For neyther could hee effect his Kings designes otherwise, nor they resist that Kings power to relieue him.

* 2.131They were no sooner landed, then a Litter receiued each of them (many Nairos attending on foot) and after that another, and were brought into a sumptuous Temple, esteemed of great sanctitie, which Gama supposed by the structure, and other * 2.132 signes, and because he had heard of many Christians in those parts, to be Christian. At the Temple doore foure men met them [ 30] naked to the nauill, thence clothed with silke to the knees, hauing three threds from the right shoulder crossed to the left side (the habit of Bramenes) which sprinkled holy water on them, and gaue them sweet poulders. The walls of the Temples had many Images painted on them. In the midst was a round high Chappell, with a brazen narrow doore, hauing many steps to it, and within, an Image which the darkenesse would not suffer them to discerne, neyther might any enter but the Priests, who approaching to the Image with their finger pointing to it, twice called * 2.133 Maria, whereat the Catual and his companie falling flat on the Earth, presently arose and sayd their prayers. The Portugals thinking it to be sôme Seruice of the Blessed Virgin, worshipped her after their wonted manner. Thence they passed to another Temple of like [ 40] magnificence, and after that, to the Kings Palace, Trumpets and Pipes sounding all the while: and the people so thronged, that had not the Nairos made way with their Swords, they could not haue passed. At the Gate they were met by certaine Nobles, called Caimaes, and approaching to the roome where the King was, an aged man clothed in silke from the shoul∣ders to the anckles, comming forth, embraced Gama. This was the chiefe of the Bramenes. The others being f••rst permitted entrance, he last of all holding Gama by the hand, followed. It was a large Hall, with many Benches artificially wrought one aboue another, in forme of a Theatre. The Floore was couered with Silke, the Walls hanged with Curtaines of Silke, em∣broydered with Gold. The King lay in a rich Bed, with a Tyre on his head set with Stones and wrought with Gold, clothed with Silke, hauing many golden Claspes on the Brest. On his Eares hung Iewels of great value: his Toes and Fingers, with Rings and Gemmes made a [ 50] glorious splendour: His personage was comely, tall, maiesticall. Gama saluted him as the vse here is to the King, and was then placed in a Seat next him; the other Portugals also sate downe. Water was brought to wash and coole their hands, and diuers Fruits to refresh them. After this, he questioned Gama of his Embassage: who answered, that it was not the Portu∣gall custome to declare Embassages in promiscuous and publike Assemblies, but to communicate the same onely with the King and his Councell, or Committees. Hereupon the King remoo∣ueth into a fairer Roome, and there heard Gama relating the worth of his Master King Ema∣nuel; who in a magnanimous spirit, hauing heard of the renowned greatnesse of the King of Calicut, and of the rarities of India, had in desire of league and friendship, sent him thither, to [ 60] begin it in his Name, whence might both Honor also and Profit arise to both parts; and signi∣fied, that he had Letters of Credence vnto him. The King courteously receiued his words, and promised to acknowledge the Ki••g of Portugall as his Brother: giuing order to the Ca∣tual to conduct him to the House appointed for his Lodging. The Citie was large, the Houses

not being continued, but with Orchyards and Gardens distinguished, meanely built, the Law so prouiding, onely the Kings House of Stone.* 2.134 This King at that time was chiefe of all the Princes adioyning both in wealth and power.

After three dayes, Gama conducted by the Catual, deliuered the King his Letter, and withall a Present, which the King seemed to contemne, but was excused by the vncertaintie of the Nauigation: neyther was any Present so good, as the friendship of such a Prince; from whom also if he expected profit, it should be effected by ships of Merchandize yerely trading thither. He desired, that his Kings Letters might not be interpreted by Saracens, forasmuch as he per∣ceiued by Monzaida, that they sought him a mischiefe. Monzaida interpreted the Letter, [ 10] and the King admonished him to be vigilant against Saracenicall fraudes: for which hee than∣ked him, and departed. These Mores consulted their ruine,* 2.135 and bribed the Courtiers to that end, traducing Gama also for a Pyrate and a Spie in shew of a Merchant, a sparke (if not timely quenched) likely soone to bring that whole State in combustion. This they did partly in ha∣tred of the Christian Name, and partly in feare of decaying their Trade, communicated thus to Portugalls. The King wearied with their importunities, fearing to lose their Customes, and feared by the examples of the Mores and Negros in Africa, with some exploits in the way, whose beggerie also he saw in their Kings contemptible Present, and their poore Merchandize, as if he had sent to some wilde Negro Prince; threatned with their departure to some other Prince, and to remoue their Staple thither with his manifest losse, perhaps their owne gayne; [ 20] yeelded to them, and sent the Catual to perswade Gama, with promise of all kindnesse, if hee would bring his ships neerer, and for securitie deliuer vp his sayles. But he writ to his brother, That if he saw him long detayned, to set sayle homewards: and after much contention, agrees to send on shore his Merchandize, with men to sell them, whereupon he is dismissed to his ship. He complayned to the King of the Catual, who gaue him faire promises, but caused his Mer∣chandize to be carryed to Calicut, where he said was better sale.

Gama was content, and euery day sent two or three together, to obserue the Citie, which yet receiued no offence. He desired of the King to leaue a Factor there: whereto the King ma∣king angry answere, made no reply, which caused further anger, and two of his men on shore to be committed to custodie, with their Wares. Which when he could not re-obtayne by in∣treatie, [ 30] hee set vpon the next ship which came thither, and tooke thence six principall men, and then put off further into the Sea. The King sent to him, saying, hee wondered much hee would apprehend his seruants, seeing hee detayned the two Portugals only, till hee had writ∣ten to King Emanuel, whom also the next day hee sent with Letters: but with-held the Wares for their Factor, if hee would send any, to dispose thereof. But Gama sayd hee would now leaue none, and would keepe the men till hee had his goods. The day after, Monzaida came to them, and told them, that hee had beene in danger of his life for their sakes, which hauing very hardly escaped, hee prayed to carry him with them to Portugall; which they did, and there hee became Christian. The King sent his Wares in seuen Boats; but Gama refused, and sayd hee would carry those Malabars into Portugall, to testifie how iniuriously the [ 40] King of Calicut had vsed him: and presently discharging his Ordenance, chased them away. The King was enraged, but his Nauie was at that season vnrigged, and in harbour. Yet he sent out threescore Merchants against them, which were by sudden tempest dispersed.

