Certaine grammar questions for the exercise of young schollers in the learning of the Accidence

The second part of Gram∣mar. (Book 2)

Q. VVHich is the second part of Grammar?

R. Etymologia.

Q. What meane yee by Etymologia?

R. It is a greeke worde, Which some interprete in latine Veriloquium. And (if the worde were vsed) in Englishe, I would call it true woording. Or the true vse of wordes.

Q. What doe you learne in Etymologia?

R. Three things.

• 1. The true original & beginning of wordes.
• 2. What euery worde is to be called in Grammar.
• 3. What thinges fall or chaunce to euery worde.

Q. Howe will you learne the true originall or beginning of wordes?

R. That must be learned by much reading after we know the rules of Grammar.

Q. Then what doe ye learne in this part of Grammar for the calling of wordes?

R. There be many proper tearmes in Grammar which per∣teyne to wordes and speeche.

Q. Why, are wordes called otherwise in your art of Gram∣mar then they be in common speech?

R. Yea forsooth.

Q. Why so?

R. Because neither Grammar, nor any other arte can be taught without some speciall tearmes deuised, to expresse the partes and thinges belonging to the same.

Q. Showe me some example?

R. As in the art of sayling there be many tearmes proper to that art. As of the ship, the docke, the rudder, the snowte, the hatches, the decke, the mast, &c. The plowman hath pro∣per tearmes in his owne art, as of the plowe, the beame, the cocke, the tayle, the cowlter, the share, &c. And so is it in all other artes.

Q. Be all the tearmes of Grammar conteyned in Etymologia?

R. No. For euery parte of Grammar hath his proper tearmes. As in Orthographia: You had these tearmes, Let∣ters, Dypthonges, Syllables, Distinctions, &c. So are there spe∣cial tearmes belonging to the other partes of Grammar.

Q. Then what tearmes of Grammar be in this second parte called Etymologia?

R. Such tearmes as belong to the naming of wordes and thinges pertayning to the same.

Q. What doeth Etymologia especially intreate of?

R. Of euery worde that is to be vsed in speech.

Q. What is speech?

R. It is a pronouncing of wordes together, wherein euery man and woman speaking to eche other, vse to vtter their myndes.

Q. Whereof is speech made?

R. Of wordes.

Q. Then what call yee woordes in Grammar?

R. I call all woordes partes of speeche.

Q. Howe many partes of speech be there in Grammar?

R. Eight.

Q. Why, you sayde that euery worde is a part of speeche and are there but eight wordes in all the worlde?

R. Yes there be many thousandes of woordes: But, all woordes that bee vsed in speeche are called by one of these eight tearmes in Grammar.

Q. Which be those eight tearmes which yee call the eight partes of speeche?

R These.

• 1 Nowne.
• 2 Pronowne.
• 3 Verbe.
• 4 Participle.
• 5 Aduerbe.
• 6 Coniunction.
• 7 Preposition.
• 8 Interiection.

Q. Can there bee no fewer then eight termes which doe conteine in them all sorts of wordes?

R. Yes it were more easie to say there are but 4. a Nowne & a Verbe, an Aduerbe & a Coniunction.

Q. How so?

R. Because a Pronowne & a Participle may very wel be referred to a Nowne, & a Preposition and In∣teriection may well be referred to an Aduerbe.

Q. What is y^e first differēce amōgst these 8. partes of speech?

R. Forsooth y^t first 4. be declined: & y^t latter 4. be vndeclined.

Q. What meane yee by declined and vndeclined.

R. That worde in Grammar is saide to be declined, which maye bee chaunged in the last letter or sillable into other let∣ters or syllables. And that whiche cannot bee so chaunged is sayde to be vndeclined.

Q. Be those first foure declined all in one manner?

R. No. For some of them bee declined with cases, and some with moodes and tenses.

Q. How many partes of speech be declined with cases?

R. These three. Nowne, Pronowne, and Participle. And a verbe onely is declined with modes and tenses.

Q. What were the first difference among woordes if there were but foure partes of speech?

R. This. Some be wordes that haue number in them, as a Nowne, & a verbe. Some be wordes y^t haue no nūber in them

as an aduerbe and a coniunction.

Q. What is to be considered in euery part of speech?

R. These 3. things.

• 1 what it is which is cal∣led the definitiō
• 2 what parts it hath which is cal∣led the diuision.
• 3 what thinges chance vnto it which is cal∣led the accidēts.

Q. Then first what is a nowne?

R. Any worde that betokeneth the name of any thing is a nowne. {Or thus. The name of any thing that may bee seene, felt, hearde, or vnderstanded is a nowne. As a booke.

Q. Is thy booke a nowne?

R. The thing it selfe which is called a booke is not a nown, but this woorde booke, which is the name of the thing is a nowne, for a nowne signifieth nothing els but a name.

Q. Why doest thou put this difference betwixte the thing and the name of the thing?

R. For that in Grammar which teacheth the true order of speech, wee haue to consider nothing but the very woordes that be spoken: so that thinges which bee signified by these wordes perteyne nothing to Grammar, and therefore no kinde of thing is a nowne, but the worde which is the name of any thing, that is a nowne.

Q. Howe many sortes of nownes haue ye?

R. Two, some be called

• Substantiues and
• Adiectiues.

Q. Howe knowe you a nowne substantiue?

R. A nowne substantiue is a name that standeth by him∣selfe.

Q. Howe can a nowne whiche is but a woorde stande by it selfe.

Q. I knowe that no worde can properly stande by it selfe,

but is a borrowed speeche and I meane an other thing by it.

Q. What meane ye by standeth by him selfe?

R. That is to say, requireth not an other word to be ioyned with him.

Q. Tell me this more plainely?

R. A nowne substantiue is a perfect worde, and a name so certaine, that I knowe certainely what thing it nameth, although there be no other worde ioyned with it.

So that when I say it standeth by it selfe, I meane I can vnderstande by it selfe the thinge that it signifieth al∣though there be no other worde ioyned vnto it.

Q. Haue ye any speciall marke whereby to know a nowne substantiue?

R. Yea forsoth. Any woorde that may aptly and properly haue before his Englishe this signe a. or the. is a nowne substantiue, as A citie, the citie.

Q. Howe many sortes of nownes substantiues haue ye?

R. Two for some be called

• Proper and
• Common or appellatiue.

Q. What call yee a nowne proper?

R. A proper name is a nowne which is proper to the thing that it betokeneth, that is to say, whiche doeth signifie some one speciall thing.

Q. Howe many sortes of proper names haue yee?

R. Tenne as proper names of

• 1 Godds.
• 2 Men.
• 3 Floodes.
• 4 Monethes.
• 5 Windes.
• 6 Goddesses.
• 7 Women.
• 8 Cities
• 9 Countreys
• 10 Ilandes.

Q. What call yee a common name, or a nowne appellatiue.

R. A nown common is that whose signification is common

to moe, that is, which betokeneth all things of that force.

Q. Shewe mee examples of a proper name, and of a com∣mon name?

R. Edouardus is a proper name, and signifieth but one man so called. But A man is a common name and signifieth all men. So Londinum the Citie of London is a proper name: because it is the name but of one Citie so called. But vrbs a Citie is a common name, because euery Citie is called a Citie, but euery citie is not called London.

Q. Nowe howe knowe ye a nowne Adiectiue?

R. A nowne adiectiue is a name that cannot stande by him selfe.

Q. What meane ye by that?

R. That is to say, requireth an other woorde to be ioyned with him.

Q. Tell me this more playnely?

R. A nowne adiectiue is the name of a thing, but so doubt∣full and vncertaine, as I knowe not certainely what thing it nameth except there be some other worde ioyned vnto it: so that when I say it can not stande by it selfe: I meane that I cānot perfectly vnderstand what thing it belongeth vnto, excepte there bee a substantiue ioyned vnto it, as Good.

Q. Why, do ye not knowe that good is the name of a thing?

R. Yes, I know that when you say good you meane some∣thing, but I knowe not what thing ye call good, except ye put some other worde vnto it: as a good horse, a good boy.

Q. Haue ye any speciall marke whereby to know a nowne adiectiue?

R. Yea forsooth In English, any name with which I may aptly ioyne this worde thing, is a nowne adiectiue: as a good thing.

Q. This is inough for the diuision of a nowne. Now what meane ye by the Accidents.

R. The Accidents be certayne properties falling or belong∣ing to all the partes of speeche generally, or to euery seue∣rall part of speeche particularly, and thereof my booke is called an Accidence or the Accidents.

Q. Why so?

R. For that is (as I take it) the booke that teacheth all the accidents, that is to say, all such thinges as fall or belong to all the partes of speeche.

Q. Howe many sortes of accidents haue yee?

R. Two sortes, for some bee

• generall and belong to all partes of speeche as forme and figure.
• particular whereof some be∣long to
  • 1 the foure partes of speech that be declined as number.
  • 2 Three of those y^t bee declined as case, gender & declenson to al nownes pronownes and par∣ticiples.
  • 3 Euery seuerall part of speeche as all the rest.

Q. Howe many accidents belong to a nowne.

R. 7. First the 2. generall accidents. Forme. Figure.

Secondly the generall accidents of the foure partes declined, which is Number.

Thirdly these foure. Case. Gender. Declenson. Comparison.

Q. What call ye forme?

R. Forme is that Accident which in Latin is called species,

whereby I discerne whether the woorde bee sprong of it selfe and therefore called a primitiue, or whether it be dra∣wen or deriued out of an other worde and so called a deri∣uatiue, for all wordes be eyther the primitiue or deriuatiue forme.

Q. Howe many sorts of nownes haue yee of the primitiue forme or that be called primitiues?

R.

18

Sub∣stanti∣ues. 10.

• ...1 Corporale.
• ...2 Incorporale.
• ...3 Absolutum.
• ...4 Generale.
• ...5 Speciale.
• 6 Homonymū or aequiuoc••.
• ...7 Synonimum.
• ...8 Collectiuum.
• ...9 Ad aliquid.
• ...10 Temporale.

Adie∣ctiues 8.

• ...1 Interrogatiuum.
• ...2 Infinitū or Indefinitū.
• ...3 Relatiuum.
• ...4 Redditiuum.
• ...5 Nume.
  • ...Cardina.
  • ...Ordinale.
  • ...Distributi.
• ...6 Partiti.
• ...7 Vniuer.
• ...8 Particu.

Nomina in

• ...riu••
• ...plus
• ...plex

Q. How many sortes of nownes haue ye called deriuatiues▪

R. 16. Whereof some bee

Substantiues. 8.

• ...1 Denominatiuum.
• ...2 Contentiuum.
• ...3 Ficticium.
• ...5 Verbale.
• ...5 Patrium.
• ...6 Gentile.
• ...7 Patronimi.
• ...8 Diminitiuū.

Adiectiues. 8

• ...1 Possessiuum.
• ...2 Materiale.
• ...3 Locale.
• ...4 Participiale.
• ...5 Gerundiuum.
• ...6 Aduerbiale.
• ...7 Comparatiuū.
• ...8 Superlatiuum.

But of verbals some be substantiues some be adiectiues, their terminations for the most part be these.

Tus sus bundus io tor trix menxus bilis vra.

Q. What call ye figure?

R. Figure, called in Latine Figura is that accident where∣by we discerne whether a worde be altogether of him selfe, and that is saide to bee the simple figure: or whether it bee mingled with some other woorde, and such a worde is saide to bee either the compound figure, or the double compound figure.

Q. And are these 2. accidents common to all wordes?

R. Yea forsooth, for there is no worde but that he is eyther

• Primitiue, or
• ...Deriuatiue.
• Simple or
• ...Compound.

Q. Nowe what call ye number?

R. Number is an accident whereby I discerne whether ye speake of one thing or of moe.

Q. Howe many numbers haue yee?

R. Two, the

• Singular, w^t speaketh of one as lapis a stone.
• Plural, w^t speaketh of mo then one as lapides
• stones.

Q. What call yee a case?

R. A case is euery seuerall ending of a nowne, pronowne and participle when it is declined.

Q. What meane ye by declined?

R. Declined, that is to say altered, broken, or chaunged from the first name of the worde into other terminations.

Q. What meane you by terminations?

R. A termination is the ende of a worde, eyther in the last letters or in the last syllables.

Q. Howe many cases haue yee?

R. Sixe, the

• Nominatiue.
• Genitiue.
• Datiue.
• Accusatiue.
• Vocatiue.
• Ablatiue.

Q. Hath euery nowne all these sixe cases, or seuerall porti∣ons

as ye call them?

R. Yea, if it be a perfect nowne.

Q. Why, haue ye some nownes that be vnperfect?

R. Yea, and those we cal he∣teroclita, where∣of be 3. sortes.

• 1 Variantia, which do vary somwhat from the common sorte of nownes.
• 2 Deficientia, whiche doe lacke somewhat that commonly nownes haue.
• 3 Redundantia, whiche haue something more then commonly nownes haue.

Q. What meane ye by the nominatiue case?

R. It might be called the name. It is so called a nominan∣do, that is of naming: for it is the very first name of euery nowne, pronowne, and participle: it is not properly a case, but is so termed onely for plaine teaching, it is cal∣led in Latine rectus, and so is the vocatiue for the moste part, and all the other cases bee called obliqui casus.

Q. What is the reason of these names?

R. Rectus casus signifieth the right case, and the nomina∣tiue case is so called, because it setteth downe rightly the very name of euery thing, as homo. Obliquus casus, sig∣nifieth a crooked or bended case, and so be all other cases called, because their terminations are as it were bent and crooked away from the nominatiue,

As hominis, homini, hominem, homine. &c.

