Kyrou paideia, or, The institution and life of Cyrus the Great written by that famous philosopher and general, Xenophon of Athens, and from the original Greek made English, the first four books by Francis Digby ..., the four last by John Norris.

XENOPHON'S INSTITUTION AND LIFE OF CYRUS the GREAT. THE SIXTH BOOK. (Book 6)

WHen they had thus spent the day and Supp'd they betook themselves to their rest. The next day after, in the mor∣ning all the Souldiers Convened toge∣ther at Cyaxares his Gate. Now while Cyaxares up∣on the report of a great multitude gather'd together at his Gate, was dressing himself, some of Cyrus his friends brought to him the Cadusians petitioning him that he would stay, some the Hyrcanians, one Gobryas, and another Sacas. Hystaspas brought Ga∣datas

the Eunuch desiring the same favour of Cyrus. Then Cyrus knowing that Gadatas was long since almost dead for fear lest the Army should be disban∣ded, say'd to him with a smile, 'tis plain now that Hystaspas put you in the Head to ask this of me. Whereupon Gadatas lifting up his Hands to Heaven protested solemnly, that he was not perswaded to it by Hystaspas, but I know (says he) if you go a∣way I shall be utterly undon. And 'twas upon that consideration that I went to him, to ask him what was your mind concerning the disbanding of the Army. Then it seems, say'd Cyrus, I blame Hystaspas undeservedly, yes truly, reply'd Hystaspas. For on the contrary I disswaded Gadatas, and told him 'twas impossible you should stay, because you were sent for by your Father. How says Cyrus, did you dare to tell him so, whether I would or no? Yes indeed, for I know you are impatiently desirous to ride up and down Persia in Pomp, and give your Father a particular account of all your brave exploits. And are not you, says Cyrus, desi∣rous of returning home too? No says Hystaspas, I'll stay here and perform the Office of a Comman∣der, till I have made this Gadatas Master of the A∣ssyrian.

While they were thus seriously jesting, Cyaxares * 1.1 came forth adorn'd in his Robes of State and seated himself on the Median Throne. And when all whose, presence was needful were assembled toge∣ther, and silence proclaim'd Cyaxares deliver'd his mind to this purpose. Since I am here present (Fellow-Souldiers) and am elder then Cyrus, it may be proper for me to speak first. I think it high time to deliberate whether it be most for our ad∣vantage

to carry on the War or to disband the Ar∣my. Concerning this point therefore let some Bo∣dy or other give his Opinion. Whereupon Hyrca∣nius first began. I know not, says he, what need there is of many Words, when the matter is so clear. For we all know that when we are all together in a bo∣dy we do more damage to the Enemy then we re∣ceive. But when we were sever'd one from another, we found by sad experience that they dealt with us as they pleased. Then Cadusins, to what purpose, says he, should we go home, and every one live by himself, when as we find now we are in a posture of Arms 'tis not convenient for us to be asunder? I'm sure we Cadusians paid severely for offering to stray from the Body of the Army, though but for a little while. Then Artabazus who call'd himself the Kinsman of Cyrus, for my part, says he, I dissent thus far from all that have spoken before me. They say that we ought to stay here in a military posture. But I say I was continually in an Expedition, even while I was at home: For I oftentimes afforded my assistance both when our goods were plunder'd and our Castles besieged treacherously, besides my care of the Garrison, and all this I did at my own charge. But now I am possess'd of their Castles, and am not at all afraid of them, and eat and drink of the Enemies Provisions. Since therefore my Do∣mestic Life was a warfare, and my military Life a continual feast, I would not by any means the Ar∣my should be disbanded. Then said Gobryas, I cannot chuse (Fellow Souldiers) but commend the performances of Cyrus's hand, for he has been wan∣•…•…ing in nothing that he promised. But if he should leave this Countrey, it is plain in the first place that

the Assyrian will be at rest, nor suffer punishment for those injuries which he has endeavoured to do to you, nor those which he has in effect don to me. And besides I shall be sure to be plagued by him for fiding with you. Neither am I ignorant (say'd * 1.2 Cyrus last of all) that if we disband the Army, our Forces will be weaken'd and the Enemy strengthen'd. For whosoever of them had their Arms or Horses taken from them will quickly get a new supply of each, and others will spring up in the room of those that were slain, so that without a miracle they may again find us employment. Why therefore did I advise Cyaxares to call a Council about disbanding the Army? Truly because I was afraid of what is behind. For I see marching up towards us such Adversaries which we cannot incounter if we in∣camp here. The Winter is coming on apace, and tho' we have Houses for our selves, yet we have not for our Horses, nor our Servants, nor for our com∣mon Souldiers, without whom we cannot fight the Enemy. And then as for our Provision, as far as we have come we have spent it all, and where we have not, 'twas carryed into the Works for fear. So that the Enemy has fast hold of that, and will in spight of our Teeth. Who then is so Couragi∣ous, who so strong as to incounter hunger and cold? If this then be like to be the Condition of a Milita∣ry Life, 'tis better in my judgment willingly to dis∣band the Army, then against our wills to be broken with hardship and indigence. But if you are resol∣v'd to hold out in this warfare, our best way will be to endeavour forthwith to take away as many fortify'd places from the Enemy as we can, and to fortify more for our selves. For if we take that

course, they will be best stock'd with Provision who hoard up what they take from the other, and they will be besieged who are less stored. For the present, our Condition is just like that of Marriners. For they Sail on still, but yet that part of the Oce∣an which they have left behind is no more their own, then that which they have not Sail'd over. But if we take their Castles, the whole Country will be the more alienated from the Enemy, and we our selves shall enjoy the more quiet. And where∣as some of you may fear lest you should be placed in Garrisons far off from your own Country, I would not have you trouble your selves with that; for we will take the places next to the Enemy, under our Charge, and you shall inhabit the Regions of Assyria, which Border on your own Country. For if we can keep those places which lie next the Enemy, you who dwell agreat way off from them will pass your time in great peace and quiet. It being not likely that neglecting the dangers nearer home, they will mo∣lest you at that distance.