Gama from the next Port where hee could arriue, sent a Letter with good words to the King, by one of his Captiues seruants. There hee was assaulted by Timoia, a Pyrat,* 2.136 with eight ships, whereof hee tooke one well furnished, the rest fled. Hee went to Anchediva, to amend his ships, and there was saluted by a seruant of Zabaius, Lord of Goa, an Italian, who in the name of his Master offered him all kindnesse, if hee would goe thither. This man professed himselfe an Italian, captiued by Pyrates, and so brought to serue a Mahumetan in these parts. Gama perceiuing him wittie, but curious and busie, suspected and apprehended him, who be∣ing [ 50] tortured, confessed himselfe a Tartarian Iew, sent by Zabaius for a Spie, whom he carryed with him into Portugall, where hee was baptized, and proued seruiceable in many things to the King.

Thence hee now hasted his departure, and the time being vnseasonable, came slowly to Magadoxo, on the African shore: and because they were Mahumetans,* 2.137 sunke and spoyled their ships, and ruined a great part of their Walls. At Melinde hee was kindly entertained,* 2.138 and his men well refreshed: and within fiue dayes, for feare of Winter at the Cape, set sayle, with an Embassadour from Melinde to Portugall. Hee burnt, as vnfit for the Voyage, the ship of Paul Gama, hauing need of the Mariners to supply the other two.

On the seuen and twentieth of February hee came to an Island called Zanzibar,* 2.139 foure [ 60] and twentie miles from the Continent, where hee was well entertayned and refreshed of the Prince, though a More. Hee refreshed himselfe againe at Saint Blases watering,* 2.140 and on the fiue and twentieth of Aprill doubled the Cape. Thence to Saint Iago, where by tempest they were parted; Coelius the other Captaine next way to Lisbone, Gama to the Tercera, where his brother Paul died; and soone after, to Lisbone, in the yeere 1499.

where Coelius had related all to the King before. Of an hundred fortie eight, or as others report, an hundred and threescore, there returned onely fiue and fiftie, and those very feeble.

§. IX. The second Fleet sent to the East Indies: Their discouerie of Brasill, and other Acts.

[ 10]

KIng Emanuel set forth a second Fleet of thirteene ships, well furnished, with fifteene hundred souldiors and munition, vnder Peter Aluarez Capralis, whom he comman∣ded to hold peace and confirme amitie, if it might be, with the King of Calecut, and if it were possible, to get leaue of him to build a Fort neere the Citie, where they might be secure from Saracenicall Hostilitie. Hee sent also fiue Franciscans for holy Offices, both to the Portugals, and if meanes were offered, for conuersion of the Infidels. Hee depar∣ted from Lisbone the eight of March,* 2.141 in the secular yeere: and holding his course to S. Iago, there met with a storme which scattered the Fleet, and forced one ship to returne home.

The rest of the Fleet hauing two dayes after the Tempest stayed in vaine for it, set sayle Westward,* 2.142 and on the three and twentieth of Aprill had sight of Land, with no lesse maruell then ioy. Capralis commanded the Master to goe neere, and take view of the shore, which re∣turned [ 20] newes of a fertile and well watered Soyle, the Natiues naked, with long hayre, and Bowes and Arrowes. But that night a storme tooke them, which much tormented them, till at last he light into a safe Harbour,* 2.143 which thereupon he called Puerto Seguro. They tooke two Fishermen, which by no signes could or would vnderstand them, whom with Bells, Bracelets, and Glasses they restored on shore; which brought the rest with store of Meale and Fruits for like Traffique. Hee named this Land of the holy Crosse, since of store of that Wood, called Brasill; and hauing erected a Stone Pillar, sent one of his ships backe to Portugall with that newes. Hee had Masse and a Sermon on shore, to the great astonishment of the Sauages.

* 2.144On the fift of May hee departed, and on the three and twentieth a sudden violent storme [ 30] sunke foure of their ships, not one man escaping; and soone after, the remayning seuen with another tempest were seuered: and on the fiue and twentieth of Iuly six of them held their course together, one being separated, which pierced into the Arabian Gulfe, or Red Sea; and thence returned home with onely six men, the rest perishing by famine and diseases. The other six hauing doubled the Cape of good Hope, found Land pleasant and fertile, but the people would not trade with them, then destitute of prouision. At last they espyed two ships at an∣chor, which hauing sight of the Portugals, fled, but were pursued and taken: but learning that they belonged to Foteima, a Prince in amitie with the King of Melinde, he let them passe with great store of Gold which they had brought from Zofala,* 2.145 with other rich commodities. At Mozambique he watered without impediment, and bought Victuals, and hired a Pilot to Qui∣loa.* 2.146 The King of Quiloa's Dominion extended nine hundred miles in length, his subjects be∣ing [ 40] some blacke, some coloured, speake Arabike, besides other Languages, Merchants of diuers Countries trading amongst them. It is separate from Land with a narrow Sea, foure hundred miles from Mozambique, full of Springs, Trees, Cattell wilde and tame, rich in Soyle and Fish∣ing. The Citie great and populous, with magnificent Houses, with store of furniture: Their ships, for want of Pitch, trimmed with a bastard Frankincense. Capralis sent to Abrahem the King, who kindly entertayned the Messengers, and promised next day to come aboord: which hee did in Barges gallantly decked, his companie attyred in Gold, Purple, or Silke, with Swords and Daggers, hauing in the Hilts gemmes of great splendour; the Ayre filled with Trumpets and Pipes, confused with the Trumpets and Ordinance of the Portugals, who in [ 50] their best attyre went into their Boats to meet him. The King heard his Letters and Embas∣sage with ioy, and promised to hold his Master for his brother, and the next day was designed for confirmation of the League.* 2.147 The Mores with wily arts interuert this amitie, vpbrayding to the King his simplicitie, that would giue such credit to Pyrats.

