Purchas his pilgrimes. part 1 In fiue bookes. The first, contayning the voyages and peregrinations made by ancient kings, patriarkes, apostles, philosophers, and others, to and thorow the remoter parts of the knowne world: enquiries also of languages and religions, especially of the moderne diuersified professions of Christianitie. The second, a description of all the circum-nauigations of the globe. The third, nauigations and voyages of English-men, alongst the coasts of Africa ... The fourth, English voyages beyond the East Indies, to the ilands of Iapan, China, Cauchinchina, the Philippinæ with others ... The fifth, nauigations, voyages, traffiques, discoueries, of the English nation in the easterne parts of the world ... The first part.

The Answere.

THe matter of this Obiection is very weighty, and therefore it ought to be answered fully; the which that I may the better performe, I will diuide the same into three parts. In the first, I will consider the necessary vse of the wares, which are vsu∣ally [ 40] brought out of East India into Europe; namely, Drugges, Spices, Raw-silke, In∣dico, [ 1] and Callicoes. In the second, I will imitate the manner and meanes by which the said wares haue beene heretofore, and now are brought into Europe. In the third and last, I will [ 2] prooue, that the treasure of England is not consumed, but rather greatly to be increased, by the [ 3] performance of the said Trade.

Touching the first, Who is so ignorant in any famous commonwealth,* 1.1 which will not consent to the moderate vse of wholsome Drugges and comfortable Spices? Which haue been so much desired in all times, and by so many Nations, not thereby to surfeit, or to please a lickorish taste (as it often happeneth, with many other fruites and wines) but rather as things most necessary to preserue their health, and to cure their diseases;* 1.2 euen as it is most notably set foorth by some learned men, who haue vndertaken to write vpon this subiect: and therefore it shall be altoge∣ther [ 50] needlesse heere to discourse vpon their seuerall operations and vertues, seeing that he that listeth, may be well instructed therein; if hee will peruse the Volumes which are penned by the learned, for the benefit of all those who shall make vse thereof.

But if peraduenture it be yet further vrged, that diuers Nations liue without the vse of Druggs and Spices: the answere is, That either s••ch people know not their vertue, and therefore suffer much by the want of wares so healthfull, or else they are most miserable, being without meanes to obtaine the things which they so much want: but sithence I intend to be briefe, I will insist no further vpon this point: For the Obiecters might aswell denie vs the vse of Sugers, Wines, Oyles, Raysons, Figges, Prunes, and Currands; and with farre more reason exclaime against Tobacco, Cloth of Gold and Siluer, Lawnes, Cambricks, Gold and Siluer-lace, Veluets, Sat∣tens, [ 60] Taffataes, and diuers other manifactures, yeerely brought into this Realme for an infinite value: all which as it is most true, that whilest we consume them, they likewise deuoure our wealth; yet neuertheles, the moderate vse of all these wares hath euer suted well with the riches and Maiestie of this Kingdome.

* 1.3But I will come to the raw Silkes and Indico, this being so excellent for the dying of our woollen clothes, thereby so much esteemed in so many places of the world; that ornament, to∣gether with the great reliefe and maintenance of so many hundreds of poore people, who are continually imployed, in the winding, twisting, and weauing of the same: Insomuch, that by the cherishing of this businesse (as his Maiestie for his part is graciously pleased to performe, in remitting the impost of Silke) it may well be hoped, that in short time, industrie will make the Art to flourish with no lesse happinesse to this Kingdome, then it hath done (through many ages) to diuers states in Italy, and lately also to the Kingdome of France, and to the vnited Prouinces of the Low-countreyes.