When these discourses were ended, some present∣ly stood up and readily proffered their Service, and among the rest Cyaxares himself. Cyrus perceiving them so ready to perform whatever he proposed, say'd thus, if then you are resolv'd to do what has been say'd, we must with all speed get Engins made to demolish the Enemies Walls, and Smiths to raise up Fortifications for our selves. Then Cyaxa∣res promised that he would get them an Engin made, and Gadatas and Gobryas undertook for ano∣ther, Tigranes for another, and Cyrus for another. The business being thus resolv'd upon they imme∣ately

hired Workmen and provided Materials, and set some Select Persons to oversee the Work.

Cyrus perceiving this was like to be a tedious * 1.3 piece of Work, incamp'd his Army in a place which he thought was wholesome and of easy access to those who should bring Provision. And he so for∣tify'd all places that were out of repair, that those who were in them should be safe tho' sometimes re∣mote from the body of the Army. Besides he in∣quired of those who were acquainted with the Country, what places would be most convenient to incamp in, and so always led some of his Men out to seek after Provision, partly that they might store themselves the better with things necessary, partly to make them strong and healthy by conti∣nual Exercise, and partly that they might be accust∣om'd to keep their Ranks. Thus did Cyrus keep himself employed.

But news was brought by some Renegades and Slaves which came from Babylon, that the Assyrian * 1.4 was gone into Lydia with a great many Talents of Gold and Silver, and other Riches, and Furniture of all sorts. Whereupon the Common Souldiers conjectured that he carried his Wealth to another place, because afraid to trust it at home. But Cyrus who knew the errand of his departure was to Ex∣cite * 1.5 against them more Adversaries if he could, pre∣pared himself for whatever Opposition he should meet with. Whereupon he augmented the Persian Horse, the Slaves supplying him with some Horses and his Friends with others. For he took all that was brought him refusing nothing whether Horses or Arms. He provided himself also with Chariots, some of which he had taken in War, and some he

procured otherwise. The old Trojan Way of dri∣ving * 1.6 Chariots, and also that which is in use at this day among the Cyreneans he utterly abolish'd. For in former times the Medes, Syrians, Arabians and all the Nations of Asia did use their Chariots in the same manner as the Cyreneans do now. Now Cyrus thought with himself, that that part of the Army which was likely to be the most strong (the choi∣cest men being commonly in the Chariots) would according to the old way of making Chariots, only be a part of the light harness'd Souldiers, and con∣tribute but very little to the Victory. For three hun∣dred Chariots supply but three hundred fighting men, and yet require twelve hundred Horses, be∣sides three hundred Charioteers: But these are those * 1.7 that do no considerable hurt to the Enemy. Where∣fore these sort of Chariots he put away, and instead of them, he provided others which were fit for War, with firm Wheels, that they might not ea∣sily be broken, and with long Axletrees, because broad things are not so•…•…apt to be overturn'd: The Coachbox was like a Tower, made of strong Tim∣ber, and came up to the Elbows of the Coachmen, who were Arm'd all Cap-a-pe except their Eyes. Besides he faslned Irons Siths of two Cubits long on each side of the Axletree, and another under the Axletree tending downwards: And these very Chariots which Cyrus then invented are now still in use among those that live in the Kings Domini∣ons, Cyrus had also got together a great many Ca∣mels, some given to him by his Friends, and some taken in War. After this manner did he prepare himself.

But being minded to send a spie into Lydia to * 1.8 know what the Assyrian was doing there, he thought none so fit for that imployment as Araspas the keeper of the fair Lady Panthea. Now this A∣raspas had an accident happen'd to him, which was this. Being desperately in love with this Lady he could not forbear, but must needs solicit her for a nights lodging. But she refused, resolving to be true to her Husband tho' absent (for she loved him mightily) yet she did not accuse Araspas to Cyrus, being loath to breed difference betwixt Friends. But when Araspas thinking thereby to accomplish his desire threatned her, that unless she would con∣sent willingly, he would force her whether she would or no, then indeed fearing lest Violence should be offer'd her, she no longer conceals the bu∣siness, but sends her Eunuch to Cyrus with a com∣mand to acquaint him with the whole matter. Cy∣rus assoon as he had a Relation of it, laugh'd hear∣tily, to think how far he lately fancied himself out of the reach of love. Whereupon he sends Artaba∣zus along with the Eunuch and bids him tell Aras∣pas that he should by no means offer Violence to a Lady of her quality, but if he could perswade her by fair means, well and good. But Artabazus when he came to Araspas fell foul upon him, tel∣ling him that he had betrayed his trust, and cal∣led him impious, injurious and incontinent. In∣somuch that Araspas fell aweeping, and was quite out of Countenance with shame, and almost dispi∣rited with fear lest Cyrus also should take Cogni∣zance of it. Which when Cyrus knew, he sent for * 1.9 him, and discours'd with him in private. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 perceive (says he) Araspas, you are afraid of me, and greatly

ashamed. But I would not have you trouble your self. For I have been told that the Gods themselves have yielded to the Charms of love, and I know what some have suffer'd from love who had the re∣putation of Wise Men. Nay, I am not such a stran∣ger to my self as to be ignorant, that I cannot sit with a fair Woman and be unconcern'd. But the truth is I am in the fault for shutting you up with such irresistible Charms. Then Araspas interrup∣ting him, Cyrus, says he, you are ever like your self, that is, merciful and apt to pardon Humane frailties. But yet other men overwhelme me with grief, for ever since the noise of this accident has been spread about, my Enemies triumph upon my misery, and my friends advise me to abscond, lest you punish me for the great wrong I have don you. Then say'd Cyrus, know Araspas that by this common o∣pinion of the World concerning you, you may have an opportunity of doing me a great kindness, and your Fellow-Souldiers much good. Would I could (replied Araspas) be again any way serviceable to * 1.10 you. Why, if you will pretend that you fly from me, and joyn your self to the Enemy, I fancy you will easily be believ'd. Truly, says Araspas, I am con∣fident •…•…twill be rumour'd about by my friends that I fly from you. Then, says Cyrus, you may return to us again, and inform us how matters stand with the Enemy. For I am confident they will trust you so far, as to make you privy to all their Counsels and designs, so that you may be ignorant of no∣thing that we desire to know. Well then, says A∣raspas, I will e'ne go without any more ado. For this one thing will be enough to render my coming unsuspected, that I shall be supposed to have turn'd