Capralis hearing this, holdeth on his way to Melinde, where with incredible gladnesse hee was welcommed,* 2.148 and the Embassador now returned to his Master with the King of Portugals Presents, namely, a faire Horse sumptuously trapped, with other gifts. Here Capralis would not stay, but left two exiles or condemned persons there, to enquire if any way were open to Prester Iohn, and to learne the Customes of the Countrey. On the two and twentieth of August he came to Anchediva,* 2.149 and there a while refreshed his companie; which hauing done, [ 60] he sayled to Calicut.* 2.150 The King sent two Nairos with a Guzarate Merchant to salute Capralis, who sent with them backe his Christened Iew, and foure of those Nairos, or Courtiers, which Gama had taken the yeere before (two hee detayned as Pledges) with Iohn Sala a Portugall, all in Portugall habite, whereat the King reioyced. In a Palace neere the shore, the King en∣tertayned

Capralis, who had left Sancius Thoare with command of the Fleet, and after much complement, promised him more then he asked: Gaue them free libertie of Trade, and Houses fitting thereto, the Patent or Charter being a Table of Gold, with Letters engraued, for perpe∣tuall memorie. He gaue them leaue to erect the Banner of King Emanuel on their House top, as a Monument of his loue to their Master. Hearing of a strong and well manned ship com∣ming from Cochin to Cambaia, with a mightie and warly Elephant therein, he sent to entreat Capralis to take it, whereto he employed one of his smallest Vessels: whereat the King mar∣uelled, hauing before set certaine Saracens or Mores of purpose to obserue their behauior in that Enterprise, especially seeing the great ship chased to Cananor,* 2.151 about fortie miles North from [ 10] Calicut, into which they compelled her the next day as Captiue to returne.

This did but kindle the enuy of the Mores, who to their wonted Arts added the fore-stalling the Market, and giuing greater prices: so, that whereas they had beene promised lading in twentie dayes, they had expected three moneths, when meane time the Saracenicall ships were laden and gone, contrarie to their late League, which concluded them the first to be ser∣ued. He sent notice to the King, who seemed to be offended with the Mores, giuing them leaue to lade themselues out of their ships, paying them their money layd out. Capralis fearing to execute this, by Correa the Cape Merchant was importuned; and one ship now setting sayle,* 2.152 was brought backe by them into the Hauen, whereupon grew great broyles, the King seeming contented they should try it out betwixt them. They therefore with a companie of Nairos, [ 20] on the seuenteenth of December rush into the Portugall House, which Correa by a signe erected signifieth to the Fleet. He had with him seuentie men against foure thousand, so that he with fiftie others were slaine: the rest were by the assistance of their fellowes in Boats conueyed a∣boord. Capralis then sick of a Quartane, and more of this disaster, perceiuing the King consci∣ous (a Fautor, if not Author) of this designe, assayled the next day ten great ships of the Mores, and slew six hundred of them, distributed the rest as slaues in their ships, and laded themselues with the goods, being forced for want of prouision to kill three Elephants, and salt them for food. Which done, hee set the ships on fire, and that in the night, for greater terror. The mor∣row next he assaulted the Towne with Ordenance from his ships, and slew many, one of which a Courtier, at the Kings feet.

[ 30] After this, Capralis went to Cochin, a hundred and seuentie miles Southward,* 2.153 being a sure Hauen. The King was then poore, and tributarie to Calecut. To him he sent an Indian Iogue, a begging Frier of that Bramene Religion, which by the Portugall Friers had beene conuerted and baptized by the Name of Michael. The King promised all that they requested, and enter∣tained them in a House fit for Trade.* 2.154 The Kings of Cananor and Coulam sent thither to them offer of League and Traffique. But Capralis fixed here his Staple:* 2.155 where two Christians of Cranganor, twentie miles distant, desired and obtayned of him to carry them into Portugall, that they might haue a sight of Rome and Ierusalem.

Not long after, hee had newes of the King of Calicuts Fleet, of twentie great ships, and many small, with fifteene hundred men therein, sent to be reuenged of the Portugals, which [ 40] he went forth to assayle, but was scanted of Winde which they had, and willingly wanted, for feare of the Ordenance. So leauing two Factors at Cochin, and hauing taken in the rest of his fraight at Cananor, he departed the sixteenth of Ianuary, and neere to Melinde tooke a ship, which perceiuing it belonged to a More of Cambaia, hee dismissed, professing no quarrell in In∣dia, but to Calecut alone, and the Mores of Mecca. One of their ships was here wracked, the remainders whereof he burned, to preuent the enemies spoyle. He employed one of his ships in the search of Zophala, and returned with the rest to Lisbone, where he arriued the last of Iuly, and was welcommed of the King, who had before sent three other ships on the same Voyage.* 2.156 And in the yeere following, 1502. hee sent Vascus Gama againe with ten ships, and Soderius with another Fleet, giuing him commission to make himselfe * 2.157 Lord of the Sea, and to doe his [ 50] vtmost against the Mores. This consisted of fifteene ships. Fiue others he sent vnder Stephen Gama, and so proceeded in his fortunes, that in a few yeeres he made himselfe Lord of the In∣dian Trade and Nauigation, and subdued the Kingdomes of Ormus, Goa, and Malacca, with other parts of the East, to the Portugall Scepter, to the great enriching of that State, and the Indian partakers; whereof Cochin hath from a poore estate arisen to greatnesse, and Calicut beene eclipsed.

But as those Spanish Westerne Discoueries and Acts, so these Easterne of the Portugals I leaue to their owne Authors: such as for the former, are P. Martyr, Cicça, Viega, Ouiedo, Herera, Gomara, Benzo, and the rest; and for the later, Barrius, Osorius, Maffaeus, Casta∣neda, and others. I intend in this place onely to shew the beginning of Trade, and Naui∣gation [ 60] in both parts: and the occasion hence arising, of the first sayling round about the Globe.

§. X. ALBVQVERQVES Exploits, and the first knowledge of the Molucca's.

YE haue heard of the Quarrell twixt Siuill and Lisbone, or the Castilian and Portugall compounded, each sharing a moitie of the World. Some question grew of the Mo∣lucca's,* 2.158 after the discouerie of them by the Portugals, whether they app••rtayned to the Castilian or Lusitanian share. It is to be considered, that ten yeeres after Gamu's discouerie, and ill vsage at Calecut, the Portugalls sought all this time reuenge, and in great [ 10] part effected it, notwithstanding the Indian Potentates, the Aegyptian Sultans assistance (as long after the Turkes succeeding in that State and Quarrell) maintaining their Trade, and pro∣pagating their Sea and Land-Soueraigntie in those parts, although with some vicissitude of for∣tune, and with losse euen this Summer of some of their principall Commanders: Almeida the late Viceroy basely perishing neere the Cape of Good Hope, by the hands of wilde Negros; Cotinius, whiles hee enuyed any partner in the glory of taking the Kings Palace at Calecut, whiles Albuquerque set the Citie on fire, and permitting his souldiors to ouer-hastie pillage, losing his late-gotten purchase, and himselfe; and Albuquerque himselfe carryed away neere dead, with diuers wounds.