Now as touching the Trade of Callicoes, of many sorts, into which the English lately made an entrance, although it cannot be truely said, that this commoditie is profitable, for the state of [ 10] Christendome in generall (in respect they are the manifacture of Infidels, and in great part the weare of Christians) yet neuerthelesse, this commoditie likewise is of singular vse, for this com∣mon-wealth in particular; not onely therewith to increase the trade into forraine parts, but also thereby greatly to abate the excessiue prices of Cambrickes, Holland, and other sorts of Linnen cloth, which daily are brought into this Kingdome for a very great summe of money. And this shall suffice concerning the necessary vse of the Indian wares: In the next place, I will set forth the manner and meanes of their importing into Europe* 1.4

It is an errour in those men; who thinke that the trade of the East Indies into Europe had first entrance, by the discouerie of the Nauigation by the Cape of Good Hope. For many yeeres be∣fore that time, the trafficke of those parts had his ordinary course by shipping from diuers places [ 20] in the Indies, yeerely resorting with their wares to Mocha in the Red-Sea, and Balsera in the Persian Gulfe: From both which places, the Merchandise (with great charges) were after trans∣ported ouer-land by the Turkes vpon Cammels, fiftie dayes iourney, vnto Aleppo in Soria, and to Alexandria in Egypt, (which are in the Mart Townes, from whence diuers Nations, as well Turkes as Christians doe continually disperse the said Wares by Sea into the parts of Europe:) by which course, the common enemie of Christendome (the Turke) was Master of the Trade, which did greatly imploy, and inrich his Subiects, and also fill the Coffers of his owne Customes, which he exacted at very high rates;* 1.5 But by the prouidence of Almightie God, the discouerie of that Nauigation, to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope (now so much frequented by the English, Portugals, and Dutch; and also attempted by other Christian Kingdomes) hath not [ 30] onely much decayed the great Commerce betweene the Indians and the Turkes in the Red Sea; and in the Persian Gulfe (to their infinite hurt, and to the great increase of Christian Trade,) but it hath also brought a further happinesse vnto Christendome in generall, and to the Realme of England in particular, for the venting of more English Commodities; and for exporting of a lesse quantitie of Siluer out of Europe vnto the Infidels, by many thousand pounds yearely, then hath beene accustomed in former times; as I shall prooue most plainely by that which fol∣loweth.

And first, it will be necessarie to set downe the quantitie of Spices, Indico, and Persian raw Silke (which is yeerely consumed in Europe) and in them all to consider the cost with the char∣ges to lade the same Commodities cleere aboord the ships from Aleppo; and the like of all the [ 40] selfe same wares, as they haue beene vsually dispatched from the Ports of the East Indies; where∣in will appeare that happinesse, which many doe so much oppose; especially our owne Coun∣trey-men,* 1.6 vnder the gilded termes of the Common-wealth; whilest being indeed either igno∣rant, or ill affected, they doe not onely grosly erre themselues, but also cause others to hinder as much as in them lyerh, the glorie and wel-fare of this Kingdome; but leauing them, I will set downe the said wares, in their quantitie and prices as followeth; and first,

At ALEPPO,

* 1.7 Sixe thousand thousand pounds of Pepper, cost with charges at two shillings the pound, six hundred thousand pound. Foure hundred fiftie thousand pounds of Cloues, at foure shillings nine pence the pound, cost one hundred sixe thousand eight hundreth seuentie fiue pound tenne [ 50] shillings. One hundreth and fiftie thousand pounds of Mace at foure shillings nine pence the pound, cost there thirtie fiue thousand sixe hundred twentie sixe pound. Foure hundred thou∣sand pounds of Nutmegs at two shillings foure pence the pound, cost fortie sixe thousand sixe hundred sixtie sixe pound thirteene shillings foure pence. Three hundred fiftie thousand of In∣dico, at foure shillings foure pence the pound, cost seuentie fiue thousand eight hundred thirtie three pound, sixe shillings eight pence. One thousand thousand of Persia raw Silke at twelue shillings the pound, come to sixe hundreth thousand pound. The whole summe of all is 1465001. pounds, ten shillings.

Now follow the same wares both for quantitie and qualitie at their seuerall prices, as they [ 60] are to be bought and laden cleere of charges,

In the East INDIES,

Sixe thousand thousand pounds of Pepper, cost with charges at two pence halfe pennie the pound, sixtie two thousand fiue hundred pound. Foure hundred fiftie thousand pounds of

Cloues at nine pence the pound, cost sixteene thousand eight hundred seuentie fiue pounds. One hundred and fiftie thousand pounds of Mace, at eight pence the pound, cost fiue thousand pounds. Foure hundred thousand pounds of Nutmegs, at foure pence the pound, cost sixe thousand sixe hundred sixtie sixe pounds thirteene shillings foure pence. Three hundred and fiftie thousand pounds of Indico, at fourteene pence the pound,* 1.8 cost twentie thousand foure hundred and six∣teene pounds twelue shillings foure pence. Ten hundred thousand pounds Persia raw Silke, at eight shillings the pound, cost foure hundred thousand pounds. The whole summe of all is, 511458. pounds, 5. shillings, 8. pence.

