Kyrou paideia, or, The institution and life of Cyrus the Great written by that famous philosopher and general, Xenophon of Athens, and from the original Greek made English, the first four books by Francis Digby ..., the four last by John Norris.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉: OR, THE Institution and LIFE OF 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the GREAT. BOOK I. (Book 1)

The Preface. (Book 1)

I Have often considered how many Popular States have been dissolv'd by those that would 1 1.1 live under any Government rather than a Democracy; and again, how many Monarchies and Republicks have been subverted by the Populacy. As also, of those that have af∣fected the Supreme Power, how some have, on a sudden, been utterly destroy'd, whilst others, though they have exercis'd an absolute Dominion for a long time, have yet been admired as Men wise in their Administration, and happy in their Conduct. It was also, methoughts, observable in most private Families, where the Masters have some of them numerous Attendants, and others

very few; yet can they never bring even those few to be entirely obedient to their Commands. Besides this, I considered that Herdsmen govern their Herds, and Feeders their Horses; and all those we call Keepers may properly be supposed to exercise a kind of Command over those Cat∣tel they have under their Charge. And withall I observed, That all those Creatures are more ready to obey their Keepers than Men their Go∣vernours: for, their Flocks go what way they di∣rect them, they feed in those Pastures they per∣mit them, and refrain from those from whence they drive them, and are content that their Feeders should, at their own Pleasure, enjoy the fruits or profits they afford: nor did we ever * 1.2 yet hear of any Flock that conspired against their Keepers, either so as to disclaim their own Sub∣jection to them, or to deny them the use of the Fruits of their Increase; nay, they are more curst and untractable to all others than to those that have a Command over them, and have been advantaged by them; but Men set themselves to oppose none so much as those they conceive at∣tempting to exercise a Dominion over them. Now when I had seriously debated these things with my self, I came, in the end, to this Conclusion, That for Man to make himself Sovereign over all other Creatures, is more natural and easie than to govern Men.

But, when I came to consider that there was a Cyrus of Persia, who held in Obedience many Men, Cities, and Nations, I was presently forced to shift my Thoughts, and take up with this Opinion, That to govern Men, provided it were

done with Wisdom and Skill, was a thing neither utterly impossible nor very difficult. For, we know Men paid a voluntary Allegiance unto Cyrus; some that were distant from him many days, others many months Journey, some that never saw him in their Lives, and others that were sure they never should, were notwithstanding desi∣rous and willing to obey him: for indeed, he so far excelled other Kings, were their Dominions either Hereditary or Acquired, that when the Scythian Emperour, though his People are innu∣merable, can't make himself Master of any other Nation, but could be content to be Sove∣reign of his own; the Thracian, if he could rule Thrace; the Illyrian, if he could command Illyri∣cum; and the same we hear reported of other Countries, (for there are States, 'tis said, even at this day in Europe, free and independent) yet Cyrus, when he found some Estates in Asia obli∣ged by no Laws but their own, coming upon them with an inconsiderable Army of Persians, he brought the Medes and Hyrcanians into a Voluntary Subjection: He totally subdued Syria, Assyria, Arabia, Cappadocia, both the Phrygia's, Lydia, Caria, Phoenicia, and Babylon. He com∣manded the Bactrians, Indians, and Cilicians, as also the 1 1.3 Sacans, Paphlagonians, and 2 1.4 Mega∣dines, with innumerable other Nations, whose Names are not to be reckoned. He held in Obe∣dience the Greeks in Asia, and setting to Sea, he mastered the Cyprians and Egyptians. Thus •…•…ad he alone the Sovereignty over all these Nations; Nations as much Strangers to his Language as they were to each others: and notwithstanding

he could awe so great a part of the World with the dread of his Name, as that all men were struck with Astonishment, and none durst lift up an hand against him; yet could he withall raise in them such an affectionate desire of doing what should be grateful to him, that they were always ready to make his Will the measure of their Obedience. He made so many Nations his Dependents and Subjects, that what way so∣ever * 1.5 one should set out from his Royal Palace, whether East, West, North, or South, to enume∣rate them all would be difficult. Concerning this great Man, so worthy our Admiration, I have made diligent search how he was descend∣ed, what his natural Inclination, and what his Education, whereby he became so excellent above all others in Princely Government: so that whatsoever, either upon Enquiry I have learn'd, or otherwise know of him, I shall endeavour to declare.

Cyrus's Father (as is commonly reported) was * 1.6 Cambyses, King of Persia; (now this Cambyses was a Descendent of the Race of the Persidae, so call∣ed in honour of Perseus) and 'tis confessed on all hands, that his Mother was Mandana, Daughter of Astyages King of the Medes.

Now 'tis said of Cyrus, and he is renowned as such, even at this day among the Barbarians, that he was a man by Nature most graceful and affa∣ble, a great Admirer of Learning, and Lover of Honour; in pursuit of which, he would un∣dergo any Hardship, and encounter any Dan∣ger.

And being, as is recorded of him, naturally qualified with such Ornaments both of Body and Mind, he was instructed in the Laws of the Per∣sians, * 1.7 which seem chiefly to take care of, and design, the Advancement of the common Good. Nor do they begin there, or primarily intend * 1.8 that which the Laws of most other Cities do; for, They for the most part leave all Persons at their Liberty, to educate their Children as they please, and indulge the Elder sort the same freedom of living as they will: they enjoyn them, indeed, not to commit Theft or Rapine; not to plunder their Neighbours; to strike no Man wrongfully; not to commit Adultery; not to be disobedient to the Magistrate, &c. So that whosoever shall trans∣gress against any of these Ordinances, the Law has provided a Penalty for him. But to prevent this, the Laws of the Persians make Provision betimes that no free-born Citizen there, may, even from the beginning, have so much as an Inclination to act any thing that is base or dis∣honourable. The method they take is this:

They have a Place called the 1 1.9 Free Court, where are erected the Palace Royal and other Princely Edifices, from whence Merchandise and Traders, and the Clamours and Insolence of those kind of People are referred to another Place, lest their tumultuary Proceedings should disturb the decent Order, and corrupt the good Man∣ners of those that came there to be instructed. This publick Place or Court aforesaid is divided into four parts; one whereof is for the Children, another for the Young Men, a third for those that are fully arrived at Man's Estate, and a fourth

for such, as by reason of their Age, are dischar∣ged from all Military Duty. Now, according to the Prescript of the Law, every one of these at∣tend in his proper Place and Season. The Youth, and those that are at Man's Estate, early in the Morning, by Break of Day: but the Elderly Men, beside certain set Days to which they are bound, appear only there as every one's Occasi∣ons permit them. The Young Men being provi∣ded of light Armour, lodge about the Palace, except those that are married, whose Attendance is never required unless they are summoned; no•…•… yet is it for their Credit to be often absent. Over each of these Divisions are twelve Presidents, be∣cause the Persians are divided into so many Tribes. Such of the Old Men are chosen to pre∣side over the Children, as are supposed fittest to render them compleatly good and vertuous men. Over the Young Men, such of those at Man's Estate as are thought likeliest to make them the most gallant Persons. And over those at Man's Estate, such especially as may make them obedient to the Supreme Magistrate in what he commands, and ready to perform what he enjoyns. Nor are the Old Men without their Prefects, who are cho∣sen purposely to inspect them, that they also may be faithful in the discharge of their Duties. I shall likewise particularly declare what by the Law is incumbent upon every Age to perform; that so it may the more evidently appear how sollici∣tous and careful they are that the Subjects of their State may approve themselves right ho∣nest Men.

Now, the Children that come to these 1 1.10 Schools employ their time in learning Principles of Ju∣stice, and for this purpose are said to attend as * 1.11 constantly here, as with us they do that go to learn Letters. Then for their Governours, they spend most part of the day in giving Judgment among them; for, even they, as well as men, have mutual Indictments and Accusations one against another, of Thest, Rapine, Violence, Fraud, Slander, and the like; and they certainly punish whomsoever they find guilty of any such crime; those also that, without any just Cause, are found to bring false Accusations against their Fellows. They condemn all those litigious Wranglings which create mutual Animosities and Hatred among men; especially they give Judgment a∣gainst Ingratitude: so that when they know any one that has both Ability and Opportunity to be grateful, and is not, him they punish very severely; for that they believe, ungrateful men, above all others, to have no Regard of the Gods, their Parents, Country, or Friends. Besides, they look upon Ingratitude to be constantly at∣tended with Impudence, and that is the great In∣centive to all manner of Lewdness and Debau∣chery. Moreover, they instruct the Children in the Rules of Sobriety; to the acquiring of which, 'tis very conducible, that they have before their Eyes Examples of Old Men, that spend their days in Moderation and Temperance. They are taught also to yield Obedience to the Magistrate; to which they are mightily encouraged, by see∣ing the Elders so cheerfully obey the Hig•…•…er Powers. They learn here likewise to be sparing

and moderate in their Diet, and to make them so, it contributes very much, first that they ne∣ver see the Old Men depart to take any Refresh∣ment before they are dismiss'd by their Superi∣ours; and then, that they themselves receive their Sustenance, not from their Mothers, but from their Masters hands; and that too upon notice first given by the President. They bring with them from home for their ordinary Food, Bread; and for their other meats 1 1.12 Cresses: for their Drink, if any one thirst, they have an earthen Pot to draw up Water out of the Ri∣ver. They learn here also the use of the Bow, to shoot and to dart; and this is their Duty: this they practise till they come to the Age of Sixteen or Seventeen; from which time they are reckon∣ed among the Ephebi or Young Men. Now they lead their Lives after this manner:

For ten years after the time of their Childhood * 1.13 is expired, they lodge about the Palace, partly for the Safeguard of the City, and partly to make them vigilant and temperate; because at this Age especially, they seem most to stand in need of a strict Discipline and Governance. In the day time they wait chiefly upon the Magistrates, to be employed, if any Concern for the Publick call for their Service: and, when occasion re∣quires, they all give their Attendance about the Palace Royal. Whensoever the King goes forth to hunt (and that he does often every month) he leads out with him half his Guards: now all that attend upon him must have a Bow and Arrows, with a Quiver; a short Dagger or 2 1.14 Cymitar in a Scabbard, besides a light Target and two Jave∣lins,

the one to dart at a distance, and the other (if need be) to use at hand. They are careful to keep up this kind of publick Hunting, where the King in Person, as in the Wars, is their Lea∣der (who both hunts himself and takes care that others do so too) upon this account; be∣cause they look upon it to be the best Preparato∣ry for, and truest Resemblance of Military Dis∣cipline: for, it brings them to a Custom of rising early in the Morning, it inures them to undergo Heat and Cold, and exercises them with travel∣ling on Foot and Running. Besides, they are obliged to shoot at, and dart the Wild Beast wheresoever they meet him; and many times it can't chuse but quicken and raise their Courage when they encounter some fierce and noble Prey, for they must strike those that make at them, and avoid those that eagerly assault them: so that it is hard to find any one Action in War that is not represented or matched in Hunting. Those that go forth to hunt, have (as is but fitting) a larger Proportion allowed for their Dinner than the Children; but in other Respects they fare alike. Whilst they have Game they must not dine; but if they are forced to tarry long for their Game, or are otherwise willing to continue their Chase, then they eat their Dinner for Sup∣per, and the next Day hunt till Supper-time again, accounting those two days but for one, because they spend only the Portion allotted for one: now this course they take, so to accustom themselves, that in War, if need require, they may be able to do the same. These Young Men, if they take any thing in Hunting, that they have

for their 1 1.15 Repast; if nothing, their Cresses. But now, if any man imagine they fare hard because they have nothing to eat with their Bread but Cresses, and only Water to drink; let him but consider how savory is a plain Cake, or piece of Bread to one that is hungry, and how delicious Water is to him that is thirsty.

