The wonders of the little world, or, A general history of man in six books : wherein by many thousands of examples is shewed what man hath been from the first ages of the world to these times, in respect of his body, senses, passions, affections, his virtues and perfections, his vices and defects, his quality, vocation and profession, and many other particulars not reducible to any of the former heads : collected from the writings of the most approved historians, philosophers, physicians, philologists and others / by Nath. Wanley ...

THE FOURTH BOOK. (Book 4)

CHAP. I. Of Atheists; and such as have made no account of Religion: with their Sacrilegious actions, and the punishments thereof.

THat was a worthy Law which was made by Numa Pompilius amongst the Romans, viz. That men should not serve the gods in transitu, as they passed by; nor when they were in haste; or were about any other business: but that they should worship and pray to them when they had time and leisure, and had set all other business apart. He thought that the gods could never be attended upon with reverence and devotion enough: whereas many of those that follow, were so much of the contrary mind, that they would abstain from no kind of affronts and abuses, both in word and deed, towards them whom they esteemed as their Deities; most of these have been made as exemplary in their punishments, as they had been presumptuous in their impieties.

* 1.11. A young Florentine, Anno 1527. esteemed a man very brave and valiant in arms, was to fight with another young man, who (because he was melancholy and spake little) was called Forchebene: they went together with a great com∣pany to the place appointed which was without the Port of St. Gal, whither being come, a friend to the former went to him and said, God give you the Victory: the proud young man adding blasphemy to his temerity, answered, How shall he chuse but give it me? They came to use their weapons, and after many blows given and taken, both by the one and the other; Forchebene, being become as the Minister and Instrument of God, gave him a thrust in the mouth, with such force, that having fastned his tongue to the poll of his neck (where the sword went through above the length of a span) he made him fall down dead; the sword remaining in his mouth, to the end that the tongue which had so grievously offended might even in this world endure punishment for so horrible a sin.

* 1.22. When Cambyses, King of Persia, had con∣quered Egypt, seeing the Ox that is consecrated to Apis, he smote him into the Hip, so that he died. The more wicked in this, that what he did to that Idol Beast, he did, as he supposed, to the true God in contempt of all Religion. But not long after the counterfeit Smerdis rebel∣ling against him, and having seised the greatest part of Persia; as Cambyses was mounting his Horse, with a purpose to march against him, his sword fell out of the scabbard, the same sword with which he had before slain the Ox; by this he received a wound in his Hip in the same place, wherein he had given one to the Ox, and of this wound in a short time he died.

3. Vrracha,* 1.3 the Queen of Arragon, made War with her son Alphonsus; and when she wanted money, she determined to rifle the Shrine of St. Isidore at Leons in Spain: such as went with her feared to touch those Treasures; she therefore with her own hands seised upon many things: but as she was going forth of the Temple, she fell down dead. So dangerous it is to adventure upon that which our selves are per∣swaded is Sacriledge, though it should not be so in it self.

4. Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse,* 1.4 having rifled the Temple of Proserpina in Locris, and sailing thence with a prosperous wind, See (said he smiling) to his friends, what a good Voyage the gods grant to them that are sacrilegious. From Iupiter Olympius he pull'd off a garment of Gold of great weight, which King Hiero of Sy∣racuse had dedicated out of the spoiles of the Carthaginians; and instead thereof caused a woollen one to be put upon him, saying, That a garment of Gold was too heavy in Summer, and too cold in Winter, but a woollen one was convenient for both seasons. He caused the golden Beard of Esculapius at Epidaurus to be taken off, saying, It was not fit that he should have a Beard, when his father Apollo was beard∣less. He took out of the Temples also the ta∣bles of Gold and Silver; and thereon being wrote (according to the custom of Greece) That these were the Goods of the gods, he said, he would make use of their goodness. Also the golden Goblets and Crowns which the Statues held out in their hands, he took from thence, saying, He did but receive what was given, and that it was great folly to refuse what was prof∣fered from their hands to whom we pray that we may receive.

5. Heliogabalus would needs be married to one of the Vestal Virgins:* 1.5 he caused the perpetual fire which was ever preserved burning in honour of Vesta, to be put out; and as one that intend∣ed to wage war with the gods, he violated in∣differently all the Rites and Ceremonies of Reli∣gion in Rome; by which impiety he so provoked gods and men against him, that he was assaulted and slain by his own Souldiers.

6. Alphonsus,* 1.6 the tenth King of Spain, would usually blame Providence, and say, That had he been present with Almighty God in the Creation of the World, many things should have been better ordered and disposed than they were: But let it be observed that he was thrust out of his Kingdom, made a private man, died in infa∣my and the hatred of all men.

* 1.77. Iulianus at the first feigned himself to be a Christian, and (as some say) was entred into Orders for Deacon: from a worshipper of Christ, he afterwards turn'd a great Persecutor and mocker of the Christians, and Christianity it self: in contempt of which he permitted the Jews to re-edifie that Temple of theirs, which had been ruined under Titus, and the care of that affair was committed to Antiochenus Philip∣pus; but the divine power shew'd forth it self to the terrour of men: for so soon as they had laid the Stones in the Foundation of it, the earth be∣gan to make a horrid noise, and exceedingly trembled; it cast out the begun Wall; sent forth a flame that slew the Workmen, and con∣sumed all the Tools and Instruments that were there, as well Iron as other. This was it that occasioned the work to be laid aside; the next night there were divers Crosses found upon the garments of many men, and those in such man∣ner set on, that they could not be washed, or any other way got out thence. At last this Iu∣lianus waging War with the Persians (by an un∣known hand) he received a deadly wound be∣twixt his Ribs: when filling his own hands with his own blood, and throwing it up towards Hea∣ven, he brake out into these words, Satisfie thy malice, O Galilean (so he called Christ) for I acknowledge I am overcome by thee.

* 1.88. Pope Leo the tenth admiring the huge mass of money, which, by his Indulgences, he had rak'd together, said (most Atheistically) to Cardinal Bembus, Vide quantum haec fabula de Christo nobis profuit, See what a deal of wealth we have gotten by this Fable of Christ: And when he lay upon his death-bed, the same Cardinal re∣hearsing a Text of Scripture to comfort him, his reply was, Apage has nugas de Christo, Away with these baubles concerning Christ.

* 1.99. Nero the Emperour spoiled Temples and Altars, without any difference; and thereby shew'd that Religion was not only despised, but also hated by him: nor did he spare that Syrian Goddess which he worshipped, but sprinkled the face of her with urine; by these, and the like means, he became hated both of God and men, so that the people of Rome revolted from him, whereby he was compell'd to a fearful and mise∣rable slight; and fearing they would inflict on him torments worse than death, he laid violent hands upon himself.

* 1.1010. Antoninus Commodus had not only abused himself divers other waies, but even in the midst of the solemnities of Religion he could not ab∣stain from impiety. When he sacrificed to Isis with the Image of that Goddess (which himself carried) he laid upon the heads of the Priests, and enforced them so to pelt one another with Pine Nuts (which according to the Rites of their Religion they carryed in their hands) that sometimes some of them died upon it: With these and other wicked acts of his, he was grown into that hatred, that he lost his life as he lay in his bed; slain by such as were about him, to the great rejoycing of the people of Rome; his body after it had some time lain un∣buried was cast into Tyber.

* 1.1111. A Cardinal with great Pomp, making his entrance into the City of Paris, when the people were more than ordinarily earnest with him for his fatherly Benediction, Quandoquidem (said he) hic populus vult decipi, decipiatur in nomine Diaboli, Since these people will be fool'd, let them be fool'd in the Devils name.

12. Iohn,* 1.12 King of England, having been a little before reconciled to the Pope, and then receiving an overthrow in France, in great anger cryed out, That nothing had prosper'd with him since the time he was reconciled to God and the Pope. Being also on a time a Hunting, at the opening of a fat Buck, See, said he, how the Deer hath prospered, and how fat he is, and yet I dare swear he never heard Mass. He is re∣ported in some distress, to have sent Thomas Hardington, and Raph Fitz-Nichols, Knights, in Embassage to Miramumalim, King of Africk and Morocco, with offer of his Kingdom to him upon condition he would come and aid him; and that if he prevail'd, he would himself become a Ma∣hometan, and renounce his Christian Faith. The end of him was, that he was poysoned by a Monk of Swinstead Abbey in Lincolnshire.

13. Theophylact,* 1.13 son of the Emperour, by the absolute power of the Emperour was seised of the Patriarchate of Constantinople; he then be∣came a Merchant of Horses, which he so violent∣ly affected, that besides the prodigious race of two thousand which he ordinarily bred, he ma∣ny times left the Altar, where he sacrificed to the living God, to hasten to see some Mare of his that had Foaled in the Stable.

14. Leo the fourth,* 1.14 Emperour of Constantino∣ple, thrust on by his covetous desire, in shew of jest (as another Dionysius) took off the Crown from the head of St. Sophia, which had been made by former Princes in honour of her, not without vast expences; he afterwards wore it upon his own head. But his impiety passed not without its punishment: for instead of Gemms, Carbuncles and envenomed Pustules brake out on every part of his head, so that he was con∣strain'd thereby to lay aside his Crown, and also to depart the World.

15. Paulus Graecus had revolted from Bamba,* 1.15 King of the Goths; usurped the title of the King of Spain; and besides divers other evil actions of his, he had taken out of a Temple, in the City of Gerunda a Crown, which the devout King Bamba had consecrated to St. Foelix: not long af∣ter he was duly rewarded for it: For he was taken by Bamba, against whom he had rebelled; he was brought from Nemausis, a City in France, to Toledo in Spain, Crown'd with a Diadem of Pitch; his eyes put out; riding upon a Camel, with his face turned towards the tail; and fol∣lowed all along with the reproaches and derision of all that beheld him.

16. M. Crassus the Roman General going upon a Military expedition into Parthia,* 1.16 as he passed through Iudaea, his covetousness put him upon the thoughts of Sacriledge, so that he risted the Temple of Ierusalem of the Treasures that were laid up in it: but divine vengeance had him in chase for it; for not long after, he was over∣come in Battel by the Parthians, where he lost both his fame and life, and son, together with his ill gotten Goods; and being found by his enemies when dead, had molten Gold poured into his mouth to upbraid his covetousness.

17. Mahomet the second being repulsed by the Inhabitants of Scodra,* 1.17 in a furious assault he had made upon that City, wished that he had never heard of the name of Scodra, and in his choler and frantick rage, most horribly blasphem'd against God, most wickedly saying, That it was enough for God to take care of heavenly things, and not to cross him in his worldly actions. He

kept no promise further than for his advan∣tage; and took all occasions to satisfie his lust.

* 1.1818. Philomelus, Onomarchus, and Phaillus, had spoil'd the Temple of Delphos, and had their punishment divinely allotted to them. For whereas the ordained punishment of sacrilegious persons is this, That they shall die by being thrown head-long from some high place; or by being choak'd in the water, or burnt to ashes in the fire: Not long after this plunder of theirs, one of them was burnt alive, another drowned, and the third was thrown head-long from an high and steep place: so that by these kinds of deaths, they suffered according to that Law, which amongst the Grecians was made against such as are found guilty of Sacriledge.

* 1.1919. Agathocles without any provocation came upon the Liparenses with a Fleet, and exacted of them fifty Talents of Silver. The Liparenses desired a further time for the payment of some part of the money, saying they could not at present furnish so great a summ, unless they should make bold with such gifts as had been de∣voted to the gods, and which they had never used to abuse. Agathocles forc'd them to pay all down forthwith, though part of the money was inscribed with the names of Aeolus and Vulcan: so having received it, he set sail from them; but a mighty wind and storm arose, whereby the ten Ships that carryed the money were all dasht in pieces. Whereupon it was said, that Aeolus (who is said thereabouts to be the god of the Winds) had taken immediate revenge upon him, and that Vulcan remitted his to his death; for Agathocles was afterwards burnt alive in his own Country.

* 1.2020. Cambyses sent fifty thousand Souldiers to pull down the Temple of Iupiter Ammon; but all that number, having taken their repast betwixt Oasis and the Ammonians, before they came to the place, perished under the vast heaps of sand, that the wind blew upon them, so that not so much as one of them escaped; and the news of their calamity was only made known by the neighbouring Nations.

* 1.2121. When those bloody wars in France for matters of Religion (saith Richard Dinoth) were so violently pursued between the Hugonots and Papists, there were divers found that laugh∣ed them all to scorn, as being a sort of supersti∣tious fools, to lose their lives and fortunes upon such slender accounts: accounting Faith, Reli∣gion, immortality of the Soul meer fopperies and illusions: And as Mercennus thinks there are fifty thousand Atheists in Paris at this day.

* 1.2222. Bulco Opiliensis, sometimes Duke of Sile∣sia, was a perfect Atheist; he lived (saith Aeneas Sylvius) at Vratislavia, and was so mad to satisfie his lust, that he believed neither Hea∣ven nor Hell, or that the Soul was immortal; but married Wives, and sent them away as he thought good; did murder, and mischief; and whatsoever he himself took pleasure to do.

* 1.2323. Frederick the Emperour (saith Matthew Paris) is reported to have said, that there were three principal Impostors, Moses, Christ, and Mahomet, who that they might rule the world had seduced all those that liv'd in their times. And Henry the Lantgrave of Hesse heard him speak it, That if the Princes of the Empire would adhere to his institutions, he would or∣dain and set forth another and better way both for Faith and Manners.

CHAP. II. Of such as were exceeding hopeful in Youth; but afterwards improv'd to the worse.

THere is nothing (saith Montaigne) at this day more lovely to behold than the French Children: but for the most part they deceive the hope that was fore-apprehend∣ed of them; for when they once become men, there is no excellency at all in them. Thus as many a bright and fair morning has been fol∣lowed with dark and black Clouds before Sun∣set; so not a few have out-liv'd their own ver∣tues; and utterly frustrated the good hopes that were conceived of them.

1. Dionysius the younger,* 1.24 the Tyrant of Sici∣ly, upon the death of his father, shew'd himself exceeding merciful and of a Princely liberality, he set at liberty three thousand persons that were under restraint for debt, making satisfaction to the Creditors himself. He remitted his ordinary Tributes for the space of three years; and did several other things, whereby he gain'd the fa∣vour and universal applause of the people. But having once established himself in the Govern∣ment, he re-assumed that disposition, which, as it appears, he had only laid aside for a time. He caused his Uncles to be put to death, whom he was aw'd by, or stood in fear of; he slew his own Brethren, that he might have no Rival in the Soveraignty; and soon after, he raged against all sorts with a promiscuous cruelty, in such manner that he deserved to be called not so much the Tyrant, as Tyranny it self.

2. Philip,* 1.25 the last King of the Macedonians but one, and who made war upon the Romans, was (as Polybius saith of him, who saw and knew him) a Prince adorned with most of the gifts and perfections both of body and mind; he had a comely visage, a straight and proper body, a ready eloquence, a strong memory, comprehensive wit, a facetious ingenuity in his speeches and replyes, accompanyed with a Royal gravity and majesty; he was well seen in matters of Peace and War; he had a great spirit and a liberal mind; and in a word, he was a King of that promising and fair hope, as scarcely had Macedon, or Greece it self, seen any other his like. But behold in a moment all this noble building was overturn'd, whether by the fault of For∣tune, that was adverse to him in his dispute with the Romans, brake his spirit and courage, and wheel'd him back from his determined course unto Glory; or whether it was by the fault of Informers, or his own, who gave too easie and inconsiderate an ear to them; however it came to pass, he laid aside the better sort of men, poysoned some, and slew others, not sparing his own blood at length, for he put to death his own son Demetrius. To conclude, that Philip concerning whom there were such goodly hopes, and in the beginning of whose Reign, there had been such happy and auspicious discoveries, de∣clin'd unto all kind of evil, prov'd a bad Prince, hated, and unfortunate.

* 1.263. Herod, King of Iudea, in the six first years of his Reign, was as gallant, mild, and mag∣nificent a Prince as any other whatsoever; but during the rest of his Rule, which was one and thirty years, he was fierce and cruel, both to others and to his own friends and family, to that degree, that at one time he caused seventy Senators of the Royal blood to be put to death; he slew his Wife, and three of his own sons; and at the last, when he saw that he himself was at the point to die, he sent for all the Nobles from every part of Iudea, upon the pretence of some weighty occasion: and when they were come, he most earnestly desired of his friends, that being enclosed in the Cirque by the Soul∣diers they should every man be slain, not for any crime they were guilty of, but as he said, That when he was dead, there might be a real, just, and universal grief at his funeral, when there should be no Family exempt from this calamity.

* 1.274. Tiberius the Roman Emperour shew'd him∣self a good Prince, all the while that Germanicus and Drusus were alive; he seemed to have a mix∣ture of vertue and vice while his mother was in being, but afterwards he brake out into all kind of infamous and execrable actions, proceeding in his Villanies to such a height, that at some times, through the torment of his own consci∣ence, he not only repented of what he had done, but professed he was weary of his life.

* 1.285. Nero, Emperour of Rome, at his first coming to the Throne, was a mirrour of Princes, as he was afterwards of Monsters: The Empe∣rour Trajan gave this Elogium of him, That the best of Princes came far short of the first five years of Nero; but he soon out-liv'd his own in∣nocency, and a far less commendation: for he poyson'd his brother; forc'd his Master Seneca to bleed to death; ripp'd up the belly of his Mother; set the City of Rome on fire, while he himself, on the top of a Tower, sang and play'd the burning of Troy: and indeed abstain'd from no kind of excesses in vice and wickedness, till having made the world too long a-weary of him, he was forced to become his own Execu∣tioner.

* 1.296. C. Caligula, though very young, governed the Empire the first and second year of his Reign with most noble directions, behaving himself most graciously towards all men, whereby he ob∣tained the love and good liking of the Romans, and the favour of his other Subjects: but in pro∣cess of time, the greatness of his Estate made him so forgetful of himself, as to decline to all manner of vice, to surpass the limits of humane condition, and to challenge to himself the title of Divinity, whereby he governed all things in contempt of God.

* 1.307. Heraclius, the Eastern Emperour, in his old age, did much degenerate from the vertues of his youth: for in his first years his Govern∣ment was laudable, happy and fortunate; after∣wards he fell to the practise of forbidden acts, dealing with Soothsayers and Magicians; he fell also into the Heresie of the Monothelites; and made an incestuous Marriage with Martina, the daughter of his brother; after which his fortune chang'd, the oriental Empire began to decline, and he lost all Asia.

* 1.318. Bassianus Carracal••a was so courteous and pleasant, and obsequious (in his Childhood) to his Parents, his friends, and indeed unto all the people, that every man was the admirer of his piety, meekness, and good nature: but ad∣vancing further into years, he was so changed in his manners and behaviour, and was of so cruel and bloody a disposition, that many could scarce∣ly believe it was the same person whom they had known in his Childhood.

9. Boschier,* 1.32 in his penitential Sermons relates of a Fryer that alwaies din'd on a Net, till he had obtain'd the Popedom, then he bad them take the Net away, seeing the Fish was taken. Ano∣ther in his younger time, and mean estate, liv'd only upon bread and water, saying, that Aqua & panis vita carnis; but being afterwards ad∣vanc'd, chang'd his diet, and then said, Aqua & panis vita canis. A third there was, that be∣ing low, Preached exceedingly against the Pride, vices and sins of men in place and power; but being afterwards raised to preferment, he changed his note: and to one that admired at it, he reply'd by prophaning that Scripture, When I was a Child, I spake as a Child.

10. Lucullus was as sufficient a Warriour in all kind of Service as almost any of the Roman Cap∣tains,* 1.33 and so long as he was in action, he main∣tain'd his wit and understanding entire: But af∣ter he had once given up himself to an idle life, and sat mew'd up (as it were) like an house∣bird at home, and meddled no more in the af∣fairs of the Common-Wealth, he became very dull, blockish and stupid, much like to Sea Spunges after a long Calm, when the salt water doth not dash upon them and drench them: so that afterwards this Lucullus committed his old age to be dieted, cured and ordered by Callisthenes one of his enfranchised bond-men, by whom it was thought he was medicined by amatorious drinks, and bewitch'd with other Charms and Sorceries, until such time as his Brother Marcus removed this Servitor from about him, and took upon him the government and disposition of his person, during the remainder of his life, which was not long.

11. Maxentius,* 1.34 the son of Maximiamus, ha∣ving seised upon Rome, and driven out from thence Severus, the son of Galerius Augustus, shew'd himself equal and merciful to all men, in∣somuch as that he recommended the Christians unto the care of the Governours of his Pro∣vinces; but no sooner had he strengthened him∣self with wealth, and quieted Italy and Africk, but he turned Tyrant; a cruel Persecutor of the Christians; and left no sort of impiety or intemperance, or villany unpractised by him.

CHAP. III. Of the rigorous severity of some Parents to their Children; and how unnatural others have shewed themselves towards them.

EVery thing is carryed on by a natural in∣stinct to the preservation of it self in its own being: and by the same Law of Na∣ture, even the most bruitish amongst the bruit•• themselves, may be observ'd to retain a special kind of indulgence and tenderness towards their

off-spring. The Monsters of the Sea draw out the breast, and give suck to their young ones. The extraordinary severities of some Parents to their Children, may assure us, that there are greater Monsters upon the Land, than are to be ••ound in the bottom of the deep; and if some of these may extenuate their inhumanities by I know not what vertuous pretences, yet the bar∣barities of the rest must be wholly imputable to their savage nature, and the bloodiness of their disposition.

* 1.351. There was a Peasant, a Mardonian by Na∣tion, named Rachoses, who being the Father of seven sons, perceived the youngest of them play'd the little Libertine, and unbridled Colt: he en∣deavoured to cure him with fair words and rea∣sons, but finding him to reject all manner of good counsel, he bound his hands behind him, carried him before a Magistrate, accus'd him, and requires he might be proceeded against as a delinquent against nature. The Judges who would not discontent this incensed father, nor hazard the life of this young man, sent them both to the King, which at that time was Artax∣erxes. The father went thither, resolved to seek his sons death, where pleading before the King with much fervour, and forcible reasons, Artaxerxes stood amaz'd at his courage. But how can you, my friend, (said he) endure to see your son die before your face? He being a Gardiner by Trade, As willingly (said he) as I would pull away leaves from a rank Lettuce, and not hurt the root: The King threatened the son with death if his carriage were not better; and perceiving the old mans zeal to Justice, of a Gardiner made him a Judge.

* 1.362. Titus Manlius Torquatus had a son in great employments in the Empire, flourishing in honor, age and reputation, who being accus'd by the Embassadours of Macedonia to have ill carried himself in their Province, when he had it in charge, this father, with the Senates permis∣sion, would himself be Judge in the sons cause, heard the accusers two whole daies together, confronted Witnesses, gave his son full scope to defend himself, and to produce all that he could for his justification. In the end on the third day he pronounced Sentence, thus, It having suffici∣ently been proved to me, that my son D. Silanus hath ill acquitted his charge, and taken money from the allies of the Roman people, contrary to the command of Laws and honesty, I declare him from this time forward, unworthy both of the Common-Wealth, and my house. The un∣fortunate son was so overwhelm'd with melan∣choly, upon this Judgement given by his fa∣ther, that the next night he kill'd himself: and the father esteeming him degenerate, would not so much as honour his funerals with his pre∣sence.

* 1.373. Artaxerxes, King of Persia, had fifty sons by his several Concubines, one called Darius he had made King in his own life-time, contrary to the custom of the Nation, who having sollicited his father to give him Aspasia, his beautiful Con∣cubine, and refused by him, stirred up all the rest of his brothers to join with him in a conspiracy against the old King. It was not carried so pri∣vately but that the design came to Artaxerxes his ear, who was so incensed thereat, that casting off all humanity as well as paternal affection, not contented with Prisons or Exile, he caus'd them all at once to be put to death▪ by his own hand bringing desolation into his house, but lately re∣plenished by so numerous an off-spring.

4. Epaminondas,* 1.38 the Theban, being General against the Lacedemonians, it fell out that he was called to Thebes, upon the election of Magi∣gistrates, at his departure he commits the care and government of the Army to his son St••sim∣brotus, with a severe charge, that he should not ••ight till his return. The Lacedemonians, that they might allure him to a Battel, reproach him with dishonour and cowar dize; he impatient of these contumelies, contrary to the commands of his father, descends to the Battel, wherein he obtained a signal Victory. The Father return∣ing to the Camp, adorns the head of his son with a Crown of Triumph, and afterwards com∣manded the Executioner to take it off from his shoulders, as a violatour of Military Disci∣pline.

5. A. Manlius Torquatus in the Gallick War,* 1.39 commanded his own son, by a severe sentence, to be put to death for ingaging with the enemy con∣trary to his orders, though the Romans came off with the Victory.

6. Constantius the second,* 1.40 called Copronymus, a great enemy to Images, commanded them all to be thrown down, contrary to the liking of his mother Irene; who not only maintain'd them with violence, but also caused them to be con∣firm'd by a Council held at Nice, a City in Bithy∣nia, seeing that at Constantinople the people were resolute to withstand them. Hence grew an exe∣crable Tragedy in the Imperial Court; Irene see∣ing her son resolved against her defence of Images, was so very much transported, that ha∣ving caused him to be seized upon in his Cham∣ber, she ordered his eyes to be put out, so that he dying with grief, she also usurped the Empire.

7. M. Scaurus,* 1.41 the light and glory of his Country (when at the River Athesis, the Roman Horse were put to flight by the Cimbrians, and leaving the Pro-consul Catulus, fled in great ter∣rour to the City) sent his son word (who was a partner in that dishonourable flight) that he had rather have met the bones of him, slain in Battel, than to behold him with the marks of a degenerate cowardise upon him: The son upon the receipt of this message, fell upon his Sword and dy'd.

8. A. Fulvius,* 1.42 a person of the Senatorian Or∣der, had a son, conspicuous amongst those of his age, ••or wit, learning and beauty; but when he understood, that prevailed upon with evil counsel, he was gone with a purpose to join him∣self with the Army of Catiline, he sent after him, in the midst of his Journey fetch'd him back, and caused him to be put to death, having first angri∣ly told him, That he had not begotten him for Catiline against his Country, but for his Country against Catiline. He might have restrained him of his liberty, till the fury of that Civil War was over-past; but that would have made him the instance of a cautious, whereas this is the example of a severe one.

9. Titus and Valerius,* 1.43 the two sons of L. Bru∣tus (after the expulsion of Tarquinius) had con∣spir'd with others to restore him, though by the death of the Consuls: the Conspiracy being de∣tected by Vindicius a servant, they, with the rest, were brought before the Tribunal of the Consuls, whereof Brutus their father was one; and when they were accused, and their own Let∣ters produc'd against them, Brutus calling both

his sons by their names: Well, said he, what an∣swer make you to these crimes you are accused of? when he had thrice asked them, and they re∣mained silent, turning his face to the Lictours, The rest is now, said he, to be performed by you; they straight catch hold of the young men, pull off their Gowns, and binding their hands behind their backs, scourged them with Rods. When others turned away their eyes, as not able to endure that spectacle, Brutus alone never turned away his head, nor did any pity change the wonted austerity and severity of his coun∣tenance: but looking frowningly upon his sons, in the midst of their punishments, he so re∣main'd till he had seen the Axe ••ever their heads from their shoulders, as they lay stretched out upon the ground; then leaving the rest to the doom of his Colleague, he rose up and de∣parted.

* 1.4410. King Herod after his enquiry, about the time of the birth of the new King of the Jews, which the Wise men of his Nation said was then born, caused a number of innocent Infants in Bethlehem, and the Coasts thereof, to be slain: and amongst the rest a young son of his own. Au∣gustus Caesar being certified of this at Rome, said it was better to be Herod's Pigg than his son; this he said in allusion to the custom of the Jews, who killed no Hoggs, as not being permitted to eat any Swines flesh.

* 1.4511. The Dukedom of Holsatia was hereto∣fore divided amongst several Counts; so many Rulers did occasion great pressures upon the sub∣jects; and especially one of these Counts called Adolph, was more grievous than any of the rest; Hardvicus therefore, one of the Nobles, con∣spired against him, enters his Castle and Cham∣ber by night, and advised him to yield himself: but he refused, and fought it out, till such time as he was killed by the Conspirator. There was then with the Count one of Hardvicus his own sons, who waited upon him, him also Hardvicus did kill at that time with his own hands; and this he did, as he said, that none might suspect his son, as being privy to the Treason intended against his Master.

* 1.4612. Deiotarus had a great number of sons, but he caused them all to be slain, save only that one whom he intended for his Successour; and he did this for his sake, that the surviver might be the greater both in power and security.

13. Pausanias was a great Captain of the Spar∣tans! but being convicted by the Ephori of a Conspiracy with the Persians against his Country, he fled to the Temple of Minerva for Sanctuary; it being unlawful to force him thence, the Magi∣strates gave order to build a Wall about it, that being guarded and kept in, he might be pin'd to death. As soon as his mother Alcithea under∣stood this, though he was her only son, yet she brought the first stone, to make there a Prisoner till his death, one that was so nearly related to her.

* 1.4714. Antonius Venereus, Duke of Venice, caus'd his son Ludovicus to die in Prison; for that being incensed with his Mistress, he had caused divers pairs of Horns to be fastened to the doors of her Husband.

* 1.4815. Robert de Beliasme delighted in cruelty, an Example whereof he shewed on his own son, who being but a child, and playing with him, the fa∣ther, for a pastime, put his thumbs in his childs eyes, and crush'd out the balls thereof.

CHAP. IV. Of the degenerate Sons of Illustrious Pa∣rents.

WHen Aristippus shewed himself altoge∣ther mindless of his Children, who liv'd in a different manner from his Instruction and Example; one blaming his seve∣rity, remembred him that his Children came of him: and yet, said he, we cast away from us Phlegme and Vermin, though one is bred in us, and the other upon us. Augustus too look'd upon his but as Ulcers and Wens, certain excrescencies that were fit to be cut away; and forbad the two Iulia's to be buried in the same Monument with him: such a one was

1. Scipio,* 1.49 the son of Scipio Africanus, who suffered himself to be taken by a small Party of Antiochus, at such time as the glory of his Fami∣ly went so high, that Africa was already subje∣cted by his father, and the greater part of Asia subdued by his Uncle Lucius Scipio; the same man being Candidate for the Pretorship, had been rejected by the people, but that he was assisted by Cicereius, who had been formerly the Secreta∣ry of his father; when he had obtained that Of∣fice, his debauchery was such, that his relations would not suffer him to execute it, but pull'd off from his finger a Ring wherein was engraven the Effigies of his father: what a darkness was this that sprang from so glorious a light?

2. How base a life did the son of Quintus Fa∣bius Maximus live?* 1.50 and although all the rest of his Villanies were obliterated, this one thing was enough to make discovery of his manners, that Quintus Pompeius the City Pretor, prohibited him from intermeddling with his fathers Estate; nor was there found one man in so great a City that went about to oppose that decree, all men re∣senting it, that that money which ought to be subservient to the glory of the Fabian Family, should be expended in debauchery: so that him who through the fathers indulgence was left his heir, the publick severity disinherited.

3. Hortensius Corbio,* 1.51 was the Grandchild of Quintus Hortensius, who for Estate, and admira∣ble eloquence, was comparable with the Citi∣zens that were of the greatest rank; yet this wretched young man led a more base and abject life than the vilest obscene persons in Rome; and at the last, put his tongue to the vile use of more persons in Brothel-houses, than his Grand∣father had made good use of his for the safety of the Citizens.

4. Cresippus,* 1.52 was the son of Chabrias the Atheni∣an, a person equally famous for his great vertues and victories; and who had been much more happy had he died without issue, for this son of his was so degenerate from the vertue of his fa∣ther, that he often occasioned Phocion his Tutor (though otherwise a most patient man) to say, that what he endured through the folly of Cresip∣pus, was more than enough to compensate all that his father had merited of him.

5. Caligula was as infamous for his sloth,* 1.53 lust and folly, as his father Germanicus was famous for his vigour of mind, prudence and integrity; and

although fortune advanced this degenerate son to the Empire, yet most of the Romans desired rather the vertue of Germanicus, in the fortune of a private man, than an Emperour of so flagi∣tious a life. Add to this, that the people of Rome, the confederate Nations, yea and barba∣rous Princes, bewailed the death of Germanicus, as the loss of a common Parent; but Caligula the son was not thought worthy of tears, or honour, or so much as a publick funeral at his death.

* 1.546. Valerianus Augustus, for the greatness of his vertues, deserves a memorial amongst the most Illustrious of Princes; at least, if his fortune had been equal to his vertue. But his son Galienus, was of a disposition so unlike to his father, that by reason of his impious behaviour, his uncha∣stity, and sloth, he not only occasioned his fa∣thers Captains to rebell against him, but (which was never before seen) he encouraged Zenobia and Victoria, weak women, to aspire to the Crown: so that the great and peaceable Em∣pire, which he received of his father, he left diminished, and torn in a miserable manner.

* 1.557. Marcus Antonius Philosophus, Emperour of Rome, was a singular example of vertue, and left Commodus his son the heir of his Empire, but of no kind of alliance to him in any other re∣spect. The people of Rome saw the goodness of one exchang'd for the malice of the other, and the sharpest cruelty to succeed in the room of an incomparable clemency; weary of this, they were compelled to rid their hands of Commodus, it being openly bruited in the City, that he was not the son of Marcus, but a Gladiatour: for they thought it impossible, that so much wicked∣ness should arise from the vertue of him that was deceased: so that there seemed nothing want∣ing to the glory of Marcus, but that he did not die without issue.

* 1.568. Carus the Emperour succeeded Probus, both in his Empire and good qualities; he had extended the limits of the Roman Empire, and governed it with great equity: but he left his son Carinus his successour, that resembled his fa∣ther in no one thing: for whereas Carus was of great Courage, Justice, Moderation and Con∣tinence; this other was an unchast, and unjust, and a coward: his father was somewhat ashamed of him, had thoughts of creating another Suc∣cessour to himself; and for the benefit of the Common-Wealth, to have taken at once from his son, both the title of Caesar, and his life it self; but the evil fortune of the Roman Empire, at this time, intercepted all his purposes by a sudden death.

* 1.579. Saladine, who left so great a name behind him, left also the Kingdom of Syria to his son Noradine, whose sloth and unprincely qualities were such, that he was driven out by the people, and his Uncle Saphadine set up in his stead; after which he had so exhausted his own Patrimony, that he was fain to subsist upon the mercy and charity of his brothers, and at last died with the just re∣proaches of all men.

* 1.5810. Iohannes Galleacius, who first had the title of Duke of Millaine, was a Prince of a great and liberal mind, and adorn'd with all other vertues that were to be required in a great per∣son, he was belov'd at home, and fear'd abroad. He was possessed of a great part of Italy, which he had gain'd with much honour: so that he was thought superiour rather than equal to some Christian Kings. This man left his son Iohn to succeed him, than whom Phalaris himself was not more cruel; what his father had got by blood and valour, and sweat, this mad-man lost (at least the greater part thereof) laughing▪ so that at last growing hateful and contemptible to his own people, he was flain by them. And his other son Gabriel having lost Pisa, whereof he was possessed, was openly beheaded at Genoa.

11. Although Cassander,* 1.59 through his equity and industry in his affairs, had many who vo∣luntarily became the followers of his greatness, yet he made war upon divers Cities of Greece; the destruction of which, as a neighbouring fire, struck such terror into the Spartans, that they then first surrounded their City with Walls, which before they only defended with their arms. So far were they degenerated from the vertue of their Ancestors, that whereas for many Ages, the valour of the Citizens had been the only Wall of their City; the Citizens now thought they could not be safe, unless they lay hid behind the Walls of their City.

12. Franciscus Sfortia,* 1.60 Duke of Millaine, amongst Christian Princes excelled in all kind of vertues, he was not inferiour to Trajan for humanity; and to the degree of his fortune, was reputed as liberal as Alexander the Great: But his sons did mightily degenerate from the so great vertue of their father; Galeacius the El∣der, was ambitious and lustful, proud of the least successes, and extreamly dejected when any adversity befell him. Philip, the second son, was corpulent, foolish, and a coward. Ludovi∣cus was prophane, saying, That Religion and Justice were fictions, invented to keep the people in order; he was of a haughty mind, covetous, lustful, broken in adversity, and unfortunate, if not cowardly: for though he had greater forces than his enemy, he lost that Dukedom to Lewis the 12. King of France, in sixteen daies, which his father had gain'd by arms, and kept with the singular love and benevolence of all men, to the day of his death.

13. Phocion was an excellent person:* 1.61 but his son Phocus was so dissolute, and resigned up to in∣temperance and excessive drinking, that he could not be reclaimed by the Spartan discipline it self. When Menyllus had presented Phocion with a great gift, and he had refused it, he requested that he would, at least, permit his son Phocus to receive it: If, said he, my son Phocus reform him∣self, he will have a Patrimony sufficient to main∣tain him; but as he now behaves himself, there is nothing that can be enough for him.

14. Marcus Tullius Cicero,* 1.62 the famous Orator, had a son of the same name, but of a very diffe∣rent nature: for whereas his father was a tem∣perate and abstemious person, his son was so addicted to Wine, that he would swallow down two Gallons at once; and in one of his drunken fits, he so far forgot himself, that he struck M. Agrippa upon the head with a Pot.

15. Theodosius the great,* 1.63 was a most happy and fortunate Emperour, but in this one thing unfortunate, for he left behind him two sons, Honorius in the West, and Arcadius in the East, both Emperours, but both so slothful and unlike their father, that partly by that, and partly by the treachery of Ruffinus and Stilichon, the Empire was miserably and foully dilacerated by the Goths, Hunnes, and Vandalls.

16. The sons of the Emperour Constantine the Great, were as much below the Genius of their

father,* 1.64 in all praise worthy things, as he did surpass all other Princes in piety, and true great∣ness of mind: For in respect of the Government of his life, no man was more heedless than his son Constantinus. Constans, the second son, was a man much addicted to unseemly pleasures: And Constantius, the third son, was yet more in∣tollerable by reason of his inconstancy, and ar∣rogance.

* 1.6517. Casimirus was fetcht out of a Monastery and made King of Poland, a man of great vertue: but his son Boleslaus, who succeeded him in the Kingdom, did much degenerate from the noble example of his father: For he was a despiser and contemner of Religion, a neglecter of the ad∣ministration of Justice, and of a cruel nature and disposition. He slew Sanctus Stanisiaus, the Arch-bishop of Cracovia: and at last died him∣self an exile from his Country.

* 1.6618. Herodes Atticus, the Sophist, in respect of his wit and eloquence, was second to none of his time: yet had he a son of his called also At∣ticus, who was of so dull and stupid a nature, that he could never be made capable of under∣standing the first rudiments and elements of learning.

CHAP. V. Of undutiful and unnatural Children to their Parents.

SOlon would never establish any Law against Parricides, or Parent-killers, saying, The gods forbid that a Monster should ever come into our Common-Wealth; and certain it is, that six hundred years from the building of Rome were over-past, before so much as the name of that crime was known amongst them. The first that killed his Father, and stained his hands in the blood of him that gave him life, was Luci∣us Ostius, a person afterwards detested throughout all Ages. P. Malleolus was the first (saith Livy) amongst the Romans, who was known to have killed his Mother, and who underwent that punishment, which was by the institution of the Ancients in that case: They ordained that the Parricide should be first scourged to blood, then sown up in a Sack, together with a Dog, a Cock, a Viper, and an Ape, and so thrown head-long into the bottom of the Sea. But notwithstand∣ing the severity of this Law, and those of other Nations, against a crime of this nature, there are too many Instances of unnatural children, as in part will appear by what follows.

* 1.671. Antiochus, a Jew, accus'd his own Father, and some other Jews, then living at Antioch, that they had plotted upon a set night to set fire up∣on the whole City. The Antiochians, who for other causes, had no kindness for the Jews, gave credit to this accusation of his, and were so ex∣asperated against them, that taking Arms they resolved upon a sharp revenge. A great Tumult there was, and therein many thousands of men, Jews and others slain, and, amongst the rest, the ungracious Accuser himself did miserably perish.

2. L. Vibius Serenus was drawn out of the place of his exile and bound with Chains,* 1.68 caused to attend in open Court, where he was accused by his own son, that he had conspired against Tibe∣rius the Emperour, and had privily sent such into France as might kindle a war against him: and to put the better colour upon his accusation, he added that Caecilius Cornutus, a Pretorian person, was conscious to the plot, and had also lent out a considerable su••m for the advancement of the War. Serenus hearing this grand accusation of his son, not at all affrighted, though in hazard of his life, with a mind unappall'd, and a threatening look, beholding him, began to shake his Chains, and to call upon the revenging Deities That they would return him to his banishment, and execute just punishment upon his ungrateful and wicked son. All men thought the Accusation was false, in regard he nam'd but one single man, as the As∣sociate, in so great an enterprize; the son then named two others, Cneius Lentulus, and Seius Tubero; but in regard both of them were the in∣timate friends of Caesar, and the one extreme old, and the other infirm of body, they were both adjudg'd innocent. The servants of Sere∣nus the father were put to torture, wherein, not∣withstanding, they gave contrary evidence: so that the accuser stung with the sense of his vil∣lany, and withal affrighted with the menaces of the people (threatning the Gallows, Stoning, or the punishment of a Parricide) fled out of the City, but was fetcht back from Ravenna, to prosecute his accusation. The success was, Se∣renus was banished to the Island Amorgus, the son though he was in favour with Tiberius, who too much indulged informers, yet was he hated of all sorts, and infamous amongst all persons so long as he lived.

Iustin tells us of a certain African,* 1.69 called Car∣tallus, who by the suffrage of the people was raised to an eminent degree of dignity, and casually sent upon some solemn Embassy, into a place where his Father, with many others, were ba∣nished. He looking upon himself, at that time, like a Peacock, gloriously furnished out with the rich ornaments of his Employment, thought it was not suitable with his honour, to admit that his Father should so much as see him, though he sought it with earnestness. The unfortunate fa∣ther became so much enraged with this contempt of himself, and the proud refusal of his son, that he instantly raised a sedition; and mustering to∣gether a tumultuary Army of Exiles, he fell up∣on his son, although a Magistrate, took him, and condemn'd him to death: presently prepared a high Gibbet, and attired as he was, in Gold and Scarlet, with a Crown on his head, caused him to be fastned to this fatal Tree for a strange Spectacle.

4. There was a young Duke of Gelders,* 1.70 named Adolph, who took his father, Duke Arnold, one night as he was going to bed, and led him five Dutch Miles on foot bare-legg'd, in a marvellous cold night, and laid him in a deep Dungeon, the space of six Months, where he saw no light, but through a little hole. Wherefore the Duke of Cleves, whose sister the old Duke (being priso∣ner) had married, made sharp War upon this young Duke Adolph. The Duke of Burgundy sought divers means to agree them, but in vain. In the end, the Pope and the Emperour began to stir in the matter, and the Duke of Burgundy un∣der great Curses, was commanded to take the

old Duke out of Prison,* 1.71 which he did accord∣ingly, the young one not able to withstand him. I have often seen them both together in the Duke of Burgundies Chamber, pleading their Cause before a great Assembly: and once I saw the old man present the combate to his son (saith Comines) the Duke of Burgundy desirous to agree them, offered the young Duke, whom he favoured, the Title of Governour of Guelderland, with all the Revenues thereof, save of a little Town, near to Brabant, called Grave, which should remain to the father, with the Revenues of three thousand Florens, a yearly Pension of as much, and the title of Duke, as was but reason. I (saith Comines) with others wiser than my self, were appointed to make report of these conditions to the young Duke, who answered us, That he had rather throw his father head-long into a Well, and himself after him, than agree to such an appointment, alledging that his father had been Duke forty four years, and that it was now time for him to Govern. Notwithstanding he said he would agree to give him a yearly Pension of three thousand Florens, with condition he should depart the Country, as a banished man, never to return: and such other lewd speeches he used. Soon after the young Duke in disguise left the Duke of Burgundies Court to repair home to his own Country: but as he Ferry'd over a water near to Namur, he paid a Guildon for his passage; whereupon a Priest there present, be∣gan presently to mistrust him, and soon after knew him, so that he was taken, and led to Na∣mur, where he remained a Prisoner till the Duke of Burgundies death; after which by the men of Gaunt he was set at liberty, and by them carried before Tournay, where being weakly accompa∣nyed, he was miserably slain in a Skirmish, in full revenge of his impiety towards his father.

* 1.725. Tullia was the daughter of Servius Tullius, King of the Romans, she was married to Tarqui∣nius Superbus, and together with her husband con∣spired against her father, who by his Son-in-law, was one day in the Senate-house thrown from the top to the bottom of the Stairs; he was taken up half dead; and as they hasted with him to∣wards his own house, he was slain in the Cyprian Street. In the mean time Tullia had been at the Senate to salute her husband with the name of King, was sent home by him, and chancing to return that way, the Coach-man perceiving the dead Corpse of the King lie in the Street, stopp'd his Horses in a terrible fright: Tullia look'd out of her Charriot, and being inform'd what was the matter, she commanded him to drive the Wheels of her Charriot over the face and body of her own and slain father, upon which that which by the Sabines in their first settlement at Rome, had for lucks-sake been called the Cyprian, that is, the Good Street, was from thence-for∣ward called the wicked Street.

* 1.736. Nero, the Emperour, had tried to poyson his mother Agrippina three times, and still found she was fortified with Antidotes; he then pre∣pared false Roofs, that being loosed with an En∣gine might fall upon her as she slept in the night; when this was discovered, he made a Ship that should be taken in pieces, that so she might perish, either by wrack, or the fall of the Decks upon her: but she escaped this danger also by swim∣ming. Which when Nero understood, he com∣mits the slaughter of his mother to Anicetus the Centurion, who taking along with him (to the Villa of Agrippina) persons fit for the employ∣ment, compassed the house, brake open the door, and with his drawn sword presented himself, with the rest of the Murderers, at her bed-side: apprehending his intention, she shew'd him her belly, and bad him strike there, This Womb of mine, said she, is deservedly to be digged up, that has brought forth such a Monster; and so after many wounds, died. It's said that Nero came thither to behold the Corpse of his mother, that he took her limbs into his hands, and com∣mended this, and dispraised that other, as his fancy led him; he caused her Belly to be opened that he might see the place where once he had lain; while this was doing, finding himself a dry, he was so unconcerned as to call for drink, without leaving the place, saying, He did not think he had so handsome a mother.

7. Bajazet,* 1.74 the second of that name, being thrust out of his mighty Empire by his son Selymus, when he was near fourscore, broken with years and grief, resolved to forsake Constantinople, be∣fore he was enforced to it by his son, and to re∣tire himself to Dymotica, a small and pleasant Ci∣ty in Thrace, where he had formerly bestowed much cost for his pleasure, and now thought it the fittest place wherein to end his sorrowful daies. But the cursed impiety of Selymus had provided otherwise for him: for with the pro∣mise of ten Duckets a day during life, and threats of a cruel death, in case it was not performed, he prevail'd with Haman a Jew, chief Physician to the old Emperour, to make him away by poyson, as he was upon his Journey: so that with horrible gripings and heavy groans, he gave up the Ghost in the year 1512. when he had Reigned thirty years. The perfidious Jew upon the delivery of the poysonous potion, had hasted to Constantinople to bring Selymus the first news of it, who commanded his head to be presently struck off, saying, That for the hopes of reward he would not stick to do the like to Selymus him∣self.

8. Orodes was the King of Parthia,* 1.75 the same who had overcome Crassus his Army, and slain himself in the field; he was grown old in grief, for the death of his son Pacorus, slain by Ventidi∣us, and was fallen into a Dropsie, not likely to live long: his son Phraates thought his death too slow, and did therefore determine to hasten it by poyson, which being administred, had an effect so contrary, that only putting him into a loose∣ness, it carried the disease away with it; and in∣stead of a messenger of death, it proved a medi∣cine of health. His son, incensed at so strange a miscarriage of his design, passed from secret to open Parricide, and caused the old King his fa∣ther to be openly smothered. He mounted the Throne, and sending back the Ensigns and spoils of the defeated Army of Crassus, he was so much in the favour of Augustus, that he sent him a beautiful Italian Lady for his Concubine: of her he begat Phrataces, who when he was grown up, with the privity and endeavours of his mother, became the murderer of his father, making him the example of the same impiety, whereof in times past he had been the detestable Author.

9. Eucratides,* 1.76 King of the Bactrians, in all his Wars behaved himself with much prowess: when he was worn out with the continuance of them, and was closely besieged by Demetrius, King of the Indians, although he had not above three thousand Souldiers with him, by his daily

Sallies he wasted the enemies Forces consisting of sixty thousand, and being at liberty in the fifth Month, reduced all India under his com∣mand. In his return homewards he was slain by his own son, whom he had made joynt Partner with him in the Kingdom: he did not go about to dissemble or smother his Parricide, but drave his Charriot through the blood, and commanded the dead Corpse to be cast aside into some by-place or other, unburied, as if he had slain an enemy and not murdered a father.