So that by the substance, and summes of these accounts it doth plainely appeare, that the buy∣ing [ 10] of the said quantitie of raw Silkes, Indico, and Spices, may be performed in the Indies, for neere one third part of the readie moneys, which were accustomed to be sent into Turkey to pro∣uide the same: So that there will be saued euery yeere the value of nine hundred fiftie three thousand fiue hundred fortie three pounds foure shillings foure pence sterling, of readie moneys, that heretofore hath beene exported out of Christendome into Turkey: which is a matter of such note and consequence, that it may seeme incredible, before the circumstance be duely con∣sidered; and therefore left I should leaue the matter in doubt, it is requisite, that I doe make an explanation of some particulars.

And principally, it must not be conceiued, that this great aduantage which hath beene spo∣ken of, is onely the Merchants gayne; for the Common-wealth of Christendome, hath a very great part thereof in the cheapnesse of the Wares, as shall be (God willing) proued hereafter in his due place.

[ 20] Secondly, the time of the Merchants forbearance and interest is very long; his aduenture and assurance much dearer; his charges of Shipping, Victuals, Mariners, and Factors their wages, farre greater then by the voyage into Turkey for the same Wares: so that the former great diffe∣rence must be vnderstood in these particulars: whereby we may perceiue to our comfort, that the materials of the Kingdome,* 1.9 and the employments of the Subiects (in lieu of readie mo∣neys) becomes a very great part of the price which is payed for the said Indian Wares: which cannot hurt the State (as some erroniously suppose) but greatly helpe it, as I shall better proue in that which followeth.

First therefore, I shew for an vndoubted truth, That the Persians, Moores, and Indians, who trade with the Turkes at Aleppo, Mocha, and Alexandria, for raw Silkes, Drugs, Spices, Indico, [ 30] and Callicoes; haue alwayes made, and still doe make their returnes in readie money: for other Wares, there are but few which they desire from forraine parts; some Chamlets, Corrall, wrought Silke, woollen Cloth, with some trifles, they doe yeerly vent in all, not for aboue fortie or fiftie thousand pounds sterling; which is no valuable summe in respect of that wealth which is carried from Aleppo and Constantinople into Persia for raw Silkes; when least, fiue hundred thousand pounds sterling per annum: and from Mocha about sixe hundred thousand pounds sterling (likewise yeerely into India) for returne of Callicoes, Drugs, Sugar, Rice, Tobacco, and diuers other things. So here is stil a very great commerce maintayned betweene those Infi∣dels; not onely for the Callicoes of many sorts, and other Wares (which concerne their owne vse) but also for the raw Silkes of Persia, which are altogether transported into Christendome.

How worthie an enterprise is it therefore in the English East India Companie? by whose en∣deauours [ 40] there is now good hope to turne a great part of this wealthie Trade into England, by shipping directly from the Persian Gulfe, whereby the employments, trafficke, and Customes of the Turkes, may be still more and more impaired, and the generall Treasure of Christendome much lesse consumed; as is already performed for the businesse of Spices and Indico.

And who shall then doubt our want of Siluer to maintaine the Trade? if by this way we doe obtaine the Silke, which with more aduantage and conueniencie will draw the money to this Mart, then it hath beene heretofore conueyed vnto those remote Dominions of the Turke.