Q. Howe knowe ye the nominatiue case?

R. The nominatiue case in the naturall order of speeche commeth before the verbe, and if I ioyne with the verbe this qustion who or what, the woorde that answereth to that question is the nominatiue case.

As The Maister teacheth. Question Who teacheth? An∣swere. The maister.

Q. Howe knowe yee the genitiue case?

R. The genitiue is knowne in Latine by the terminations of the declensons, and in Englishe hee hath this signe of before him: and aunswereth to the question whose, of whome, or whereof, as. The learning of the Maister.

Q. Howe knowe you the datiue case?

R. In Latine by the termination, in Englishe it hath commonly this signe to, before him, and answereth to this question

To whome or To what? as I giue a booke to the Mai∣ster.

Q. Howe knowe yee the Accusatiue case.

R. The Accusatiue case in order of speeche followeth the verbe, and if ye ioyne the question whome or what with the verbe, the worde that answereth the question is the accusa∣tiue case. As I loue the Maister.

Q. Howe knowe ye the vocatiue case?

R. In Latine by the termination: In Englishe by calling or speaking to.

Q. For if I call or speake to any person, I must put the name of the person to whom I speake in the vocatiue case, as Master, I loue you.

Q. Howe knowe ye the ablatiue case?

R. In Latine by the termination of the declenson, and in Englishe it hath commonly one of these signes before it.

In with through for from by or then.

Q. This is sufficient for the cases, what call ye Gender?

R. Gender is an accident of a nowne, whereby wee make difference of natures in the names of thinges considering whether the woorde signifie the Male kynde or the Fe∣male.

Q. Howe many Genders haue ye?

R. Mine accidence rehearseth 7. but in deede there are but three.

Q. Which be those seuen?

R. The

• 1 Masculine.
• 2 Feminine.
• 3 Newter.
• 4 Common of two.
• 5 Common of three.
• 6 Doutfull.
• 7 Epicaene.

Q. You say there are but 3. genders in deede, which be they?

R. The

• Masculine.
• Feminine.
• Newter.

Q. What are the rest if they be not properly genders?

R. A mixture or mingling of genders.

Q. What meane yet by Masculine, Feminine, and Newter.

R. Masculine, betokeneth the male kinde. Feminine, betoke∣neth the female kinde. Newter, signifieth neyther male nor female and vnder those 3. wordes are all kynde of natures comprehended.

Q. Howe is euery gender discerned from other?

R. Euery proper gender hath his proper article.

Q. What call yee an Article?

R The marke whereby we discerne the gender.

Q. How many articles haue yee?

R. Three.

• Hic.
• Haec.
• Hoc.

Q. Why, this Hic. Haec. Hoc, is a pronown & signifieth this?

R. It is true. Hic. Haec. Hoc, is a Pronowne and then it sig∣nifieth this, but when it is declined with a Nowne, it is on∣lie an article, that is to say, the marke of a gender and hath no signification at all.

Q. Then which is the proper article of the Masculine gender?

R. The Masculine gender is declined with this article hic, as hic vir a man.

Q. Which is the article of the Feminine?

R. Haec.

Q. Which of the Newter?

R. Hoc.

Q. You say there are but three genders in deede: and they haue their proper articles. What then? Haue those other which ye numbred among the genders, no articles?

R. They be not properly genders, and therefore they haue no proper articles, But as they be a mixture or mingling of genders, so doe they borrowe their articles of the three proper genders.

Q. Howe so?

R. The common of two is both the masculine gender and the feminine, and therefore hee hath both their arti∣cles hic and haec.

The common of three is both the masculine, the fe∣minine, and the newter, and therefore hee borroweth all their articles hic haec and hoc.

The doutfull gender is eyther the masculine or the femi∣nine, and therefore he hath hic or haec.

Q. What article hath the Epicene gender?

R. The Epicene gender may haue any article according to the nature of the woorde. But all nownes of the Epi∣cene gender be eyther names of foules or of fishes, or of wylde beastes. And because these nownes doe in one word signifie two kindes, that is, the male & the female. There∣fore wee say suche a worde is the Epicene gender, that is the common or mingled gender.

Q. Why so?

R. Because that in any such one worde what article soeuer it hath is vnderstood two natures, the male and the fe∣male As Vulpes the hee foxe and the shee. Passer the cock sparrow & y^t hen. Halec the male hearing, & y^t female.

Q. How will you finde out the gender of a nowne?

R. By certaine rules in latine verses set downe in my booke of the latine Grammar.

Q. This is sufficient for gēders, what call yee declenson?

R. It is the breaking of the first name of a worde into di∣uers

other terminations which we call cases.

Q. Howe many Declensons of nownes haue yee?

R. Fiue.

Q. Howe will yee knowe what Declenson a nowne is?

R. By the termination or ending of the genitiue case singuler.

Q. Howe endes the genitiue case singular of euerye declenson?

R.The genitiue case singular of the first Declen∣son en∣deth in ae second Declen∣son en∣deth in i thirde Declen∣son en∣deth in is fourth Declen∣son en∣deth in us fifth. Declen∣son en∣deth in ei

Q. What call yee this breaking of nownes into cases?

R. I call it declining of nownes.

Q. Howe endes the vocatiue case singular of the firste declenson?

R. Like the nominatiue except nownes in as which do make their vocatiue in a as Nominatiuo Thomas vocat. Thoma.

Q. How endes the Datiue case plurall of the first declen∣son?

R. in is.

Q. what, in all nownes?

R. No. For these two nownes filia and nata doe make the datiue and the ablatiue case plurall in is or in abus, As Da∣tiuo his filiis vel siliabus. And these foure nownes Dea, Mo∣la, Equa, Liberta doe not make the datiue and the ablatiue case plurall in is but onely in abus, as Datiuo Deabus, Mulabus, Equabus, Libertabus.

Q. How ends the vocatiue case singular in the 2. declenson?

R. For the most part like the nominatiue?

Q. Doeth it not alwayes ende like the nominatiue?

R. No forsooth.

Q. When doth it not ende like the nominatiue?

R. When the nominatiue endeth either in vs or in ius.

Q. Howe endeth the vocatiue when the nominatiue endeth in vs?

R. When the nominatiue endeth in vs the vocatiue shall ende in e.

Q. What in all nownes?

R. Yea forsooth. Except this woorde Deus which maketh the vocatiue case Deus also. And filius whiche maketh the vocatiue fili.

Q. How ends the vocatiue when y^t nominatiue endeth in ius?

R. When the nominatiue endeth in ius the vocatiue shall end in i if the word be a proper name of a man, as Terentius vocat. Terenti: otherwise it endeth in e.

Q. You sayde that all Nownes which haue their nomina∣tiue in vs, doe make their vocatiue in e except Deus & fili∣us. How say ye to Manus, doth he make his vocatiue case Ma∣ne?

R. No. For manus is a nowne of the 4. declenson. And this rule is onely for nownes of the second declenson.

Q. Doe all other nownes in vs of the seconde declenson except Deus, make their vocatiue in e.

R. Nay. These 6. nownes, agnus, lucus, vulgus, populus, chorus, fluuius, make their vocatiue in e or in vs.

Q. How endes the vocatiue case in all other declensons?

R. The vocatiue case in all declensons generally endes like the nominatiue both in the singular number & in y^e plurall.

Q. Hoc regnum, tegni, what declenson is it?

R. The seconde because the genitiue case singular endeth in i.

Q. What is his nominatiue case plurall?

R. Regna.

Q. Why, how endes the nominatiue case plurall of the second declenson?

R. in i.

Q. Then why doe yee not say nominatiue haec regni?

R. Because it is a nowne of the newter gender.

Q. And what then?

R. All nownes of the newter gender of what declenson soeuer, haue the nominatiue, the accusatiue and the vo∣catiue alike both in the singular number and in the plu∣rall. And those three cases in the plurall number end al∣wayes

in a as well in substantiues, as in adiectiues of the newter gender.

Q. Is there no nowne substantiue nor adiectiue of the new∣ter gender but that he makes the nominatiue the accusa∣tiue and the vocatiue case plurall in a?

R. None except these two nownes ambo & duo. And they doe not make these three cases plurall in a. but in o, and therfore I say pluraliter ambo ambae ambo, & not amba.

Of Adiectiues.

Q. This is sufficient for substantiues. Nowe howe ma∣ny sortes of adiectiues haue yee?

R. So many as I had of substantiues. For some be pro∣per, some be common. And some be Primitiue some bee Deriuatiue. And some be simple and some be compound.

Q. What accidentes hath an adiectiue?

R. All those which a substantiue hath and one more.

Q. Whiche is that?

R. Comparison.

Q. Why doeth not a sudstantiue make comparison?

R. No forsooth. For comparison is onelie proper to adiec∣tiues, although in some Authors are read some few words of the cōparatiue degree drawne out of substantiues, yet it is vnproper. For no substantiue doeth properly forme comparison but by abuse.

Q. Are all the accidentes in an adiectiue as they bee in a substantiue?

R. Forme, Figure, Number, and case be the same and in the same manner in an adiectiue, that they were in a sub∣stantiue: but there is some difference in the genders and in the declyning.

Q. What genders hath an adiectiue?

R. Euery perfect adiectiue hath in euery case both in the sin∣gular number and in the plurall all the three proper gen∣ders: That is to say, the Masculine, the Feminine & y^t Newter.

Q. Howe will yee finde out these three genders in euerye

case of an adiectiue?

R. If there be three terminations of the adiectiue as bo∣nus, bona, bonum, the first termination is the Masculine gender, the second is the feminine, and the thirde is the newter. If there be but two terminations as hunc & hanc foelicem & hoc foelix, then the former termination as foelicem is both the Masculine and the Feminine, and the latter termination as foelix is the Newter. If there be but one termination, as hic haec & hoc foelix or Da∣tiuo bonis, then that one termination is both the Mas∣culine, the Feminine, and the Newter in what case so∣euer it bee.

Q. Howe chaunce yee sayde there were but two terminati∣ons, when ye reckoned hunc & hanc foelicem & hoc foelix, are there no wordes but two?

R. Yes, but because hunc hanc & hoc are but articles, that is to say, signes of the gender, therefore I must not rec∣kon them nor any one of the articles in what case soeuer it be, for any parte or termination of the Nowne, so that beside the articles there are no moe terminations in that case but foelicem & foelix.

Q. What difference is there in declining of adiectiues?

R. Forsooth some be declined with three terminations in e∣uery case without any articles: and some be declined with three articles.

Q. How be nownes adiectiues of 3. terminations declined?

R. Nownes adiectiues of 3. terminations in the mascu∣line gender, be declined like nownes substantiues of the Masculine gender in the second declenson, that is to say, like Dominus or Magister. In the Feminine gender like a nowne of the first declenson as Musa. In the newter, like a nowne of the Newter gender in the second Declen∣son, as Regnum.

Q. How be nownes adiectiues of 3. articles declined?

R. Like nownes substantiues of the Masculine, Feminine, and newter gender in the 3. declenson.

Q. Be all adiectiues declined in this manner?

R. All sauing these eyght, vnus, totus, solus, vllus, alius, alter, vter and neuter. And their compoundes whiche make their genitiue case singular in ius and their datiue in i, in all other cases they are declined like nownes adiectiues of three terminations.

Of Comparison.

Q. We haue past ouer sixe of the accidentes of a Nowne, which is the seuenth?

R. Comparison.

Q. What call yee comparison?

R. It is in english the altering of the signification of a word by degrees into more or lesse, In latine it is the altering of a word into other terminations, whereby the worde doeth signifie more or lesse.

Q. How many parts of speech doe forme comparison?

R. These foure, a

• Nowne.
• Participle.
• Aduerbe.
• Preposition.

Q. Are yee sure that all these foure partes of speeche dot make comparison?

R. I cannot say that they all properly doe forme cōparison, so long as they be taken for those partes of speech.

Q. Why so?

R. For a Participle when hee formeth comparison is ac∣counted to bee a nowne adiectiue. And a Preposition whē he formeth comparison is counted an Aduerbe.

Q. Well then, doe all nownes adiectiues and all Ad∣uerbes forme comparison?

R. No forsooth.

Q. Which then?

R All such nownes and aduerbes whose signification may be increased or diminished, That is to say, made more or made lesse, as harde, harder, hardest.

Q. How many sortes of comparison haue yee?

R. These foure a comparison that is called

• 1 perfect.
• 2 anomala. without rule
• 3 defectiua. lacking.
• 4 abusiua. not in vse.

Q. Which call yee a perfect comparison?

R. That which hath all the degrees of comparison and is formed after some certaine rule.

Q. What meane yee by a degree of comparison.

R. Euery word in the adiectiue or aduerbe that altereth the signification by more or lesse is called a degree.

Q. Howe many degrees of comparison be there?

R. Three. The

• Positiue.
• Comparatiue.
• Superlatiue.

Q. What meane yee by the Positiue?

R. The Positiue degree is y^t very first word of y^e adiectiue or Aduerbe that formeth comparison, as durus harde.

Q. Why, here is no signification encreased by more or lesse?

R. It is true. For the positiue doth signifie a thing absolute∣ly without excesse, that is to say it hath no respect of com∣parison with any other worde, neither doeth it encrease his signification by more or lesse, and therefore it is vnpro∣perly called a degree of comparison.

Q. What call yee the comparatiue degree?

R. That which signifieth somewhat more then the positiue, as durior harder.

Q. What call yee the Superlatiue degree?

R. That which exceedeth the positiue in the highest degree, that is, which signifieth more then his positiue in all re∣spectes. As Durissimus, hardest of all.

Q. And howe many rules haue ye to forme these degrees?

R. I haue onely one rule to forme the comparatiue degree: And three to forme the superlatiue.

Q. Howe forme ye the positiue?

R. The positiue is not formed at all: But is the very first worde of the adiectiue or aduerbe out of whiche the compa∣ritiue and superlatiue degree is formed.