* 1.7710. When (saith Howell) I was in Valen••ia in Spain, a Gentleman told me of a Miracle which happened in that Town: which was, That a proper young man under twenty, was Executed there for a crime, and before he was taken down from the Tree, there were many gray and white hairs had budded forth of his Chin, as if he had been a man of sixty. It struck amazement into all men: but this interpre••ation was made of it, That the said young man might have lived to such an age, if he had been dutiful to his Parents unto whom he had been barbarously disobedient and unnatural.

* 1.7811. Scander, late King of Georgia, by a Cir∣cassian Lady had three hopeful sons, Scander-Cawne, Thre-Beg, and Constandel, all born Christians: but for preferment, the two last named became Bosar-men or Circumcised. Thre-Beg served the Turk, Constandel the Persian. Constandel was na∣turally deformed, but of such an active Spirit, that his bodily imperfections were not noted; but his hateful ambition rendred him more than Monstrous. It happened that Acbas, King of Persia, had vow'd some revenge upon the Turks: and to that end gave order to Ally-Cawne to trou∣ble them. Constandel perceives the occasion right, to attempt his hellish resolutions, and therefore after long suit, got to be joined in Commission with the Persian General: Through Georgia they go, where Constandel, under a pre-text of duty, visits his sad parents, who (upon his protests that his Apostasie was counterseit) joyfully welcomed him: but he forgetting that, and all other ties of nature, next night at a so∣lemn Banquet, caused them to be murdered, and till the Georgians saluted him King, perpetrated all sorts of Villanies imaginable. But how secure soever he stood in his own fancy, the dreadful Justice of an impartial God retaliated him: the rest of his life, after this hated Parri∣cide, was infinitely miserable: For, first, near Sumachan, Cycala's son, the Turkish General, wounded him in the arm, and by that, gained the Victory over the Persian. The same night he was also assaulted in his Tent by his enraged Country-men, who in his stead (for at the first alarm he escaped) cut a Catamite in pieces, his accursed bed-fellow. And though he so far ex∣asperated the Persian to revenge, that he brought the whole Army into Georgia, resolving there to act unparallel'd Tragedies; yet was he over∣reach'd in his Stratagems: for upon parley with the Queen (his late brothers Wife) he was shot to death at a private signal, given by that Ama∣zon to some Musquetteers, ambushed of purpose betwixt both the Armies: a just punishment for such a Viper.

CHAP. VI. Of the affectation of Divine Honours, and the desire of some men to be re∣puted Gods.

POwer is a liquour of so strong a Fermenta∣tion, that few vessels are fit to be in∣trusted with any extraordinary measure of it: it swells up men to an immeasurable pride, and such a degree of immodesty, as to believe themselves above the condition of mortality. Death is the only remedy against this otherwise incurable madness: and this it is that laies down these Magnifico's in the same nakedness and noy∣someness with others.* 1.79 O Eloquent, just and mighty Death (saith Sir Walter Raleigh) whom none could advise, thou hast perswaded; what none hath dared, thou hast done; and whom all the world hath flattered, thou hast cast out of the world and despised. Thou hast drawn to∣gether all the far stretch'd greatness; all the pride and cruelty, and ambition of man, and cover'd it all over with these two narrow words, Hic jacet. All these reputed gods have died like other men, only perhaps more untimely, and less lamented.

1. Amulius,* 1.80 King of the Latines, was a proud man, and at last grew up to that degree of ar∣rogant impudence, that he sought (amongst his people) to have the reputation of a god, and to that purpose, he had certain Machines, by the help of which he imitated Thunders; made an appearance of Lightnings, by sudden ejacu∣lations of flames, and cast out Thunder-bolts: but by a sudden inundation of waters (near the place where he dwelt) both he and his Palace were over-born, and drowned.

2. Agrippa,* 1.81 King of the Jews, had Reign'd over all Iudaea three years, when he appointed Royal Shews in Caesarea; upon the second day of which, in the morning, he entred the Theatre rob'd in a Vest of Silver; the Silver irradiated with the beams of the Rising-sun, shone with such a luster, as bred a kind of horrour and awe∣ful dread in the Spectators. His flatterers there∣fore straight cried out from this and that other place, That he was a god; and besought him to be propitious to them. They said, That they had hitherto revered him only as a man, but hereafter should acknowledge, that he was above the nature of mortality. The King, though he heard, did not reprehend these speeches, nor reject so impious an Adulation; but a while af∣ter, when he had raised up himself, he spy'd an Owl sitting over his head (he had seen the like at Rome before in his calamity, and was told it was the token of a change of his forlorn estate to great honours: but when he should see the Bird in that posture the second time, it should be the messenger of his death) surpriz'd then with that unpleasing sight, he fell into pains of the heart and stomach, when turning to his friends, Be∣hold I your god (said he) am ceasing to live! and he whom you but now called immortal is dragg'd unto death. While he said this, op∣pressed with torture, he was straight carryed back to his Palace, and in five daies was taken

out of the World in the 54. of his age, and se∣venth year of his Reign.

* 1.823. Alexander the Great was very desirous to be accounted and taken as a god, and boasted amongst the Barbarians that he was the son of Iupiter Ammon: so that Olympia•• his mother used to say that Alexander never ceased to calumniate her to Iuno. Being once wounded, This, said he, is blood, not that Ichor, which Homer saies is wont to slow from the gods. It is reported, that finding himself near unto death, he would privily have cast himself into the River Euphrates, that being suddenly out of sight, he might breed an opinion in men, that he was not departed as one over-pressed with the weight of a disease, but that he was ascended to the gods from whence he first came: But when Roxane having understood his mind, went about to hinder him, he sighing said, Woman dost thou envy me the glory of immortality and divinity?

* 1.834. There was in Libya a man called Psaphon, to whom Nature had been sufficiently indulgent in bestowing upon him extraordinary accomplish∣ments; the inward magnificence of his mind ex∣panding it self, and prompting him to it, he used this subtil artifice to possess the Inhabitants about him with an opinion of his divinity. Having therefore taking a number of such Birds as are capable of the imitation of humane speech, he taught them to pronounce these words distinctly, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Psaphon is a great god: this done he set them all at liberty, who fill'd the Woods and places about with this ditty, which the In∣habitants hearing, and supposing this to fall out by divine power, they fell to adoration of him.

* 1.845. Caligula caused the Statues of the gods, amongst which was that of Iupiter Olympius, to be brought out of Greece, and taking off their heads, commanded his own to be set on instead thereof, and standing betwixt Castor and Pollux, exhibited himself to be worshipped of such as re∣sorted thither. He farther erected a Temple, and instituted both Priests, and most exquisite Sacrifices to the service of himself. In his Temple stood his Image of Gold, taken to the life, which every day was clad with the same attire as was himself; his Sacrifices were Phaenicopters, Peacocks, Bustards, Turkeys, Pheasants, and all these were daily offered.

* 1.856. Philip, King of Macedon, though a great contemner of the gods, had yet a great desire to be reputed one himself, and that also not infe∣riour to any of the rest: for in that celebrious Pomp, in which he caused twelve Statues of the gods to be carried, he added his own for a thir∣teenth, and would that it should be carried the first in order: but he was at that time stabb'd and slain by the hand of Pausanias, one of his own Guard.

* 1.867. Menecrates the Physician, having successful∣ly cured divers persons of deplorable diseases, was called Iupiter; and he himself was not ashamed to take that name upon him: insomuch that in the front of his Letter he wrote on this manner, Menecrates Iupiter sends to King Age∣silaus health; who on the other side, to meet with his intolerable pride and vanity, returned, King Agesilaus wisheth to Menecrates soundness. The Greek Writers affirm of him, that he took an Oath of such as he cured of the Falling-sick∣ness, that they should follow and attend upon him as his servants: and they did follow him, some in the habit of Hercules, and others in that of Mercury. Philip of Macedon observing the vanity of this man, invited him, with his own gods to supper: when he came, he was placed at a higher and more sumptuous Table, whereon was a fairer Altar than on the rest; on this Altar (while the dishes were carryed up to other Tables) were made divers ••ibations, and suffumigations with incense; till such time as this new Iupiter perceiving in what manner he was derided and abused, went his way, being well laughed at by all that were present.

8. Flavius Domitianus being mounted to the Imperial Seat,* 1.87 when after divorce, he had re∣married and brought home his wife, he was not ashamed to say openly, That she was called to his [Pulvinar] a bed whereon the Statues of the gods are laid, during the solemn Games ex∣hibited to them. And upon the day when he made a great Feast unto the people, he was well pleased to hear their acclamations throughout the Amphitheatre, in these words, All happiness to our Lord and Lady. When in the name of his Procurators, he endited any formal Letters, thus he began, Our Lord and God thus com∣mandeth. Whereupon afterwards this custom was taken up, that neither in the writing nor speech of any man, he should be otherwise called.

9. After Diocletian had settled the affairs of the East,* 1.88 when he had subdued the Scythians, Sarmatians, the Alani and Basternae, and had brought the necks of divers other Nations under the Roman yoke, he then grown proud, and puffed up with the glory of his Victories, com∣manded that divine honours should be given to the Roman Emperours: And therefore in the first place he himself would be adored, as if there was in him some Celestial Majesty. And where∣as the Emperours before him were wont to give their hands to the Nobility to kiss, and then raised them with their own hands to kiss them on the mouth; and that the manner of the vulgar was to kiss the knees of their Emperour: Dio∣cletian sent forth his Edict, that all men without distinction, should prostrate kiss his feet; in the mean time his Shooes or Sandals were set with pretious Stones and Pearls, and enrich'd with Gold. In like manner his garments, yea his very Chariot was adorned, that he might seem more august, and be look'd upon by all men as a god.

10. Lysander,* 1.89 the Lacedemonian General, ha∣ving taken Athens, as he had arrived to a greater power than any Grecian had hitherto obtained; so his pride was greater than the power he had gotten: For of the Athenian spoils, he caused a brazen Statue of himself to be made, which he erected at Delphos. He was the first amongst all the Greeks, that had Altars built to him by the Cities as a God; and Sacrifices that were ap∣pointed in honour of him: He was also the first of the Greeks who had Paeana's sung to him; the Samians changed the name of their Temple of Iuno and called it Lysandria. One of the Paeana's that were sung to him had this beginning,

Nos Graeciae inclytae ducem Lacedaemone ampla natum Celebremus, Io Paean.

11. C. Iulius Caesar had the honours of a con∣tinued Consulship,* 1.90 the perpetual Dictatorship,

the Censor of manners, had the titles of Empe∣rour, and father of his Country; his Statue was erected amongst those of Kings; his Seat in the Senate-house was of Gold; and yet not content with these, he suffered such further ho∣nours to be decreed to him, as were beyond the condition of a man, such as Temples, and Al∣tars, a Priest, a Couch, and other Ensigns of Divinity.

* 1.9112. Empedocles, the Philosopher, had cured Panthias of Agrigentum of a deplorable disease, and perceiving that thereupon he was reve∣renced in a manner as if he had been a god; he became so en••lamed with a desire of immortality and glory, and that he might be supposed to have been translated into the number of the gods, that he cast himself head-long into the midst of the flames of Mount Aetna.

CHAP. VII. Of unnatural Husbands to their Wives.

IT is reported of the cruel Beast called the Hy••na, that by his exact imitation of a hu∣mane voice, he trains the unwary Shepherds out of their Cottages, till he hath brought them within the compass of his danger, and then he falls upon them with all his fierceness, and devours them. Thus there are some bruitish and evil na∣tured men, who by pretences of Generosity, Love and Vertue, inveagle the hearts of poor innocent Virgins, till they are become the masters of their Fortunes and Honour: which done, death it self is more desirable than that bitterness and indignity they are wont to treat them with.

* 1.921. Anno Dom. 1652. in the Isle of Thanet in Kent, lived one Adam Sprackling, Esquire, who about twenty years before had marryed Kathe∣rine, the daughter of Sir Robert Leukner of Kent. This Sprackling had a fair Estate, but had ex∣hausted it by drinking, gaming, &c. At last Executions were out against him, and he forced to keep home, and make his house his Prison: this filled him full of rage, so that his Wife was con∣strained many times to lock her self ••rom him. But upon Saturday night, Dec. 11. 1652. as it seems, he resolved to mischief her: and being at ten a Clock at night in his Kitchin, he sent for one Martin, a poor old man, out of his bed to him: so that there were in the Kitchin Sprack∣ling and his wife, one Ewell, and this Martin: Sprackling commanded Martin to bind Ewells legs, which the one did, and the other suffered, thinking it had only been a ranting humour of their Master: Then began he to rage against his wife, who sat quietly by, and though she gave him none but loving and sweet words, yet he drew his Dagger, and struck her over the face with it, which she bore patiently, though she was hurt in the Jaw. He still continuing to rage at her, she weary and in great fear, rose up and went to the door: her Husband followed her with a Chopping-knife in his hand, with which he struck at her wrist, and cut the bone in sunder, so that her hand hung down only by the sinews and skin: no help was near, Ewell was bound, and Martin being old and weak, durst not inter∣pose, fearing his own life, only prayed his Mistress to stay and be quiet, hoping all should be well, and so getting a Napkin bound up her hand with it. After this, towards morning, still railing and raging at his wife, he dashed her on the fore∣head with the Iron Cleaver, whereupon she fell down bleeding: but recovering her self on her knees, she cried and prayed unto God for the pardon of her own and her husbands sins: pray∣ing God to forgive him as she did; but as she was thus praying, her bloody husband chopt her head into the midst of the very brains, so that she fell down, and died immediately. Then did he kill six Dogs, four of which he threw by his wife; and after she was dead, chopping her twice in∣to the leggs, compelled Martin to wash Ewells face with her blood, himself also dipping linnen in her blood, washed Martin's face, and bloodied his own face with it. For all which, being ap∣prehended and carried to Sandwich layle, at the Sessions following, which were April 22. 1653. he was arraigned, condemned, and hanged on the 27 day: dying very desperately, and not suffering any, either Ministers, or Gentlemen to speak with him after his condemnation.

2. Elavius,* 1.93 or Phaulius, a Sooth-sayer, had a wife who used secretly to drink wine, and as oft as she was therein surprized and taken in the man∣ner by her husband, she was by him well beaten with Myrtle Rods. And for that reason the women, when they dress up and adorn the Cha∣pel or Shrine of their goddess Bona, they never bring home for that purpose any branches of the Myrtle Tree: and yet otherwise take pleasure to make use of all sorts of branches and flowers in that solemnity.

3. At Argos there were two of the principal Citizens,* 1.94 who were the heads of opposite Facti∣ons one to another in the Government o•• the City: the one was named Nicostratus, and the other Phaulius. Now when King Philip came to the City, it was generally thought that Phaulius plotted, and practised to attained unto some ab∣solute principality and soveraignty in the City, by the means of his wife (who was a young and beautiful Lady) in case he could once bring her to the Kings bed, and that she might lie with him. Nicostratus was aware of as much, and smelling his design, walked before Phaulius his door, and about his house, on purpose to disco∣ver his intentions, and what he would do there∣in. He soon found that the base Phaulius had furnished his wife with a pair of high Shooes; had cast about her a mantle; and set upon her head a Chaplet after the Macedonian fashion. Having thus accoutred her after the manner of the Kings Pages, he sent her secretly in that ha∣bit and attire unto the Kings lodging, as a Sa∣crifice to his lust, and an agrument of an unpa∣rallel'd villany in himself, who could endure to be the Pander in the prostitution of his own Wife.

4. Periander,* 1.95 the Corinthian, in a high sit of passion, trod his Wife under-foot, and although she was at that time with child of a boy, yet he never desisted from his injurious treatment of her, till such time as he had killed her upon the place. Afterwards when he was come to himself, and was sensible that what he had done was through the calumniating instigation of his Concubines, he caused them all to be burnt alive; and ba∣nished his son Lycophron as far as Corcyra, up∣on no other occasion than that he lamented

the death of his Mother with tears and out∣cryes.

* 1.965. Nero the Emperour being once incensed against his Wife Poppaea Sabina, gave her such a kick with his foot upon the belly, that she there∣upon departed this life. But though he was a man that seemed to be born to cruelty and blood, yet he afterwards so repented himself of this act, that he would not suffer her body to be burnt after the Roman manner; but built the funeral pile for her, of odours and perfumes, and so ordered her to be brought into the Iulian monument.

* 1.976. Herod the Sophist, being offended with his Wife Rhegil••a for some slight fault of hers, commanded his freed man Alcimedon to beat her: She was at that time eight months gone with Child, or near upon; so that (by the im∣prudence of him who was imployed to chastise her) She received some blows upon her belly, which occasioned first her miscarriage, and soon after her death. Her Brother Bradeas a person of great nobility, cited her Husband Herodes to answer the death of his Sister before the Senate of Rome; where if he had not, it is pity but he should have received a condign pu∣nishment.

* 1.987. When M. Antonius was overcome at Acti∣um, Herod King of Iudaea, believing that he was in danger to lose his Kingdom, because he had been a fast friend to Antonius,* 1.99 determined to meet Caesar Augustus at Rhodes, and there endea∣vour to assure his favour to him. Having re∣solved upon his journey, he committed the care and custody of his Wi••e, to Sohemus his friend•• giving him withall thus much in command, That in case he should hear of his death by the way, or at the place wither he was intended; that then he should not fail forthwith to kill Mariamne his Wife; yielding this only reason of his injunction, that it might not be in the power of any man to enjoy so great a beauty, after his decease. Mariamne had extorted this secret from Sohemus; and at Herod's return twitted him with it. Herod caused Sohemus unheard, to be immediately put to death; and not long af∣ter he also beheaded Mariamne his beloved Queen and Wife.

* 1.1008. Amalasuenta had raised Theodahitus, at once, to be her Husband and King of the Goths; but upon this proviso, that he should make oath, that he would rest contented with the title of a King, and leave all matters of Government to her sole dispose. But no sooner was he accept∣ed as King, but he forgat his Wife and bene∣factress; recalled her enemies from banish∣ment, put her friends and relations many of them to death; banished her self unto an Island in the Vulsiner lake, and there set a strong guard upon her. At last he thought himself not sufficiently safe, so long as Amalasumha was alive; and thereupon he dispatched certain of his instru∣ments to the place of her exile, with order to put her to death; who ••inding her in a bath, gave her no further time, but strangled her there.

CHAP. VIII. Of such Wives as were unnatural to their Husbands, or evil deported towards them.

IN Italy there grows an herb, they call it the Basilisco; it is sweet scented enough; but withal it hath this strange property, that being laid under a stone in a moist place, in a few dayes it produces a scorpion. Thus though the Woman in her first creation, was intend∣ed as a meet help for man, the partner of his joyes and cares, the sweet perfume and relish of his dayes throughout his whole pilgrimage: yet there are some so far degenerated from their primitive institution, (though otherwise of ex∣teriour beauty and perfection enough) that they have proved more intolerable than Scorpions, not only tormenting the life, but hastning the death of their too indulgent Husbands.

1. Ioan Gandchild to Robert King of Naples,* 1.101 by Charles his son, succeeded her Grandfather in the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily, Anno 1343. a woman of a beautiful body,* 1.102 and rare endow∣ments of nature: She was first married to her Cousin Andrew, a prince of Royal extraction, and of a sweet and loving disposition: but he being not able to satisfie her wantonness, She kept company with lewd persons; at last she grew weary of him, complaining of his insufficiency; and caused him in the City of Aversa to be hung upon a beam, and strangled in the night time; and then threw out his Corpse into a Garden, where it lay some dayes unburied. It is said that this Andrew on a day coming into the Queens chamber, and finding her twisting a thick string of silk and silver, demanded of her, for what purpose she made it; she answered to hang you in, which he then little believed; the rather because those who intend such mischief, use not to speak of it before-hand; but it seems she was as good as her word.

2. Cicero put away his wife Terentia for di∣vers reasons;* 1.103 as because she had made small ac∣count of him in the time of the wars, which were betwixt Caesar and Pompey; so that when he went from Rome to Pompey,* 1.104 she provided no fit accommodations for his journey; and when he came back again into Italy, she never shewed the least spark or sign of love, or good will towards him: for though he staid long at Brundusium, she never went to see him; and when his Daughter took that journey to visit him, she neither provi∣ded company to conduct her, nor gave her mo∣ney or other necessarys for the way; yea she so handled the matter, that when Cicero came to Rome, he found nothing in his house but bare walls; and yet he was much set in debt by her.

3. Bithricus King of the West Saxons,* 1.105 married Ethelburga the Daughter of Offa King of Mercia; by whom, after he had reigned seventeen years, he was poysoned, and buried at Warham; upon which occasion, it was ordained by the Nobles, that from thenceforth the Kings Wives should not be called Queens, nor suffer∣ed to sit with them in place of Estate. This Ethelburga fled into France with infinite treasure;

where offering a mighty summ of her gold to Charles King of France, he put her to her choice, whether she would have him or his Son to her Husband. She chose the Son, for the reason (as she said) that he was the youngest: then said Charles, Hadst thou chosen me, thou shouldst have had my Son, but now thou shalt neither have him nor me; and then sent her to a Mona∣stery, wherein she professed her self a Nun, and became there the Abbess for some years; but af∣terwards being found to have committed adulte∣ry with a Lay-man, she was cast out of the Mo∣nastery, and ended her life in poverty, and much misery.

* 1.1064. Alboinus the first King of Italy of the Lom∣bards, having slain Cunemundus King of the Ge∣pida, made a drinking Cup of his Scull. Rosa∣mund the Daughter of that King, he had taken to Wife; and being one day very merry at Vero∣na, forced her to drink out of that detested Cup; which she so stomached, that she promised one Helmichild a Courtier, that if he would aid her in killing the King, she would give him both her self and the Kingdom of Lombardy. This when he consented to, and performed, they were so hated that they were constrained to fly to Ra∣venna, unto the protection of Longinus the Ex∣arch, who perswaded her to dispatch Helmichild out of the way, and to take him for her Hus∣band, to which she willingly agreed. Helmichild coming out of the bath, called for drink, and she gave him a strong poyson; half of which when he had drank, and found by the strange operation how the matter went, he compelled her to drink the rest, and so both dyed to∣gether.

* 1.1075. When Alexander the Great had determi∣ned to invade the Dacae, where he knew Spita∣menes was, who not only had revolted himself, but had also drawn divers others into the socie∣ty of his rebellion, and had at some times over∣thrown some of Alexanders Captains, there fell out one thing remarkable; the Wife of Spita∣manes, (upon whom he extreamly doted) when by her feminine flatteries she was not able to perswade her Husband, to make tryal of the Vi∣ctors clemency, and to endeavour to appease that Alexander, whom he could not avoid nor escape, she set upon her Husband when intoxi∣cated with Wine he lay fast asleep; and draw∣ing a Sword that she had concealed under her garments, she cut off his head, delivered it to a servant that was conscious of her fact, and with him only in her company, as she was, with her garments besprinkled with his blood, she went directly to Alexander's camp, and caused him to be informed that there was one there, to inform him of something that he was con∣cerned to know from her. When she was ad∣mitted, she desired the servant might come in; who shewed the head of Spitamenes, to those that searched what he carried wrapt up in his gar∣ment. When the King knew this, though he looked upon it as a considerable piece of service to him, that a Renegado, and a Traytor was di∣spatched; yet had he a horrour of the fact, that she should insnare his life that had well deserved at her hands, who was her Husband, and Parent of the Children which they had betwixt them; so that considering the atrocity of the fact overweighed any pretended merit from himself, he sent her word, that she should forthwith de∣part his Camp, lest she should infect the Greeks with the barbarity of her example.

5. Semiramis the Wife of Ninus King of As∣syria,* 1.108 was a witty and beautiful woman, beloved of her Husband even unto dotage: as she was one day in discourse with him, she told him that she was exceedingly desirous of a thing, yet be∣cause of the greatness of it, she durst not disco∣ver it, nor could hope to prevail. Ninus not apprehending her subtilty bad her tell him what it was; she answered, that he should deliver to her the government of his Empire for five dayes; which when she had obtained, she cau∣sed her Husband to be slain, and so usurped his Empire.

Fulvius understanding that he was proscribed by the Triumvirate,* 1.109 betook himself to his Wife, hoping to be hid, and some way kept private by her, in this time of his extremity. He might the rather expect her fidelity in this thing; for of a slave he had made her a free woman, and re∣ceived her to his bed: but he found a deadly ene∣my instead of a friend; for she suspecting that he was in love with another woman, did her self accuse and discover him to the Triumviri; by whose order he dyed in a miserable manner.

8. The noble Pittacus,* 1.110 so famous for his va∣lour, and as much renowned for his wisdom and justice, feasted upon a time certain of his friends, who were strangers. His Wife coming in at the midst of the dinner, being angry at something else, overthrew the Table, and tum∣bled down all the Provision under-foot. Now when his guests and friends were wonderfully dismayed and abashed hereat: Pittacus made no more ado at the matter, but turning to them; There is not one of us all (saith he) but he hath his cross, and one thing or other where∣with to exercise his patience; and for my own part, this is the only thing that checketh my fe∣licity; for were it not for this shrew my Wife, I were the happiest man in the world; so that of me these verses may be verified,

This man who while he walks the street, Or publick place, is happy thought; No sooner sets in House his feet, But woe is him, and not for nought, His Wife him rules, and that's a spight, She scolds, she fights from noon to night.

CHAP. IX. Of the deep hatred some have conceived against their own Brethren, and the unnatural actions of Brothers and Sisters.

SIR Henry Blunt in his voyage to the Le∣vant, tells us, that at Belgrade in Hungary where Danubius and Sava meet, their wa∣ters mingle no more than water and oyl; and though they run sixty miles together, yet they no way incorporate, but the Danow is clear and pure as a well, while the Sava that runs along with it, is as troubled as a street channel. Af∣ter the manner of these Rivers it is with some

brethren, though bred up together, and near enough each other, in respect of their bodies; yet their minds have been as distant from each other as the Poles are; which, when opportuni∣ty hath served, they have shewed in the effects of an implacable hatred.

* 1.1111. Sir George Sonds of Kent had lately two Sons grown up to that age, wherein he might have expected most comfort from them: but in the year 1655. the younger of them named Freeman Sonds, having no apparent cause or pro∣vocation, either from his Father or Brother, did in a most inhumane and butcherly manner murder the elder as he lay sleeping by him in his bed: he clave his head and brains with a Clea∣ver; and although this was his mortal wound, yet perceiving him to groan and sigh, as one approaching unto death, he stabbed him with a Stilletto seven or eight times in and about the heart (as the sorrowful Father witnesseth in his Printed narrative of the whole;) and when he had finished this black and bloody tragedy, he went to his aged Father then in bed, and told him of it, rather glorying in it, than expressing any repentance for it. Being apprehended, he was presently after condemned at Maydstone Assizes, and accordingly executed.

* 1.1122. Eteocles was the Son of Oedipus, by his own Mother Iocasta; their Father the King of Thebes had ordered it, that Eteocles and his other Son Polynices, after his departure, should reign yearly by course: But Eteocles after his year was expired, would not suffer his Brother to succeed; whereupon Polynices being aided by Tydeus and Adrastus made war upon his Brother: they meet∣ing together with their forces in the field, were slain by each other in the battle; their dead bo∣dies were also burned together when the flame parted it self; as if it seemed to declare such a deadly hatred betwixt them, that as their minds being alive, so neither could their bodies being dead agree. This their antipathy was propaga∣ted to their posterity, breaking out into many outragious and bloody wars. Unto such ends doth the providence of God often bring an in∣cestuous brood, that others may be instructed thereby.

* 1.1133. Upon the death of Selymus the second which happened Anno 1582. Amurath the third succeeded in the Turkish Empire; at his entrance upon which, he caused his five Brothers Musta∣pha, Solyman, Abdala, Osman and Sianger without all pity or commiseration to be strangled in his presence, and gave order that they should be bu∣ried with his dead Father: an ordinary thing with Mahometan Princes, who to secure to them∣selves the Empire without rivalship, doubt not to pollute their hands with the blood of their nearest relations. It is said of this Amurath, when he saw the fatal bow-string put about the neck of his younger Brother, that he was seen to weep, but it seems they were Crocodiles tears, for he held firm to his bloody purpose.

* 1.1144. Petrus King of Spain having reigned some time with great cruelty, purpling his hands in the blood of his Nobles: At last his Brother Hen∣ry took up arms against him Anno Dom. 1369. He had hired auxiliary forces out of France against Petrus; and having met him in the field, a bloody battle was fought agreeable to the perti∣nacious hatred of the two Brethren. The victo∣ry resting on the side of Henry, and his Bro∣ther made prisoner; being brought before him, Petrus with a Dagger wounded Henry in the face; the other endeavouring to repay it with in∣terest, both grapled together, having thrown each other to the ground: But others coming in to the help of Henry, he quick∣ly became the superiour; and having slain his Brother with many wounds, he succeeded in his Kingdom.

5. Extream was the hatred that was betwixt Bassianus and Geta,* 1.115 the two sons of Severus the Emperour, which soon betrayed it self upon the death of their Father; they could not agree about the partage of the Empire; nor did they omit any means whereby they might supplant each other; they endeavoured to bribe each others Cooks and Butlers to poyson their Ma∣sters: but when both were too watchful to be thus circumvented, at last Bassianus grew im∣patient, and burning with ambition to enjoy the Rule alone, he set upon his Brother Geta, gave him a deadly wound, and shed his blood in the lap of Iulia their Mother; and having executed this villany, threw himself amongst the souldiers, told them that he had with difficulty saved his life from the malice of his Brother: and having parted amongst them all that Severus his Father had been eighteen years heaping up, he was by them confirmed in the Empire.

6. Anno 1080. Boleslaus King of Poland,* 1.116 (having slain his Brother S. Stanislaus Bishop of Cracovia at the very Altar as he was in the celebration of the Mass) he suddenly fell into a frenzy, and such a degree of madness, that he laid violent hands upon himself. It is said of this King, that he grew into a vehement hatred of the Bishop his Brother, upon the account of that freedom he took, in reproving him for those horrible crimes he frequently committed.

7. Tosto and Harold the sons of Earl Godwin falling out,* 1.117 Tosto secretly hyed himself into the Marches of Wales, and near the City of Here∣ford at Portaslith, where Harold had a house then in preparation to entertain the King, he slew all his Brothers servants; and cutting them piece-meal into gobbets, some of their limbs he salted, and cast the rest into the vessels of Meath and Wine; sending his Brother word, that he had furnished him with powdred meats against the Kings coming thither.

8. Robert Duke of Normandy was chosen King of Ierusalem,* 1.118 but refused that in hopes to have England; but it is observed that he never pro∣spered after: his Brother Rufus got the Crown, and when he was dead, Henry Beauclerke his youngest Brother ascended the throne, and con∣quered Normandy on the Vigil of St. Michael; he also put out the eyes of Robert his Brother, and kept him prisoner in Cardiff Castle twenty six years; where for grief conceived at the putting on of a new Robe (too little for the King, and therefore sent to the Duke to wear) he grew weary of his life, as disdaining to be mocked with his Brothers cast Cloaths; and cursing the time of his unfortunate nativity, refused thence∣forth to take any sustenance, and so pined him∣self to death.

9. Alphonsus Diazius a Popish Spaniard,* 1.119 hearing that Iohn Diazius his Brother had renounced Po∣pery, and was become a professor of the Reformed Religion, fell into so deep a hatred of him, that like another Cain, he slew his Brother with his own hands; for which he was not only not pu∣nished, but highly applauded by the Romanists

for his heroical atchievement; but he was so haunted and hunted by the furies of his own Con∣science, that he desperately hanged himself at Trent, about the neck of his own Mule.

* 1.12010. Cleopatra the Wife of Cyricaenus having ta∣ken Sanctuary at Antioch after her Husbands overthrow, her Sister Gryphina the Wife of Gry∣phus most importunately ••olicited her death; and though Gryphus much perswaded her deli∣very, yet she her self commanded the Souldiers to dispatch her; but a few dayes after, the same Gryphina falling into the hands of Cyricaenus, was by him made a Sacrifice to his Wives Ghost.

* 1.12111. Selymus the first having stepped into the throne of his Father, sought the destruction of all his Brethren; and while his Brother Corcutus lay quiet in Magnetia, he secretly led an army thither to destroy him; Corcu••us having notice of it, fled away with two Servants, and all passages by Sea being shut up, he was glad to hide himself in a Cave by the Sea-side, where he lived miserably upon Country Crabs, and other like wild fruit, till discovered by a Peasant, he was apprehended; Selymus informed of it, sent one to strangle him, and bring his dead body to Prusa. The Execu∣tioner, a Captain coming to Corcutus in the dead time of the night, and awaking him out of his sl••ep, told him his heavy message, that he was sent by his Brother, presently to strangle him. Corcutus exceedingly troubled with this heavy news, and fetching a deep sigh, desired the Captain so long to spare his life, untill he might write a few short lines unto his Brother Selymus, which he did readily in Turkish verse, upbraid∣ing him with his horrible cruelty, and concluding w••th many a bitter curse, he besought God to take a just revenge upon him. Being then strang∣led his d••ad body was brought to Prusa: Sely∣mus uncovered the face of it, to be sure that it was he; when seeing this writing in his hand, he took and read it; and is said thereupon to have shed tears, notwithstanding his cruel nature, and stony heart.

CHAP. X. Of the Barbarous and Savage cruelty of some men.

THeodorus Gadaraeus who was Tutor to Ti∣berius the Roman Emperour, observing in him (while a Boy) a sanguinary na∣ture and disposition, that lay lurking under a shew of lenity and pretence of clemency; was used to call him a lump of clay, steeped and soaked in blood. His prediction of him did not fail in the event. This being he who thought of death that it was too light a punishment: for hearing Carnulius (being in his disfavour) had cut his own throat: Carnulius (said he) hath escaped me: to another who begged of him to dye quickly, he told him he was not yet so much in his favour, yet even this Artist in cruelty has since been out-acted by Monsters more over∣grown than himself.

* 1.1221. The Island of Amboyna lies near Seran, the chief Town of it hath also the same name, and is the Randesvous for the gathering and buying of Cloves: the English lived in the Town, under the protection of the Castle, held and well man∣ned by the Dutch. In February 1622. a Iaponer Souldier discoursing with the Dutch Centinel of the Castle, was suspected, tortured, and confes∣sed divers of his Countrey-men contrivers with him, of surprizing the Castle; also one Price an English man, and prisoner with them, accu∣sed other English men of the Factories, who were all sent for, and put to horrid torture, the manner thus; First they hoysed up the Exa∣minant by the hands with a Cord on a large Door, fastning him upon two staples of Iron on the top, as wide as the arms could stretch, his feet hung to the ground stretched out at length and wideness, fastned beneath the Door; then they wrapped a cloath about his neck and face, so close that no water could go by: This done, pouring the water leasurely upon his head, and filling the cloath up to his mouth and nostrils, that he could not draw breath but must withall suck in water, and so continued till it forced his inward parts to come out at his nose, eyes and ears; stifling and choaking him into a swound or fainting: but being taken down, they made him vomit out the water, and so somewhat re∣covered, they torture him again four or five times, his body swoln three times bigger, his cheeks like bladders, his eyes staring out beyond his brows: one Colson thus tortured did still de∣ny their accusation; whereupon they burn him under his paps, arm-holes, elbows, hands and feet, till the fat dropped out their Torches, then they lodged him in a dungeon where his flesh putrified, and Maggots engendred in it, to a hor∣rid and loathsome condition, till at the end of eight days they were executed, March 1623. At which instant there was a sudden darkness and a tempest, that forced two Dutch ships out of the Harbour, which were hardly saved. The dead were all buried in one pit; and one Dunkin (their accuser) stumbled at their grave, and fell stark mad, and died so within three days af∣ter, also a sickness followed at Amboyna, of which divers Dutch dyed: The names of the English thus inhumanely dealt with, were Cap∣tain Towerson, Tompson, Beaumount, Collins, Colson, Webber, Ramsey, Iohnson, Fard and Brown.

2. It is in this kind a memorable example that Seneca relates of Piso,* 1.123 who finding a Souldier to return from forraging without his comrade (as if he had slain him whom he brought not back with him) condemned him to death. The ex∣ecutioner being in readiness, and he stretching forth his neck to receive the stroke of the Axe, behold in the very instant his comrade ap∣pears in the place. Whereupon the Centuri∣on, who had the charge of the execution, com∣mands the Executioner to desist, and carries back the condemned Souldier to Piso, together with his Comrade, thereby to manifest his inno∣cency, and the whole army waited on them with joyful acclamations. But Piso in a rage gets him up to the Tribunal, and condemns both the Souldiers, the one for returning with∣out his Comrade, and the other for not return∣ing with him; and hereunto adds the condem∣nation of the Centurion, for staying the executi∣on without warrant, which was given him in charge; and thus three were condemned to dye for the innocency of one.

* 1.1243. The thirty Athenian Tyrants were of that fierce and cruel disposition, that they caused the daughters of some of the slain Citizens to dance, in the blood of their own Parents, who had newly been murdered by them.

* 1.1254. Sylla having upon his credit, received to mercy four Legions of the adverse part, which amounts to twenty four thousand men; he caused them notwithstanding in publick to be cut in pieces, calling in vain for mercy from his treacherous right hand, which he had reached out as a sure token of it. And when the dying groans of these men reached to the very Curia it self, where the Senate were then met, and that the Senators themselves stood in amaze what it might mean: Let us mind our business, Fathers, said he, a few seditious Fellows are punished by my orders. Upon which Lipsius justly cries out, I know not what I should herein chiefly wonder at, whether that a man could so do, or so speak.

* 1.1265. Solyman, the Magnificent Emperour of the Turks, having obtained a Victory over the Ger∣mans, finding amongst the Captives a Bavarian Souldier, a man of an exceeding high Stature, he caused him to be delivered to his Dwarf to be by him slain, whose head was scarce so high as the others knees: and that goodly tall man was mangled about the legs for a long time by that apish Dwarf, with his little Scimiter, till falling down, with many feeble blows, he was at last slain in the presence of Solyman, who took mar∣vellous pleasure in this scene of cruelty.

* 1.1276. Mahomet the Great, first Emperour of the Turks, after the winning of Constantinople, fell in love with a most beautiful young Greekish Lady, called Irene, upon whose incomparable perfecti∣ons he so much doted, that he gave himself up wholly to her love. But when he heard his Captains and chief Officers murmured at it, he appointed them all to meet him in his great Hall; and commanding Irene to dress and adorn her self in all her Jewels and most gorgeous ap∣parel (not acquainting her in the least with any part of his design) taking her hand he led this miracle of beauty into the midst of his Bassaes, who dazzled with the brightness of this Illustri∣ous Lady, acknowledged their errour, profes∣sing that their Emperour had just cause to pass his time in solacing himself with so peerless a Pa∣ragon: But he on a sudden twisting his left hand in the soft curls of her hair, and with the other drawing out his crooked Scimiter, at one blow struck off her head from her shoulders; and so at once made an end of his love, and her life, leaving all the assistants in a fearful amaze, and horror of an act of that cruelty.

* 1.1287. Novellus Carrarius, Lord of Padua, en∣flamed with an ambition of greater Rule, took away by poyson William Scaliger the Lord of Ve∣rona and Vincentia, though a familiar friend of his. And to enjoy Verona the more securely, having betrayed into his power Antonius and Bruno his two sons, he caused them also to be slain. Being in the City of Vincentia, he fell in love with a Maid of singular beauty; and re∣quired her parents to send her to him: but being refused he sent his Guards to fetch her; when brought, he basely violated her chastity; two daies after, he caused her to be cut in small pieces, and sent her so back in a Basket to her Parents. The father amaz'd with the atrocity of the fact, represented the whole to the Senate, beseeching their assistance in so great an injury: The Senate having deliberated upon the matter, sent the body of the Maid so inhumanely mangled to the Venetians, declaring that they did commit them∣selves to their care and Patronage. The Vene∣tians took upon them their defence, and having wearied out Carrarius with war, at last pen'd him up in Padua, and compelled him to yield him∣self; being taken, they strangled him, together with his two sons Francis and William.

8. Vitoldus,* 1.129 Duke of Lithuania, was a man of a truculent and cruel disposition; if he had de∣stin'd any to death, his way was to cause them to be sew'd up in the skins of Bears, and so ex∣pose them to be torn in pieces by doggs. In all his Military expeditions, he never was without a Bow in his hand, and if he saw any Souldier to march out of his rank, he used to shoot him dead with an arrow. This fierceness of his, that Nation (though otherwise haughty, and a contemner of death) did so stand in awe of, that many under his dominion (at his command) without expectation of an Executioner, either hang'd or poyson'd themselves.

9. Perotine Massey her Husband was a Mini∣ster in Q. Maries Reign,* 1.130 he fled out of the Land for fear, but she with her mother was con∣demn'd to be burnt as Hereticks, which was done Iuly 18. 1556. she was near the time of her delivery, and by force of the flame her young child burst out of her belly: this babe was taken out alive by W. House, a by-stander, and by the command of Elier Gosseline the Bayliff (supreme Officer in the then absence of the Governour of the Island Guernsey) cast again into the fire, and therein consumed to ashes: here was a Spe∣ctacle without precedent, a cruelty built three Generations high; for the Grandmother, Mo∣ther, and Grandchild suffered all in the same flame at the same time.

10. Demetrius,* 1.131 the King of Syria, after he had overcome Alexander the Jew in a Battel, he led the Prisoners taken in that fight to Ierusalem, where he caused eight hundred of them in the midst of the City to be Crucified, the sons in the very sight of the mothers, and after commanded the mothers themselves to be slain.

11. In the Reign of King Edward the sixth (upon the alteration of Religion) there was an Insurrection in Cornwall,* 1.132 and divers other Coun∣tries, wherein many were taken and Executed by Martial Law. The chief Leaders were sent to London, and there Executed. The Sedition being thus supprest, it is memorable what cruel sport Sir William Kingston made, by vertue of his Office (which was Provost Martial) upon men in misery. One Boyer, Major of Bodmin in Cornwall, had been amongst the Rebels, not wil∣lingly but enforced: To him the Provost sent word that he would come and dine with him, for whom the Major made great Provision. A little before dinner the Provost took the Major aside, and whisper'd him in the ear, That an Executi∣on must that day be done in the Town, and therefore required that a pair of Gallows should be set up against dinner should be done. The Major failed not of his charge: presently after dinner the Provost taking the Major by the hand, entreated him to lead him to the place where the Gallows was; which when he beheld, he asked the Major if he thought them to be strong enough? Yes, said the Major, doubtless they are: Well then, said the Provost, get you up

speedily, for they are provided for you. I hope, answered the Major, you mean not as you speak? In faith, said the Provost, there is no remedy, for you have been a busie Rebel: and so without respite or defence he was hang'd to death. Near the said place dwelt a Miller, who had been a busie actor in that Rebellion, who fear∣ing the approach of the Martial, told a sturdy Fellow his servant, that he had occasion to go from home, and therefore bad him, that if any came to enquire after the Miller, he should not speak of him, but say that he was the Miller, and had been so for three years before: So the Provost came and called for the Miller, when out comes the servant, and saith, He was the man: The Provost demanded, how long he had kept the Mill? These three years, answered the servant: then the Provost commanded his men to lay hold on him, and hang him on the next Tree: At this the Fellow cried out, That he was not the Miller, but the Millers man. Nay Sir, said the Provost, I will take you at your word. If thou beest the Miller, thou art a busie knave; if thou art not, thou art a false lying knave, and howsoever, thou can'st never do thy Master better service than to hang for him, and so without more ado he was dispatched.

* 1.13312. Vladus Dracula so soon as he had gained the Soveraignty of Moldavia, chose out a mul∣titude of Spear-men, as the Guard of his body: that done inviting to him as many as were emi∣nent in authority in that Country, he singled out from them all that he thought had any inclination to a change. All these together with their whole Families he empaled upon sharp Stakes, sparing neither the innocent age of young Children, the weak Sex of women, nor the obscure condition of servants. The Stakes and place where they were set, took up the space of seventeen Fur∣longs in length, and seven furlongs in breadth; and the number of those that were thus mur∣dered, and in this cruel manner, is said to be no less than twenty thousand.

* 1.13413. Nabis, the Tyrant of Lacedaemon, did ut∣terly extinguish the Spartan name, forcing into exile as many as were eminent for Riches, or the renown of their Ancestors, and dividing their wealth, and Wives amongst the mercena∣ry Souldiers he had hired. Withal he sent mur∣derers after such as he had banished, not suffe∣ring any place of retreat to be safe to them. He had also framed an Engine or rather an Image of his Wife, which after her name he called Apega: with admirable art it was fashioned to her resemblance, and was arrayed in such costly garments as she used her self to wear. As oft as the Tyrant cited before him any of the rich Ci∣tizens, with a purpose to milk them of their money, he first with a long and very civil speech, used to represent to them the danger Sparta stood in of the Achaeans, the number of Mercenaries he kept about him for their safety; and the great charge he was at in sacred and civil affairs. If they were wrought upon by this means, it suf∣ficed: but if otherwise, and that they were te∣nacious of their money, he used then to say, Pos∣sibly I am not able to perswade you: yet it is like∣ly that Apega may: and with a shew of familiarity takes the man by the hand and leads him to this Image, which rises and embraces him with both arms, draws him to her breasts, in which and her arms were sharp iron Nails, though hidden with her cloathes: herewith she grip'd the poor wretch, to the pleasure of the Tyrant, who laugh'd at his cruel death.

14. Iohannes Basilides,* 1.135 Emperour of Russia, used for his recreation to cause noble and well deserving persons to be sew'd up in the Skins of Bears, and then himself set Mastives upon them, which cruelly tore them in pieces. He often in∣vited his Father-in-law Michael Temrucovins to Banguet with him: and then sent him home to his Family through the Snow, having first caused him to be stript stark naked: sometimes he shut him up in a room in his own house, till he was almost famished, causing four Bears of ex∣traordinary bigness to be tyed at the door to keep all provisions from him. These Bears at other times he would let loose amongst the people, especially when they were going to Church: and when any were killed by them, he said his sons had taken great pleasure in the sport, that they were happy that perished in this manner since it was no small diversion to himself.

15. Changhien Chunghus,* 1.136 no better than a Thief, at first thrived so fast that after he had vexed the Provinces of Huquang and Honan in China, and part of that of Nan••••ng and Kiangsi, he entred the Province of Suchuen in the year 1644. and having taken the principal City called Chingtu, in the heat of his fury, he killed a King of the Tamingian race, as also several Princes of that Family; but these slaughters were but the Preludes of those execrable cruelties he after∣wards practised: For he had certain violent and sudden motions of cruelty, and Maximes drawn from the very bowels of vengeance it self. For one single mans fault, he often destroy'd all the Family, without respect to Infants or women with child. Nay many times he cut off the whole Street where the offender liv'd, involving in the slaughter the innocent with the guilty. He once sent a man Post into the Country of Xensi: who glad he was out of the Tyrants hands returned no more; to revenge this imaginary injury, he destroyed all th•• quarter of the City, where he liv'd, and thought he much bridled his fierceness, that he did not extinguish the whole City. He had an Executioner whom he loved above all the rest, for his natural inclinations to cruelty; this man dying of a disease, he caused his Physician to be killed: and not content with this, he sa∣crificed an hundred more of the same Profession to the Ghost of his deceased Officer. If walk∣ing out he saw a Souldier ill clad, or whose man∣ner of gate, and walking was not so vigorous and masculine as he desired, he presently com∣manded him to be killed. He once gave a Souldier a piece of Silk, who complained to his fellow of the poorness of the piece, of which he being informed by one of his Spies, he presently com∣manded him and his whole Legion, which were two thousand men, to be all Massacred at once. He had in his Royal City six hundred Praefects, and in three years space there were scarce twenty of them left, having put all the rest to several kinds of deaths for slight causes. He had five hundred Eunuchs taken from the Princes of the Tamingian Family: after he had put all their Lords to death, one of these presuming to stile him not with the title of King (but the bare name of Changhien Chungus) he caused them all to be slain. One of his chief Priests was appre∣hended for some words let fall against him: and he having got together about twenty thousand

of the same Profession, put them all to the sword; and then applauded himself as if he had done an Heroical action. He levied an hundred and fourscore thousand all Natives of the Pro∣vince of Suchuen, Anno 1645. these he sent be∣fore him to take the City of Nanchung in the Country of Xensi; they finding it difficult, forty thousand of them revolted to the enemy, and so the rest were forced to return without effecting the design. The Tyrant enrag'd to see them retire, commanded the rest of his Army, that had alwaies marched with him, to cut in pieces these one hundred and forty thousand of the new raised Suchuens: this horrible butchery lasted four daies, in which slaughter he commanded some to have their skins pull'd off and filled with straw, and having sow'd on the head to be carried in the Towns where they were born, to strike terrour into the rest. Not content with this he vexed the whole Province, so that he left it in a man∣ner desolate: for he perfectly hated it, because he thought they approved not of his Govern∣ment. He caused almost eighteen thousand Students to be brought before him, and at once Massacred them all, saying, These were they that by their Sophisms solicited the rest to Re∣bellion. Anno 1646. the Tartars entred the Province of Xensi to give him Battel: and there∣fore to leave the Country behind him secure, he commanded all the Citizens of what quality so∣ever, in his Royal City of Chingtu, to be bound hand and foot, which was done by his Army; and then riding about them, he viewed them with less compassion than a Tygre, and cry'd out, Kill, kill these Rebels: it is thought there were no less than six hundred thousand souls, most of which were thus horribly murdered. He besides sent part of his Army to other Cities about, and killed all those he could lay hands on; and so brought the populous Province of Suchuen into a vast Wilderness. In his march he caused his Souldiers to kill all their Wives: himself to give them an example, having caused two hundred and eighty beautiful Maids that waited upon his three Queens, to be slain. He killed all his sick or weak Souldiers, to deliver them, as he said, out of so miserable and ruined a Country. Then he turned his rage against Cities, Palaces, and Buildings, not sparing his own stately one in Chingtu; he consumed it, together with a great part of the City by fire; he cut down all Trees and Woods that they might profit no man. He sunk sixty Ships of silver in the River of Chiang, having killed the Shipmen to conceal the place. This done, he marched into the Province of Xensi, to meet the Tartars, where this Devil in∣carnate was happily kill'd.