Renegade for fear of you. But can you find in your Heart to leave the fair Panthea? Truly Cyrus I am sure now I have two Souls. This Philosophy I have just now learnt from my cruel Master love. For if I had but one only Soul, it would not be at once good and bad, nor at the same time love honest things and filthy things, nor at once will to do and not to do the same. But 'tis plain we have two Souls, and when the good Soul gets the upper hand, we under∣take honest Actions, but when the evil Soul bears sway, we do evil. But now since my good Soul is further'd by your assistance it has much the better of the other. Well then, says Cyrus, if you are resolv'd to go, you must so contrive your business that you may be the more believ'd. I would have you tell them what we are doing, and so order your story that what you shall say may hinder them from doing what otherwise they would do. And the way to do that, is to tell them that we are preparing to make an inrode somewhere upon their Country. For if they hear of that, they will not collect the strength of their Forces all into one place, since eve∣ry one will be concern'd for the safety of his own House; I would have you also spend a considerable time with them: For't will be much for our interest to know what they do when they are at a little di∣stance from us: And besure you advise them to set their Army in battel array after their best method: For they will be sure to observe the same order af∣ter * 1.11 you are gone from them, which you saw when you were there: For they will be afraid to alter their postures, neither can they do it on a suddain, with∣out much disorder. Araspas being thus lesson'd took a few trusty Servants with him and went his way.

Now when Panthea heard that Araspas was gone she sent a message to Cyrus to this effect: Don't trouble your self, Cyrus, because Araspas is revolted to the Enemy, for if you will give me leave to send for my Husband, I'l undertake you shall have a friend of much more fidelity then Araspas, and be∣sides I know he will come to you with as many For∣ces with him as he can bring. For the Father of this King that now Reigns was his great friend, but he that is now in the Throne endeavour'd to separate me and my Husband from each other, And therefore I am sure that since he has had experi∣ence of his insolence he will come over to such a man as you are with all his Heart. When Cyrus heard this he bad her send to her Husband, which she did: Now when Abradatas knew his Wives * 1.12 Zeal, and perceived also how other things stood, he with all readiness and joyfulness came over to Cyrus with about two thousand Horse with him. Assoon as he arrived as far as the place where the Persian Spies were, he sends away to Cyrus, and signifies who he was, Cyrus gave order immediately that the Man should be conducted to his Wife: Assoon as they saw each other they embraced with all the passionate indearments that were proper for such an unexpected meeting. Then Panthea gave him a re∣lation how piously, temperately and mercifully Cyrus had behaved himself towards her: which when A∣bradatas heard, what shall I do my Panthea, says he, to express my gratitude to Cyrus both on your ac∣count and my own? I know no better way, reply'd she, then that you endeavour to behave your self to∣wards him, as he has toward you.

After this Abradatas came into Cyrus's presence, whom assoon as ever he saw, taking him by the hand, the greatest return (says he) which I can make you for those favours wherewith you have so obliged us, is that I here present my self to you as your friend, your Servant, and your Fellow-Soul∣dier: What ever you undertake you shall be sure of the best assistance which I can afford you. And I (replyed Cyrus) accept of your service, but I will dismiss you for the present that you may Sup with your Wife: Henceforward you shall make use of my Tent, with your friends and mine.

After this Abradatas observing that Cyrus was mightily taken up with his Chariots that bore Sithes, and his Horse and Horsemen that were arm'd with Brest-Plates, he provided an hundred Chariots made after the same fashion, and he himself led them riding in a Chariot of his own, which was so hung that it had four draught Trees and eight Horses. His Lady Panthea, out of her own store made him a Golden Breast-Plate, a Golden Helmet and like∣wise Coverings for his Arms. His Coach-horses were adorn'd all over with Brass- Trappings: And thus was Abradatas employed. Cyrus taking notice * 1.13 of his Chariot with four draught Trees, perceiv'd 'twas possible to make one with eight, that so it might be drawn with eight yoke of Oxen: And this Chariot stood three ells from the Ground. He thought if these great Towers followed with his ranks, 'twould be a great strengthning to the Body of his Army, and a great disadvantage to the Ene∣my. In every one of these Chariots he made Tow∣ers and Fortifications, and in every Tower he pla∣ced twenty Men.

But when all the work that belong'd to the Tow∣ers was finish'd, he made tryal of the drawing them. And he found that those eight yokes would much more easily draw a Tower with the Souldi∣ers in it, then one yoke its single carriage: For the lading of one yoke us'd to amount to the weight of twenty five Talents. But now whereas each Tower was about the thickness of a Tragick Scene, and bore twenty men apiece with their Arms, every yoke had not so much as fifteen Ta∣lents weight to its share. Now when he perceiv'd that these Chariots might be driven with small la∣bour, he prepared to lead on against the Enemy with his Towers and his Army. For he thought the desire of bettering ones Condition a very just and prosperous thing in War.