As for the rest of the Guards that remain at home, besides that they diligently practise them∣selves in other things which they learn'd whilst yet Children, they exercise themselves in shooting and darting, in which they are continually stri∣ving to excell one another. They have also their publick Games and Contests, and Rewards appointed for the Victors: and look what Tribe abounds with the most understanding, valiant, and obedient Subjects, not only their Governour for the time being, but he also that instructed in their Childhood, is highly magnified, and ho∣noured by the People. These Young Men like∣wise that stay behind in the City, if there be any occasion either for a Guard, or to search after Malefactors, or to apprehend Robbers, or any thing else that requires Strength and Dispatch, are always employ'd by the Civil Magistrate. These are the Exercises of the Youth, who after they have thus employ'd these ten Years, are taken into the Number of Compleat Men; and then, * 1.16 for twenty five Years following, the Course of Life they lead is this:

At first, as the Young Men do, they attend * 1.17 the chief Magistrates, ready to be put upon Du∣ty whensoever the Exigency of Publick Affairs calls for Men of approved Wisdom and Courage.

And if upon occasion they are summon'd to go out to Battel, they that are under this Discipline, go not out, as before, arm'd with Bows and Lan∣ces, but with 1 1.18 Weapons fit to grapple with at hand; such are a Breast-plate about their Breasts, in their left hand a Shield, as the Persians are usually represented, and in their right hand a short Sword or Cymitar: these are they out of which they chuse all the Magistracy, except only the Childrens Governours. Now when they have compleated these five and twenty years, they may be supposed to be somewhat upwards of Fifty; from which time they commence Elders both in Name and Fact.

These Elders henceforward go no more out * 1.19 of their own Country to the Wars, but remain∣ing now at home, are to determine all Contro∣versies that shall arise, both Publick and Private, to give Judgment in matters of Life and Death; to whom also belongs the Election of Magistrates: and if any of the Young Men, or those of matu∣rer years, neglect to discharge their Duty as by Law injoyned; against all such Persons, either the Presidents of their respective Tribes, or any else that will, bring their Presentments: where, upon hearing the whole matter, the Elders discard them; and he that is thus thrown off, leads the residue of his Life in Infamy and Disgrace. But now, that the whole Persian Polity and Govern∣ment may appear more plain and easie, I shall recollect a little what I have delivered; which I shall be able to comprise very briefly in regard of what has been already spoken.

The Persians then are reported to be in num∣ber * 1.20 about a hundred and twenty thousand; and none of all these are by Law debarred from ho∣nourable Employments and Offices of State: for, all Persians in general are at liberty to send their Children to these publick Seminaries of Justice; although they only are sent thither whose Parents are of Ability otherwise to breed them up at their ease; and they that can't do that never send them. Now, they that in their Childhood have undergone the Discipline of these Publick Teach∣ers, may improve themselves afterwards among the young Men, which Priviledge the Law denies to those that have not. Likewise, such of the Youth as have gone on constantly to perform what the Law requires, may proceed yet higher in the Society of those of riper years, and have equal share with them in Honours and Prefer∣ments. But they that have never gone through this Institution in either Capacity, either as young Men or Children, are by no means admitted in∣to Fellowship with them that are arrived at the perfect State of Manhood. They also that among the full aged Men have in all Respects acquitted themselves unblameably, are thereupon received into the number of the Elders: so that such only are constituted Elders that have gone through all manner of honest and laudable Employments. This is their Polity, this their Constitution, which they that live up to, are esteem'd the best of Men. There are yet amongst the Persians some Remains of the Moderation they observe in recei∣ving their Food, and their Labour in digesting it: and even at this day 'tis reputed among them

a thing not only shameful to be spitting in Pub∣lick and blowing the Nose, or to appear puff'd up and swoln, but scandalous also so much as to make Water, or to perform any such like Offi∣ces of Nature so as to be seen of Men; which could never be practicable did they not use a strict Temperance in their Diet, and by a con∣stant Industry so work out their gross and slug∣gish Humours that they should waste themselves some other way. This is what I have thought fit to say of the Persians in general. Now I shall proceed more particularly to declare the Noble Acts of Cyrus, beginning even from his Child∣hood: in prosecution of which Design I first en∣tred upon this Discourse.

Cyrus then, till he was twelve Years old and * 1.21 somewhat upwards, was trained up and educa∣ted in this sort of Discipline; and had manifest∣ly the Preheminence of all his Fellows, both in quickness to apprehend what he was taught, and also in acting every thing with a graceful and Man-like Meen. About this time King Astyages sent for his Daughter Mandana, and Cyrus her Son, whom he earnestly desired to see because he was fam'd for a very lovely and vertuous Youth. She immediately obeys her Father's Commands, and brings with her, her young Son; who was no sooner arrived and knew Asty∣ages to be his Grand-father, but presently (as a Child whose Nature prompted him to Duty and Affection) he salutes him like an Acquaintance of a long standing, and embraces him as if he had been a familiar Friend: and seeing him, as the

Fashion of the Medes is, with his Eyes painted, his Face beautified with counterfeit Colours, and his head adorned with borrowed Hair; (for all these Devices they use, besides their purple Robes, their rich 1 1.22 Vestments, their Chains about their Necks, and Bracelets on their Arms; whereas the Persians, such especially as remain at home, are even at this day in their Apparel very plain and ordinary, and frugal in their Diet.) Cyrus, I say, seeing Astyages in all this Gayety, O Mo∣ther, says he, fixing his Eyes upon him, what a comely Grandfather have I! And when she asked him whether he thought was the more sightly Person, his own Father, or Hers? Veri∣ly Mother, replied he, my Father greatly excells all the Persians; but of all the Medes I have yet seen, either in my Journey, or since my Arrival, this my Grandfather is exceedingly the most goodly and graceful Man. Then Astyages, in return, embracing him, arrayed him in a costly Robe, and put upon him the honourable Orna∣ments of Chains and Bracelets: and whenever he went abroad he took him with him, having mounted him on an Horse with gold Trappings, as he himself was used to ride. And Cyrus, as he was a Child of a great deal of Gallantry and Honour, was very much taken with his Robe of State, and highly pleased with the Exercise of Horsemanship: for Persia being a mountainous and craggy Country, 'tis very difficult to breed Horses there, and dangerous to ride them; so that among them 'tis a rare thing so much as to see one.

Now when Astyages was sat at Supper with his Daughter and Kinsman, being desirous that the Child's Entertainment should be as grateful and pleasing as might be, the more to take him off from longing homeward; he caused divers sorts of Dishes, serv'd up with variety of the most ex∣quisite 1 1.23 Sauces and Dainties to be set before him. Whereupon, Cyrus, as is reported, brake out into these Words; O my Lord, says he, What * 1.24 a trouble do you create your self in this Supper, if you must reach out your hand to every one of these Dishes, and taste of all these sundry meats? Why, says Astyages, don't you esteem this a much better Entertainment than you have in Persia? By no means, my Lord, replied Cyrus; for we have a much more natural and easie way to satisfie our Appetite than you: only Bread and a little Flesh suffices us, whereas you Medes, though you aim at the same thing, yet going about this way and that way, with many wind∣ings and turnings, you scarce at last procure that, which we, long since, with so much ease attained. But to us, my Child, quoth Astyages, this wheeling about and wandring is not at all tedious; and you also, do but only taste, will confess these Dainties to be most delightful and savory. Yea, but methinks quoth Cyrus, you your self, my Lord, seem even to disdain these Delicacies. Then Astyages asking him, why thinkest thou so, Sweet-heart? because, says he, after your taking Bread I never observe that you wipe your Hands; but no sooner do you touch any of these dainty Dishes but immediately you make clean your Fingers with your Napkin, as

if you were really concerned and offended that you had medled with them at all. To which Astyages, If that be thy Conceit, My Dear, come however eat liberally of the Flesh-meats that thou may'st return home a lusty Young Man: and presently ordered divers sorts of Flesh, both tame and wild, to be set before him. Which Cyrus perceiving, Does your Majesty, says he, bestow upon me all this Variety to dis∣pose of as I please? Yea verily, replied Astyages, all this I freely give thee. Then Cyrus taking the several Dishes, bestowed them all amongst his Grandfather's domestick Servants, using to every one these or the like Expressions; This I bestow on thee for thy Diligence and Willing∣ness to teach me to ride: and on thee this (which is what at present I have) for the Javelin thou gavest me: take thou this Donative for the good and faithful Service thou dost my Grandfather: and thou this because thou dost reverence and honour my Mother. And at this rate he con∣tinued till he had distributed amongst them all the Flesh-meats that were set before him. Where∣upon Astyages thus bespake him; But why ga∣vest thou nothing to Sacas my Cup-Bearer, who is greatly my Favourite? Now this Sacas was a very graceful Person, and had an honourable Employ to introduce such as had business with Astyages, and to deny those admittance whose Visits he thought unseasonable. To which, Cy∣rus, as he was a Child not easily abashed, very smartly made this Reply: And why, good Sir, have you such a value and esteem for this Fel∣low? Why, says Astyages, see'st thou not how

neatly he performs, and handsomly becomes his Office; for these Kings Cup-bearers serve up their Wine with a singular Grace, and have a delicate hand at filling it out. They present their Cup bearing it so betwixt three Fingers, that they may the most easily and commodi∣ously deliver it to him that is to drink of it.

To whom Cyrus; Let your highness then com∣mand Sacas to give me likewise a Cup, that I also filling out dexteriously to you, may, if pos∣sible, obtain your gracious favour and Affection. Which, when according to Astyages's commands, he had received, immediately he cleansed it, and wash'd it very carefully, as he had observed Sacas to do: and then putting on a settled and com∣posed countenance, he presented it with such a pretty gentile behaviour that made both Astyages and his Mother break forth into a great Laughter. And he himself laughing out for Company, ran presently to his Grandfather, and imbracing him, cryed out: Now Sacas thou art utterly ruin'd: I shall thrust thee out of thy Honour and imploy∣ment. For I shall not only in other respects dis∣charge this Office as well as thy self; but also for∣bear to drink up the Wine. For they that are Cup-bearers to these Kings, when they present a Bowl of Wine, first pour out some of it into a Taster in their left hand, and drink it off, to the end that if they have poysoned the Wine they may be sure not to escape unpunished. Then said Astya∣ges sportingly; But why Cyrus, seeing you imitate Sacas in other things, did you not also drink off the Wine? Because, said he, I was heartily afraid lest Poyson might have been infused into the Vessel.

For when upon celebration of your Birth-day you entertained your Friends, I was then fully convinc'd that this Fellow gave you Payson to drink. But how, my child, quoth Astyages, didst thou discover this? Because, replyed he, I saw you strangely disordered both in Body and Mind. For in the first place, what you strictly injoyn us Children not to do, that you your selves acted. All of you set up such a confused Clamour that you could not understand one another. You sung most absurdly and ridiculously. And would swear such a one sung most incomparably when you never heard him sing at all; every one was magnifying his own strength and activity; and when you rose up to dance, you were so far from observing your Measures or Time, that ye were hardly able to stand upright. All of ye totally lost your Senses; you forgetting that you were a King, and they that they were your Subjects. Then did I first learn that this was the time when every one talk'd 1 1.25 what and as much as he pleased; for your Tongues were in perpetual motion. Whereupon Astyages returned, Pray tell me, my Son, is thy Father never distemper∣ed with Wine? No, I assure you, said he, never. But how, quoth he, does he do to avoid it? He drinks only, answer'd Cyrus, to quench his thirst, and receives no other Prejudice by it; for, be∣lieve me Sir, he has no Sacas to be his Cup-bear∣er. Hereupon his Mother spake unto him; And why, Child, are you so violently Sacas's Ene∣my? Because, said he, I protest I hate him per∣fectly: for, many times, when I am very desi∣rous to visit my Grandfather, this pestilent Fel∣low

denies me Admittance; therefore I humbly beg that I may have him entirely at my Com∣mand but for three days. And how, said Astyages, would'st thou exercise thy Authority over him? I would, replied he, take up my Station in the very Passage where he used to stand; and when he had a mind to come in to his Dinner, by no means, I would cry out, here is no En∣trance for you yet; my Grandfather is taken up with business: When he would come in to Sup∣per, I would say, he is now in the Bath: When he was exceeding hungry and fain would eat, I would tell him he was then accosting the Ladies; till with such Excuses I have deluded and put him off as he uses to serve me when he denies me access to your Person. Such Merriment and Pastime did Cyrus his Discourse create them at Supper. And at other times very difficult was it for any one to be before-hand with him in ob∣serving and executing whatsoever his Grandfa∣ther or 1 1.26 Uncle commanded: so over-joyed was he if with his utmost Service he could do any thing that was grateful and acceptable to them.