* 1.13716. Accioline, Tyrant about Taurisium and Padua, surpassed all those in cruelty, that were called by the name of Christians; he gelded Boys; vitiated Virgins; cut off the breasts of Matrons; ripped up the bellies of women with child, casting the births into the fire. Once hearing that Padua had revolted from him, he caused twelve thousand Paduans in his Army to be slain every man; being after this beaten in the Field, wounded and made a Prisoner, he tore open the lips of his wound, that he might die as cruelly as he had lived. The manner of this Tyrant was like unto that of Caligula, he put men to death by slow degrees, that they might feel themselves die: so that by divers waies of torture he was the death of thirty thou∣sand persons.

CHAP. XI. Of the bitter Revenges that some have taken upon their Enemies.

WHen the Emperour Frederick had new∣ly obtained a most signal Victory in Hungary, he made a Speech to his Souldiers, whereof this was a part: We have done, said he, a great Work, and yet there is a greater that still remains for us to do; which is, to overcome our selves, and to put an end at once to our Covetousness, and the desire of Revenge. Thus great and generous souls are ever found to be the most placable, and are easiest appeased: while the weak and fearful are guilty of the greatest barbarities, as not know∣ing how to allot any measure or bounds to their anger.

1. A Student,* 1.138 sufficiently skill'd in Philoso∣phy, fell at odds with his fellow Student, boat him with his ••ists, and gave him a great deal of reproachful language; not content with this, he meditated a further Revenge. Pretending sor∣row for what had past, he invites him to a Feast, where they should be reconciled: here he offers him a Cup of Wine, which he had mixed with two ounces of the blood of a red hair'd man, who but a while before had breath'd a vein, he put in sugar in the sight of all that were present. The other, in token of friendship, willingly takes off the poyson. The next day he was sensi∣ble of no inconvenience; but after a third was past, he seemed to have some dotage in his dis∣courses; at length he became a meer fool, and so continued while he lived: no kind of remedy being found any whit available to him.

2. In the Isle of Majorca,* 1.139 there was a Lord of a Castle, who amongst others kept a Negro slave, and for some fault of his had beaten with some severity; the Villain Moor watching his oppor∣tunity, when his Master and the rest were absent, shut the door against him; and at his return he thus acted his damnable Revenge: while his Lord stood without demanding entrance, he re∣viled him, violated the honour of his Lady, threw her and two of his young children out at the Castle windows, and stood ready to do the like with the third and youngest child: The miserable father, who had beheld the ruine of all his Family but this one, begged of his slave to save the life of that little one; which the cruel slave refused, un∣less he would cut off his own nose: the pitiful Pa∣rent accepted the condition, and had no sooner performed it, but the bloody Villain first cast the infant down head-long, and then himself in a barbarous bravery, thereby to elude the desired Revenge of his abused Lord.

3. As I went from Rome with my company,* 1.140 saith Camerarius, passing through the Marquisate of Ancona, we were to go through a City cal∣led Terni: As we entred the City, we saw over the gate, upon an high Tower, a certain Tablet, to which were fastened (as at first it seemed to us) a great many Batts or Reermice; we think∣ing it a strange sight, and not knowing what it meant, one of the City, whom we asked, told us thus: There was, said he, in this City two

Noble, Rich, and mighty houses, which of a long time bare an irreconcilable hatred one against the other: their malice passed from father to son, as it were by inheritance, by occasion of which many of both houses were slain and mur∣dered. At last the one house not many years since, resolved to stand no more upon murdering one or two of the adverse party by surprize, but to run upon them all at once, and not to leave one of them alive. This bloody Family secret∣ly gathered together out of the Country ad∣joining, with their servants, and such other Bra∣vo's as many Italians keep in pay to employ in the execution of their Revenges; these were privily armed, and had notice to be ready at a word. About midnight they seize upon the per∣son of the Governour of the City, and leaving Guards in his house, go on silently to the house of their enemy, disposing Troops at the end of every Street. About ten of them take the Go∣vernour in the midst of them, as if they had been the Archers of his Guard, whom they com∣pelled by setting a Poynard to his throat, to command speedy entrance; he caused the doors to be opened, for they seeing the Governour there, made no refusal: which done, they call their Complices that stood not far off, put the Governour into safe keeping, enter, and kill man, woman and child, yea and the very horses in the stable. That done, they force the Governour to command open the City gates, and so they depart, and disperse into private places amongst their friends; some fled to the next Sea Ports, and so gat far off: but such as staid any whit near, were so diligently searched for, that they were found, drawn out of their holes, and put to death with grievous tortures; after which their hands and feet being cut off, were nailed to that Tablet, saith he (which you saw as you entred the City) as a lesson to Posterity. The Sun having broiled those limbs so fastened, makes Travellers, that know nothing of the Tragedy, to suppose they are Reermice.

* 1.1414. Dionysius, the younger, a Tyrant of Sici∣ly, came to Locris, the birth place of his Mo∣ther Doris; there he took the most stately and capacious house in all the City; he caused all the rooms of it to be strew'd with a sort of wild Be∣teny and Roses; and having utterly cast off all shame, sent for several of the Locrensian Virgins, whom having stripped naked he tumbled with upon a bed, being also naked himself. But the incensed Citizens took a sharp revenge upon him (for this affront) in the persons of his Wife and Children: for having inflicted a thou∣sand torments upon these innocent persons; at last they thrust Needles into their fingers, be∣twixt their flesh and the nails, and then cut their throats; after which, they chopt their flesh in∣to small pieces, of which they boiled some, cursing all those that would make dainty to eat of it; the rest they dried and grinded, that it might be swallowed down in pottage by poor people; that which remained they cast into the Sea; their bones were beaten in Mortars, and the powder mingled with those horrible Messes; and the pottage, which they had made of hu∣mane flesh. As for the Tyrant himself, he was reduced to that necessity, that he went up and down playing upon a Cymbal, to procure food for his belly, and died in that miserable state.

5. Conrade Trincio, Lord of Fulingo, in the Dutchy of Spoleto, hearing that the Captain of the Castle of Nocera,* 1.142 had slain Nicholas Trincio, his brother, upon suspicion of Adultery, came and besieged this Captain, and held him so strait to it; that being out of all hope to save himself, he first cut the throats of his Wife and Children, and then threw himself down from an high Tower, that he might not fall alive into the power of Conrade. Who seeing himself fru∣strated of the means to torment him according to his intention, set upon the kindred, allies, friends and familiars; and as many of them as he could take, he tortured without all mercy; and after he had murdered them, plucked out their bowels; chopt their bodies into small par∣cels; hung up their quarters in the High-waies; their bowels and guts upon bushes, and places of shew, for Travellers to gaze on: behaving him∣self with that savage and outragious cruelty, that no man can call it a punishment or revenge, but must study to find out a fit name for it, and after all, perhaps, shall lose his labour.

6. Altobel,* 1.143 a Citizen of Tudertum (which some call Todi) in the Dutchy of Spoleto, made War upon his fellow Citizens, seized upon the City and State. After which he behaved himself with great cruelty amongst them, both towards rich and poor. Many in-roads he also made up on the Neighbour Territories; spoiled and risted some other Cities near Tudertum. At last he was defeated and taken Prisoner by the Popes Army: forthwith he was bound stark naked to a Post in the Market place, to the end that all they whom he had wrong'd might revenge themselves upon him, in what manner they pleased: Thi∣ther run the Mothers, whose Children he had killed, who, like so many wild beasts, begin to tear his body with their greedy Teeth; others wound, cut, and slash him; some in one sort, some in another; the fathers, kindred and friends of such as he had Massacred, pulled out his eyes, heart, entrails, not forgetting any point of ex∣tream rigour, which they made him not to feel. He with a courage desperately obstinate, endured these torments with constancy, saying, between times, That no new thing had happened unto him; and that long since he had foreseen within himself this punishment. Being dead they put an end to their fury, by cutting his body into morsels, which (like flesh in a Butchers Shop) were sold by weight, and afterwards eaten by those that bought them. Leander, in his de∣scription of Italy, saith, this fell out in his time.

7. The Duke of Limbourg deceasing without issue,* 1.144 the Duke of Brabant, and the Earl of Gelders, strove about the succession, each of them pretending right to it; when they could not agree they fell to arms: at last the Duke of Brabant wan the Victory in a Battel, and took, amongst other Prisoners, the Bishop of Collen, who followed the party of the Earl of Gelders. This Bishop, after he had been Prisoner to the Earl of Heynault the space of seven years, was set at liberty upon certain conditions which he accepted: and being ready to return home, he prayed the Earl that he would honour him so far, as to convey him into his Country: The Earl willingly condescended, and having brought him almost to Collen, not mistrusting any thing, he saw himself upon the sudden enclosed with a Troop of Horse-men, which took him and de∣livered him to the Bishop, who locked him up in a Prison, where he ended his daies: And the

more to vex and torment him, the Bishop cau∣sed an Iron Cage to be made and anointed all over with honey, which was laid out to the Sun, the Earl being locked fast within it. This was done in the memory of our Fathers, saith Philip Camerarius.

* 1.1458. Ranimirus the base son of Sanctius the great, was fetched out of a Monastery by those of Tarracon Anno 1017. and made King. After which in an expedition against the Moors, having taken his shield in his left and his lance in his right hand, he was bid by some Nobles about him to take the bridle of his Horse; how can I, said he, unless you reach it to be held in my teeth, seeing both my hands are already full. At this the Nobles fell into a laughter, and he there∣at conceived such displeasure against them, that having sent for eleven of the chief of them to Ostea, he caused their heads to be struck off, on∣ly saying, the Fox knew not who he played with.

* 1.1469. Anaximenes one of the Master; and Compa∣nions of Alexander the Great, that he might re∣venge himself of Theopompus the son of Damostratus wrote a malevolent history exquisitely expressed, this he sent forth under the name of Theopompus (whose stile he had imitated to the very life) and dedicated it to the Athenians and Lacedemo∣nians; by which means he raised bitter and po∣tent enemies to Theopompus throughout all Greece.

* 1.14710. C. Cornisicius a Poet and Emulator of Vir∣gil, when he saw the Souldiers often flying, he called them Helmetted Hares; who so far re∣sented this term of ignominy, that upon the first opportunity they all deserted him in fight, and so he was slain upon the place by the enemy.

* 1.14811. Vitellius the Emperour upon the coming of Vespasian, was seised upon by the people of Rome; they bound his hands behind him, put a halter about his neck, tor•• his garments, and drew him half naked into the Forum; they taunt∣ed him all along the street called the Sacred way, with the most opprobrious spe••ches. They drew backward the hairs of his head, as is usu∣al with heinous Malefactours; they underser his chin with the point of a Sword, that he might carry his face aloft to be seen of all men; some cast dirt and dung upon him, others called him Incendiary and Gormandizer, others upbraided him with defaults in his body; at the last he was cruelly put to death at the Gemonies with little blows, and by slow degrees; thence he was drawn with a hook, and his dead body thrown in Tiber.

* 1.14912. M. Tullius Cicero had made some invective Orations against M. Antonius, for which when Antonius came to be of the Triumvirate, he caused him to be slain. Fulvia the Wife of Antonius not satisfied with the death of that great Orator, cau∣sed his head to be brought to her, upon which she bestowed many curses; she spat in the face of it, she placed it upon her lap, and opening the mouth, drew out the tongue, and pricked it in divers places with a needle; and after all cau∣sed it to be set up in a high and eminent place, over those Pulpits from whence the Orators use to speak their Orations to the people. Reynolds Treat. pass. chap. 15. p. 150.

* 1.15013. Pope Stephen the seventh, having been hindred from the Popedom by Formosus his Pre∣decessour, when after his death he was made Pope, he caused his dead body to be taken out out of the Sepulchre, to be stript of the Ponti∣ficial Ornaments, cloathed in secular garments, and to be buried without the Church; he also caused his fingers to be cut off, and to be cast in∣to the River for the Fish to devour. When Ser∣gius the third came to be Pope, he caused the body of the same Formosus to be drawn out of its second burying place, to be beheaded in the Forum or Market-place, and then to be cast in∣to the River Tiber, to gratifie Lotharius the King of France, who thus hated the dead Formosus, for that by his means the Empire was translated from the French to the Berengari∣ans: others say that Sergius did this to Formo∣sus, because he had also opposed him in the Election.

14. Cambyses the son of Cyrus King of Persia,* 1.151 sent to Amasis King of Egypt, that he should send him his Daughter: Amasis knowing that the Per∣sian would use her but as one of his Concubines, not his Wife, and withall dreading his power, he sent Nitetes the Daughter of Apries the for∣mer King, adorned after the manner of his Daughter. The Daughter of Apries made known this deceit to Cambyses at her first coming, who was thereupon so incensed, that he resolved up∣on a war with Egypt: and though Amasis was dead before he could take Memphis; yet as soon as he had, he went thence to the City Sais, enters the Palace of Amasis, caused the body of him to be taken out of his Sepulcher, which done, he would have it to be scourged, pulled, beaten, prickt and used with all the contumely he could devise: this being done till the ministers of his pleasure were wearied, and seeing the salted Car∣case opposed their blows, so that no particle fell from it thereby, he at last caused it to be cast in∣to the fire, where it was burt to ashes.

15. Cyrus warring against Tonyris Queen of the Massagetes,* 1.152 had by a stratagem taken her Son Spargapises, for he had left part of his army with plentiful provisions of meats and wines, on pur∣pose to be seised upon. These troops Spargapi∣ses had cut in pieces, and that done, set himself and his army to feasting and carowsing; and while they were secure asleep, and enfeebled by drinking, Cyrus set upon them, killed and took most of them: Spargapises brought before Cyrus desired him that he might be unbound; when he was loosed and his hands at liberty (grieved for the discomfiture of his army) he slew him∣self. After which Tomyris in a great battle over∣threw the forces of Cyrus, and having found him amongst the dead, in revenge of her Sons death, she caused his head to be cut off, and to be thrown into a vessel full of humane blood; with this bitter sarcasm, say some, Satiate thy self with blood which thou hast so much thirsted af∣ter: but Herodotus thus, Thou hast destroyed my Son taken by guile, while I am alive and victo∣rious, but as I threatned I will satiate thee with blood.

16. A Noble Hungarian having found one in bed with his Wife,* 1.153 committed the Adulterer to prison there to be famished to death; and that he might the better attain his end, he caused a roasted Hen ever and anon to be let down to his nose, that by the smell of the meat his appetite might be excited to the greater eagerness, but he was not suffered to taste of it; only it was pre∣sented to make his punishment the more bit∣ter: when the miserable creature had endured this manner of usage for six days; the seventh it

was found that he had eaten the upper part of his own arms.

* 1.15417. When Paris was dead, Helena was marri∣ed to another of the Sons of Priamus called Dei∣phobus; and Troy being taken by the Greeks, Me∣nelaus her first (from whom she had been stolen) acted his revenge upon this later Husband with great severity; for he cut off his ears, and arms, and nose; and at the last when he had maimed him all over and in every part, he suffered him to dye in exquisite torments.

* 1.15518. Fridericus Barbarossa the Emperour, with a strong army besieged Millaine that had with∣drawn it self from under his obedience, and had lately affronted his Empress on this manner. The Empress desirous to see the City, and (not fearing to meet with any disrespect from a place under her Husbands jurisdiction) had put her self into it. The mad people seise upon her, set her upon the back of a Mule with her face to the tail-ward, and the tail in her hand instead of a bridle; and in this contumelious manner put her out at the other gate of the City. The Empe∣rour justly incensed, urged the besieged to yield, who at last did, and he received them to mercy upon this condition, that every person who de∣sired to live, should with their teeth take a Fig out of the genitals of a Mule, as many as refused were immediately to be beheaded: divers prefer∣red death before this ignominy; those that desi∣red life did what was commanded; whence came that scornful Proverb in Italy, when putting one of their fingers betwixt two others, they cry Eccolasico, behold the fig.

* 1.15619. There are no greater instances of revenge, saith Sabellicus, than in the factious Cities of Italy, where the Chiefs of the one faction falling into the hands of the other, it was a great favour to be beheaded or strangled. Pontanus adds, that he has heard his Grandmother tell, how in certain mortal differences betwixt some families, one of the opposite faction being taken, he was imme∣diately cut into small gobbets, his liver was thrown upon the hot coals, broiled and divided into little morsels, and distributed amongst their friends, invited to breakfast for that purpose; after which execrable feeding, there were brought cups not without the sprinklings of some of the gathered blood; then followed congratu∣lations amongst themselves, laughter, jests and witty passages to season their viands: and to con∣clude, they drank to God himself, as being the favourer of their so remarkable a revenge.

* 1.15720. A certain Italian having his enemy in his power, told him there was no possible way for him to save his life, unless he would immediate∣ly deny and renounce his Saviour: the overtime∣rous wretch in hope of mercy did it, when the other forthwith stabbed him to the heart, saying that now he had a full and noble revenge, fo•• he had killed him at once both body and soul.

* 1.15821. George Villiers Duke of Buckingham was stabbed at Portsmouth, Saturday, August 23. 1628. by Iohn Felton; it is said the Villain did it partly in revenge, for that the Duke had denyed him some Office he made sute for; nor is it improba∣ble, for I find him thus characterised: he was a person of a little stature, of a stout and revenge∣ful spirit; who having once received an injury from a Gentleman, he cut off a piece of his lit∣tle finger, and sent it with a challenge to the Gentleman to fight with him; thereby to let him know, that he valued not the exposing of his whole body to hazzard, so he might but have an opportunity to be revenged.

22. Anno 1500. at such time as Tamas Shaw ruled Persia,* 1.159 the City Spahawn (the metropo∣lis of all Persia surfeiting with luxury, refused not only to contribute reasonably to the Kings occasions (at that time molested with the Turks and Tartars) but audaciously withstood his desi∣red entrance. A rebellion so insufferable, as made him swear a revenge scarce to be parallell'd. With fury he assaults, in a rage enters it, firing a great part, and in all hostile severity pillaging each house: and to conclude, regarding neither the outcries of Old Men, weak Women nor innocent Children; in two dayes he made headless three hundred thousand of those late Spahawnians: and from Tamerlains rigid example at Damascus erects a Trophy (a Pillar of their Heads) as a memori∣al of their disloyalty, and his bitter revenge.

CHAP. XII. Of the great and grievous Oppressions, and unmercifulness of some men, and their punishments.

IN Scotland, in a place called Kile, there is a Rock about twelve foot high and as much in breadth: It is called the Deaf Craig, for though a man call never so loud, or shoot off a Gun on the one side, yet his fellow on the other side cannot hear the noise. Oppressours may be resembled to this stone, their hearts are as hard, and their ears are as deaf to the cryes of the poor; they are so too to the denunciation of the just judgements of God against them, otherwise so many of them had not come to the like la∣mentable ends.

1. Iohn Cameron was Bishop of Glasgow,* 1.160 a man given to violence and oppression, who commit∣ting many deeds full of cruelty and covetousness, especially upon his own Tenants and Vassals, made as the fame goeth, a fearful and unhappy end: For in the year 1446. the night before Christmas-day as he lay asleep in his house of Lockwood some seven miles from the City of Glas∣gow, he seemed to hear a voice summoning him to appear before the Tribunal of Christ, and give an account of his doings; thereupon he awaked, and being greatly terrified, did call his servants to bring lights and sit by him; he him∣self took a book in his hand and began to read, but the voice being again heard, struck all the servants with amazement; the same voice calling the third time far lowder and more fearfully, the Bishop after a heavy groan was found dead in the bed, his tongue hanging out of his mouth: this reported by Buchanan almost in the same words, I thought good to remember, as a nota∣ble example of Gods judgement against the cry∣ing sin of Oppression.

2. The magnificent Mosque or Temple in Cairo of Egypt was thus built.* 1.161 Assan Bassa, a man of a crafty and covetous disposition, desiring to gain himself a name in the world, by some famous structure which yet should be of little expences to himself; took this course: He caused it to be

proclaimed all abroad that his purpose was to build a Glorious Temple to the Honour of God; and that he might have the more happy success in this enterprise of his, he was determined to bestow a liberal Almes upon all comers of what place or country soever; appointing at the same time both the day and place for the distribution of this his largess. The fame of this brought an innumerable company of people, not only from all the parts of Egypt, but also from other King∣doms to Cairo. Assan against their coming had provided a mighty number of Shirts and Coats; now as many as came to partake of his bounty, he caused to be received in a large and ample Court, which one by one (and no otherwise) were ordered to pass from thence by several lit∣tle doors into another Court of equal extent; in their passage every man was stript of his own Cloaths, and instead of them forced to receive a Shirt and Coat of his providing. The subtilty of the business was this, that whatsoever so ma∣ny thousands of persons had brought along with them to defray their expences, might be deposi∣ted in one certain place appointed by himself; for he well knew the manner of men in those Countrys, was to sow up in their Shirts or Caps, all the mony they carried with them. At last a doleful and lamentable cry arose amongst the spoiled people, imploring Assan to restore them their own cloaths: he deriding at once both their clamours and tears, caused all their garments to be cast into a mighty fire pre∣pared for the purpose; from whence after they were burnt, was taken up such a quantity of Silver and Gold, as sufficed to begin and finish that noble structure he had resolved upon. But observe after what manner the insolent oppressi∣on of this man was punished. The Turkish Em∣perour being informed of the wickedness of As∣san, sent Ibraim Bassa with his letters to him, wrapt up (as the manner is) in black silk: the tenour of which was this: Assoon as this our Messenger is come to thee, our will and pleasure is, that thou send us by him thy head unto Con∣stantinople. In vain was it to dispute the com∣mand of his Lord, and thus the miserble man pe∣rished.

* 1.1623. William the Conquerour for his game, and the pleasure he took in hunting, enforested thir∣ty miles in Hamshire, pulled down thirty six Pa∣rish Churches, and dispeopled all the place, cha∣sing the inhabitants from the places of their inhe∣ritance. But the just hand of God was visible and remarkable upon his posterity, for this his grievous oppression: for in this very New Forest, his two Sons, Richard by a pestilent air, and King William Rufus by the shot of an Arrow, and his Grandson Henry, son of Duke Robert by hanging in a bough, as Absolom, came to their untimely ends.

* 1.1634. Anno Dom. 1570. at Ry•• in Sussex, there was a strange example of Gods judgements upon a covetous oppressive Gentleman, and one that desired to grind the faces of the Poor. This Gentleman living near the Sea, had a Marsh, wherein upon poles Fishermen used to dry their Nets; for which he received of them yearly a sufficient sum of money: but at length not being content with it, he caused his servants to pluck up the poles, not suffering the Fishermen to come upon his ground any longer, except they would compound at a larger rate; but it came to pass the same night, that the Sea breaking in, over∣whelmed all his Marsh; which saith Hollinshead continueth in that manner to this very day.

5. Lucullus the Roman Consul visiting the Ci∣ties of Asia,* 1.164 found the poor country afflict∣ed, and oppressed with so many evils and mise∣ries, as no man living could believe, nor tongue express: for the extream and horrible covetous∣ness of the Farmers, Customers and Roman Usu∣rers did not only devour it, but kept the people also in such miserable bondage and thraldome; that Fathers were forced to sell their goodly Sons, and Daughters ready for marriage, to pay the interest and use money, of that which they had borrowed to pay their fines withall; yea they were forced to sell the Tables dedicated to the Temples, the statues of their gods, and other Ornaments and Jewels of their Temples; and yet in the end they themselves were adjudged for bondslaves to their cruel Creditors, to wear out their dayes in miserable servitude. And yet the worst of all was the pain and torment they put them to before they were so condemned; for some they imprisoned and cruelly racked, others they tormented upon a little brazen Horse, set them in the Stocks, made them stand naked in the greatest heat of Summer, and on the Ice in the deepest of Winter; so that bondage seemed to them a relief of their miseries, and a rest from their torments. Lucullus found the Cities of Asia full of such oppressions, whereof in a short time he exceedingly eased them.

6. King Iohn of England was a great oppres∣sour:* 1.165 on a time a Jew refusing to lend this King so much mony as he required, the King caused every day one of his great teeth to be pulled out by the space of seven dayes, and then the poor Jew was content to give the King ten thousand marks of silver, that the one tooth which he had left might not be pulled out. The same King assaulting the chastity of the Daughter of Robert Fitzwater called Mawd the fair, and by her repulsed, he is said to send a messenger to give her poyson in a poached Egg, whereof she died: not long after, he himself had but little better fate, being poysoned at Swinestead Abbey.

7. Luther reports that he being at Rome a great Cardinal died,* 1.166 and left behind him great store of mony. Before his death he had made his Will, and laid it in a Chest where his mony was. After his death the Chest was opened, and there∣in by the mony was found written in Parchment,

Dum potui rapui, rapiatis quando potestis.

I scrap'd together while I could, That you should do so too, I would.

8. Five Brethren of the Marshalls successively Earles of Pembrook dyed issueless.* 1.167 Which Ma∣thew Paris attributeth to the judgement of God upon them, for their Fathers iniquity, who de∣tained from the Bishop of Firning certain Ma∣nours which he had violently taken from him.

9. Lewis the eleventh,* 1.168 King of France, having been a great oppressour of his Subjects by ex∣cessive Taxes, and enforced Contributions; when he grew old resolved to redress that and other mischiefs, whereby they had been oppressed; but was in a short time after this purpose pre∣vented by death.

10. Anno Dom. 1234. in the reign of King Henry the third, there was a great dearth in

England,* 1.169 so that many people died for want of victuals. At which time Walter Grey Arch-bi∣shop of York, had great store of Corn, which he had hoarded up for five years together; yet in that time of scarcity refused to relieve the poor with it; but suspecting lest it might be destroyed with Vermine, he commanded it to be delivered to Husband-men, that dwelt in his Mannors, upon condition to return him as much New Corn after Harvest: but behold a terrible judgement of God upon him for his covetous∣ness and unmercifulness to the poor. When men came to one of his great Stacks of Corn near to the Town of Rippon, there appeared in the sheaves all over, the heads of Worms, Serpents and Toads; so that the Bayliffs were forced to build a high wall round about the Stack of Corn, and then to set it on fire, lest the venemous crea∣tures should have gone out, and poysoned the Corn in other places.

CHAP. XIII. Of the bloody and cruel Massacres in seve∣ral places, and their occasions.

THe Naturalists tell us of a Serpent (who is therefore called Haemorrhois) that wheresoever he bites, he makes the man all over bloody. It seems his poyson hath a par∣ticular command over the blood, so as to call it all into the outward parts of the body. The vul∣gar rout and headstrong multitude, when once it is enraged, is such another kind of Serpent▪ wheresoever the scene of its insolency is, it makes it all over bloody. This unbridled torrent bears all down before it; and being transported with its own fury, it knows no difference of age, sex or degree, till it hath converted a flourish∣ing place into an Akeldama, or a field of blood.

* 1.170In the year 1506. in Lisbon, upon the tenth day of April, many of the City went to the Church of Saint Dominicks to hear Mass: On the left side of this Church there is a Chapel much reveren∣ced by those of the Country, and called Iesus Chapel. Upon the Altar there stands a Cruci∣fix, the wound of whose side is covered over with a piece of Glass. Some of those that came thither to do their devotions, casting their eyes upon this hole, it seemed to them that a certain kind of glimmering light came forth of it: Then happy he that could first cry a miracle▪ and every one said that God shewed the testimo∣nies of his presence. A Iew that was but lately become a Christian there, denied that it was any miracle; saying it was not likely that out of a dry piece of Wood there should come such a light. Now albeit many of the standers by doubted of the miracle; yet hearing a Jew de∣ny it, they began to murmure; calling him wicked Apostate, a detestable enemy to Jesus Christ; and after they had sufficiently revile•• him with words, all the multitude foaming with anger, fall upon him, pluck off the hair of his head and beard, tread upon him, trail him in∣to the Church-yard, beat him to death, and kindling a great fire cast the dead body into it. All the residue of the people ran to this muti∣nous Company: there a certain Fryer made a Sermon, wherein he vehemently egged on his auditors to revenge the injury that our Lord had received. The people mad enough of them∣selves, were clean cast off of the hinges by this Exhortation: besides this two other Fryers took and held up a Cross as high as they could, cry∣ed out, Revenge, Heresie, Heresie, down with wicked Heresie, and destroy the wicked Nation. Then like hungry Dogs they fall upon the misera∣ble Jews, cut the throats of a great number, and drag them half dead to the fires, many of which they made for the purpose. They regarded not Age or Sex, but murdered Men, Women and Children; they brake open doors, rush into rooms, dash out Childrens brains against the walls; they went insolently into Churches, to pluck out thence the little Children, old Men and young Maids, that had taken hold of the Al∣tars, the Crosses and Images of Saints, crying misericordia, mercy, mercy; there they either so murdered them presently, or threw them out alive into the fire. Many that carried the port and shew of Jews, found themselves in great danger, and some were killed, and others wounded, before they could make proof that they had no relation to them. Some that bare a grudge to others, as they met them did but cry Jews, and they were presently beaten down, without having any liberty or leasure to answer for themselves. The Magistrates were not so hardy as to oppose themselves against the fury of the people: so that in three dayes the Cut-throats killed above two thousand Jewish persons. The King understanding the news of this horrible hurly burly, was extream∣ly wroth, and suddenly dispatched away Iaques Almeida, and Iaques Lopez, with full power to punish so great offences, who caused a great number of the seditious to be executed. The Fryers that had lift up the Cross, and animated the people to murder, were degraded and after∣wards hanged and burnt. The Magistrates that had been slack to repress this riot, were some put out of Office, and others fined; the City also was disfranchized of many priviledges and honours.

2. In the 1281 year since the birth of our Saviour,* 1.171 when Charles of Anjoy reigned in Si∣cily, his Souldiers all French men, lying in Ga∣risons in the Cities, grew so odious to the Sici∣lians, that they studied of nothing so much as how to be revenged, and to free themselves from the yoke of the French. The fittest and most resolute in this business, was a Gentleman called Iohn Prochyto. This Gentleman being just∣ly provoked by the French, who had forced his Wife, and finding himself much favoured by the Sicilian Lords and Gentlemen, begins by their counsel and support to build a strange de∣sign, for the entrapping of all the French at once, and abolishing for ever their memory in Sicilia. All which was so secretly carried for eighteen months, that ever since it hath been looked upon as a prodigious thing, that a design of that nature could possibly be so long and safe∣ly concealed by so many people, and so diffe∣rent in humour. The watch-word or signal was, that upon Easter-day, when the Bell should be∣gin to toll to Even-song, all the Sicilians should presently run to arms, and joyning together with one accord, should fall upon all the French

throughout Sicilia. Accordingly all the Inhabi∣tants of the I••le, were gathered together at the appointed hour, and armed ran upon the French, cut all their throats without taking so much as one prisoner, or sparing the Children, or Wo∣men gotten with Child by the French, that they might utterly extinguish the whole race of them. There were slain eight thousand at that time; and there escaped but a very small number, who fled into a Fort called Sperling, where for want of victuals they were all starved to death. This bloody Massacre, is to this day called the Sici∣lian Even-song.

* 1.1723. Anno 1572. was the bloody Parisian Mat∣tins, wherein was spilt so much Christian blood, that it flowed through the streets, like rain wa∣ter in great abundance: and this butchery of Men, Women and Children, continued so long, that the principal Rivers of the Kingdom were seen covered with murdered bodies; and their streams so dyed and stained with humane blood, that they who dwelt far from the place where this barbarous act was committed, abhorred the waters of those Rivers; and refused to use either it, or to eat of the fish taken therein for a long time after. This Tragedie was thus cun∣ningly plotted: A peace was made with the Pro∣testants, for assurance whereof, a marriage was solemnized, between Henry of Navarre, chief of the Protestant party, and the Lady Margaret, the Kings Sister. At this Wedding, there as∣sembled the Prince of Conde, the Admiral Colig∣ni, and divers others of chief note; but there was not so much Wine drank, as blood shed at it. At midnight the Watch-bell rung: the King of Navarre, and the Prince of Conde are taken prisoners, the Admiral murdered in his bed, and thirty thousand at the least, of the most potent men of the Religion, sent by the way of the Red Sea to find the nearest passage to the Land of Canaan.

* 1.1734. In the year 1311. and in the time of Pope Clement the fifth, all the order of the Knights Templars being condemned at the Council of Vienna, and adjudged to dye; Philip the Fair, King of France, urged by the Pope, and out of a covetous desire of store of Confications, gave way for men to charge them with crimes; and so these Innocents were put to death. The Great Master of the Order, together with two other of the principal Persons, one whereof was Brother to the Dolphin of Viennois, were publickly burnt together.

* 1.1745. Mithridates, King of Pomus, once a friend, and confederate of the Romans, and took their part against Aristonicus, who would not consent to the admission of the Romans, unto Pergamus, according to the last will of King Attalus: yet afterwards conceiving an ambitious hope to ob∣tain the Monarchy of all Asia; in one night he plotted and effected the death of all the Roman Souldiers, dispersed in Anatolia, to the number of one hundred and fifty thousand.

* 1.1756. The Massacre of the Fr••nch Protestants at Merindol and Chabriers, happened in the year 1545. the instrument of it being Mini••r, the Pre∣sident of the Council at Aix. For having con∣demned this poor people of Heresie, he muste∣red a small army, and set fire on the Villages: they of Merindol seeing the flame, with their Wives and Children fled into Woods, but were there butchered, or sent to the Galleys. One Boy they took, placed him against a Tree, and shot him to death with Calivers. Twenty five which had hid themselves in a Cave, were in part stifled, in part burnt. In Chabriers, they so inhumanely dealt with the young Wives and Maids, that most of them dyed immediately af∣ter. The Men and Women were put to the sword, the Children were re-baptized. Eight hun∣dred men were murthered in a Cave, and fourty Women put together into an old Barn, and burnt: yea such was the cruelty of these Souldiers to these poor Women, that when some of them had clambered to the top of the Barn▪ with an intent to leap down, the Souldiers beat them back again with their Pikes.

7. King Etheldred,* 1.176 the younger Son of Edgar, being oppressed and broken by the Danes, was forced to buy his peace of them at the yearly tribute of ten thousand pounds, which in a short time after was inhanced to fourty eight thousand pounds; which moneys were raised upon the Subjects by the name of Danegelt. Weary of these exactions (sending forth a secret commis∣sion into every City of his Kingdom) he plot∣ted warily with his Subjects, to kill all the Danes as they slept in their beds; which ac∣cordingly was put into execution, on St. Brices night, November 13. Anno 1012.

8. That Tribe of the Tartars,* 1.177 who are called Hippophagi, from their feeding upon Horse-flesh; made an expedition into Asia the greater, leaving Albania behind them they fell into Media. Phraortes the then King encountred them, but was over∣thrown; finding therefore he was not able to re∣move them by force, he assayed it by policy, perswading them to look Southward, as unto richer Countreys: hereupon full of prey and presents, they marched towards Egypt;: but were met in Syria by Psamniticus the Egyptian King, out∣••ying the Median (for he was the richer King) he loaded them with gifts and treasure, and sent them back again into Media, from whence they came; where for many years they afflicted that people, and the neighbouring Provinces, doubling their tributes, and using all kind of in∣solencies; till in the end Cyaxares, the Son and Successour of Phraortes, acquainting some of his most faithful Subjects, with his design, caused the better part of them to be plentifully feasted, made them drunk and slew them, recovering thereby the possession of his whole estate.

CHAP. XIII. Of the Excessive Prodigality of some Persons.

AT Padua in Italy they have a stone,* 1.178 call∣ed the stone of Turpitude; it is placed near the Senate House; hither it is that all Spendthrifts, and such as disclaim the pay∣ment of their debts are brought; and they are enforced to sit upon this Stone, with their hin∣der parts bare; that by this note of publick in∣famy and disgrace, others may be terrified from all such vain expenses, or borrowing more than they know they are able to pay. Great pity it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that there is not such a Stone in all the Coun∣treys

of the World; or at least some other hap∣py invention, whereby it might be provided, that there should be fewer followers of such pernicious examples, as were those that are hereafter related.

* 1.1791. Cresippus, Son to Chabrias a noble Athenian, was so prodigal, that after he had lavishly con∣sumed all his goods and other estate, he sold al∣so the very stones of his Fathers Tomb, in the building whereof the Athenians had disbursed one thousand Drachms.

* 1.1802. Paschisyrus, King of Crete, after that he had spent all that he had, and could other∣wise make, he at length sold his Kingdom al∣so; and lived afterwards privately in the City of Amathunta in Cyprus, where he dyed miserably.

* 1.1813. Heliogabalus the Emperour, was poss••ssed rather with a madness, than excess of prodiga∣lity; he filled his Fish-ponds with Rose-water; he supplied his Lamps with the precious Balsam, that distills from the Trees in Arabia; he wore upon his Shoos Pearls and Precious Stones, en∣graven by the hands of the most skilfull Artists; his Dining room was strewed with Saffron, and his Portico's with the dust of Gold: and he was never known to put on any Garment a second time, whether it was of the richest Silk, or wo∣ven with Gold.

* 1.1824. A young Prodigal, the Son of a rich and wealthy Citizen, and newly left the Heir of his deceased Father, did determine at once to please and gratifie his five Senses; and to that purpose he allowed to the delight of every se∣veral Sense, an hundred pounds. In the first place there••ore he bespake a curious fair Room richly hanged and furnished, with the most ex∣quisite Pictures to please his Eye; he had all the choycest Musick that could be heard of, to please the Ear; he had all the Aromatick and Odorife∣rous Perfumes, to content his Smell; all the Can∣dyes, Sweet-meats, Preserves and Junkets, even to the stretching of the Confectioners Art, to delight his Taste: lastly a fair and beautiful young Lady, to lodge with him in a soft Bed; and the finest Linnen that could be bought, to accommodate his Touch, all which he enjoyed at one time. He spent thirty thousand pounds in three years; and after all, swore if he had three times more than ever he had, he would spend it all to live one week like a God, though he was sure to be damned in Hell the next day after.

* 1.1835. King Demetrius having raised a Tax upon the Athenians, of two hundred and fifty Ta∣lents; when he saw all that mass of mony, laid on a heap before him, he gave it amongst his Curtezans, to buy them Sope.

* 1.1846. C. Caligula, in less than a year, scattered and consumed those infinite heaps of Gold and Silver, which Tiberius his Predecessor had heap∣ed up, amounting to no less than seven and twenty hundred millions of Sesterces.

* 1.1857. Of Vitellius, Iosephus yields this Testimo∣ny, that having reigned but eight months and five dayes, he was slain in the midst of the Ci∣ty; whose luxury and prodigality, should he have lived longer, the Empire could not have satisfied. And Tacitus also saith of him, that holding it fully sufficient, and not caring for the future, within the compass of a few months, he is said to have set going nine hundred millions of Sesterces; which sum, Budaeus having cast it up, thus pronounces of it; I affirm, saith he, is no less than twenty five hundred thousand Crowns.

8. When Nero had given so unreasonable a sum,* 1.186 that his Mother Agrippina thought it fit to restrain his boundless prodigality, She caused the whole sum to be laid upon the Table, as he was to pass by, that so the sight of it might work him to a sense of his folly; but he (as it seems) suspecting it to be his Mothers device, commands presently so much more to be added to it; and withal was heard to say aloud, I knew not that I gave so little. To Tiridates, during his abode in Italy, by the space of nine months, he allowed daily eight hundred thousand Sester∣ces; and besides at his parting, for a farewel, he bestowed on him no less than an hundred mil∣lions. The rest of his prodigal gifts were not disproportionable thereunto: so that in the whole, he cast away in prodigal needless gifts, two and twenty hundred millions of Sesterces: besides which, Menecrates a Fidler, and Specil∣lus a Fencer, he rewarded with the Patrimonies, Houses and Estates of such men as had been tri∣umphers in the City of Rome: he said they were poor and sordid that could keep account of their expences.

9. Demades the Athenian,* 1.187 as he was a rich, so doubtless a prodigal person; for whereas the Athenians had made a law, that no stranger should dance in their Theatre; and in case any should be found so to do; he who set forth the Plays, should pay a fine of one thousand Drachms. Demades not so much regarding this law, as his own pleasure, hired at once one hundred strangers to dance in his plays, and for them paid the fine of one hundred thousand Drachmes.

10. Agustinus Chiessius,* 1.188 a Banker or mony-merchant at Rome, at the christning of his Son, entertained Pope Leo the tenth, upon the River Tiber, and all the foraign Embassadours, with the Nobles of the City, with all exquisite and curious fare, dished out in costly Plate; and up∣on the changes of every Service (and they were not a few) all the meat, Plate and all was cast away into the River, and new and costlier still supplied in the room of them.

11. Stephen Langton,* 1.189 Archbishop of Canter∣bury, translated the bones of Thomas Becket, with so great expence at the solemnity, that neither he, nor four of his successors were able to recover the debt it cast his See and Church into.

12. Poppaea Sabina,* 1.190 the Wife of Nero, was at once so proud and prodigal, that her Mules had bridles and furnitures of Gold, were shod with Silver, and sometimes with Gold: and she kept five hundred female Asses always about her Court, in whose Milk she used to bath her body, that she might preserve the delicacy of her skin.

13. Philotas tells us,* 1.191 that he was one of the retainers of the eldest Son of M. Antonius that he had by Fulvia, and used to Sup with him amongst others of his Friends at such time as he Supped not with his Father. It chanced one night there was a loquacious Physician at Supper, that was troublesome to all the Guests by his importunity; which when Philotas ob∣served, he set upon him with this Sophisme. To him that hath a kind of Fevor cold water may be administred: but every man that hath •• Fevor, hath a kind of Fevor; therefore to every man that hath a Fevor, cold water may be administred: The Physician was amazed and

struck dumb with this fallacy; the Son of An∣tonius laughed, and was so well pleased there∣with, that pointing to a Cup-board standing on the side, and repleat with Cups and huge Dishes of Plate, he said, I give thee all that Philotas. He thanked him for his bounty, but thought of any thing rather, than that so little a Boy had the power of bestowing so great a lar∣gess. Soon after one of the Servants took down the Plate, bestowed them in a Vessel, and required Philotas to seal it up. Philotas refusing, and fearing to do it: what are you afraid of, said the Servant? know you not that he who is the giver is the Son of Anto∣ny, and may give away as much Gold. Yet if you will be ruled by me, accept of the worth of them in mony, lest possibly his Fa∣ther may be desirous of some one piece of it, for the Antiquity or Curiosity of the work∣manship.

* 1.19214. Caius Iulius Caesar, was extreamly profuse in his expences, while as yet but a private per∣son; insomuch that before he was called to any place of Magistracy, he had not only con∣sumed his own estate, but had also contract∣ed a debt of no less than three hundred ta∣lents; so that when he was sent forth as Praetor into Spain, he wittily said, that he wanted three hundred talents to be worth nothing; meaning, that no less a sum would enable him to pay his debts.

* 1.19315. King Henry the eighth at the dissoluti∣on of Abbeys, gave away large shares almost to every one that asked, as appears by a pleasant story. Two or three Gentlemen, the Kings Servants, waited at the door when the King was to come out, with a purpose to beg of his Highness a large parcel of Abbey-lands. One Mr. Iohn Champernoune another of his Servants seeing them, was very inquisitive to know their Suit, but they would not im∣part it to him. This while out comes the King, they kneel down, and so doth Mr. Cham∣pernoune (having an implicite faith that Courti∣ers would beg nothing hurtful to themselves) they present their Petition, the King grants it, they render him humble thanks, and so doth Mr. Champernoune. Afterwards he requires his share, they deny it; he appeals to the King, the King avowes his equal meaning in the lar∣gess; whereupon his Companions were fain to allot him the Priory of St. German in Corn∣wall, valued at two hundred fourty three pound eight shillings per Annum; so that a dumb beg∣gar met with a blind giver, the one as little knowing what he asked, as the other what he gave.

CHAP. XIV. Of the Prodigious Luxury of some Men in their Feasting.

IT is an old saying, Leges bonae ex malis mori∣bus procreantur, that good Laws have their original from the bad manners, and evil way of living in that people for whom they are made. By which we may easily observe, that the Romans were a people anciently and exceed∣ingly addicted to all kind of Luxury, in that there were so many Laws made to repress their proneness to the practice of this Vice. There was the Lex Orchia, Fannia, Didia, Licinia, Cornelia and divers others; yet all these too lit∣tle: for according as their riches increased, so did their inclination grow so forward this way, till at last in a monstrous sensuality, they had drowned and swallowed up, even the last re∣mainders of their primitive virtue. This per∣nicious example of theirs hath since been fol∣lowed by all sorts of men, the Prelates them∣selves not excepted; and the luxury of these our dayes is grown to that height, that we seem to exceed all that have gone before us: so that we want no instances, only let a Roman have the ho∣nour to march first.

1. L. Aelius Verus made a Supper wherein he expended sixty hundred thousand Sesterces;* 1.194 and which enhances the wonder, there were no more than twelve persons who at that time feast∣ed with him; he presented these twelve at their departure, with Silver, Gold, Crystalline and Myrrhine Vessels; for all these sorts of Cups had been made use of in that Feast; he also gave each of them a Mule adorned with the richest Trappings, to carry them home to their seve∣ral Houses. Now to enquire with what deli∣cates he treated these Guests, whom he so libe∣rally rewarded for their Company, is a curiosi∣ty only befitting such persons as rather desire to hear of things monstrous, than any ordinary in∣stances of luxury.

2. Not long since there was a Prelate stranger (whose name I will conceal for the honour of his profession) who one day invited to a feast all the Nobility of Avignon,* 1.195 as well Men as Wo∣men; where for a beginning of his Pompe, at the very entry into the Hall, where the Feast was appointed, lay spread upon a curious board, a great Beef with his head cut off, and his en∣trails taken out, having in his belly a whole Hart or Deer of the like dressing, stuffed full of little Birds, as Quailes, Partridges, Larks, Phea∣sants and other like, the same being so cunning∣ly conjoyned in the belly of the second beast, that it seemed some excellent Mathematician had been the Workman thereof. But that which made the matter both strange and wonderful, was that all the Birds so assembled did roast and turn all alone upon a broach, by certain Compass and Conduits without the help of any man. For the first course, his Guests were presented with store of curious Pastry, wherein were inclosed many little Birds quick, who as soon as the Crust was taken off, began to fly about the Hall. There were besides, sundry sorts of silver Plate full of

Jelly so subtilly conveyed, that a man might have seen in the bottom a number of little Fishes quick swimming and leaping in sweet water, to the great delight and pleasure of the Assistants. Neither is it less strange that all the Fowls which were served upon the Table were larded with Lamprey, though it was in a season when they cost half a Crown apiece. But that which seals up the Pomp of this proud Prelate, was, that there was reserved as many quick birds, as he was served with dead Fowls at his Table, so that if there were a Pheasant sent up dressed, there were Gentlemen appointed who presented ano∣ther alive: and all to shew the magnificence of the Priest. The consummation of his delights was that the Gentlemen which served him had their faces covered with a Veil, lest their breath should offend him or his meat. All which I have set down not for imitation, but rather that all good Christians should detest this prodigious example of unheard of Luxury.