About this time some Embassadours came from * 1.14 India who brought money to Cyrus, and a Letter from the Indian King to this effect. I take it very kindly, Cyrus, that you would acquaint me with your wants: I am willing there should be an intimacy be∣twixt us, in token whereof I send you this money; Besides I have commanded those that bring this to you to do what ever you bid them: Which when Cyrus had read, my pleasure is, says he, that some of you remain in the Tents which you have lodg'd in, and guard this money, and live as pleasantly as you can. And that three of you go to the Ene∣my pretending that you come from the Indian King to treat about a league, and when you know in what posture things are with them, bring me and the Indian word assoon as may be, both what they say and do: If you will be serviceable to me in this I shall take it as a greater kindness

then the money which you brought me. For as for spies they like Servants can bring intelligence of nothing but what is known to all. But such men as you oftentimes, have the luck to know even their Cabinet-Counsels. The Indians after they heard this, and were nobly entertain'd by Cyrus, departed the next day, engaging themselves under an oath to return assoon as ever they had sufficiently infor∣m'd themselves concerning the state of the Ene∣my.

Now when Cyrus had made Preparation for the War in a very magnificent manner (as indeed he was a man that did nothing meanly) he did not only busy himself about those things which his Fellow-Souldiers thought fit to be don, but kindled an ambition among his friends who should appear best arm'd, best skill'd in riding and throwing of a Dart, and best able to endure hardship and labour. And this he did by leading them out ahunting, and by honouring those who excell'd. Moreover if he ob∣serv'd any Commanders that made it their business to improve their Souldiers, he encouraged them partly by commending th•…•… partly by gratifying them in what he could. And if at any time he did Sacrifice or celebrated a festival, he instituted war∣like Games and exercises and confer'd great rewards on the Victors: So that there was a great deal of joy and content in the Army.

Cyrus had now almost finished all things in or∣der to his Expedition except the Engins. For the number of the Persian Horse was now improved to ten thousand. And there was about an hundred Chariots that bore Sithes of his own making, besides so many more which Abradatas the Susan made in

imitation of them. Cyrus also perswaded Cyaxares to change his Median Chariots from the Trojan and Libyan form to the same fashion: And these made up another hundred. Besides, there were Souldiers chosen out for the Camels, two Archers for each: And (which was the Crown of all) the greatest part of the Army, was of such a resolv'd mind, as if they had already overcome, and as if they thought they had to do with a very inconsiderable Ene∣my.

But when the Indians which Cyrus sent as spies were return'd from the Enemy, and brought word that they had made choice of Craesus for their Com∣mander, and that 'twas order'd that all the assist∣ing Kings should come with their whole Forces and bring a great quantity of Riches with them, which should be spent partly in hiring Souldiers, partly in bestowing gifts as occasion required. Besides that * 1.15 a great many Thracians were already hired who wore long Swords. That the Egyptians also were landed, about an hundred and twenty thousand in number, with Helmets reaching down to their Feet, and huge Spears, such as are now also in use among them, and falchions. That the Cyprians al∣so and all the Cilicians, both the Phrygians, Lycaoni∣ans, Paphlagonians, Cappadocians, Arabians, Phae∣nicians, Assyrians and Ionians, with the King of Babylon, the Aeolensians and almost all the Grecians that dwell in Asia were listed under the Conduct of Craesus. And that he had sent Embassadours into Lacedaemonia for more help. That the Army incamp'd by the River Pactolus, and that they were about to march towards Thybarra (where now also the Bar∣barians of the lower Syria who are under the Kings

Jurisdiction use to incamp) and that't was proclai∣med that the public Market for all saleable Commo∣dities should be kept there, and when all this was confirm'd by the report of the Slaves (for't was the aim of Cyrus to take some Captives from whom he might pump out something, he also sent out spies, under the disguise of Slaves and Renegades) when Cyrus his Army heard all this, every one began to be concern'd (as indeed, they might well enough) * 1.16 and all of them march'd on more silently then they used to do, and a great many of them seem'd very much damp'd. Moreover they parcell'd themselves out into Companies, and every place was full of discoursings about this News. Cyrus perceiving the infection to spread, call'd together the Com∣manders and all others whose Fear or Courage might have any influence upon the Army. He gave order also to the Officers, that if any of the Common-Souldiers was minded to hear him, they should not keep them off. When they were con∣vened together he spoke to this effect: I call'd you here together (my Fellow-Souldiers because I observ'd that some of you were like men astonish'd upon the hearing of the News brought from the Enemy. Indeed, I cannot but wonder that you are so much affrighted to hear that the Enemy are in a Body, since our number is greater now then when we overcame them, and by the help of Heaven we are better provided now then before. So that I think you have more reason to chear up then de∣spond. If you are so much out of heart at this, what would you have done had you been told that the Enemy was come to fight against you arm'd with your own Provisions? Had you been told

that those who had conquer'd you once before were now come again with Victory in their minds, and that those who had broken the assaults of the Ar∣chers, were now come again with many more like themselves: And that as then they worsted our foot, so they were come provided to engage with our Horse, and that laying aside their Bows and Darts they were resolv'd to ride up so close as to fight Hand to Hand with Javelins. That they were come with Chariots not made opportune for flight as before, but that their Horses were arm'd all over in the Chariots, and that the drivers of them stood in Wooden Towers having all the eminent parts of their Body cover'd with Coats of Male and Hel∣mets, that Hooks of Iron were fastened to the Axle-Trees, whereby they might easily break in upon the ranks of the Enemy. Besides this that they had Camels with them, which they rode up∣on, one of which would fright a hundred Horses, with his very looks. That their Chariots were such, out of which they might help their own par∣ty, and by shooting their Arrows hinder you from fighting in the plain. What a Condition would you be in if you should be told that the Enemy was thus provided, since you are affraid now? Now, when you are told that the Enemy has chosen Craesus for their Commander, who was so much more faint-hearted, then the Syrians, that when they were put to the worse: He seeing their mis∣fortune instead of helping them as he ought (be∣ing a Fellow-Souldier) he e'ne fled too. Besides 'tis reported that the Enemy distrusts his ability to cope with us upon his own strength, and there∣fore hires others who may fight better for them,