And lest peraduenture it should be thought, that the trafficke in those parts by the Christians for the Persian Silke, is performed by change for other Wares, or by the money which procee∣deth of the sales of many rich Commodities, which yeerely they sell at Aleppo, Alexandria, [ 50] Constantinople, and these parts. The answere is, that neither the Venetians, French, nor Dutch, doe vent so much of their owne Countrie Commodities in those parts, as doe prouide their ne∣cessarie wants of the proper Wares of Turkes: such as are the fine raw Silke made in Soria, Chamlets, Grograns, Cotten Woolls, Cotten Yarne, Galls, Flax, Hempe, Fleece Woolls, Rice, Hides, Waxe, and diuers other things; so that still the raw Silkes of Persia, must be bought with readie money. Onely the English haue more aduantage then any other Nation in this kind: for they vent so great a quantitie of Broad-clothes, Tinne, and other English Commo∣dities, that the proceed thereof, doth not onely prouide a sufficient quantitie of part of the said [ 60] Turkish Wares (which fit their vse) but also a proportion of about three hundred great Balls of Persia raw Silke yeerely.

And if in any yeere they chance to buy a greater quantitie of Silke, then must and doe they furnish the same in readie moneys from the Ports of Marcellis, Genouay, Ligorne, Venice, or the

Netherlands. Neither are these the onely meanes, whereby the Empire of the Turke is so abun∣dantly stored with Gold and Siluer, to the performance of the Indian Trade. For, many are the Christian ships which yeerely lade with Corne for readie moneys in the Archipelago: great is the commerce from Poland, Hungarie, and Germanie, with Gold and Dollers, for Chamlets, Grograns,* 1.10 and other things: But that which is very remarkable, is the great quantitie of Gold, and some Siluer coyned in Grand-Cairo, which by two seuerall Carauans (in bullion) is yeerly brought thither from the Abassens Countrey in Ethiopia, for returne of many rich Commodi∣ties, as Veluets, Sattins, Cloth of Gold, Taffatas, wollen Cloth, pollished Corrall, and other things.

Thus by the coherence of the Turkish Trade with the Christians, Persians, and Indians, I haue shewed both the manner and the meanes, whereby the East Indian Wares haue beene heretofore, [ 10] and yet are in part, procured into Christendome. But lest it should seeme incredible, that the Turke would let so great a masse of Treasure yeerely to passe his Dominions, to the Indians, and to the Persians his professed enemies; I will make the matter yet more plaine.

And first concerning the raw Silkes, it is alreadie shewed, that he hath the money from the Christians, besides the benefit he reapeth in their Customes, with great employments also for his Subiects.* 1.11 And for Callicoes (his whole Empire hauing little or no other meanes for Lin∣nen) he cannot possibly be without them, although it hath, and doth greatly exhaust his Trea∣sure, neither doth he gayne any manufacture by the same, as the Christians haue alwayes done by the raw Silke, to the great reliefe of innumerable poore people, so much prouided for, by the pollicie of all well gouerned and flourishing Common-wealths; As by this occasion, and in a [ 20] businesse of the like kind,* 1.12 I may instance the States of Genouay, Florence, and Luca; who for the maintenance of Arts and Trade, doe prouide raw Silkes out of Sicilia for the value of fiue hun∣dred thousand pounds sterling at least yeerly; and for the payment thereof they doe vent at Naples, Palermo, Messina, and those parts, a certaine quantitie of Florence Rashes, and some o∣ther Wares, for about one hundred and fiftie thousand pounds sterling per annum; so the rest, be∣ing three hundred and fiftie thousand pounds sterling, is supplied all in readie moneys: which treasure they doe willingly forsake to procure their Trade: for experience hath taught them that Trade is their employment, and doth returne them Treasure; for by those Silkes (being wrought, transported, and sold at Frankford and other Marts,) they haue the better meanes to furnish their Contracts with the King of Spaine in Flanders; and so from Spaine the Siluer must [ 30] returne againe to Italie. But if I should runne out in this and other particulars (fitting our pur∣pose) it would make me too tedious, and so carrie mee beyond my ayme. which is to be briefe.

Wherefore I will proceed to cleere some doubts in those men, who perhaps not hauing the knowledge of occurrents in forraine parts, might thinke that neither Venice, nor Marcellis haue the meanes or yet the minds, to export such great summes of readie moneyes yeerely out of those Dominions, especially Marcellis being a part of France, where neighbourhood doth daily tell vs, that Gold and Siluer may not bee conuayed out of that Kingdome, for any valuable summe, more then is permitted for the necessarie vse of Trauellers: yet neuerthelesse, experi∣ence hath likewise taught vs, that for the effecting of those Trades (whereof we now speake, and which they esteeme so much) there is a free extraction out of the said places, of moneyes [ 40] both gold and siluer; whereof with them there is no want; for, the said Wares doe procure it abundantly.