Now when Mandana was preparing for her Return into Persia, Astyages besought her that she would leave behind her Cyrus her Son. To * 1.27 which she answered, That she was ready in all things to comply with her Fathers Requests; but to leave the Child there against his own Will she thought was very hard. Then spake Astyages to Cyrus; My Son, if you will tarry here, in the first place, it shall not be in Sacas's power to deny you Access to my Person, but whensoever you please you shall have free Admittance; and

the more frequent your Visits are the more ac∣ceptable will they be. My Horses, and what∣ever else you please, shall be wholly at your Service: and whensoever you depart, you shall command with you which of them you like best. For your Diet you shall be left at your liberty to take such course as to you shall seem most consist∣ent with Moderation and Sobriety. The wild Beasts at present in my Park, and what others of all sorts I can procure, shall be entirely yours; which, as soon as you are grown an expert Horseman, you shall chase, and with Darts and Arrows so baffle and over-throw them, as strong and well-grown men are used to do. I will pro∣vide also young Gentlemen to be your Sport-Companions: and briefly, whatever else you de∣sire, only let me know your Mind, and you shall not fail to be gratified in your Request. When Astyages had thus made an end of speak∣ing, Cyrus's Mother demanded of him, whether he would depart or stay; and he, without any hesitation, readily replied, He would choose to stay. Then his Mother further demanding of him the Reason of his choice, he gave this, Be∣cause, said he, at home I have the Repute, and that deservedly, of the most compleat Artist at Shooting and Darting of any of my Companions; but here, as to Riding, I am very sensible, how much inferiour I am to the rest of my Associates; which, when I reflect upon, I assure you, I am exceedingly dissatisfied. Now if I stay here and learn to be a good Horse-man, I believe, when I come into Persia, I shall easily surpass the best Foot-men there; and whenever I return again in∣to

Media, having got the Name, even among skillful Riders, of a perfect Master in Horseman∣ship, I will endeavour to aid and assist my Grandfather in his Wars. But how, my Child, answered his Mother, will you learn Justice here, seeing your Teachers are in Persia that should in∣struct you therein. To which Cyrus replied, I perfectly understand it already. How know'st thou that, quoth Mandana? Because, said he, my Master made me a Judge over others, as one already exact in the Administration of Ju∣stice. And once in the Decision of a Controver∣sie I was punished for not giving Judgment aright. The Case was this:

A great Boy that had a scanty Coat strip'd * 1.28 another little Boy that had a large Coat, put∣ting his own upon the little one and the little ones Coat upon himself. Now I sitting as Judge in this Case, resolved, That for either of them to have the Coat that fitted him was fairest and best for both Parties. For this Sentence my Master punished me, telling me withall, that should I be appointed to judge in matter of Con∣veniency, then I ought to proceed thus: but where you are to determine whose Garment it is, here, said he, you are to consider who has the Propri∣ety and Right of Possession; whether he in Justice ought to enjoy it that by Violence has taken it away, or he that has made it, or bought it with his Money. For said he, adding further, what is just that is also lawful; and what is contrary to Law is Violence: so that in every definitive Sentence, the Judge ought especially to regard what the Law directs. And thus, Mother, said

he, I am pretty well versed in all things that concern the Distribution of Justice; wherein, if in any point I am defective, my Grandfather here will instruct me. But, my Son, said she, your Grandfather does not allow that to be Ju∣stice here, which passes for Law among the Per∣sians. For he, among the Medes, has made him∣self Lord and Proprietary of all they have; but among the Persians, to observe an Equality is look'd upon to be just. And your Father, as he is the Principal in making Statutes and Ordi∣nances for the State, so he himself is the first that receives and observes them; making that his Rule to walk by, not what his own arbitrary Pleasure suggests, but what the Law prescribes.

How then will you escape being chastised al∣most to Death, if, when you return home, in∣stead of Kingly Government you have imbibed from him the Principles of Tyranny, the very Nature whereof is to hold it necessary that One should have more than the whole Community be∣sides. Yea, but my Grandfather, said Cyrus, is * 1.29 so powerful and persuasive as to teach People ra∣ther to be content with a little than to covet much: for, don't you observe how he has taught all the Medes to rest satisfied with less than himself? Therefore be of good cheer, Mother, said he, and assure your self, that my Grandfather will so instruct me also, as well as his own Subjects, that when he dismisses me I shall by no means covet to possess more than others.

These, and many things of the like Nature, did Cyrus utter; when in Conclusion, his Mother Mandana departing, he tarried behind, and

was there brought up in Astyages's Court: where he quickly grew into such an Acquaintance with his Associates, that he became their most familiar and intimate Friend; and in a short time, what by his Deportment and Civility toward them, and what by those evident Expressions of Love he shewed to their Children, he gained so much upon the Affections of their Fathers, that if they had any Suit to the King, they laid their Commands upon their Children, that they should intreat Cyrus to sollicite their Business for them: and he (such was his obliging and gene∣rous Temper) whatsoever his Companions desi∣red of him, made it especially his own Business to get theirs dispatch'd. Now Astyages had it not in his Power to deny Cyrus any thing where∣in he might comply with and gratifie his Re∣quests: for, once when he was in a fit of Sickness, he never gave over his attendance on him, nor forbore to shed Tears for him; so that every one plainly perceiv'd how mightily concern'd and fearful he was lest his Grandfather should dye. If in the Night-time he call'd for any thing he wanted, Cyrus was the first that percei∣ved it; and being more watchful and sedulous than the rest, he immediately rose up, and ad∣ministred such things as he thought proper for, and acceptable to him: by which means, he so won the heart of Astyages, that he cou'd com∣mand of him what he pleas'd.

Cyrus perhaps was a little too full of Talk and liberal of his Tongue; which was partly the Ef∣fect of his Education, he being obliged by his Teachers to render a Reason for every thing he

did, and to exact the same from others when he sate in Judgment amongst them; and partly be∣cause, he desiring to improve in Knowledge, was both himself always very inquisitive with those about him, how the Affairs of the World went; and also, whatsoever Questions others put to him, so brisk and active was his Wit, he ever had an Answer ready for them; all which Circumstances caus'd him to abound with words, and made him naturally very talkative. But as in those that are very young, though they are already grown up to a considerable Stature, yet still there appears in them something juvenile and childish, that discovers and betrays their tender years; so Cyrus's superfluity of Discourse was not an Argument of too much Confidence and Boldness in him, but only of Innocence and good Nature; insomuch, that to hear him still go on freely in his Talk, was, to those about him, more grateful than his Silence. But in process of time, as he grew up, and added to his Statu•…•…e more maturity of Years, he began to be more sparing of his Words, and more calm and sedate in his Expression; and withall became so modest and bashful, that he wou'd even blush when he met with any elderly Person: he also quite left off that over-forward and familiar kind * 1.30 of way of intruding himself into all Companies without Consideration or Distinction; whereby he became indeed more quiet and reserv'd, but no∣thing the less acceptable at their Meetings and pla∣ces of Resort: for, of all their Games and Disputes, wherein Young Men usually make tryal of, and prove their Equals, he never challenged his

Companions in any wherein he believed himself Superiour; but where he certainly knew himself overmatch'd, there he would be sure to give the first Onset, and declare he would perform the Ex∣ercise better than they. He began also now to leap up, and mount readily on Horse-back, and from thence to practise shooting and darting, when he was yet but a very unexperienc'd Rider; and if at any time he were out-done and worst∣ed, he would especially be jocose and pleasant upon himself. He never shrunk back or desist∣ed upon a Defeat, but would still be making fresh Essays and Attempts, that he might grow more and more expert in the performance of those Exercises wherein he had been overcome and mastered; so that in a short time he not on∣ly equall'd his Fellows in the business of Horse∣manship, but such was the pleasure he took in it, he quickly excelled and surpass'd them. Nor was it long before he had, what with chasing and shooting, so wasted and destroyed the wild Beasts in the Park, that Astyages was at a loss to procure Game for him. Now when Cyrus per∣ceived that Astyages, though he were very desi∣rous, was not able to supply him, What need you, said he, be thus sollicitous, and thoughtful for my Entertainment? Only send me forth to hunt with my 1 1.31 Uncle, and every wild Beast I meet with I will fancy you have kept up for my Exercise and Diversion: and though he longed extreamly to be abroad at his Game, yet cou'd he now no longer request any thing so earnestly as when he was a Child, but was rather tardy and backward in his Visits to his Grandfather:

and whereas before he had a Pique against Sa∣cas for refusing to introduce him, he was now become a Sacas to controul himself; for, he ne∣ver went in to him now unless he were before∣hand assured that it was a proper time; and he intreated Sacas that he would always signifie to him when his Visit would be seasonable, and when not; so that Sacas now, as well as all others, exceedingly loved and admir'd him.

When Astyages came to understand how ve∣ry * 1.32 earnest he was to go a hunting abroad, he sent him sorth with his Uncle, and with them a Guard of Elderly Men on Horse-back, to keep him out of hazardous and dangerous places, and secure him from the more savage sort of wild Beasts, if any such chanced to approach them. Cyrus therefore was very inquisitive with those that attended him, which sort of Beasts he might not come near, and which he might boldly pursue: They told him, that Bears, Lyons, Boars, and Leopards, had torn in pieces many that had adventur'd to approach too near them; but that Stags, Goats, wild Sheep, and Asses, were nothing so mischievous and hurtful; and withall warn'd him, that he must have equal regard to avoid perillous Places as to shun the sellest Beasis; for that many Men had already, Horse and all, fall'n headlong down from Rocks and Precipices.

To all these Cautions Cyrus was very attentive; yet no sooner had he espied a Hind skipping be∣fore him, but, regardless of whatever he had heard, he was instantly in close pursuit of her, minding nothing more but which way she fled;

insomuch, that his Horse, by a kind of a Leap, fell upon his Knees, and Cyrus was in danger to be thrown over his Neck; however, with much ado he made a shift to sit him, and the Horse recovered his Legs. As soon as he came into the Plain he hurl'd his Dart at the Hind and overthrew her, a goodly Beast, and a large one; whereat he did not a little rejoyce. But his Guard that attended him, riding up to him, check'd him sorely, shewing him to what dan∣ger he had exposed himself, and telling him withall, they would complain of him to his Grandfather. Cyrus hearing them say so, alight∣ed off his Horse, and stood still somewhat trou∣bled in mind and disturb'd, when immediately hearing a great shout, like one in a sudden Transport, he re-mounted; and seeing a wild Boar making furiously at him, he rode up against him, and threw his Javelin with such dexterity, that he hit him on the Fore-head, brought him down, and master'd him. Hereupon his Uncle also seeing his adventurous Rashness, reprov'd him; who notwithstanding his Rebukes, request∣ed him that what he had taken in hunting he wou'd give him leave to carry home and pre∣sent it to his Grandfather. To whom his Uncle reply'd, If he should know that you had chased these Beasts, he would not only check you, but reprehend me also for permitting you. Let him, said he, even scourge me if he please, provided I may only make him this Present: and you, Uncle, if it be your Will, only gratifie me in this, and inflict on me what Punishment you think fit. In Conclusion Cyaxares told him,

You may use your own Pleasure, and do as you list, for you are become already as it were a King over us. So Cyrus brought the Prizes he had taken, and presenting them to his Grandfa∣ther, told him, he had hunted those for his sake: as for his Darts he shew'd them not, but laid them, all bloody as they were, in such a Place where he thought his Grandfather must needs see them.

Then said Astyages to him, I accept gladly, my Son, whatsoever you offer me; but yet I stand in no such need of any of these, as to pur∣chase them with the hazard of your Person. My Lord, saith Cyrus, if you need them not, bestow them upon me, that I may distribute among my Companions. Astyages replied, Take, my Son, not only these, but if there be any thing else you desire, dispose of what, and to whom you please. So Cyrus took them, and bestowing them among the Young Men his Companions, spoke to them to this effect.