then they are able to do for themselves. If there∣fore here be any among you that think the Enemy's party formidable and our own weake and inconsiderable, let them with my consent be turn'd over to the Enemy. For I think 'twould be better for us to be without them then with them. When Cyrus had thus said, Chrysantas, the Persian stood up and spoke, I would not have you wonder Cyrus, that some seem to be sad upon the hearing this News. For this is not the effect of fear but of indignation, just as if some when they were sharp set, and as they thought upon the point of going to Dinner, should be told of some Work which they must do before they should Dine, none I suppose would look very pleasingly upon this. And so now we who were in expectation of a rich booty, af∣ter we heard that there was work to be done first, look a little discontentedly, not because we are affraid, but because we long to have it over. But since we are to fight not only for Syria, which a∣bounds with Corn, Cattle and fruitful Palm-trees, but also for Lydia, in which there is great store of Wine, Figgs and Oil, besides the advantage of be∣ing near the Sea, upon this consideration we are no longer discontented, but of a firm Resolution and Courage, that so we may the sooner possess our selves of these good things of Lydia. These were his words, whereat all his Fellow-Souldiers were well pleas'd.

And then Cyrus, in my opinion (Fellow-Souldi∣ers) 'twould be our best way to march on against them with as much speed as we can, that we may get before them if possible, to the place where they take up their Provision. Besides the sooner we

come upon them the more unprovided we shall find them. This is my judgment, but if any one thinks we may go a safer or an easier way to work let him propose it.

But when 'twas resolved upon without any Con∣tradiction that 'twas the best way to march against the Enemy with all Expedition, Cyrus begun thus to the Army. We have been (my Fellow-Souldi∣ers) this good while provided with Minds, Bodies and Arms for our service: But now we must carry with us Provision for the march, and that no less then what will serve us and our Horses twenty days. For I find by Computation that we shall have a∣bove fifteen days journey without any new supply of Provision. For it is carried away partly by our selves, and partly by the Enemy, as much as they could. Wherefore we must carry with us a com∣petency of Victuals (for without this there is nei∣ther fighting nor living) and so much Wine as may suffice to accustom us to the drinking of Wa∣ter. For there is no Wine to be had for the grea∣ter part of the way. And if we should carry ne∣ver so much it would not suffice us. Lest therefore a suddain defection of Wine should make us sickly and infirm, we must learn forthwith to drink Water at Meals. For if we begin betimes we shall find no great alteration by it: But if we take a draught of Wine after meat 'tis no great matter. Only we must daily lessen our proportion that so at last we may come to drink Water: For any Constitu∣tion may indure alteration if it be by degrees And this Lesson is taught us by God himself, who from Winter by little and little brings us to endure the most Violent heat, and so from heat to endure cold.

Him therefore let us imitate. I would have you moreover carry with you good store of Blankets; for altho you be over-stock'd, yet the Surplusage will be of great use. But in case you want, you'l hardly sleep very comfortably. Whereas he that is well-stockt with Cloaths is provided either for sick∣ness or for health. The meat which you provide must be such as is acid, sharp and salt. For these both whet the stomack and stick by a man a long time. But assoon as we arrive at the place where we are like to have Corn, we must get us some Hand-mills: Wherewith we may make our Bread. That being the lightest of all Instruments of that kind; we must also carry Leathern Thongs with us, for these are of great use both to men and Hor∣ses, and therefore in case they should break we must be forc'd to stand still by the way, unless we have others to make all fast again. And if any one hath learnt how to sharpen a Javelin let him be sure not to forget it. 'Twill be also useful to have files with us; for he that whets his Spear does at the same time whet his Courage also: For the very sense of disgrace will not suffer him to be a Cow∣ard; it will be necessary also to have good store of Wood to repair the Chariots and Wagons: for in much service and Action there must needs be a great deal of decay. And moreover we must pro∣vide our selves with necessary instruments, for Work-men are not every where to be had: Nei∣ther will a few be able to do the work of every day. There should also be a Rake and a Mattock in every Chariot, and an Ax and an Hook upon every Pack-Horse. For these will be both for pri∣vate and publick use. As for meat, you who are

leaders of the Horse must inquire of those who are under your Command what is necessary. For I would not have any one want what is fitting: For their Indigency will redound to our damage. And do you Masters of the Carriages see that the Hor∣ses be provided for according to my Orders. We will also carry with us Smiths and Carpenters and Shoomakers, with their Instruments, that in case we should stand in need of their work, nothing may be wanting: And these shall have a station by themselves off from the Souldiers ranks, where they shall work for those that will hire them. And if any Merchant will follow the camp with a design to sell any Commodity, let him also have with him so many days Provision as I said before. And if he be taken in the selling any thing before those days be over he shall forfeit all that he has: But when those days are past he shall sell at what rate he please. And whosoever of the Merchants shall most advance the Market, he shall be amply rewarded both by my 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and my Fellow Souldiers. And if any one thinks he shall want money to buy Commodities let him bring to me some that know him and that will engage that he shall go with the Army, and let him take what we have. And this is what I thought good to impart to you, if any one knows of any thing else that is needful to be done let him communicate it to me. And now do you go and make ready, and I in the mean time will do Sacrifice, and when we have any token of good success, we will beat the march: Let all be present at the place appoin∣ted with their Captains, and provided with all the necessaries before mentioned. And do you Cap∣tains

after you have marshall'd every man in his rank, come all together to me that I may assign e∣very one his place.