* 1.13First, to Marcellis, it commeth not onely from Genouay, Ligorne, Cartagenia, Malliga, and many other Port Townes of Spaine and Italy, but also from Paris, Roan, Sainct-Malloes, Tolouse, Rochell, Deepe, and other Cities of France; who want not meanes to haue great store of Rials and Dollers from Spaine and Germanie.

And in the like manner, the Venetians dispersing the said raw Silkes, and other Wares into the seuerall States of Italie, Germanie, and Hungarie, (who haue but few Commodities fitting their barter or exchange, but onely moneyes) are there with abundantly serued: for, the Mynes of Hungarie and Germanie affoord good quantitie of Gold and Siluer; and likewise the States of [ 50] Italie, especially Genouay, Florence, and Millane, haue euer store of Rials out of Spaine in satisfa∣ction of many great disbursements,* 1.14 which those Merchants make for that King in his occasions of Italie and Flanders; of all which I might make a large discourse, but I conceiue I haue said suf∣ficient, to shew how the Trade of the East Indies hath beene, and now is brought into Christen∣dome generally; what money is yeerely sent out, by whom, and the possibilitie or meanes which they haue to performe it. I will therefore in the next place, satisfie the Obiectors, that it is not the East India Trade, which wasteth the Gold, and Siluer, Coyne, or other treasure of this Kingdome in particular.

For first, who knoweth not that Gold in the East Indies hath no ratable price with Siluer? [ 60] Neither hath the Siluer coyne of England any equall value with the Spanish Rials according to their seueral prices here; besides that, his Maiestie hath not authorized the East India Company, to send away any part of this Kingdoms Coyne, either Gold or Siluer; but only a certain limi∣ted sum of forren siluer yeerly; which as they dare not exceed, so neuer haue they as yet accom∣plished

the same. For it doth plainly appeare in their bookes, that from the originall and first foundation of the Trade in Anno 1601. vntill the moneth of Iuly,* 1.15 Anno 1620. they haue shipped away onely fiue hundred fortie eight thousand and ninety pounds sterling in Spanish Rials, and some Dollers; whereas by licence, they might haue exported in that time seuen hundred and twentie thousand pounds s••••rling. Also they haue laden away in the same terme of ninteene yeeres, out of this Kingdome two hundred ninetie two thousand two hundred eightie sixe pounds sterling in Broad-clothes, Kersies, Lead, Tinne, with some other English and forraine Commodities; which is a good Addition, and vent of our Wares, into such remote places; where heretofore they haue had no vtterance at all.

[ 10] And note, I pray you, how time and industrie hath bettered this Trade,* 1.16 when in the last three yeeres there hath beene sent more Wares to the Indies, then in the sixteene yeeres before; and yet our expectation is not at the highest; for those new borne Trades within the Red Sea, and in the Persian Gulfe, doe bid vs hope for better things, as lately by Letters from Spahan, we vnderstand of great quantitie of raw Silke prepared by the English Factors, which (by Gods assistance) wee may expect here about the moneth of August next, with encouragement also to vent our English Cloth, and Kersies in good quantities; the like of Iron, Tinne, and other things, whereof experience (of those already sold) hath giuen vs sufficient approbation of their validitie.

And now (omitting much matter which might be written touching the discoueries of other Trades from one Kingdome or Port to another in the Indies, with the Commodities thereof;* 1.17 [ 20] whereby the employment of our ships, together with the Stocke of money and goods which is sent out of England in them, may be much encreased) I will draw to a conclusion of the point in hand, and shew that whatsoeuer summes of forraine readie moneyes are yeerely sent from hence into the East Indies, his Maiestie in the Letters Patents granted to that Companie, hath notwithstanding with singular care prouided, that the brethren of the Companie, shall yeerely bring in as much Siluer, as they send forth; which hath beene alwayes truly performed, with an ouerplus, to the increase of this Kingdomes treasure: Neither is it likely that the money which is thus contracted for by the Companie at certaine prices, and to be deliuered them at times appointed, would be otherwise brought into England, but onely by vertue and for the per∣formance of the said Contracts: for, without this assurance of vent, together with a good price for the said moneyes, the Merchants would vndoubtedly make their returnes in other [ 30] Wares; the vse and extraordinarie consume whereof, would be found lesse profitable to the Common-wealth, when the matter should be duly considered, as I shall yet further endeauour to demonstrate.