Q. Which is the rule to forme the comparatiue degree?

R. This, The comparatiue degree is formed of the first case of his positiue that endeth in i by putting to or, or vs, as Durus harde, the genitiue case is Duri, put to or and it ma∣keth Durior, put to vs and it maketh Durius, and so the comparatiue degree of Durus, is hic & haec durior & hoc durius.

Q. Which is your first rule for the superlatiue degree?

R. This. The superlatiue degree is formed of the firste case of his positiue that endeth in i. by putting thereto s. and simus. As Durus the genitiue case is Duri, put to s. and it maketh Duris, and then put to simus and it maketh Durissimus, and that is the superlatiue degree.

Q. Is the genitiue alwayes the first case in i?

R. Yea forsooth, in adiectiues of three terminations, but in adiectiues of three articles, the datiue is the first case in i.

Q. What is your seconde rule to forme the superlatiue de∣gree?

R. This. If the positiue do ende in er, then the superla∣tiue degree is not formed of the first case of his positiue that endeth in i, but of the nominatiue case of the positiue that endeth in er, by putting thereto rimus. As to Nomi∣natiuo pulcher, I put rimus, and so the superlatiue degree is pulcherrimus.

Q. What is your thirde rule to forme the superlatiue de∣gree.

R. The thirde rule is for these sixe adiectiues that ende in lis, humilis, similis, facilis, agilis, gracilis, docilis.

Q. Is it not for all adiectiues that ende in lis as well as for these sixe?

R. No. For all other adiectiues in lis except these sixe doe forme their superlatiue degree according to the first rule, as

vtilis maketh vtilissimus.

Q. But howe do these sixe forme the superlatiue degree?

R. Of the nominatiue case in lis, by chaunging is into limus, as humilis change is into limus and there is the superlatiue degree humillimus.

Q. Be here all the rules for perfect comparisons?

R. No forsooth, there be certayne nownes compounded of these verbes dico, volo, and facio, which are also referred to the perfect comparison.

Q. Howe doe nownes that be made of dico, volo, and facio make comparison?

R. They make the comparatiue degree by changing us in∣to entior, & the superlatiue by changing us into entissimus. As maledicus, maledicentior, maledicentissimus.

Q. Be there any more rules to forme comparisons?

R. Some call it a comparison whiche is made by these ad∣uerbs magis and maxime.

Q. What nownes make comparison by magis and maxime?

R. Nownes that ende in us, and haue a vowell going be∣fore us, as pius.

Q. And howe doe they make comparison?

R. For the comparatiue degree we put magis to the posi∣tiue: and for the superlatiue we put maxime to the positiue.

Q. Showe mee howe?

R. Pius, is Latine for godly and this is the positiue degree, and for the comparatiue degree I say magis pius more Godly, and for the superlatiue I say maxime pius most Godly. So in this worde assiduus for continuall the com∣paratiue is magis assiduus, the superlatiue is maxime assi∣duus.

Q. This is sufficient for the perfect comparisons, nowe what call you a comparison anomala or without rule.

R. That comparison I call anomala or without rule, which although it hath all the degrees of comparison, yet it is for∣med after no certaine rule, as bonus, melior, optimus.

Q. Is not this formed after a rule?

R. No, For I haue no rule to forme melior or optimus out of bonus, for according to my rule I shoulde say bonus, bo∣nior bonissimus.

Q. What adiectiues be of this sort of comparison?

R. These adiectiues, aduerves, and prepositions.

Adiectiues. Vetus. Veterior. Veterrimus. Maturus. Maturior. Maturimus

• ...Bonus.
• ...Melior.
• ...Optimus.

• ...Malus.
• ...Peior.
• ...Pessimus.

• ...Magnus.
• ...Maior.
• ...Maximus.

• ...Paruus.
• ...Minor
• ...Minimus.

• ...Multum.
• ...plus.
• ...Plurimū.

Praepositiones.

• ...Citra. Citerior. Citimus.
• ...Intra. Interior. Intimus
• ...Infra.
• ...Inferior.
• ...Infimus, vel Imus.

• ...Extra.
• ...Exterior.
• ...Extimus vel Extremus.

• ...Supra.
• ...Superior.
• ...Supremus vel Summus.

• ...Post.
• ...Posterior.
• ...Postremus.

• ...Vltra.
• ...Vlterior.
• ...Vltimus.

• ...Prope.
• ...Propior.
• ...Proxime.

Aduerbes.

• ...Pridem.
• ...Prior.
• ...Primus.

• ...Diu.
• ...Diutior.
• ...Diutissimus.

• ...Saepe.
• ...Saepius.
• ...Saepissime.

• ...Paenitus.
• ...Paenitior.
• ...Paenitissimus.

Q. Which call yee the defectiue or lacking comparison?

R. That which lacketh some of the degrees of comparison, as Multus, Plurimus, multa, Plurima. Here I haue y^e Positiue and the Superlatiue, but heere lacketh the comparatiue. For Multus hath not the comparatiue degree, but in the newter Gender.

Q. What other wordes haue ye that lacke some degrees of comparison.

R. These want the positiue.

• ...Ocyor. Ocissimus
• ...Potior. Potissimus.
• ...Habitior. Habitissimus.

These want the comparatiue.

• ...Inclytus. Inclytissimus.
• ...meritus. meritissimus.
• ...multus. plurimus.
• ...multa. plurima.
• ...paene. paenissimus.
• ...nuper. nuperrimus.
• ...apricus. apricissimus.
• ...falsus. falsissimus.
• ...nouus. nouissimus.
• ...diuersus. diuersissimus.

These want the superlatiue.

• ...Opimus. Opimior.
• ...adolescens. adolescentior.
• ...iuuenis. iunior.
• ...senex. senior.
• ...Maximusnatu.
• ...sinister. sinisterior.
• ...ante. anterior.
• ...longinquus. longinquior.
• ...diues. Diuitior.
• ...infinitus. infinitior.
• ...barbarus. barbarior.
• ...Decliuus. decliuior.

Q. Which call yee the comparison abusiua, or not in vse?

R. That which although Poets and old writers haue vsed,

yet it is vnproper and of vs not to be vsed.

Q. Rehearse some such wordes?

R. Ipsissimus. of Ipse. Tuissimus. of Tu. Assiduior. Assiduissi∣mus. of Assiduus. Proximior. of Proximus. Strenuior. of Strenuus. Egregiissimus. of Egregius. Pientissimus piissimus. of Pius. Multissimus. of Multus. Perpetuissimus. of Perpetuus. Mirificissimus. of Mirificus. Neronior. of Nero.

Substantiues. Cinaedior. of Cinaedus. Punior. of Paenus.

Of the Pronowne.

Q. Which is the second part of speech?

R. A Pronowne.

Q. What is to be considered in a Pronowne?

R. 3. things, his Definition. that is to tell what it is. Diuision. that is to tell what parts or sortes it hath. Accident. that is to tell what thinges chaunce or belong to it.

Q. What is a Pronowne?

R. A Pronowne is a part of speech much like to a Nowne, put in steade of a Nowne, and serueth for a Nowne.

Q. Is not a Pronowne the same that a Nowne is?

R. Some good writers make them all one: But according to the accustomed manner, we make them diuers.

Q. For what cause are Pronownes vsed?

R. For two causes, namely for shewing some thing or per∣son, which we list not to name, as this man, or els for rehear∣sing some thing or person that hath been before spoken of. As that man.

Q. Howe many sortes of pronownes haue ye?

R. Two

• Substantiues and
• Adiectiues.

Q. How many pronownes are Substantiues, and how ma∣ny Adiectiues?

R. These three, ego, tu, sui, be substantiues, and the other be adiectiues.

Q. Howe many pronownes haue yee in all?

R. Fifteene, ego, tu, sui, ille, ipse, iste, hic, is, meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester, nostras, vestras.

Q. Be there no more but fifteene pronownes?

R. Yes there be more, as egomet, tute, idem, isthic, hiccine, &c. but these bee compoundes: so that I haue no more but fifteene simple pronownes.

Q. Yes ye haue the relatiue qui amongst them, and qui is no compounde, therefore there be more then fifteene simple pronownes?

R. The relatiue qui in deede is put amongst the pronownes, but there is a dout amongst the Grāmarians of qui, for some say it is a nowne, and some say it is a pronowne.

Q. This is sufficient for the definition & the diuision of pro∣nownes, Nowe tell me what accidents hath a pronowne?

R. First the two ge∣nerall accidentes.

• Forme and
• ...Figure.

Q. What call ye forme?

R. The accident whereby wee discerne which bee primiti∣ues and which be deriuatiues.

Q. Howe many be primitiues?

R. These eight, ego, tu, sui, ille, ipse, iste, hic and is.

Q. Howe many be deriuatiues?

R. These seuen, meus, tuus, suus, noster and vester.

Q. Why be they called primitiues?

R. Because they spring of them selues.

Q. Why be they called deriuatiues?

R. Because they be deriued or drawn out of the primitiues.

Q. Out of what primitiues be your 7. deriuatiues drawne?

R. Out of mei, cui, sui, nostri and vestri, which are the genitiue cases of ego, tu, sui, nos, and vos.

Q. Howe many sortes of primitiues haue ye?

R. Two, for some be called

• Demonstratiues, suche are all those eyght pri∣mitiues, ego, tu, sui, &c.
• Relatiues, as ille, iste, hic and is.

Q. Why be they called Demonstratiues?

R. Because they showe a thing not spoken of before.

Q. Why bee they called Relatiues?

R. Because they rehearse something y^t was spoken of before.

Q. Howe manie sorts of Deriuatiues haue ye?

R. Two also, for some be called

• Possessiues, as meus, tuus, suus, noster and vester.
• Gentiles, as nostras, vestras.

Q. What meane ye by possessiues?

R. They be so called, because they betoken owing or pos∣session, as meus mine, tuus thine, &c.

Q. Why bee they called Gentiles?

R. They be so called of Gens a countrey or nation, because they properly betokē pertayning to countries or nations, to sects or factions, as Nostras signifieth of our countrey or sect or faction, and so vestras of your countrey &c.

Q. This is for the forme, what meane ye by figure?

R. It is the generall accident, whereby is considered, whe∣ther the worde be simple or compounde.

Q. Howe many pronownes be simple?

R. All those fifteene before rehearsed.

Q. Howe many sortes of compounde Pronownes haue ye?

R. Fiue sorts. For, Nownes, as Cuiusmodi. Pronownes, as Isthic, Egomet. Aduerbes, as Idem of Is and Demum, Ec∣cum, of Ecce hic Illum. Some be com∣pounded with Prepositions, as mecum, tecum, secum. these sillables, ce as hicce cine as hiccine. met, as egomet, te, as tute, pte, as me∣apte.

Q. This is sufficient for the generall accidentes. What speciall accidentes hath a Pronowne?

R. All & the same that a nowne hath sauing one. Namely,

• Number.
• Case.
• Gender.
• Declenson, and
• Person.

Q. And are these in the same manner in a Pronowne, as they are in a Nowne?

R. Number, case, & Gender, are y^e same in a Pronowne, that they be in a nowne. But y^e declensons do somewhat differ.

Q. How many declensons of Pronownes haue yee?

R. Foure.

Q. What Pronownes are of the first Declenson?

R. The three substantiues, Ego, Tu, Sui, be of the first De∣clenson and haue the genitiue case in i.

Q. What Pronownes be of the second Declenson?

R. These fiue ille, ipse, iste, hic and is, be of the second declē∣son and haue the genitiue case in ius and the Datiue in i.

Q. Your Accidence rehearseth sixe?

R. It is true, for the Relatiue qui is numbred amongest them, because hee is declined much like vnto them, but as I sayd before, it is doubted whether he be a nowne or a Pronowne.

Q. What Pronownes be of the thirde Declenson?

R. The fiue Possessiues, and be declined like nownes ad∣iectiues

of three terminations. Sauing that meus in the Masculine gender of the vocatiue case singular maketh not mee but mi & tuus, suus, and vester doe lacke the vo∣catiue case.

Q. What Pronownes be of the fourth declenson?

R. The two Gentiles Nostras & Vestras, and they be decli∣ned altogether like nownes adiectiues of 3. articles.

Q. Your Accidence rehearseth 3.

R. It is true, for Cuias is ioyned with them, because hee is called a Gentile & declined as they be. But Cuias is a meere Nowne, & no Pronowne.

Q. This is sufficient for Declensons. But doth not a Pro∣nowne forme comparison?

R. No not properly.

Q. Why, Ipse and tu be Pronownes, and they forme com∣parison, as Ipse ipsissimus, Tu Tuissimus. Ergo a Pronowne also formeth comparison?

R. Indeede these wordes are to be founde in some writers: But this comparison in Pronownes is vnproper and out of vse, although suffered sometimes in the Poets.

Q. Well then, the last accident of a Pronowne is person, what call yee person?

R. Person is the name of any thing or creature whiche is sayde to doe or suffer any thing, as well in thinges that haue no life as in liuing creatures.

Q. Doeth not person also chaunce to a Nowne?

R. No not properly.

Q. Why, the name of euery thing is a nowne, and you saye that the name of euery thing is a person, & there∣fore euery Nowne is a person.

R. It is true, euery Nowne substantiue & euery Pronowne substantiue, & whatsoeuer supplieth the place of a substan∣tiue in Grammar is a person.

Q. Why doe ye not say then that person belongeth as well to a Nowne as to a Pronowne?

R. Because there is no such speciall difference of persons in nownes as there is in Pronownes. For euery nowne is

of the third person.