* 2.159Whiles these things were done at Calecut, Didacus Lupius Sequeria was sent out of Portu∣gall, [ 20] to begin amitie with Malacca: who was the first that hauing passed the Promontorie Co∣ry, and sayling thorow the Bengalan or Gangetike Bay, touched on Sumatra, diuided by a nar∣row and dangerous Strait from the Continent of Malacca, eyther being or supposed to bee in old times a Chersonessus or Pen-Insula (euery where encompassed with Waues, but by one Neck of Land fastned to the Maine) and called as some will haue (though others ascribe it to Malac∣ca and the Siam Kingdome) Aurea,* 2.160 or the Golden, being indeed rich in Gold, and other Me∣tals, as this ensuing Historie will shew.

Sequeria hauing here made League with the Kings of Pedir and Achen, and erected such Stone Pillars as before are mentioned, in both places, as Monuments thereof, passed to Malacca, where hee receiued great kindnesse of Mamudius a Mahumetan, which had vsurped that State [ 30] by force from the Siamite, who yet as the Samorin, or King of Calecut, by the Mores was alte∣red, and sought by Treason to murther the Portugals, and seize on their ships. For pretending, after League confirmed, to entertayne him in a Feast, Sequeria hauing intelligence, excused him∣selfe by sicknesse: whereupon hee offered extraordinarie fauour to lade his ships (contrarie to the custome of that Port) before all those which had beene there before them,* 2.161 which must bee carryed closely, for feare of disgust and mutinie of other Merchants; which Sequeria accepted thankfully, and sent his men to diuers places assigned. Patiacus, the sonne of Vtimutis, the next man in Malacca after the King, was sent aboord to complement with him, till a signe giuen by smoake from a certaine place, should at once arme the rest in other places, and him on ship∣boord to sudden and vnexpected slaughter. It happened, that Sequeria, at Patiacus his com∣ming,* 2.162 [ 40] was at Chesse; which he dissemblingly willed him to continue, that he might obserue our difference from them in that Play. But whiles hee waited the smoake, others of Malacca had not that patience, but misorderly began their furie, which was espyed from the ship tops by a Mariner, who cryed Treason: whereupon they running to their Armes, the Malaccans leaped ouer boord, and they sent some to helpe their fellowes, whiles the rest cut their Cables, to haue Sea-roome for their Ship-fights, and by terror of their Ordenance easily chased the Nauie, set purposely to assayle them. But of those on shore, fortie were slaine, and more captiued, which ministred iust cause of quarrell to their Countreymen, whom Sequeria had sent notice hereof, himselfe passing directly to the Cape, and so to Lisbone.

Albuquerque had now recouered of his wounds, and minded to recouer Ormuz, the King [ 50] whereof had before acknowledged Vassallage to King Emanuel,* 2.163 with fifteene thousand Sera∣fines of Gold yeerely tribute, and leaue to the Portugals to erect there a Fort; which the slack∣nesse first, and after that, open mutinie of his owne men, had frustrated; Zeifadin the King ha∣uing intelligence thereof,* 2.164 and thereby taking occasion to shake off the Portugall yoake. Hee pretended feare of Ismael the Persian Xa, or Sophi, whose tributarie he was, but was regayned afterwards (it was the last Act of Albuquerques Life) and the Persian also not discontented, yea, sending an Embassadour to treat of Peace, as hauing their Actions in admiration. But at this time hauing collected a Fleet of one and twentie sayle, in his way thither was intercepted by the opportunitie of Goa, whose Prince Zabaius, in the midst of his preparations against the Portugals, was lately dead, leauing his young sonne Idalcan as full of troubles, as emptie of ex∣perience. [ 60] Timoia, a famous Pyrate, and Lord of an Iland not farre off, gaue this intel∣ligence,* 2.165 with proffer of his best assistance therein: Whereupon a suddaine Siege, and sur∣prize thereof, was made, vpon Conditions; the Portugals wondering to see themselues so easily Lords of such Wealth. But Idalcan with force and famine soone expelled them;

which yet, not long after, they recouered, to the great honour of that Nation in those parts.

Intending next to enter the Red Sea,* 2.166 the Northwest Windes repelled this victorious Gene∣rall or Vice-roy from that attempt, but offered faire oportunitie for Malacca, which he readily apprehended: and first demanded his Prisoners of Mamudius, which hee sayd were fled; but seeing his Towne on fire, was forced to present vnto him. And when his Conditions demanded seemed great, namely, the charges of both Fleets, and restitution of things lost; Mamudius was animated by some, rather to defend himselfe by Warre: the effect whereof, was the losse of that pettie Kingdome, and of himselfe with griefe.* 2.167

In the way thither, Albuquerque had met with some ships lately come from thence, which [ 10] he assaulted and tooke: in which prelude of a greater Warre, this happened remarkable, That Naodabeguea, one of those which had before conspired against Sequeria, receiued diuers wounds, by which at last hee fell, but neyther Bloud nor Soule issued, which both, as from a broken Vessell, suddenly fled, after a gold Chayne was taken from his arme. The cause, they learned to be a Bone of a Beast called Cabis, in the Countrey of Siam,* 2.168 which being included in that Chayne, included the bloud also, those open passages notwithstanding. This Iewell was sent into Portugall for a raritie, but perished by shipwracke in the way.

The victorie at Malacca spread the Portugall fame, caused Leagues and Legates of diuers Nations; and occasioned their search and discouerie of the Ilands of Amboino, Banda, and the [ 20] Molucca's. Yea, the Samorin of Calecut, and Idalcan himselfe sought their amitie,* 2.169 and the Ne∣gus of Abassia or Prester Iohn sent an Embassador into Portugall. The King of Maldiva became Vassall to King Emanuel. Antonius Abreus was employed for the Molucca's:* 2.170 which first came to Iava, then to Amboino, setting his Stone Pillars in both places: next to Banda, the name of diuers Ilands, where Nutmegs and Mace onely, for ought then knowne, in all the World, did grow. The fame of Malacca had pierced hither, and prepared ea••e Conditions to a League; as also to the Molucca's: where the two emulous Kings of Ternate and Tidore were ambitious which should first winne them to their side; their mutuall Quarrels opening a ready aduantage to the Portugals, by taking part with one to make his best of both.

These Quarrels they haue transmitted to their Posteritie; and euen at this day the Hol∣lander [ 30] taking part with the one, and the Spaniard (who hath here succeeded the Portugall) with the other, out of their euils gather benefit to themselues. So foolish, and not impious alone, is Strife, that besides mutuall mischiefes to and by each other, they expose themselues to forraine both scorne and gayne.