When they heard this they prepared themselves for the march, Cyrus in the mean while being employ'd in doing Sacrifice, which assoon as he had prosperously ended, he march'd with his Army. And for the first day he incamp'd as near as he could, that in case any one had left any thing behind he might go back for it, and if any one perceiv'd he had need of any thing he might procure it. Cyaxares with the third part of the Medes tarried behind, that things might not be left too desolate at home. Cyrus march'd * 1.17 on with all possible speed; having placed the Horse in the Front, before whom he sent Spies into all convenient places. Next to these fol∣lowed the Carriages, and next to them the Body of the Army, that in case any of the Car∣riages should drop behind the Captains coming after might take care of them, that so they might not be hindred in their Progress. And if the way happen'd any where to be narrower then ordinary, the armed Souldiers taking the Carriages into the middle, march'd on both sides of them, and if they also met with any incumbrance there were other Souldiers ready at hand to assist them. Most of the Companies march'd so as to have their particular Carriages just by them: For all those that look't to the Carriages had order to keep to their respective Companies unless some necessary accident hinder'd them. And 'twas al∣so order'd that every Over-seer of the Carriages should go foremost carrying the Colours of his

Centurion which were well known to the Souldiers of the same Company: They march'd all in a well knit Body, and 'twas the great concern of eve∣ry one not to lay behind his Fellows. So that they had no need of seeking one another out, and all things were ready at hand and in greater se∣curity, and the Souldiers were the sooner supplied with what they wanted.

But the Spies which were sent before seeing some in the Plain gathering Provision and Wood, and seeing also Horses there, loaden with the same and seeding: And when looking on further they saw either Smoke or Dust ascending upward; from all this they concluded that the Enemy's Forces were somewhere at hand. Whereupon the Com∣mander of the Spies sent a Messenger to Cyrus, to acquaint him with it. He, when he heard it gave order that the Spies should abide still in the same place, and as they discovered any new Mo∣tion they should give him Intelligence. Moreo∣ver he sent a Company of Horse on further, with Command that they should endeavour to take some of these in the Plain, that so they might have a more certain account of the Business. Which was done accordingly by those who were deputed to that Charge. Cyrus himself order'd the rest of * 1.18 his Army to abide here, that they might provide those things which he thought they would have occasion for before they ingaged. In the first place, he gave order that they should Dine, and then that they should remain in their Ranks, and observe what was commanded them. When they had dined, he summon'd together the Commanders of the Horse and Foot and of the Chariots, to∣gether

with those who had the Charge of the En∣gins, Carriages and Wagons. While these were getting together, in the mean time, those who made a sally out into the Plain, brought with them some men which they had taken: Who when they were examin'd by Cyrus, told him that they belong'd to the Enemy's Camp, and that they went abroad partly to get Victuals and partly to get Wood, having pass'd beyond the first Guard: For their Army being so numerous they were all in great Scarcity: Which when Cyrus heard, and how far off (says he) is the Army? They told him about an hundred Furlongs. Then says Cy∣rus, and had you any news concerning us? Yes, (reply'd they) a great deal, and that you were just hard by. And were they glad (says Cyrus) when they heard that? Which Question he ask'd for the sake of those who were present. No indeed (reply'd) they) they were not glad, but on the contrary very much cast down. And what do they do now? says Cyrus. Why now they are mustering as they have been this three days. And who is't that Disciplines them? They answer'd, Craesus himself, and with him a certain Graecian, and a Mede, who is said to be a Renegade from you. Well, says Cyrus, Heaven grant I may take him as I desire.

After this he order'd the Captives to be led off, and turn'd himself toward them that were by as if he had something to say to them. In the mean while another Messenger was come who brought News that a great Company of Horse was seen in the Plain. And says he, 'tis our fancy that they come out of Curiosity to view our Army. For

before this Company there are almost thirty Hors∣men making up very fiercely against us. Perhaps with a design to take our Watch-Tower if they can. And there are but ten of us there: Then Cyrus commanded some of his Horse which he had always about him, to march up to the very place; and there to bide unseen by the Enemy. And says he, assoon as our men shall quit the place, then do you break forth from your Ambush, and invade them that would get the Watch-Tower into their power. And that you may receive no hurt from that great Company, do you Histaspas march out with a thousand Horse and Confront the Enemy. But be sure you don't persue them to any blind and obscure places, but assoon as you have taken care for the security of the Watch-Tower, retreat again. And if any shall make signs of coming over to our side receive them Curte∣ously.

Hystaspas therefore went and arm'd himself, and in the mean time, the other Emissaries of Cyrus, march'd forth according to their Commission. And as they were going they met Araspas, with his re∣tinue * 1.19 on this side the Watch-Tower: 'Twas he that was sent out before as a Spie, the Keeper of the Susian Lady. Assoon as Cyrus saw him he leapt down from his seat, and went to meet him, and took him by the Hand. This was matter of great wonder to the rest (as well it might) that knew nothing of the business, till Cyrus said to them, My Friends, here is a very good man return'd to us: For 'tis fit you should all know what this man hath done. 'Twas neither shame for any ill thing committed, nor fear of me that

was commission'd by me to go and learn the state of the Enemy, and bring me a true account of it. I will remember my Araspas what I promised you, and I with all these, here will take care to repay you. And you Fellow-Souldiers ought in justice to honour him as a man of Courage. For for our sake he exposed himself to danger, and underwent the Imputation of the Crime, with which he was charg'd. Whereupon they all embraced Araspas, and gave him their right hands. When Cyrus thought there was enough of civility express'd, we would now Araspas, have you tell us what it concerns us to know, but do not mince the mat∣ter, nor make our Enemies less considerable then they are. For 'twould be better for us to find things less then they are represented, then grea∣ter.