And here I will suppose, That the East India Companie may ship out yeerely one hundred thousand pounds sterling: yet it is most certaine, that the Trade being thus driuen, with sums of readie moneys, it will not decay, but rather much increase the treasure of the Kingdome: which to proue, I will briefly set downe the substance of the English Trade vnto the East Indies, concer∣ning the quantitie of the seuerall sorts of Wares, to be yeerly bought there, and sold here; with the vsuall prices giuen for them in both places. And first, I will beginne with their cost and charges laden cleere aboord the ships in the East Indies.

In the East INDIES.

[ 40]

Two thousand fiue hundred thousand pounds of Pepper, at two pence half-penie the pound, cost twentie sixe thousand fortie one pounds thirteene shillings foure pence. One hundred and fiftie thousand pounds of Cloues, at nine pence the pound, cost fiue thousand six hundred twen∣tie sixe pounds. One hundred and fiftie thousand pounds of Nutmegs, at foure pence the pound, cost two thousand fiue hundred pounds. Fiftie thousand pounds of Mace, at eight pence the pound, cost one thousand sixe hundred sixtie sixe pounds thirteene shillings foure pence. Two hundred thousand pounds of Indico, at fourteene pence the pound, cost eleuen thousand sixe hundred sixtie sixe pounds thirteene shillings foure pence. One hundred and seuen thousand one hundred fortie pounds of China raw Silkes, at seuen shillings the pound, cost thirtie seuen thou∣sand [ 50] foure hundred nintie nine pounds. Fiftie thousand of Callicoes of seuerall sorts, rated at se∣uen shillings the piece one with another, fifteene thousand pounds. The whole summe of all is, one hundred thousand pounds.

All the said Merchandize haue beene often experienced, or bought at or about the prices aboue written; and we doe hope for our parts (besides the Trade of raw Silkes from Persia) yeerely, to lade from the Indies, such quantitie of the seuerall sorts of Wares as are here set downe (if it shall please his Maiestie, to protect and defend vs concerning the Articles of agreement made with the Dutch, that they may not violate any of them to our hindrance or damage) all which wares in England will yeeld (as I doe conceiue) the prices hereafter following, viz.

[ 60]

In ENGLAND.

Two hundred and fiftie thousand pounds of Pepper, at twentie pence the pound, cost two hundred and eight thousand three hundred thirtie three pounds sixe shillings eight pence. One hundred and fiftie thousand of Cloues, at six shillings the pound, cost fortie fiue thousand pounds▪

* 1.18One hundred and fiftie thousand pounds of Nutmegs, at two shill••ngs sixe pence the pound, cost eighteene thousand seuen hundred and fiftie pounds. Fiftie thousand pound of Mace, at sixe shillings the pound, cost fifteene thousand pounds. Two hundred thousand pounds of Indico, at fiue shillings the pound, cost fiftie thousand pounds. One hundred and seuen thousand one hundred fortie pounds of China raw Silkes, at twentie shillings the pound, cost one hundred and seuen thousand one hundred fortie pounds. Fiftie thousand pieces of Callicoes of seuerall sorts, rated at twentie shillings the piece one with another, cost fiftie thousand pounds. The whole summe of all is, foure hundred ninetie foure thousand two hundred twentie three pounds sixe shillings eight pence.

So that here would be our owne money againe and more, the summe of three hundred nine∣tie foure thousand two hundred twentie three pounds sixe shillings eight pence aduanced to∣wards [ 10] the generall Stocke of the Kingdome. For although the East India Companie shall dis∣burse the greatest part of the said summe aduanced vnto his Maiestie for Custome and Impost; and also vnto the Factors, Officers, and Mariners, for wages, together with the cost of ship∣ping Victuals, Munitions, Assurance and the like: yet all these (the Materials of shipping one∣ly excepted) are but transmutations and no consumption of the Kingdomes Stocke.