Notes

• * 1.1

  In the sweat of thy Browes thou shalt eat, &c.
• * 1.2

  Os homini subl me dedit, Coelum{que} vide••c, &c.
• * 1.3

  Faith is the euidence of things vnseene. Heb. 11.1. Deut. 34.
• * 1.4

  Ps. 104.
• * 1.5

  — Nil nisi pontus & aether.—Coelum vndi{que} & vndi{que} pontus.
• * 1.6

  Two later helpes of Na∣uigation vn∣knowne to Antiquitie.
• * 1.7

  Gilbertus de Magnete.
• * 1.8

  Prima ratem ventis credere docta Tyrus.
• * 1.9

  Vid. §. 7.
• * 1.10

  1503. Vert. c. 14.
• a 1.11

  A Towne in the Kingdome of Naples: of which is this Ver••, Prima dedit ••••••tis vsum Magnetis Ama••phis.
• b 1.12

  Lo••. de Go∣mara, cap. 9. Bellon. O••s. ••. 2. c. 16.
• c 1.13

  America. Vide Epist. Ed. Wright. ante Gilb. op. de Mag.
• d 1.14

  How vaine •• thing is Man? who can by reason mani∣fest the num∣ber of the Sph••res? of the Elements? or that there are Spheres? their substance, ope∣ration m••tion? yea, whether the Earth or the Heauens moue, or both, is yet vndeci∣ded. How many opinions of the Ancients are now proued false by experi∣ence? And had not God giuen vs his Word for the ground of our faith (which the Deuill en∣uying, hath here also ob∣truded Traditi∣on) what cer∣taintie had re∣mained, but knowledge of euill vnto his Posteritie, who for knowledge lost Paradise?
• e 1.15

  Scalig. Exerc. 131.
• f 1.16

  By helpe of the Loadstone, rich ve••nes of Iron and other Metals are dis∣couered. In Militarie Af∣faires, both in Mining, leuel∣ling of Pe••ces in the darke, al••o in Buil∣ding, conuey∣ing of Wat••r-workes, and a thousand other Deui••es, is vse of the Load∣sto••••
• g 1.17

  Hauing dou∣bled the Cape of Good Hope, the Variation doubles and lookes to the West from the Pole, as the Land doth.
• h 1.18

  All Com∣passes are not fi•• ••or all Naui∣gations i•• ap∣pe••res by the differences of those in the Straits, and here &c. the variation least neere the Line in 60.70. or 80. very great, &c.
• * 1.19

  Portugals prayse.
• a 1.20

  P. Pilg. l. 3. c. 2. §. 2.
• * 1.21

  Some say 714.
• b 1.22

  See Spanish Hist. Turquet. li. 1. Bar. Dcc. 1. li. 1.
• c 1.23

  T. Wals. Hist. Ang. An. 1415.
• d 1.24

  A.D. 1188. vid. Mat. Paris. in fine Hen. 2.
• e 1.25

  See Dam. a Goes de Aethiop. Mor. Barrius, Dec. 1. l. 1. Osor. de Reb. Eman. l. 1. Maffaeus Hist. Ind. l. 1.
• f 1.26

  Vide P. Pilg. l. 7. c. 12. §. 2.
• g 1.27

  Of which their Prouerbe was, He which shall passe the Cape of Non, shall turne a∣gaine, or else be gone.
• h 1.28

  Porto, for that it was their Hauen: and Santo, for that it was found on the day of All Saints.
• i 1.29

  Conies strangely mul∣tiplied.
• k 1.30

  The Iland of Madera or Wood disco∣uered.
• * 1.31

  Macham an Englishman.
• l 1.32

  Ant. Galuano, An. Do. 1344.
• m 1.33

  ••ar. Dec. ••. l. 1. c. 3.
• n 1.34

  Madera Sugar.
• o 1.35

  Po••to Sant•• peopled▪
• p 1.36

  Diffi••ulties pret••••ded, to stay the Prince from discoue∣ring further.
• q 1.37

  Baiadore first passed.
• r 1.38

  Cape Blanco.
• s 1.39

  Popes Dona∣tion, as security against Forei∣ners and an in∣centiue to the vulgar, accor∣ding to the conceit of those times.
• t 1.40

  1443.
• u 1.41

  1444.
• x 1.42

  Sanaga and Cape Verde.
• y 1.43

  Canaries. Ant. Galuano. Macham first discouerer of Madera and the Canaries.
• z 1.44

  Prince Henry his death.
• * 1.45

  Ilands of Cape Verde d••scou••red. Bo••ero d. Iso••••.
• * 1.46

  Terceras dis∣couered, or A••ores, or Flemmish Ilands.
• * 1.47

  Mina.
• * 1.48

  One of the Captaines was an Englishman called Diego or Iames Ruiz.
• * 1.49

  Stone Crosses or Pillars ere∣cted in places discouered.
• a 1.50

  Zaire & Congo.
• b 1.51

  Newes from Benin of Pres∣byter Iohn.
• c 1.52

  King of Be∣nin tributarie to him.
• d 1.53

  Enquirie for him by Sea and Land.
• e 1.54

  Cabo Tormen∣toso, or of good Hope, first dis∣couered.
• f 1.55

  Death caused by sudden ioy. The like hap∣ned to an En∣glishman, left 14. moneths in S. Helena.
• g 1.56

  Peter Couilian first discouerer of Prester Iohn, and of the In∣dies, & Sofala.
• * 1.57

  Francis Aluares.
• * 1.58

  Rules of A∣stronomie first applyed to Nauigation.
• * 1.59

  Astrolabe, and Tables of De∣clinations.
• * 1.60

  Herera Dec. 1. l. 1. c. 7. Gomara Hist. Gen. c. 14. See Ede••s Pre∣face to Pet. Mart. Dec.
• * 1.61

  Botero Rel. vn. parte 4. l. 2.
• * 1.62

  Ps. 25.
• * 1.63

  Herera Dec. 1. l. 1. Ouiedo l. 2.
• * 1.64

  Columbo's grounds for discouerie of the new World
• * 1.65

  Gen. 1.28. & 9.••▪
• * 1.66

  Her. Dec. 1. l. 1. c. 2.
• * 1.67

  Why America called India.
• * 1.68

  I. di Barros in his Dec. 1. lib. 3. cap. 11. saith, that he was not beleeued at all, and li∣cenced by the King to goe for Cast••le. But we haue followed He∣rera in the most part of this relation.
• * 1.69