* 1.1963. Anno Dom. 1470. in the tenth year of King Edward the fourth, George Nevill brother to the great Earl of Warwick, at his installment into his Arch-bishoprick of York, made a prodigious Feast to all the Nobility, most of the prime Clergy, and many of the great Gentry: where∣in by his Bill of Fare, three hundred quarters of Wheat, three hundred and thirty Tuns of Ale, one hundred and four Tuns of Wine, one Pipe of Spiced Wine, eighty fat Oxen, six wild Bulls, one thousand and four Weathers, three hun∣dred Hoggs, three hundred Calves, three thou∣sand Geese, three thousand Capons, three hun∣dred Piggs, one hundred Peacocks, two hundred Cranes, two hundred Kids, two thousand Chickens, four thousand Pidgeons, four thou∣sand Rabbets, two hundred and four Bittours, four thousand Ducks, four hundred Hersews, two hundred Pheasants, five hundred Partridges, four thousand Woodcocks, four hundred Plo∣vers, one hundred Curleus, one hundred Quails, one thousand Egrets, two hundred Rees, above four hundred Bucks, Does, and Roe-bucks, one thousand five hundred and six hot Venison Pa∣sties, four thousand cold Venison Pasties, one thousand dishes of Gelly parted, four thousand dishes of plain Gelly, four thousand cold Cu∣stards, two thousand hot Custards, three hun∣dred Pikes, three hundred Breams, eight Seals, four Porpuses, and four hundred Tarts. At this Feast the Earl of Warwick was Steward, the Earl of Bedford, Treasurer, the Lord Hastings, Comp∣troller, with many more Noble Officers; Servi∣tors one thousand, Cooks sixty two, Kitcheners five hundred and fifteen. But seven years after the King seized on all the Estate of this Arch∣bishop, and sent him over Prisoner to Callis in France, where Vinctus jacuit in summâ inopiâ, he was kept bound in extreme poverty, Justice thus punishing his former Prodigality.

* 1.1974. Anno Dom. 1543. Muleasses, King of Tunis, frighted by the coming of Barbarossa, as he was passing out of Sicilia, to have met the Emperour at Genoa, he was by contrary Winds driven first to Cajeta, and afterwards to Naples, where he was by the Vice-Roy honourably received, and an house appointed for him richly furnished. The Neapolitans wondring at the strange attire of the people, with the manner of their feeding, and curious plenty of all manner of sweet perfumes: For into every dish they put in odours of ex∣ceeding price, so that it was well known that a Peacock, and two Pheasants dressed after the Kings Kitchin, cost above an hundred Duckats: so that not only the dining-room (when they were carv'd up) but all the house was so filled with the strange and fragrant smell, that all they that dwelt near thereabouts were partakers of unusual and delicate perfumes.

5. Clodius Aesopus,* 1.198 the Tragedian, had a huge Charger or Platter, wherein he served up at the board all manner of singing birds, and such as could imitate the voice of man: the birds cost him six hundred Sesterces apiece, and the whole Charger six hundred thousand: and this he did, not that herein he sought to sooth his pallate, but only to have a name that he had eaten the re∣semblers of mans voice.

6. A. Vitellus had a famous Platter,* 1.199 which for the huge bigness of it, was called Minerva's Buckler, in this he blended together the Livers of Gilt-heads, the brains of Pheasants and Pea∣cocks, the Tongues of Phenicopters, and the milts of Lampreys, brought from the Spanish and Carpathian Seas, by the Masters of his Ships and Galleys. This Platter is said to have cost a Million of Sesterces, all of massy Silver, and was long preserved, till Adrian the Emperour caused it to be broken in pieces, and scattered about. This Vitellius Feasted usually three times (some∣times four) a day, every sitting being valued at four hundred thousand Sesterces; and he was able with the more ease to go through all these courses of eating, by a continual custom of vo∣miting, which, it seems, amongst these Belly∣gods was a continual practice.

7. L. Lucullus was a great Statesman,* 1.200 whom M. Tullius, and Pompey the Great, meeting by chance in the Market-place (out of a desire to know what his daily fare might be) they invited themselves to sup with him that night, but upon condition he should give no warning thereof, for that they desired not to put him to charge. He began at first to put them off with excuses for that time, wishing them rather to agree on the next day; but they importuning him for the present, he demanded of them, whether then they would suffer him to give order in what room they should sup? That they permitted, where∣upon he presently dispatches away a Messenger in their hearing, that he would that night sup in Apollo. After some time the Guests came, and find all things ready in a pompous and Princely manner, but knew not the true reason, all the cunning lying in the word Apollo; for he had so disposed of his Rooms, that being distinguished by names, their provision and charge (when he sat in them) was accordingly allotted to them. By which means his Steward and Cook (as soon as they heard the Room named) knew present∣ly what to provide. Now amongst the rest, that which bore the name of Apollo was chiefest; the summ allotted thereunto, being (as Plutarch saith) fifty thousand Drachmes, which Budaeus casts up to five thousand Crowns.

8. This Age of ours hath beheld Petrus Riarius Savonensis,* 1.201 of the Order of the Minorites (whom Pope Iulius the fourth made Cardinal) using garments of cloath of Gold, though he was at home. Nor did he think it sufficient that his Beds were covered with Counterpanes of Gold, but he also caused the very Ticking and Pillows to be made of Silk and cloath of Gold. He did the necessities of Nature in Silver. When Eleonora of Arragon was marr••ed to Hercules, the Duke

of Esti, and was departing to Ferrara, he made her a Feast at Rome, wherein were an excessive number of dishes, repleat with the most preci∣ous and delicate meats: betwixt Services were delightful Shews; it lasted for seven hours; and all the Servitors, that they might answer the greatness of the Feast, changed their garments as oft as they renewed the Service. That which was brought off the Table, was cast among the people. A particular commemoration of the sumptuousness would be too tedious: and lest he should seem to be wanting to the severity of his Order (I mean the contempt of it) he maintained Teresia his Concubine, not only open∣ly, but also with such cost (as may well be col∣lected from hence) that she went in Shoes, that were beset with Pearles. It is said of this man, that in two years he spent in luxurious vanity, no less than three hundred thousand Crowns.

* 1.2029. Apicius, a famous Belly-god, had laid up ninety Millions of Sesterces for no other purpose but only to be sacrificed in his Kitchin, besides many great gifts of Princes, and a mighty Re∣venue from the Capitol. Being in debt, he be∣gan at last (though sore against his will) to look into his reckonings, and take an account of his Estate, and found that (all being cast up) he had yet left unto himself clear, the summ of ten Millions of Sesterces: and thereupon, as if he should have been forced (poor man) to live in a hunger-starved condition, to redeem himself from this imaginary poverty he poysoned him∣self.

* 1.20310. Iulius Caesar, the Dictatour, borrowed of Hirtius six hundred Lampreys by weight, for the furnishing out of a triumphal Supper, and by weight to be repaid: and if such were his store of Lampreys, what shall we conceive of his other Provisions?

* 1.20411. Heliogabalus was of that excess in diet, that at one Supper he caused to be served in, the heads of six hundred Estridges, only for eating of their brains; being near the Sea, he never tasted fish; but in places farthest distant from the Sea, all his feeding was upon fish. In the in-land he fed the Country Clowns with the melts of Lampreys and Pikes. To be brief, he exceeded all the Suppers of Vitellius and Apicius.

* 1.20512. C. Caligula was such a one, saith Seneca, whom nature seems to have brought forth, to shew what effects the greatest vices joined with the greatest fortune could produce. This man, saith Suetonius, in thriftless expences exceeded the wits of all the prodigals that ever were, in∣venting most monstrous kinds of meats and sup∣pers. The most Orient Pearls that were to be gotten, he dissolved in Vinegar, and swallowed down; he set before his guests bread and Victu∣als of Gold, commonly saying, That a man had need be thrifty or Caesar. Yet notwithstanding, saith Seneca, being assisted with the inventions of all his Companions, he could hardly find the means to spend the Tributes of all the Provinces at one supper, though it was so much the easier, considering he practised the dissolving and swal∣lowing of Pearls.

* 1.20613. In the daies of Claudius, the Emperour, Drusillanus a slave of his, sirnamed Rotundus, the Treasurer under him in the higher Spain, had a Silver Charger of five hundred pound weight, for the working whereof there was a Forge framed afore-hand of set purpose; besides which he had eight more of a smaller size, weighing fifty pounds a-piece: now how many Slaves must there be to carry up these Vessels, and what Pro∣visions that required such Plate?

14. M. Antonius having but twelve Guests,* 1.207 provided eight Boars, one set to the fire after each other, that whensoever he came in (sooner or later) one, at least, might be served up in its prime. And yet was he exceeded herein; for one Caranus, as saith Athenaeus, set before every Guest a Boar, in a particular dish; what the un∣heard of magnificence of this Macedonian was in his Provisions, and gifts to his Guests in this his Nuptial Feast, is too tedious to relate, as it is set down by the same Athenaeus.

15. Two Pearls there were together the fairest and richest that have ever been known in the World,* 1.208 and those possessed at one time by Cleo∣patra, the last Queen of Aegypt, which came in∣to her hands by the means of the great Kings of the East, and were left to her by descent. This Princess, when Marcus Antonius had strained him∣self to feast her with all the sumptuousness and magnificence he could, in the height of her Pride and wanton bravery, she began to debase the expence and provision of Antony; and when he demanded how it was possible to go beyond his magnificence? She told him that she would spend upon him in one Supper an hundred thousand Sesterces. Antony laid great wagers upon it, and she bound it again. The morrow after it was to be tryed, and the wager won or lost. Cleopatra made him a Supper upon the appointed day, sumptuous and Royal enough, but no ex∣traordinary Service seen upon the board, where∣at Antony laugh'd her to scorn, by way of mockery, demanding to see the Bill of Fare, and an account of the particulars. She again said, All that had been served up already, was but the over-plus above the rate in question, af∣firming that yet in that Supper, she would make up the whole summ: yea her self alone would eat above that reckoning, and her own supper should cost six hundred thousand Sesterces; and with that commanded the second Service to be brought in. The Servitors, as they had in charge before, set before her only one Crewet of sharp Vinegar, the strength whereof is able to dissolve Pearls: now she had at her ears hanging those two most precious Pearls, the singular and only Jewels of the World, and even Natures wonder. As Antony looked wistly upon her, and expected what she would do, she took one of them from her ear, and so soon as it was li∣quified, drank it off: and as she was about to do the like by the other, L. Plancus the Judge of the wager, laid fast hold on it with his hand, and withal pronounced, That Antony had lost the wager: whereat Antony fell into a passion of anger. After, this brave Queen was taken Prisoner, and deprived of her Royal State, the other Pearl was cut in twain, and in memory of that one half Supper (that it might remain to Posterity) it was hung at both the ears of the Statue of Venus, in the Temple of Pantheon at Rome.

16. And yet,* 1.209 saith the same Pliny, as Prodi∣gal as these were, they shall not go away with the prize, in this kind, but shall lose the name of the chief and principal in superfluity of expence. For long before their time, Clodius, the son of Aesop, the Tragedian, the only heir of his father (who died exceeding wealthy) practised the like in Pearls of great price: so that Antony need not be over

proud of his Triumvirate, seeing he hath to match him in all his magnificence, one little bet∣ter than a Stage-player, who upon no wager at all laid (and that was more Princely, and done like a King) but only in a bravery, and to know what taste Pearls had, mortified them in Vine∣gar, and drank them up: and finding them to content his Pallate wondrous well, because he would not have all the pleasure by himself, and know the goodness thereof alone, he gave every Guest at Table one Pearl a-piece to drink: in like manner the same Author calls this Clodius, a young man, not only of a ruinous, but of a mad kind of Luxury; and (saith he) he threw away a vast Inheritance with all the speed he could, as if it had been an insupportable burden.

CHAP. XV. Of the Voraciousness of some great Eaters, and the Swallowers of Stones, &c.

WHereas we should eat to Live, and to enable these frail bodies of ours to a more chearful attendance upon the Soul in her several Functions: many of these who are hereafter mentioned, may seem to have lived for no other purpose than to eat. Some∣thing may be said in favour of those whom Disease hath brought to a Dog-like appetite: but nothing in the behalf of those Gluttons, whose paunches have been so immeasurably extended, only by a bestial custom, and an inordinate desire to gratifie their own sensuality.

* 1.2101. Aristus, an Arcadian, at one supper usual∣ly eat three Chenix of Bread, besides flesh and other provisions, which would abundantly sa∣tisfie six ordinary persons at a meal.

* 1.2112. Astydamas, the Milesian, who had three times overcome in the Olympick Games, being once invited by Ariobarzanes, the Persian, to Supper, promised that he would eat up all that which was provided for the whole company, which he also performed, devouring all that was the appointed provision for nine men.

* 1.2123. Herodotus, a Trumpeter of Maegara, usual∣ly eat six loaves of half a strike apiece, and twenty pounds of such flesh as came to hand, drinking therewith two Congies of Wine.

* 1.2134. There was a woman of Alexandria, saith Athenaeus, that used to eat at once, twelve pounds of flesh, and above four pounds of Bread, and together with it drank up ten pints of Wine.

* 1.2145. The Emperour Maximinus used, saith Ca∣pitolinus, to eat in one day forty pounds of flesh, sixty, saith Cordus, and to drink with it an Am∣pho••a of Wine, Capital measure, which is eight Congies; I should fear to speak this, saith Lipsuis, but that it is affirmed by a good Author, and one most worthy of credit.

* 1.2156. Clodius Albinus, the Emperour, would eat so many Apples, Quantum ratio humana non pati∣tur, as no man would believe: he would eat for his break-fast, five hundred of those Figgs the Greeks call Callistruthia; Cordus adds an hundred Peaches of Campania, ten Melons of Ostia, twen∣ty pound weight of the Grapes of Lovinium, one hundred Gnat-sappers, and four hundred Oy∣sters. Out upon him, saith Lipsuis, God keep such a Plague from the Earth, at least from our Gardens, which he, together with the Herb Market, would swallow up and devour at once.

7. King Hardiknute,* 1.216 as Harold his brother for his swiftness was sirnamed Harefoot, so he for his intemperance in Diet, might have been sirnamed Swinesmouth, for his Tables were spread every day four times, and furnished with all kinds of curious dishes, as delighting in nothing but gor∣mandizing and swilling: but he had soon the re∣ward of his intemperance, for in a solemn As∣sembly and Banquet at Lambeth, revelling and carousing, he suddenly fell down without speech or breath, after he had Reigned only two years, and was buried at Winchester.

8. Theagenes Thasuis,* 1.217 a Wrastler, was of that voracity, that in one only day, without any other assistance, he would devour a whole Oxe.

9. Milo,* 1.218 the Crotonian, was also a notable de∣vourer: he used to eat twenty pounds of flesh, and as many of bread in a day, and drank three Choas of Wine. In the Olympick Games, when he had taken up an Ox on his shoulders and born him a Furlong; he alone the same day eat him up.

10. The Emperour Aurelianus was delighted exceedingly with one Phagon,* 1.219 who eat so very much, that in one day at his Table he would devour a whole Boar, an hundred Loaves, a Sheep, and a Pigg, and drink above an Orca; I know, saith Lipsius, it was a Wine Vessel, and bigger than the Amphora, but how much I know not.

11. Will you have an example,* 1.220 saith Lipsius, little beyond the memory of our fathers? Vguc∣cio Fagiolanus was one of the Tyrants of Italy, and his abode, for the most part, was at Lucca, till he was forced away: being therefore a ba∣nished man, and withal aged; he boasted at the Table of Canis Scaliger in Verona, that when he was young, he could eat four fat Capons, and as many Partridges, the roasted hind quarters of a Kid, a breast of Veal stuffed, besides all kind of Sawces at one Supper: this he did to lay his hunger, what if he had eat for a wager?

12. Anno 1511. the Emperour Maximilian, being at Augusta, there was presented to him a man of a prodigious bigness, and incredible strength and stomach,* 1.221 insomuch that at one meal he would eat a whole Sheep or Calf raw, and when he had so done, professed he had not sa∣tisfied his hunger. It's said he was born in the Northern parts, where, by reason of the cold, men use to have great stomachs, although the edacity of this man is almost incredible.

13. Nicolas Wood of Harrisom, in the County of Kent,* 1.222 Yeoman, did with ease eat a whole Sheep of sixteen shillings price, and that raw, at one meal; another time he eat thirty dozen of Pidgeons. At Sir William Sydleyes he eat as much as would have sufficed thirty men; at the Lord Wottons in Kent he eat at one meal fourscore and four Rabbets, which number would have sufficed an hundred threescore and eight men, allowing to each half a Rabbet; he suddenly devoured eighteen yards of black pudding, London mea∣sure; and when at once he had eat threescore pound weight of Cherries, he said they were

but wash-meat. He made an end of a whole Hogg at once, and after it (for fruit) swal∣lowed three pecks of Damsons, after he had broken his fast, having (as he said) eaten one pottle of Milk, one pottle of Pottage, with Bread, Butter and Cheese. He eat in my pre∣sence, saith Taylour, six penny wheaten Loaves, three six-penny Veal Pies, one pound of sweet Butter, one good dish of Thorne-back, and a shiver of a peck houshold loaf of an inch thick, and all this in the space of an hour; the house yielded no more, and so he departed unsatisfied. One Iohn Dale was too hard for him at a place called Lenham, he laid a wager he would fill Woods belly with good wholsom victuals for two shillings; and a Gentleman that laid the contra∣ry wag'd, that when he had eaten out Dales two shillings, he should then forthwith eat up a good Sirloin of Beef: Dale bought six pots of mighty Ale, and twelve new penny white loaves, which he sopp'd in the Ale, the powerful fume whereof conquered this conqueror, and laid him in a sleep, to the preservation of the roast Beef, and unexpected winning of the wager. He spent all his Estate to provide provant for his belly, and though a Landed man, and a true labourer, dy'd very poor about the year 1630.

* 1.22314. Cornelius Gemma speaks of a woman in his time, who for one moments space was not able to forbear eating or drinking, if she did it would be with her as if she were strangling: This distemper which she had almost from her childhood, encreased upon her with her age. Being dead, her belly was opened, and thence al∣most twenty pounds of sat taken; her Liver was found turgid with blood and spirits, intensely red and of an incredible bigness.

* 1.22415. Tobias Fisher, an eminent Physician, saith, he knew a man of fifty years of age, who from his youth was wont, with a strange kind of gree∣diness, to take in all sorts of food, and as speedily to eject them. He adds, that this kind of hunger did seise him at stated times, that his strong appetite lasted not above twenty daies, that for so many daies after he had a loathing of all things, and that the rest of the year he eat sparingly, and lived in good health.

* 1.22516. Anno 1606. there was at Prague a certain Silesian, who, for a small reward in money, did (in the presence of many persons) swallow down white stones to the number of forty six: they weighed well near three pounds; the least of them was of the bigness of a Pidgeons egge, so that I could scarce hold them all in my hand at four times: this rash adventure he divers years made for gain, and was sensible of no injury to his health thereby.

* 1.22617. Not long ago there was here in England a private Souldier (who, for ought I know, is yet alive) very famous for digesting of stones; and a very inquisitive man (that gave me the accuratest account I have met with concerning him) assures me, that he knew him familiarly, and had the curiosity to keep in his company for twenty four hours together, to watch him, and not only observed that he eat nothing but stones in that time (or fragments of them of a pretty bigness) but also that his grosser excrement consisted chiefly of a sandy substance, as if the devoured stones had been in his body dissolved and crumbled into sand.

18. Crantzius tells of a certain Stage-player, who commonly eat at once as much as would suf∣fice ten men,* 1.227 by which means he had attain'd to a mighty corpulency; the King of Denmark being informed of him, and that he could do no more than another man, caused him to be taken and hanged up as a devourer of the labourers food, and a publick annoyance.

19. Firmius Seleucius (the same through whose conduct Aegypt revolted from the Emperour Aurelianus) did in one day eat up a whole Ostridge,* 1.228 which is the greatest of all birds that fly; he cat up several of those Horse-fishes that are found in the River Nilus; and used to swim with safety amongst the Crocodiles, having first his body all over anointed with the fat of them.

20. Anno 1594. being called from Collen to Reinback,* 1.229 to the care of a Noble person there, who lay sick of a grievous disease, continuing there for a Months space, I was well acquainted with the Minister of the place, a man of forty years of age, very strong and of a good habit of body: This man told me in good earnest, and upon his faith, that for seven years space he had been troubled with an intolerable hunger, that was so insatiable, that oftentimes he was con∣strain'd to go into the Field (wanting food at home) and thence cut up herbs and grass, and devour them raw as they were; he found no help from Physick in this his distemper: but at last in the seventh year, by a critical evacua∣tion, which then befell him, he was delivered of it.

CHAP. XVI. Of great Drinkers, and what quantities they have swallowed.

THe infusion of too great a quantity of Oyl immediately extinguishes the Lamp: the light of Reason, yes, and the Lamp of life it self are frequently suffocated, and put out for ever, by such immoderate potations as we shall hereafter read of. If some have sur∣vived those infamous victories they have this way gain'd, the greatest of their rewards were but mean compensations for their hazards; nor is the valour of such men to be admired who have dared to out-live their own vertue.

1. Firmius was Deputy of Aegypt under the Emperour Aurelianus,* 1.230 he being challenged by Barbarus, a famous Drinker, though he used not to drink much Wine but most water, yet took off two Buckets full of Wine, and remained so∣ber all the time of the Feast after.

2. That of the Emperour Maximinus is al∣most incredible,* 1.231 that he often drank in one day an Amphora of the Capitol, which is nine Gal∣lons our measure, counting a Gallon and a pint to the Congius, whereof the Amphora contained eight.

3. In the Reign of Aurelianus there was one Phagon,* 1.232 who drank out in one day plus Orcâ. What measure this Orca held I cannot well de∣termin, saith Dr. Hackwell; neither could Lipsi∣us himself: yet thus much confidently he affirms

of it,* 1.233 I know for certain, saith he, that it was a Vessel of Wine, and that bigger than the Am∣phora, but how much I know not.

* 1.2344. That was a right beast in this kind whose Epitaph was found at Rome, without the gate of Capena, saith Camerarius:

Heus hic situs est Offellius Buratius Bibulus, qui dum vixit aut bibit aut minxit, abi praeceps.

So hoe, here lies Offellius Buratius Bibulus, who while he lived, did either drink, or piss, go and be hang'd.

* 1.2355. Alexander the Great, who was this way sufficiently addicted, after the burning of Calanus, propounded a prize of drinking, wherein he that drank most, saith Plutarch, was one Proma∣chus: the prize was one Talent: Promachus took off four Congies, a Congius of old (saith Lipsi∣us) contained about ten pints, or six Sextaries; he had his Talent, and death into the bargain, for he died the third day after, together with one and forty other, who in that drunken match had striven beyond their strength.

* 1.2366. At a Feast that the same Alexander made, he called for a mighty Cup that held two Con∣gies, two Gallons and a pint, and offered it to one Proteus, who thankfully received it, and praising the King's liberality, took it clear off, with the great applause of the company: and then filling the same Cup again, took that off also; and after filling it, offered it to Alexander himself, who also drank it off, but not able to bear it, he fell with his head upon the Cushion, and the Cup fell out of his hands.

* 1.2377. Novellius Torquatus, a Millanois, wan the name from all the Romans and Italians in the mat∣ter of drinking: he had gone through all ho∣nourable degrees of dignity in Rome: he had been Pretor, and attained to the place of a Proconful: In all these Offices of State he wan no great name, but for drinking in the presence of Tiberius three Gallons of Wine at one draught; and before he took his breath again, he was dubb'd Knight by the name of Tricongius, or three Gallon Knight; and the Emperour did delight to behold him in the performance of such feats.

* 1.2388. Lipsius speaks of one Camaterus Logotheta, employed in the affairs of Manuel the Emperour of Constantinople, that he was of an excellent wit, and very happy in an ex tempore eloquence; he was one of the greatest drinkers of all others, and though he used to drink most Wine excessively, yet was not his reason drowned with that plenty, but was in all points as sober men are, yea at such times his reason and speech were more quick and elegant, as if inkindled by those spirits. He once agreed with the Emperour himself, that he would drink off a Porphyry Vessel that stood by full of water: the Emperour said he should receive such precious garments, and some cer∣tain pounds in money if he did it: if not, he him∣self should forfeit the worth of them. He im∣mediately stooping down with his head and neck, after the manner of a beast, never left sucking till he had drawn it dry, though it held two Congies of water, and so he wan and received of the Emperour his wager.

* 1.2399. A few years since, saith Lipsius, at the wedding of a Noble person in Bavaria, to exhi∣larate the Guests, there was a drinking wager propounded amongst the servants and retainers, and thither came one who drank little less than six Congies in a short space, and so went away with the prize. I confess, saith my Author, I have neither seen, read, nor heard the like.

10. Diotimus,* 1.240 the Athenian, was sirnamed Chone, that is, the Tunnel, for that one of these being put to his mouth, he drank Wine poured into it, without so much as requiring any space wherein to take his breath. Aelian. vaer. hist. l. 2. c. 41. c. 78.

11. The son of M. Tullius Cicero was so great a drinker,* 1.241 that it was ordinary with him to fetch off the quantity of two Congies at once, that is to say, two Gallons and a quart.

12. It was a kind of usual Rule amongst the Romans to drink down the evening,* 1.242 and to drink up the morning Star; and another of their com∣mon practises was, to drink so many cups and healths as there were letters in the name of their Mistresses, according to that of Martial:

Naevia sex cyathis, septem Iustina bibaiur, Quinque Lycas, Lyde quatuor, Ida tribus.

Six cups to Naevia's health, sev'n to Iustina be, To Lycas five, to Lyde four, and then to Ida three.

13. Heraclides,* 1.243 a Champion, is also famous at once both for his excessive eating and drink∣ing: he would swallow down such a mighty quantity of drink, that there was none found that could be able to match him. It was usual to invite some to breakfast, some to dinner, some to supper, and others to another eating bout af∣ter that: so that as one company went off, ano∣ther sat down, only he kept his place all the day, and was able to hold out with all those successive companies.

14. I have often seen,* 1.244 and not without asto∣nishment, a certain drinker of Malta, called Pe∣trus, who from place to place made tryal of his artifice; he having drank twenty or thirty cups of water at the pleasure of the Spectators, lie would suddenly restore them all by vomit, and as water running out of a Fountain, he would orderly fill up the cups as he drank them off. At other times he would spout out the whole quantity, at the distance of twenty foot or more; besides, if the company desired it he would not only restore the clear water, but so as that it should be of different both colour and taste: one while Rose-water, another spirit of Wine, Sack, Claret, White-wine, &c. and thus he fil∣led several cups with several sorts of drinks at one and the same vomit. He confessed he could do this with the most ease when he was fasting and his stomach empty: For if soon after din∣ner he was called by great persons to see this tryal, he used to vomit up his meat before his ventricle would be rightly disposed for the re∣ception of such a quantity of water. When he was to discharge himself of the liquor he had drank up, he performed it only with the pres∣sure of his hand upon his stomach or breast, that he might not be suspected of Magick; and to obtain licence for the publick ostentation of his gainful Art, he revealed the manner of his secret to Pope Vrban the eight at Rome, to Cardinal Richelieu at Paris, and to the Prince of Orange at the Hague. When some suspected that the Glasses gave the several colours, he caused them first to be clearly washed with water, and to shew he had no such fraud, he not only received

Glasses at the hand of Spectatours themselves; but also offered his several Vomits, as well to the tast as to the eye of any that desired to make the Experiment.

* 1.24515. Dionysius also in the Feast called Choas, propounded a drinking match, wherein whoso∣ever should be found to have drank a greater quantity than any of the rest, should have a Crown of Gold for his reward. Xenocrates of Chalcedon, was the man that obtained this inglo∣rious victory, and received the Crown accord∣ingly; who at his departure, placed it upon the Head of the Statue of Mercury, which stood at the Palace Gate: It being the custome for the Vi∣ctors, in all exercises, to leave their Crowns of Flowers, Myrtle, Ivy and Lawrel there, he would not supersede it for lucre of the Gold.

* 1.24616. And to conclude this Chapter, how ab∣surd and flithy soever it is, for a Woman to be observed too much addicted to the desire of drinking: yet it is remembred of one Clio, to her eternal infamy, that not only she used to contend with those of her own Sex in drinking, but also used to provoke men thereunto; with such success in her bestiality, that she was known to be able to drink, and bear away a greater quantity of Drink than any man she could meet with.

CHAP. XVII. Of Drunkenness, and what hath befallen some Men in theirs.

THe Father rightly describes the nature of this beastly vice, when he saith of it, That it is a flattering Devil, a sweet poyson, a delightful sin, which he that hath, hath not himself; and he that acts it, doth not only commit a sin, but is wholly converted into sin, being deserted of his Reason, which is at once his Councellor and Guardian: sometimes he dishonours himself by that which is ridicu∣lous; and at others exposes himself to utter∣most hazards, by dealing with things that are dangerous to himself and others.

* 1.2471. Timaeus tells of a House in Agrigentum, which was called the Galley, upon this occasion. There were certain young Men in it, who ha∣ving their heads well heated with drinking, were grown so infatuate and senseless with the Wine, that they verily believed they sailed in a Galley, which was tossed with the waves and winds in the midst of the Main Ocean. They thereupon entred into such a folly, that they cast out of the Windows into the Street, the Beds and all the Houshold-stuff, supposing they had thrown it into the Sea to lighten their Ve••∣sel, now in danger of being wracked. And when many came running, and carrying away every one something of what was cast out; yet were not these Youngsters at all awaked out of their dotage thereby. On the day following came some of the Magistrates to the place, found them in a vomiting condition; and to such of them as asked, they replied, That they had en∣dured great hardship by the Storm; that for the safety of their lives, they (by the advice of their Pilot) had cast part of their lading over∣board. The Magistrates admiring at this sense∣less stupidity, one of their Company who seem∣ed somewhat elder than the rest, rose up and said; As for me Noble Tritons (he took them for Sea-gods) fear hath made me repair to the Hold, where I haue lain under Decks as long as I was able. The Magistrates pitying this con∣tinued madness of the poor fellows; after they had reproved them, advised that thence-forward they should take heed how they took so liberal∣ly of the Creature, and dismissed them. They returned them thanks, and said, That if they should escape the fury of this Tempest, and arrive in safety at their Haven, they should not fail to erect Statues in publick to them amongst the rest of the Sea-gods, seeing they had so op∣portunely appeared to them for their safety.

2. Lonic••rus tells of one who was violently as∣saulted by the temptations of the Devil to com∣mit one of these three sins,* 1.248 either to be drunk once, or commit adultery with the Wife of his Neighbour, or else murder his Neighbour. At last being overcome, he yielded to commit the first, as judging it a crime that had less of horrour in it than either of the other. But being drunk, he was easily thrust on to the rest which before he had feared: for the flame of lust be∣ing kindled with his Luxury, he feared not to violate the chastity of his Neighbours Wife; and the Husband casually surprising him in the act, and desirous to revenge himself of the in∣jury he had sustained, received a mortal wound at his hand whereof he soon after died. Thus he that had given way to Drunkenness, was al∣so involved in Adultery and Murder.

3. A Gentleman,* 1.249 having been revelling abroad, was returning home when it was late at night; his head that was overladen with Wine, proved too heavy for the rest of his bo∣dy, so that he fell down in the street, not able to rise through the feebleness of his legs; he had his sword by his side, when another com∣ing by that way, and hearing the voice of his enemy at some distance, suddenly snatcht out the Drunkards sword; and having run it into the heart of his adversary, left it sticking in the wound, and in all haste conveyed himself away from the place. The Watch at that time chan∣ced to pass by, who finding a man lie dead with a sword in his body, and this drunken per∣son lying near him with his scabbard empty, they took him along with them to the Magistrate, who having received such apparent testimony against him, committed him to Prison: he was hanged for the murder though innocent; and afterwards the true murderer being to be hang∣ed for some other matter, confessed it was him∣self who had made use of his sword to act his own private revenge.

4. A young man newly returned from the Wars,* 1.250 in which he had been a Captain of a Troop of Horse, having drank liberally from the noon time of the day till it was far in the night, laid himself down to sleep upon a Bench, which was near to an open Casement; there was his Face beat upon all the night long by a thick Snow that had fallen. In the morning he had a strange writhing in the mouth, his right cheek which lay nearest to the Window was absolutely resolved, for he was not able to move the eye∣brow on that side, nor could he breathe or spi••

on that side of the face; besides, the whole part was changed in the fashion, bigness and colour of it, nor was he at last recovered with∣out a great deal of difficulty.

* 1.2515. When about thirty years since, I was a Student in a famous University in the upper Ger∣many, some riotous Students were entertained by a Nobleman at his Chamber, who intending to treat them to the height of intemperance, had so gorged himself with Wine, that he was fast asleep at the Table he sat by, in which po∣sture his associates left him, and departed. A great Wax-candle stood upon the Table, and in his sleep he had turned himself so inconveni∣ently for it, that it burnt his breast, and the parts about it in such manner that his inwards might be seen, which yet was not perceived by him that was buried in Wine. The Candle be∣ing burnt out, he yet remained snorting, and lying upon the wax and ashes. In the morning he was awaked by his fellow Tospots, and invited by them to a Cup of Wormwood-wine, when he complains of insufferable torments. The most skilful Physicions and professors of that Art were immediately sent for, but in vain did they endeavour to oppose so great a burning; so that in horrid torments, upon the third day following he concluded his miserable life, having first warned his Companions with tears to be∣ware of carowsing.

* 1.2526. Anno 1584. there was one at Leige who was most addicted to daily drunkenness, and in his Cups (as o••t as he had emptied his Pockets of his mony by playing at Cards) he used to swear, he would be the death of his Wives, Unkle, be∣cause he refused to furnish him with more mony to play with. This Uncle was a Canon, a good and honest man, especially a person of great hospitality. One night when he entertained a Letter-carrier, he was murdered by him, toge∣ther with a Neece and a little Nephew of his. All men admiring that the Canon was not pre∣sent at Mattins, who never used to absent him∣self; having long knocked at his doors in vain, this Drunkard of ours, having scarce digested his yesterdayes Ale, set up a Ladder to the Windows, and with others entred the House. Spying there three dead Corpse, they raise the Neighbourhood with a lamentable cry; amongst the whispers of whom, when some said that the Drunkard was the murderer, he was laid hold on, cast into Prison, and thrown up∣on the Rack; where he saith, that he doth not think that he did it; that by reason of his daily and continual drunkenness, he could af∣firm nothing of a certainty; that he had some∣time a will, or rather a velleity to kill the Canon, but that he should never have touched his Neece or young Nephew. Well, he was condemned, and the innocent, wretch, even in the presence of this execrable Letter-carrier, was long wearied with exquisite torments, and at last dyed an unheard of death. The Letter-carrier being again re∣turned to Leige, and not able to endure the hourly tortures of a revenging God inflicted upon his soul; of his own accord presented him∣self before the Judges, beseeching them, that by a speedy death he might be freed from that Hell he felt here alive; affirming that when he was awake (though seldom when asleep) the Image of the little Babe whom he had strangled presented it self to his eyes, shaking the Furies Whips at him, with such Flames as the Drunkard had perished in. When he spake this at the Tribunal, he continually fanned his face with his hands, as if to discuss the flames. The thing being evident by the Goods taken and other discoveries, he also the same year upon the 23d. of August was hanged till dead, and then burnt at a stake.

7. The Son of Cyrillus a Citizen of Hippo,* 1.253 be∣ing given to a riotous way of life, in one of his drunken sits committed violent incest with his Mother then big with Child, and endeavour∣ed to violate the Chastity of one of his Sisters, wounded two other of them, and slew his Father almost. So that St. Augustine writing about it, saith, Accidit hodie terribilis casus, a dreadful accident fell out.

8. Aristotle,* 1.254 speaking of the luxury of the Sy∣racusans, adds that Dionysius the younger con∣tinued drunk sometimes for the space of ninety dayes together, and thereby brought himself to purblind sight and bad eyes. Clarks Mir. cap. 91. p. 404.

9. The Emperour Zeno had made himself odious by the death of many Illustrious Persons;* 1.255 and besides led a life sufficiently corrupted and debauched, which was followed by a violent death. For say some, being much addicted to gluttony and drunkenness, he wo••ld fall down void of all sense and reason, little differing from a dead man; and being also hated by his Wife Ariadna, she caused him to be taken up in one of those drunken sits, and carried out as dead into one of the Imperial Monuments, which she or∣dered to be closed upon him, and covered with a massy stone: afterwards being returned to so∣briety, he sent forth lamentable cryes; but the Empress commanded none should regard him, and so he miserably▪ perished. Kornman. de mi∣rac. mort. lib. 7. cap. 59. p. 43.

10. One Medius,* 1.256 a Thessalian, keeping a Ge∣nial Feast in Babylon, earnestly besought Alex∣ander the Great, that he would not refuse his presence amongst them; he came and loaded himself with Wine sufficiently. At last, when he bad drank off the Great Cup o•• Hercules to the bottom, on the sudden, as if he had been struck with some mighty blow, he gave a shriek, and fetched a deep sigh: he was taken thence by the hands of his Friends who were near him; Physicians were called, who sate by him with all diligent attendance; but th•• distemper increas∣ing, and they perceiving that (notwithstanding all their care) he was tortured with most acute pains, they cast off all hopes of his life, as also he himself did; so that taking off his Ring from his finger, he gave it unto Perdiccas; and being ask∣ed whom he would should succeed him, he an∣swered The Best: this was his last word, for soon after he dyed, being the seventh month of the twelfth year of his reign.

11. Lyciscus was one of the Captains whom Agathocles had invited to Supper:* 1.257 in the War of Africa, this man being heated with Wine, fell into railing and contumelious language against the Prince himself: Agathocles himself bore with him, and because he was a person o•• good use to him in the War, he put off his bit∣ter speeches with a jest; but the Prince Archa∣gathus his Son was extreamly incensed, and re∣proved Lyciscus with threats. Supper ended, and the Commanders going to Archagathus his Tent, Lyciscus began to reproach the Prince al∣so, and with no less a matter, than adultery,

with his Mother-in-Law (that is to say) Alcia the Wife of Agathocles. Archagathus was so vehemently offended herewith, that snatching a Spear out of the hands of one of the Guard, he ran him therewith into the side in such manner that he presently fell dead at his foot. Thus his intemperance in Wine brought on another of the tongue, and both ended in an untimely death.

* 1.25812. In the year 1446. there was a Wedding near Zeghebnic, celebrated as it appears with such an unheard of intemperance and dissolute doings, that there dyed of extream surfeiting, by excessive drinking, no less than ninescore per∣sons as well Women as Men.

* 1.25913. Arcesilaus, the Son of Scythus an Acade∣mick Philosopher, being of the age of seventy and five, drank so much Wine, that the intem∣perate liberty he then took, brought him first in∣to madness, and from thence to death it self.

* 1.26014. There was in Salisbury not long since, one who in a Tavern, in the midst of his carowsing and healths, drank also a health to the Devil, saying, That if the Devil would not come and pledge him, he would not believe that there was either God or Devil; whereupon his Com∣panions stricken with horror hastned out of the Room, and presently after hearing an hideous noise, and smelling a stinking favour, the Vint∣ner ran up into the Chamber, and coming in, he missed his Guest, found the Window broken, the iron bar in it bowed and all bloody, but the man was never more heard of.

* 1.26113. At the Plow in Barnwel near Cambridge, a lusty young man with two of his neighbours, and one woman in their company, agreed to drink up a barrel of strong Beer, which according∣ly they did, but within twenty four hours three of them dyed, and the fourth hardly escaped after great sickness.

* 1.26216. Anno Dom. 1618. one Thomas Alred of Godma••chester, being a common Drunkard, was intreated by a Neighbour to unpitch a load of Hay; and being at that time drunk, the Pitch∣fork slipt out of his hand, which he stooping to take up again, fell from the Cart with his head downwards, and the Fork standing with the Tines upward, he fell directly upon them, which striking to his heart killed him imme∣diately.

* 1.26317. Alexander the Great invited his Friends to a solemn Feast, wherein among those that were drunk, mention was made of the atchieve∣ments of King Philip; Alexander preferred him∣self before his Father, and began to extol the greatness of his actions to the very Heavens, as most part of the Guests did flatteringly comply with him therein. When therefore Clytus pre∣suming upon the great friendship he had with the King (wherein none had a greater share) went about to defend the memory of Philip, and to extol his actions, Alexander was so offend∣ded herewith, that hastily snatching a Javelin out of the hands of one of the Guards, he slew Cly∣tus therewith at this drunken feast; and glorying in the death he had given him, he upbraided the dead with his Patronage of Philip, and the prai∣ses of his Fathers warfare. But so soon as his mind (satiated with blood) came to its usual re∣pose; and that honour succeeded in the place of anger; then considering the person slain, and also the occasion upon which, he began to repent of what he had done, and that he had received the praises of his Father with as great impatience, as perhaps was due to his reproaches. Now it grieved him that he had slain an old man, his Friend, an Innocent, and that also in the midst of his Cups: so that converting to repentance with the same fury as he had rushed into anger be∣fore, he was now determined to dye, and had killed himself but that he was hindered by his Friends; yet even then he would pine himself, had fasted for four dayes, and had done so till death, but that he was recalled by the comforts and counsel of Calisthenes, and the earnest inter∣cessions of his whole Army.

CHAP. XVIII. Of the Luxury and expence of some Per∣sons in Apparel, and their variety and vanity therein, and in their other Furniture.

WHen Michael Paleologus the Greek Em∣perour had sent certain rich Robes as a present to Nugas the Scythian Monarch: he asked of those that brought them, Nunquam calamitates, morbos, mortemque depelle∣re possent, whether they could drive away cala∣mities, sickness and death; for if they could not, they were not (in his opinion) to be much regarded. It seems there have been others of a contrary mind, as will appear by what follows.

1. Lollia Paulina,* 1.264 a Roman Lady, being invited to a banquet, went thither and carried about her in Chains, Carcanets and Precious Stones, a mil∣lion of Gold: her Father had despoiled all the Roman Provinces to cloath this only Daughter, and yet was afterwards enforced to drink poy∣son, being overwhelmed in the despair of his own affairs.

2. In the year 1544. there was found in Rome a Coffin of Marble eight foot long,* 1.265 and in it a Robe, embroidered with Goldsmiths work, which yielded six and thirty pound weight of Gold; besides fourty Rings, a cluster of Eme∣ralds, a little Mouse made of another Precious Stone; and amongst all those precious Magni∣ficences, two Leg-bones of a dead Corpse, known by the inscription of the Tombe to be the bones of the Empress Mary, Daughter of Stilicon, and Wife of the Emperour Honorius.

3. Charles,* 1.266 Duke of Burgundy, had one Gar∣ment of the price of two hundred thousand Duckets; a prodigious luxury, and which could not be maintained but by the expilation of his Subiects.

4. In the third year of the reign of King Richard the second,* 1.267 Sir Iohn Arundel with di∣vers others put to Sea, with a purpose to pass over into Britain, but were all cast away in a tempest. This Sir Iohn Arundel was then said in his furniture to have two and fifty new suits of apparel, made of Cloath of Gold and Tissue, all which were also lost at Sea.

5. Demetrius his garments were illustrious with Purple and Gold; his Shoos also were

daubed over with it.* 1.268 In his Cloak was woven the representation of the World and the Stars: so that when he fell from the Soveraignty of Macedon, no King how great soever that suc∣ceeded him, did dare to be seen in that Cloak; to so envyed a magnificence did the make and value of it amount.

* 1.2696. A Praetor in Rome intending to set forth the most sumptuous and magnificent shews he could devise, sent to Lucullus to borrow of him some store of short Cloaks; his answer was, that he would take a time to see if he had so many as the Praetor desired; and the next day sending to know what number would serve his turn; it being told him an hundred, he ••ad them take two hundred; but Horace speaks of a far greater number, no less than five thousand.

* 1.270—chlamydes Lucullus ut aiunt, &c.

Lucullus asked once if he could lend Vnto the Stage one hundred Cloaks; replied, How can I man so many? Yet i'le send As many as I have, when I have tried; Soon after writes, five thousand Cloaks I have, Take all or part, as many as you crave.

* 1.2717. At their publick Feasts, even private Ro∣mans changed their Cloaks, only for ostentation to shew their variety; hence that of the Poet.

Vndecies una surrexti Zoile coena, Et mutata tibi est Synthesis undecies.

Eleven times one Supper thou O Zoilus didst arise; As many times thou didst I trow Thy Mantle change likewise.

* 1.2728. The Emperour Henry the fifth, having conquered Sicily, and the Kingdom of Naples, had reached yet further in his hopes, and in∣tended for Greece: he therefore sent his Embas∣sadours to Alexius Angelus the Greek Empe∣rour, to demand of him a mighty sum of Gold as a Tribute from him, which if he denied, he would seek to obtain by War. Alexius inform∣ed of the arrival of these Foraigners, and their business; that by an ostentation of his splen∣dour and riches, he might possess them with re∣verence and dread of him, commanded his No∣bles to attend him adorned with Gold and the richest of their Jewels; he himself, from head to foot, was but one continued splendour, daz∣ling the eyes of all that beheld him. The Ger∣mans came, but so far were they from being ter∣rified with this Gallantry, that they wished for nothing more than to fight with these men, who they saw were prepared to enrich them with their spoils. The Grecians in the mean time directed their eyes to the Emperour; calling up∣on them to behold the glory of his Garments and Jewels: See, said they, how he appears like some flowery Meadow; in the midst of Winter you may here recreate your eyes, with the sweet pleasures of the Spring. The Germans replied, That they were not at all moved or affected with these feminine Ornaments, that the time was now come wherein the Greeks must change their Gold for Iron; for unless they should succeed in the Embassage, they must expect to fight with men, that do not glitter with Jewels as the Mea∣dows with Flowers; nor glory in their embroi∣dered Garments as Peacocks in their Plumage; but who (as the true Sons of Mars) in the fight would carry sparkles in their eyes, and whose sweat-drops, as they fell from them, should resemble Oriental Pearls. Thus they frighted these effeminate ones with their words, and had done it much more with their blows, but that the death of the Emperour Henry (which soon after followed) put a period to those pur∣poses. This was about Anno 1197.

9. Sir Walter Raleigh,* 1.273 in great favour with Queen Elizabeth, was observed in her Court, to wear his Shoos so set with Pearls and Precious Stones, that they were estimated to exceed the value of six thousand and six hundred Crowns.

10. C. Caligula,* 1.274 the Emperour, in his Appa∣rel, Shoos and other habit, did not alwayes wear what was according to the guise of his Country, what was Civil, Manlike, no nor what was suiting with a mortal man. He went some∣times attired in Cloaks of Needle-work em∣broidered with divers colours, and set out with Precious Stones; at others, in a Coat with long Sleeves, and with bracelets; sometimes you should see him in Silks, veiled all over in a loose Mantle of Tiffanie or transparent Linnen; one while in Greekish Slippers, or Buskins; other∣whiles in a simple pair of Brogues, or high Shoos; now and then also in Womens Panto∣fles and Pumps. For the most part he shewed himself abroad with a golden Beard, carrying in his hand a Thunderbolt, or three-forked Mace and Trident, or else a Warder or Rod called Caduceus, all of them the Ensigns and Ornaments of the Gods; yea sometimes he went in the at∣tire of Venus. His triumphal Robes and En∣signes he always wore, even before he made his Expedition; or else the Cuirace of Alexander the Great, which he had caused to be fetched out of his Sepulchre.

11. Heliogabalus the Emperour excelled all others in his prodigious Luxury in this kind;* 1.275 for his upper Garments were ever either of Gold or Purple, or else the richest Silks that were procu∣rable, nay sometimes all beset with Jewels and Pearls, which habit he was the first that brought up at Rome; his Shoos were bedecked with Precious Stones and Pearle: he never wore any Suit of Apparel twice. He thought of wearing a Diadem made up with Jewels, where∣with to set off his face, and render his aspect more effeminate. He sate commonly amongst Flowers or the most precious odours: his excre∣ments he discharged into Gold Vessels, and Urined in Vessels of Onyx, or Myrrhine pots. He ne∣ver swimmed but in Fishpools, that were before hand replete with the Nobler Unguents, and tinged with Saffron. His Houshold-stuff was Gold or Silver, his Bedsteads, Tables and Chests of Massy Silver, and so were his Cauldrons and other Pots; and even these and the most part of his other Vessels, had lascivious engravings represented on the sides of them.

12. Anno 1582. the seventh of May a rich Mer∣chants Daughter of Antwerp,* 1.276 came to a fearful and lamentable end: she being invited to a Wedding, and intending to shew her self in her greatest gallantry, sent for two Landresses to dress her Ruffs (then greatly in fashion) who bringing them home as well dressed as possibly they could, yet not to the satisfaction of her foolish curiosi∣ty; she in a great rage began to curse and swear; and throwing the Ruffs on the ground, wished

the Devil might take her, when she wore any of them again. In which time (by Gods permissi∣on) the Devil in the shape of a Gallant her Suitor, came to her, and questioning the cause of her rage; she told him how she was abused in setting her Ruffs. He undertook to please her, drest them; she liking them, put them on, and looking in the Glass was very well pleased. But while she was so doing, the Devil kissed her, and writhing her neck, killed her. Great pre∣parations were made for her Burial, and when four men went to move the Coffin, they could not; they opened the Coffin, and instead of the Body which was gone, there was seen sitting therein a black Cat, very lean and deformed, setting to great Ruffs and frizling of Hair, to the great fear and wonder of the beholders.