How did we, my Sport-mates, trifle and be∣fool our selves when we chased the Deer in the Park! to me it seems much the same as if a man shou'd go to hunt in a Prison, and have his Game in Fetters: for first they were confin'd to a very narrow Compass, then they were some of them little, lean, and shabby, others lame, maim'd, and dismember'd; whereas the Wild Beasts in the Mountains and open Fields, how comely, how large, and in what good plight they appear'd. The Stags and Harts, swift as winged Fowl, mounted up into the Air; the Wild Boars made up at us, and assaulted us, as stout and valorous

Men use to do, and were of so large a size that a Man could not possibly miss them. In short, these Beasts seem in my eye, though dead, more fair and goodly than those others, though alive, that are shut up close and impaled. But what think you, quoth he, Will your Fathers give you leave to hunt? Yes, very readily, reply'd they, if Astyages but command it. But who, said Cyrus, shall move Astyages on your behalf? Who, return'd they, is more proper for it, and more likely to prevail than your self? As for me, says he, I protest, I know not how, I am become such a strange kind of Man, that I am no longer able to speak to my Grandfather as I ought, nor look him in the face as becomes me; insomuch, that I am afraid if I go on at this rate, I shall in the end prove altogether blockish and stupid; and yet when I was little, me∣thought I was very forward to speak, and had Tongue enough. Then the Youths reply'd, This is but bad News for us, if when we stand in need of your Assistance you can do nothing for us, but we must be forced to desire that of ano∣ther which is most proper for you to effect. When Cyrus heard this, being grieved at the very Heart, without answering a Word, he de∣parted; and arming himself with Boldness, he went in to Astyages; and having first consider∣ed with himself how he might make his Address to him so without offence as to obtain what he requested in his own and his Associates behalf, he thus began; If any one of your domestick Servants should run away, and be again apprehended, tell me, Grandfather, how would you

treat him? How else, said he, but force him like a Slave, to work in Fetters? But suppose he should return of his own Accord, how would you treat him then? How think'st thou, said he, but that having first caused him to be well scourg'd, that he might do so no more, receive him afterwards, and treat him as I had used to do. Then said Cyrus, 'tis high time for you to set about it and scourge me; for I have a design to run away, and take my Companions with me a hunting. Well, quoth Astyages, 'tis honestly done however to give notice of it before-hand; for now I will lay my Commands upon you not to stir from home. Would it not be a pretty bu∣siness, if for a piece of hunted Flesh I should suf∣fer my Daughters Son to wander abroad and be lost. When Cyrus heard this, in obedience to his Grandfathers Commands, he tarry'd at home, but with a sorrowful Heart and sad Counte∣nance kept still Silence, and spake not a Word. Wherefore, when Astyages perceiv'd how strange∣ly griev'd and discontented he was, being wil∣ling to gratifie and comply with him, he takes him out to hunt; where having summon'd to attend him, a considerable Number both of Horse and Foot, together with the Young Men, and forcing the wild Beasts into the open Plains, he made it a great and solemn Day of hunting. And being present himself in Royal Equipage, he strcightly commanded that none should presume to shoot before Cyrus had taken his Fill of the Game. But Cyrus not enduring that he should forbid others, If you desire, Grandfather, quoth he, to make my Sport pleasa•…•… •…•…tome, permit all

these my Companions to pursue the Game, and with their utmost Art and Strength to contend which of them shall behave himself best. Then Astyages gave them all leave to hunt, and him∣self stood still and beheld how eagerly they en∣countred the wild Beasts, what Strife and Con∣tention they used in pursuit of, and striking their Darts at them. Exceedingly pleas'd he was with Cyrus, who could not contain himself for Joy, but like a true-bred generous 1 1.33 Son of the Game, still as he drew nearer any wild Beast would set up a full Cry, animating and encou∣raging every one by Name: great delight also did he take to see him laugh at, and deride one, and without the least shew of envying or repi∣ning, magnifie and commend another. At last having taken much Game, Astyages departed, and from thenceforward (so highly was he plea∣sed and satisfied with this Hunting) as often as his Affairs permitted him, he would go abroad with Cyrus, and for his sake, among many o∣thers, he would take the Youths also to accom∣pany him. Thus spent Cyrus the greatest part of his time, wherein he was the Author of much Pleasure to, and did good Offices for all men; but was instrumental in no mans Hu•…•…t or Dis∣advantage.

Now it happened that about the fifteenth or sixteenth year of his Age, the Kings Son of As∣syria, being just upon the point of Marriage, was greatly desirous to hunt at that time. And un∣derstanding that in the Frontiers between them and the Medes were wild Beasts good store, which by reason of the Wars had been undisturb'd,

his Pleasure was to go thither; where, that he might follow his Game without Danger or Mo∣lestation, he took with him a great number of light Horse-men and Targeteers, who were to drive the wild Beasts out of the rough woody Places into the Plains and Champion Fields. And being come as far as his frontier Towns and Garisons, he ordered a Supper to be made rea∣dy there, intending to hunt early the next morn∣ing. And in the Evening there came out of the City a Supply both of Horse and Foot to relieve the former Garison; so that now he thought he had a considerable Army, having two Garisons conjoyn'd, besides abundance of Horse-men and Foot-men which he brought with him: wherefore, upon Deliberation, he concluded it best to make an Inroad into the Medes Country, and fetch Game from thence, both because his Hunting would seem more no∣ble and gallant, and also he conceiv'd that by this means he shou'd have greater plenty of Beasts for Sacrifice. Thereupon, early in the Morning he led forth his Army, and leaving his Foot imbattel'd thick on the Borders, he with his Horse advanced forwards to the Fortresses of the Medes, where he stay'd, with the better and greater part of his Forces, lest the Medes Gari∣sons should sally out, and make head against those that were stragling and ravaging about the Confines. Then he sent out several Parties of forward and daring men to disperse themselves, some one way and some another, giving them in Charge, that what Game soever they met with as they rang'd about, they should drive

the same to him; which they accordingly per∣form'd.

When notice was given to Astyages that the Enemy had entred his Country, himself, with those that were about him, march'd out to re∣lieve and defend the Frontiers; and his Son, with such a number of Horse-men as were in readiness, attended him: he likewise issued out his Commands to all others, that they should come forth and assist him. Now when the Medes saw the Assyrians thus numerous and in good order, their Horse-men in a quiet Posture not changing their ground, they themselves also made a stand. And Cyrus seeing others unani∣mously * 1.34 contributing their Assistance, he himself likewise did the same, then first appearing clad in Armour, when he did not yet so much as ex∣pect what he so earnestly desir'd, that he shou'd bear Arms. A compleat Suit of Armour it was, well befitting him, which his Grandfather had commanded to be made exactly to his Body. Thus gallantly accout'red, and well mounted, forth he rode; whom when Astyages saw, he wondred who, or what put him upon coming thither; but withall commanded he should now tarry with him. And here when Cyrus had dis∣covered a number of Horse standing afront them, he enquired, Are those, Grandfather, says he, our Enemies yonder, that sit quietly on their Horse backs? Yes, said he, those are our Ene∣mies. And are those too, quoth he, that beat about and drive the Prey before them? Yes, and they also. Then replied he, Verily Grand∣father, they are, in appearance, but base, abject

Fellows, and mounted upon very Jades, though they thus spoil and carry away our Goods; therefore it is very requisite that some Party of us should issue out, and set upon them. But, said he, feest thou not, my Son, what a mighty Troup of Horse stands yonder in Battel Array, who, if we shou'd out, in pursuit after them, would intercept and cut us off? Besides, our Strength as yet is not considerable. Yea, but if you will abide here, reply'd Cyrus, and recruit your Forces, these, for their parts, will be so afraid, that they will not dare to stir; and they that are carrying away the Spoil, will immediately quit their Prey; when they see any Party of us ad∣vancing to charge upon them. And when he * 1.35 had thus said, Astyages thought he spoke some∣thing to the purpose: admiring therefore his prudent Circumspection and Vigilance, he com∣manded his Son 1 1.36 to draw out a Party of Horse and pursue those that were driving their Booty before them; and as for these, I, said he, will fall upon them if they once stir to make head against you: so that they shall be forc'd to have an Eye this way to observe our motions.

Then Cyaxares leading out a Company of the stoutest men, and best mounted, advanced towards the Enemy; whom as soon as ever Cyrus percei∣ved marching forward, he also immediately salli∣ed out and march'd with them; when getting in the head of them, he led them on a great pace, * 1.37 Cyaxares himself following close after, and the rest not far behind. Now when these Free∣booters saw them approach near, they quickly left their Prey, and fled: But Cyrus especially,

and his Followers, intercepted them; and such of them as they over-took they presently slew; but such as by shifting and turning out of the way, had escap'd them, those they closely pur∣su'd, and never desisted till they had taken some of them Prisoners. And as a generous Hound, not yet train'd up to the Game, flies eagerly and rashly at the Boar; so Cyrus rush'd on, mind∣ing only how he might strike him he could ea∣siliest reach, wholly regardless of any thing else.

Now the Enemies, as soon as they saw their Fellows thus distress'd, brought on their whole Body, supposing they would give over their Pursuit when they saw them coming upon them. But Cyrus remitting nothing of his Eagerness, * 1.38 for joy calling out upon his Uncle, held them in Chase still; and as he had the mastery over them, he made a great Rout and Slaughter a∣mongst them. Cyaxares indeed followed close after, ashamed perhaps what his Father would think, and the rest came not far behind, being animated by such an Example, the more cheer∣fully to maintain their Pursuit, even such, who otherwise were not over-stout or valorous to in∣gage an Enemy. But Astyages, when he saw his Men with such inconsiderate Rashness still follow their Chase, and the Enemy's just now facing them with a strong and well-formed Bat∣talia, being sollicitous both for his Son and Cy∣rus (lest they might, in the disorder they were in, by falling into the hands of their Enemies thus well appointed, endanger their own Per∣sons) marches directly upon the Enemy; who

no sooner saw the Medes coming upon them, but with their Arrows mounted and Bows bent, they stood their ground, as if they resolv'd, accord∣ing to their usual Custom, to charge upon them as soon as they came within Arrow shot: for their manner was, at this distance, and no near∣er to make their Onset, shooting at random one against another, many times till the Even∣ing. But when they saw their Men flying ha∣stily to them for Refuge, Cyrus and his Follow∣ers pursuing them close at the heels, and Astya∣ges with his Cavalry now come within Bow shot, they themselves drew back and fled. The Medes followed them with all their Power, and assaulting them fiercely, took many of them, whom they smote and overthrew, both Horse and Man, killing and slaying all that fell be∣fore them; nor did they in the least give over their Chase till they came to the Infantry of the Assyrians; and there fearing lest some greater Party might lye in Ambush to intercept them, they made a stand. Then Astyages rejoycing exceedingly for this Victory of his Horse-men, return'd; but of Cyrus he knew not what to say or think; for he believed indeed, that the Suc∣cess of this Action was to be imputed to him as the Principal Author; but withal, that he was over-bold and transported beyond measure: for even then when others were upon their Re∣turn home, he did nothing else but ride up and down to take a view of those that were slain; so that they that were appointed for that purpose had much ado to bring him to Astyages; for he * 1.39 commanded them to go a good space before

him, because he saw his Grandfather's Counte∣nance, at the sight of him, was become very stern and austere.

Thus went Affairs in Media; when Cyrus was continually in every one's Mouth, whose Praises they made the Subject of their Songs and Dis∣courses; and Astyages as he had before highly honoured and esteemed him, so was he now struck with Astonishment and Admiration of him.

When Cambyses, Cyrus's Father, heard these * 1.40 Reports, he rejoyced greatly; and understand∣ing what manly Exploits Cyrus had already done, he sent for him, that he might go through the whole course of the Persian Discipline. Where∣upon, as is reported, Cyrus declared, That de∣part he would, that he might give his Father no occasion of being displeas'd at him, nor the State of murmuring against him. Therefore Astyages thinking it requisite to send him away, presented him with such Horses as he had most liking to, and so honourably dismiss'd him, ha∣ving first furnish'd him with all things necessary, because he greatly loved him, and for that he had conceived mighty hopes of him that he would one day prove a man able both to succour and assist his Friends, and also to distress and vex his Enemies.