  Ouied. Hist. del Ind. l. 2. c. 5. Herera Dec. 1. l. 1. c. 10.
• * 1.70

  Ouiedo hath Gallega.
• * 1.71

  Mart. Dec. & Ouiedo.
• * 1.72

  When he had runne aboue 700. he recko∣ned lesse then 600. nor their Pilots much more deceiued by the wind alway large.
• * 1.73

  This Grasse they call Sal∣gazzi, or Sara∣gasso, floting in diuers places this and ••hat way, which at first terrified them, as if they had en••oūtred sunken Lands.
• * 1.74

  Rod. de Triana first saw Land.
• * 1.75

  Guanahani, or San Saluador.
• * 1.76

  A Conoa is a Boat made of one tree, which they wrought into that forme with sharpe stones, & helpe of fire: some caried but one, & some aboue 40. or 50. men in them. S. Maria de la Conception. Fernandina. Isabella.
• * 1.77

  Cuba.
• * 1.78

  A Fort.
• * 1.79

  Three Mer∣maids.
• * 1.80

  Pilgrimages vowed.
• * 1.81

  Ps. 107.24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31.
• * 1.82

  Prouidence, lest the Voyage should mis∣carry.
• * 1.83

  Bar. Dec. 1. l. 3. c. 11.
• * 1.84

  Enuy.
• * 1.85

  Impatientiae ••a∣tales ab ipso Diab. depre∣hendo. Diabolus iam tum 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Deus vniuersa opera h••mi••i subiecisset, im∣patienter 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Nec enim dolu∣isset si sustinu∣isset, nec inui∣disset si non do∣luisset. Tert. de patien∣tia. Cyp. de beno pat. Diabo••us homi∣nem ad imagi∣n••m Dei factum impatienter tu∣lit, inde & 〈◊〉〈◊〉 primus & per∣didit.
• * 2.1

  Hanc Bullam habet Lopez de Gomura, in hist. gen. parte 2. c. 19. & R. Eden.
• * 2.2

  This was Eng∣lished and pub∣lished by R. Eden, 1577
• a 2.3

  Seneca.
• b 2.4

  Cice••o.
• c 2.5

  He was be∣fo••e c••lled Ro∣der••cus Borgia, a Spaniard of Val••n••ia.
• d 2.6

  Lucan.
• e 2.7

  Aug. de Ciu. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 c. 4. Qu•••• tibi vt O••••em terra∣rum? sed quia id ego exiguo facio nauigio, latro vocor, quia tu magna classe, imperator.
• f 2.8

  B••n. Card. Bal. &c. vid. script. vit. Pontif. de hoc & seq. PP.
• g 2.9

  This History hath many Te∣stimonies of their owne Authors: see it main••ained agai••st Baron. by Morn. Myst. Iniq. pag 323. in Fol. V••d. ••im. Schard ex v••a. Ge••m. scr••••ta.
• h 2.10

  He maintai∣ned the Popes po••e•• against 〈◊〉〈◊〉 K••ng and the Clergies immunitie (which had committed a∣boue a hundred Murthers, as Neubrig. l. 2. then liuing, te∣stifieth) from the King and iustly therefore by Diuine Prouiden••e (though with humane Iniustice) was murthered himselfe.
• i 2.11

  King Henry the second held the Bridle to the Popes Legate twice, and suffered many stripes on his naked flesh with Roddes.
• k 2.12

  Etsi illa Curia fide••es Christi multoties excruciauerit, nunquam tamen tam lethaliter sauciau••t, &c. Mat. Par. 1255.
• l 2.13

  See Theod. de Ni••m, whi••h li∣ued with him, his three last Chapters of the third book.
• m 2.14

  Whence those Verses, Vendit Alexan∣der C••uces, Alta∣ria, Christum, Vendere iu••e potest, emerat ille prius.
• * 2.15

  Bal. ex H. Mar. Euseb. Cap.
• n 2.16

  See Onuph. in vit. Al. 6.
• o 2.17

  Bel. de R. Pont. in praefat.
• p 2.18

  Onuph. in vit. Al. 6. Pontifex in eam totus in∣cubuit curam vt ingentes filio opes vel summa cum omnium iniuria pararet. And, Inopiae, m••tu ra∣pax at{que} ingenio immani saevus. opulentiss quem{que} in Aula Sacerdo∣tem & in his Cardinales A••i∣quot caeteris diti∣ores veneno tol∣lendos constituit.—Homo ad Ita∣liae exitium na∣tus &c. So Guic. l. 1. non sincer••ta, non fede, non religi∣one auaritia in∣satiabi••e crudelta piuche barbara & ardentiss. cu∣pidita di essal∣tare in qualun{que} modo ei figliuol▪ iquali erano molti. Vid. Iou. Volat &c.
• q 2.19

  Guic. l. 16. Ne nostri cor∣rotti costumi è laudata la bonta del Pontefice quando non tra∣passa la malig∣nità de gli altri huomini.
• * 2.20

  Volat. Roma Nobilis iam car∣nific••na facta.
• r 2.21

  200000 Du∣cats▪ & Christs seame-lesse Coat. Ion. Hist. l. 2:
• * 2.22

  Pontanus of Lucretia▪ the Popes daughter, Hoc iacet in tumulo Lucretia nomine, sed re Thais, Alexandri filia, spo••sa, nurus.
• s 2.23

  Volater. & Bal.
• t 2.24

  Conuersio à conuerrendo. Cic. in Ver. ac. 4. O verrea praeclara. Etenim quam tu Domum, quam Vrbem adijsti, quod fanum deni{que} quod non cu••rsum at{que} extersum reliqueris?
• u 2.25

  2. Reg. 21.13.
• x 2.26

  Mat. 23.
• y 2.27

  See the last Chapter of my Pilgrimage, lib. 9.
• z 2.28

  Lu. 16.
• a 2.29

  2. Cor. 4.4.
• b 2.30

  Bar. Ius Regis, l. ••. c. 3. at pos∣sessio malae fidei 〈◊〉〈◊〉 procedit? ••ercle non in primo possessore nec in haerede proximo aut ne∣cessario, sed legi∣time in posteris & valide &c. licite suff. ad conti••uat. domi∣nij non ad in∣choationem.
• c 2.31

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Lu. 4.5. hoc ille titulo & 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Oecu∣menicus Papa.
• d 2.32