For my part, says Araspas, I made it my bu∣siness to know things fully. For I was my self, present at their mustering. Then, says Cyrus, you know not only their number but the order which they observe. Yes, reply'd Araspas, and their way of fighting too. But in the first place, says Cyrus, * 1.20 pray give us an account of their number. Why, says he, their Horse and Foot are rang'd into such a form that they are three hundred in a breast, besides Aegyptians: They take up the space of about forty Furlongs; for I was very curious to observe, how far they spread themselves. But after what manner are the Aegyptians marshall'd? Says Cyrus. Why, says he, the Captains of ten thousand divide every Army of ten thousand into hundreds. For this they said was the manner which they obser∣v'd at home. Craesus indeed could hardly be per∣swaded

that they should be disposed in such a form, because he would have his Army extended be∣yond yours, in length. Why so? says Cyrus; Because he would compass you about with the overplus of his men. But let them take heed, reply'd Cyrus, lest while they think to compass us, we compass them. But we have heard enough from you of what concerns us to know. Now my Fellow-Souldiers you must do thus; when you are gone hence, do you look upon your Horses Ar∣mour and your own. For often times it hap∣pens through the want of a little thing that both Man, Horse and Chariot is disabled for any ser∣vice. To morrow morning while I do Sacrifice you may feed your selves and your Horses, that we may not be wanting in what soever is to be done afterwards. Then do you Araspas take the Charge of the right Wing which you have now, and do you Captains of the ten thousands, keep the same station which you have already. For when we are to ingage, no Chariot can have opportunity to change Horses. And do you tell the Lieutenants and Captains that they shall * 1.21 stand two Companies in a Breast: Each of which Companies did consist of four and twenty Soul∣diers. Whereupon one of the Captains of ten thousand said, And do you think Cyrus if we are dispers'd into so many Companies, that we shall be able to encounter such a thick Body as theirs? If (says Cyrus) our ranks should be so thick that we cannot reach the Enemy, what damage do you think that would do them, and what good to ourselves? For my part I could wish that those Companies which are divided

by hundreds were divided by ten thousands. For then we should fight with a few at a time. But how thick so ever my ranks are, I suppose they will be strong enough, and ready to assist one another. I will put those that fling Darts after those that wear Breast-Plates, and after the Darters the Archers. For who would place them in the Front who confes themselves that they cannot indure to fight Hand to Hand? But if they have the Breast-Plate Men before them fa∣cing the Enemy they will stand the Field. And the one with their Darts, and the other with Ar∣rows, shot over the Heads of them that are before them, will do Execution upon the Enemy. And look whatever mischief any one does to the E∣nemy; So much does he add to the chearful∣ness of his Fellow-Souldiers. After all these, will I place the Rear. For as an House can neither be firm without Stone-work, nor fit for any thing without a Builder, so neither will an Army be good for any thing which has not a strong Front and Rear. Do you marshal then your Ranks as I Order you, and do you Leaders of the Target-men place your Companies behind these, and you Lea∣ders of the Archers, place yours next to the Tar∣get-men. And as for your part that lead up the Rear, do you take care of your Charge, and Com∣mand them to look back and have an Eye upon one another, and do you encourage those that do well, and severely reprove those who are Coward∣ly. If any one turns his back with a design to quit his station let him be punish'd with Death. For the main business of a Commander is to chear up those that follow both by his

words and by his Example. And as for you that are in the Rear, you should make the Coward∣ly fear you more then they do the Enemy. And do you Abradatas whose charge is to look to the Engins, see that the Teems which draw the Tow∣ers follow close to the Body of the Army. And do you Abradatas, who preside over the Carriages, lead on next to the Towers, and do you ani∣madvert upon those that run on too fast, or lagg behind their Fellows. And you Carduchus, who are to look to the Waggons, that carry the Women, do you place them just after the Carriages. For if all these follow behind 'twill both make the greater appearance, and afford us an opportunity of lying in Ambush, and force the Enemy if they design to surround us, to take the greater compass about. And consequently the farther they spread themselves, the weaker they must needs be. And as for you Artabazus and you Artagersas do you lead each of you your thousand Foot next after these. And you Phar∣nuchus and you Asidatas, don't you place your thousand Horse within the Body, but stand ready arm'd behind the Carriages, and then come to us with the other Captains. But however I would have you in such a posture of readiness, as if you were to give the first onset. And do you who have the Charge of the Camels take your station behind the Waggons, and obey the Orders of Artagersas. And do you who have the Command of the Chariots, cast lots, and to whomsoevers turn it falls, let him place his hundred Chariots before the Body of the Army. As for the other Centuries of Chariots, let one

of them take to the Right-Wing and the other to the left.

Thus did Cyrus dispose of all things. Then Abradatas, the King of the Susans, told Cyrus, * 1.22 that if he pleas'd, he would willingly take to the other opposite part of the Army. Where∣upon Cyrus wondring at the man, took him by the Hand, and ask'd the other Persians that were in the Chariots, whether they would yield to it? They giving their approbation of the thing, he determin'd the business by Lot, and so that fell to Abradatas by fortune, which he had before took upon himself: So he took his station just over a∣gainst the Egyptians. This being over, and care taken of the things before mention'd, they were dismiss'd every one to Supper, and when they had set a Watch, they betook themselves to their rest. The next day following, in the morning Cyrus offer'd Sacrifice. But all the Army, after they had dined, and likewise done Sacrifice, arm'd and pro∣vided themselves: putting on many brave Coats of Male and Head-pieces, they armed also their Horses with Frontlets and Breast-plates. The Hor∣ses that carried single had their Thighs arm'd, but the Teem-Horses their Sides: So the whole Ar∣my shined in their Armour, and Scarlet Ha∣bit.

The Chariots of Abradatas had four Draught-Trees, and was drawn by eight Horses, very richly adorn'd. And as he was about to put on a Breast-Plate cover'd over with white Linnen after his Country fashion; Panthea brought him a Golden Helmet and a Gaunlet and a Scarlet Coat that reach'd down to his Feet, hanging all in Folds

like a Gown, and a Crest of Violet Colour. These she provided for her Husband, privately and or∣der'd them to be made according to the size of his other Armour. He was mightily affected at the sight, and ask'd Panthea whether she had cut up the Ornaments of her Head, to make him this Armour? No truly, said Panthea, not that Ornament which I most esteem. For you, if you approve your self to others, as you appear to me, are like to be my greatest Ornament. With that * 1.23 she put on his Armour for him, and altho she refrain'd what she could, yet the Tears began to trickle down her Cheeks.