CHAP. XIX. Of Gaming, and some mens expensive∣ness therein, together with the wofull and dreadfull consequences of it.

ALexander the Great set a fine upon some of his Friends, for that when they were playing at Dice, he perceived they did not play; for there are many who are concerned in this sport, as if it was the most serious and weighty affair in the world. We cannot say that they play who permit their whole fortunes, yea sometimes their Wives and Children to the disposal of the Dice; and great pity it is that such should be played with; but rather that some exemplary punishment should be imposed upon so bold a prodigality.

* 1.2771. A Famous Gamester called Pimentel, an Italian, in the year 1603. came into France: It is said, and it is perfectly true, that this Cavalier hearing what a humour of play reigned at the French Court, caused a great number of false Dice to be made, of which he himself only knew the high and the low runners; hiring men to carry them into France: where after they had bought up and conveyed away all that were in Paris, he supplyed all the Shops with his own. By which means having subjected the Spirit of Play, and tyed the hands of Fortune, he arrived at last in France; where insinuating himself in∣to the Court, he was by some of his own Na∣tion, who had great interest there, soon brought acquainted with the King, and admitted as a Gamester. Amongst others the Duke of Esper∣non was one from whom he drew considerable sums; he got all his ready mony and many of his Jewels; and after these wan of him a piece of Ambergriese to the value of twenty thousand Crowns, the greatest that ever was seen in Europe, and which the Republick of Venice (to whom it was afterwards sold) preserve to this day in their Treasury as a great rarity.

* 1.2782. Henry Cheney, created by Queen Elizabeth Baron of Tuddington, in Bedfordshire, in his youth was very wild and venturous; he played at Dice with Henry the Second, King of France, from whom he wan a Diamond of great price at one cast; and being demanded by the King what shift he would have made to repair himself in case he had lost the cast: I have, said young Cheney (in an Hyberbolical brave) sheeps tails enough in Kent with their wool, to buy a better Diamond than this.

3. The Emperour Nero,* 1.279 as he was excessive∣ly prodigal in his gifts, so was he answerable thereunto in his Gaming, for he adventured four hundred thousand Sesterces upon every pick of the Dice.

4. Sir Miles Pateridge plaid at Dice with King Henry the Eighth,* 1.280 for Iesus Bells; they were four Bells the greatest in London, hanging in a fair Tower in St. Paul's Church-yard: it is true he was the winner, and brought the Bells to ring in his Pocket; but it is observed that the Ropes afterwards catcht about his neck, and for some offences he was hanged in the dayes of King Edward the sixth.

5. The Chineses delight excessively in all sorts of Games;* 1.281 they play at Chess, Irish, Passage, In and In, Hazzard; and not only play great games, but when they have lost, they care not though they stake their Wives and Children, whom if they lose, they part with till they can advance so much mony as they were staked for.

6 Anno Dom. 1533. near to Belissma in Helve∣tia,* 1.282 three men were playing at Dice on the Lords Day, and one of them called Vlrick Schraeterus having lost much money, at last expecting a good Cast, brake out into this cursed speech, If Fortune deceive me now I will thrust my Dagger into the very Body of God as far as I can! The Cast miscarrying, he drew his Dagger, and threw it against Heaven with all his might: when behold the Dagger vanished, and five drops of blood fell upon the Table in the midst of them, and immediately the Devil came in and carried away the blasphemous wretch, with such a noise that the whole City was amazed at it; the other half distracted with fear, strove with all their strength to wipe out the drops of blood, but the more they wiped it, the more clearly it appeared. The rumour hereof flying into the City, multi∣tudes flocked to the place, where they found the Gamesters washing the board: whom by the de∣cree of the Senate they bound with Chains, and carryed towards the Prison: but as they went by the way, one of them was stricken suddenly dead, with such a number of Lice and Worms creeping out of him, as was wonderful and loathsom to behold. The third (to avert the indignation that seemed to hang over their heads) was by the Citizens immediately put to death. The Table was preserved for a Monu∣ment to shew the accursedness of Dicing, with the inconveniences and mischiefs attending upon the same.

7. Anno Dom. 1550. there lived in Alsatia one Adam Steckman,* 1.283 who got his living by dressing of Vines: this man having received his wages lost it all at Dice, whereupon he grew so di∣stempered in mind, wanting wherewithal to maintain his Family, that in his Wives absence, he cut the throats of his three children, and would have hanged himself, but that his Wife coming in and seeing this pitiful Tragedy, gave a great out-cry, and fell down dead: whereup∣on the Neighbours coming in apprehended the man, who by the Law was adjudged to a cruel death.

8. Mesabates,* 1.284 the Eunuch of King Artaxerxes, had cut off the head and right hand of Cyrus,

the Kings brother, after he was dead; and as the manner of the Persians is, Parysatis, the Kings mother, and a mighty Lover of her son Cyrus, not finding a sufficient opportunity to be re∣venged of this Eunuch as she desired; at last she laid this design against his life. She was in other things a witty woman: but especially very skill∣ful at Dice, whereat she often plaid with the King, whom finding at leisure, she challenged to play for a thousand Darici, permitted him to win, and paid him the money; then feigning she was troubled at her loss, she requested that he would play once more for an Eunuch: it was agreed betwixt them, that which soever was beaten, should except live of their most faithful Eunuchs, and that out of the rest the conqueror might choose any such one as he should best like: The Game went on the side of Parysati••, who made choice of Mesabates, being not of the number whom the King had excepted; and be∣fore the King could understand her intention, she delivered him to the Executioners, with order to fley him alive, to fasten his body down-ward up∣on three Crosses, and to hang his Skin upon a Stake by it self. When this was done, the King was much incensed against her: but she laughing, put all o••f with a jest, You are, said she, a plea∣sant and gallant person, who are so wroth for the loss of an old and wicked Eunuch, whereas I can sit down and rest contented with the loss of a thousand Darici.

* 1.2859. Mr. Roger Ascham, School-master to Queen Elizabeth, and also her Secretary for the Latin Tongue, was so much addicted to Dicing and Cock-fighting, that he lived and died a poor man.

* 1.28610. The Emperour C. Caligula was so exceed∣ingly prodigal in his play, that it is said of him, that he adventured four hundred thousand Se∣sterces, which amounts to ten thousand Crowns, not upon every cast o•• the Dice, but upon every Punctum or prick of the Die.

* 1.28711. Ioannes Gonzaga had lost at Dice, a migh∣ty summ of money, his son Alexander stood by and shew'd some dislike at it; whereupon the fa∣ther turning to them that stood by, Alexander the Great, said he, hearing of a Victory that his ••ather had gain'd, is reported to be sad at the news, as fearing that there would be no∣thing lest for him to gain: but my son Alexander is afflicted at my loss, as ••earing there will be no∣thing left for him to lose.

* 1.28812. Caesar Borgia, Duke of Valentinois, when he had lost at Dice many thousand Crowns at one sitting, Well, said he, the sins of the Ger∣mans have paid for all this: for the money was of that Tribute which his father Pope Alexander the sixth had collected out of Germany for the sale of Pardons and Indulgences.

* 1.28913. Ludovicus Mediarotas, a Cardinal of Pa∣dua, and Patriarch of Aquileia, is said to have carried away the summ of twenty ••ive thousand Crowns from Alphonsus, King of Arragon and Naples, which it is certain he wan of him in one day while he played with him at Dice.

CHAP. XX. Of the oversights of some Persons of great abilities: and their imprudence in their speeches, or affairs.

IT is observed of those Chickens that are hatch'd by the warmth of the Ovens in the City of grand Cairo, that there is none of them but hath some blemish or other, something redundant, or something that is defective: and the same observation is made of the greatest wits, Nullum magnum ingenium sine mixtuâ de∣mentiae, something of madness or folly is still found in the most accomplish'd amongst men; Tanquam naevi in candido pectore, few breasts are so white but there are certain Moles to be seen upon them: and those that have been most ex∣ercised and practised in affairs, have had some such aberrations, wherein it should seem that all their prudence had forsaken them.

1. Enguerrand of Marigny,* 1.290 was a man of great abilities, and having governed the Finances under Philip the fair; afterwards seeing himself persecuted by Charles of Valois, by an inexcusa∣ble temerity threw away his life: For Charles sharply asking of him an account of the Trea∣sures of the deceased King, he freely answered, It is to you, Sir, I have given a good part of them, and the rest hath been employed in the Kings affairs. Whereupon the Prince giving him the lie, the other took the unseasonable boldness to reply, By God, Sir, it is you your self; this insolency sent him to the Gallows at Mountfaucon, which he had caused to be built in his greatest authority.

2. At Sir Henry Wotton's first going Embassa∣dour into Italy,* 1.291 as he passed through Germany he stayed some daies at Augusta, where having been in his former Travels well known by many of the best note for learning and ingenuity, with whom he passing an evening in merriment, was requested by Christopher Flecamore to write some s••n••ence in his Albo (a Book of white paper) which for that purpose many of the German Gentry usually carry about them: Sir Henry consenting to the motion, took an occasion from some accidental discourse of the present compa∣ny, to write a pleasant definition of an Embassador in these words, Legatus est vir bonus, peregrè mis∣sus, ad mentiendum Reipublicae causa, which Sir Henry could have been contented should have been thus Englished, An Embassadour is an ho∣nest man sent to lie abroad for the good of his Country: but the word for lie (being the hinge upon which the conceit should turn) was not so expressed in Latin, as would admit of so fair a construction as Sir Henry thought of in English. Yet as it was it slept quietly among other sen∣tences in this Albo almost eight years, till by ac∣cident it fell into the hands of Gasper Schioppius, a Romanist, a man of a restless spirit and mali∣cious Pen, who with Books against King Iames, Prints this as a principle of that Religion, pro∣fessed by the King and his Embassadour Sir Henry Wotton, then at Venice; and in Venice it was pre∣sently after written in several glass windows, and spitefully declared to be Sir Henry Wotton's.

This coming to the knowledge of King Iames, he apprehended it to be such an over-sight, such a weakness or worse in Sir Henry, as caused the King to express much wrath against him; and this caused Sir Henry to write two Apolo∣gie••, one to Velserus (one of the chie••s of Au∣gusta) in the universal language; and another to King Iames, which was so ingenuous, clear, and so choicely eloquent, that His Majesty at the receipt thereof, said, Sir H••nry Wotton had commuted su••ficiently for a greater offence.

* 1.2923. Lewis the eleventh King of France, one of the most Politick Princes that France ever had, be∣ing at Wars with his own brother Charles, Duke of Normandy; Francis, Duke of Britanny; and Charles, Duke of Burgundy, and desiring greatly to se∣parate the last from the other two, that he might th•• better be revenged on them, solicited him by his Embassadours to come to con••erence with him, which the Duke yielded unto, so that the meeting might be in a Town of his own, in the Frontiers of Flanders and France, for his better security, wherewith the King was well contented. The meeting therefore being appointed at Pe∣ronne, whither the Duke was come with his Army, and safe-conduct sent to the King by a Letter of the Dukes own hand; the King went thither without any forces or guard, to shew the confidence he had in the Duke, to oblige him the more, and to gain his good will: But the Duke seeing now his enemy in his power, and understanding at the same time that Leige ws re∣volted from him, by the solicitation of certain Embassadours o•• the King, took him prisoner, and would not release him unt••l he h••d reco∣vered the Town of Leige, whither he forced him to accompany him, with no small danger of his Person; and in the end having made him grant to some hard conditions in favour of his Confederates (against whom the King had espe∣cially plotted that Conference and Treaty) he released him. Now who sees not how grossly this Politician ••rred, wherein it might be pre∣sumed that a man of any experience could not have been deceived: First that having employ'd his Agents to stir up the Town of L••ige against the Duke, he did not counte••mand it, when he resolved to put himself into his hands; and then that he would upon any security or safe-conduct put himself to the courtesie and mercy of his enemy, without urgent and inevitable necessity.

* 1.2934. Thomas Ruthal was by King Henry the se∣venth, ••or his great abilities, preferred to be Bishop of Durham; King Henry the eighth made him of his Privy Council, notwithstanding the hatred which Cardinal Woolsey bare unto him. It happened that King Henry employed him as a Politick person to draw up a Breviate of the State of the Land, which he did, and got it fairly transcribed: but it fell out that instead thereof, he (deceived with the likeness of the cover and binding) Presented the King with a Book containing the Inventory of his own Estate, amounting to an invidious and almost an incredible summ of one hundred thousand pounds. Woolsey glad of this mistake, told the King he knew where a mass of money was, in case he needed it. This broke Ruthals heart, who had paid the third part of the cost of making the Bridge of Newcastle over Tyne, and in∣tended many more Benefactions, had not death on this unexpected occasion surprized him, Anno Dom. 1523.

5. The Duke of Ossuna,* 1.294 a little man but of great fame and fortune, was revoked from being Vice-Roy of Naples (the best employment the King of Spain hath for a subject) upon some disgust, and being come to this Court, where he was brought to give an account of his Go∣vernment, being troubled with the Gout, he carried his sword in his hand instead of his staff: the King misliking the manner of his posture, turned his back to him, and so went away. Thereupon he was over-heard to mutter, Esto es para servir muchachos, This it is to serve Boyes. This coming to the Kings oa••, he was apprehend∣ed, and committed Prisoner to a Monastery not far off, where he continued some years, until his Beard came to his girdle; then growing very ill, he was permitted to come to his house in Ma∣drid, being carried in a bed upon mens shoulders, where he died about the year 1622.

6. When Pope Iulius the second,* 1.295 attempted to deliver Italy from the Vltra Montani, he sent an Italian Embassadour to the King of England, to perswade him to take Arms in his behalf against the King of France: and the Embassa∣dour having delivered all that he had in charge to say, answer was given in the behalf of the King, That he was most ready and willing to defend the Pope, but that an Army was not so soon to be made ready: for that the English, by reason of their long Peace, had in a manner lost the use of Arms. And because they were to go against a King, who was no less mighty and puissant, than warlike, as was the King of France, there ought to be a time to make necessary provision for a War of so great importance. The Embassa∣dor presently to no purpose or reason added these words, Anchio hodetto pi•• volte questo medesimo à sua sanctita, which is to say, And I have often∣times said the same to his Holiness: these words which shewed the will of the Embassadour to be different from that of his Prince, gave great doubt and suspicion to the Kings Council, and they began to doubt that the Embassadour was rather inclined to favour the King of France than the Pope his Master; and setting secret Spies about him to observe his behaviour, it was perceived that by night he spake secretly with the French Embassadour, by which means he was undone; and if he had fallen into the hands of the Pope, he had peradventure put him to death. However by his imprudent answer, he both wronged himself, and was the occasion that the King of England was constrained to begin the War sooner than he would, who in deferring the succours had possibly accorded the contro∣versie betwixt the Pope and the French King.

7. Demaratus,* 1.296 which should have succeeded in the Kingdom of Sparta, was deprived thereof by Ariston his father, for one only imprudent word uttered without consideration in the Senate. Which was, that news being brought unto him that he had a son born, he counted upon his fingers how long his Wife had been with him, and see∣ing that there were no more than s••ven Months, and that usually women are delivered at nine, he said, It is not possible that he should be my son; these words turned to the great damage of De∣maratus: for after the death of Ariston his fa∣ther, the Spartans refused to give him the King∣dom, because the Ephori bare record that Ariston had said that it was not possible that Demaratus, born at the end of seven Months, should be his son, and that he had bound it with an Oath.

* 1.2978. Renzo de Ceri (a most honourable Captain in h••s time) was in the pay and ••ervice of Law∣rence de Medici, against Francis Maria, Duke of Vrbin. This Captain was advertised that cer∣tain Spanish Captains had plotted a Treason to deliver the Duke of Vrbin into the hands of the Duke of Florence: wherefore the said Renzo, talking with a Drum, demanded of him in jest and laughing (but with great inconsideration) When will these Spaniards deliver your Duke Prisoner? The Drum made no answer, but be∣ing returned to the Camp he reported to his Duke the words which Renzo had used to him, without any necessity or reason: wherefore the Duke of Vrbin having engraven them in his heart, stood upon his guard, and marked the behaviour of the Spanish Captains. In the end, through certain Letters and writings, found amongst their Baggage, the truth appeared, and the Conspirators against Duke Francis were known, who were committed to Prison, and convict of Treason. Thus Renzo was the cause why the Treason took no effect, the Captains were dispatched, and that Lawrence his Master made not so soon an end of the Wars, as other∣wise he might probably have done.

* 1.2989. Famous was the Contention between Chry∣sostom on the one part, and Th••ophilus, Cyril, and Epiphanius on the other about the burning or not burning of Origens Books, all good and great men, yet they grow so hot, that because Chryso∣stom would not consent to the burning, Theophi∣lus and Cyril would hardly acknowledge him a lawful Bishop, and Epiphanius in bitter chiding fell to such choler, as he said, he hoped he should not die a Bishop. To whom Chrysostom answered as eagerly again, That he trusted he should never return alive into his own Country of Cyprus: which chiding words were not so bit∣ter in sound as afterwards they proved true in∣deed: For both Epiphanius died before he gat home to Cyprus; and Chrysostom being put out of his Bishoprick, ended his life in banishment.

CHAP. XXI. Of the dangerous and destructive curiosity of some men.

* 1.299VEssalius was busied in the dissection of the body of a Person of Quality, meaning to find out the root of that distemper, which was supposed to have given him his death, when to his grief he found that which he looked not for: The heart panted, and there appeared other convincing signs, that the unfortunate No∣ble-man might have lived, had not he been so unseasonably Butchered: this cost the Anatomist much trouble and disgrace; and it hath fallen out with many others in the like ma••ner, who while they have been gratifying their curiosity, have occasioned irreparable injuries to themselves or others.

* 1.3001. Cornelius Agrippa living in Lorrain, had a young man who Tabled with him, one day be∣ing to go abroad he left the Keys of his Study with his Wife, but with great charge to keep them safe,* 1.301 and trust them to no man. The youth over-curious of Novelty, never ceased to importune the woman till ••he had lent him the Key to take view of his Library: he entred it, and light upon a Book of Conjurations, where∣in reading, he straight hears a great bouncing at the door; but not minding that, he reads on: the knocking grew greater and louder: but he making no answer, the Devil breaks open the door and enters, enquires what he commands him to have done, or why he was called: the youth amazed, and through extreme fear not able to answer, the Devil ••eises upon him, and wriths his neck in sunder. Agrippa returns and finds the young man dead, and the Devils in∣sulting over the Corpse, he retires to his Art and calls his Devil to an account of what had been done, who told him all that had passed: then he commanded the Homicide to enter the body, and walk with him into the Market-place, where the Students were frequent; and after two or three turns there, to forsake the body; he did so, the body falls down dead before the Scholars: all judge the reason of it, some sud∣den fit of an Apoplexy, but the marks about his neck and jaws rendred it somewhat suspicious; Agrippa concealed this story in Lorrain: but be∣ing banished thence, he afterwards feared not to publish it in Lorrain.

2. The Emperour Carracalla had a curiosity to know the name of him who was most like to succeed him,* 1.302 and employed one Maternianus to enquire amongst the Magicians of the Empire, by whom accordingly he was advertised, that Macrinus was to be the man: the Letters being brought unto Carracalla as he was in his Charriot, were by him delivered with the rest of his Pacquets to the hands of Macrinus (who was Captain of his Guard, and by his o••fice to at∣tend upon the person of the Emperour) that he might open them, and signifie unto him the con∣tents thereof at his better leisure. Macrinus finding by these the danger in which he stood, resolved to strike the first blow, and to that end entrusted Martialis one of his Centurions with the Exe∣cution, by whom the Emperour was slain at Edessa as he was going to make water.

3. Natholicus,* 1.303 King of Scotland, sent a great favorite of his to enquire of a famous Witch, what should be the success of a War which he had in hand, and other things concerning his person and estate, to whom she answered That Natholicus should not live long, and that he should be killed by one of his own servants; and being further urged to tell by whom? She said, that the Messenger himself should kill him; who, though he departed from her with great disdain, and reviled her, protesting that first he wo••ld suffer ten thousand deaths: yet thinking better upon the matter in his return, and ima∣gining that the King might come to know of the Witches answer by some means or other, and hold him ever after suspected, or perhaps make him away, resolved to kill him, which he pre∣sently after performed: Thus was that Prince punished for his wicked curiosity, in seeking by such unlawful means to know the secret determi∣nations of God.

4. Such was the fatally venturous curiosity of the elder Pliny,* 1.304 that as the younger relates, he could not be deterred by the formidableness of the destructive flames vomited by V••suvius, from endeavouring by their light to read the na∣ture

of such Vulcanian Hills: but in spight of all the disswasions of his friends, and the affright∣ing eruptions of that hideous place, he resolved that flaming wonder should rather kill him than escape him; and thereupon approached so near that he lost his life to satisfie his curiosity, and fell (if I may so speak) a Martyr to Physi∣ologie.

5. Alipius the intimate friend of St. Augustine went to Rome to improve himself in the study of the Law,* 1.305 and one day was unwillingly drawn to accompany them to a sword-Play. Though, saith he, you may compel my body, yet my eyes and mind you can lay no force upon. And there∣fore when he came to the Theatre he sat with his eyes closed: but hearing a mighty shout of the people, overcome with curiosity, and trust∣ing to himself that he was able both to see and despise whatsoever it should be, he opened his eyes and saw the blood that was drawn, drink∣ing up with the sight the same immanity where∣with it was shed and beheld by others: so that falling into a present delight and approbation of that bloody pleasure, he not only returned thi∣ther often himself, but drew others to the same place upon the like occasion.

* 1.3066. Nero the Emperour, about the sixty sixth year of Christ, possessed at once with a mad spirit of cruelty, and I know not what kind of foolish curiosity, that he might have the lively representation of the burning of Troy, caused a great part of the City of Rome to be set on fire; and afterwards to conceal himself from being thought the author of so great a villany, by an unparalleled slander, he cast the guilt of so hor∣rid a fact upon the Christians: whereupon an innumerable company of those Innocents were accused, and put to death, with variety of most cruel tortures.

7. In the Land of Transiane there was a Prince tributary to the King of Pegu,* 1.307 and his near Kinsman named Alfonge, who married a sister of the Prince of Tazatay, her name was Abelara, one of the greatest beauties in the Eastern parts: they lived a sweet and happy life with intire af∣fection; and for their greater felicity they had two Twin sons, who in their under-growth disco∣vered something of great and lofty, and ap∣peared singularly hopeful for the future. These Infants having attained their ten years, loved so cordially they could not live asunder, and the ones desire still met with the others consent in all things: but the Devil, the enemy of concord, inspires a curiosity into the minds of the father and mother to know their fates: and to their grief they were told the time should come when these two Brothers that now loved so fondly, should cut one anothers throats, which much astonished the poor Princes, and filled them with fearful apprehensions. The two Princes being come to their fifteen years, one said to the other, Brother, it must needs be you that must murther me, for I will sooner die a hundred deaths than do you the least imaginable harm. The other replied, Believe it not, good brother, I desire you, for you are as dear and dearer to me than my self. But the father to prevent the misfor∣tune, resolved to separate them, whereupon they grew so troubled and melancholy, that he was constrained to protract his design till an oc∣casion happened that invited all three, the father and two sons to a War betwixt the Kings of Narsinga and Pegu, upon title of Territories: but by the mediation of Bramins a peace was con∣cluded, upon condition these two young Princes should espouse the two daughters of the King of Narsinga, and that the King of Pegu, on him that married the elder, should confer all the Countries he took in the last War, with the Kingdom of Martaban: and the other brother, besides the Kingdom of Tazatay, should have that of Verma; the Nuptials consummated, each departed to his Territory; Lands spaciously di∣vided. Now it fell out that the King of Tazatay was engaged in a sharp War with the King of Mandranella, and sent to the two brother Princes for aid: who both hastened (unknown to each other) with great strength to his assistance. He from Verma came secretly to Town to visit a Lady (once their ancient Mistress) and the other brother being on the same design, they met at the Ladies gate by night, not knowing one another, where furious with jealousie, after some words, they drew and killed each other. One of them dying, gave humble thanks to God that he had prevented the direful Destiny of his Horo∣scope, not being the Assasine of his brother as 'twas prejudicated: hereupon the other ••inding him by his voice and discourse, drawing near his end himself, crept to him, and embraced him with tears and lamentations, and so both dole∣fully ended their daies together. The father being advertised of it, seeing his white hairs led by his own fault to so hard fortune, over-born with grief and despair, came and slew himself upon the bodies of his sons; and with the grief and tears of all the people, were buried all three in one Monument: which shews us the danger of too great curiosity.

CHAP. XXII. Of the Ignorance of the Ancients, and others.

THere never was, nor is there ever like to be (in this World) a beauty of that absolute compleatness and perfection, but there was some Mole to be discerned upon it; ••r at least some such thing as might have been wished away. It is not therefore the design of this Chapter to uncover the nakedness of our Fathers, so as to expose it to the petulancy of any, but rather to congratulate those further ac∣cessions of light and improvements in know∣ledge, which these latter Ages have attained unto, and to celebrate the wisdom and goodness of the great Creator, who hath not been so li∣beral in his impartments to our Progenitours, but that he hath reserved something wherewith to gratifie the modest inquiries, and industrious researches of after-times.

1. That there were any such men as Antipo∣des,* 1.308 was in former times reckoned a matter so ridiculous and impossible, that Boniface, Arch∣bishop of Mentz, happening to see a Tractate written by Virglius, Bishop of Saltzburg, touching the Antipodes, not knowing what damnable Doctrine might be couched under that strange name, made complaint first to the Duke of Bo∣hemia,

and afterwards to Pope Zachary, Anno 745. by whom the poor Bishop (unfortunate only in being Learned in such a time of igno∣rance) was condemned of Heresie. Even S. Au∣stin and La••tantius, and some other of the anci∣ent Writers, condemn this point of the Anti∣podes for an incredible ridiculous fable; and venerable Bede esteemed it for no better.

* 1.3092. The famous King Ethelbert had this Epitaph set upon him, which in those daies passed with applause,

Rex Ethelbertus hic clauditur in Polyandro, Fana pians certus Christo meat absque Meandro.

King Ethelbert lies here Clos'd in this Polyander: For building Churches sure he goes To Christ without Meander.

* 1.3103. And how low Learning ran in our Land amongst the native Nobility, some two hundred years since, in the Reign of King Henry the sixth, too plainly appears by the Motto on the sword of the Martial, Earl of Shrewsbury, which was, Sum Talboti, pro occidere in imicos meos, the best Latin that Lord, and perchance his Chaplains too (in that Age) could afford.

4. Rhemigius, an Interpreter of St. Paul's Epistles,* 1.311 Commenting upon these words, A vo∣bis diffamatus est sermo, tells us that diffamatus was somewhat improperly put for divulgatus: St. Paul being not very solicitous of the propriety of words. Whereupon Ludovicus Vives demands, What shall we say to these Masters in Israel, who know not that St. Paul wrote not in Latin but in Greek?

* 1.3125. It appears by the rescript of Pope Zaccha∣ry to Boniface a German Bishop, that a Priest in those parts baptized in this form, Baptizo te in nomine patria & filia & spiritua sancta. And by Erasmus, that some Divines in his time, would prove that Hereticks were to be put to death, because the Apostle saith, Haereticum hominem de∣vita, which it seems they understood as if he had said, De vitâ tolle.

6. Du Pratt, a Bishop and Chancellour of France,* 1.313 having received a Letter from Henry the eighth, King of England, to King Francis the first of France, wherein, amongst other things, he wrote Mitto tibi duodecem Molossos, I send you twelve Mastiff Doggs: the Chancellour taking Molossos to signi••ie Mules, made a Journey on purpose to Court to beg them of the King, who wondring at such a Present to be sent him from England, demanded the sight of the Letter, and smiling thereat, the Chancellour finding himself deceived, told him that he mistook Molossos for Muletos, and so hoping to mend the matter made it worse.

* 1.3147. The ignorance of former Ages was so gross in the point of Geography, that what time Pope Clement the sixth, had elected Lewis of Spain to be the Prince of the Fortunate Islands, and for his aid and assistance therein had Mustered Soul∣diers in France and Italy; our Country-men were verily perswaded that he was chosen Prince of Britain, as one of the Fortunate Islands. And our very Leiger Embassadours there with the Pope, were so deeply settled in this opinion, that forthwith they with-drew themselves from Rome, and hasted with all speed into England, there to certifie their friends and Country-men of the matter.

8. The head of Nilus was to the Ancients ut∣terly unknown,* 1.315 as witnesseth Herodotus, Strabo, and Diodorus Siculus, to which Ovid alludes,

Nilus in extremum fugit perterritu•• orbem, Occuluitque caput quod adhuc la••et.—

Nile sled for fear to the Worlds utmost bound, And hid his head which cannot yet be found.

But, saith Pererius upon Genesis, as many other things are found out unknown to the Ancients, so likewise amongst others, the head-spring of Nilus; and that in vast Marishes, near the Moun∣tain of the Moon, not far from the famous Pro∣montory of Good Hope, where is the utmost bound of the Continent, according to the Lati∣tude of the Globe of the earth Southward.

9. It is very observable and indeed admirable,* 1.316 that neither Herodotus nor Thucydides, nor any other Greek Author contemporary with them, have so much as mentioned t••e Romans, though then growing up to a dreadful power, and being both Europeans. And for the Gauls and Spani∣ards, the Grecians, as witnesseth Budaeus (in his Book De Asse) were so utterly ignorant of them, that Ephorus, one of the most accurate Writers took Spain, which he calls Iberia, to be a City, though the Cosmographers make the circuit of it to contain above 1136 French Miles.

10. The Ancients held,* 1.317 that under the mid∣dle or burning Zone, by reason of excessive heat, the earth was altogether uninhabitable: but it is now made evident by experience, that there is as healthful, temperate and pleasant dwelling as any where in the World, as appears by the relations of Benzo, Acosta, Herbert, and others.

11. They were also altogether ignorant of the New World,* 1.318 which is known to us by the name of America, or the West Indies, till such time as it was discovered by Christopher Columbus, a Genoan, Anno 1492.

12. Arch-Bishop Parker (in his Antiquitates Britannicae) makes relation of a French Bishop,* 1.319 who being to take his Oath to the Arch-bishop of Canterbury, and ••inding the word Metropoliticae therein, being not able to pronounce it, he pas∣sed it over with, Soit pour dict, Let it be as spoken. And others of the Clergy, when they had most grossly broken Priscians head, being taken in the fact, their common defence was those words of St. Gregory, Non debent verba coe∣lestis oraculi, subesse regulis Donati, The word•• of the Heavenly Oracles ought not to be subject to the Rules of Donatus.

13. King Alfred in his Preface upon the Pasto∣rals of St. Gregory,* 1.320 which he translated into English, saith, That when he came first to his Kingdom, he knew not one Priest on the South side of the River Humber, that understood his service in Latin, or that could translate an Epistle into English.

14. Archelaus,* 1.321 King of Macedon, was so ig∣norant in the things of nature, that upon an Eclipse of the Sun, amazed with fear, he caused the Gates of the Palace to be shut up, and the hair of his son to be cut off, as he used in solemn mournings. A further survey of the ignorance of the Ancients may be taken from a re-collection of some of the instances of the newly discovered Phaenomena (at least if we be∣lieve Mr. Glanvile) which are scattered,* 1.322 as he

saith, under the heads of the Arts and Instru∣ments, which are as follow. In the Heavens, those of the Spots, and Dinettick motion of the Sun; the mountainous protuberances and shadows of the body of the Moon, about nine∣teen magnitudes more of fixed Stars; the Lu∣nulae of Iupiter; their mutual Eclipsing one another, and its turning round upon its own Axis; the ring about Saturn, and its shadow up∣on the body of that Star; the Phases of Venus; the increment and decrement of light amongst the Planets; the appearing and disappearing of fixed Stars; the altitude of Comets; and na∣ture of the Via Lactea. In the Air, its spring; the more accurate History and nature of Winds and Meteors; the probable height of the Atmo∣sphere have been added by the Lord Bacon, Des Cartes, Mr. Boyle, and others. In the earth, new Lands by Columbus, Magellan, and the rest of the discoverers; and in these new Plants, new Fruits, new Animals, new Minerals, and a kind of other world of Nature, from which this is supplyed with numerous conveniencies for life. In the Waters, the great motion of the Sea, un∣known in elder times; and the particular Laws of flux and reflux in many places are discovered. The History of Bathes, augmented by Savona∣rola, Baccius, and Blanchellus. Of Metals, by Agricola; and the whole Subterranean World described by the universally Learned Kircher. The History of Plants much improved by Ma∣thiolu••, Ruellius, Bauhinus, and Gerhard, besides the late account of English Vegetables, published by Dr. Merrett, a worthy Member of the Royal Society; and another excellent Virtuoso of the same Assembly, Mr. Iohn Evelyn, hath very con∣siderably advanced the History of Fruit and Fo∣rest Trees, by his Sylva and Pomona, and greater things are expected from his preparations for Elysium Britannicum, a noble design now under his hands. The History of Animals hath been much enlarged by Gesner, Rondeletius, Aldrovan∣dus, and more accurately enquired into by the Micographers, and the late Travellers, who have given us accounts of those more remote parts of the Earth, that have been less known to these; amongst whom the ingenious Author of the Carribees deserves to be mentioned as an in∣stance. In our Bodies Natural History hath found a rich heap of Materials in the particulars of the Venae Lacteae; the Vasa Lymphatica; of the Valves and Sinus of the Veins; the several new passages and Glandules; the Ductus Chyliferus; the Origination of the Nerves; the Circulation of the Blood, and the rest.

* 1.32315. Great men and Learned, saith Pliny, who know more in natural causes than others do, feared the extinction of the Stars, or some mischief to befall them in their Eclipses: Pin∣daru•• and Stesichorus were subject to this fear, at∣tributing the failing of their lights to the power of Witchcraft.

CHAP. XXIII. Of the Sloathfulness and Idleness of some men.

IT is said of the Elder Cato, That he used to inflame the minds of his fellow Souldiers to the love of Industry, Labour and Vertue, with such kind of Memorials as this:

Si cum labore quippiam rectè geris, Labor recedit, facta rectè permanent: Quod si jocosè, nequiter quid egeris, Abit voluptas; turpe factum permanet.

which because it pleased me in the reading, and may possibly do the like to some others, for the sake of the English Reader, I will adventure thus to translate,

When what is good, we do perform with pain: The pains soon pass, the good deeds still remain. When slothfully or basely ought is done, Those base deeds stay, when all the pleasure's gone.

Indeed all the Ancient Romans were such haters of Idleness,* 1.324 that whereas Agenotia, which was to stir up to action; Stimula, which was to put on further; and Strenua, which was to make men Strenuous, were all three received as God∣desses to be worshipped in Temples within the City; they would not receive Quies or rest, as a Goddess in publick, but built a Temple for her in the Lavicanian way, which was without the City. And thither may those unprofitable Members of the Common-wealth go with their Sacrifices, who are like unto these that follow.

1. Altades,* 1.325 the twelfth King of Babylon, an idle and slothful person, laid down these two as his Maxims, He is a vain and foolish man, who with continual labour and misery, makes War to the destruction of himself and others. His other was this, He is the most fool of all, that with toyl and labour heaps up Treasure, not for himself but his Posterity. From this idle Philo∣sophy he collected two things, That no War was to be made, because of the labour; and a second, That we should enjoy the riches and glory, that was got by the sweat and miseries of others. Accordingly he framed his life, and spent his whole time amongst Whores and Ca∣tamites.

2. There was,* 1.326 saith Olaus Magnus, a Stage∣player, who was grown to an unreasonable cor∣pulency; and well he might, for he could eat as much as ten men, and da••ly used so to do: one of the Kings of Denmark being informed of him, and that he lived a kind of idle li••e; that he might no longer be a publick grievance, and a devourer of that ••ood which was only due to them that laboured in their employments, he caused him to be hanged up.

3. Varia Servilius,* 1.327 descended of a Pretorian Family, was remarkable for no other thing, save only his idleness, in which he grew old: insomuch as it was commonly said by such as passed by his house, Varia hic situs est, Here lies Varia, speaking of him as of a

person that was not only dead, but buryed.

* 1.3284. Domi••ianus the Emperour, the son of Vespa∣tianus and Domicilla, while he held the Empire, was so given up to sloth and idleness, that he spent most part of his time in pricking of flies to death with the point of a needle or bodkin: so that when once it was demanded of one who was come out from him, Who was with the Em∣perour? His answer was, Ne musca quidem, Not so much as a flie.

* 1.3295. Alexander, the son of Basilius Macedo, was Emperour, when he was a young man about twenty years of age, at which time, and after he was so devoted to sloth and idleness, that laying aside the care of all matters of weight and Moment, he minded nothing else but Hunting, Horses, and Dogs, placing therein all his em∣ployment and delight.

* 1.3306. Romanus, the Grandchild of Romanus Lau∣capenus, was a man the most slothful of all other men: he wholly resigned up himself to drinking of Wine, to idleness, and other pleasures: so that the care of the Empire was intrusted in the hands of Iosephus Bringa, the Praefect, meerly upon the account of the extreme wretchlesness of the Emperour.

* 1.3317. Charles, the son of Ludovicus Carolinus, King of France, when he succeeded his father in the Kingdom, was so noted for his singular slug∣gis••ness, that he was commonly called Charles the slothful: for he minded nothing that was serious, insomuch that he consumed and wasted away with meer idleness; and dyed young, leaving his Throne to be possessed by his son.

* 1.3328. The Thracians accounted it the most ho∣norable to be without any kind of employment: Husbandry and Tillage of the ground was look∣ed upon by them as most contemptible; the gal∣lantest way to procure them a livelihood, was (as they held) by the Wars, by Rapine, and Plunder.

* 1.3339. The Sybarites did throw out of their City, and banish from amongst them all such sorts of Artificers, and Handicrafts men as did make any noise, that so they might have full scope in the enjoyment of their rest and repose, and have no disturbance in the morning.

* 1.33410. The Thespienses esteemed it a great blemish to their Nobility to concern themselves in the study or practise of any Mechanical Art or Trade, yea they held themselves dishonoured to be busied in Agriculture it self: by this means, the people generally lived in extreme poverty.

* 1.33511. The Messaliani, a sort of Hereticks, and Enthusiasts, reject all bodily labour, indulging themselves in the greatest idleness and sloth that may be, expecting the coming of a certain De∣vil, whom they believe to be the Holy Ghost.

* 1.33612. Camerarius relates a pleasant History from Iodocus Damhoud on this manner. As I was sit∣ting, saith he, with some Senators of Bruges, before the gate of the Senate-house, a certain Beggar presented himself to us, who with sighs and tears, and lamentable gestures, expressed to us his miserable poverty, and asked our alms, saying withal, That he had about him a privy maim, and a secret mischief, which very shame restrained him from discovering to the eyes of men: We all pitying the case of the poor man, gave him each of us something, and he departed: one amongst us sent his servant after him, with command to enquire out of him, what his pri∣vate infirmity might be, which he was so loth to discover? The servant overtook him, and desired of him that satisfaction; and having di∣ligently viewed his Face, Breast, Arms, &c. and finding all his Limbs in good plight, I see nothing, said he, whereof you have any such reason to complain. Alas, said the Beegar, the disease that afflicts me is far different from what you conceive of, and is such as you cannot see. It is an evil that hath crept over my whole body, it is passed through the very veins and marrow of me, in such manner, that there is no one member of my body that is able to do any work: this disease is by some called Idleness and sloth. The servant hearing this, left him in anger, and returned to us with this account of him: which after we had well laugh'd at, we sent to make further enquiry after this beggar; but he had withdrawn himself.

CHAP. XXIV. Of the blockish dullness and stupidity of some persons.

PLiny mentions a sort of Bears, and we al∣so read it of certain Asses in Tuscany, that having fed upon Hemlock, they became so stupid that no sharp words of their Keeper, or others, would in the least work upon them: We shall find these heavy creatures out-acted in their dullness and insensibility by men, whose passions, senses and reason may seem to have been over∣whelmed in them, beyond what could be ex∣pected (I was about to say) from the force and power of Poppy, or any Opiate whatso∣ever.

1. Agatharcides speaks of a certain people in Aethiopia,* 1.337 who live without any kind of passion, they are not moved with the speech or sight of any such foreigners as fail thither, but looking backward they stand as if they were immovable, and without sense. If any strike them with a drawn sword they fly not, bearing all strokes and injuries whatsoever. No man is troubled at the wound or loss of another: so that they often see their Wives, Children, or other relations slain before their face, and yet express no sign either of anger or pity. In a word, they bear all sorts of evils with a quiet mind, only looking upon such as strike them, and at every stroke, a little moving of their heads.

2. Honorius the Emperour being at Ravenna,* 1.338 when Rome was taken by Alarick King of the Goths; he there received the news Perditam Ro∣mam esse, that Rome was lost: he understood it of a Cock of the Game he had which was called Ro∣ma; and exceedingly wondred that he was so soon dead, when he had sported pleasantly with him but a while before. Of so dull and stupid a temper was this Prince, retaining nothing at all of the vertue of his Father or Grandfather; and of the like disposition was Arcadius his Bro∣ther.

3. The Turks in the Reign of Orchanes,* 1.339 had passed over the Hellespont, and taken the Castle of Zembenick, by the Greeks called Coiridocastron, that is to say, the Hogg Castle; this was the first

footing the Turks ever had in Europe, and from whence to this day they could never be removed; but such was the great security, and stupidity of the proud Greeks at this time, that instead of arming to drive them out, as with ease they might; to extenuate the greatness of the loss, they commonly said there was but an Hog∣stie lost, alluding to the name of the Castle. This Castle gained, the Turks soon proceeded further to spoil the Country of Chersonesus as far as Callipolis; which pleasant City they took Anno 1358. where the madness and stupidity of the Greeks was again more than before to be wondred at; for the news of Callipolis being brought to Constantinople, the people there made small account thereof; but to extenuate the mat∣ter, when they had any talk of it, in jesting wise they commonly said, that the Turks had but taken from them a pottle of Wine.

* 1.3404. Messalina was the Wife of the Emperour Claudius, whom she and his Freed-men governed as a little Aethiope uses to do an Elephant. The great stupidity of this Emperour will appear, by the impudent boldness, and prodigious licence she took in his life-time. Divers of the Nobili∣ty she caused to be slain, and more to be banish∣ed. And for lust I suppose there was not such a monster to be found for some ages before. Her adulteries were daily, and those not only in pri∣vate, but in the very Palace, in the presence both of Ladies and their Husbands, as if she de∣lighted in the infamy it self. In the night time she used to go disguised into the common stews, and there prostituted her self amongst the rest of those unhappy sacrifices, received her stipend, wearying her self, but not satisfying her lust. Once she thus flouted her Husband; There was one Mnester a Stage-player, with whom she was fallen in love; and him according to her mo∣desty she courted. The man refused, whether out of reverence to the Emperour, or fear that he should not carry the defilement of his Bed with impunity; at which the Empress said laugh∣ing, What if my Claudius himself command you, will you then obey? This seemed incredible: but to her Husband she goes, perswades that Stock to send for Mnester, and command him to obey her in all things; from thenceforth the Player made no other denial. This is not all. There was in Rome one Cajus Silius, the most beautiful of all the Roman youth; him she enticed, enjoyed, and openly loved: as his reward, she made him Consul, and transferred the Riches and Orna∣ments of the Court to his House; so that he was now revered as the Prince; and yet not satis∣fied with this, she must have a new sawce to her languishing pleasure: she therefore openly mar∣ries him, while her Husband had retired to Hostia: the Nuptials were celebrated with all kind of pomp; the flower of both orders in Rome were invited; a great Feast was made, the genial bed prepared, and all usual solemnities performed; the Bride lay in the lap of her new marryed Husband, and treated him openly with all conjugal freedom: this is strange, her Hus∣band being living, and also Emperour, but it was done, and had passed untaken notice of for him, but that his freed-men about him (fearing such novelties would tend to a change, and so hazzard their fortunes) excited him to revenge; at last therefore he gave order for his Wifes death; but with so little concern, and memory of what he had done, that he often asked his Servants why their Lady came not to Dinner, as if she had been still alive.

5. When Valerianus,* 1.341 the Emperour, was ta∣ken prisoner by Sapores the Persian; and by him made his footstool, as oft as he mounted his horse; His Son Gallienus succeeded him at Rome, who no way solicitous what became of his Fa∣ther or the Empire, gave up himself to all man∣ner of debauchery and voluptuousness; ever and anon saying to those that were about him, What have we for Dinner, what pleasures are prepared for us, what shall we have for Supper to morrow; what Plays, what Sports in the Cirque, what sword-fights, and what Scenick pastimes? So far was he dissolved by his luxury into stupidity and insensibleness, that when report was brought him of his Fathers death; his an∣swer was, That he knew his Father was mortal. When he heard Egypt was revolted, What, said he jesting, can we not be without the flax of Egypt? When he was told that Asia was wasted, Can we not live, said he, without the delights of Asia? When news came that Gallia was lost, Cannot, said he, the state be safe without trabe∣ated Cassocks? Thus in his loss from all the parts of the world, he jested; as if he were on∣ly deprived of that which furnished him with some inconsiderable trifle. So that in contempt of him, not only foraign Nations rent away the Roman Provinces; but also in divers parts of the world, so many aspired unto the Empire, that no less than thirty such pretenders are na∣med, from the time of his Fathers, and his reign, to his death.

6. Polydorus,* 1.342 by the Comick Poets, is said to be a man of extraordinary dulness and stupidity of mind; and he had also a skin of that hardness, that a pin would not enter into it.

7. Sivardus,* 1.343 hearing of the death of his Father Regnerus, King of the Danes, and how he had been thrown amongst Serpents, to be poyson∣ed and eaten up by them, at the command of Hella, King of the Britains; was so stupified with the grief he received thereat; that while he stood full of thoughts, leaning upon a Spear he held in his hand, the point of his Spear ran quite through his foot; and remained insensible of the wound he had received by it.

8. Charles the eighth,* 1.344 having conquered the Kingdom of Naples, was upon his return into France, when the Venetians, Pope Alexander the sixth, Maximilian the Emperour and Lewis Duke of Millaine, entred into a league with that si∣lence, that Philip, the King of France his Embas∣sadour then at Venice, though he was daily in the Court, and called to by the other Embassa∣dours, yet could know nothing of it. The next day when the League was ingrossed, he was called into the Senate by the Duke; and when he understood the League, and the names of them that had entred into it, he was almost quite be∣re••t of his understanding: the Duke told him, that the League was not made with purpose to war upon any, but to defend themselves if they were warred upon. Then Philip a lit∣tle coming to himself, What then, said he, shall not my King return into France? Yes said the Duke, if he will return in a friendly manner, and we will assist him in all things. With this answer Philip departed out of the Senate; and being come into the Court-yard, he turned to a Secretary of the Senates, that had been with him all the while; And for the love of God, said he,

tell me over again all that the Duke said to me, for at this time I do not remember one word of it.

CHAP. XXV. Of the treacherous and infirm Memories of some men, and what injuries have been done thereunto, through Age, diseases or other accidents.

THe Lynx is the sharpest sighted of all other beasts, yet it is also observed of him, that if he chance to look behind him, he forgets all that was before him, and his mind loses whatsoever it is that his eyes have ceased to see. There are some indeed whose forgetfulness may be imputed to the stupidity of their natures; but there are others also of ex∣traordinary acuteness and ingenuity, who are so unhappy, as to be attended with a miserable frailty in their memory; and some very learned men have been so unfortu••ate, as (through Age, disease, the vehement surprisal of some passion, or other accident) to have utterly lost all that their industry had gained.

* 1.3451. Pliny tells of one, that with the stroke of a Stone, fell presently to forget his Letters only, in such manner as he could read no more, other∣wise his memory served him well enough. Ano∣ther, saith he, with a fall from the roof a very high house, lost the remembrance of his own Mother, his next Kinsfolks, Friends and Neigh∣bours; and a third in a sickness of his, forgat his own servants: and upon the like occasion, Messala Corvinus the great Orator, forgat his own proper name, though he remembred other things well enough.

* 1.3462. Franciscus Barbarus (the friend of Hermo∣laus) in his old age lost all memory of his Greek learning, wherein before he was excellently skil∣led; and the same thing befel Georgius Trapezun∣tius, who in his extream age forgat all kind of Learning, both Greek and Latine.

* 1.3473. Apollonius tells of Artemidoru•• the Gramma∣rian, who having, as he walked, espied a Cro∣codile lying on the Sands, and perceiving him to move, was so smitten with the apprehension of fear, that he verily believed that his left Leg and Hand were already devoured by the Serpent, and utterly los•• all the memory of his Learning.

* 1.3484. Seneca writes of Calvis••••, Sabinus a rich man, that he had so slender a memory, tha•• sometimes he forgat the name of Vlyss••••, at others that of Achill••s, and so of Priamus whose names yet he knew as well as we do those of our School•• masters, and yet this man was very ambitious of being thought to be a learned man.