Q. How many persons be there?

R. Three.

Q. Howe knowe yee the first person?

R. The first person is a worde that speaketh of himselfe, as I, We: And hath no more wordes in Latine of the first person properly, but Ego and Nos.

Q. How know yee the second person?

R. The seconde person betokeneth somewhat that is spo∣ken to, as Thou, Yee: And hath no more words of y^t per∣son properly in Latine, but Tu, & Vos, and euery voca∣tiue case.

Q. Howe knowe yee the thirde person?

R. The thirde person betokeneth somewhat that is spoken of, as He, They: And so all nownes Pronownes & Par∣ticiples are of the third Person except Ego, Nos, Tu & Vos, and euery vocatiue case.

Q. To what vse serue these persons in speech?

R. They be alwayes referred to some verbe, and I can forme no verbe in any moode or tense, except the Infini∣tiue, but I must alwayes haue with it one of these per∣sons.

Q. Why so?

R. For these persons in Pronownes be like to articles in nownes. For as I ioyne some of them with the nowne in declining it. So I ioyne some of these persons with the verbe in forming it.

Q. Which be the persons y^t yee vse in forming of verbes?

R. These.

Singular. 1 Ego. I. plurall. 1 Nos. We. 2 Tu. thou. 2 Vos. Yee. 3 Ille. hee. 3 Illi. They.

Of a Verbe.

Q. Which is the thirde parte of speeche?

R. A verbe.

Q. What is to be considered in a verbe?

R. Three thinges, His

• Definition.
• Diuision.
• Accidentes.

Q. What is a verbe?

R. A word that signifieth any thing, which any thing or cre∣ature may be, may do, or cause to be done, is a verbe. Or thus. A verbe is a part of speech that betokeneth, doing, suffring, or being: And is alwayes formed with mode and tense.

Q. To what vse serueth a verbe in speech?

R. To make the speeche perfect. For there can bee no speech without a verbe.

Q. Why so?

R. For as in a Nowne bee comprehended all wordes that signifie the name of any creature that may doe, may suffer, or may be any thing. So a verbe comprehendeth al words that signifie the doing, suffering or beeyng of any suche creature.

Q. Howe many sortes of verbes haue yee?

R. Two. That is to say.

• Personall, and
• ...Impersonall.

Q. What call yee Personall?

R. That which is formed with Persons.

Q. What call yee Impersonall?

R. That which is formed in y^t third person singular through∣out all modes and tenses without any persons: And haue cōmonly before them in English this signe it or there.

Q. How many sorts of verbes Impersonals haue yee?

R. Two.

• One of the Actiue voyce ending in t.
• Another of the Passiue voyce ending in tu••.

Q. How many kindes of verbes Personals haue yee?

R. Of verbes personals there be fiue kindes.

• Actiue.
• Passiue.
• Newter.
• Deponent.
• Common.

Q. Howe shall I knowe of what kinde my verbe is?

R. By his

• Voyce.
• Termination.
• Declining.

Q. What meane yee by voyce?

R. I call voyce the signification of the verbe.

Q. How many sortes of voyces be there in verbes?

R. Three.

• Actiue.
• Passiue.
• Newter.

But we will make no difference betweene Actiue and New∣ter.

Q. What meane yee by Actiue voyce?

R. Actiue signifieth doing. And so a verbe of the Actiue voyce is a worde that signifieth to doe somewhat.

Q. Howe will yee knowe which verbe is the Actiue voyce?

R. Any verbe is the Actiue voyce, which hath not before his english any signe of a Passiue?

Q. How will yee know which verbe is the Passiue voyce?

R. Any verbe is the Passiue voyce which hath before his en∣glish any of these signes of the Passiue.

Q. Which be the signes of the Passiue?

R. These: am, are, art, is, was, were, wert, be, or bene.

Q. Which kinde of verbes haue the Actiue voyce, & which haue the Passiue?

R. A verbe Actiue-hath alwayes the Actiue voyce: A verbe passiue hath alwaies the Passiue voyce. Some verbes new∣ters haue the Actiue voyce and some haue the Passiue. A verbe Deponent hath alwayes the Actiue voyce, & a verbe

Common hath both the Actiue and the Passiue voyce.

Q. What meane ye by termination in verbes?

R. I meane the latter end of the verbe in the last letter.

Q. How many terminations haue yee in verbes?

R. Three. For some verbes ende in

• o.
• or.
• m.

Q. How many sortes of verbes end in o?

R. Two. A verbe Actiue and a verbe Newter.

Q. Howe many kindes of verbes end in or?

R Three. A verbe Passiue, a verbe Deponent, & a verbe Com∣mon.

Q. How many kinds of verbes end in M?

R. A few verbes Newters, as

• Sum.
• Forem.

and their Com∣poundes.

Q. Nowe what meane yee by declining of verbes?

R. I meane the rehearsing of the first and second person, of the preterperfectense, of the infinitiue mode, of y^e gerun∣des & supines, & of the participles.

Q. And how many sortes of declynings be there in verbs?

R. Generally two. For all verbes for the most part bee de∣clined either like y^e verbe Actiue, or like the verbe Passiue.

Q. How know yee a verbe Actiue?

R. A verbe Actiue endeth in o, hath the Actiue voyce & by put∣ting to this letter r, may be made a Passiue.

Q. How is he declined?

R. Thus. His first worde endes in o, as Amo, Doceo, Lego, Audio. His second worde ends in as, es, or is, as amas, doces, legis, audis. The third word in declining of verbes is y^e preter∣perfectense & endes in i as amaui, docui, legi, audiui. His 4. worde in declining is the Infinitiue mode, and endes in re, as amare, docere, legere, audire. Then followeth 3. gerundes ending in di, do, & dum, as amandi, amando, amandum, docen∣di, docendo, docendum, legendi, legendo, legendum, audiendi, audiendo, audiendum. Then two Supines, the first en∣ding

in um and the other in u, as amatum, amatu, doctū, doctu, lectum, lectu, auditum, auditu. Then a Participle of the Presentense in ans or ens, as amans, docens, legens, audi∣ens. Lastly, a Participle of the first Future tense in rus, as amaturus, docturus, lecturus, auditurus.

Q. How know yee a verbe Passiue?

R. A verbe passiue endeth in or, hath alwayes the Passiue voyce, and by putting away the letter r he may bee made an Actiue.

Q. How is he declined?

R. Thus: his first worde endes in or, as amor, doceor, le∣gor, audior: his second worde ends in ris or re, as amaris vel amare, doceris vel docere, legeris vel legere, audiris or audire: the third word in declining is alwayes the Preterperfec∣tense and is made of the Participle of the Pretertense and the verbe Sum, es, fui, as Amatus sum vel fui, Doctus sum vel fui, Lectus sum vel fui, auditus sum vel fui: the fourth worde in declining is the Infinitiue mode and endes in i, as ama∣ri, doceri, legi, audiri: Then followeth a Participle of the Pretertense, as amatus, doctus, lectus, auditus: and lastly, a Participle of the latter Future tense, as amandus, docen∣dus, legendus, audiendus.

Q. How knowe yee a verbe Newter?

R. He endeth alwayes in o, or m, and hath for the most parte the Actiue signification. But some verbes Newters haue the Passiue voyce, and he cannot take r to him and become a Passiue.

Q. How is hee declined?

R. Altogether like a verbe Actiue, sauing that some verbs newters haue their Preterperfectense like the verbe Passiue and such be called Newter Passiues.

Q. How many sortes of verbes Newters haue yee?

R. Three, for some bee called

• ...Substantiues.
• Absolute, or Intransitiue.
• ...Transitiue.

Q. Which call ye a verbe Substantiue?

R. Such a verbe as onely signifieth being, as Sum, forem, fio, and existo.

Q. What meane yee by Absolute or Intransitiue?

R. Such a verbe as hath an absolute or perfect sence in his owne signification without any woorde ioyned after him, as aegroto I am sicke: curro, I runne.

Q. What meane yee by a verbe Transitiue?

R. Such a verbe as hath not a perfect sence in his owne sig∣nification, but must be made vp by some worde comming af∣ter him, as viuo vitam, I liue a life, & of this sort are Actiues and Deponentes: as amo magistrum, I loue the maister, lo∣quor verbum, I speake a worde.

Q. How know yee a verbe Deponent?

R. A verbe Deponent endeth in or like a Passiue, but hee hath the Actiue voyce, and cannot put away the letter r, and so become an Actiue.

Q. How is a verbe Deponent declined

R. Altogether like a verbe Passiue till after the Infinitiue mode, and then with Gerundes and Supines like a verb Actiue, sauing that he must haue three Participles one of the Presentense, one of the Pretertense, and one of the fu∣ture in rus.

Q. How know yee a verbe Common?

R. He endeth alwayes in or, and hath both the Actiue and the Passiue voyce▪ but he cannot put away r, and become an Actiue.

Q. How is a verbe Common declined?

R. Altogether like a verbe Deponent, sauing that he must haue all the foure Participles.

Q. Now tell me what accidentes hath a verbe?

R. First, the two generall Accidentes.

R. For all verbes bee eyther the Primitiue or Deriuatiue Forme. Simple or Compound. Figure.

And then the generall accident of the 4. declined partes, which is Number.

Q. How many sortes of Primitiues be there?

R. There is no difference of Primitiues.

Q. How many sortes of Deriuatiues haue yee?

These 7. for the moste parte.

• ...1 Inchoatiues.
• ...2 Frequentatiues.
• ...3 Desideratiues.
• ...4 Imitatiues.
• ...5 Diminutiues.
• ...6 Denominatiues.
• ...7 Aduerbials.

Q. What call yee figure in a verbe?

R. The same that was in a nowne. For all verbes be eyther the simple figure, as facio. The compound figure as terrefacio. Or the double compounde figure as perter∣refacio.

Q. These be the generall accidents. But which be the spe∣ciall accidentes of a verbe, or how many things chaunce specially to a verbe?

R. These fiue.

• ...1 Kinde.
• ...2 Mode.
• ...3 Tense.
• ...4 Person.
• ...5 Coniugation.

Q. What meane yee by the kinde of verbes?

R. The seuerall sortes of verbes which wee spake of in the diuision of a verbe.

Q. What call yee mode?

R. Mode is the maner of speeche that is vttered when any creature is saide to do or suffer any thing.

Q. Howe many modes haue yee?

R. Sixe, the

• Indicatiue.
• Imperatiue.
• Optatiue.
• Potentiall.
• Subiunctiue.
• Infinitiue.

Q. Howe will you knowe what mode your verbe is?

R. By diligent marking the maner of speech, and in some wordes by certaine speciall signes.

Q. What meane you by the Indicatiue mode?

R. The mode that sheweth or telleth a thing, so called of Indico.

Q. What meane yee by the Imperatiue mode?

R. The mode that biddeth or commaundeth, so called of Impero.

Q. What meane ye by the Optatiue moode?

R. The mode that wisheth or desireth, so called of Opto.

Q. What meane yee by the Potentiall mode?

R. The mode of duetie or abilitie, so termed of Potens.

Q. What meane ye by the Subiunctiue mode?

R. The mode that dependeth of an other verbe, of Subiun∣go.

Q. What call ye the Infinitiue mode?

R. The mode that is without person, of Infinitus.

Q. What signes hath the Indicatiue mode?

R. None but the signes of the tenses.

Q. Which be the signes of the tenses?

R. These.

• Do or doth.
• ...Did.
• ...Haue.
• ...Had.
• Shall or will
• or heereafter.

Q. What signes hath the Optatiue mode?

R. Woulde God, I pray God, God graunt, or I wishe.

Q. What signes hath the Potentiall mode?

R. May, can, might, woulde, shoulde, or ought.

Q. What signes hath the Subiunctiue mode?

R. Cum when, Si if, Ve that, or some other coniunction.

Q. What signes hath the Infinitiue mode?

R. This signe to, as to loue.

Q. What maner of speech is vsed in the Indicatiue mode?

R. A speech that sheweth somewhat, or asketh a question.

Q. What maner of speech is vsed in the Imperatiue mode?

R. A speech that biddeth or commaundeth.

Q. What maner of speech is vsed in the Optatiue?

R. A speech that wisheth or desireth.

Q. What maner of speech is vsed in the Potentiall mode?

R. A speech that signifieth somewhat which one, may, can, might, woulde, shoulde, ought, or coulde do.

Q. What maner of speech hath the Subiunctiue mode?

R. Such a speech as is vttered with, when, that, if, or some such coniunction, and that alwayes after some other verbe.

Q. What maner of speech hath the Infinitiue mode?

R. Such a speeche as is not referred to any speciall person, but generally signifieth to do or to be done.

Q. Nowe what call yee a tense?

R. A tense is nothing els but the time wherein wee note a¦ny thing to be done: so that ye may as well call it the time as the tense.

Q. Howe many tenses or times haue ye?

R. There bee in deede but three, but we deuide them into fiue.

Q. Which be those three tenses?

R. The

• time present. w^c we cal the present tense.
• past. w^c we cal the preter tense.
• to come. w^c we cal the future tense.

Q. Howe do you diuide them into fiue?

R. We diuide y^t preter tense into 3. thus y^e

• preterimperfect tense, y^t is, the time not perfectly past
• preter perfect tense, y^t is, the time perfectly past
• preterpluperfect tense, y^t is, the time more then perfectly. past

Q. Which be your fiue tenses together?

R. These, the

• Present tense.
• preterimperfect tense.
• preterperfect tense.
• preterpluperfect tense.
• future tense.

Q. Howe do you knowe what tense your verbe is?

R. By diligent marking what time it speaketh of, and by certaine signes.

Q. Which be the signes of the present tense?

R. In the Actiue voyce it hath do or doth, or els may be so expounded, as he loueth or he doth loue, and in the passiue voyce it hath am, are, art, is, or be.