Now when Cyrus was upon his departure home, he was attended by Persons of all Ages and Degrees, as well Youths and those of his own Years, as full-grown and elderly Men, with Asty∣ages himself in Person, all mounted on Horse∣back; nor was there one, as is said, that taking

their Farewel of him, return'd back with dry Eyes: Cyrus himself also is reported not to have departed without shedding abundance of Tears, distributing amongst his Companions many of those Gifts and Presents which Astyages before, had bestowed upon him. In fine, putting off the Median Robe he had on, he gave it to one above all the rest, evidencing thereby what an especial regard he had for him. Now they that received these Gifts at his Hands came and pre∣sented * 1.41 them to Astyages, who took them and dispatch'd them away to Cyrus again; by whom they were forthwith returned back into Media, with a Message to his Grand-father to this effect: If it be your Pleasure, O Grandfather! that I should ever return to you again well pleased and nothing ashamed for any thing I have done, suffer, I beseech you, every Man to enjoy what I bestowed up∣on him. Which when Astyages heard, he did according to all that Cyrus had requested of him.

But now to mention one pleasing juvenile Pas∣sage, 'Tis reported, that at Cyrus's Departure, when all took solemn leave one of another, his Kindred and Relations, after the Persian Fashion, dismissed him with the formality of a Kiss, * 1.42 (which Custom prevails in Persia even at this day) when a certain, worthy, and gallant Gen∣tleman of Media, seeing the rest of his Kinsmen saluting him with a Kiss, he himself, surprized for a long time, and astonished at the Beauty and Behaviour of Cyrus, was utterly at a stand: but no sooner were they departed from him, than he coming up to Cyrus, thus bespoke him; Am I the only Man, O Cyrus! of all your Re∣lations,

that you know nothing of? why? are you also my Kinsman, quoth Cyrus? yes replyed He. This then was the Reason, said Cyrus, that you so earnestly fixt your Eye upon me, for I often observed you so to do. In good Truth said he again though I had always a longing desire to come to you, yet such was my Bashfullness it would never permitt me. But that ought not to have been quoth Cyrus, seeing you are my Kins∣man, and immediately came up to him and kissed him. The Mede after this Salute asked him, and is it indeed the Persian Fashion for Kindred thus to greet one another with a Kiss? yes said Cyrus both at your first meeting, after they have been absent from one another for some time, and also when at parting they take their leave each of other. Then quoth the Mede, it is high time that you should Salute me with another Kiss; For you see I am just now upon my departure from you. So Cyrus having kiss'd him a second time dismiss'd him, and went his way. But they had not rode far before the Mede return'd again with his Horse, all in a sweat; Whom when Cyrus saw, what, said he, have you forgot any thing you had to say to me? Nothing at all I protest, reply'd the other, only after a certain time I am return'd to you again. In Truth Kinsman quoth Cyrus, and a very short time 'tis I assure you. How short answered the Mede? know you not, O Cyrus, that if I am absent from you but the twinkling of an Eye, it seems to me a very tedi∣ous while, in regard that for that time I can't enjoy the sight of so gallant a Person as you are. Hereupon Cyrus smiled, and the first time it was

he did so since his late Tears; biding him withall to depart chearfully and be of good Comfort, for that in a short time he would be with them again, and then said he, you may, if you please, look your fill, without so much as once taking your Eyes off me.

Thus Cyrus returned into Persia, where 'tis said * 1.43 he underwent yet one year more the Discipline of the 1 1.44 Youths, who at his first coming derided and scoff'd at him, as one that they thought had learn'd all the Delicacy and Effeminacy of the Medes: But when they saw him eat and drink with the same Relish and Appetite they did; and withall observ'd that if upon some Festivall Day there were any extraordinary Entertainment; He was so far from craving more, that he very readily distributed his own Portion to others: When they perceived besides, that He far sur∣pass'd them in all other things, they began again to have him in great Reverence and Estimation. And after he had gone through the whole course of this Institution, he entred into the Society of the Young-Men, where likewise, by being intent and earnest upon his Duty, and vigorously perform∣ing what was enjoyn'd him: by giving a respect∣full Deference to the Elders and yeilding a dutifull Obedience to the Magistrates, He evidently out-did and excelled the rest.

But in process of Time Astyages dyed in Media, and Cyaxares his Son, Brother to Cyrus's Mother, * 1.45 succeeded him in the Kingdom of the Medes. And now the King of the Assyrians having ut∣terly subdued all Svria and that no small Nation; and brought the King of Arabia under his Sub∣jection;

having already reduced the Hyrcanians to Obedience, and now laying Siege to the Ci∣ties of the Bactrians, he thought he might make an easie Conquest of all the neighbouring Coun∣tries if he could but once rebate and weaken the Power of the Medes, whom he look'd upon, for their Strength, to be the most considerable Nation of any round about him. Wherefore issuing forth his Commands to all his own Sub∣jects, * 1.46 he sent likewise to Craesus, King of Lydia, as also to the King of Cappadocia: He dispatch'd his Embassadors into both the Phrygia's, Caria, and Paphlagonia; into India also and Cilicia, loading the Medes and Persians with Calumnies and Imputations, suggesting to them how great and puissant those States were; how they were affianc'd and conjoyn'd by mutual Marriages, and united together in one common Interest; so that unless some body did prevent and check their growing Greatness, very dangerous it was, that, invading one Nation after another, they would, by degrees, over-run them all. Some prevailed upon by these and the like Suggesti∣ons, and others brought over by his rich Gifts and Presents, with which he mightily abound∣ed, all entred into a League of Association with him. But Cyaxares, the Son of Astyages, when he understood that his Combination and Design was meant against him, he himself, on the other side, made what Preparations he could, send∣ing his Dispatches as well to the Persian State in general as to his Brother-in-law Cambyses, then reigning in Persia. He sent also to Cyrus, re∣questing him that he would use his utmost En∣deavour,

that in case the 1 1.47 States of Persia should send any Forces to his Assistance, he himself might come Commander in chief of them: (for by this time Cyrus having fully spent his ten years among the younger sort, was in all points a compleat Man.) Cyrus therefore undertaking * 1.48 this Charge, was, by the Elders, the chief Coun∣cellors of State, elect Captain General of the Median Expedition; to whom they gave com∣mission to choose out two hundred of the 2 1.49 Nobi∣lity; and to every one of those they allowed a Priviledge to make choice of four others of the same Condition and Quality with themselves: so that their number amounted to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Thousand. And to every particular Person of this thousand they gave Authority to levy, out of the Persian Commonalty, ten Targettiers, ten Slingers, and ten Archers: by which means, there were in all, besides a thousand of the choice Nobility, ten thousand Archers, ten thousand Targettiers, and ten thousand Slingers.

This so mighty an Army was committed to the Conduct of Cyrus, who was no sooner cho∣sen, but immediately he began at the Service of the Gods; and having first, by a favourable Sa∣crifice, found them propitious, he then proceed∣ed to the choice of his two hundred Peers; who when they had each of them taken to themselves four others, Cyrus assembling them all together, first spake to them to this effect:

Country-men and Friends, I have made this * 1.50 Choice, not as if I had never had any experi∣ence of You till now, but as an Eye-witness with what Vigour and Alacrity, even from

your Childhood, you have prosecuted those things which this State reputes vertuous and praise-worthy; utterly renouncing whatsoe∣ver is here esteemed infamous and base. Now by what Motives induced, I have, not un∣willingly, undertaken this weighty Charge, and summon'd you hither, I intend to declare.

I have learn'd by Observation, that our Ancestors were in nothing inferiour to Us, for that they continually exercised themselves in all the Actions of a vertuous Life: but tho gallant Persons they were, yet what Good they ever procured either to the Persian Estate in general, or in particular to their own, I can't possibly understand: for truly, I believe none ever put themselves upon the Exercise of any Virtue to this end, that when they are there∣by become perfectly good, they should never∣theless be had in no greater esteem than the basest of Men. And they that for the present de∣bar themselves of any pleasurable Enjoyment, do it not because they would never more rejoyce; but they lay this Restraint upon themselves, that hereafter, to make amends for this their present Abstinence, they may have a full Fru∣ition of all variety of Delights. They also that desire to become powerful Speakers, make it not the end and design of their Studies ne∣ver to give over their eloquent Pleadings; but their Trust is, that by their winning and per∣suasive Language, having wrought upon the Affections of divers Persons, they shall pur∣chase to themselves many and great Advanta∣ges. In like manner, Men that are upon Mili∣tary

Duty, and exercised in Martial Exploits, don't undergo all that their toil and pains that they may never be disengaged from Bat∣tel; but this they propose to themselves, that when they are once become compleat and ex∣pert Warriours they shall procure both to them and their Country, abundance of Riches, increase of Happiness, and exceeding great Honours. Now if any men after much Tra∣vel spent in these or the like Employments, shall carelesly suffer themselves to be made useless and impotent by old Age, before they have reaped any fruit of their Labours; they seem to me to be much in the same Circum∣stances with him, who being desirous to be a good provident Husbandman, sows his ground well, and carefully plants it; but when he should come to reap the fruits of his la∣bour, he suffers the whole Increase untouch'd, ungather'd, to fall again to the Ground. And that Champion who by long Exercise has so prepared himself, that he may now justly be thought worthy to bear away the Prize, and shall then end his days without any further proof of his Courage; such a one, in my Opinion, is by no means to be excus'd from the imputation of Folly. Let not us therefore, my Country-men, be blameable upon this score; but in regard we are conscious to our selves, that even from our Childhood we have been exercis'd in all the performances of a vertuous and honourable Discipline, let us march out against our Enemies, whom I assu∣redly know, by what my self has seen of them,

to be a very unequal match for us. For they are by no means to be reckon'd compleat and able Warriours, who, though they can shoot and dart well, and are very experienc'd Horsemen, yet, where they are put upon hard∣ships and painful Duty, there they fail: but our Enemies are such as are wholly unac∣quainted with Labour and Toil. Nor are they to be held in any account, who when they should be wakeful and vigilant, can't away with it: but our Enemies are such as are utter∣ly Strangers to Watchings and want of Sleep. Nor are they to be regarded, who although they may possibly be sufficiently qualified for these Duties, yet are altogether ignorant how to behave themselves towards their Confede∣rates, and how towards their Foes: now 'tis plain, our Enemies are such as are perfectly unexperienc'd in the most considerable points of Military Discipline. But you can make the * 1.51 same advantage of the Night as others of the Day: and in your Account, the principal Guides to a happy Life are Labour and Travel. Hunger to you is instead of Sauce; and to drink Water more familiar with you than with Ly∣ons. But of all the most noble and truly Soul∣dier-like Treasure that you have stor'd up in your own Hearts, is, that you are more in love with Honour than with all the Possessions in the World besides: and they that are Lovers of it, must needs, for the attaining thereof, cheerfully undergo any hardship, and willing∣ly expose themselves to all manner of danger. Now for me, contrary to my own Knowledge,

to pronounce these things of you, were to put a Cheat upon my self; and in case your Per∣formances should not answer, the whole mis∣carriage would lye at my door. But such is your own Experience, and your Affection to∣ward me, such the unskilful Ignorance of our Enemies, that I am confident I shall not be disappointed in the good hopes I have con∣ceived of you. Let us then march out with undaunted and courageous Hearts, in regard it has been the least of our Thoughts so much as to seem unjustly to covet other mens Estates: for our Enemies are now the Aggressors and first Authors of Violence and Injustice; our Friends and Allies call upon us for Aid. And what is more just than to oppose and repell In∣juries? and what more honourable than to succout and assist our Friends? Besides, I be∣lieve it will not a little raise your Confidence and Resolution, that upon my undertaking this Expedition, I did not carelesly neglect the Gods: for you, as being for the most part my Confidents and Companions, can bear me wit∣ness, that not only in enterprizing great and weighty matters, but also in things of lesser moment, I always began with their Service. To conclude, what need I say more? You, when you have taken unto you chosen Men, and are in all other points furnish'd and pre∣par'd, march out towards Media. As for me, repairing first to my Father, I will then set forward, when having learn'd, with all possi∣ble speed, what State and Condition our Ene∣mies are in, I may, as much as in me lies,

make such provision for you that by Gods As∣sistance, this may prove an honourable and prosperous Expedition.