* 1.3495. Ba••••a, King of the Goths, by a draught of Poyson, given him by his successor Heringius, utterly lost the use of his memory.

* 1.3506. In the reign of the Emperour Frederick the second, one Germanus a Clerke, having open∣ed a vein, whereat he might lose some blood, together with it lost all memory of Learning▪ nor could be better tell how to write or read, than if he had never learnt either, but in the mean time he still retained all other things. A year together he continued in this Kind of obli∣vion, till (which is strange) being let blood again, at the same time of the year, in the same place, he was restored to his former knowledge of reading and writing.

7. A certain Franciscan,* 1.351 being recovered of a disease, was suddenly so deprived of his me∣mory, that although he was an able Divine, yet he did not understand the first Elements, nor could he remember the names of those things which he daily used. Four months did he thus continue, and began to learn his Alphabet; but by the use of powerful medicines, he recover∣ed all his former learning, in the next four months.

8. When Curio the Oratour,* 1.352 was to plead in the behalf of Sex. Naevius, and Cicero was to do the like for Titinia Corta; upon the sudden Curio forgat the whole cause, and said it was occasion∣ed by the witchcraft and enchantments of Titi∣nia. But the truth is, he had naturally so frail a memory, that sometimes propounding to in∣sist upon three heads, he would either add a fourth, or have forgotten the third. And in his writings, usually he forgat what he had set down before.

9. Hermogenes was born in Cilicia,* 1.353 a Rhetori∣cian of that account, that he may challenge the next place to Aristotle; he was scarce eighteen years old, when he wrote the Art of Rhetorick, which is yet extant. He was in great reputati∣on for his learning, in the reign of Marcus Au∣relius; but being arrived to the twenty fourth year of his age, he fell into an invincible and in∣curable stupidity of mind; so that he forgat all manner of learning: whereupon they used to say, by way of jest, Hermogenes was an old Man amongst Boyes, and a Boy amongst old men; he flourished Anno Christi 160.

10. Antonius of Siena,* 1.354 being newly recovered of a disease, did so perfectly forget all that he had before fixed in his memory, that he remem∣bred not so much as the names of things: while he was at Florence, he believed he was at Siena; he knew not his friends from his enemies, but called them by other names; and therefore as a meer mad Man and Dotard, he was left to Na∣ture. It was now twenty days since he was thus affected; when a looseness took him, wherein he voided blood, green choler and other things, and was thereby restored to his former memo∣ry, though he remembred nothing of what he had done in the mean time.

11. In Cla••dius Caesar,* 1.355 there was nothing that men wondered more at, than his forgetfulness and inconsiderateness. When Messalina his Em∣press was slain by his command, as soon as he was sat down to Supper, he enquired of the Ser∣vitors, why their Lady did not come. And ma∣ny of those whom he had put to death, the next day he invited into Council, and to play at Dice; and as if they made little haste, he sent messengers to reprove them for their sloth.

12. Th••anus writes of Theodore Beza▪* 1.356 that be∣fore he died, when his mind was grown feeble, he forgat things present▪ but what was print∣ed in his memory afore-time, when he had his understanding, that he held, and it continued thus with him, during the two years wherein he languished.

* 1.35713. So stupid and so dull of memory was Atticus the Son of Herod the Sophist, that by no means he could be brought to retain the names of the first Elements, or letters in the Alphabet. His father to remedy this evil, procured twenty four boyes of like age with his son; and gave to each of them a sirname from the several letters, that at least by this means he might instruct the gross capacity of his son.

* 1.35814. The Emperour Antoninus Caracalla, had so profited in learning and Philosophy, that he was numbred amongst the learned: and used to employ a great part of the day in philosophi∣cal discourses and disputations. But afterwards he was seised upon with so great a forgetfulness of all sorts of learning, as if he had never had the least acquaintance with letters.

* 1.35915. When Theseus was about to sail into Creet, with a purpose to encounter with the Mi∣notaur there, his father commanded him all the way in his Voyage thither, to make use of black sails; but in case he should be victorious, in his return homewards, he should then advance his white flags, as the sure sign of his being a Con∣querour. Theseus utterly forgot all that his Fa∣ther had given him in charge: when therefore the careful old man stood almost continually up∣on the Rocks, in a longing expectation of his Sons arrival; at last he set his eye upon the ship, which he knew; but observing that the sails of it were black, and concluding that his Son was perished in that his unfortunate enterprize, as one who was not able to survive that which was once so dear and desirable to him, he cast him∣self headlong from the Rock into the Sea, and was there drowned.

* 1.36016. Conradus Lycosthenes in the year 1555. was suddenly taken with a dead Palsey on his right side, by which he lost the use of his speech; and though he retain'd his reason, yet his me∣mory was quite gone for divers dayes. At last being restored to his wonted health, he lived seven years, with his memory as perfect and entire as ever.

CHAP. XXVI. Of the absurd and strange follies of di∣vers men.

SOme little deviations of any of the lesser lights, would scarce be heeded by us, but should the Sun make but one false step, the eyes of almost all the world would be suddenly directed that way: thus the follies of mean per∣sons are lightly passed over; whereas the imper∣tinences of Princes, and the dotages of great persons, are as generally observed and censured, as those foolish and ridiculous customes, where∣with whole Nations at once have been tainted and infected.

* 1.3611. Amongst the Caribbians assoon as the wife is delivered, the husband goes to bed to bemoan himself there, and act the part of the woman in that condition; but what is most troublesome to the poor Caribbian who hath put himself into bed instead of his new delivered wife is, that they oblige him to a certain diet for ten or twelve dayes together, allowing him every day only a little piece of Cassava, and a little water, where∣in there had been boyled a little of that Root∣bread; afterwards his allowance is a little in∣creased, yet still continued in that same diet; but he breaks the Cassava, which is presented to him, only in the middle, for the space of about fourty dayes, leaving the extremities en∣tire, which he hangs up in his Hut, to serve at the entertainment he afterwards intends to make for all his Friends: nay, after all this he abstains, sometimes for the space of ten months, or a whole year, from several kinds of meat, as La∣mantin, Tortoises, Swines-flesh, Hens, Fish, and delicious things; being so pitifully simple, as to fear that those things might prejudice the Child: at the expiration of the fast, the shoulders of the poor Father, who hath a Child born, are scarified and opened with the tooth of an Agouty; and it is requisite that the besotted wretch should not only suffer himself to be so ordered, but he must also endure it, without expressing the least sen∣timent of pain: Their perswasion is, that the more apparent the Fathers patience shall be in these trials, the more recommendable shall be the valour of his Son. But this noble blood must not be suffered to fall to the ground, since the effusion thereof contributes so much to fu∣ture courage; it is therefore carefully saved to rub the Childs face withal, out of an imagina∣tion, he will be the more generous.

2. The Sinitae or the Sinenses,* 1.362 have in their houses little Images, which they worship as their gods; yet make they not so much of them, but in case any thing befall them contrary to their expectation, they will have them to suffer for it; so that after they have scourged them, they of∣ten cast them out into the streets; when soon after moved with repentance, they take them up again, adore them, seek to appease them, and offer them Wine and Incense.

3. The King of Catona at his Coronation,* 1.363 swears that it shall not rain unseasonably, nei∣ther shall there be famine or pestilence within his Dominions during his Reign.

4. In Sophala in the East Indies,* 1.364 the King is called the Quiteve, and hath many that sing his praises, when he goes abroad, calling him Lord of the Sun and Moon, King of the Land and Ri∣vers, Conquerour of his enemies; in every thing great, great Witch, great Thief, great Lion, and all other names of greatness which they can invent, whether they signifie good or bad, they attribute to him.

5. Xexes,* 1.365 having made a Bridge of Boats over the Hellespont, for the transportation of his huge Army out of Asia into Europe, there arose a great tempest which brake his Bridge in sunder; wherewith he was so enraged, that he sent a Chartel of defiance to the Sea, and com∣manded his Servants to give it three hundred stripes, and to throw fetters into it to bind it to its good behaviour; with hot Irons to burn igno∣minious brands in it; his Officers performing his commands were to say, O thou unruly water, thy Lord hath appointed thee this punishment, for that thou hast wronged him that deserved it not from thee; but whether thou wilt or not, he is resolved to pass over thee, nor shall any man hereafter sacrifice unto thee, as being a de∣ceitful and bitter River.

* 1.3666. C. Caligula, the Roman Emperour, had a Horse called Swift, whom he invited to Supper with himself; he caused his provender to be set before him in Gold, he gave him Wine to drink in goblets of Gold; he swore by his health and for∣tune, he promised to make him Consul, and had done so if the Horse had lived; he did make him Priest, yea a Colleague with himself in the Su∣pream Ponti••icate; his Stable was of Marble, his Manger of Ivory, his Caparisons and harness Purple, and a pendant Jewel of Precious Stones at his Poictrel; and he allowed him a House, Family, Servants and Houshold-stuff.

* 1.3677. The Great Cham of Tartary, was wont when he had Dined, to cause his Trumpeters to sound their Trumpets before his Palace Gate, thereby to give notice, and proclaim to all the Kings in the World, that now the Great Cham had Dined, they might all take leave to go to Dinner.

* 1.3688. I knew a Lady so over-curious and nice, that seeing Hogs and other creatures cut up and bowelled, tormented herself with the thought, that she also carried about with her in her own body, such stinking filth (as she called it) in∣closed. Upon which she conceived such an ab∣horrence, that ••••e hated her own body; saying, she knew not what course to take to free herself from that uncleanness: and with this fancy she was continually vexed; of which she often seri∣ously, and with great anxiety complained to me; and when I had much ado to forbear laughing, she would be very angry.

* 1.3699. The same Author mentions another Wo∣man, that was exceedingly afflicted, and with tears complained to the Minister of the Parish, of the great trouble she had; that whereas in the morning when she rose, she put on her clothes; at night when she went to bed, she was constrained to put them off again.

* 1.37010. Pharnuches was a great Commander of Horse in the Army of Xerxes, which he designed against Greece; who marching out of Sardis mounted upon a stately Horse, a Dog ran be∣twixt the legs of his Horse; the Horse affright∣ed, reared up and threw Pharnuches out of his Saddle, with the bruise of which fall he spat blood. His Servants soon after the fall of their Master, dealt with the Horse as they had recei∣ved his orders to do, which was to lead him to the place where he had thrown his Lord, and there to cut off his legs and knees.

* 1.37111. The South-wind had dryed up all the re∣ceptacles of water amongst the Psilli, a people in Africk (for that all their Country, which is within the Syrtis, is without Rivers) they there∣fore had a publick conference about it, where it was concluded, that an expedition should be made by them against that Wind: when they came amongst the Sands that are plentiful there∣abouts, the same Wind blowing overwhelmed them all with the Sands, and so the Nasamones seised upon their Country.

* 1.37212. The Mossines are a people who performed all the actions of most secrecy, in publick; yea even those which are ordained for the necessi∣ties of nature, and treated the affairs of the Common-wealth in their Houses.

* 1.37313. The Tibarenes, as soon as their Wives were delivered, bound up their own heads with a Kerchief, lay down on their Beds, and made themselves to be attended like women in Child∣bed. The poor Women, in the mean time were up and about the House, endeavouring to make ready Baths for their Husbands, to dress and sea∣son their viands, to tend and cherish them, as if they had born all the pain of feminine travel.

14. It is said of the Abderitae,* 1.374 after they had beheld the Tragedy of Andromeda and Medusa, that they all even from the least to the greatest, became so frantick and foolish, that they ceased not to sing, to clap their hands, to cry, to whistle through the streets; and to have no discourse nor thought of any thing but Andromeda and Me∣dusa.

15. Queen Stratonica,* 1.375 Wife of Seleucus, had not one hair upon her head; yet notwithstand∣ing gave six hundred Crowns to a Poet, who had celebrated her in his Verse, and sung that her hair had the tincture of the Marygold. I know not how this soothing flatterer meant it, but this Queen became very proud of it, which made her so much the more ridiculous.

16. Rudolphus,* 1.376 King of the Heruli, warred with Tado, King of the Lombards; and when both Armies approached each other, Rudolph committed the whole to his Captains, he him∣self remained in his Tent in the mean time, and sate jesting at the Table. 'Tis true, he sent one to the top of a Tree to behold the fortune of the day; but withall told him, if he brought him ill news, he would take his head from his shoulders. This Scout beheld the Heruli to run, but not daring to carry that news to the King, consulted only his own safety; by which means the King and all that were with him were ta∣ken and slain.

17. Nero,* 1.377 the Emperour, was so luxuriously wastful, and beyond all reason and measure, that he would not fish but with Nets of Gold, drawn with purple coloured Cords. It is said he took delight to dig the Earth with a Golden Spade: and when there was question about cut∣ting the Isthmus of Corinth (a design that had long troubled his brain) he went thither led on with musical Violins, holding in his hand the Golden Spade, with which he began in the sight of the whole world, to break the ground; a matter which seemed ridiculous to the wiser sort, li∣ving in that age.

18. C. Caligula presented himself to be ado∣red,* 1.378 ordained peculiar sacrifices to himself; at nights in case the Moon shined out full and bright, he invited her to embracements and to lye with him; the day he would spend in pri∣vate conference with Iupiter Capitolinus; some∣times whispering, and laying his ear close to the Statue of him, and sometimes again talking aloud, as if he had been chiding. Nay being angry with Heaven because his interludes were hindred by claps of Thunder, and his banquet∣ting disturbed with flashes of lightning, he chal∣lenged Iupiter to fight with him, and without ceasing roared out that verse of Homer.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉

None is, O Iove, more mischievous than thou: or else that,

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉

Dispatch thou me, Or I will thee.

whereupon Seneca inferrs what extreme folly was that to think that either Iupiter could not hurt him, or that he could hurt Iupiter.

* 1.37919. The servants of the Moscovites (yea and their Wives too) do often complain of their Lords, that they are not well beaten by them, for they look upon it as a sign of their indigna∣tion and displeasure with them, if they are not frequently reproached and beaten by them.

* 1.38020. In the worship of Hercules Lyndius, it was the manner, that such as stood by him that em∣bowelled the sacrifice, did curse the bowels, and wish heavy Imprecations upon them.

* 1.38121. Poliarchus, the Athenian, was arrived at that height of Luxury and Folly, that if any of his Dogs, or Cocks that he loved, chanced to die, he made publick Funerals for them, invited his friends, and buried them with great sumptu∣ousness: erecting Pillars upon their Monuments, upon which also he caused their Epitaphs to be engraven.

CHAP. XXVII. Of such as have been at vast Expences about unprofitable Attempts; and where-from they have been enforced to desist, or whereof they have had small or no benefit.

THere is scarce any thing of that difficulty, but some one or other have had the con∣fidence to undertake it; and there have been some men of that nature, as to desire no∣thing more than to effect that which others have looked upon as altogether impossible. Some of those costly designs have been given over as sud∣denly, as they were rashly adventured upon, and others made to miscarry by some accident or other.

* 1.3821. In the Province of Northgoia, a part of Bavaria, the Emperour Charles the great, caused a Ditch to be begun, which should have been in length two thousand pa••es, and in breadth three hundred, wh••reby through the help of the Ri∣vers Regnitz and Altmul, he meant to have made a passage for Boats from the Danubius into the River of Rhine, which begun work was hindred by continual rains, and the Marishness of the Grounds.

* 1.3832. Full West of the City of Memphis, close upon the Libyan Desarts, alost on a rocky level adjoining to the Valley, stand those Pyramids (the barbarous Monuments of Prodigality and vain glory) so universally celebrated the Regal Sepulchers of the Aegyptians. The greatest of the three and chiefest of the Worlds seven won∣ders, being square at the bottom, is supposed to take up eight Acres of ground, every square being three hundred single paces in length. The square at the top consisting of three stones only, yet large enough for threescore to stand upon, ascended by two hundred fifty five steps, each step above three foot high, of a breadth propor∣tionable. No stone so little throughout the whole, as to be drawn by our Carriages; yet were these hewen out of the Trojan Mountains far off in Arabia, a wonder how co••veyed hither, how so mounted a greater. Twenty years it was in building by three hundred sixty six thou∣sand men continually wrought upon, who only in Radishes, Garlick, and Onions, are said to have consumed one thousand and eight hundred Talents. It hath stood (as may be probably conjectured) about three thousand two hundred years, and now rather old than ruinous. Hero∣dotus reports, That King Cleops became so poor by the building hereof, that he was compelled to prostitute his daughter, charging her to take whatsoever she could get.

Arsinoe is eighty Miles distant from Cairo,* 1.384 the ancient Kings of Aegypt (seeking by vain and wonderful works to eternize the memory of themselves) had with incredible charge and cost, cut through all that main Land, so that Vessels of good burden might come up the same from Arsi∣noe to Cairo: which great cut or ditch S••sostris, the mighty King of Aegypt, and long after him Ptolomaeus Philadelphus purposed to have made a great deal wider and deeper, and thereby to have let the Red Sea into the Mediterra••ean, for the readier Transportation of the In••ian Mer∣chandize to Cairo, and to Alexandre•• which mad work Sesostris (prevented by death) 〈◊〉〈◊〉 not perform; and Ptolomaeus (otherwise per∣swaded by skilful men) in time gave over for fear, lest by letting in the gr••at South Sea into the Mediterranean, he should the••••by (as it were with another general Deluge) have drowned the greatest part of Grecia, and many other goodly Countries of Asia: and with ex∣ceeding charge (instead of honour) have pur∣chased himself eternal infamy.

4. The Emperour Caius Cal••gula desired nothing more earnestly,* 1.385 than to effect that which others thought was utterly impossible to be brought to pass: And hereupon it was, that he made a Bridge which extended it self from Baiae to Puteoli, that is, three Miles and six hundred paces our-right; to this purpose, he caused Ships of burden to be brought from all parts, these he placed at Anchor in double order, or two by two in breadth, and cast a huge quantity of earth upon them, till such time as he had brought his Bridge into the form of the Appian way.

5. Claudius Caesar,* 1.386 successour to the foremen∣tioned Caligula, propounded to himself to let dry the Fucine Lake; this he hoped speedily to effect with small cost, and to his great honour: the rather because some private persons had of∣fered to perform it at their own charge, pro∣vided, that the drained Lands should be granted them as the reward of their labours. For three Miles space therefore, partly by levelling, and partly by digging in the Mountain, he at last with great difficulty finished his intended Cha••nel, when he had spent eleven years about it, and kept thirty thousand men at work therein con∣tinually, and without intermission.

6. Severus and Celer were the Contrivers and Engineers,* 1.387 who had the boldness and con••id••n••e to attempt to perform by Art that which Nature had denied, and to mock the great power and wealth of Nero, for they promised to cut out a Navigable River from the Lake Avernus, unto the mouth of Tyber, the ground be••ng all the way rugged and dry, or interposed Mountains to make their way through, and no way of en∣creasing the water, unless by the Pomptine Fenns,

all else was so craggy and dry, that to dig through them was intolerable labour, without any suf∣ficient cause or occasion for it. Notwithstanding all which, Nero (as he was ambitious to be thought the performer of incredible things) at∣tempted to digg through the Mountains nearest unto Avernus, and the Monuments and footsteps of his vain and exploded hopes are yet remaining to be seen. Suetonius makes mention of this Channel, begun as far as from Avernus to Ostia, wherein Ships should have sailed, and yet not by Sea, to the length of an hundred and sixty Miles; and the breadth of it was such, as that two Ships might meet and pass by each other in it. For the perfecting of this Work, Nero caused all the Prisons every where to be ransacked, and the men to be Transported into Italy; and even those that were convicted of Capital Crimes, he suffered not to be any other way condemned, but only to these works of his.

* 1.3887. Seleucus Nicanor endeavoured to cut through that Isthmus, or neck of Land, that lies betwixt the Euxine and the Caspian Sea; but he lived not to finish it, for he was slain by Ptolomaeus Ce∣raunus.

* 1.3898. Some of the Aegyptian Kings cut a mighty Channel or Passage, in length four daies sail, and in breadth, such as two Galleys might safely meet in it. In the digging and cutting of this in the Reign of Neco, King of Aegypt, there were no less than an hundred and twenty thousand Agyp∣tians that perished: The marks and Mines of this great work are to be seen still near unto Sues. The design they drave herein was, to sail from the River Nilus into the Red Sea, or to Sinus Arabicus; but all these expences came to no∣thing, but were frustrate in their end.

* 1.3909. Trajanus the Emperour, as Dion reports, attempted to cut a Channel, whereby he might bring Euphrates into the River Tygris; but when he understood that the Channel of Euphrates lay much higher than that of Tigris; he desisted from his Enterprize, fearing lest Euphrates being brought thus down into a lower way should not slow as it was wont.

* 1.39110. Anno 1569. the Turks with a mighty num∣ber of Souldiers and slaves, attempted to bring the River Volga (the greatest River of the Asia∣tick Sarmatia, and which by seventy mouths exonerates it self into the Caspian Sea) into the same Channel with the River Tanais, which di∣vides Europe from Asia: To this purpose they were to digg through a high Mountain, called by the Muscovites Perenteka, about seven Miles in the ascent and descent of it; but those Turks were consumed in their labour, partly by Fa∣mine, and over-working, and partly by vene∣mous creatures, and the Incursions of the Tar∣tars: so that after great expence of blood and money, nothing came of it.

CHAP. XXVIII. Of false Accusers; and how the Accused have been acquitted.

WEre it enough to accuse, there would no man be innocent. But Innocency is under such a Protection and Guar∣dianship, as seldom so deserts it: but that usual∣ly the means of its escape are as strange, as the contrivances against it were impudent and daring. It is true, some have been brought off at a cheaper rate, than he who follows, who foresaw his ruine, unless he took care that he could not be guilty.

1. Combalus was a beautiful young man,* 1.392 and having received orders from Seleucus his Lord and King, to conduct his Queen Stratonice into Syria; fearing the worst, before he went he took such effectual order with himself, that at his re∣turn he might free his fidelity from all manner of suspicion. The Queen fell in love with him by the way: but he refusing to comply with her de∣sires was by her at her return accused of incon∣tinency, to the King her husband; and there∣upon cast into Prison; the day of hearing being appointed, to the admiration of the beholders, he made it appear that he was no man, and there∣by sufficiently cleared his innocency.

2. Democritus looked upon all the occurrences of humane life with laughter:* 1.393 and he was so far carried with this Ironical passion, that the Citi∣zens of Abdera took him to be mad: They sent therefore Embassadours to Hippocrates the Physi∣cian that he would exercise his skill upon him. When Hippocrates was come, the people of Ab∣dera came flocking about him, some weeping, some entreating of him that he would do his best. After some little repast, he went to see Demo∣critus, the people following him, whom he found in his Garden in the Suburbs, all alone, sitting upon a stone, under a Plane Tree, without Hole or Shooes, with a Book on his knees, cutting up several beasts, and busie at his study: The multitude stood gazing round about to see the Congress; Hippocrates having saluted him, de∣manded of him what he was doing? He told him, That he was busie in cutting up several Beasts, to find out the causes of Madness and Melancholy; Hippocrates commended his work, admiring his happiness and leisure: And why, quoth Democritus, have not you that leisure? Because, replied he, Domestical affairs hinder, necessarie to be done for our selves, Neigh∣bours, Friends, Expences, Diseases, Frailties, and mortalities which happen to Wife, Chil∣dren, Servants, and such businesses which de∣prive us of our time. At this speech, Democri∣tus profusely laughed (his friends and the people standing by, weeping in the mean time and la∣menting his madness) Hippocrates asked the rea∣son why he laughed? He told him, At the vani∣ties and fopperies of the time, to see men so empty of all vertuous actions, to hunt so after Gold, having no end of Ambition, to take such infinite pains for a little glory, and to be fa∣voured of men, and to make such deep Mines in the Earth for Gold, and many times to find no∣thing,

with loss of their lives and fortunes: Some to love Doggs, others Horses: Some to desire to be obeyed in many Provinces, and yet themselves will know no obedience; some to love their Wives dearly at first, and after to for∣sake them, and hate them: begetting children, with care and cost for their education; yet when they grow to mans Estate, to leave them naked to the worlds mercy. Do not these be∣haviours express their intolerable folly? When they are poor and needy, they seek Riches: and when they have them, they do not enjoy them, but either hide them under ground, or else wast∣fully spend them: There is no truth or Justice found amongst them, for they daily plead one against another, and all this for Riches, whereof after death there can be no possession. When Hippocrates heard these, and such other words, so readily uttered without premeditation, to de∣clare the Worlds vanity, full of ridiculous con∣trariety, and having further discoursed with him at large, he left him; and no sooner was he come away, when the Citizens came ••locking about him, to know how he liked him? He told them in brief, that notwithstanding those small neglects of his attire, body, diet, &c. the world had not a wiser, a more learned, a more honest man, and they were much deceived to say that he was mad.

* 1.3943. M. Scaurus was by a studyed Oration, ac∣cused publickly to the people, that he had re∣ceived a great summ of money from King Mi∣thrida••es, and was hired therewith to betray the Common-wealth: Scaurus pleaded for himself on this manner, It is somewhat unequal, O ye Citizens of Rome, that I should be compelled to render an account of my actions to such persons as I have had but little conversation with. Yet (though most of you have not been with me in my honours and employments) I shall be bold to ask you this one question, Varius Sucronensis saith that Aemylius Scaurus is corrupted with the Kings money to betray the Roman Republick; Aemylius Scaurus denies that he is any way gu••lty of such a cr••me: Which of us two will ye be∣lieve? The people moved with this saying of his, with loud clamours forbad his accuser to proceed any further in his action.

* 1.3954. M. Naevius, a Tribune of the people (or as some say the two Petilii) accused Pub. Scipio Asricanus in the Forum to the people and Se∣nate: he came into the Forum, with a great re∣tinue, and ascending the Pulpit, with a trium∣phal Crown upon his head, This day, said he, O Romans, I enforced proud Carthage to receive the Law from you, and therefore it is meet, that you should accompany me to the Capitol, there to make supplication for the continuance of your prosperity. The event was agreeable to the gallantry of his words, for the whole Senate, Knights of Rome, and all the Commonalty went along with him; it remained, that his Accuser should either stand alone in the midst of his con∣fusion, or join himself with the rest, which he did, and from an Accuser, became one of the honourers of Scipio.

* 1.3965. M. Marcellus had taken Syracuse, and made use of his Victory with an uncommon moderati∣on: but the Sicilians unmindful hereof, and stirred up by his enemies, came to the Senate to make complaint of him: he was then Consul, and his Colleague Valerius Laevinus fortuned not to be present at that time in the Senate: how easie was it for him to disturb the business, and to send them away deluded. But he would have their complaint heard, and when his Colleague was come, removed himself and sate in a lower place. When they had made their Accusation, the Senate commanded them to withdraw, but he desired they might be present also at his defence, which done, he departed the Court, leaving every man his liberty to vote as he pleased. Here it was that his innocence and their impu∣dence was manifest to all men, yea even to them∣selves: so that of Accusers, they became Sup∣pliants, and requested him to become the Patron of Sicily; which he undertook, and with that fidelity discharged. his trust, that forgetting all injuries, he did several good Offices for them.

6. The two Caelii were accused of Parricide,* 1.397 in as much as Titus Caelius their father, was found murdered in his bed, the two brethren lying in a bed in the same Room, and there was no ser∣vant or freed-man, who were under the suspici∣on of this murther: But they were both acquit∣ted upon this account; full proof was made to the Judges, that they were found both of them fast asleep, and the Chamber door standing open. This sleep of theirs was looked upon as the In∣dex of an innocent security; and it was ad∣judged that Nature could not away with it, to sleep upon the wounds and blood of a newly murdered father, and by this means they were pronounced not guilty.

7. M. Antonius,* 1.398 the Orator, as Quaestor was going into Asia, and was got as far as Brundusi∣um, where by Letters he understood that he was accused of Incest before L. Cassius, the Praetor, whose Tribunal was by reason of an over seve∣rity called the Rock of the guilty. He might have escaped by the benefit of the Memmian Law, that forbad any should be accused that were absent upon publick affairs. But he imme∣diately returned to the City, and hereby de∣claring an innocent confidence, he soon obtained a speedy absolution, and a more honourable dismission.

8. Such was the malice and falshood of the Arrians against Athanasius,* 1.399 that they accused him of Fornication, Magick, the slaying of Arsenius and cutting off his hand, the overthrowing of the Holy Table, breaking of the Cup, and burning of the Scriptures: thus he was accused at the Council of Tyrus, where all things were carryed with part••ality, clamour, confusion, and unrighteous dealing; Athanasius going to the Emperour to complain hereof, was deposed in his absence, that Arsenius setting his Hand to the Instrument, whom they feigned he had murdered, at the Council of Sardica: all these accusations were found to be a Mass of forged lies and calumnies, which the Arrians had not the confidence to appear to, before those uncor∣rupted Judges: so the Innocency of Athanasius was cleared, and he restored.

9. In the Reign of Queen Elizabeth,* 1.400 Thomas Lovelace, by forged Letters, sought to have three of his Cousin-Germans brought into que∣stion for their lives about matters of High Trea∣son; the malice and forgery of this wicked bu∣siness being found out, the false accuser had judgement, to be carried on Horse-back about Westminster-Hall, with his face to the Horse-tail, and a Paper on his back containing his offence; from thence to be carried in the same manner, and set on the Pillory in the Palace-yard, and

there to have one of his ears cut off; also to be set on the Pillory on a Market-day at Cheapside, with the like Paper; after that to be carried into Kent, and at the next Assize there, to be set on the Pillory with the like Paper, and his other ear to be there cut off; also to stand in the Pillo∣ry one Market-day at Canterbury, another at Ro∣chester; and in all these places his offence to be openly read: which sentence was accordingly executed.

CHAP. XXIX. Of Perjured persons, and how they have been punished.

AN Oath is the most solemn and Sacred se∣curity that one man can possibly give to another: notwithstanding which, there are a multitude of men who bear no more re∣gard to what they have sworn, than if they had been words which had never been said. Nemesis is in pursuit of all these sons of falshood and fraud, and having once overtaken them will, no doubt, inflict a vengeance upon them agreeable to their merit.

* 1.4011. Vladislaus, King of Poland and Hungary, had fortunately fought against the Turks at the Mountain Haemus, and taken Carambey, the Ge∣neral of their Army; by means of this Victory, he occasioned Amurath, the Turkish King, to sue to him for Peace: the terms of it were both ho∣nourable, and every way advantageous: it was mutally sworn to by the King upon the holy Evangelists; and Amurath, by his Embassadours, upon the Turkish Alcoran. This known to the Pope, and other Christian Princes, they spake of it as unseasonable, unprofitable, and disho∣nourable; whereupon the Cardinal Iulian is sent by the Pope as his Legate to break the Peace, and to absolve the King from his Oath. The young King therefore at their instance, breaks the League, and undertakes the War with greater preparations and vigour than his former; he advances with his Army to Varna, a City upon the Pontick Shore, doing all the mischief he was able to the Enemies Country; which so soon as the Turk had knowledge of, he returns out of Cilicia, and enters battel with the Christians; where at first the Turks were made to retire by the King and Huniades with great slaughter, and almost to flye; Amurath seeing all brought into extreme danger, beholding the Picture of the Crucifix in the displayed Ensigns of the volunta∣ry Christians, pluck'd the writing out of his bo∣som, wherein the late League was comprized, and holding it up in his hand, with his eyes cast up to Heaven, said, Behold thou Crucified Christ, this is the League thy Christians in thy name made with me, which they have without cause violated: now if thou be a God, as they say thou art, and as we dream, revenge the wrong now done unto thy Name and me, and shew thy power upon thy Perjured people, who in their deeds deny thee their God. It was not long e're the battel turned, Vladislaus was slain, his head cut off by Ferizes an old Ianizary, and fastened on the end of a Launce, Proclamation was made that it was head of the Christian King, by which the rest were so daunted that they fled; the Legate also who exhorted to this War was slain, and his dead Corpse laden with the out∣rage and contumelies of the Infidels, for that being a Priest he had contrary to the Law of Na∣tions, advised and perswaded to break the Peace. This battel was fought Anno 1444.

2. Ibraim Bassa,* 1.402 Grand Vizier, the Minion and darling favorite of Solyman the Magnificent, upon a time in familiar conference with his Lord and Master, besought him that he would not persist to accumulate so many honours upon him, lest flourishing and being improved to an unbecoming height, his Majesty e're long should think it fit to tumble him headlong from that high Pinacle of honour whereunto he had raised him, by putting him to death; Solyman then assured him with an Oath, That so long as he lived he should never be put to death by his order. Afterwards this so fortunate Ibraim grew into dislike with his Master; and Solyman having purposed his death, was yet somewhat troubled about the Oath that he had before made him, when one of the Priests told him, That when a man is asleep he cannot be said to live, seeing that life is a continual Vigil and Watch; that therefore opportunity should be sought to find the Bassa asleep, and then he might be con∣veniently sent out of the World, without breach of the Princes Oath. Solyman liked well of this base and fradulent device, and one time when the Vizier was sleeping, sent an Eunuch with a Razour to cut his Throat, as accordingly he did.

3. Ludovicus,* 1.403 the son of Boso, King of Bur∣gundy, came into Italy against the Emperour Be∣rengarius the second, where he was by him over∣come in Battel and taken; but as a singular in∣stanc•• of humanity in Berengarius, he was by him set free, having first received his Oath, That during his life he should no more return into Italy: but the ungrateful Prince unmindful both of his own Oath, and the others benefits, not long after enters Italy a second time with mighty Forces, and about Verona was again made Prisoner, and had his eyes put out by the Victor as a punishment of his ingratitude and breach of Faith.

4. Anno 1070. or thereabouts,* 1.404 so great a feud arose betwixt the Emperour Henry the fourth, and Pope Gregory the seventh, that the Pope ex∣communicated him, and depriving him of his Imperial Dignity, caused that Rodulphus, Duke of Suevia, should be (as he was) by some of the German Princes substituted in his stead; there was therefore a great Battel betwixt them, at the River Ellester, where the Emperour Henry had the Victory: Rodulphus by a terrible blow had his right arm struck off from his body, at which he cryed out, Behold, O ye Nobles, that right hand of mine which I gave to Lord Henry, in confirmation of the fidelity I had sworn to him, which Oath, notwithstanding, contrary to all Justice and Equity, I have violated, and am now thus justly punished.

5. Ptolomaeus,* 1.405 one of the Successours of Alex∣ander the Great, having driven out An••igonus, had seized upon Macedonia, made Peace with Antiochus, and a League with affinity with Pyr∣rhus: So that now he was secure on all hands, except his own Sister and the Children she had:

It was Arsinoe, who had been the Wife of Ly∣simachus King of Macedon; he therefore bent his mind and used all his arts to take her, together with her Children; but finding her cautious, ad∣vised and fearing all things, he made use of the strongest engine with the weaker sex, which is Love; she was his Sister, but that was nothing in the East, where such relation is rather an in∣centive than otherwise. He therefore sent his Embassadours with presents and letters; he of∣fers her the society of the Kingdom and the in∣heritance of it to her Children; and professes, that he had employed his Arms upon it for no other end, than that he might leave it to them; the truth of this he was ready to depose upon oath, whereever she pleased to appoint, even at the holiest Altars and Temples she should make choice of. In short, Arsinoe is perswaded, she sends the most faithful of her Friends to re∣ceive the Kings Oath, which he immediately gave them in an ancient Temple touching the Al∣tar, and Images of the gods; cursing himself with horrid and utmost execrations, if he did not sincerely desire the marriage of his Sister, if he did not make her his Queen, and her Children his Heirs, and no other. Arsinoe now full of hopes, comes to an enterview and conference with him; who in his countenance and eyes carried nothing but love; he marries her, sets the Diadem up∣on her head in sight of the People and Souldiery, and calls her Queen; Arsinoe overjoyed, went before to Cassandrea a well fortified City, where her Treasures and her Chilren were (this was the only thing he sought) she brings in her Husband, to receive and feast him there; the Wayes, Temples and Houses were adorned, sa∣crifices offered; her Son Lysimachus of sixteen, and Philip of thirteen years old were command∣ed to go meet their Unkle, whom he met and greedily embraced without the Gates, and brought along with him. Being entred the Gate and Castle, he layes aside his Mask, and resumes his own countenance and affections; ha∣ving brought in his Souldiers, he immediately commands the Royal youths to be slain, and that in the lap of their Mother whither they had fled; she (the more miserable in this that she might not dye with them) having in vain in∣terposed her self betwixt them and the Swords of their Executioners, was driven into exile, with the allowance only of two Maids to attend her there. But Ptolomy did not long triumph in his victory; for an inundation of Gauls break∣ing into Macedonia, overcame and took him, cut off his head, and fixing it at the end of a Spear, carried it about to strike terrour into others.

* 1.4066. In the raign of Queen Elizabeth, there was in the City of London, one Ann Averies Widow, who forswore her self for a little mony, that she should have paid for six pound of Flax, at a shop in Woodstreet, upon which she was sudden∣ly surprised with the justice of God, and fell down immediately speechless, casting up at her mouth, what nature had ordained to pass ano∣ther way, and in this agony died.

* 1.4077. Mclech Bahamen, a King that commanded many Hills and Dales in Gelack and Taurus, was looked upon by the Covetous and ambitious eye of Shaw Abbas, King of Persia; he sent therefore Methicuculi Beg with an Army of Cooselbashawes to perfect his designs upon him, commanding his General not to descend thence without victory. Bahaman having intelligence hereof, after he had like an experienced Souldier, performed all other things requisite, put Himself, his Queen, two Sons, and ten thousand able men in a large and impregnable Castle, victualled for many years, not fearing any thing the Persian could attempt against him. Methicuculi, having viewed this in∣accessible Fortress, and finding force not valua∣ble, turns Politician, summons them to a Par∣lee; which granted, he assaults them with pro∣testations of truce and friendship, entreating the King to descend and taste a Banquet, swearing by Mortis Alli, the head of Shaw Abbas, by Pa∣radise, by eight Transparent Orbes he should have Royal quarter, come and go as pleased him. By these Paynim attestations, and rich presents, he so allured the peaceful King that was unused to deceit, that at last he trained the King and his two Sons to his treacherous Banquet; whereat upon a sign given, three Cooselbashes standing by, at one instant with their slicing Scimitars whipt off their heads: e're this villany was spred abroad, by vertue of their Seals he caused the men above to descend and yield up the Castle un∣to him, some receiving mercy, others destructi∣on. By this detested policy he yoked in slavery this late thought indomitable Nation.

8. Stigand thrust himself into the Archbishop∣rick of Canterbury,* 1.408 and with it held Winchester; he raised the Kentish men against William the Conqueror, who thereupon bore a grudge against him; underhand procured Legates from Rome to deprive him; and he was likewise clapt up in the Castle of Winchester, and hardly used, even well near famished, which usage was to make him confess where his treasure lay. But he pro∣tested with Oaths that he had no mony; yet af∣ter his death a little Key was found about his neck, the lock whereof being carefully sought out, shewed a note or direction of infinite trea∣sures hid under ground in divers places; he dy∣ed in the year 1069.

9. Elfrid,* 1.409 a Noble man, intending to have put out the eyes of King Ethelstan, his treason being known, was apprehended and sent to Rome; where at the Altar of St. Peter, and be∣fore Pope Iohn the tenth, he abjured the fact; and thereupon immediately fell down to the earth, so that his Servants bore him to the En∣glish School, where within three dayes after he dyed; the Pope denying him Christian buryal, till he knew King Ethelstan's pleasure.

10. From Basham in Sussex,* 1.410 Earle Harold for his pleasure putting to Sea in a small Boat, was driven upon the Coast of Normandy, where by Duke William he was detained till he had sworn to make him King of England, after Edward the Confessors death; he afterwards without any regard to his oath, placed himself in the Throne. Duke William thereupon arrived at Pensey, and with his Sword revenged the perjury of Harold, at Battel in the same County, and with such severity, that there fell that day, King Harold himself, with sixty seven thousand nine hundred seventy and four English men; the Conquerour thereby put∣ting himself into full possession.

11. Ludovicus,* 1.411 King of Burgundy, made war upon the Emperour, and being taken prisoner by him, the Emperour gave him his liberty, ha∣ving first made him swear, that he should never more make war upon him. Ludovicus was no sooner free in his person, but as if he had been free of his oath too, he came upon the Empe∣rour

with greater preparations, and a stronger Army than before: But he was overcome the se∣cond time, and lost all; his eyes also were pluck∣ed out, and upon his forehead from ear to ear, were these words imprinted with a hot Iron, This man was saved by Clemency, and lost by Perjury.

* 1.41212. In the reign of the Emperour Ludovicus, the Son of Arnulphus, Adelbert Palatine of the Oriental France was accused of having slain the Emperours Son; and thereupon was closely be∣sieged by the Emperour in the Castle of Alden∣burg near Pabeberg; but the Castle was so well fortified both by Art and Nature, that the Em∣perour despaired of forcing it, or prevailing with the defenders of it, to surrender them∣selves. Hatto the Bishop of Mentz, goes to Adelbert (who was his near Kinsman, and there∣fore the more liable to be overreached by his fraud) and invites him to treat with the Empe∣rour; and that if things should not prove to his own mind, he swore to him, that he would see him safe returned into his Castle of Strength. Adelbert accepts of the motion, the Bishop and he went out of the Gates; when the Bishop looking upon the Sun, told him the journey was long, and an early hour of the day, and there∣fore he thought i•• best to return to the Castle, and refresh themselves with a Breakfast, that they might a••terwards travel the better. Adel∣bert suspecting no evil, with great courtesie in∣vites him back with him; they returned, and af∣ter breakfast again they set forward. As soon as Adelbert came in presence of the Emperour, he is there yielded up into the power of his ene∣my, and condemned to death. Upon which (with as great boldness as truth) he accused Hatto of his treachery and perjury, who repli∣ed that he had performed his Oath, in return∣ing with him to Breakfast in his Castle. Adel∣bert (by the Emperours command) was exe∣cuted; and soon after the noble Family of the Pa∣latines of the Oriental France was extinct; and so the Castle, together with all his other Ter∣ritories fell into the hands of the Emperour.

* 1.41313. Paches, the Athenian General, called out Hippias Captain of the Arcadians, and Gover∣nour of the Town of Notium, to a Treaty, up∣on this sworn condition, That in case they should not agree amongst themselves, he would set him in safety within the Town. When Hippias was come forth to him, he set a Guard upon him; and forthwith leading his Army against the Town, he assaulted and took it, put all the Ar∣cadians and Barbarians he found there to the Sword. This done he took Hippias along with him to the City, where he gave him his liber∣ty, as he said, according to their agreement, but soon after causing him again to be appre∣hended, he appointed him to be put to death.

* 1.41414. The Aequi having made a League with the Romans and sworn to the same; afterwards revolted, chose a General of their own, spoiled the Fields and Territories belonging to Rome. Ambassadours were thereupon sent to complain of the wrong, and to demand satisfaction. But the General so little esteemed them, that he bad them deliver their message to an Oak that grew thereby. Accordingly one of the Ambassadors turning to the Oak said, Thou hallowed Oak, and whatsoever else belongs to the gods in this place, hear and bear witness of this persidious∣ness, and favour our just complaints, that by the assistance of the Gods, we may be revenged for this perjury. So returning, the Romans ga∣thered an Army, and having in Battle over∣thrown the Aequi, they utterly destroyed that perjured Nation.

CHAP. XXX. Of the Inconstancy of some Men in their Nature and Disposition.

IN the Country of the Troglodytae, they say there is a Lake, the taste of whose Waters is bitter and salt thrice in a day, then it re∣turns to sweet again, and in the same manner it is with it in the night also: whereupon it hath gained the name of the mad River. Men are no less unequal and inconstant in their manners, than these Waters are in their taste; now cour∣teous, and then rough; now prodigal, and straight sordid; one while extreamly kind, and e're long vehemently hating, where they passio∣nately loved before.

1. Mena was the Freed-man of Sextus Pom∣peius,* 1.415 and in the War betwixt him and Octavia∣nus Caesar, he revolted from his Master with sixty Ships in his company, of all which Caesar made him the Admiral: not long after Caesar having lost most of his Navy by shipwrack, Mena re∣turned to Pompeius his forsaken Lord, carrying along with him six Ships, and was received by him with great humanity: here endeavouring to repair his formerly lost honour, he burnt di∣vers of Caesars Ships: and yet after all this when he found himself circumvented and overcome by Agrippa in a Naval fight, he again went over to Caesars side with six Gallies; this Runnagate the third time was received by Caesar, who indeed indulged him his life, but left him without em∣ployment under him.

2. As long as Marius the younger,* 1.416 managed the War with prosperity and success, he was then called by the people of Rome, the Son of Mars; but no sooner did fortune begin to frown upon him, but they altered their stile, and called him the Son of Venus: such is the le∣vity and vanity of the inconstant multitude; and brake down the Statues made for him in every street.

3. Pope Innocent,* 1.417 while as yet he was a pri∣vate man, used more than all others to cry out of the Popes, that they did not employ the utter∣most of their endeavours to root out that schism, under which the Church of Rome had so long laboured; and that they did not oppose with all their might, the enemies of the Christi∣an faith. But when this man had himself at∣tained to the Popedom, he was so altered in his opinion and manners, that divers persons are supposed to be prosecuted by him with great violence upon no other account, than that they earnestly exhorted him to the performance of those things, the want of which he had so bla∣med in his Predecessors.

4. The Athenians had given Divine Honours to Demetrius Phalaraeus,* 1.418 in a base manner had flattered him during his victories, had set up

two hundred Statues in his honour; but when they heard of his overthrow by Ptolomy King of Egypt, and that he was coming to them for suc∣cour, they sent some to meet him, to let him know, he should not come near them, for they had made a decree that no King should come in∣to Athens. They subverted and took down all those Statues which they had before erected, and that also while Demetrius was living, and before either rust or dust had any way disfigured them; three hundred and sixty Statues, saith Pliny, and brake before the year was out.

* 1.4195. Cains Caligula was so inconstant, and dif∣ficult in the management of affairs, that no man knew what was fit for him to say or do in his presence; sometimes he delighted in a nume∣rous and full attendance, and soon after he was in love with solitude; he would often be angry when nothing was begged of him; and at other times, when any thing was asked he would haste away with all the speed imaginable, to the per∣formance of this or that, and when he came up∣on the place, do little or nothing in it: he was prodigal in the expending, and sordid in the pro∣curement of monys; he was now pleased with flatterers, and such as spake freely in his pre∣sence, and immediately incensed against both; he dismissed many villanous persons without any punishment; and caused many excellent persons to be killed by his command; and he freequent∣ly treated his best friends with severity, and in an injurious manner.

* 1.4206. Alcibiades varied his manners according to the custom of those he conversed with, he passed through more mutations, than the Ca∣meleon doth colurs. In Sparta he was very fre∣quent in exercises, fed sparingly, went frugally, was austere, and kept himself to their black broth, no way differing from the natural Spar∣tans. In Ionia he was voluptuous, merry and slothful: in Thrace he gave himself to riding and drinking of Wine; and when he was with Tis∣saphernes he strove to exceed the very Persians themselves, in all sorts of pomp and luxury.

* 1.4217. Bray is a Village well known in Barkshire, the vivacious Vicar hereof, living under King Henry the eighth, King Edward the sixth, Queen Mary, and Queen Elizabeth, was first a Papist, then a Protestant, then a Papist, and then a Pro∣testant again: this Vicar being taxed by one for being a Turn-coat, and an inconstant changeling; Not so, said he, for I have alwayes kept my principle, which is to live and dye the Vicar of Bray.

* 1.4228. Marcus Antonius de Dominis, Archbishop of Spalato, seeming to loath the Roman Supersti∣tion, came for refuge into England Anno 1616. and having here both by Preaching and Wri∣ting, laboured to overthrow the Church of Rome, upon I know not what projects he declared him∣self to be of another mind Anno 1622. and re∣turned again to Rome, where he wrote as re∣proachfully of the Church of England; but the infatuated man was not long after imprisoned in the Castle of Angelo, and his dead body burnt to ashes.

* 1.4239. Socrates in his Ecclesiastical History, saith of Ecebolius, that he was under Constantine a Christi∣an, under Iulian a Pagan, and a Christian again under Iovinian: so wavering and inconstant a Turncoat was Eccbolius, saith he, from his be∣ginning to his end.

10. — Lydington was a man of the greatest understanding in the Scottish affairs,* 1.424 and a per∣son of an excellent wit, but withall so variable and inconstant, that George Buchanan used to give him the sirname of Chameleon.