Q. What signes hath the preterimperfect tense?

R. In the Actiue voyce it hath did, or els may be so expoun∣ded, as I loued or I did loue, and in the passiue voyce it hath was, were, or wert.

Q. What signe hath the preterperfect tense?

R. Onely this signe haue or hath, and sometime it is engli∣shed without the signe, as amauit he loued, or he hath loued.

Q. What signe hath the preterpluperfect tense?

R. This signe had.

Q. What signe hath the Future tense?

R. These signes, shall or will, or hereafter.

Q. Nowe what call ye person in verbes?

R. Person in verbes, is euery seuerall changing of the verbe in euery tense into other terminations, and is much like that which we call case in a nowne.

Q. Howe many such persons haue yee in verbes?

R. I haue in euery tense of any mode (except the Infini∣tiue and the Imperatiue) three persons in the singular number and three in the plurall, if the verbe be perfect.

Q. Why doe yee except the Infinitiue mode?

R. Because the Infinitiue mode hath neyther number nor person nor nominatiue case before him.

Q. Why doe ye except the Imperatiue mode?

R. Because the Imperatiue mode lacketh the first person singular.

Q. What difference is betwixt the persons in verbes and the persons in a nowne, and in a pronowne?

R. Those persons of a nowne and of a pronowne, doe note who or what it is that doeth or suffereth any thing: These persons in a verbe doe note what it is that is done or suffe∣red.

Q. Rehearse the persons of the pronowne?

R. Singulariter.

• ...Ego. I
• ...Tu. thou.
• ...Ille. he.

Pluraliter.

• ...Nos. wee.
• ...Vos. yee.
• ...Illi. they.

Q. Rehearse the persons of some verbe?

R. Singulariter.

• ...Amo.
• ...Amas.
• ...Amat.

pluraliter.

• ...Amamus.
• ...Amatis.
• ...Amant.

Q. Howe ioyne ye them together?

R. Singu∣lariter.

• Ego amo 1 I loue
• Tu amas 2 thou louest.
• Ille amat 3 hee loueth.

Plu∣rali∣ter.

• Nos amamus 1 we loue.
• Vos amatis 2 ye loue.
• Illi amant. 3 they loue

Q. Do yee alwayes in forming the tenses of your verbes, ioyne one of these persons of the pronowne.

R. No forsooth, I do not alwayes expresse the person of the

pronowne with the person of the verbe, but wheresoeuer I haue any person of a verbe, I must alwayes vnderstande one of these persons of the pronowne with it.

Q. This is sufficient for the persons, what call you coniu∣gations?

R. It is the breaking of the first name of a verbe into diuers other terminatiōs called persons: As a declenson is y^t brea∣king of the first name of a nowne into diuers other termi∣nations called cases.

Q. Howe many sortes of Coniugations be there in verbes?

R. 4. Namely, The coniugation which is called.

• 1 Perfecta that is to say, perfect.
• 2 Anomala out of rule.
• ...3 Defectiua lacking.
• 4 Abusiua out of vse.

Q. Which call ye the perfect coniugation?

R. That which hath all modes, tenses, numbers and persons that ought to be in a verbe, & is formed after one of those 4. examples which I haue in myne Accidence.

Q. Howe many sortes of perfect coniugations haue ye?

R. Foure.

Q. Howe will you knowe what coniugation your verbe is?

R. If it ende in o: by the vowell that goeth next before re in the Infinitiue mode: but if it ende in or, by the vowell that goeth next before ris in the seconde person singular of the Indicatiue mode, and this vowell is called the latter index.

Q. Howe shall I finde out the Infinitiue moode?

R. It is alwayes the fourth worde in declining a verbe.

Q. Howe shall I finde out the second person?

R. It is alwayes the second worde in declining the verbe.

Q. Howe many tenses be in euery mode?

R. Euery mode hath all the fiue tenses except the Impera∣tiue mode, which hath no more but the present tense, and as some say the future tense.

Q. How know you a verbe of any coniugation?

R.The first. coniugation hath a long before re and ris. The second. coniugation hath e long before re and ris. thirde coniugation hath e short before re and ris. fourth coniugation hath i long before re and ris.

Q. Which call yee the Coniugation anomala or without rule?

R. That which although it hath all modes, tenses, numbers and persons that ought to be in a verbe, yet it is not formed after any of the examples of the 4 per fect coniugations.

Q. Howe many coniugations haue yee of those that be cal∣led anomala or without rule.

R. So many as there be verbes without rule, for euery one of them hath a coniugation proper to himselfe, and must be learned by vse without rule.

Q. Howe many such verbes haue ye?

R. These are y^e most commō

• ...Sum.
• ...Possum.
• ...Volo.
• ...Nolo.
• ...Malo.
• ...Edo.
• ...fio.
• ...fero.
• feror, and eo and queo be in some
• tenses.
• ...anomala.

Q. Howe be eo and queo anomala?

R. For eo makes Ibam, and queo makes quibam in the pre∣terimperfect tense of the Indicatiue mode, and eo makes i∣bo and queo makes quibo in the future tense of the Indica∣tiue mode, but in all other modes and tenses, they be for∣med like verbes in o of the fourth coniugation, sauing that they make their gerundes eundi, eundo, eundum, queundi, queundo, queundum.

Q. Which is the coniugation that you call defectiua or lac∣king.

R. That which lacketh some modes, tenses, numbers and persons.

Q. How many coniugations haue yee of verbes called defe∣ctiua?

R. So many as there be verbes Defectiues.

Q. Which be those?

R. These be the most common, aio, ausim, salue, aue, vale, cedo, faxo, forem, quaeso, insit, inquio vel inquam, and these foure, o∣di, caepi, memini, and noui, be in some tenses defectiues.

Q. What tenses do these foure verbes odi, caepi memini and noui lack?

R. They lacke all present tenses and preterimperfect tenses, the future tense of the indicatiue and of the infinitiue mode.

Q. What tenses haue odi, caepi, memini, and noui?

R. They haue no more tenses then the preterperfect tense of the indicatiue mode and such tenses as be formed of the preterperfect tence of the Indicatiue mode.

Q. What tenses be formed of the preterperfect tense of the Indicatiue mode.

R. Of the pre∣terperfect tense of the indicatiue mode be formed

• preterpluperfect tense of y^e indicatiue mode
• preterperfect tense of the optatiue mode
• preterpluperfect tense of the potētial & mode
• future tense of the subiūctiue mode
• preterperfect tense of y^e infinitiue mode
• preterpluperfect tense of ye infinitive mode

Q. Tell me howe?

R. The preterpluper. tense of y^e indicat. is formed by changing y^e last vowel of y^e preterper. into e & put∣ting to ram preterperfect optatiue potent. rim future subiunc. ro. The preterpluperfect of the optat. potent. subiunct. is formed by keeping still s and sem. preterperfect. of the infinit. of the last vowell of y^e preterper. which is i and putting to s & se preterpluper.

Q. What is the coniugation of verbes called Abusiua?

R. That neither is formed according to the order of the foure coniugations, neyther is in vse among writers, but was a∣bused by olde Poets for the verse sake. As perduint for perdant?

Q. What call ye forming of verbes?

R. It is like that which I call declining of nownes, for it is the breaking of the first name of the verbe into his seue∣rall modes, and euery mode into his seuerall tenses, and e∣uery tense into his seuerall persons.

Q. Howe is a verbe formed?

R. It is better learned by vse and example then by rule, & therfore I haue in my Accidence, for euery one of the foure perfect coniugations a seuerall example as well for the verbe in o as for the verbe in or, according to the which I must forme all other perfect verbes.

Q. Which be the examples of your 4. perfect coniugations?

R. The ex∣ample of the first coniuga∣tion, is Amo and his passiue Amor. The ex∣ample of the second coniuga∣tion, is Doceo and his passiue Deceor. The ex∣ample of the thirde coniuga∣tion, is Lego and his passiue Legor. The ex∣ample of the fourth coniuga∣tion, is Audio and his passiue Audior.

Q. May any verbe be formed according to one of these foure examples?

R. Yea any perfect verbe, sauing that there is some diffe∣rence in the preter perfect tense, and supines.

Q. Howe shall I finde them out?

R. We haue certayne rules for them in Latin verses, wher∣of we shall speake more by them selues.

Q. Howe shall ye forme your verbes that be called Anomo∣la, defectiua, and abusiua.

R. Euery one of them must be learned with vse seuerally by them selues, because wee haue neyther rules nor examples for them.

Q. Howe be verbes Impersonalls formed?

R. In the third person singular onely throughout all modes and tenses, as well in the Actiue voyce as in the Passiue.

Q. Which call yee Gerundes?

R. They be certayne voyces in verbes belonging to the In∣finitiue mode ending in di, do, and dum, as amandi, amando, amandum.

Q. Why be they called Gerundes?

R. Some say a gerendo morem: Because they serue both for nownes and for verbes.

Q. Howe so?

R. They serue verbes for that they haue the signification of verbes both Actiue and Passiue: they serue nownes because they haue the forme of nownes, and of some bee declined like nownes.

Q. How be Gerundes declined like nownes?

R. Nominat, caret. Genitiuo Amandi, of louing, or of being loued. Datiuo caret. Accusatiuo Amandum, to loue or to be loued. Vocatiuo caret. Ablatiuo Amando in louing, or in being loued.

Q. What meane yee by Supines?

R. The Supines bee also two seuerall voyces perteyning to verbes, whereof the first endes in um, and is englished like the Infinitiue mode Actiue as amatum, to loue, and the latter endes in u, and is englished like the Infinitiue mode Passiue, as amaru, to be loued.

¶ Linacer thinketh that both these shoulde be called partici∣piall verbes, because they take part with a verbe as signification, and part with a nowne as case and Declenson.

Of a Participle.

Q. Which is the fourth part of speeche?

R. A Participle.

Q. What is to be considered in a Participle?

R. Three things, his

• Definition, That is to tell What it is?
• Diuision. What parts or kindes it hath?
• Accidents. What things fall or belōg to it.

Q. What is a Participle?

R. A Participle is a part of speech deriued of a verbe, and taketh some part with a verbe onely, & some parte with a Nowne onely, and some part with both.

Q. What taketh a Participle with a Nowne onely?

R. Gender, case, and declenson.

Q. What taketh a Participle of a verbe onely?

R. Tense and signification.

Q. What taketh a participle both of a Nowne & of a verbe?

R. Number and figure.

Q. How many sorts or kinds of Participles haue yee?

R. There be foure kindes of Participles.

That is to saye one of the

• Present tense.
• Preter tense.
• First Future tense in rus.
• Latter Future tense in dus.

Q. Howe knowe yee a Participle of the Present tense?

R. A Participle of the Present tense hath his english ending in ing, and his latine in ans or ens.

Q. Whereof is it formed?

R. Of the first person singular of the Preterimperfect tense of the Indicatiue mode.

Q. Howe?

R. By changing the last sillable into ns, as Amabam, chāge bam into ns, and it is amans, auxiliabar, chaunge bar into ns, and it is auxilians.

Q. How many kindes of verbes may haue a Participle of the Present tense.

R. Foure, that is to say, a verbe

• Actiue.
• Newter.
• Deponent.
• Common.

Q. How know ye a Participle of the Future in rus?

R. A Participle of the Future in rus is englished like the Infinitiue mode Actiue. And his Latine endeth in rus as a∣maturus to loue or about to loue.

Q. Whereof is the Participle in rus formed?

R. Of the latter Supine.

Q. Howe so?

R. By putting to rus as Doceo the latter supine is Doctu to the which I put rus, and so is made Docturus.

Q. What kindes of verbes may haue a Participle in rus?

R. Foure kindes, that is a verbe

• Actiue.
• Newter.
• Deponent.
• Common.

Q. How know ye a Participle of the Preter tense?

R. A participle of the preter tense hath his english ending in d, or o, and his latine in tus, sus, xus, or uus.

Q. Whereof is a Participle of the Preter tense formed?

R. Of the latter Supine.

Q. Howe so?

R. By putting s to the latter supine, as of Doceo, the lat∣ter supine is Doctu, to the which I put s, and so is made the Participle Doctus, except Mo••u••us.

Q. How many kindes of verbes may haue a Participle of the preter tense?

R. Three properly, that is, a verbe

• Passiue.
• Deponent.
• Common.

Yet some verbes Newters haue also a Participle of the Preter tense.

Q. What if these verbes lacke Supines?

R. Then there can be no Participle of the preter tense nor of the future in rus, and the Passiue whose Actiue lacketh Supines can haue no preterperfect tense.

Q. Why so?

R. Because the Preterperfect tense of the Passiue is made of the Participle of the Preter tense, and the verbe, Sum, es, fui.

Q. Howe know yee a Participle of the future in dus?

R. A Participle of the Future in dus, is englished like the Infinitiue mode Passiue, and in latine endeth in dus.

Q. Whereof is a Participle of the future in dus formed?

R. Of the genitiue case of the Participle of the presēt tense.

Q. Howe?

R. By chaunging the last sillable which is tis into dus, as amo, the Participle of the present tense is amans, y^e geni∣tiue case amantis, change tis into dus & so is made amādus.

Q. Howe many kindes of verbes may haue a Participle in dus?

R. Two properly, that is, a verbe

• Passiue.
• Common.

But some verbes Newters haue also a Par∣ticiple in dus.

As also the verbe Deponent hath, if hee go∣uerne an Accusatiue case after him.

Q. What accidentes hath a Participle?

R. Eight, first the two gene∣rall accidentes. Forme, and Figure. Secondly, Number.

Thirdly, Gender, Case, and Declenson, which hee borow∣eth of a nowne. Tense and Signification, which hee borrow∣eth of a verbe.