They then accordingly went and provided themselves; and Cyrus, after his return home, having paid his Vows to Vesta the Guardian of his Family, Jupiter the Protector of his Country, and the rest of the Gods, immedi∣ately set forth toward the Army; his Father himself bringing him forward on his way: who no sooner left the Palace, but as is re∣ported, (an Omen to him propitious) he was saluted with Thundring and Lightning; up∣on which Presage, without any further Augu∣ry, * 1.52 they set forward on their march, suppo∣sing that these Signs of the mighty God could not but be visible to and observ'd by all men. So Cyrus going on his Journey, his Father began to discourse him to this Effect.

That the Gods, my Son, are auspicious and * 1.53 favour your Expedition, is evident not only by Sacrifices but by Coelestial Tokens; and that you your self understand. For I always made it my business so to instruct you in these points, that you might not relie upon other Interpreters to make known to you the Counsel and Will of the Gods; but that your self, seeing the Augu∣ral Signs, and hearing the Sounds, might per∣fectly comprehend the same, without depending upon your Soothsayers, who might, if they plea'd, impose upon you, by pronouncing things other∣wise than the Gods had signified. Besides that, if at any time you should want one of these In∣terpreters, you might not be left in a doubt what

Resolutions to take upon these sacred Signs and Monitions; but that according to your own skill in Divination, knowing what the Pleasure of the Gods was, you might obey the same. Assuredly Father, quoth Cyrus, that the Gods may still be gracious to us, and inclined to further and direct us, I will, to the utmost of my Power, persevere in a careful observance of what you advise. For I remember, I have sometime heard you say, That upon good Reason he might more easily prevail with Heaven, as well as with Men, not who would servilely flatter in his Distress, but who, in the height of his Prosperity, would, then * 1.54 especially, remember the Gods. You said like∣wise, that the same Consideration and Regard ought to be had of Friends. Certainly therefore my Son, faith he, because of this your devout Zeal for the Gods, you come now with more cheerfulness to implore their Assistance; and with more assurance hope to obtain what you desire, in regard your Conscience seems to bear you witness, that you have never carelesly ne∣glected their Service. In truth, Father, quoth he, I intirely repose my Confidence in the Gods, as in those that are my affectionate Friends. But what, my Son, reply'd Cambyses, remember'st thou those things upon which we sometime made this Conclusion? Namely, That they that have been instructed therein make better use of the Blessings of God than those that are ignorant of them. That diligent and industrious Persons, as they do better improve those Gifts, so also do they lead more quiet and undisturb'd Lives than they that are supinely negligent and regardless of the same. Wherefore

we rested in this Opinion, that we might then sue for good things at the hands of God, when we approved our selves such as we ought to be. Assu∣redly, Father, quoth Cyrus, I well remember I have heard you discourse of these Points; and I could not possibly but assent to what you said. For I know it was always your Opinion, that it could not be lawful for those that had never ex∣ercis'd themselves in Riding, to desire of the Gods Victory in a Battel against Horse-men; nor for those that never understood a Bow, to hope to gain the Mastery over such as were experi∣enc'd Archers; nor for an ignorant and unskil∣ful Saylor to pray, that, by his Steerage, the Ship may be brought safe to the Harbour; nor for them that never sow'd Seed, to beg of Hea∣ven a plentiful Crop; nor yet for such, who themselves use no Precaution in Battel, to make their Supplications to the Gods to protect them: that all these things directly contradict the Di∣vine Ordinances. You declared likewise, it was equally reasonable that their Prayers should be frustrate, who beg unrighteous things at the hands of God, as their Petitions ineffectual who crave unlawful things at the hands of Men. But have you, my Son, quoth he, forgot those things which we once, upon very good Reason, resolv'd upon? That it is a great and commendable Act in any one, if he can, by a careful Industry, gain himself the Repute of an Honest Good Man; and withal make such Provision for himself and his Fa∣mily, that they may have a convenient Supply of all manner of Necessaries. Now this being a * 1.55 matter of such weight and difficulty, certainly

to know how to govern other People, so, that they may not only have all things needful in great abundance, but also may approve them∣selves, all of them, such as they ought to be; this seems indeed to deserve our Admiration. In truth Father, reply'd Cyrus, I remember also I have heard you speak to this Point; and I my self was then of the same mind with you: That 'tis a great and extraordinary Task to govern well. Nor do I yet think otherwise, when I seriously weigh with my self the Duty of a Governour. But when I come to take a view of other Men, to look into the Qualities and Conditions of those that are Rulers, and withall, to consider what kind of Adversaries we are like to meet with; I think it a very foul Reproach to be afraid of such Enemies, and not dare to march out in Bat∣tel against them; whom I, for my part, con∣ceive (beginning even with these our Friends and Allies) to be generally of this Opinion, That, to distinguish a Prince from his People, he ought to exceed them in sumptuous and expen∣sive Feasts; in domestick Wealth and Treasure; in frequent and long Sleeping; and, in a word, in leading a more secure and careless Life than any of his Subjects. Whereas for me, quoth Cyrus, my Opinion is, that a Sovereign ought not to exceed those he rules over in an unactive slothful Life, but in prudently foreseeing, and chearfully undertaking whatever may advance the common Good. True my Son, replied Cam∣byses, but there are certain Circumstances where∣in we are not to contend with Men, but with Things, and those too such, as cannot without

extraordinary difficulty be overcome. As for Instance, you know, quoth he, if your Army be not stor'd with convenient Provision, you will quickly lose your Authority and Command. Yes, saith he, but Cyaxares, Father, has engag'd to furnish with Necessaries all that go from * 1.56 hence, be their Number never so great. And do you, Son, answer'd he, in Confidence of the Wealth and Power of Cyaxares, undertake this Expedition? I do so, quoth Cyrus. But what, return'd he again, know'st thou how rich and potent he is? Not I in the least, reply'd Cyrus, I profess not I. And do you, quoth he, notwith∣standing, adventure to trust to such Uncertain∣ties as these? Know you not that you shall stand in need of many Things, and will be inforced, even now, to expend much more, and other∣wise, than you already have? I know it, quoth Cyrus. Well then, reply'd he, if either his Stores should fail, or he should designedly put the Cheat upon you, how will you make Provision for your Army? 'tis plain you will be but in an ill Con∣dition. Therefore Father, saith he, if you know any means or method that I may put in Execution for raising such a Supply, pray impart it to me, whilst we are yet amongst our Friends. Do you, my Son, reply'd he, put that Question to me, whether there be any way for you to make Provision for your Army? Why, who is * 1.57 in a fairer way to be furnish'd with such Supplies than he that has Power in his hands? You march forth hence with a puissant Army of such Foot∣men under your Command, as, I am confident, you would not exchange for a far greater num∣ber;

to which the Median Horse, incomparably the best, will joyn themselves in Service. What adjacent Country then, do you imagine, will not be ready to comply with, and relieve you, both out of a Desire to do you a Pleasure, and al∣so for fear themselves should be endamaged? And these things Cyaxares and You ought joynt∣ly to consider, lest at any time you should be destitute of those things that are necessary for your Support. Besides, even Custom obliges you to bethink your selves how to settle a sufficient Fund. But above all, be careful to remember this, that by any means you omit not to seek out for Provision till Necessity inforce you; but when you most of all abound, then especially, before you are reduced to Extremity, make it your Business to lay up in Store: for when you seem to stand in no Need of it, you shall more easily obtain any Supply at the hands of those you desire it; and besides, there will be nothing in you at which your Souldiers will murmur or repine: but by this means you will command a greater Reverence and Esteem from others. And if you please to use your Forces either to distress or assist any People, so long as your Men are furnish'd with all things necessary, they will rea∣dily yield themselves obedient to you. And know assuredly this, that your Discourses will then be more prevalent and 1 1.58 perswasive, when you can give a clear Demonstration, that you have P•…•… enough both to do good and ill, both to succour and to molest. Then Cyrus; You seem to discourse Father, quoth he, upon all these Points admirably well, for that not one of the

Souldiers that shall receive any Gratuity now, will, upon that Account, make any return of Thanks to me, because they understand upon what Terms Cyaxares calls for their Assistance; but whatsoever any one shall afterwards receive over and above his set Stipend, this he will esteem as an honourable Reward, and will, un∣doubtedly, for the same, pay a grateful Ack∣nowledgment to the Donor. For a Man then carelesly to neglect to make his own Advanta∣ges when he has Power both to serve and re∣lieve his Friends, thereby to obtain the like Returns of Kindnesses from them; and also, by making Inroads and Attempts upon his Enemies to wrest from them what is theirs; is it think you, saith he, less to his Shame and Reproach, than for one who having Lands in Possession, and Labourers sufficient for Tillage, to let his Ground lye still unmanag'd, barren, and un∣profitable? Wherefore entertain this Opinion of me, that I will never be wanting to use all possible Diligence to furnish my Army with Ne∣cessaries, whether in a Confederate or an Hostile Country.

But Son, said Cambyses, do you not remem∣ber some other things which we sometimes thought highly necessary to be attended to, and regarded? I remember, reply'd he, when I came to you for Money to reward him that told me he had furnish'd me with Rules for the Con∣duct of an Army, you presently, giving me the Sum, began to question with me after this sort.

Did this Man, Son, to whom you present this Reward, among the Duties of a General, make any mention to you of 1 1.59 Oeconomicks? for assu∣redly it will be equally your Concern to make Provision for your Souldiers as for Domestick Ser∣vants. Here when I spake the Truth to you, and told you he did not in the least mind me * 1.60 of any such matter, you again ask'd me, What Discourse had ye concerning a healthful State and strength of Body; about which a General ought to be no less sollicitous than about the Conduct of his Army? And when I deny'd we had had any, you again went on to demand what Method he had taught me to use, where∣by my Men might become most excellent and compleat in all the Duties of a Military Life? To this, when I deny'd he had taught me any, you proceeded yet further, to inquire what In∣structions he had given me, whereby I might quicken the Spirits and raise the Courage of my Souldiers? affirming, that in all Undertakings there is a vast difference betwixt a chearful Va∣lour and faint-hearted Cowardife. And when to this also, I made Reply he had given me none, again you made a more narrow Inquiry, Whether he had delivered to me any Precepts how an Army was to be held in Obedience, and by what means one might most effectually bring it to pass? But when it appear'd that he had pass'd over this likewise without so much as once speaking to it; at last you put this Question to me, what one Point he had taught me, when he declared, He had taught me the Office of a General? To this, when I reply'd, He

had instructed me how to 1 1.61 marshal and imbattle an Army; you, smiling thereat, recounted what had been said, setting every particular be∣fore me, as namely, What, said you, can Dis∣cipline and Order advantage an Army that is unfurnish'd and destitute of necessary Provisions? What can it avail without a healthful Constitu∣tion? What without the Knowledge of those Inventions which were devised for the Improve∣ment of War? And what without the Obedience of the Souldiery? Thus you having made it evident to me that to fet an Army in Battel Ar∣ray was the least part of a Generals Care; and I withal desiring to know whether it were within your Sphere to instruct me throughly in any of these Points; you commanded me to go and conferr with such Officers and Commanders as were reputed Men of greatest Experience in Mi∣litary Affairs, and there to inform my self how all this might be perform'd. Since which time I have been conversant, especially with such whose Wisdom and Skill herein had given them the greatest Reputation. As for victualling the Army, I am perswaded, that what Provision Cyaxares will make for us will be sufficient for, the present. And for Health, because I both hear and see such Cities as have a Regard for, and desire to preserve the same, make choice of able Physicians; and Generals also, for the sake and benefit of their Souldiers, have Men skill'd in Physick that follow their Camp: so I likewise, as soon as I entred upon this Charge, immedi∣ately took special Care thereof. And I believe, Father, quoth he, I have with me Men of ap∣prov'd