Abradatas, tho' of a good presence before, yet after he was dress'd up in this Armour look'd ve∣ry Gallant and brave, being naturally of a Gene∣rous manly Aspect. And when he had took the Reins of the lower Coach-man, he prepared him∣self to ascend into his Chariot. Then Panthea desiring those who were present to withdraw, My Abradatas (says she) if ever any Woman valued her Husband above her own Soul, I believe you are convinced that I am one of them. What need therefore have I to mention particulars? For I think the actions which I have done for you, will find more credit with you then any words I can now utter. But altho I am thus affected toward you as you know, yet I swear both by your love and my own that I would rather be buried with you af∣ter you have acquitted your self bravely, then to live with you upon any dishonorable terms: I have so much Honour both for my self and you. More∣over I would have you consider that we are mighti∣ly indebted to Cyrus, for as much as after I was re∣duced

to the Fortune of a Slave, and set apart for himself, he would not use me as a Woman of a Ser∣vise Condition, nor yet dishonour me as free. But after he took me, he kept me, for you, as if I had been his own Brothers Wife. Besides when Ara∣spas, who was my Keeper, revolted from him, I promised him that if he would give me leave to send to you, you should come to him, and prove more noble and faithful to him, then ever Araspas * 1.24 was. Thus she said to him, where at, Abradatas mov'd with a pleasing wonder, touching his Head, and looking up to Heaven, grant O Jupiter (says he) that I may shew my self a worthy Husband to Panthea, and a worthy Friend to Cyrus, who has dealr thus honourably with us. When he had thus said, he went up into his Chariot. And when after his ascent, the Coach-man had shut fast the Seat, Panthea having now no other way to embrace him, kiss'd the very Seat. And now the Chariot drove on, and she follow'd after privately, till Abradatas looking back and seeing her, bad her chear up and take her leave of him. Then her Eunuchs and waiting Maids took her aside, and put her into a Bed in the Tent. But altho, Abro∣datas and his Chariot, made a fine glorious shew, yet people could hardly be at leisure to take notice of it, till Panthea was retired.

But when Cyrus had ended his addresses to Heaven, and the Army was Marshall'd according as he gave order, calling together the Commanders of his Army, he thus address'd himself to them. The Gods (My Friends and Fellow Souldiers) give us such discoveries in the intrails of our Sacrifices, as they did when they gave us the last Victory. But

however I will put you in mind of such things which if lodg'd safe in your memory will make you go much the chearfuller to the Battle. For in the first place, you are better train'd up in War, then your Enemies, and besides, you have been longer at it, and withall have been lately flush'd up with a Victory. But many of the Enemy have seen one another overcome. And as for those, of either side, who were never yet in an engagement, those of the Enemy's Army know that they have Traytors and Renegades, to their Fellow-Soul∣diers, whereas you who are with us are assured that you have those to fight with you who will be ready to help their Fellows. And 'tis to be expected that they should fight unanimously, who confide in one another; but as for those that distrust each other, their greatest concern will be how to sculk away. Let us march on therefore (Fellow-Soul∣diers) with our armed Chariots against the un∣arm'd ones of the Enemy, and fight near at hand, with our armed Horses and Horse-men against the unarm'd. You have the same Foot to encounter which you had before, and the Aegyptians are arm'd and marshall'd after the same manner as they were before. Their Shields are too great for them, either to see any thing, or do any thing, and being divi∣ded into hundreds they must necessarily be an hindrance one to another. But if they think to bear us down with multitude, they must first stand the shock of our Horses, and then of our Iron In∣struments. And if any of them, should maintain their ground against these, yet how will they be able to contend against our Horse, our Body, and our Towers? For those Men of ours who are pla∣ced

in the Towers will be able to Succour us, and by doing Execution upon the Enemy make them more inclinable to despair, then willing to fight. If you think you stand yet in need of any thing more, let me know what 'tis. For I hope by the help of Heaven we shall not be driven to any streights. If any one has any thing to say, let him speak. But if not, go to your prayers, and when you have pray'd to the Gods to whom we offer'd Sacrifice, betake your selves to your ranks: And be sure to remember every one of you what instru∣ctions you have received from me, and by the man∣liness of your behaviour, Countenance and Speech, approve your selves to be worthy of Command be∣fore your respective Charges.

Notes

• * 1.1

  They consult whether 'tis best to put an end to the War, or not.
• * 1.2

  The Opini∣on of Cyrus after all.
• * 1.3

  A cunning Artifice of Cyrus.
• * 1.4

  The Assyri∣an goes in∣to Lydia;
• * 1.5

  Cyrus a∣lone percei∣veth the design of his Expedi∣tion thither.
• * 1.6

  Cyrus abo∣lishes the old way of driving Chariots.
• * 1.7

  And in∣vents a new sort.
• * 1.8

  Araspas in love with the Lady Pan∣thea.
• * 1.9

  Cyrus speaks kindly to Araspas.
• * 1.10

  The subt•…•…ty of Cyrus.
• * 1.11

  Araspas joyns him∣self with the Enemy on purpose to betray them.
• * 1.12

  Abradatus comes over to Cyrus.
• * 1.13

  Cyrus makes Cha∣riots to be drawn with eight yoke of Oxen.
• * 1.14

  The Indian King sends Money to Cyrus.
• * 1.15

  The strength of the Enemy is discovered.
• * 1.16

  Cyrus his Army dis∣couraged.
• * 1.17

  Cyrus marches against the Enemy.
• * 1.18

  He prepares himself for Battle.
• * 1.19

  Araspas returns from the E∣nemy.
• * 1.20

  The Enemy's Forces very great.
• * 1.21

  How Cyrus will have his Army marshall'd.
• * 1.22

  Abradatas his Cou∣rage.
• * 1.23

  Panthea armes her Husband and exhorts him to be Couragious.
• * 1.24

  The Picture of love be∣twixt Man and Wife.