Q. What Participles be there of the Primitiue forme?

R. None, for all Participles be deriued of some verbe.

Q. What Participles be deriued of a verbe Actiue?

R. Two: one of the Present tense. Future in rus.

Q. What Participles hath a verbe Newter?

R. Two, one of the

• ...Present tense.
• Future in rus. And some verbes Newters haue also a Participle of the Preter tense, and of the Future in dus.

Q. What Participles bee deriued of a verbe Passiue?

R. Two, one of the

• Preter tense.
• Future in dus.

Q. What Participles hath a verbe Deponent?

R. Three, one of the

• ...Present tense.
• ...Preter tense.
• Future in rus. And if the verbe Deponent doe gouerne an accusatiue case after him, it may forme also a Participle in dus.

Q. What Participles be deriued of a verbe Common?

R. All the foure Partici∣ples, namely, one of the

• Present tense.
• Preter tense.
• Future in rus.
• Future in dus.

Q. Of what figure be Participles?

R. Some bee

• Simple, as faciens.
• Compounde, as terrefaciens.
• Double compound, as perterrefaciens.

Q. What numbers be in a Participle?

R. Two, the singular and the plurall.

Q. What cases and genders be in a Participle?

R. The same that be in Adiectiues, sixe cases 3. genders.

Q. What declensons be in Participles?

R. Participles of the Preter tense, the Future in rus and the Future in dus be declined like nownes Adiectiues of three terminations, as bonus.

Participles of the Present tense be declined like nownes Ad∣iectiues of three articles, as foelix.

Q. What tenses be in a Participle?

R. Three, namely the

• ...Present tense.
• ...Preter tense
• Future tense, whereof one is
  • ...Actiue.
  • ...Passiue.

Q. What significations be in a Participle?

R. Two, for some be

• Actiue, as a Participle of the
  • ...Present tense.
  • ...Future in rus.
• Passiue, as a Participle of y^e
  • ...Preter tense.
  • ...Future in dus.

Q. Doth not a Participle forme comparison?

R. No not properly.

Q. Why doctus is a Participle, & formeth cōparisō, as doctus doctior doctissimus, ergo, a Participle formeth cōparison.

R. When any Participle formeth comparison, hee is not counted a Participle, but a nowne.

Q. Howe manye waies may Participles bee turned into nownes?

R. Foure waies namely, when they

• 1 Are compounded with such wordes as the verbes which they come of can∣not be compounded withall.

• when they 2 Gouerne an other case then the verbe doth whereof they be deriued.
• 3 Forme the degrees of comparison.
• 4 Haue no manifest difference nor respect of time.

Q. What doe yee call the Participles when they be chan∣ged into Nownes?

R. I call them Participiall nownes.

Q. How many sortes of Participiall nownes be there?

R. Two. Some properly so called, which be participles indeed but be chaūged into nownes, after one of the manners aforesaid, as Armatus, doctus, sanctus, acutus, argutus, sapiens, monitus, and such like. Vnproperly so called, which haue the shew of Participles but indeede are nownes because they be deriued, of no verbe suche are togatus, tunicatus, laruatus, personatus, annulatus, barba∣tus, loricatus, and such like.

Of an Aduerbe.

Q. Which is the first of your 4. partes of speech vndeclined?

R. An Aduerbe.

Q. What is to be considered in an Aduerbe?

R. Three things the

• Definition. That is to tell What it is.
• Diuision. That is to tell What partes or sortes it hath.
• Accidents. That is to tell What things chance or fal vnto it.

Q. What is an Aduerbe?

R. An Aduerbe is a part of speech ioyned both to verbes and nownes to make playner or fuller their signification.

Q. How many sortes of Aduerbes haue yee?

R. Aduerbes are not deuided into partes but in respect of their accidentes.

Q. Then what accidents hath an Aduerbe?

R. The two generall accidentes Forme. Figure. And two speciall accidentes, Signification and Comparison.

Q. Of what forme be Aduerbes?

R. Some

• Primitiue, as heri, cras.
• Deriuatiue, as docte, pulchre.

Q. Of what figure be Aduerbes?

R. Some

• Simple, as prudenter.
• Compound, as imprudenter.

Q. Of what signification be Aduerbes?

R. Aduerbes be of diuers significations.

Tyme. Place. Some be of Number. Order. Asking or doub∣ting. Calling. Affirming. Denying. Swearing. Some be of Exhorting. Flattering. Forbidding. Wishing. Gathering toge∣ther. Parting. Some be of Choosing. A thing not finished. Showing. Doubting. Answearing. Some be of Chaunce. Likenes. Quality. Quantity. Comparison.

Q. How many sortes of comparisons be in an Aduerbe?

R. Three, the com∣parison which is called

• 1 Perfect, which hath al the degrees of comparison, & formeth them all out of himselfe by a certeyne rule.
• ...

• 2 Anomala, which formeth not the degrees of comparison out of him selfe.
• 3 Defectiua, which lacketh some degrees of comparison,

Q. What rules haue yee to forme the perfect comparison?

R. The positiue of such aduerbs as make a perfect compa∣rison end in e or in er. The comparatiue is like the newter gender of the comparatiue in nownes adiectiues, and the superlatiue is made of the superlatiue of nownes adiec∣tiues by chaunging the termination of the masculine gen∣der into um or e, as docte, doctius, doctissime, fortiter, forti∣us, fortissime.

Q. What aduerbes make comparison without rule?

R. Such as bee formed of nownes that make comparison without rule, as bene, melius, optime, and prepositions that are chaunged into aduerbes.

Q. What aduerbes make the defectiue comparison?

R. Such as be formed of adiectiues that make the defectiue comparison, and some speciall aduerbs which must be lear∣ned by reading.

Of a Coniunction.

Q. Which is the seconde of the foure partes of speech vn∣declined?

R. A Coniunction.

Q. What call you a Coniunction?

R. A Coniunction is a part of speech that ioyneth wordes and sentences together.

Q. Howe many things chaunce to a Coniunction?

R. 4. That is to say, forme, figure, power and order.

Q. Of what forme be Coniunctions?

R. All Coniunctions be primitiues.

Q. Of what figure be Coniunctions.

R.

Some be Simple. as Nam. Compound as Namque.

Q. What meane yee by power?

R. I meane signification.

Q. Howe many seuerall significations be in a coniunction?

R. 13. For some bee

• Copulatiues
• Disiunctiues
• Discretiues
• Cawsalls
• Interrogatiues
• Condicionalls
• Illatiues.
• Exceptiues.
• Aduersitiues.
• Redditiues.
• Diminitiues.
• Electiues.
• Expletiues.

Q. What meane yee by order?

R. The orde∣ring of con∣iunctions in sentences, for some bee

• 1 set before, as nam, quare, ac, ast, atque, et, aut, vel nec, ne{que}, si, quin, quatenus, sin, seu, siue, ni, nisi. set after, as quidē, quo{que}, autem, vero, enim, &
• 2 que, ve, ne, called encliticae coniunctiones quod accentum in praecedentem syllabam inclinent.
• 3 set indifferently, sometime before, sometime after, such are almost all other coniunctions.

Of a Praeposition.

Q. Which is the thirde of your parts of speech vndeclined?

R. A preposition.

Q. Howe knowe you a preposition?

R. A preposition is a part of speech most commonly set be∣fore other partes of speech, either in apposition or in com∣position, for he is called a preposition a praeponendo, that is to say, of setting before.

Q. Is a preposition then alwaies set before the other parts

of speech with whome he is ioyned.

R. Not alwayes, for these foure Cum. Tenus. Versus. Vsque. may be set after the case whiche they gouerne, & sometime penes also. as Quibuscum. Pube tenus. Angliam versus. Ad occidētē vs{que} me penes.

Q. Howe many thinges chance to a preposition?

R. This one thing especially, gouerning of cases.

Q. What cases do prepositions gouerne.

R. Some gouerne an

• Accusatiue case onely.
• an Ablatiue case onely.
• both an Accusatiue and an Ablatiue.
• an Ablatiue and a Genitiue.

Q. How many prepositions gouerne an Accusatiue case.

R. These 32. Ad to. Apud at. Ante before. Aduersus Aduersum. against. Cis Citra on this side. Circum Circa about Contra against. Erga towardes. Extra without. Intra within. Inter between. Infra beneath. Iuxta beside or nigh to Ob for. Pone behinde. Per, by or through. Prope, nigh. Propter, for. Secundum Post after. Trans on the farther side Vltra, beyonde. Preter beside. Supra aboue. Circiter about. Vsque vntill. Secus by. Versus towardes. Penes in the power.

Q. Howe many Prepositions gouerne an ablatiue case?

R. These 15 A Ab Abs from or fro. Cum with, Corā, before or in presēce. Clam secretly or priuily. De E Ex of or from. Pro for. Prae before or in cō∣parisō. Palam openly. Sine Absque without. Tenus vntill or vp to.

Q. Howe many prepositions do gouerne both an Accusa∣tiue case and an Ablatiue?

R. These 4. In. when it signifieth into, vnto, towards, or against, gouerneth an Accusatiue case, when it signifieth no more but on∣ly in, it gouerneth an ablatiue case.Sub when it signifieth vnto, by, about, or be∣fore, gouerneth an accusatiue case, whē it signifieth vnder, gouerneth an abla∣tiue case.Super when it signifieth beyonde, gouerneth an Accusatiue case, when it signifieth of or in, gouerneth an Ablatiue case. Subter vnder, in this one signification go∣uerneth both an Accusatiue and an Ablatiue case.

Q. Which gouerne an Ablatiue case and a Genetiue?

R. Tenus gouerneth an Ablatiue case both in y^e singular num∣ber and in the plurall. He gouerneth a Genitiue case also,

but that must euer be the plurall number.

Crure tenus

• Cruribus tenus
• Crurum tenus but not
• Cruris tenus.

Q. Doe all prepositions gouerne cases?

R. No forsooth these 6.

• ...Am.
• ...Di.
• ...Dis.
• ...Re.
• ...Se.
• ...Con.

are neuer foūd aloue w^t cases, but alwaies cōpounded w^t other wordes.

Q. Be your other prepositions neuer found alone without cases?

R. Yes forsooth, but then they be Aduerbes.

Q. Howe so?

R. For prepositions when they bee set alone without their case, or when they forme comparison, bee not prepositions, but are changed into Aduerbes.

Of an Interiection.

Q. What is the last part of speech?

R. An Interiection.

Q. Howe knowe ye an Interiection?

R. An Interiection is a part of speeche which betokeneth some sodayne affection or passion of the minde in an vnper∣fect voyce.

Q. Howe many thinges chance to an Interiection?

R. This one, namely signification.

Q. What significations hath an Interiection?

R. So manie as there bee motions or passions of the minde.

Q. Tell me the seuerall significations of an Interiection.

R. Some be of

• mirth.
• sorrowe.
• dread.
• marueyling.
• disdayning.
• shunning.
• praysing.
• scorning.
• exclamation.
• cursing.
• laughing.
• calling.
• silence.

Of Construction.

Q. Which is the third part of Grammar?

R. Syntaxis.

Q. What meane ye by this?

R. It is a Greeke worde compounded of Syn and Taxis, in Latin it is interpreted Constructio or Coordinatio in Eng∣lishe Construction or framing together.

Q. What is Construction?

R. It is the due ordering or framing together of woordes, in speeche.

Q. Howe many sortes or maners of Construction haue ye?

R. Two, that is to say the

• perfect, naturall, or vsuall construction.
• figured or fined Construction.

Q. Which of these partes do ye learne in your Accidence?

R. The first part which I called the perfect or natural con∣struction.

Q. Howe many thinges are to bee considered for the due framing together of wordes according to the perfect or na∣turall construction.

R. Two, that is to say,

• Three speciall agreementes of wordes, which we call the three concordes.
• And the three rules for the particuler construc∣tion of euery part of speech by him selfe.

Q. Which be your three agreementes of wordes or your three concordes.

R. The

• 1 Betweene the nominatiue case and the verbe.
• 2 Betweene the Substantiue and the Adiectiue.
• 3 Betweene the Antecedent and the Relatiue.

Q. Why be they called Concordes;

R. Because they doe concorde, that is to say, agree mutual∣ly together in some speciall accidents, so that the three lat∣ter cannot stande perfectly in speech without the three for∣mer.

Q. What tearmes haue ye for them in Grammar?

R. The three former, that is, the Nominatiue case, the sub∣stantiue and the Antecedent, bee called Subiecta as it were the pillers or vpholders or vnder setters of the other.

The latter three, that is to say, the verbe, the Adiectiue, & the relatiue, may be called Adiecta, which we may terme in Englishe the weakelings, or the wauerers, or the lea∣ners: because they bee of them selues wèake and waue∣ring, except they do as it were leane to their pillers or vn∣dersetters.

Q. Howe do these Adiecta agree with their Subiecta?

R. I haue for euery one of these Concordes or agreements certaine proper rules to showe howe they doe agree toge∣ther.

The first Concorde.

Q. Which is the rule for the first Concorde?

R. A verbe personall agreeth with his Nominatiue case in two things, that is, in number and person.

Q. Must the verbe Personall then allwayes be the same number and person that his nominatiue case is?

R. No forsooth, not alwayes: for I haue three exceptions.

Q. Which be they?

R. The first is this, when I haue moe Nominatiue cases,

then one comming together with a coniunction copulatiue betweene them, although they be all the singular number, yet my verbe must be put in the plural number, but it must bee suche person as the moste woorthie Nominatiue case is.