Experience in the Practise of this 1 1.62 Art. To this his Father replied, But these Physicians, my Son, you speak of, are like certain Botchers that patch up torn Garments; for when Men are brought low by Sickness then they restore them. For this Reason, your Regard to the Conservation of Health will be more honou∣rable and praise-worthy, whose great Care, even from the beginning, ought to be such, that your Army fall not into any Distemper. And what Method Father, quoth he, shall I take to be able to effect this? Why thus, replied he, Let it be your principal Concern to mark out a wholsom place for the Lodging of your Army, where you intend to lye incamped any conside∣rable time; in which you can't easily err if you are but careful in making your Observati∣ons; for Men commonly are very free in their Discourse what Parts of the Country are dis∣eas'd, and what are healthful. Besides, the ve∣ry Constitution and Complexion of the Inhabitants are evident Testimonies both of the one and the other. Yet, after all, it is not sufficient for you to enquire into the Nature of this or that 2 1.63 Clime, but you must remember what Endea∣vours you are to use, what Care to take of your self, that you may preserve your own Per∣son in Health. I assure you then, quoth Cyrus, first of all I take good heed that I never surfeit or overcharge my Stomach; for that is nauseous and irksome. In the next place, whatsoever I have taken, by Labour I digest and sweat it out: for by this means chiefly I perceive my Health continued, and my Strength increas'd. The

same Care therefore, my Son, quoth he, ought to be had of others. But may common Souldi∣ers, Father, reply'd he, have leisure to exercise their Bodies? Yes, assure your self, return'd his Father, they not only may, but must: for Men in Arms, if they would do what they ought, should never sit idle, but be perpetual∣ly employ'd, either in working Mischief to their Enemies, or Advantage to themselves. 'Tis of ve∣ry ill Consequence, my Son, to feed but one idle Person; and much more to provide for a slothful Family; but to maintain a whole Army in Idleness, that's intolerable. In a Camp there are many Spenders, even of the meanest Rank, and whatsoever they get they waste most pro∣fusely; so that it is utterly inconvenient for an Army to be idle. Your Discourse to me, Fa∣ther, quoth Cyrus, seems to tend to this; That as a sluggish Husbandman reaps no Advantage, so from a lazy General arises no Good. But for a vigilant and active Commander, I dare under∣take, quoth he, (unless some God prevent it) he shall so provide, that his Army shall be stor'd with all things necessary, and his Souldiers enjoy a vigorous Health. To the end therefore that they may be throughly practis'd in all Martial Exploits, methinks Father, if I should proclaim publick Games with Proposals of Reward to the Victors, I should certainly obtain this, that they would be perfectly exercis'd in all Points of War; so that when Occasion requir'd, I could command Men experienc'd and fit for Service. Exceedingly well said, my Son, quoth he, for if you do this, assure your self, you will

see your Military Bands always as careful to keep a due Decorum and Order, as Dancers to ob∣serve their Measures. Now to make Men daring and couragious, nothing, quoth Cyrus, seems to me more effectual, than to be able to raise their Hopes and Expectations. But this, my Son, replied he, is much after the rate, as if one, fol∣lowing his Chase, should perpetually encourage his Dogs in the same Note he uses when he has his Game in view. At first, I know very well, they will readily hear and obey his Voice; but, if he baulks them too often, at last they will not at all regard him, even when he really sees his Prey before him. And so it is in this business of Hope: if a Man put them in Expectation of great matters, and often deceive them, at last, tho he propose to them certain and real Hopes, he will not be able to gain any credit with them. Therefore, my Son, a Man ought to be cautious how he affirms that which he himself is not well assur'd of. Others may sometimes do so, and obtain their Ends; but a General, thereby to make them the more plausible, ought to reserve his Encouragements to the last and greatest Ex∣tremities.

In good Truth, Father, quoth Cyrus, me∣thinks you speak to these Points admirably well, and your Discourse to me is very plea∣sing.

But how to keep my Army in Obedience, I think, I am not now to seek; for you your self instructed me herein betimes, even from my Childhood, exacting Obedience from me; and when you left me to the Tuition of Masters, they

also taught me the very same Lesson. After∣wards, * 1.64 when I came to converse among the Young-men, our Governour had a strict and pe∣culiar Regard to this very thing. And general∣ly the Laws seem especially to teach these two Points, to command, and be commanded. And indeed, when I seriously consider these Things, methinks I discover thus much, that the most effectual Inducement to Obedience is to reward the dutiful with Glory and Advancement, and the Obstinate with Punishment and Disgrace. To make Men obey indeed by Constraint, this quoth he, Son, is the ready way; but to bring them to, what is far more excellent, a voluntary and free Obedience, there is another, and that more compendious Method to be us'd; for whom they believe to be more prudent in promoting their own Good than themselves, him they will very cheerfully obey. And that this is really true, as in many other Instances, so is it more especial∣ly perceivable in sick Persons, how ready are they to send for those that may prescribe to them what they ought to do? Likewise at Sea, how willingly do the Passengers resign themselves up to their Pilots? How earnestly also will some People press forward to keep pace with such as they suppose are more skillful in, and better know the Roads than they. Whereas if they think their Obedience will turn to their Disadvantage, they will neither be much humbled by Punish∣ments, not encourag'd by Rewards; for no Man willingly does purchase Gifts with his own Loss. This then, Father, quoth he, is the Result of your Discourse; That to keep ones Subjects in

their Obedience and Fidelity, nothing 1 1.65 conduces more than to have the Repute of being wiser than they. It is so, reply'd he. But how, Fa∣ther, may a Man soonest gain himself that Re∣putation? There is not, my Son, answer'd he, any readier way, than to be really wise in those things wherein you desire to appear so. Now if you shall severally weigh and look into these Particulars, you will be convinc'd that I speak Truth. For do but consider, if you have a Mind to pass either for a good Husbandman, or an expert Horse-man, or an able Physician, or a skillful Musician, or any such like, when in truth you are nothing so, how many Shifts and Contrivances you must make use of to give a Colour to this Reputation. And suppose you should, by your Perswasions, induce many Men so to praise you, that thereby you might gain your self a valuable Esteem, and have gi∣ven fair Essay's in all these Points; you will only at present put the Cheat upon others, and quick∣ly after, when you come to the Test, you your self will lye under a Reproach, and in the end appear a vain-glorious Impostor. But how may a Man really attain to such Fore-sight, as to consult what will make for his Interest hereafter? Why thus my Son, quoth he; If you learn all other things that can be taught you, as you have the commanding 2 1.66 and imbatteling an Army. And as for those things which by ordinary Instruction are not attainable, nor can by humane Wisdom be foreseen, if therein you by Divination con∣sult the Gods, you will be really wiser than the rest of Mankind; especially if you make it your

Business to put that in Execution which you know to be absolutely best. For 'tis an industri∣ous Diligence to procure what is requisite, and not a careless Neglect that intitles a Man to more Wisdom than others. But now for a Prince to win the Hearts and Affections of his People (which I look upon to be one of the greatest Points of all) he must, undoubtedly, take the same Measures with him that desires to be belov'd by his Friends. And here, I con∣ceive his Bounty ought to be publick and conspi∣cuous. But therein, my Son, quoth he, lyes a great difficulty; for a Man can't always ob∣lige those he would: but to seem to rejoyce for, and congratulate their good Fortune, to have Compassion on, and condole their Mishaps; to express an earnest desire to succour them in their Distress, to be thoughtful and concern'd least they should fall into Calamity, and care∣fully to endeavour to prevent the same; in all these Cases he ought to go with them, as it were hand in hand.

To come now to the Action of War; If Ser∣vice must be perform'd in the heat of Summer, a General ought, in the face of his Army, to endure the scorching Sun above the rest; if in the depth of Winter, the piercing Cold; if La∣bours must be undergone, there to put himself upon the greatest Hardships: for to gain the Love of his Subjects all these things are highly conducible. This then you affirm, Father, quoth he, that a Commander, upon all Occasions, ought to be more forward to encounter Dan∣gers than those that are commanded by him.

I do so, reply'd he. Nevertheless, my Son, be of good Courage; and know assuredly this, that the 1 1.67 same Labour and Travel doth not equally affect the same Constitution of Body in a General and in a common Souldier; for in a Ge∣neral the Prospect of Honour makes his Toil more easie, and besides that, he knows all Mens Eyes are upon him, to see how he will ac∣quit himself. But now, Father, taking it for granted, that the Army is stor'd with all necessa∣ry Provision, the Souldiery in perfect Health, fit and ready for Action, throughly acquainted with all the parts of warlike Discipline, prompted by a desire of Glory to approve themselves truly va∣liant, and more glad to obey than to be mutinous and obstinate; would it not now, think you, be a seasonable Piece of Prudence with all possi∣ble speed to give the Enernies Battel? By any means, quoth he, if he be like to make any ad∣vantage to himself thereby: but if not, I, for my part, should proceed with so much the more Caution, by how much I esteem'd my self and my Followers better appointed and stouter Men than they; just as we deal by other things, that upon which we put the highest Value, we endea∣vour to preserve in the greatest Security. But how, Father, especially may a Man so manage himself as to be before hand with, and out-do his Enemies? Indeed, Son, that is a Question of no common nor ordinary Concern: for be assured, that he that would effect this must be a subtile Designer, a close Dissembler, full of Treachery and Falshood, a secret Pillager, and an open Robber; in every thing he must beguile and cir∣cumvent

his Enemy. To this Cyrus smiling, re∣ply'd, Heavens! what manner of Man will you perswade me to be? Such a one, my Son, as you may be most exactly just, and a punctual Observer of the Laws. How can that be, quoth he, seeing in our younger Years you taught us what is directly contradictory to this? True, my Son, and the same we do still, in respect of our Friends and Fellow-Citizens. But that you might be able to distress your Enemies, don't you remember how many Stratagems and Wiles you learn'd? Not at all truly, Father, reply'd he. To what end then, quoth he, did you learn to shoot? to what purpose were you taught to dart? to what intent did you hunt the wild Boars? intangle them in Toils, and surprise them in Pits? Why did you go about to betray the Stags into your Snares and Ginns? Why durst you not, upon equal Terms, encounter the Ly∣ons, and Bears, and Leopards, but would then always endeavour to attack them when you took them at some Advantage? What, know you not that all these things are nothing else but so many Wiles, Deceits, Frauds, and Circumvent∣ings? 'Tis true, quoth Cyrus, they are so, but us'd only against wild Beasts: and I remember I was severely scourg'd if I were but so much as suspected to go about with a Design to deceive any Man. And justly too, quoth he, for, I sup∣pose, we did not allow you to shoot or dart at any Man, but taught you directly to hit the Mark; not that at the present you might mis∣chief your Friends; but that, on occasion, in time of War, you might more exactly strike

your Enemies. So that you were train'd up to practise these Arts and Stratagems not against Men but against Beasts, to the end that thereby you might not hurt or molest your Friends, but that, when Wars came on, you might not appear altogether unexperienc'd herein. But Father, quoth he, if it be of such Consequence to know both how to do Men good, and how to injure them, then certainly we ought to have learn'd of them both the one and the other. 'Tis true indeed, quoth Cambyses, we have it by Tradition, that in the Days of our Ancestors, there was a certain Teacher who instructed * 1.68 Youth in the Principles of Justice, much after the rate you would have it; He taught them not to lye and to lye; not to put a Cheat upon others, and to cheat them; not to bring false Accusations, and to accuse falsly; not to use Op∣pression, and to be Oppressors. And in all these Points, made this Distinction, how we are to treat our Friends, and how our Enemies. Nay he proceeded yet farther, and taught, That it was lawful, for our own Profit, to deceive even our Friends; and to pilfer and steal from them to advantage our selves thereby. Now he that taught such Principles as these, must needs exer∣cise his Scholars in the practice of the same one amongst another: like as 'tis reported of the Greeks, that in their Wrestling Schools their Cham∣pions are taught to use Falshood and Deceit; and their Youth are thus train'd up, for the same end, that they may be able to beguile and sup∣plant one another. So that some of them, pro∣ving naturally very witty at putting handsome

cheats upon others, and cunningly deceiving them, and perhaps forward enough to make gain of any thing, did not spare even their Friends, but made Attempts upon them to over∣reach them. Hereupon it was established by a 1 1.69 Law, which is even at this Day in force a∣mongst us, That we should instruct our Chil∣dren in plain down-right Honesty; even as we teach our Servants, to speak truth, and deal sin∣cerely with us, not to cheat, not to rob, not to cir∣cumvent us: and if they offend in these particu∣lars to punish them; to the end that having throughly imbib'd these Principles, they may prove more honest and plain dealing Men. Now when they were come up to about your Age, then was it thought very safe to instruct them in the Laws of Arms: For that having been train'd up so as to have a mutual Respect and Reverence one for another, it is not to be sup∣pos'd that you should afterwards lash out so far as to become Bruitish and untractable. Even as we forbear to discourse of Venery, and the Plea∣sures of Love before those that are very young, lest possibly the Violence of Passion meeting with an inclinable Constitution, they might use the same with Excess. You have said the very thing, quoth Cyrus; and therefore I beseech you, Father, in regard I come late to learn this Art, that you would not fail to inform me in all the Points you know, by which I may be enabled to make my Advantage of my Ene∣mies. * 1.70 Let this then, reply'd he, be your main and principal Design, when your own Men are in all points prepar'd, endeavour to attack your