11. There was a Matron in Ephesus of so no∣ted a chastity,* 1.425 that the Women of the neigh∣bouring parts stocked thither on purpose to behold her. She when she buried her Husband, was not content with the common usages to follow the Herse with dischevelled hair, or in the sight of the assistants to beat upon her bare breasts; but she also followed the deceased into the ve∣ry monument; and having seen it laid there in its peculiar apartment, (after the Greek manner) she remained there to keep the body, and to la∣ment it for whole nights and dayes together. Her Parents nor Kindred could prevail to get her away; and the Magistrates themselves ha∣ving attempted it in vain were departed. All men bewailed a Woman of so singular an exam∣ple, and it was the ••ifth day since she had tasted any food. The faithful Maid sate by her mourn∣full Mistress; and when her own tears were spent, lent her others, repairing also the light in the Monument, as oft as it required it. She was therefore the only discourse of the City, and it was confessed by all men, that that was the only true and most illustrious example of conjugal chastity and love. In the mean time the Governour of the Province, had command∣ed that certain thieves should be crucified near to that very Dormitory, where the Matron la∣mented her lately departed Husband. The next night therefore the Souldier that was set to guard the Crosses, lest any should steal the bo∣dies thence, and bury them, perceiving a clear light amongst the Monuments, and hearing the sighs of some Mourner, in a curiosity that is in∣cident to humane nature, he was desirous to know who was there, and what they did: He thereupon descends into the Monument, where beholding a most beautiful woman, at first he stood immoveable; soon after espying the dead body that lay there, considering her tears, and those injuries she had done to her face with her nails, judging of the matter as it was, that the woman was such as was not able to bear the death of her Husband; he went and fetcht his Supper into the Monument, and began to ex∣hort the Mourner, that she would not persist in a vain grief, or distend her heart with unpro∣fitable sighs: he represented that the same fate waited upon all; that all must come at last to that long home: and spake such other things, as serve to appease such hearts as are exasperated with grief. But she wounded with an unknown consolation, rent her breasts with greater vehe∣mence, and pulling off her hair, she laid it up∣on the breast of her deceased Husband, that lay before her. Notwithstanding all which the Soul∣dier left not the place, but with the same ex∣hortation, attempted to bring the woman to taste of some food. At last the Maid (corrupt∣ed 'tis likely by the odour of the Wine) reach∣ed out her conquered hand, to receive the hu∣manity of him that invited her: and having re∣freshed her self with meat and drink, she be∣gan to attempt upon the obstinacy of her Mi∣stress: What, said she, is this like to advantage you, if you shall perish by famine, if you shall bury your self alive, if you shall render up your uncondemned breath, before such time as the fates do require it?

Think you the Ghosts, or ashes of the dead, Regard what tears their supervivours shed?

Will you restore him to life again, in despight of all the destinies that oppose it; or will you rather deserting a feminine errour enjoy the com∣forts of life as long as you may be permitted? That very body that lies extended before you, ought to put you in mind, that you should in∣deavour to live. No man is unwilling to hear when he is intreated to live. And therefore the woman dry with several dayes abstinence, suf∣fered her obstinacy to be prevailed upon, and filled her self with meat as greedily as her Maid had before done. But you know what it is that for the most part is wont to tempt humane satiety; with the same blandishments where∣with the Souldier had prevailed with the Ma∣tron to live, with the same he attempts her chastity also. The young man seemed to this chaste one neither unhansome nor uneloquent; and the Maid too seeking to get him into her fa∣vour, repeated ever and anon,

And wilt thou ••ight with pleasing Loves, nor care Within what solitary fields we are?

To cut short, the woman abstained not as to that part of the body, the victorious Souldier over∣came in both; they therefore lay together, not only that night but the next, and a third after, the entrance of the Monument being closed, that it might be supposed that the most chast woman had expired upon the Corpse of her Husband. But the Souldier delighted with the beauty of the woman, and also with the priva∣cy, bought what he was able; and at the en∣trance of the night brought it to the Monu∣ment: the Parents therefore of one of the Thieves lately crucified, perceiving how slight∣ly the bodys were guarded, took down their Son from the Cross, and committed him to the earth. But the Souldier in the morning per∣ceiving that one of the Crosses was without its Carcase, and fearing the punishment of his neg∣lect; told the woman what had hapned, and withall that he would not expect the sentence, but would pronounce upon his sloth, with his own Sword, beseeching her to afford him a place, and to make a ••atal repository, for her Friend as well as for her Husband. The woman (no less compassionate than chaste) Certainly, said she, the gods will not suffer, that at the same time, I should behold the funerals of two men, the dearest unto me of all other; I had rather part with the dead than slaughter the li∣ving; and having said this, she commands the body of her dead Husband to be taken out of his Coffin, cuts off his nose to disfigure his face, and delivers him to be fastned to the Cross that was empty. The Souldier made use of the wit of the wise woman; and the next day it was the wonder of the people, which way the dead Thief was again got upon his Cross.

* 1.42612. Portius Latro, an excellent Oratour, of whom Seneca says, that he was too much in eve∣ry thing, and constant in nothing; for he nei∣ther knew how to leave his studies, nor when he had, how to get to them again: when he once set himself to writing, he remained at it night and day; and followed it without any in∣termission, till such time as he fainted; and on the other side, when he was risen from it, he yield∣ed up himself as intirely to pastime, jesting and merriment. When he was got into the Moun∣tains and Woods, he contended with the best and hardiest of all them that were born in those places, for patience in Labour, and Pains and diligence in Hunting; and fell into such desires of living in that manner, that he had much ado to perswade himself back to his former course of life. But being once returned, he gave up him∣self with such eagerness to his studies, as if he had never departed from them. This man af∣terwards fell into the disease of a double Quar∣tan, which was so tedious to him, that not able to endure it, he laid violent hands upon him∣self, and so dyed.

CHAP. XXXI. Of the Covetous and Greedy disposition of some Men.

THe great and learned Hippocrates,* 1.427 wished a consultation of all the Physicians in the World, that they might advise toge∣ther upon the means how to cure Covetousness: ••t is now above two thousand years ago, since he had this desire; after him a thousand and a thousand Philosop••ers have employed their en∣deavour to cure this insatiable Dropsy. All of them have lost their labour therein, the evil ra∣ther encreases, than dec••••••es under the multi∣tude of remedies. The•• have been a number in former ages sick o•• it; and this wide Hospi∣tal of the World is still as full of such Patients as ever it was. We read of

1. Herod,* 1.428 the Ascalonite, after his vast expen∣ces, that he grew to such a Covetous humour, that having heard how Hir••anus his predecessor had opened the Monument of King David, and carried thence three thousand talents of Silver; he taking along with him, a party of his choi∣cer friends (lest the design should take air) went in the night time, opened and entred the same Monument; and though he found nothing of Silver, as Hircanus had before done, yet he found there much furniture, and several uten∣sils of Gold, all which he caused to be carried away; which done, he passed on to the more inward Cells and Repositories, where the bodies of the two Kings David and Solomon lay em∣balmed; endeavouring to enter there, two of his Courtiers were struck dead; and as it is con∣stantly affirmed, he himself (frighted with the eruption of fire and flame from those apart∣ments) went his way. After this deed of his, it was observed that his affairs succeeded not with his wonted prosperity; and in his fami∣ly there was a kind of continual Civil War, which after did not end without the blood of more persons than one.

2. Marcus Crassus,* 1.429 the Rom••n, at the beginning had not much more than three hundred talents left him; yet by his covetous practises got such a vast estate, that when he was Consul, he made a great sacrifice to Hercules, and kept an open feast for all Rome, upon a thousand Tables, and

gave to every Citizen Corn to find him three months;* 1.430 and y••t before his Parthian expedition, being desirous to know what all he had was worth, found that it amounted to seven thousand and one hundred talents, but even this would not content him; but thirsting after the Parthi∣an Gold, he led an Army against them, by whom he was overthrown; his head was chopt off by Surinas the Parthian General, who also caused molten Gold to be poured down his throat, upbraiding by that action his unquench∣able avarice.

* 1.4313. Cardinal Angelot was so basely covetous, that by a private way he used to go into the Stable, and steal the Oats from his own Horses: on a time the Master of his Horse going into the Stable in the dark, and ••inding him there, taking him for a Thief, beat him soundly; he was also so hard to his Servants, that his Chamberlain watching his opportunity slew him.

* 1.4324. Nitocris, Queen of Babylon, built her Se∣pulchre over the most eminent Gate in that Ci∣ty; and caused to be ingraven upon her Tomb, What King soever that comes after me, and shall want mony, let him open this Sepulchre and take thence so much as he pleases, but let him not open it unless he want, for he shall not find it for his advantage. Darius long after find∣ing this inscription brake open the Sepulchre, but instead of Treasure he only found this Inscri∣ption within; Unless thou wert a wicked man, and basely covetous, thou wouldst never have violated the Dormitories of the dead.

* 1.4335. Arthur Bulkley, the covetous Bishop of Ban∣gor, in the reign of King Henry the eighth, had sacrilegiously sold the five fair Bells of his Cathe∣dral, to be transported beyond the Seas, and went down himself to see them shipped; they suddenly sunk down with the Vessel in the Haven, and the Bishop fell instantly blind, and so continued to the day of his death.

* 1.4346. One reports this Pasquin of Bancroft, Arch∣bishop of Canterbury, for his covetousness,

Here lies his Grace in cold clay clad, Who dy'd for want of whai he had.

* 1.4357. Anno 712. Rodericus was the last King of the Goths: there was a Palace in Toledo, that was shut up, and made fast with strong Iron bars; the Universal Tradition concerning which was, That the opening of it should be the destruction of Spain: Rodericus laugh'd at it, and supposing that Treasure was hid in it, caused it to be broke open; no Treasure was found, but there was a great Chest, and in it a linnen cloath, wherein was depainted several strange ••aces, and uncouth habits in a Military posture; also there was an Inscription in Latin to this purpose, That Spain should be destroyed by such a Nation as that; and the Prediction was in some sort verified: for Count Iulianus having his daughter ravished by the King, in Revenge thereof he called in the Moors from Africa, who slew the King and ruinated the Country.

8. Perses, the last King of Macedon, a little before he was taken,* 1.436 was deserted by all his Soul∣diers, saving only a few C••••ans, whom he re∣tained with the hope of mighty promises, ha∣ving before-hand put into their hands some Ves∣sels of Gold, as a pledge of his just meaning; by means of these men he was brought into a safe place, where promising to pay them in money, he took back his Vessels, and refused to give them any thing in lieu of them; whereupon be∣ing deserted by the Cretans also, he sled into Sa∣mothracia without other company than his Gold, was taken by Aemylius, and led in Triumph through Rome; and lost both his Kingdom and Li∣berty as his Covetousness deserved.

9. Pope Benedict the ninth was so very desirous of Gold,* 1.437 that he sold the very Popedom it self to Gregory the sixth for money; and 'tis very pro∣bable that he would have sold himself, his liberty and life too, in case he could have found a purchaser that would part with good store of Coin.

10. In the Siege of Cassilinum,* 1.438 where Hanni∣bal had reduced them within to a grievous Fa∣mine, there was a Souldier that had taken a Mouse, and sold it to another for two hundred pence, rather than he would eat it himself to asswage his cruel hunger: but the event was both to the buyer and seller as each did deserve, for the seller was consumed with lamine, and so enjoyed not his money; the buyer though he paid dear for his Mor••el, yet saved his life by it.

11. Quintus Cassius being in Spain,* 1.439 M. Silius, and A. Culpurnius, were purposed to slay him: as they went about it they were seized upon with their Daggers in their hands, the whole matter was confessed by them; but such was the extreme covetousness of Cassius, that he let them both go, having agreed with one for fifty, and the other for sixty thousand Sesterces. It is scarce to be doubted but that this man would willingly have sold his own Throat to them in case he had had another.

12. Ptolomaeus,* 1.440 King of Cyp••••s, by sordid means had heaped up much Treasure, and saw that for the sake of his Riches he must perish; he therefore embarked himself, together with all his Treasure, in a Ship, and put to Sea, that he might bore the bottom of his Vessel, die as himself pleased, and withal disappoint the ex∣pectation of his enemies that gaped for the prey: but alas, the covetous wretch could not find in his heart to sink so much Gold and Silver as he had with him, but returned back with those Riches which should be the reward of his death.

13. Vespasian the Emperour practised such kind of Traffick as even a private man would shame to do,* 1.441 taking up Commodities at a cheap, that he might vend them at a dearer rate. He spared not to sell Honours to such as sued for them; or Pardons to such as were accused, whether they proved guilty or guiltless. He made choice of the most ravenous polling Officers he could any where find out, advanced them to the highest Places, that thereby being grown Rich, he might condemn their persons, and con••iscate their Estates. These men he was commonly said to use as Spunges, because he both mo••stened them when dry, and squeezed them when wet. When some of his special Friends for his honour in∣tended to erect to him a sumptuous Statue worth a Million of Sesterces, ••os vero inquit mihi ar∣gentum daie, he desired rather to receive from them the value thereof in ready Coin, as being less troublesom to them, and more acceptable to him.

14. C. Caligula was the Successour of Tiberius,* 1.442 as well in Vice as the Empire; some with threats he forced to name him their heir, and if they re∣covered

covered after the making of their Wills,* 1.443 he dispatched them by poyson, holding it ridiculous that they should live long after their Wills were made. For the bringing in of money he set up Stews both of Boyes and Women in the Palace it self, and sent some through the Streets to in∣vite persons thither, for the increasing of the Emperours Revenues; and having by this, and such like wretched means, amassed huge heaps of Treasure (to satiate his appetite being in••lamed with a longing desire of touching money) he would sometimes walk upon heaps of Gold, and sometimes as the pieces lay spread abroad in a large Room, he would rowle himself over them stark naked. Most transcendent and excessive co∣vetousness, which blinded so great a Prince, and cast him into such an extremity of baseness, as to become a publick Pander and Poysoner for the love of money.

* 1.44415. Galba being Proconsul in Spain under Nero, the Tarraconians sent him for a Present a Crown of Gold, affirming that it weighed fif∣teen pounds: he received it, and caused it to be weighed, found it to want three pounds, which he exacted from them (laying a side all shame) as if it had been a true debt: And to shew he was no Changling, after his coming to the Em∣pire, he gave with his own hands to a certain Musician that pleased him (out of his own Purse) twenty Sesterces, about three shillings English money; and to his Steward at making up of his Books of Account, a reward from his Table.

* 1.44516. Lewis the eleventh in fear of his father Charles the seventh, abode in Burgundy, where he contracted a familiarity with one Conon an Herb∣man: succeeding his father in the Kingdom, Conon took his Journey to Paris to present the King with some Turnips, which he had observed him to eat heartily o•• when he sometimes came from Hunting: in the way hunger constrained him to eat them all up, save only one of an un∣usual bigness, and this he presented the King with. The King delighted with the simplicity of the man, commanded him a thousand Crowns; and the Turnip wrapt up in Silk to be reserved amongst his Treasures: a covetous Courtier had observed this, and having already in his mind devoured a greater summ, bought a very hand∣some Horse, and made a Present of him to the King, who chearfully accepted the gift, and gave order that the Tu••nip should be brought him; when unwrapt, and that it was seen what it was, the Courtier complained he was deluded: No, said the King, here is no delusion, thou hast that which cost me a thousand Crowns for a Horse that is scarcely to be valued at an hundred.

CHAP. XXXII. Of the Tributes and Taxes some Princes have imposed upon their Subjects.

I Have read of Henry the second, King of England, that he never laid any Tax or Tri∣bute on his Subjects in all his Reign, and yet when he died he left nine hundred thousand pounds in his Treasury: a mighty and vast summ, if we consider the time wherein this was. There are waies it seems for Princes to be Rich, with∣out ••ullying their Consciences with heavy and unheard of Oppressions of their Subjects: some indeed of the following imposts were but a mo∣derate sheering of the Sheep; but others were the ••••eaing off skin and all, and the Princes tyran∣nically sporting of themselves with the bitter Oppression, and woful miseries of their over∣burdened people. Thus

1. Iohannes Basilides the great and cruel Duke of Muscovia,* 1.446 commanded from his Subjects, a Tribute of Sweat, and of Nightingales in the midst of Winter.

2. Sylla raised out of the lesser Asia alone,* 1.447 twenty thousand Talents yearly; yet Brutus and Cassius went further, forcing them to pay the Tribute of ten years within the space of two, and Antonius in one, by which computation they paid in one year two hundred thousand Talents, a mighty summ.

3. There was heretofore amongst the Grecians a Tribute called Chrysargurum,* 1.448 by which every Beggar, every Whore, every divorced woman, every servant or freed-man paid something to the Treasury: something was exacted from every Male for Dung, for Cattel, for Dogs; both in City and Country every man and woman paid a Silver penny for their heads; for every Horse, Ox, and Mule as much as was demanded; but for every Ass or Dog six half-pence: for which Tribute, when there was great lamentation in the City, seeing it was exacted without mercy, Anastasius Dicorus the Emperour abolish'd it, and burnt the Tables (wherein the Tribute was described) in the Cirque, in the presence of all the people.

4. Caius Manlius,* 1.449 the Consul, by a new ex∣ample, propounded a Law in his Camp at Su∣trium, by which throughout all the Tribes all that were manumitted should pay the twentieth part of what they were worth; and because that by this Law a great in-come and addition was to be made to their impoverished Treasure, the fa∣thers of the Senate were agreed it should pass; this Law was abrogated by Nero in the beginning of his Reign, that he might thereby be the more gracious with the people.

5. Basilius the younger,* 1.450 Emperour of the East, ordained a Tribute wherein that which could not be paid by the poor, was to be exacted up∣on the Rich: the Tribute was called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Allelengyon; this kind of Tribute was taken away by Romanus Argyrus the Emperour, and had been before that by Constantine, but that death prevented him.

6. The Emperour Fl. Vespatianus laid an Im∣position upon Urine,* 1.451 and being by his son Titus

put in mind of the baseness of it,* 1.452 he took a piece of money received upon that account, and reaching it to his sons Nostrils, demanded of him, whether he felt any other favour from it than from any other kind of money, adding withal, Bonus odor Lucri ex re qualibet, The smell of gain is good and pleasant from whence∣soever it ariseth; the like Tribute upon Urine, was exacted by Ferdinand, King of Naples, upon the Citizens of Capua, by which he also got an infamous note upon himself.

* 1.4537. Cajus Caligula, the Roman Emperour, ex∣acted new and unheard of Tributes; he gathered them at first by Publicans: but perceiving the gain on their side was much, he afterwards ga∣thered them by Centurions, and Pretorian Tri∣bunes; nor was there any sort of men, nor any kind of thing but what was Assessed at some∣thing. For all manner of eatable things through∣out the whole City, he had a certain rate upon them; for all manner of Law-suits and Judge∣ments, wheresoever commenced or decided, he had the fortieth part of the summ about which they contended; and if any man was convicted to have compounded or given away his right, he was sure to be punished; he had the eighth part out of the daily gains of Porters; out of the gets of common Prostitutes, he re∣ceived as much as they earned by once lying with a man; it was also annexed to the Chapter of the Law, That not only Strumpets, but all such as kept such houses of baseness, should be liable to this Tribute: nay that even wedded persons should pay for their use of marriage.

* 1.4548. In the last Wars in Lorrain, and in the year 1594. whereas before there were sundry sorts of Tributes imposed, this was at that time added, That every Family should contri∣bute so much to the present Tax, as it did usually expend in victuals in one day.

* 1.4559. The Lampsaceni at such time as they wanted money, took this course in the Collection of it, They imposed a further rate than usuall upon all vendible things, so that what was the former price of the Commodities, that the seller did re∣serve to himself, and what was over and above, was paid to the Publick.

* 1.45610. The Emperour Commodus upon his birth∣day, demanded of each of the Senators Wives, and from each of their Children two Crowns; and this Tribute he called his First-fruits; and of all the Senators, that were in the rest of the Ci∣ties and Provinces, he exacted five Drachma's a man: when notwithstanding all this, money still failed, he feigned a necessity of his passing over into Africa to settle the Affairs thereof, that so he might have an occasion of Collecting so much as might bear the charge of his Ex∣pences.

* 1.45711. Isaacius Comnenus, Emperour of the East, had a new and extraordinary way of Taxing: and it was on this manner, Upon every Street wherein there were thirty Chimneys, or Tun∣nels, he imposed one Crown in Gold, two in Silver, one Sheep, six strikes of Barley, six mea∣sures of Wine, six measures of Brann, and thirty Hens; upon one that had twenty, the eighth part of a Crown in Gold, a Crown in Silver, half a Lamb, four measures of Barley, four measures of Wine, and twenty Hens; up∣on a Street that had ten, he fixed as his Tribute, five pieces of Silver, a young Lamb, two mea∣sures of Barley, and ten Hens.

12. Margareta,* 1.458 the Queen of Denmark and Norway, upon the overthrow of Albertus by the Swedes, being advanced to the Kingdom, ex∣hausted the Suernes and Goths by intolerable ex∣actions and imposts, she demanded a certain summ of money for every Tail of the greater Cattle, a Floren for every Hearth or fire, and a mark of Stockholme value from every Marriage: besides divers other heavy Taxes that were levyed every Week or Month upon them.

13. Almost all the Provinces of the Roman Empire,* 1.459 saith Lipsius, paid yearly the fifth part of the profits of their Pasture, and the tenth of their Arable. Nor did Anthony and Caesar for∣bear to exact the Tributes of nine or ten years to be paid in one. When Iulius Caesar was slain, and Arms were taken up for their liberty, every Citizen was commanded to pay down the five and twentieth part of all their Goods. And more than this, all that were Senators paid for every Tile of their house six Asses, an immense contribution above the reach of our senses, as well as of our Estates. But Octavianus Caesar (probably with some reference to his name) ex∣acted and received of all freed men the eighth part of their Estates. I omit what the Trium∣virs, and other Tyrants have done, left I should teach those of our times by the recital of them.

14. Alexander Severus,* 1.460 who was accounted amongst the best of the Emperours, was yet severe this way, for he imposed a Tribute upon all Taylours, Boat-men, or Barge-men, Apple-women and Citron sellers, Skinners and Leather-sellers, Wain-wrights, Silver-smiths and Gold-smiths, and other Arts and Handicrafts, for the adorning of those Baths which he had Founded. And, saith Herodian, deceasing in the eighteenth year of his Reign, he left to his Children and Successours such a summ of money as none before him had done; and so great an Army as no force could be able to resist.

15. The Tribute called Cunigosteura and Fa∣nolehe,* 1.461 was by the institution of Charles the Great: Every measure of Bread-corn paid yearly five pence; every man, who by reason of sickness or age, desired an exemption from the War, was fined at the same summ: nor were the Churches or Church-men themselves freed of Contribution in this kind. This Prince had with him an ac∣count of all Farms, Stipends, Fields, Meadows, Vineyards, Villages, the annual Rents and value of all these, with the Tributes imposed upon them: as also a stated account of great and small Cattel, and number of servants: not only so, but he had the very houshold-stuff of all Pre∣fects, Presidents, Prelates, Monks, and Nuns, written down and Registred.

16. King Athelstan imposed,* 1.462 as a Tribute on the Prince of North-Wales, to pay three hundred Wolves yearly, which continued three years: and in the fourth there was not one Wolf to be found, whereby the Province was cleared of in∣finite trouble and danger, the great abundance of them had formerly occasioned.

17. Ludovicus Sfortia sent F. Marchesius to the Genoans to demand of them a mighty Tribute:* 1.463 The Genoans received the Embassadour with all manner of civility, they led him into a Garden, and there shewed him the herb Basil (it is the Emblem of an afflicted Common-wealth) they desired him to take some of that weak Herb and smell to it, he did so, and told them that it smelt

very sweet: they then wished him that he would press and rub it betwixt his fingers, and so smell to it: he did so, And now, saith he, it stinks: In like manner, said the Genoans, if the Prince deal graciously and mercifully with us, he will oblige us to all chearfulness and readiness in his service, but if he shall proceed to grind and op∣press us, he will then find the bitter and trouble∣some effects of it.

* 1.46418. The Plane Tree was first brought over the Ionian Sea, into the Island Diomedia to beau∣tifie the Tomb of Diomedes; from thence tran∣slated into Sicily; and so at length brought into Italy, and planted as a singular, rare, and special Tree; but now it is carryed as far as Terwin and Tourney in France, where it is counted an appur∣tenance to the very soil that payeth Tribute; insomuch as people that will but walk and re∣fresh themselves under the shadow of it, must pay a Tribute and Custom thereupon to the people of Rome.

* 1.46519. Dionysius the elder exacted a vast summ of money of the Syracusans, and when he saw that they lamented, pretended poverty, and desired to be freed of it, he then appointed a new Im∣post or Tax to be laid upon them: and this he caused to be collected twice or thrice. At last when he had commanded the same should be paid again; and that he observed thereupon that the people laugh'd, and as they walked together cast out sharp words and jests upon him, he gave order that the Tribute should be demanded no more, for, saith he, since they begin to contemn us, it is a sign that they have no money at all left.

* 1.46620. Licinius, the Prefect of Gallia, pro∣ceeded so far in his avaricious design, that where∣as the Gauls were to pay thei•• Tribute every Month, he ordained that there should be four∣teen Months accounted to the year; December he said was indeed the Tenth Month, but after that he would have two other to succeed (which he called the Augusti) for the eleventh and twel••th Months, for these interposed Months he required the same Tribute to be paid, as in any other two of the year.

* 1.46721. Drusus had imposed a Tribute upon the Frisons, a small one and agreeable to their po∣verty; it was that for Military uses they should pay a certain number of Ox Hides, not deter∣mining either the measure or strength of them. Olennius was afterwards made Governour of that people, and he chose out certain Bulls Hides, according to the measure and strength of which their Tribute should be accepted: if otherwise, not. This was hard to other Nations, but espe∣cially to the Germans, who had Forests indeed of mighty Beasts that were wild, but had few Herds of them at home: and therefore they first deli∣vered up thier Oxen themselves; afterwards their Lands; and at last not able to pay their Tribute, they gave up their own bodies, those of their Wives and Servants to be Slaves in lieu of it. Hereupon began first complaints, and then indignation; and because they were not able to remedy these things by a just War, they seized upon those Souldiers that were appointed to collect the Tribute, and hung them upon Gibbets.

* 1.46822. Antigonus laid heavy Impositions upon the Nations of Asia, and when one told him that Alexander did not use to do so, he said it was true indeed, for Alexander did only Mow Asia, and that he was to gather the Stubble.* 1.469 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 was the name of a Tribute that was imposed upon the Astrologers, and such as were figure-setters, and by that appellation they used to re∣proach such as consulted the Mathematicians and Calculators of Nativities.

23. Every three years the Aethiopians were wont to pay by way of Tribute unto the Kings of Persia,* 1.470 as Herodotus saith, two hundred Billets of the Timber of the Ebony Tree, together with Gold and Ivory, the yearly Tribute of which last was twenty great and Massy Elephants Teeth.

24. Mausolus,* 1.471 King of Caria, had sundry subtil and injurious waies whereby he used to extort money from his Subjects; he feigned that ano∣ther King demanded Tribute of him which he was not able to pay, and that therefore he must be supplyed by the purses of his people; he got a great summ from the Myllacenses, pretending that their Mother City was to be invaded by the enemy, and whereas it wanted a Wall he had not wherewith to build one. By Condalus his Lieutenant he divers waies drained and exhausted the people; for such Cattel as were given him he left in the hand of the Donours for some years, and then demanded them, together with all the increase of them within such a time as they were first given; he sold the Fruits of such Trees at a price as hung over any part of the Kings High-waies; he demanded a Tributary Drachm for the burial of any Souldier that de∣ceased. And whereas the Lycians rejoyced and delighted in their hair, he feigned an Edict from the King, That they should have it cut off, unless every man should redeem his at a certain rate by him at pleasure imposed.

CHAP. XXXIII. Of Cheats; and the extraordinary boldness of some in their Thefts.

THe Emperour Aurelius Alexander (saith Lampridius) was so perfect a hater of all Thieves, that if he chanced but to see any of them, he had his finger ready to pull out one of their eyes; and not only so, but it seems that so great was his Antipathy towards all that laboured under that kind of Infamy, that at the casual sight of any such, with the very commotion of his mind, he would vomit up choler, and such a sudden burning would come into his face that he could not speak for the pre∣sent so much as one single word. Great sure is that filthiness which excited a loathing in so gal∣lant and great a man; but the Histories of these bold and subtil practitioners will not (I hope) prove altogether so nauseous.

1. Richard Smyth of Shirford in Warwickshire,* 1.472 having but one only daughter called Margaret, and doubting of issue Male, treated with Sir Iohn Littleton of Frankley in Worcestershire, for a mar∣riage betwixt his said daughter and William Lit∣tleton, third son to the said Sir Iohn: In consi∣deration whereof he agreed to settle all his Lands in remainder, after his own decease without

other issue upon the said William and Margaret and the Heirs of their two bodies lawfully be∣gotten, but for lack of such issue, to return to his own right Heirs. And having writings drawn accordingly, trusted the said Sir Iohn Lit∣tleton to get them engrossed, which being effect∣ed, and a day appointed for sealing, Mr. Smith came over to Frankley, where he ••ound very no∣ble entertainment; and some of Sir Iohn's friends to bear him company, in whose presence the writings were brought forth and begun to be read; but before they came to the uses, stept in Sir Iohn Littletons Keeper in a sweat, and told them that there were a brace of Bucks at Lare in the Park, which carryed a Glass in their Tayls for Mr. Smiths Dogs to look in (for he loved coursing well and had his Grey-hounds there) but if they made not haste, those Market peo∣ple which passed through the Park would un∣doubtedly rouse them. Whereupon Sir Iohn Littleton earnestly moved Mr. Smith to seal the Writings without further reading, protesting they were according to the draughts he had seen, and without any alteration. Which bold asse∣verations putting him out of all suspicion of si∣nister dealing, caused him forthwith to seal them, and go into the Park. Hereupon the two children (for they were not above nine years old a piece) were married together, and lived in the House with Sir Iohn; but about six years after the young man dyed by a fall from his Horse; and Mr. Smith resolved to take his Daughter away: Sir Iohn designing to marry her again to George his second Son, refused to deli∣ver her, till which Mr. Smith never suspected any thing in the deed formerly so sealed as hath been said, but then upon the difference betwixt him and Sir Iohn, it appeared that for want of issue by the before specified William and Margaret the Lands were to devolve unto the right Heirs of the said William, which was Gilbert Littleton his eldest Brother, contrary to the plain agreement at first made. What success attended all this take in short: From Gilbert these Lands descend∣ed to Iohn his Son, from him to the Crown, as being one of the Conspiracy with Essex, in the forty second of Eliz. and dyed in Prison. After which Muriel his Wi••dow, petitioned King Iames for a restitution of his Lands, and ob∣tained it; but doubting further troubles by sutes with Mr. Smith, sold them away to Serjeant Hele a great Lawyer, who considering the first foun∣dation of Littletons Title, that they might be the better defended, disposed of them to his five sons; but such is the fate that follows these possessions, that for want of a publick adversa∣ry, these Brothers are now at suit among them∣selves for them. And as none of the line of Gilbert Littleton to whom they descended (by the fore-specified fraud) doth enjoy a foot of them, so 'tis no less observable, that the Son and Heir of George by the same Margaret, to wit Stephen Littleton of Holbeach in Worcestershire was attend∣ed with a very hard fate, being one of the Gun∣powder Conspirators in 3 Iac. for which he lost his life and estate.

* 1.4732. Earle Godwin cast a covetous eye on the fair Nunnery of Berkley in Gloucestershire, and thus contrived it for himself: he left there a handsome Young Man, really or seemingly sick, for their charity to recover, who quickly grew well and wanton. He is toying, tempting, ta∣king, such fire and flax quickly make a flame; The Sisters lose their chastity, and without ta∣king Wife in the way, are ready to make Mo∣thers. The Young Man if sick, returns to Earl Godwin in health, leaving the healthful Nuns sick behind him. The fame hereof ••ills the Coun∣try, flies to Court, is complained of by Earl Godwin to the King: Officers are sent to enquire, they return it to be true; the Nuns are turned out, their house and lands forfeited, both be∣stowed on Earl Godwin: surprized weakness be∣ing put out, and designing wickedness placed in the room thereof.

3. At another time the said Earl had a mind to the rich mannour of Boseham in Sussex,* 1.474 and complemented it out of Robert Archbishop of Canterbury on this manner: Coming to the Arch∣bishop, he said Da mihi Basium, that is, give me a buss or kiss, an usual favour from such a Pre∣late: The Archbishop returns, Do tibi Basium, kissing him there with an holy Kiss (perchance) as given, but a crafty one as taken, for Godwin presently poasts to Boseham, and takes possession thereof, and though here was neither real inten∣tion in him who passed it away, nor valuable consideration to him, but a meer circumvention; yet such was Godwins power, and the Archbi∣shops poorness of Spirit, that he quietly en∣joyed it. These rich and ancient Mannors of Berkley and Boseham, (Earl Godwins brace of Cheats) and distant an hundred miles from each other, are now both met in the Right Ho∣nourable George Berkley as Heir apparent there∣of, his Ancestors being long since possessed of them.

4. Maccus,* 1.475 a famous Cheat, came into the Shop of a Shoomaker at Leyden and saluted him, casting his eye upon a pair of Boots that h••ng up; the Shoomaker asked if he would buy them, the other seemed willing, they were taken down, drawn on and fitted him very well: Now saith he, how well would a pair of double sole Shoos fit these Boots! They were found and fitted to his feet upon the Boots. Now, saith Maccus, tell me true, doth it never so fall out, that such as you have so fitted for a race as you have now done me, run away without paying? Never said the other; but said he, if it should be so, what would you then do? I would follow him said the Shoomaker. Well saith Maccus I will try, and thereupon began to run; the Shooma∣ker immediately followed crying stop thief, stop thief, at which the Citizens came out of their Houses; but Maccus laughing, Let no man, said he, hinder our race, for we run for a Cup of Ale; whereupon all set themselves quiet specta∣tors of the course, till Maccus had run quite away; and the poor Shoomaker returned sweat∣ing and out of breath, and declared how he had been dealt with.

5. At Antwerp not long since,* 1.476 there was a Priest, who had received a pretty round sum in Silver, which he had put into a great Purse that hung upon his Girdle; a certain Cheat had ob∣served it, who came, and saluting of him civilly, tells him, that he was appointed by the Parish where he lived to buy a new Surplice; he hum∣bly begs therefore, that he would please to go with him to the place where they were sold, that he might be the better fitted, in as much as he was of the very same pitch and habit of body with the Priest of their Parish; he prevail∣ed and together they went, a Surplice was brought forth, and put upon him; the Seller said

it fitted exactly; the cheat when he had survey∣ed the Priest, now before and then behind, said it was too short before; that's not the fault of the Surplice, said the Shop-keeper, but is occa∣sioned by the distension of the Purse: the Priest therefore laid down his Purse, that they might view it again, but no sooner had he turned his back but the Cheat catched up the Purse, and away he ran with it; the Priest followed in the Surplice as he was, the Shop-keeper pursued the Priest, the Priest called stop the Thief, the Shop-keeper said stop the Priest, the Cheat said stop the Priest for he is mad; the people easily be∣lieved no less, when they saw him running in publick, and so habited, so that while one was a hindrance to the other, the Cheat got off clear with the purse and mony of the poor Pri••st.

* 1.4776. In the reign of King Francis the first of that name, King of France, a notable Thief, appar∣relled like a Gentleman, as he was diving into a great pouch, which Iohn Cardinal of Lorrain had by his side, was espyed by the King being at Mass and standing right over against the Cardi∣nal; the Thief perceiving himself discovered, held up his finger to the King, making a sign he should say nothing, and he should see good sport. The King glad of such merriment towards, let him alone, and within a while after coming to the Cardinal, took occasion in talking with him, to make the Cardinal go to his Pouch, who missing what he had put therein, begins to won∣der; but the King who had seen the Play, was merry on the other side: after the King had even we••ried himself with laughter, he would gladly that the Cardinal should have again what was taken from him, as indeed he made account that the meaning of the taker was. But whereas the King thought he was an honest Gentleman, and of some account, in that he had shewed him∣self so resolute, and held his countenance so well; experience shewed that ••e was a most cunning Thief, that meant not to jest, but making as if he j••sted was in good earnest. Then the Cardi∣nal turned all the laughter against the King, who using his wonted Oath, swore by the faith of a Gentleman, that it was the first time that ever a Thief had made him his Companion.

* 1.4787. The Emperour Charles the fifth, command∣ing a remove; while every man was busied in putting up his stuff, there entred a good Fellow into the Hall, where the Emperour then was, being meanly accompanied, and ready to take Horse; this Thief (for so he was) having made great reverence, presently went about the ta∣king down of the Hangings; making great haste, as if he had much business to do; and though it was not his profession, yet he went about it so nimbly, that he whose charge it was to take them down, coming to do it, found that some body had eased him of that labour, and which was worse, of carrying them away too.

* 1.4798. Great was the boldness of an Italian Thief, who in the time of Pope Paul the third, played this prank. A certain Cardinal having made a great feast in his house; and the Silver Vessels be∣ing looked up in a Trunk, that stood in a Par∣lour next the Hall where the Feast had been; while many were sitting and waiting in this room for their Masters, there came a man in, with a Torch carried before him, bearing the counte∣nance of the Steward, and having a Jacket on, who prayed those that sate on the Trunk to rise up from it, because he was to use the same▪ which they having done, he made it to be taken up by certain Porters that followed him in, and went clean away with it. And this was done while the Steward and all the Servants of the House were at Supper.

9. The Emperour Charles the fifth,* 1.480 had a little Watch, of admirable and rare Workmanship; in a great croud he was robbed of it, by a Cour∣tier that attended upon him; but the Watch it self betrayed the Thief, for it struck the hour of the day in his pocket: at the sound of which, the poor man surprized and affrighted, cast him∣self on his knees before the Emperour imploring his pardon, which the Emperour easily granted, saying that the fear of ignominy had been far more to him than the hope of gain could ever be.

10. When the Emperour makes his entrance into the Imperial Cities,* 1.481 the custome is that the Deputies of the said Cities (in congratulation of his coming) present him with certain gifts: These gifts are most commonly great Cups of Gold, or other Vessels curiously wrought, and of great value, filled sometimes with pieces of Gold, stamped with the Impress of the Cities that have the priviledge to Coin mony. In one of the chiefest Cities of Germany such presents be∣ing made to the Emperour Maximilian the first in the presence of some of his greatest favou∣rites, they were left in his Chamber, and placed upon the Cupboard, even as they were present∣ed; at which time in the streets some pleasant Pastimes, and Shews were made to delight the Emperour with: all the Courtiers were so intent to look upon these, that they had filled all the Windows of the Emperours Chamber. One of the Emperours greatest Familiars thinking his Lord and Master would be as busie in beholding the sports as the rest, pretending in kindness to leave his place to one that stood by him, a grea∣ter man than himself, he withdrew himself back into the Chamber by the Cupboard, and seeing all was clear, puts his hand into the Cup that was given, and takes out an handful of Gold, and puts it into his Pocket, assuring himself that no man saw him. But the Emperour who seem∣ed as if he thought of nothing but the Shews, took heed to something else; for he wore on his finger a Ring set with a certain Stone, which would shew all that was done behind him; wherefore casting his eye upon it, he looked where one would not think he did. The Pastimes ended, the Courtiers stood in the Chamber wait∣ing what the Emperour would say, when he called him that had fingered part of the Present, bidding him to put his hand in the Cup, and to take out as much as he could of that which was in it. The Thief not knowing whereunto it tended, and confounded with the sting of a guilty Conscience, took but a very few of the pieces, which having done, the Emperour willed him to tell them, while the rest waited very at∣tentively, not knowing what this Ceremony tended to; and thinking those pieces should be distributed amongst them all. The Emperour smiling said to the Thief, Draw me now out those other pieces which thou didst put up into thy Pocket a while since, that I may see whether thou didst gripe more then, or now. The poor soul confounded with that word, begins to frame excuses and prayers; in the end he emptied his Pocket upon the Table, and tells before them all the pieces of Gold he had put up; the number

of which being far greater than those he took the second time, the Emperour said unto him, Take all these pieces to thee to defray the charges of thy Journy, and be gone, and take heed thou never come any more in my sight; and thus was the Courtier banished the Court with shame enough.

* 1.48211. A certain Candiot called Stamat, being at Venice, when the treasure was shewed in kind∣ness to the Duke of Ferrara, entred into the Chapel so boldly, that he was taken for one of the Dukes domestical servants; and wondring at so much wealth, instead of contenting him∣self with the sight, intended to purloin thence a part at least for himself. St. Markes Church gilded well nigh all over with pure Gold, is built at the bottom round about, within and without with pieces or tables of Marble. This Grecian Thief with marvellous cunning, devised to take out finely by night one of those tables or stones of Marble, against that place of the Church, where the Altar stands, called the Childrens Al∣tar, thereby to make himself an entrance into the treasury; and having laboured a night, because in that time the Wall could not be wrought through, he laid the Stone handsomly into its place again, and fitted it so well, that no man could perceive any shew of opening it at all. As for the Stones and Rubbish which he took out of the wall, he carried it away so nimbly, and so cleanly, and all before day, that he was never discovered. Having wrought thus many nights, he got at length to the Treasure, and began to carry away much riches of divers kinds. He had a God-father in the City, a Gentleman of the same Isle of Candy, called Zacharias Grio, an honest man and of a good Conscience: Stamat taking him one day aside, and near to the Altar, and drawing a promise from him that he should keep secret that which he should impart to him, discovered from the beginning to the end all that he had done, and then carries him to his House, where he shews him the inestimable Riches he had stollen. The Gentleman being vertuous, stood amazed at the sight; and qua∣king at the horror of the offence, began to reel, and was scarce able to stand. Whereupon Sta∣mat as a desperate Villain was about to kill him in the place; and as his will of doing it encrea∣sed, Grio mistrusting him, stayed the blow by saying, That the extream joy which he concei∣ved in seeing so many precious things, whereof he never thought to have had any part, had made him as it were besides himself. Stamat contented with that excuse, let him alone, and as a gift gave Grio a Precious Stone, of ex∣ceeding great value, and is the same that is now worn in the fore part of the Dukes Crown. Grio pretended some weighty matter to dispatch; forth he goes and hastens to the Palace, where having obtained access to the Duke, he reveal∣eth all the matter, saying withal, that there need∣ed expedition, otherwise Stamat might rowse himself, look about him, disguise himself and be gone. To gain the more credit to his words, he drew forth of his bosome that Precious Stone that had been given him: Which seen, some that were present were immediately sent away to the House, where they laid hold on Stamat, and all that he had stollen, which amount∣ed to the value of two millions of Gold, nothing thereof being as yet removed. So he was hang∣ed betwixt two Pillars, and the Informer besides a rich recompence, which he at that time recei∣ved, had a yearly pension assigned him out of the publick treasury, for so long as he lived.

12. Anno Dom. 1560. when Hadrianus Turne∣bas read in Paris Lectures upon Aristophanes,* 1.483 he openly averred, That heretofore in that City, he had seen a crafty fellow, called Petrus Braban∣tius, who as often as he pleased would speak from his Belly, with his mouth indeed open, but his lips unmoved, and that this way he put di∣vers cheats upon several persons; Amongst others this was well known: There was a Mer∣chant of Lions, who was lately dead, that had attained to a great estate by unjust arts, as all men believed. Brabantius comes to Cornutus, the only Son and Heir of this Merchant, as he walk∣ed in a Portico, behind the Church-yard, and tells him that he was sent to inform him, of what was to be done by him, that it was more re∣quisite for him to think of the soul and reputati∣on of his Father, than his death. Upon the sudden, while they are discoursing a voice is heard, as if it was that of the Father (which though it proceeded from the belly of Brabanti∣us, yet he feigned to be wonderfully affrighted at it). The voice was to inform the Son, what state his Father was now in, by reason of his in∣justice, what tortures he endured in Purgatory, both upon his own and his Sons account, whom he had left Heir of his ill gotten goods, that no freedom thence was to be expected by him, without just expiation by his Son, by alms to such as stood most in need, which were the Christians who were taken by the Turks; That he should credit the man, who was by special providence come to him, to be employed by Religious per∣sons, for the redemption of such persons that were captive at Constantinople. Cornutus a good man (though loth to part with his mony) told him that he would advise upon it that day, that on the next Brabantius should meet him in the same place. In the mean time he suspected there might be some fraud in the place, because shady, dark, and apt enough for echoes or other de∣lusions. The next day therefore he takes him into an open plain place, where no bush nor bryar was; where notwithstanding he heard the same song, with this addition, that he should deliver Brabantius six thousand Franks, and pur∣chase three Masses daily to be said for him, or else the miserable soul of his Father could not be freed. Cornutus bound by Conscience, Duty and Religion (though loth) yet delivered him the mony, without witness of the receipt or payment of it; and having dismissed him, and hearing no more of his Father, he was some∣what more pleasant than usual. Those that sate at Table with him, wondred at it: at last he told them what had befallen him; and thereup∣on was so derided by all, that at once he should be cheated of brain and mony, that for meer grief, within some few days after he died.

CHAP. XXXIV. Of persons of base birth, who assumed the names of Illustrious Persons.

THey say there is a Pool in Comagena that sends forth a mud, that burns in such man∣ner, as that it is no way to be quench∣ed till a quantity of earth be cast upon it; and Virgil hath it of the Bees (those little Birds) that when they swarm, and have furiously com∣menced a civil war amongst themselves, cast a handful of dust upon them, and they return to their wonted quietness.

Hi motus animorum atque haec certamina tanta Pulveris exigui jactu compressa quiescunt.

Their fierce resolves, and bloody battles cease When dust is thrown; and they return to peace.

The mud and dregs of men are sometimes so in∣flamed with a passionate desire after greatness, that they cannot rest till they are forced to their old obscurity, or laid down in the dust of death.

* 1.4841. Andriscus was of so mean a condition in Macedonia, that he had no other way to sustain himself, but by his daily labour; yet this man suddainly feigned himself to be Philip, the Son of King Perseus, and the feature of his face was somewhat like his. He said it, and others be∣lieved it, or at least pretended they did; especi∣ally the Macedonians and Thracians, out of wea∣riness of the Roman Government, which with the novelty and rigour of it displeased them. He had therefore speedily gathered mighty forces, with which he overthrew a Roman Praetor; at last he was overcome by Metellus, led in chains to Rome, and there triumphed over.

* 1.4852. Lambert Symnel, pretended himself to be Richard Duke of York, the second Son of Ed∣ward the fourth, and thereupon came to claim the English Crown; after a terrible battle fought in his quarrel, he was taken alive, and by order of King Henry the seventh, put first into his Kitchin to turn the Spits, and was afterwards advanced to be his Falconer, in which office he lived and dyed.

* 1.4863. Amurath the second, having newly ascend∣ed the Throne of his Father Mahomet; at Thes∣salonica an obscure fellow, crept as it were out of a Chimneys Corner, took upon him the name and person of Mustapha, the Son of Baja∣zet, who was slain many years before, in the great battle at Mount Stella against Tamerlain. This counterfeit Mustapha, animated by the Greek Princes, set so good a Countenance upon the matter, with such a Grace and Majesty, that not only the Country people, but men of great place and calling repaired to him as their Natu∣ral Prince and Soveraign; so that in a short time he was honoured as a King in all parts of the Turkish Kingdom in Europe. Amurath to re∣press this growing mischief, sent Bajazet Bassa with a strong Army into Europe, where he was forsaken of his Army, and for safety of his life compelled to yield up himself to Mustapha. Much trouble he afterwards created to Amu∣rath, at last being entrapped by the policy of Eivaces Bassa, he sled when none pursued, be∣ing taken, he was brought bound to Amurath, then at Adrianople, by whose order he was hang∣ed from the battlements of one of the highest Towers in the City, and there left to the Worlds wonder.

4. Herophilus a Farrier,* 1.487 by challenging C. Ma∣rius (who had been seven times Consul) to be his Grandfather, gained such a reputation to himself, that divers of the Colonies of the Ve∣terane Souldiers, divers good Towns, and almost all the Colledges made choice of him for their Patron. So that C. Caesar, having newly oppres∣sed Cn. Pompeius the younger in Spain, and ad∣mitting the people into his Gardens, this man was saluted in the next Cloysters, by almost as great a Company, and unless Caesar had interpo∣sed, the Republick had had a wound imprinted upon it by so base a hand; but Caesar banished him from the sight of Italy, yet after his death he returned, and then entred into a Conspiracy of killing all the Senators, upon which account by their command he was executed in Prison.

5. In the reign of Augustus Caesar,* 1.488 there was one who pretended, that he was born of his Sister Octavia, and that by reason of the extream weakness of his body, he (to whom he was set forth) kept him as his own Son, and sent away his own Son in his room; but while he was thus carried with the full sayls of impudence to an act of the highest boldness, he was by Augustus adjudged to tug at an Oar in one of the pub∣lick Gallies.