Q. Which call ye the most worthie nominatiue case?

R. The Nominatiue case of the first person is more woor∣thie then the seconde, and the nominatiue case of the second person is more worthie then the thirde.

Q. Which is your second exception?

R. When a verbe commeth betweene two Nominatiue ca∣ses of diuers numbers, it may indifferently accorde eyther with that which goeth before him, or with that which com∣meth after him, so that they bee both of one person.

Q. Which is the thirde exception?

R. This. The Nominatiue case to the verbe is not alwaies a casuall worde, but sometime a whole sentence, sometime a peece of a sentence, sometime an Infinitiue mode, some∣time an Aduerbe with a Genitiue case.

Q. What call you a casuall woorde?

R. Such a word as is declined with cases, namely a nowne, a pronowne, and a participle.

Q. Howe can a whole sentence, a peece of a sentence, an in∣finitiue mode or an Aduerbe with a Genitiue case be No∣minatiue case to the verbe?

R. When they stande for the Nominatiue case they bee ta∣ken altogether as it were a Substantiue, and may be sup∣posed to bee declined altogether like hoc nihil indeclinabi∣le.

Q. Why so?

R. Because nothing can bee the Nominatiue case to the verbe, but a substantiue or that which is taken as a substan∣tiue.

Q. Why, the relatiue may bee the Nominatiue case to the verbe, and yet he is no substantiue?

R. The Relatiue as touching his case standeth for a

substantiue and is alwayes aunsweared to in his case seue∣rally as a Substantiue.

Q. May not an adiectiue be nominatiue case to the verbe?

R. Yes, but then he must be put alone without a substantiue in the Newter gender, and so supply the place of a sub∣stantiue.

Q. What number and person shall the verbe bee when a whole sentence, a peece of a sentence, an Infinitiue mode, or an Aduerbe with a genitiue case is the nominatiue case to the verbe?

R. If it haue respect but to one thing, it shalbe the singular number, and the thirde person. If it haue respect to moe things then one, it shalbe the plural number & 3. person.

Q. In making and construing Latine, where shall I put the Nominatiue case?

R. For the most parte before the verbe: but sometime af∣ter the verbe.

Q. When is the Nominatiue case put after the verbe?

R. At 3 times, when

• We aske a question.
• the verbe is the Imperatiue mode.
• the signe it or there commeth before y^e english of y^e verbe.

Q. How will ye find out the nominatiue case to the verbe?

R. Put the question who or what with the englishe of the verbe & the word in the sentence that answeareth that que∣stion is the nominatiue case.

Q. Howe many thinges may bee the nominatiue case to the verbe?

R. Fiue, that is to say. a 1 Casual worde & y^t is either a Substantiue. Relatiue. 2 Whole reason or sentence Substantiue. Relatiue. 3 Clause or peece of a sentēce Adiectiue stan∣ding for a sub∣stantiue. 4 Infinitiue mode of a verbe Adiectiue stan∣ding for a sub∣stantiue. 5 Aduerb with a genitiue case Adiectiue stan∣ding for a sub∣stantiue.

Of the second Concord.

Q. Which is the rule of the second Concord?

R. The Adiectiue whether it be nowne, pronowne or partici∣ple agreeth with his substantiue in 3. things, that is Case, Gender, and Number.

Q. Why, haue ye more Adiectiues then of nownes?

R. Yea for∣sooth.

• Very many nownes. be adiectiues.
• Al Pronownes sauing Ego, tu, sui, be adiectiues.
• All Participles. be adiectiues.

Q. Is an Adiectiue alwayes the same Case, Gender, and Number that his Substantiue is?

R. Not alwayes, for I haue 3. such exceptions as I haue in the first Concorde.

Q. Which is the first exception for the second Concord?

R. Many Substantiues singular with a Coniunction Co∣pulatiue comming betweene them will haue an Adiectiue plurall, which Adiectiue shall agree with the Substantiue of the most worthy gender?

Q. Which is the Substantiue of the most worthy gender?

R. The Substantiue of the Masculine gender is more wor∣thy then y^e feminine, & the substantiue of the feminine gen∣der is more worthy then the Newter.

Q. Is this euer true?

R. Nay, for in things not apt to haue life, the Newter gē∣der is most worthy.

Q. Which is the second exception for the second Concord?

R. When an Adiectiue commeth betwene two Substātiues of diuers Genders it may indifferently accord with either of them.

Q. Which is the third exception for the second concord?

R. This, the Substantiue is not alwayes a casuall woord, but sometime a whole sentence, sometime a peece of a sen∣tence, sometime an Infinitiue mode, and sometime an Ad∣uerb with a Genitiue case.

Q. What case, gender, and number, shall the Adiectiue be when any of these is his Substantiue?

R. He shalbe such case as they are accounted to be, and if it haue respect but to one thing as one sentence, or one peece of a sentence, it shalbe the Newter Gender and singu∣lar number: but if it haue respect to moe thinges then one, or to more sentences, or more peeces of sen∣tences it shall be the Newter Gender and plurall Num∣ber.

Q. How wil ye find out the substantiue to the Adiectiue?

R. Put the question who or what to the English of y^e Adiec∣tiue, and the worde or wordes in the sentence that answere that question is the Substantiue to it.

Q. How many things may be substantiue to the adiectiue?

R. Whatsoeuer is nominatiue case to the verbe, the same may be Substantiue to the Adiectiue.

The third Concord.

Q. Which is the rule of the third Concord?

R. This, the Relatiue agreeth with his Antecedent in three thinges, that is,

• Gender.
• Number.
• Person.

Q. Is the Relatiue alwayes the same gender, number, and person that his Antecedent is?

R. Not alwayes, for I haue here the same three exceptions, that I haue in the first Concord and in the second.

Q. Which is the first exception for the third Concord?

R. When I haue moe Antecedentes then one of the sin∣gular number comming together with a Coniunction co∣pulatiue betweene them, then the Relatiue shall bee put in the plurall number, and agree in gender with the Antece∣dent of the most worthy gender.

Q. What meane yee by Antecedent?

R. The Antecedent is any such worde as goeth in the sen∣tence before the relatiue and is rehearsed againe by the Relatiue.

Q. Which is the second exception for the thirde concord?

R. When a Relatiue commeth betweene two substantiues or antecedentes of diuers genders, it may indifferently accord with eyther of them, yea though they bee both of diuers numbers also.

Q. Which is the third exception for the third concord?

R. The Antecedent is not alwayes a casuall worde, but sometime a whole sentence, sometime a peece of a sen∣tence, sometime an Infinitiue mode, sometime an Ad∣uerbe with a genitiue case.

Q. What gender, number and person shall the Relatiue be when he hath any of these Antecedentes?

R. If he haue respect but to one thing, one sentence, or one peece of a sentence: he shalbe the Newter gender, singu∣lar number and third person: but if he haue respect to moe then one: hee shalbe the Newter gender, plurall number, and third person.

Q. How many things may be antecedent to the Relatiue?

R. Whatsoeuer is nominatiue case to the verbe, the same may be Antecedent to the Relatiue.

Q. How will yee finde out the Antecedent to the Relatiue?

R. Put the question who or what to the English of the Re∣latiue, and the worde or wordes in the sentence that aun∣sweareth the question is the Antecedent.

Q. How shall I order the case of the Relatiue?

R. The Relatiue for his case alwayes supplieth the place of a Substantiue, and must be aunsweared to seuerally as a Substantiue.

Q. Haue yee none other rules for the case of the Relatiue then yee haue for substantiues?

R. Yes I haue two speciall rules for the case of the Rela∣tiue but they are all one in effect with the rules of Sub∣stantiues.

Q. Which is the first rule for the case of the Relatiue?

R. When there commeth no nominatiue case betweene the Relatiue & the verbe, the Relatiue shalbe the nominatiue case to the verbe.

Q. Which is the second rule for the case of the Relatiue?

R. When there commeth a nominatiue case betweene the Relatiue and the verbe: then the Relatiue shall not be the nominatiue case to the verbe: but shall be go∣uerned of the verbe, or of some other worde in the same sentence.

Q. What meane you by shalbe gouerned?

R. To be gouerned is to be such case as the verbe or any o∣ther part of speech will haue after him.

Q. Then if the Relatiue be not nominatiue case to y^e verb, must he not follow the verbe or some other worde in the same sentence, whereof he is gouerned?

R. No forsooth, he must indeed be such case as the verbe or some other word in the same sentence will haue after him, but the Relatiues qui, qualis, and quantus be set before the verbe and not after.

Q. Howe so?

R. For it is the nature of these Relatiues to stand before y^t woorde whereof they be gouerned.

Q. Doth no words els stand before the words which they be gouerned of but the Relatiue?

R. Yes, for the substantiue which is ioyned with y^e Relatiue doth follow the nature of the Relatiue?

Q. Shew me an example of this?

R. If the Relatiue be ioyned in like case, gender, and num∣ber with a Substantiue, if there come also an other Substantiue both the Relatiue, and the Substantiue with which he is ioyned, shall be the genitiue case, and yet shal stand before the other Substantiue, as Scaeuola no∣bis exposuit Lelii sermonem de amicitia, cuius disputati∣onis sententias memoriae mandaui,

Q. Shew me how standeth this with your rule?

R. Here I haue Cuius disputationis sententias, wheras

the Relatiue cuius agreeth in Case, Gender, and Number, with disputation is both which in order are placed before the other Substantiue sententias, & yet are the genitiue case, because the latter of two substantiues comming together must be the genitiue case.

Q. But if the Relatiue be not Nominatiue case to y^e verbe, what case must he then be?

R. If he be not Nominatiue case to the verb, then looke what case any nowne substantiue shoulde be being gouerned of the same worde, the same case must the Relatiue be and by the same rule.

Q. How wil ye know of what word y^t Relatiue is gouerned?

R. By putting for the Relatiue the same case of hic, haec, hoc, & so construing the sentence. For then y^t case of hic, haec, hoc which is put for the Relatiue will in construing follow the word that the Relatiue is gouerned of.

Q. In what order are the rules for the construction of euery part of speech to be considered?

R. In such order as y^e parts of speech be rehearsed in myne Accidence. The rules for the construction of

• ...1 Nownes Substantiues.
• ...2 Nownes Adiectiues.
• ...3 Pronownes,
• ...4 Verbes Personalles.
• ...5 Gerundes.
• ...6 Supines.
• ...7 Verbes Impersonalles.
• 8 Participles, and so foorth in such order as the partes of speech be rehearsed in myne Ac∣cidence.

Q. What order keepe ye in the placing of these rules?

R. The rules for euery part of speech stand according to the order of the cases.

• ...

• 1 First, the rules for y^e nominatiue case if the part of speech gouerne a nominatiue case after him.
• 2 Secondly, the rules for the Genitiue case.
• 3 Thirdly, the rules for the Datiue case.
• 6 Fourthly, the rules for the Accusatiue case.
• 7 Lastly, the rules for the Ablatiue case.

Q. Why leaue ye out the rules for the vocatiue case?

R. For the vocatiue case is not gouerned of any other parte of speech except an Interiection.

Q. Then how knowe yee when to put a worde in the Vo∣catiue case?

R. This one rule is sufficient for it. Whensoeuer I call or speake to anye thing or person it is the Vocatiue case.

Q. Howe will yee finde out the rule for any worde in a sen∣tence, to know why he is put in the nominatiue, Genitiue, Datiue, Accusatiue or Ablatiue case?

R. First I must looke what part of speech the word is which I haue to seeke out, secondly of what worde he is gouer∣ned, thirdly what parte of speech that worde is whereof he is gouerned, lastly I must looke what case my worde is, & so shall I turne to the rules that be for that part of speech & for that case.

Q. Shew me it by example?

R. If my word be a substantiue & the genitiue case, and go∣uerned of a nowne Adiectiue, then I turne to the rules y^t I haue for Adiectiues that gouerne a genitiue case.

If my worde be a Substantiue, the genitiue case, & gouerned of a verbe, then I turne to my rules for verbes which go∣uerne a genitiue case. Then I consider of what significa∣tion y^e worde is whereof he is gouerned, and so I take the rule that agreeth to that signification.

Q. But how wil yee knowe of what woorde the same case which you seeke is gouerned?

R. That must bee learned by diligent marking howe the

sentence is construed.

Q. Why so?

R. Because euery case is gouerned of that worde which goeth next before him in the naturall construing of a sen∣tence.

Q. What meane yee by construing?

R. Construing is the right placing of euery word y^t is writ∣ten in a sentence, in the naturall order of speech, & giuing to euery word his proper signification in english.

Q. Shew me howe?

R. Virtutis comes est inuidia. This sentence is construed thus. Inuidia enuy, est is, comes y^t companion, virtutis of vertue.

Q. If ye haue a sentence giuen to be construed, what or∣der wil ye keep in englishing and placing of euery word?

R. Diuers men teach diuersly, but this way is playne and not vnprofitable. If there be any vocatiue case in the sen∣tence I take that first. Secondly, the Nominatiue case, or that which is put in steede of the nominatiue case, and to him I adioyne any woord that hangeth vppon him. Then take I the verbe Personall. Then the Aduerb. After this the cases in their owne order. The Accusatiue case next after the verbe, and that whiche hangeth vppon him, then the Genitiue, and so the Datiue, and last the Ablatiue.

Q. What if there be not al these kinds of words in y^t sētēce?

R. Then take so many of them as be in it, and in this order, and alwayes take heede that ye put that case next after the verb, which y^t verb doth properly gouerne after him, & thē the other cases in order.

The Accusatiue case goeth before the Infinitiue Mode, the Infinitiue comes after any other mode. The Adiec∣tiue and the Substantiue must be construed togither ex∣cept one of thē doth passe ouer his signification into some other worde.