Enemies in some Disorder: When you are well appointed, to set upon them unarm'd: When yours are watching, to surprize them asleep: You must view what Posture they are in, your self undiscover'd to them: You must take ad∣vantage of the most secure and fenced Places, where you may at unawares assail your Enemies in Streights and Difficulties. But how is it possi∣ble, Father, quoth he, that a Man should catch his Enemies in such over-fights as these? Because, Son, said He, there is a necessity in it, that you as well as your Adversaries, should fall into di∣vers of these and the like Circumstances. For you must of necessity, both of you, forrage the Country for Provision; you must both sleep, and take your Rest; and in the morning you must, almost all of you, range abroad to fur∣nish your selves with Necessaries; And look what way soever you bend your course, be it better or worse, you must pursue it. Now of all these things you ought seriously to deliberate, that where you find your self the weaker Party, there you may use the greater Precaution: and that you may, when you perceive you have your Enemies at the best Advantage, then and there especially, attack them, And are we, quoth Cyrus, to endeavour to be before-hand with our Enemies in these Points only, or in some others also? Not in these only, reply'd he, my Son, but more principally in others. For in these cases, all Men commonly keep a strict and severe watch, as knowing 'tis necessary for them so to do: But they that go about to circumvent their Enemies, can either, by

making them first confident, and think they are secure, surprize them unawares; or by betraying them into a •…•…ursuit, break their Ranks, and disorder their battel: or by the wile of a pretended flight, draw them into Streights and Ambuscades, and so at∣tack them. Now for you, my Son, it be∣comes you, not only to make use of all those Arts and Designs of War which you have so earnestly desired to be instructed in; but also of your accord to invent and contrive other Stratagems against your Enemies. Just as Mu∣sicians don't content themselves barely with the Practice of those Tunes they have been taught, but are continually inventing new Composures of their own. And as in Musick what is new and gay is most taking and delightful, so much more in War new Stratagems and Policies are highly approv'd of; as being best accommo∣dated to betray and circumvent the Enemy. Now for you, my Son, quoth he, if you would employ only those wiles and devices against your Enemies which you have us'd against les∣ser Creatures, think you not that you should make a very fair advance towards the getting an absolute Mastery over them? For you, even in the dead of the Winter, would up in the night, and out a Birding: and your Nets and Snares for that purpose were so prepar'd for them, that you prevented their first stirrings, and made your counterfeit moveable Pitfall seem as if it were fixt and real. Besides, you had some Birds so perfectly well taught, as to be service∣able to your designs, by decoying into your

snares those of their own kind; whilst you lay secretly in Covert to see them, so as to be un∣discover'd by them: and your great Care was to secure and inclose them before they took wing. But for the Hare, because she is a Crea∣ture that shuns the Light and the Day, and feeds in the dusk of the evening, you kept your Hounds, which tracing her by the scent, might start her; and because she is no sooner put up, but she betakes her self presently to her heels, you had other Dogs train'd up for the same purpose, that they might take her upon the stretch. Now if she chanc'd to out-strip these also, you presently sought out her musing holes, and observing what paths she generally took, you accordingly so pitcht your nets, that she not discerning them, in the eagerness of her flight, might fall into them, and en∣tangle her self therein. And that she might not possibly escape hence, you had your Lurch∣ers and Spies so planted, that they might ob∣serve what pass'd, who being near at hand, might immediately come upon her; you in the mean time behind her, filling her cars with your shouts and hollowings, terrify'd her so that you might surprize her unawares; whilst they that lay in wait before her, having been by you charged to be silent, kept under Covert close and unseen. Therefore, as I inti∣mated before, if you would put in practice these and the like Artifices against Men, I for my part know not how you should be inferi∣our to any of your Adversaries. But now suppose you should be necessitated in an open

field, and pitcht Battel to engage your Ene∣my, * 1.71 when you are on both sides well appointed; in this case, my Son, those Arts and Ad∣vantages of War wherein you have improv'd your self before, are very prevalent and effe∣ctive. As for instance, If your Souldiers have well inur'd themselves to bodily Exercise, if their Spirits have, on occasion, been quickned and enliven'd, and they throughly acquainted with all the Arts of War. Besides, you must know this for certain, that all those from whom you your self exact Obedience, will think it but rea∣sonable that you should consult their Interest and Safety. Therefore you ought not by any means to be careless and remiss, but to design in the Night how you will have your Men employ'd in the Day, and in the Day-time how best to dispose and order the concerns of the Night. But how to set an Army in Battel array; how to conduct them in the Day, and how in the Night; how through Streights, and how in open Plains; how over Mountains, and how in Champaign Countrys; how to Incamp; how to set Watch and Ward by Night as well as by Day; how to Advance against the enemy, and how to Retreat; how to march before an hostile City; how to approach the Walls, and how to retire; how to lead through Fo∣rests, and how to pass Rivers; how to secure your self against the Horse, how against Dart∣ers, and how against Bow-men: likewise if you lead your Army display'd into Wings, and the Enemy appear and make head against you, how you are to confront and oppose them: or again

if you lead in a close Squadron, and the enemy * 1.72 flank you on some other side, and don't ap∣pear in the Front, how you ought to charge them, and give them Battel: as also how you may best discover the Designs of your Enemies, and they not have the least knowledge of what projects you have in hand; Now all these things I need not repeat. For whatsoever I my self knew, I have often inculcated to you; and be∣sides if there were any else that were thought knowing and experienc'd in these points, such you never slighted or contemn'd, and you made no small improvement thereby. Wherefore my opinion is, that upon all Occurrence you take such measures as you shall think most conduci∣ble to your Designs. And withal, my Son, take with you this weighty and important Instruction: never hazzard any thing either in your own per∣son or your Army, in contradiction to the warn∣ings of Sacrifices and * 1.73 Auguries. For, believe me, Men undertake things only by ghess, not knowing in the least how, or from whence, any good should accrue to them, which you may plainly discover by the event. For many there have been, even such as have had the Reputa∣tion of very wise Men, who have prevail'd with States to war upon others, by whom they that have been perswaded to be the Aggressors, have been utterly overthrown. Many having rais'd up several private Persons, and improv'd whole Communities, have neverthelese suffered the utmost extremity at their hands that they have thus advanc'd. Many likewise when they might have used others as Friends, with mu∣tual

returns of kindness and good-will, chusing rather to make them their Vassals than their Friends, have from those very Persons severe∣ly suffer'd and smarted for the same. Many also not content to enjoy a pleasant and serene Life with their own Portion and Lot, but ha∣ving an Ambition to Lord it over all, have thereby lost even what they were possest of. And many having gotten great Treasures of their be loved Gold, have upon that very account been ruin'd and undone. So that Humane Wisdom knows no more how to chuse what is best, than if we should make a Lottery the Guide of our Actions. But the Immortal Gods, my * 1.74 Son, know all things, what's past, what present, and what shall be the Event of every thing. And look whomsoever they vouchsafe to fa∣vour, if they crave advice of them, they fore∣warn them what they ought to attempt, and what not. Nor are you to wonder at it, if they will not be equally favourable to all Men; for no Necessity can constrain them to have a Re∣gard to such as they will not.

The End of the first Book.

Notes

• 1 1.1

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.2

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• 1 1.3

  A People of Scythia Asiatica. Ptol. 1. 6. •…•…ap. 13.
• 2 1.4

  Philelphus, vetus Interp. legit 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, who are a People of the Inner Asia. Ort.
• * 1.5

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.6

  Cyrus's Pa∣rentage
• * 1.7

  and Edu∣cation.
• * 1.8

  The Persi∣an Laws.
• 1 1.9

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• 1 1.10

  Or Courts.
• * 1.11

  The Chil∣drens Ex∣ercise.
• 1 1.12

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.13

  The Youth how em∣ploy'd.
• 2 1.14

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• 1 1.15

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.16

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.17

  The Mens Exercise.
• 1 1.18

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.19

  The Duty of the Elders.
• * 1.20

  A Summa∣ry of the foregoing Discourse.
• * 1.21

  Cyrus's Childhood
• 1 1.22

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• 1 1.23

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.24

  His Dis∣courses at Supper.
• 1 1.25

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• 1 1.26

  Cyaxares.
• * 1.27

  Cyrus wil∣ling to tar∣ry in Me∣dia.
• * 1.28

  The Judg∣ment of Cyrus.
• * 1.29

  His witty Answer.
• * 1.30

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• 1 1.31

  Cyaxare, his Mothers Brother.
• * 1.32

  Cyrus a Lover of Hunting.
• 1 1.33

  Gr. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Whelp.
• * 1.34

  Cyrus first puts on Armour.
• * 1.35

  Cyrus's sea∣sonable ad∣vice.
• 1 1.36

  Cyaxares.
• * 1.37

  Cyrus's Gallan•…•…y.
• * 1.38

  His Rash∣ness.
• * 1.39

  and Bold∣ness.
• * 1.40

  He is call'd home by his Father.
• * 1.41

  Cyrus Li∣berality.
• * 1.42

  The Persi∣ans salute their Kin∣dred with a Kiss.
• * 1.43

  Cyrus re∣turns into Persia.
• 1 1.44

  Or Children.
• * 1.45

  Astyages his Death.
• * 1.46

  The be∣ginning of the Assyrian War.
• 1 1.47

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.48

  Cyrus Com∣mander of the Persi∣an Forces.
• 2 1.49

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.50

  His Orati∣on to the Chieftains of the Ar∣my.
• * 1.51

  Virtue grows greater by commen∣dation.
• * 1.52

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Divining by Birds.
• * 1.53

  Cambyses's Discourse with Cyrus, his Son.
• * 1.54

  We ought in Prospe∣rity chiefly to implore God's Assi∣stance.
• * 1.55

  How hard it is to go∣vern well.
• * 1.56

  The Care a General ought to have in making Provision for his Ar∣my.
• * 1.57

  The way how he may do it.
• 1 1.58

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and not 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 as is commonly read.
• 1 1.59

  Precepts for well ordering a Family.
• * 1.60

  Diverse Rules for a Comman∣der to ob∣serve.
• 1 1.61

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• 1 1.62

  Of Physick.
• 2 1.63

  Region.
• * 1.64

  How a Prince is to gain •…•…he Obedience of his Peo∣ple.
• 1 1.65

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• 2 1.66

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• 1 1.67

  Cicero in Tusc. Quaest. l. 2.
• * 1.68

  One that taught H•…•…∣nesty and Dishonesty.
• 1 1.69

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and not 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; so Lycurgus in Plutarch calls his Laws 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.70

  Diverse Stratagems of War.
• * 1.71

  Of joyning Battel in o∣pen field.
• * 1.72

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.73

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Divination by the fly∣ing of Birds.
• * 1.74

  The Gods are omni∣scient.