But if any man obiect and say, that the said Commodities being brought into England (as is before written) they are either consumed in the Land, or being transported into forraine parts, they are changed into other Wares: So that still we want our hundred thousand pounds in readie money. The answere is, First, that in the occasion of this dispute, wee must conceiue the said Wares to be of no vse for this Kingdome, but onely for so much, as doe concerne the [ 20] Trade thereof. And Secondly, in the said Trade we must consider, that although the said goods be sent out, and returned home in other Wares from forraine parts; yet still, they are negotia∣ted to the increase of the said Stocke, and for the imployment of the Subiects. Lastly, if there be a resolution to determine and end the businesse: who doubteth, that the whole value may not bee presently returned hither in readie moneyes? For in Italie, Turkey, and other places, where they are most vendible to profit, there likewise is the money free to be exported at all times and by whomsoeuer.

And as it is most certaine, that some other Merchandize, sent out of this Kingdome, were the meanes to bring in the hundred thousand pounds in readie moneyes, which is here supposed to be sent and imployed in the East Indies (as aforesaid) so likewise, there is the same power in [ 30] these Indian wares, to procure other summes of readie moneyes, to bee brought into this King∣dome: For let not man doubt, but that money doth attend Merchandize, for money is the prize of wares, and wares are the proper vse of money; so that their coherence is vnseparable. And if the French and the Venetians, made any doubt of this, they would not so willingly permit the value of sixe hundred thousand pounds sterling, or more in Spanish Rialls and Dollers, yeerly to be carryed out of their Dominions into Turkey: whereof three quarter parts at least are imploy∣ed, onely for the buying of Persia raw Silkes, which commoditie doth presently enable them with readie money from diuers other States to performe the Trade; whereby their wealth doth much increase, and their people are greatly imployed. So to conclude this point, I will onely adde, that the East India Trade alone (although it be driuen in no amplyer manner then is afore [ 40] written) is a meanes to bring more treasure into the Realme then all the other trades of this Kingdome (as they are now managed) being put together. For if the rule be true, that when the value of our commodities exported doth ouer-ballance the worth of all those forraigne wares, which are imported and consumed in this Kingdome, then the remaynder of our stocke which is sent forth, must of necessitie returne to vs in Treasure. I am confident, that vpon a diligent and true inquirie it will be found, that the ouer-ballance of all our other Trades together, will not amount vnto so great a summe of money as the East India Trade alone doth ouer-ballance in this kinde.

And to make the matter yet more plaine, whereas it is already said that one hundred thou∣sand pounds in money exported, may import about the value of fiue hundred thousand pounds [ 50] sterling, in wares from the East Indies, we must vnderstand that part thereof to be properly cal∣led our importation that this Realme doth consume, which is about the value of one hundred and twenty thousand pounds sterling yeerly. So the remaynder being three hundred and eightie thou∣sand pounds, is matter exported vnto forraine parts in the nature of our Cloth, Lead, Tin, or any other natiue commodities, to the great increase of this Kingdomes stocke, and that also in so much treasure, so farre as the East India Trade can be rightly vnderstood to subsist in this parti∣cular. For as all humane actions haue their Termination and Ends, so likewise there must bee an end assigned vnto the affaires of the East Indies; which are then truely said to bee finished, when this Realme is serued, and the remainder of those Wares which are sent from hence be∣yond [ 60] the Seas, sold there and conuerted into money; which likewise from thence may bee brought away freely and without the danger of Law, or prohibition. Forasmuch therefore as it is well knowne to many men, that moneys are thus procured by the Sales of Indian Wares to profit, in the parts of Turkey, and at Ligorne, Genoway, the Netherlands, Marcellis, and other pla∣ces:

yet notwithstanding if all the said Coyne, or any part thereof should bee diuerted from this Realme by some other new imployments or affaires, it must neuerthelesse bee granted, that the said India wares had their finall end in monies. But I will cease to heape vp any more argu∣ments, to proue a matter which is alreadie made so plaine; wherefore leauing this Obiection, I will endeuour to giue Answere to the next.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The first part concerneth the vse of In∣dian wares.
• * 1.2