Q. May this order be alwayes kept?

R. No forsooth, for it is broken many times by the cases of Relatiues, Interrogatiues, Infinitiues & Genitiues of

partition and by some Coniunctions &c.

Q. If you haue an english giuen to be made in latine, what must you doe?

R. First I must looke out the principall verbe in the sen∣tence.

Q. Howe will ye finde out the principall verbe?

R. It is alwayes the first verbe, except the first verbe bee the Infinitiue mode, or haue before it a Relatiue or a Con∣iunction.

Q. What will yee doe when yee haue founde out the prin∣cipall verbe?

R. Then I must seeke out his Nominatiue case.

Q. What seeke yee out after the Nominatiue case?

R. After I haue made the verbe and his Nominatiue case, I consider what part of speech euery worde in the sentence is beside these: and then I ioyne them in suche order as I doe in construing of a sentence, and so make euery one of them into latine.

For the Genders of Nownes.

Q. Howe will yee finde out the genders of a Nowne?

R. I haue certayne rules in Latine verses for the Genders of nownes.

Q. Howe will yee seeke out the Gender of a Nowne by these rules.

R. First, I must looke whether it bee a proper name or a common.

Q. What if it be a proper name?

R. Then I haue two generall rules for his gender.

Q. Which be they?

R.

• The first is this. Propria quae maribus tribuuntur mascula dicas. &c.

• The second is this. Propria faemineum referentia nomina sexum, Faemineo geneti tribuuntur.

Q. Howe will yee knowe whether it bee a proper name or no?

R. If it be a proper name, it is one of these ten. As proper names of

• Gods.
• Men.
• Fluddes.
• Moneths
• Windes.

And these be all the masculine gender.

• Goddesses
• Women.
• Cities.
• Countreis
• Ilandes.

& these bee all y^e femi∣nine gen∣der for the most part.

Q. Be not all those latter fyue the feminine gender aswell as all the first fiue be the masculine.

R. No, for certaine names of Cities be excepted?

Q. What gender be those that be excepted?

R. These two of the masculine gender, Sulmo, Agragas, these of the newter gender, Argos, Tibur, Preneste.

This one Anxur, which is sometime the masculine, sometime the newter.

Q. What if your nowne be no proper name?

R. Then I must looke whether it be not the name of a tree.

Q. What if it be the name of a tree?

R. Then I haue this rule for him.

Appellatiua arborum erunt muliebria vt alnus.

Q. What gender must your nowne be by this rule?

R. The feminine.

Q. Be all names of trees the feminine gender?

R. No.

Q. Then howe will ye knowe the gender of such Nownes as do not agree with the rule?

R. All suche nownes as doe not agree with the rule, ey∣ther be rehearsed by name strayght after the rule, or els there is some speciall rule of exeception set downe for them.

Q. What nownes haue ye excepted from this rule.

R. Two of the Masculine gender, Pinus and Oleaster

fiue of the Newter gender, Siler, Suber, Thus, Robur, and Acer.

Q. What if your nowne be neyther proper name nor name of a tree?

R. Then he is a nowne common, or a nowne appellatiue.

Q. Howe will yee seeke out the gender of a nowe appella∣tiue?

R. First, I must looke in his genetiue case whether it doth encrease or no.

Q. Why so?

R. For I haue three speciall rules referred to the genitiue case of a nowne common, whereby I may learne his gen∣der.

Q. Which be they?

R. The first is, Nomen non crescens Genitiuo seu caro car∣nis. &c. The se∣conde is Nomē crescentis penultima si Genitiui, syllaba accuta sonet. &c. The thirde is, Nomen crescentis Penultima, si Genitiui fit gra∣uis. &c.

Q. What maner of no wnes belong to your first rule?

R. All such as doe not increase in the Genitiue case?

Q. When are nownes sayd to increase in the genitiue case?

R. When they haue mo syllables in the Genitiue case then they haue in the Nominatiue.

Q. What gender then must those nownes bee, by this rule which doe not increase in the Genitiue case?

R. All those whiche doe agree with the rule be the feminine gender.

Q. Did you not say that all nownes which do not increase in the Genitiue case doe agree with the rule?

R. No forsooth, I sayde in deede that all nownes which doe not increase in the genitiue case do belong to the first rule

but all they doe not agree with the rule.

Q. What difference do ye put betweene these two wordes belonging and agreeing.

R. I count all those to belong to the rule whiche bee of the same sort of nownes that the rule is made for, though they bee not the same gender whiche the rule appointes them to bee: but I count none to agree with the rule but suche as both bee of the same sortes of Nownes, that the rule is made for, & also be the same gender that the rule appointes them to bee.

Q. Then what gender bee those nownes that be excepted from this first rule.

R. First, some of the Masculine gender contayned in this note of exception. Mascula nomina in a dicuntur multa virorum &c. and in this note. Mascula in er ceu venter in os vel vs, vt logos annus.

Secondly some of the newter Gender contayned in this note. Newtrum nomen in e si gignit is &c.

Thirdly some of the doubfull gender contayned in this note of exception. Incertigeneris sunt talpa et dama canalis, &c.

Lastly, some of the common of two conteyned in this rule of exception. Compositum a verbo dans a commune duorum est. &c.

Q. Haue ye not also some of the feminine gender excepted, contayned in this note. Feminei generis sunt mater humus domus. &c.

R. No forsooth, this is no exception from the first rule, for all these nownes in this exception be the feminine gender, and do agree with the first rule, but these be excepted from the seconde rule of exception. Mascula in er ceu venter in os vel in vs. &c.

Q. Howe so?

R. For whereas he had made that rule that nownes which ende in er, os or vs were the masculine gender, he founde these nowns so ending to be the feminine gender, & there∣fore

hee put them heere in an exception from that rule.

Q. What maner of nownes belong to your seconde rule?

R. All suche nownes as doe encrease in the genitiue case, and haue the last syllable sauing one lifted vp sharpe in sound, as virtus virtutis.

Q. What Gender bee those nownes that belong to this rule?

R. All those that doe agree with the rule bee the feminine gender.

Q. And what gender are those that are excepted?

R. Some be of the Masculine gender contayned in this note of exception. Mascula dicuntur monosyllaba nomina quaedam. And in this. Mascula sunt etiam polysyllaba. &c. And in this Mascula in er, or et os. &c.

Some be the newter gender contained in this note Sunt neu∣tralia et haec monosyllaba nomina. &c.

Some be the doubtfull contayned in this note. Sunt dubia haec python, &c.

Some be the common of two contayned in this note. Sunt commune parens. &c.

Q. What maner of nownes belong to your thirde rule?

R. All such as doe increase in the genitiue case and haue the last syllable sauing one pronownced flatte or pressed downe, as Sanguis Sanguinis.

Q. What gender bee those nownes whiche belong to this rule?

R. All those that doe agree with the rule bee the masculine gender.

Q. What gender be those that be excepted?

R. Some of the femenine gender contayned in this note of exception. Faemineigeneris sit hyperdissyllabon in do.

Some of the newter gender contayned in this note. Est neu∣trale genus signans rem non animatam. &c.

Some of the doubtfull contayned in this note. Sunt du∣bil generis cardo margo. &c.

Some of the common of two contained in this note. Commu∣nis

generis sunt ista vigil pugil. &c.

For the praeterperfect tenses of simple verbes.

Q. Howe will yee seeke out the preterperfect tense of a verbe?

R. I haue certaine rules in latine verses for the forming of them.

Q. Howe will ye finde out the preterperfect tense of a verb by those rules?

R. First, I must looke whether the verbe be simple or com∣pounde.

Q. Why so?

R. Because the preterperfect tense of a compounde verbe is most commonly made of the preterperfect tense of the simple verbe, of which he is compounded.

Q. What if your verbe be simple?

R. Then I must looke whether he endes o, or in or.

Q. Why so?

R. Because the preterperfect tense of verbes in or be formed of the latter supine of verbes in o.

Q. What if your verbe ende in o?

R. If the verbe ende in o and be eyther of the first, the second or the fourth Coniugation: I shall finde out his preterper∣fect tense by that rule which is made for the termination of the seconde person singuler of the presentense of the in∣dicatiue mode or by the rules of exception.

Q. What is the termination of the seconde person singu∣lar in the present tense of the Indicatiue mode, in verbes of the first Coniugation?

R. As.

Q. What is the rule for this termination?

R. As in presenti perfectum format in aui.

Q. Do all verbes of the first Coniugation make their pre∣terperfect tense in aui.

R. All sauing those which be excepted after this rule.

Q. What is the termination of the second person singular

in the second Coniugation.

R. Es.

Q. Which is the rule for this termination.

R. Es in praesenti perfectum format ui dans.

Q. Doe all verbes of the second Coniugation make their preterperfect tense in ui?

R. All sauing those that be excepted eyther by name or by some speciall rule.

Q. How many special rules of exception haue ye for verbs of this coniugation?

R. These two, l. vel r. ante geo si stet, geo vertitue in si. And Veo fit vi. &c.

Q. What is the termination of the 2. person in the 4. Con∣iugation?

R. Is.

Q. What is the rule for this termination?

R. Quarta dat is iui monstrat scio scis tibi sciui.

Q. Do all verbes of the 4. Coniugation make their pre∣terperfect tense in iui?

R. All sauing those that bee here specially excepted after this rule.

Q. What if your verbe be the third Coniugation, how wil ye then finde out his preterperfect tense?

R. If my verbe be the thirde coniugation, then I shall finde out his preterperfect tense by the speciall rule whiche is made for the termination of the first person singular in the present tense of the Indicatiue mode.

Q. Which is the termination of the first person singular?

R. There be as many terminations of the first person sin∣gular almost as there bee letters.

Q. Which be they?

R. These Bo, Co, Do, Go, Ho, Lo, Mo, No, Po, Quo, Ro, So, Sco, To, Vo, Xo, Cio, Dio, Gio, Pio, Rio, Tio, üo.

Q. Haue ye a rule for euery one of these terminations?

R. Yea forsooth.

Q. What is the rule for Bo?

R. Bo fit bi, vt lambo lambi.

Q. Do all words that ende in bo make their perfect tense in bi?

R. All sauing those which be after specially excepted.

Q. And is this the order in euery termination.

R. Yea forsooth.

For the preterperfectense of compound verbes.

Q. If your verbe bee a compounde howe will ye finde out his preterperfectense?

R. If the verbe be compounde, I haue this generall rule for his preterperfect tense Preteritum datidem simplex et com∣positiuum.

Q. Why, is the preterperfect tense of the verbe compounde the same that the preterperfect tense of the simple is al∣wayes?

R. No forsooth not alwayes, for the compoundes of ma∣nye verbes be afterwardes excepted by certayne speciall rules.

Q. What verbes be those whose compoundes do alter from this generall rule.

R. Some compound of

• ...Plico. a plico compositum. &c.
• ...Olco. quamuls vult oleo simplex. &c.
• ...Pungo. Composita a pungo. &c.
• ...Do. Natum a do quando est. &c.
• ...Sto Natum a sto stas. &c.

Q. What other exception haue ye from this generall rule?

R. I haue three rules, wherein diuers verbes be excepted.

Q. Which is the first exception from the generall rule of compounde, verbes.

R. The first rule is of certain verbes whose cōpounds chāge

the first vowel of their present tense & of their preterper∣fectense into e Verba haec simplicia presentis &c. among which are specially noted:

Some com∣poundes of

• ...Pario, pario cuius nata peri duo.
• ...Pasco, a pasco paui tantum, &c.

Q. Which is the second exception from the generall rule of compound verbes?

R. The second rule is of certeine verbes whose compounds change their 1. vowel into i Haec habeo, lateo, &c, among which are specially noted?

Some com∣poundes of

• ...Cano, a cano natum praeteritum per ui, &c,
• ...Placeo, a Placeo sic displiceo, &c.
• ...Pango, Composita a pango, &c.
• ...Maneo, A maneo mansi minui dant, &c.

Some com∣poundes of

• ...Scalpo. Composita a scalpo, calco, &c.
• ...Calco.
• ...Salto.
• ...Claudo.

• ...Composita a claudo, &c.
• ...Quatio.
• ...Lauo.

Q. Which is the last exception from the generall rule of compound verbes.

R. The last rule is of some verbs whose compounds change the first vowell of their present tence, but not of the preter∣perfectense into i, Haec si componas, ago &c. After which be specially noted.

Some com∣poundes of

• ...Ago, sed pauca notétur, nam{que} suum, &c. Vtque ab ago, &c.
• ...Rego, A rego sic pergo, &c.
• ...Facio, Nil variat facio, &c,
• ...Lego, A lego nata re, se, &c.

For the Supines of simple Verbes.

Q. How wil ye finde out the supine of a simple verbe?

R. By the rule that is made for the termination of his Pre∣terperfectense.

Q. Which be the terminations of the Preterperfectense?

R. There be almost as many terminations of the Preter∣perfectense as there be letters.

Q. Rehearse them?

R. Bi, Ci, Di, Gi, Li, Mi, Ni, Pi, Qui, Ri, Si, Psi, Ti, Vi, iii, Xi.

Q. What is the rule for Bi?

R. Bi sibi tum format, &c.

Q. Doth all those verbes whose Preterperfectense end in bi, make their supines in tum?

R. All sauing those that hereafter are specially excepted.

Q. And is this the order for all the other terminations?

R. Yea forsooth.

For the Supines of compound Verbes.

Q. How will yee seeke out the Supine of a verbe Com∣pounde?

R. I haue this generall rule for the Supines of verbes pounde. Compositum vt simplex formatur quodque Su∣pinum.

Q. Doe all compounde verbes forme their supines in the same manner that their simples doe?

R. All sauing a fewe that bee specially afterwarde ex∣cepted.