  Taurum Nep∣tuno taurum tibi pulcher Apollo. Virg.
• e 2.33

  2. Sam. 6.
• f 2.34

  Ter. beaut.
• g 2.35

  Se•• the Hist. of that Coun∣cell published in English, translated out of Italian by M. Brent, which d••scouers the pa••ti••ular wor∣kings of that Mysterie.
• h 2.36

  Mat. Paris in Hen. 3. An. 1245.
• * 2.37

  Yet Michael the Archangell, when he stroue against the De∣uill, durst not blame him with cursed speaking. Iude 9.
• i 2.38

  Mirum est quòd is qui in angulo Septen∣trionis d••as in∣sulas subiectas habet, ita de se praesumat, vt di∣cat, nulla expar∣te me Pontifice esse inferiore a credo. Apolog. p. 26. Vid. resp. E••. E••. pag. 78.
• * 2.39

  Ad An. 1245.
• k 2.40

  Matth. Paris verè ho••tus no∣ster deliciarum, est Anglia verè puteus ine•• bau∣sius est, & vbi multa abundant, multa possunt extorquers de multis.
• l 2.41

  Idem. A. 1245.
• m 2.42

  Vid. ••esp. ad Apol. R.P. Epist. El. pag. 82. vid. & T••rt. T. pag. 217.
• n 2.43

  Constat ab Ad. ••. Po••t. da∣t••m fuiss•• Hib. Hen 2. An. 1126. pag. 29.
• o 2.44

  Hist. Con. Trent.
• * 2.45

  Balaams counsell for Peor, his idola∣trous Priests are more to be feared then his Bulls.
• q 2.46

  Primus titulus ius est. socialis belli &c. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. tit. verus profecto & Germanus est inuitatio ordi∣num regni & totius Cleri, 4. Archiep. 28. E∣pis••. &c.
• r 2.47

  Baron. to. 12. An. 1171.
• s 2.48

  Vid. Ep. El. est Card. Bel. Apa••. resp. pag. 86.
• p 2.49

  G. ••arret I.C. li. 3. c. 3. ••d Lud. 13. Gal. K.
• t 2.50

  Lu. 16.
• u 2.51

  Matth Paris ad An. ••155.
• x 2.52

  Onuph in vita Bonifac. 3.
• * 2.53

  Nonne Rex A••glor••m noster est vasallus & vt pius d••cam mancipium, said the Pope, an∣gred with a Letter o•• Rob. Gro••••ed A. 1253. ap. Mat. Par. t••rao aspectu & s••••e••bo &c.
• y 2.54

  Mat. Paris A••. 1155.
• * 2.55

  The very word 〈◊〉〈◊〉 are 〈…〉〈…〉 &••.
• * 2.56

  〈◊〉〈◊〉. de Mag. R.E. l. 2 c. ••. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 tit. R. E. potestas in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Principes 〈◊〉〈◊〉 creaadospunc; and hauing named very many, hee con••••u••e••, E••t 〈…〉〈…〉 S. Sedis e••••mia ••ot ••••as in Prouincijs Ch••i••tianis su••t 〈◊〉〈◊〉 h••••••tate Reges 〈…〉〈…〉 &c.
• * 2.57

  〈…〉〈…〉 ap. Stench. l. 2. cont. Vallam pro Dan. Const. Bodin. de Re••ub. l. 1. c. 9. vid. & Tort. Tort. p. 21••.
• a 2.58

  〈1 paragraph〉〈1 paragraph〉
• b 2.59

  Mat. Paris, An. 1254. Idem e••t acs••••••is dic••ret, ven••o vel do tibi lu∣nam, as••ende & appr••hende eam.
• c 2.60

  Phi••. R. Hisp. Cath. Edictum cont. tractat. C. Bar. de ••ion. Sic.
• d 2.61

  Heb. 1.
• e 2.62

  Col. 1.
• f 2.63

  Ap 3.
• g 2.64

  Ph. 2.
• h 2.65

  Lu••. 2••.
• i 2.66

  Luc. 2.
• k 2.67

  Mat••. 22.
• l 2.68

  Io. 18.
• m 2.69

  6.15.
• n 2.70

  Luc. 12.
• o 2.71

  ••on. 8. vnam s••nc.
• p 2.72

  Mat. ••0. Luc. 22.
• q 2.73

  1. Pet. 5. These places are produ••ed by Victoria in his Relect. de▪ Indis, n. 27. & de pet. Ecclesiae.
• r 2.74

  2. Cor. 10.
• s 2.75

  2. Tim. 2. vid. Amb. ad istum lo••.
• t 2.76

  Mat. Par. An. 1196.
• u 2.77

  Io. 18.36.
• x 2.78

  Bern. ••e consid. l. 2.
• y 2.79

  Can. Ap. 80. & 82.
• z 2.80

  See my Pilg. l. 6. c. 11. §. 3.
• a 2.81

  D.D. Epis••. El. T••rt. T. & Resp. & D. Morten & Abbat. & B••ck. & Down. & Arch. Spalat. l. ••. c. 10. D. Sutl. de Pont. R. l. 4. c. 14. D. Whitak. & Rain. & Col. &c.
• b 2.82

  Barclayus P. & F. G. Barret. Ioan. Paris. Iac. Alma••n. Serbona ••n Tanquerelli Pali••od. Relect. Victoriae &c.
• c 2.83

  Bulla Iura∣menti de profes. ••d.
• d 2.84

  See my Pilg. l. 3. c. 3.
• e 2.85

  See twentie such Articles against the state of Kings, drawne out of Bellarmine by the B. of W. in his learned Answer to the Apologie. Pag. 62.
• f 2.86

  Bon. Ex∣ti••••. vn••m sanc.
• g 2.87

  Reg. Pol••. de sum. P. c. 47.
• h 2.88

  Mat. Par. in H. 3. An. 1252. nonne dom. Papa m••ltoties factum suum reuocat? Nonne opposito hoc repagu••o Non Obstante chartas cassat pr••concessas? Sic & ego &c.
• i 2.89

  Idem A. 1251. 1254. & 1256. &c.
• k 2.90

  Mat. 18.
• l 2.91

  1. Cor. 5.12, 13.
• m 2.92

  Fr. à Vict. Relec. de Pot. Eccl. s.
• n 2.93

  Rom. 13.
• o 2.94

  Relect. de Ind. n. 38.
• p 2.95

  Ca••et. ad sum. 22. q. 66. ar. 8. Do••ini quamuis Infidel••s l••giti∣mi D••min sunt, nec sunt ••••op••er i fid. à D••••inio suo••um 〈…〉〈…〉, cù 〈…〉〈…〉 & 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ex D••uino iure &c.
• q 2.96