  Sir Thomas Eliot his Ca∣stle of health. Rembert Dodo∣neus his history o•• Plants. The French A∣cademie se∣cond part, and others.
• * 1.3

  France and the Low-Countreyes 〈◊〉〈◊〉 late yeares do make gre••t quantities of wrought silke, of which wares they were heretofore ser∣ued from Italy. France, Italy, South Barbery, and other Countreyes.
• * 1.4

  The second part

  Sheweth the manner & the meanes by which Indian wares haue beene & now are brought into Europe.
• * 1.5

  Rates vpon all sorts of Spices. 22. per cent. raw Sikes e∣steemed about 2. per cent. Indico about 8. per cent.
• * 1.6

  Such people as effect not the good of this Kingdome
• * 1.7

  The quantity of Spice, Indi∣do, and Persian raw Silke, yeerely consu∣med in Eu∣rope.
• * 1.8

  The exporta∣tion of the va∣lue of 953543. l sterling out of Christendome into Turkey yeerely saued.
• * 1.9

  Instance only, that ten shil∣lings imployed in Pepper in the East Indies, will require thirtie and fiue shillings for all charges what∣soeuer to deli∣uer it in Lon∣don.

  The great summes of money which the Persians and the Indians carrie yeerely out of Turkey. The East India Companie doe endeauour to bring the raw Silkes from Persia directly by Sea.

  Marcellis sen∣deth yeerely to Aleppo and Alexandria, at l••••st 500000 l. sterling, and little or no wares. Venice sends about the value of 100000 l. and a great value in wares. The Low coun∣tries sends a∣bout the value of 50000 l. sterling mo∣ni••s, and litle wares. Messina 25000 l. in ready money.
• * 1.10

  Abassens a Peo∣ple in Ethiopia whose influ∣ence hath made them dull, lazy, and without arts; enioying di∣uers Mines of Gold, and one of Siluer, which doe procure their wants of for∣raine Wares.
• * 1.11

  Turkey hath litle meanes for Linnen but onely from India.
• * 1.12

  The proc••e∣dings of some States in Italie for the main∣tenance of Arts.

  The readie moneys which are yeerely carried from some States of Italie into Sicilia.
• * 1.13

  How Marcellis and Venice are furnished with ready moneys.
• * 1.14

  The Italian Merchants doe furnish the King of Spaine with money in Italie and Flan∣ders.

  The third part

  doth shew how the East India, Trade doth enrich this Kingdome.
• * 1.15

  How much money and wares the East India Compa∣nie haue sent forth euer sithence the beginning of this Trade.
• * 1.16

  The vent of English Wares encreased in the Indies.
• * 1.17

  Our stocke may be much increased by Trade from Port to Port in the Indies. For this see the former re∣lations, of the Trade from Surat to Achen, and all the Southerne and further Eastern Indies: as thence also to the red Sea &c.

  The moneys sent to the Indies is all forrain Coyne. The East India Companie are obliged to bring in as much money as they carrie out of the Realme. Tobacco, Rai∣sons, Oyles, and Wines, whereof there is no want, but rather too much Smoke. A proportion of such Trade as is hoped yeerely to be brought into this Realme from East India.
• * 1.18

  How much the Kingdomes Stocke may in∣crease yeerely by trading to the East Indies. 2500. tunn••s of shipping will lade home all the wares a∣fore written from the East Indies. And the materials of the said ship∣ping (vn∣wrought) is worth about 15000l. sterling India wares wil bring readie moneys into the Realme. We h••ue no other meanes to procure Treasure but by Trade and Merchandize. The French and the Vene∣tians send the value of 600000l. ster∣ling yeerely in ready money into Turkey. Trade maketh some States very rich which haue littl•• other meanes.

  If the generall Trade of this Kingdome doth export a greater value in wares then it doth import yeerly, then doth our trea∣sure increase. The Trade to the East Indies may be said to export 480000 pounds and to import 120000 l. yeerely. So the ouerballance is 360000 l. sterling. Euery action ought especi∣ally to be con∣sid••red in his end.

  The East Indi∣an wares whi••h were sent be∣yond the Seas, are sold and haue their fi∣nall end in money, which might bee brought into this Realme in that kind, if our other Trades did not diuert the same.