  Caiet. vbi s••p.
• r 2.97

  〈1 paragraph〉〈1 paragraph〉
• f 2.98

  Bart. Cas. of the Spanish Cruelties.
• * 2.99

  See P. Pilg. lib. 2. cap. 20. Of Egypt, their Mneuis, Apis, Ba••is, Onuphis, &c. l. 6▪ c. 4.
• t 2.100

  Cort. Narrat. ad Imp ••ar.
• u 2.101

  Benzo l. 3. c. 3. See the whole Oration groū∣ded on th••s Bull, the Pope thereby giuing Terras incogni∣••as, id{que} vi co∣actum &c. S••c Lop. Vaz, L., Gomera, G••rc. de la Vega, &c.
• x 2.102

  ••••ter arma sil ni Leges. Non ex iure ma∣nu consertum, sed mage ferro Rem repetent. I. Acosta de pro∣curanda Indo∣rum salut••, l. 1. c. 13, 14. l▪ 2. c. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 14, 15. l. 3. c. 3, 4, 5. l. 4. c. 4, 5, &c. He also shewes how naturall Merchandise is, and how vniust it is to prohibite it: producing he example of the Chinois; he might, of this Bull.
• * 2.103

  In the last Chapter of my Pilgrimage.
• a 2.104

  1. Co. 1.13.
• b 2.105

  Bon. 8. Extr. de 〈◊〉〈◊〉. & ob.
• c 2.106

  B••llar. in his Ma••. Tort. vid. T••rturam T. pag. 32.
• d 2.107

  1. Cor. 12.13.
• e 2.108

  Gal. 3.27, 28.
• f 2.109

  Vict. de Carb. l. 1. c. 4, 5.
• g 2.110

  Tort. T••••ti. pag. 201.
• h 2.111

  Acost. sae i••in l••b. de proc. ••••d. sal.
• i 2.112

  2. Th. 2. vid. Down. de An∣tich. l 5. c. 6.
• k 2.113

  2. Th. 2. vid. Down l. 4. c. 1.
• * 2.114

  Ch. Col.
• * 2.115

  Barr••us quo sup. M••ff. hist. ••nd. l. 1. H••rera, Dec. 1. l. 2. c. 8, 9, 10.
• * 2.116

  The Popes au∣thoritie infrin∣ged by a latter accord.
• * 2.117

  Emanuel King of Portugall.
• * 2.118

  Bar. Dec. 1. l. 4. c. 1.
• * 2.119

  Osor. de reb. Eman. l. 1. Bay of Saint Helena.
• * 2.120

  The folly of a cowardly fol∣low.
• * 2.121

  Mutinie the fore-runner of greatest Ex∣ploits.
• * 2.122

  Benefit of condemned persons.
• * 2.123

  Mozambique discouer••d.
• * 2.124

  The Compas, and Sea-Cards and Quad••ants in vse with Mor••s in the Indian Seas▪ before the Por∣tugals discoue∣red them.
• * 2.125

  Mores, who are vsually cal∣led: I thinke that they were first so called, because out of Mauritania, they passed first into Spain: and therefore ••ll of that Religion, which the Spa∣nish Na••ion found in their Discoueries of Africa and In∣dia, they called Mores. But the other Nations Mahumetan, of which, the knowledge hath come to vs ouer land, & not by the Ca∣stilian or Por∣tugall▪ retayne their own titles, as Turks, &c. His question is, whether they came out of Barbary▪ which before called Mauritania, gaue them this name of Mores, or out o•• Tur∣kie?
• a 2.126

  Quiloa.
• b 2.127

  Mombaza.
• c 2.128

  Morish tre∣cherie.
• d 2.129

  Melinde.
• e 2.130

  Christians of India.
• * 2.131

  Nairos are the Guard and Souldiors.
• * 2.132

  Images at the first sight, &c.
• * 2.133

  How neere a consanguini••ie is in all k••nds o•• Idolatry? How e••sie a passage from ye worship ye know not what, to the worship of the Deuill himse••fe? Of these Deuoti∣ons, see my Pilgrimage▪ l. 5. The like hap∣pened to the Iapon Christi∣ans, which see∣ing the Picture o•• Venus and Adonis in Cap∣taine S••ris his Ship, wo••ship∣ped the same, m••st king it for the Picture of the Virgin, &c.
• * 2.134

  Osor. l. 2.
• * 2.135

  Malice of Mores.
• * 2.136

  Timoia a Py∣rate.

  Anchediva. Goa, and their trecherie.
• * 2.137

  Magadoxo.
• * 2.138

  Melinde.
• * 2.139

  Zanzibar.
• * 2.140

  Watering of S. Blase.
• * 2.141

  1500.
• * 2.142

  Land of Brasil first discouered
• * 2.143

  Puerto Seguro
• * 2.144

  Difficulties in all great At∣tempts.
• * 2.145

  Zofala.
• * 2.146

  Quiloa.
• * 2.147

  Mores treche∣rie.
• * 2.148

  Melinde.
• * 2.149

  Anchediva.
• * 2.150

  Calicut.
• * 2.151

  Cananor.
• * 2.152

  Warre begun twixt Mores and Portugals.
• * 2.153

  Cochin.
• * 2.154

  Coulam.
• * 2.155

  Staple erected at Cochin.
• * 2.156

  The third, and fourth, and fi••t Voyages to India.
• * 2.157

  Commission to mak•• them∣selues LL. of the Sea.
• * 2.158

  Molucca's.
• * 2.159

  Maff. l. 4. Malacca. Cape Cory. G. of Bengala. Samotra.
• * 2.160

  Chryse, or Aurea Chersonessus.
• * 2.161

  Mores treche∣rie at Malacca.
• * 2.162

  Chesse-play in India.
• * 2.163

  Ormuz tribu∣tarie to Portu∣gall.
• * 2.164

  Bar. Dec. 2. l. 10. Maff. l. 4. in fine. See Bar. Dec. 2. l. 5, 6 & 7. Osor. de reb. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. 7, 8, 9, 10.
• * 2.165

  Goa wonne and lost, and recouered a∣gaine.
• * 2.166

  Red Sea.
• * 2.167

  Malacca won.
• * 2.168

  A Chayne of strange vertue. Cabis, a strange Beast.
• * 2.169

  Amboino, B••n∣da, Molucca's.
• * 2.170

  Maldiva.