6. In the reign of Tiberius,* 1.489 there was one Cle∣mens, who was indeed the servant of Agrippa Posthumus, the Grandchild of Augustus by Iulia, and whom he had banished into the Isle Planasia, but soon after by fraud and fame became Posthu∣mus himself. For hearing of the death of Au∣gustus, he with great courage went to bring forth his Master (by stealth) out of the Isle, and so to recommend him to the Germane or other Ar∣mies: but sayling slowly, and finding that Agrip∣pa was already slain, he took his name upon him, came into Etruria, where he suffered his Hair and Beard to grow, then gave out what he was, sometimes shewed himself in private, then went he to Ostia, and thence into the City, where he was applauded in divers Companies. At last Tiberius having notice thereof, by the help of Salustius Crispus, at a convenient time, caused him to be suddenly apprehended, his mouth stopped, and brought to the Palace; where Ti∣berius asking him how he came to be Agrippa; How came you, said he, to be Caesar? He was se∣cretly made away, having expressed great con∣stancy in his torments, for he would not disco∣ver one of those that were in the Conspiracy with him.

7. Demetrius Soter,* 1.490 who reigned in Syria, be∣ing for a certain and just cause offended with them of Antioch, made War upon them; they fearing the worst, fly to new remedies, set up a base person, whom they salute for Alexander the Son of Antiochus, and encourage him to seek af∣ter his Fathers Kingdom of Syria; what through the hatred of Demetrius, and the desire of novel∣ty, this new Alexander was generally followed and embraced: he admires himself at his new fortune, and the Troops he commanded; he fought with Demetrius, and not only overcame,

but slew him upon the place. By this means he became the peaceable possessor of all Syria for nine years and ten months, when giving up him∣self to all kinds of debauchery, he was set upon by the young son of Demetrius (now grown up) overthrown and slain: the end of this Scenick and imaginary King.

* 1.4918. In Germany, Anno 1284. in the Reign of Rudolphus of Hapsburg the then Emperour, there arose one who gave out himself to be the old Emperour Frederick (who had been dead more than twenty two years before.) The Emperor Rudolphus at that time laid Siege to Colmaria, but not a little moved that this Impostour had got together a great Force, and that divers of the Nobles and Cities in the Lower Germany took part with him, he desisted from his Siege, came down the Rhine, as one that made hast to pay his obeysance to the old Emperour: but having once seized upon him, and demanded, Who? Whence? and for what reason he had done such things? he caused him to be burnt in the Town of Witzlar.

* 1.4929. In the same Germany, Anno 1348. there was a notable Impostour about Voldemarus Mar∣quess of Brandenburgh; the Marquess had been abroad and missing, whether lost or dead for thirty one years; when Rudolphus, Duke of Saxony, considered which way he might deprive Ludovicus Bavarus of his Marquisate of Bran∣denburgh. To this purpose, he kept privately about him a Miller, whom he instructed with all requisite art and subtilty, and gave out that he was the Marquess; divers Castles and Towns were hereupon yielded up to him; the Bavarians and their Assistants were overthrown by him in one great Battel, wherein Rudolphus Count Pa∣latine of the Rhine, with seventy nine Knights were taken Prisoners; three years did this Miller bear up, till at last he was taken, and adjudged to the ••lames, to the Infamy of his Abettours.

* 1.49310. Balwine the eighth, was Earl of Flanders and Hannonia, afterwards Emperour of Constan∣tinople, slain in a Battel against the Bulgarians. Twenty years after his death, Bernardus Rainsus a Campanian, gave himself out to be the Empe∣rour, long imprisoned but now at liberty; the gravity of his Countenance, the remembrance of former men and things, the exact knowledge of his Pedegree, deceived even the most cautious and circumspect; much trouble he created, till at last cited before Lewis the eighth, King of France, and not able to answer such questions as were by him propounded, he was reputed and sent away as an Impostour; after which, taken in Burgundy, he was sent to I••anna, Countess of Flanders, and by her order strangled.

* 1.49411. The like to this fell out in Spain, when Al∣phonsus was King of Arragon; a youth of about eleven years of age, and under the Government of his mother, there rose up one who gave out of himself, That he was that old Alphonsus, twenty eight years past reported to be slain at Fraga; to colour his absence all that while, he said, How that out of a weariness of humane affairs, he went into Asia, and the Holy Land, where he had fought in the Wars for God and Religion, that having now expiated his sins, he was returned to his Subjects. The matter took with many, and he had undoubtedly raised some considerable stirs there, but that being taken at Augusta, he there hang'd himself.

CHAP. XXXV. Of the huge Ambition of some men, and their thirst after Soveraignty.

HEliogabalus sometimes took his Courtiers,* 1.495 and commanded them to be ty'd and trussed fast to a great Wheel, and then turned and rolled them up and down in the wa∣ter, taking infinite pleasure to see them some∣times aloft, sometime below, sometime to tast the sweetness of the air, and sometime to be deeply plunged in the water, where of necessity they drank more than enough. Ambitious men daily act the same play, but they personate it tragically; and therefore it was well advised by one of the Kings of France, when his Chancel∣lour shewed him his own lively Effigies upon a piece of Arras, standing upon the uppermost part of Fortunes Wheel: You would do well, said he, to pin it fast lest it should turn again. Yet all considerations of this kind are two little, to rebate the keenness of some mens soaring minds, who are in continual Fevors to be great, though for never so little a time, and at what rate soever.

1. At the Election of the Pope,* 1.496 the great Ambition of Cardinal William Rhotomagensis was visible even in the scrutiny, for being timerous and fearful things would not happen as he ex∣pected, seeing Cardinal Aeneas going towards the Schedule, he said to him with an humble and submissive voice, Aeneas, I recommend my self to thee, remember me I beseech thee, and have compassion on me; Aeneas answered him only thus, Poor Worm thou mistakest in recommend∣ing thy self to me. His Ambition was moreover conspicuous in the prayers he went mumbling about, yet so as his Neighbours might under∣stand him, lifting up his eyes and his voice to Heaven, and joining his hands, he cried out, Deus propitius esto mihi peccatori, God be merciful unto me a sinner. The scrutiny being published it appeared that Aeneas had three voices more than Rotomagensis; and by the accession of Car∣dinal Prosper Colonna was then made Pope.

2. When Stephen,* 1.497 that good and great King of Poland was dead, and that the usual Assembly was called for the Election of a new King, the Great Cham of Tartary was also there by his Em∣bassadours, who in his name told them, That he was a Potent Prince able of his own Subjects to lead many Myriads of Horse into the Field, for either the defence or inlargement of Poland. That he was also frugal and temperate; and setting aside all delicate dishes his manner was to asswage his hunger with only Horses flesh. In the next place as to matters of Religion (con∣cerning which he heard they were in dispute) their Pope should be his Pope, and their Luther his Luther. No marvel if this Embassy was re∣ceived with laughter, when they beheld a man ready to part at once with Religion and all things Sacred, for the very desire he had after Rule.

3. After the Noble exploits of Sertorius in Spain,* 1.498 had put those on his part almost in equal hopes with their enemies, Perpenna too much re∣relying

upon the Nobility of his Descent ambiti∣ously aspired to the power of Sertorius: to that purpose he sowed the seeds of dissention in the Army and amongst the Captains; and the Con∣spiracy being ripe he invited Sertorius, with other his Officers (Confederate with him) to supper, and there caused him to be murdered. Immediately the Spaniards revolted from Perpen∣na, and by their Embassadours yielded them∣selves to Pompey and Metellus. Perpenna soon shewed he was a man that knew neither how to command nor to obey; he was speedily broken and taken by Pompey; nor did he bear his last misfortune in such manner as became a General, for having the Papers of Sertorius in his hands, he promised to Pompey to shew him Letters from consular persons, and under the hands of the chiefest men in the City, whereby Sertorius was invited into Italy: Pompey burnt the Letters, and all Sertorius his Papers, not looking upon any of them himself, nor suffering any other, and then caused Perpenna to be dispatched, that he might free the City of a mighty fear; and this was the end of the foolish Ambition of Per∣penna.

* 1.4994. Alexander was at the Siege of Tyrus, when a second time there came to him Embassadours from Darius, declaring that their Master would give him ten thousand Talents if he would set at liberty his Mother, Wife, and Children, that were taken by him; moreover if he would mar∣ry the daughter of Darius, he would give with her in Dowry all the Land that lay betwixt Eu∣phrates and the Hellespont. The Contents of this Embassage were discussed in Alexanders Council, when Parmenio said, That for his part, were he in Alexanders stead, he would accept of those conditions and put an end to the War. Alex∣ander on the other side answered, That were he Parmenio he would do so too, but whereas he was Alexander, he would return such answer as should be worthy of himself, which was this, That they should tell their Master that he stood in no need of his money, neither would he ac∣cept of a part for the whole; that all his money and Country was his own; that he could marry the daughter of Darius if he pleased, and could do it without his consent; that if he would ex∣perience the humanity of Alexander, he should speedily come in to him. After this, he sent other Embassadours with these offers, Thanks for his civilities to his captive Relations, the greater part of his Kingdom, his daughter for his Wife, and thirty thousand Talents for the rest of the Captives; to which he replyed that he would do what he desired, if he would content himself with the second place, and not pretend to equality with him, but as the World would not endure two Suns, neither could the earth en∣dure two Soveraign Emperours, without per∣mutation of the state of all things; that therefore he should either yield up himself to day, or pre∣pare for War to morrow.

* 1.5005. Solon, the Athenian Law-giver, said it of one of his prime Citizens called Pisistratus, That if he could but pluck out of his head the worm of Ambition, and heal him of his greedy desire to Rule, that then there could not be a man of more vertue than he.

* 1.5016. Richard, Duke of Gloucester, afterwards King of England, by the name of Richard the third, stopped at nothing how impious or vil∣lainous soever, to remove all obstructions be∣tween him and the Crown: He is said to have murthered King Henry the sixth in the Tower, and his son Prince Edward at Tewksbury; he caused his own brother George, Duke of Clarence, to be drown'd in a Butt of Malmsey; he was suspected to have made away Edward the fourth, his brother and King, by poyson; he beheaded Rivers, Vaughan, Grey, and the Lord Hastings, as the known impediments of his Usurpation; and the Duke of Buckingham his old friend, when he saw he declined his service in the murder of his Nephews, which yet he got performed upon the bodies of those two innocent Princes: But the just judgement of God overtook him for the spilling of all this innocent blood. His only son was taken away by death; his own conscience was so disquieted, that he was in continual fears in the day, and his sleeps disturb'd and broken with frightful Visions and Dreams. At last he was slain in Bosworth Field, his Carkass was found naked amongst the slain, filthily polluted with blood and dirt, trussed upon an Horse behind a Pursivant at Arms, his head and arms hanging down on the one side of the Horse, and his leggs on the other, like a Calf, and so he was interred at Leicester, with as base a Funeral as he former∣ly bestowed upon his Nephews in the Tower.

7. Caesar Borgia,* 1.502 the son of Pope Alexander, was a most ambitious man, he caused his bro∣ther Candianus, then General over the Popes Forces, to be murdered in the Streets, and his dead body to be cast into the River Tyber; and then casting off his Priestly Robes, and Cardi∣nals habit, he took upon him the leading of his Fathers Army; and with exceeding prodigality he bound fast to him many desperate Ruffians, for the execution of his horrible devices. Ha∣ving thus strengthened himself, he became a ter∣rour to all the Nobility of Rome; he first drave out the honourable Family of the Columnii; and then by execrable treachery poysoned or killed the chief Personages of the great Houses of the Vrsini and Cajetani, seizing upon their Lands and Estates. He strangled at once four Noble men of the Camertes; drave Guido Feltrius out of Vrbin; took the City of Faventia from Astor Manfredus, whom he first beastly abused and then strangled. In his thoughts he had now made himself Master of all Latium, when he was cast down when he least feared. Being at supper with his Father, prepared on purpose for the death of certain rich Cardinals, by the mi∣stake of a Servant, he and his father were em∣poysoned by deadly Wine prepared for the Guests.

CHAP. XXXVI. Of the great desire of Glory in some No∣ble and other ignoble Persons.

PLiny considering with himself the Nature of the Element of fire, how rapacious and devouring a thing it is, and quickly consumes whatsoever it laies hold on, what store of it is in the World; how 'tis in every House, under every foot in Pebbles and Flints; above

us in fiery Meteors, and beneath us in subterra∣nean passages, begins to marvel that all the World was not consumed with fire: When I consider that almost every soul is wrapt about with this ardent desire of Glory, how far a man is liable to be transported thereby: and that as Tacitus hath well observed, it is the last Garment that man parts with and denudes himself of; I cannot sufficiently wonder that it hath done no more mischief in the World, and that it hath burnt, though destructively in some, yet so harmlesly in others, as some of the following Examples will declare.

* 1.5031. The Tower of Pharos had the reputation of the Worlds seventh wonder, it was built by King Ptolomy Philadelphus, but Sostratus, who was employed therein as the chief Architect, en∣graved upon it this Inscription, Sostratus of Gny∣dos, the son of Dexiphanes, to the Gods Prote∣ctors, for the safety of Sailers; this Writing he covered with Plaister, and upon the Plaister he inscribed the Name and Title of the King: he knew that would soon waste away, and then his own name written in Marble, he hoped would (as he had desired) be celebrated to Eternity.

* 1.5042. We read of one who published a Book of his, the Title whereof was, Of the Contempt of Glory; in this his work he endeavoured to shew by many and notable arguments, that it was a vanity unworthy of a man to hunt for po∣pular applause by any of his performances. Yet this very person was afterwards convinced of the same errour he had so severely reproved in others, in as much as he had set his name in the Frontispiece of his Book.

* 1.5053. Cicero accounted it so great a matter to speak eloquently, and laboured therein with that anxiety, that being to plead a Cause before the Centumviri, when the day was come before he was prepared so fully as he desired, and that his Servant Eros brought him word that the Tryal was put off to the next day, he was so over-joyed, that he gave him his freedom, who had brought him so acceptable tidings. So far also was he from dissembling this his thirst after Glory, that in a long Epistle he openly and earnestly en∣treated Luceius a Roman Citizen, that he would gratifie him in these three things, First, that he woul•• write the Conspiracy of Catiline, di∣stinctly from all Foreign and external Wars, and thereby procure to him an immortal name. Se∣condly, That he would more studiously adorn that than any other part of his Works, and that in some things he would rather consult his love, than what the truth it self would bear. And lastly, That he would do this with the greatest expedition, that he himself, while yet living, might enjoy some part of his Glory.

* 1.5064. When Alexander the Great had demolished the Walls of Thebes, Phryne, that beautiful and rich Curtesan, went to the Thebans and prof∣fered to rebuild them at her own Charges, pro∣vided that to the eternal memory of her Name, she might be permitted to engrave upon them these words, Alexander overthrew Thebes, and Phryne did in this manner restore it.

* 1.5075. Thales the Milesian, was a man of great and high reach, he found out many admirable things, as in other Arts, so also in that of Astro∣nomy: when he had found out what proportion the Suns greatness did bear to the greatness of that Circle which he finisheth in his annual course, and how by the Rules of Geometry this might be clearly demonstrated; he communicated th••s experiment of his to a rich man of Priene, that was a curious enquirer into such matters, who admiring the comprehensive wit of Thales, to∣gether with the excellency of the Invention, bad him ask what reward he would: I, said Thales, ask no other reward than this, That at no time you challenge the Glory of this Invention to your self; but that if you are desirous at any time to impart the secret to any other, you shall ever acknowledge that I was the man who first ••ound it out: for (saith my Author) even the wisest of men do not despise glory, much less are we able (who are not wise) to bear it patiently if any with impudence and injustice challenge to themselves any praise worthy observation of ours.

6. Erostratus,* 1.508 a young man, seeing he could not make himself famous by any vertuous or praise worthy action, resolved to perpetuate the me∣mory of himself by performing something of the highest infamy: having settled his mind up∣on such a design, he set the Temple of Diana at Ephesus on fire, which for the stately Fabrick of it was worthily reputed amongst the wonders of the World; he confessed it was for this only end, that he might be discoursed of in a••ter times: which occasioned the Ephesians by a severe Decree to prohibit so much as the mention of his name, that the memorial of him might be utterly abolished: which had accordingly been, but that Theopompus an Historian of great elo∣quence did make mention of him in his writings.

7. In the Reign of Henry the seventh,* 1.509 there was a commotion begun in Cornwall about the payment of a Subsidy lately granted; the Ring∣leaders in this Insurrection were Thomas Flamock, and Michael Ioseph, a Smith: for which they were soon after hang'd, drawn and quartered. It is memorable with what comfort Ioseph the Black∣smith cheared up himself at his going to Execu∣tion, saying, That yet he hoped by this that his Name and Memory should be everlasting. So dear even to vulgar Spirits is perpetuity of name, though joined with Infamy, what is it then to noble Spirits when it is joined with glory?

8. Platerus speaks of a Student in Physick that came to Basil on purpose to Commence Doctor,* 1.510 Anno 1598. and falling grievously sick, towards the close of his life, he had an earnest desire that he might die a Doctor: to gratifie him there∣fore he was privately and in his bed created Doctor of Physick, with which he was well sa∣tisfied.

9. Themistocles was exceedingly enflamed with the love of Glory,* 1.511 and the ambition of per∣forming great matters: being yet but young, he importuned with most earnest entreaties, Epicles an Harper (in great esteem with the Athenians) to practise his Art at his house, not that he himself would learn, but that divers per∣sons might enquire for his house, and by this means discourse of him and it. When the Bat∣tel at Marathon was fought, and the famous ex∣ploits of Miltiades were celebrated; he was ob∣served to be thoughtful for the most part, and to pass the nights without sleep, and to leave off his usual compotations; and when they that were amazed at this change of his life, asked him the reason of it: The Trophies of Milti∣ades, said he, will not suffer me to sleep. Being chosen Admiral by the people, he referred the dispatch of all kind of affairs that were brought

before him, to that day wherein he was to take Ship, that so at one and the same time, being busied in so many matters, and called upon by so many several men, he might be looked upon as a person of great Authority. And when chiefly by his means Xerxes had received that notable defeat at Sea, Themistocles was present at the Olympick Games next after, where the Spe∣ctators not regarding those that strove for the Masteries, fastened their eyes upon him all the day; and (as admiring his vertue) shewed him to strangers with great applause; he (tickled with Glory) turning to his Friends, told them he had now received the fruits of all his labours for Greece. The same man being once asked in the Theatre, whose voice it was that pleased him best? His (said he) that sings most in my praise.

* 1.51210. Gabrinius Fundulus, the Tyrant of Cre∣mona, when he was to lose his head at Millaine for all his horrible crimes, and was exhorted by some to repent himself of his Villanies, and hope in God for pardon, he frowningly replyed, That he did not in the least repent himself of what he had done in the right of War: but it was an especial grief to him, that he had not executed one act, which once he had conceived in his mind to do, which was, That he had once de∣termined to throw down head-long the Empe∣rour Sigismund, the Pope, and Balthazar Cossa, from the top of an high Tower (whereinto they were invited) into the Market-place be∣low. And now at the closing up of his life, when he was not able to boast of the fact, yet he boasted of the will and purpose he had to do it, and griev'd he had lost the opportunity of doing a famous exploit as he thought it.

* 1.51311. C. Iulius Caesar coming to Gades in Spain, and beholding there in the Temple of Hercules the Statue of Alexander the Great, he sighed, detesting his own sloth, who (as he said) had done nothing worthy of memory in such an Age wherein Alexander had subjected the World unto himself. He therefore earnestly desired a speedy dismission from that Province which had fallen to him as Questor, that he might seek out occasions for great Enterprizes as soon as might be.

* 1.51412. Pericles was cited to the Assembly by the angry Athenians, for that he had spent so much Treasure upon publick Works and Ornaments in the City: he mildly replied, Doth it therefore repent you, O Citizens? I shall then make you this Proposition, Let my name be inscribed upon each of these Works, and I will defray the ex∣pences therein at my own cost and charge. At this all the Assembly cryed out, That he should go on in the name of the gods, and that he should not desist from expences upon that ac∣count: behold an honourable contest for Glory betwixt him and the people.

* 1.51513. Trajanus the Emperour, did openly and almost every where aim at this: for whether he made any new Work, or repaired any that was old, even upon the most inconsiderable things he caused his name to be inscribed, insomuch that thereupon some in a scoffing manner termed him the Wall Flower, or Pellitory on the Wall.

* 1.51614. Alexander the Great took Calisthenes along with him (a man famous for wisdom and elo∣quence) on purpose to write the History of his Exploits; and by his writings to spread abroad the glory of his Name.* 1.517 He also cherished Ari∣stotle upon the same account, and gave him a most liberal and magni••icent allowance of eighty Talents, towards the compleating of that one Book of his History of Animals, hoping his Name would thereby be perpetuated. When he came to Sigaeum, and beheld there the Tomb of Achilles, he sigh'd and cry'd out, O fortunate young man, who hadst a Homer to Trumpet out thy fame. So also meeting with a Messenger, who by his gesture and countenance seemed to have some joyful matter to relate, What good News hast thou, said he? is Homer alive again? By that saying, expressing his ardent desire to have had the most excellent Writer to have been the describer of his Acts, and the publisher of his Praises.

15. Commodus that blemish of the Empire,* 1.518 was yet desirous of a great name and fame abroad, so that he called the City of Carthage after his own name Commodiana. He took off Nero's head from the Colossus, and set his own upon it instead of the other. He also caused some Months to be called after him. But we find that fortune hath still opposed them that have sought Glory in an oblique line: For though in brave persons, such as Alexander, Iulius, Au∣gustus, their names do yet continue in Cities and Months; Yet not so to Nero, Caligula, Commo∣dus, and others their like: For soon after their death all those things were extinguished, from whence they hoped for an eternity.

16. Pausanias,* 1.519 one of near attendance upon the person of Philip King of Macedon, on a time asked Hermocles which way a man might sudden∣ly become famous? Who replied, If he did kill some Illustrious Person, for by this means it would come to pass, that the glory of that man should redound to himself: hereupon he slew Philip: and indeed he obtained what he sought, for he rendred himself as well known to posterity by his Parricide as Philip did by his vertue.

17. There went a fame of a certain Indian,* 1.520 that he had such a peculiar skill in shooting, that he could at pleasure pass his Arrows, through a Ring set up at a convenient distance; this man was brought Prisoner and presented to Alexander the Great, who desired him to give him an in∣stance of his Art in that kind. The Indian re∣fused, whereat Alexander was so incensed, that he commanded he should be led away and slain; while he was leading on to the place of his in∣tended punishment, he told the Souldiers, That he had for some time disaccustomed himself from shooting, and that fearing (through want of exercise) that he should not perform what he de∣sired, he had therefore refused the Emperours command. This was told again unto Alexan∣der, who thereupon not only commanded he should be set at liberty, but also gave him many gifts, admiring the greatness of his Spirit, that had rather die, than lose any of that reputation he had formerly gained.

18. Nero the Emperour was possessed with a desire (though an inconsiderate one) of eter∣nity,* 1.521 and perpetual fame, and thereupon abo∣lishing the old names of many things and places, he gave them others from his own name. The Month April he would have called Neroneus; and he had determined to have named Rome it self Neropolis, or Nero's City.

19. Aelius Adrianus the Emperour was of an eager but various disposition,* 1.522 he covered the

impetuousness of his mind with a kind of Arti∣fice, feigning Continence, Courtesie, and Cle∣mency, and on the other side dissembling and concealing as he could that burning desire that he had after Glory. He envyed great Wits, both living and dead; he endeavoured to extenuate the glory of Homer; and gave order to celebrate the memory of Antimachus in his stead, whereas many had not so much as heard of his name be∣fore. He persecuted even such Handicrafts men as excelled in any particular thing, many of which he depressed and crushed, and many of them he caused to be slain: For whereas he him∣self was desirous to be accounted superexcellent in all things, he hated all others that had made themselves remarkable in any thing. Having bought peace of divers Kings by private pre∣sents, he boasted that he had done more sitting still, than others by their Forces and Arms.

* 1.52320. Pompey the Great pursued the Pirates in the Piratick War into Creet, where when he found they were opposed by Metellus the Pretor in that Island, inflamed with an over desire of Glory, he defended them against Metellus with his own Forces, that he might have no Roman co∣partner with him in the Piratick Victory.

CHAP. XXXVII. Of the intolerable Pride and haughtiness of some Persons.

* 1.524THe Pride of the Jesuites is as generally as justly taxed, who being the youngest of all other Orders, and therefore by Canon to go last, will never go in Procession with other Orders, because they will not come behind them. An unworthy tumour of the soul this vice is, and such a misbecoming blister, that seldom or never is observed to rise upon those minds that are truly noble and generous; at least not till they are intoxicated and put besides them∣selves by an over-liberal draught, out of the luscious cup of fortunes. Continued prosperity and affluence of all things, has indeed unhinged the souls of many that were otherwise brave men, and made them do things that signified they had no sentiments of mortality left within them; so that Memento ••e esse hominem, might seem no more than what is necessary, to some that are mentioned in the following Examples.

* 1.5251. Dominicus Sylvius, Duke of Venice, mar∣ryed a Gentlewoman of Constantinople, she was plunged into sensuality with so much profusion, that she could not endure to lodge, but in Chambers full of delicious perfumes of the East; she would not wash her self but in the dews of Heaven, which must be preserved for her with much skill; her Garments were so pompous, that nothing remained but to seek for new stuffes in Heaven, for she had exhausted the Treasures of Earth; her Viands so dainty that all the mouths of Kings tasted none so exquisite; nor would she touch her meat but with Golden Forks and precious stones. God to punish this cursed Pride and superfluity, cast her on a bed, and as∣sailed her with a malady so hideous, so stinking and frightful, that all her nearest Kindred were enforced to abandon her; none stayed about her but a poor old woman, throughly accustomed to stench and death: the delicate Seniora was in∣fected with her own persumes in such manner, that from all her body there began to drop a most stinking humour, and a kind of matter so filthy to behold, and so noysom to the smell, that every man plainly perceived that her dissolute and excessive daintiness had caused this infection in her.

2. Tigranes,* 1.526 King of Armenia, had ever in his Court divers Kings that waited upon him, four of which alwaies attended upon his Person, as his Foot-men; and when he rode abroad they ran by his Stirrup in their Shirts; when he sat in the Chair of State, they stood about him holding their hands together, with countenances that shewed the greatest bondage and subjection imaginable, shewing thereby that they resigned all their liberty, and offered th••••r bodies to him, as their Lord and Master, and w••••e persons more ready to suffer than to do any thing.

3. Sesostris,* 1.527 King of Aegypt, though other∣wise a Prince of great vertues, was yet of a most intolerable Pride: For he caused ••our of his Captive Kings, instead of Horses, to draw his Chariot, when he was dispose•• to be seen, and to ride in Triumph. One of these ••our, at such time as Sesostris was carried out to take the air, cast his head continually back upon the two for∣most Wheels next him, which Sesostris obs••rving, asked him What he found worthy of his admira∣tion in that motion. To whom the Captive King answered, That in those he beheld the mu∣tability of all worldly things, for that both the lowest part of the Wheel was suddenly carried above, and becam•• the highest; and the upper∣most part was as suddenly turned downwards, and under all. Which when Sesostris had judici∣ously weighed it helped to prick the blister of his Pride, and he dismissed those Kings, and all other from the like servitude in the future.

4. Aldred,* 1.528 Arch-bishop of York, had a cer∣tain suit to William the Conquerour, and having a r••pulse therein, the Arch-bishop in great dis∣content, offered to depart: The King standing in awe of his displeasure, stayed him, fell down at his feet, desired pardon, and promised to grant his suit. The King all this while being down at the Arch-bishops feet, the Noble-men that were present, put him in mind that he should cause the King to arise: Nay, saith the Prelate, let him alone, let him find what it is to anger St. Peter.

5. Anibal was so exalted with the Victory he had got at Cannas,* 1.529 that a••••erwards he admitted not any of his Citizens of Carthage into his Camp; nor gave answer to any but by an Inter∣preter. Also when Maherbal said at his Tent door, That he had found out a way whereby in a few daies (if he pleased) he might sup in the Capitol, he despised him. So hard is it for fe∣licity and moderation to keep company toge∣ther.

6. King Henry the second of England,* 1.530 Anno Dom. 1170. caused his son Prince Henry at seven∣teen years of age to be Crowned King, that he might in his own life-time participate in the Go∣vernment with him: And on his Coronation day (for honours sake) placed the first dish on the Table himself, while the new King was sate down: Whereupon the Arch-bishop of York

said pleasantly to him, Be merry my best Son, for there is not another Prince in the whole World that hath such a Servitor at his Table. To whom the young King scornfully answered, Why do you wonder at this? my Father doth not think that he doth more than becomes him: for he being a King only by the Mothers side, serveth me who have a King to my Father, and a Queen to my Mother.

* 1.5317. Frederick the first, Sirnamed Barbarossa, in prosecution of Pope Alexander the third, had sent his son Otho to pursue him with seventy five Galleys. The Pope had saved himself at Venice, and Otho was made Prisoner and carried to Venice by Cian the Venetian Admiral. Whereupon Fre∣derick grew more mild, and accepted conditi∣ons of Peace prescribed by Alexander, as that he should crave absolution on his knees; and in his own person should lead his Army into Asia. So Frederick comes to Venice, and being pro∣strate at the Popes feet, in a solemn Assembly he asketh pardon: The Pope sets his foot on his neck, and cries with a loud voice, Super Aspidem, & Basiliscum ambulabis. The Emperour moved with this disgrace, answers, Non tibi sed Petro: The Pope replyed, Et mihi & Petro. This hap∣pened at Venice, Anno 1171. in the presence of the Embassadours of the Kings and Princes, and of the greatest States in Europe.

* 1.5328. Simon Thurway, born in Cornwall, bred in our English Universities, until he went over unto Paris, where he became so eminent a Logician, that all his Auditors were his Admirers. Most ••irm his memory, and fluent his expression, and was knowing in all things, save in himself: For prophanely he advanced Aristotle above Moses, and himself above both: But his Pride had a great and sudden fall, losing at the same instant both language and memory, becoming com∣pleatly 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, without Reason or Speech. Polydor Virgil saith of him, Iuvene nihil acutius, sene nihil obtusius, whilst others add, That he made an inarticulate sound, like unto lowing. This great Judgement befell him about the year of our Lord 1201.

* 1.5339. Iulius Caesar, after he had overcome Pom∣pey, was created Dictatour in the Month of Iuly, whereupon he gave it his name, whereas before it was called Quintilis. The Dictatorship which was a Dignity only of six Months, he took upon him for perpetuity. He greedily accepted of the Title of Imperatour, given him by the Se∣nate. He challenged to himself the Title of Pater Patriae; he placed his own Statua amongst those of the Kings. In the Senate he used a Seat of Gold to sit in; he also permitted divine honours to be given to him: Nay, he was ar∣rived to that excess of pride, that he would have whatever he spake to be received as Law; nor would he give the least respect unto any that came to him. Through this insolency he fell in∣to an inexpiable hatred, and was slain in the Se∣nate-house with twenty three wounds, in the fifty sixth year of his age.

* 1.53410. The felicity and vertue of Alexander the Great was obscured by three most evident tokens of insolency and Pride, scorning Philip, he would have Iupiter Ammon for his Father; despising the Macedonian habit, he put on the Persian; and thinking it little to be no more than a man, he would needs be adored as a god. Thus dis∣sembling at once the Son, the Citizen, and the Man.

11. Pallas the Freed-man of Claudius the Em∣perour was arrived to that excess of Pride,* 1.535 that within doors (to beget a kind of veneration in those of his Family) he used no other way to express what he would have done but with a nod of his head, or some sign of his hand: or if things required any further explication than such signs would admit of, he informed them of his pleasure by writing, that he might save the labour of spending himself in speech.

12. Staveren was the chief Town of all Fries∣land,* 1.536 rich and abounding in all wealth, the only Staple for all Merchandize, whither Ships came from all parts. The Inhabitants thereof (through ease) knew not what to do nor desire, but shewed themselves in all things excessive and li∣centious, not only in their apparel, but also in the furniture of their houses, gilding the Seats before their Lodgings, &c. so that they were commonly called, The debauched Children of Staveren. But observe the just punishment of this their Pride. There was in the said Town a Widow, who knew no end of her Wealth, the which made her proud and insolent; she did fraight out a Ship for Dantzick, giving the Ma∣ster charge to return her in exchange of her Mer∣chandize the rarest stuffe he could find. The Master of the Ship finding no better Commodi∣ty than good Wheat, fraighted his Ship there∣with, and so returned to Staveren; this did so discontent this foolish and glorious widow, that she said unto the Master, That if he had laden the said Corn on the Star-board side of the Ship, he should cast it into the Sea on the Lar-board: the which was done, and all the Wheat poured into the Sea. But the whole Town, yea all the Province did smart for this one womans errour, for presently in the same place whereas the Ma∣riners had cast the Corn into the Sea, there grew a great Bar of Sand, wherewith the Ha∣ven was so stopped as no great Ship could enter; and at this day the smallest Vessels that will Anchor there must be very careful, lest they strike against this Flat or Sand-bank, the which ever since hath been called Vrawelandt, that is to say, The Womans Sand. Hereby the Town losing their Staple and Traffick by little and little, came to decline. The Inhabitants also by reason of their Wealth and Pride being grown intolerable to the Nobility, who in sumptuous∣ness could not endure to be braved by them: So that the said Town is now become one of the poorest of the Province, although it be at this day one that hath the greatest Priviledges amongst all the Hans Towns.

13. Plutarch,* 1.537 in the Life of Artaxerxes, tells a story of one Chamus, a Souldier, that wound∣ed King Cyrus in Battel, and grew thereupon so proud and arrogant, that in a short space after he lost his wits.

14. Alcibiades had his mind exceedingly puffed up with Pride,* 1.538 upon the account of his Riches and large Possessions in Land, which when So∣crates observed, he took him along with him to a place where was hung up a Map of the World, and desired him to find out Attica in that Map: which when he had done, Now, said he, find me out your own Lands; and when he replied, that they were not at all set down: How is it then, said Socrates, that thou art grown proud of the Possession of that which is no part of the Earth?

* 1.53915. Parrhasius was an excellent Painter; but withal grew so proud thereupon, that no man ever shewed more insolence than he. In this proud Spirit of his, he would take upon him divers Titles and additions to his name, he cal∣led himself Abrodiaetus, that is, fine, delicate and sumptuous; he went cloathed in Purple, with his Chaplets of Gold, his Staff headed with Gold, and his Shooe-buckles of the same; he called himself the Prince of Painters, and boasted That the Art by him was made perfect and accomplished; he gave out, That in a right Line he was descended from Apollo. Having drawn the Picture of Hercules according to his full proportion, he gave out That Hercules had o••ten appeared to him in his sleep, on purpose that he might Paint him lively as he was: In this vein of pride and vanity, he was put down, in the Judgement of all present, by Timanthes a Painter in Samos, who shewed a Picture of Ajax that excelled the like that was made by the hand of Parrhasius.

* 1.54016. Hugo, the Popes Legate, coming into England, a Convocation was summoned at West∣minster, where Richard Arch-bishop of Canterbu∣ry being sat at the right-hand of the Legate, Roger Arch-bishop of York coming in, would needs have displaced him, which when the other would not suffer, he sat down in his lap: all won∣der at this insolence, and the servants of Canter∣bury draw him by violence out of his ill chosen place, threw him down, tore his Robes, trod upon him, and used him very dispitefully: he in this dusty pickle goes and complains to the King, who was at first angry, but when he was informed of the whole truth, he laughed at it, and said he was rightly served.

* 1.54117. Chrysippus was an ingenious and acute person, but withal so lifted up and so conceited of his sufficiency, that when one craved his advice, to whom he should commit his son to be instructed? his answer was, To me, for, said he, if I did but imagine any person that excel∣led my self, I would read Philosophy under him.

* 1.54218. Metellus, the Roman General, having once by chance overcome Sertorius in a Battel, he was so proud of his Victory, that he would needs be called Imperatour; would have the people set up Altars, and do Sacrifice to him in every City where he came; he wore Gar∣lands of Flowers on his head; sitting at Ban∣quets in a Triumphal Robe, he had Images of Victory to go up and down the Room, moved by secret Engines, carrying Trophies of Gold, and Crowns and Garlands; and lastly, had a number of delicate young and beautiful Boyes and Girles following, with Songs of Triumph that were composed in praise of him.

CHAP. XXXVIII. Of the Insolence of some men in Prospe∣rity, and their abject baseness in Ad∣versity.

QUeen Maud, the wife of King Henry the first, hath this commendation left her,

Prospera non laetam fecere, nec aspera tristem; Aspera Risus ei; prospera terror erant. Non decor effecit fragilem, nec sceptra superbam, Sola potens humilis, sola pudica decens.

When prosp'rous, not o'rejoy'd; when crost, not sad; Things flourishing made her fear, adverse made glad. Sober, though fair; lowly, though in Throne plac'd; Great, and yet humble; beautiful, yet chast.

People of the disposition of this Princess, are as rare as black Swans, and few but degenerate into Pride or baseness, according as the scene of their fortune turns and changes to black or white.

1. Lepidus was one of that Triumvirate that divided the Roman Empire amongst them;* 1.543 coming out of Africa, he met with Octavianus Caesar in Sicily, who had newly been beaten by Sextus Pompeius; here Lepidus puffed up with Pride, that he had now about him twenty Le∣gions of Souldiers, with terrour and threats de∣manded the chief place of command; he gave the spoil of Messana to his own Souldiers; and when Caesar repaired to him, he rejected him once and again, and caused same Darts to be thrown at him, which Caesar wrapping his Gar∣ment about his left hand difficultly bare off: speedily therefore he set Spurs to his Horse, and returned to his own Camp, disposed his Soul∣diers into Military posture, and led them im∣mediately against those of Lepidus: some were slain, and many Legions of the adverse part were perswaded to come over to Caesars part. Here Lepidus finding whereunto his former inso∣lency and vanity began now to tend, casting off his Generals Coat, and having put on the ha∣bit of mourning, he became a miserable suppli∣ant to that Caesar whom he had but now despised, who gave him his Life and Goods, but condemned him to perpetual banishment.

2. The Duke of Buckingham,* 1.544 that great Fa∣vorite, sent a Noble Gentleman to Bacon, then Atturney General, with this Message, That he knew him to be a man of excellent parts, and as the times were fit to serve his Master in the Keepers place: but he also knew him of a base ungrateful disposition, and an arrant knave, apt in his prosperity to ruine any that had raised him from adversity: yet for all this he did so much study his Masters service, that he had ob∣tained the seals for him, but with this assurance, should he ever requite him, as he had done some others, he would cast him down as much below scorn as he had now raised him high above any honour he could ever have expe∣cted. Bacon patiently hearing this Message, re∣plyed, I am glad my Noble Lord deals so friend∣ly and freely with me: But, saith he, can my

Lord know these abilities in me, and can he think when I have attained the highest preferment my profession is capable of, I shall so much fail in my judgement and understanding, as to lose those abilities, and by my miscarriage to so noble a Patron, cast my self headlong from the top of that honour to the very bottom of contempt and scorn? Surely my Lord cannot think so meanly of me. Now Bacon was invested in his Office, and within ten daies after the King goes to Scotland: Bacon instantly begins to believe himself King; lies in the Kings Lodgings; give Audience in the great Banquetting-house; makes all other Councellours attend his motions with the same state the King used to come out, to give Audience to Embassadours. When any other Councellours sat with him about the Kings affairs, he would (if they sat near him) bid them know their distance: upon which Secreta∣ry Winhood rose, went away, and would never sit more, but dispatched one to the King, to de∣sire him to make hast back, for his Seat was al∣ready Usurped. If Buckingham had sent him any Letter, he would not vouchsafe the opening, or reading it in publick, though it was said, it re∣quired speedy dispatch, nor would vouchsafe him any answer: In this posture he lived until he heard the King was returning, and began to believe the Play was almost at an end, and there∣fore did reinvest himself with his old rags of baseness, which were so tattered and poor, at the Kings coming to Windsor, that he attended two daies at Buckingham's Chamber, being not admitted to any better place than the Room where Trencher-scrapers and Lacquies attended, there sitting upon an old wooden Chest, with his Purse and Seal lying by him on that Chest. Af∣ter two daies he had admittance, and at his first entrance he sell down flat on his face at the Dukes foot, kissing it, and vowing never to rise till he had his pardon; then was he again reconciled; and since that time so very a slave to the Duke, and all that Family, that he durst not deny the command of the meanest of the kindred, nor oppose any thing.

* 1.5453. Tigranes, King of Armenia, when Lucullus came against him, had in his Army twenty thou∣sand Bow-men and Slingers, fifty five thousand Horse-men, whereof seventeen thousand were men at Arms, Armed Cap-a-pee, and one hun∣dred and ••ifty thousand Armed Foot-men, of Pioneers, Carpenters, &c. thirty five thousand that marched in the Reer. He was so puffed up with the sight of his huge Army, that he vaunted amongst his familiars, that nothing grieved him but that he should fight with Lucullus alone, and not with the whole force of the Romans; he had divers Kings who attended upon his greatness, whom he used in a proud and insolent manner; and when he saw the Forces of Lucullus upon the march towards him, he said, If these men come as Embassadours, they are very many; if as Ene∣mies, they are very few. Yet this man who bare himself so high in time of his prosperity, when he saw his Horse-men give way, was him∣self one of the first that fled out of the Field, casting away the very Diadem from his head into the plain ••ield, lest any thing about him might re∣tard the swift-ness of his slight, deploring with tears his own fate, and that of his sons; and af∣ter all this, in great humility he laid down his Crown or his Diadem at the foot of Pompey, thereby resigning his Kingdom to his pleasure.

4. Perseus,* 1.546 the last King of the Macedonians, as he had many vices, and was above measure covetous, so he was also so puffed up with the pride of the Forces of his Kingdom, that he carried himself with insolence enough divers waies; he seemed to contemn all the power of the Romans; he stirred up Gentius, King of the Illyrians, against them for the reward of three hundred Talents; then provoked him to kill the Roman Embassadour; and at last, when he saw he had far enough engaged him, refused to pay him the money. This man was, at last, over∣come by and fell into the hands of Paulus Aemy∣lius, and then he discovered as much baseness in his Adversity, as he had done arrogance in his prosperity. For when he came near the Consul, the Consul arose to him as to a great Person, who was fallen into adversity by the frowns of fortune, and went to meet him with his ••riends, and with tears in his eyes: Then it was that Perseus in an abject posture cast himself at the feet of the Consul, embraced his knees, and spake words, and made Prayers so far from a man of any Spirit, that the Consul could no longer en∣dure them, but looking upon him with a stern and severe countenance, he told him, He was an unworthy enemy of the Romans, and one that by the meanness of his Spirit had cast a dishonour upon his Victory.* 1.547

5. Thomas Woolsey, Cardinal, when he went his last Embassy into France, had in his re∣tinue nine hundred Horse of Nobles, Gentry, and others: he rode like a Cardinal very sump∣tuously on his Mule, with his spare Mule and spare Horse trapped in Crimson Velvet upon Vel∣vet, and his Stirrups gilt. Before him he had his two great Crosses of Silver, his two great Pillars of Silver, the Kings Broad S••al of En∣gland, and his Cardinals Hat, and a Gentleman carrying his Valence of fine Scarlet all over rich∣ly embroydered with Gold, wherein was his Cloak; and his Harbingers before in every place to prepare lodging for his Train: As he was great in power, so no less in pride and insolence; he told Edward, Duke of Buckingham, that he would sit on his skirts, for spilling a little water on his Shooe; and did afterwards procure his head to be cut off; he presumed to carry the Great Seal of England with him beyond the Seas; he demolished forty Monasteries to promote his own Buildings. And dared in Conference to say familiarly, Ego & Rex meus, I and my King. But when once he was declined in his favour with the King, and commanded to retire, he was up∣on the way at Putney met by Mr. Norrice, who had some comfortable words to deliver him from the King, and a Ring of Gold in token of his good will to him: The Cardinal at hearing of this, quickly lighted from his Mule alone, as though he had been the youngest of his men, and incontinent kneeled down in the dirt upon both his knees, holding up his hands for joy of the Kings comfortable Message. Mr. Norrice, said he, considering the joyful news you have brought me, I could do no less than rejoyce, every word pierced so my heart, that the sudden joy surmounted my memory, having no regard or respect to the place, but I thought it my duty that in the same place where I received ••his com∣fort, to laud and praise God on my knees, and most humbly to render to my Soveraign Lord my hearty thanks for the same. Talking thus upon his knees to Mr. Norrice, he would have pulled

off a Velvet night-cap, which he wore under his scarlet Cap, but he could not undo the knot under his chin, wherefore with violence he rent the Laces of his Cap, and pulled his said Cap from his Head, and kneeled bare-headed, when Mr. Norrice gave him the Ring: he said, If I were Lord of the Realm, one half were too small a reward for your pains and good news; but desired him to accept a little Chain of Gold, with a Cross of Gold, wherein was a piece of the Holy Cross, which he ware about his Neck next his body, and said he valued at more than a thousand pounds.

CHAP. XXXIX. Of the Vain-glorious Boasting of some men.

WHen Alcibiades (then but young) was boasting himself of his Riches and Lands, Socrates took him into a room, and shewed him the Map of the World; Now, said he, where is the Country of Attica? When Alcibiades had pointed to it, Lay me then, said he, your finger upon your own Lands there. When the other told him they were not there described; and what, said Socrates, do you boast your self of that, which is no part of the Earth? He that hath most hath nothing to boast of, and great boasts (for the most part) as they betray great folly, so they end in as great derision.

* 1.5481. Oromazes had an inchanted Egg, in which this Impostor boasted that he had enclosed all the happiness in the world; but when it was bro∣ken, there was found nothing in it but wind.

* 1.5492. Mr. Iohn Carter, Vicar of Bramford in Suf∣folk, an excellent Scholar, and a modest person, being at Dinner at Ipswich in one of the Magi∣strat••s Houses, where divers other Ministers were also at the Table; one amongst the rest, (who was old enough, and had learned enough to have taught him more humility) was very full of talk, bragged much of his parts and skill, &c. and made a challenge, saying, Here are many learned men, if any of you will pro∣pound any question in Divinity or Philosophy, I will dispute with him, resolve his doubts, and satisfie him fully. All at the Table (except himself) were silent for a while; then Mr. Car∣ter when he saw that no other would speak to him, calling him by his name, I will, said he, go no further than my Trencher to puzle you; here is a Sole, now tell me the reason, why this fish that hath alwayes lived in the salt water, should come out fresh? To this the forward Gentleman could say nothing, and so was laugh∣ed at, and shamed out of his vanity.

* 1.5503. Ptolomaeus Philadelphus was a wise Prince, and learned amongst the best of the Egyptians, but was so infatuated by unseasonable and high luxury, that he grew to that degree of sottish∣ness, as to boast that he alone had found out immortality, and that he should never dye. Not long after being newly recovered of a sharp fit of the Gout, and looking out of his Window, upon the Egyptians that dined and sported on the banks of the River Nilus, with a deep sigh he wished he was one of them.

4. Eunomius the Heretick,* 1.551 boasted that he knew the Nature of God; at which time not∣withstanding St. Basil puzled him in twenty one questions about the body of an Ant.

5. Paracelsus boasted that he could make a man immortal,* 1.552 and yet himself dyed at fourty seven years of age.

6. Pompey the Great (at such time as the news of Caesars passing Rubicon came to Rome) boast∣ed that if he should but once stamp with his foot upon the ••arth of Italy,* 1.553 forthwith armed troops of Horse and Foot would leap out thence; yet was he put to a shameful flight, by that ene∣my he so much despised.

7. Sigismund,* 1.554 King of Hungary, beholding the greatness of his Army which he led against Ba∣jazaet the first, hearing of the coming of the Turks army, in his great jollity proudly said, What need we fear the Turk who need not at all to fear the falling of the Heavens, which if they should fall, yet were we able to hold them up from falling upon us with the very points of our Spears and Halberds; yet this Insolent was then vanquished, and enforced to fly not unlike another Xerxes, being driven to pass the Da∣nubius in a single and little Boat; this was at the Battle of Nicopolis, Anno 1396.

8. Abel by bribes bestowed in the Court of Rome,* 1.555 from Archdean of St. Andrews, got him∣self to be preferred Bishop there, and was con∣secrated by Pope Innocent the fourth; at his re∣turn he carried himself with great insolence. They write of him, that in a vain-glorious hu∣mour one day, he did with a little Chalk, draw this line upon the Gate of the Church,

Haec mihi sunt tria, Lex, C••non, Philosophia;

Bragging of his knowledge and skill in those Professions; and that going to Church the next day, he ••ound another line drawn beneath the former, which said,

Te levant absquetria, Fraus, Favor, Vanasophia.

this did so gall him, that taking his Bed, he dv∣ed within a few dayes, having sate Bishop only ten months and two dayes; this was about Anno 1238.

CHAP. XL. Of the Unadvised Rashness and Temeri∣ty of some persons.

SUch men as expose themselves to great pe∣rils upon light causes, were compared by Augustus, to them who f••sh with a Golden Hook, where all their gains would not recom∣pence their one loss. An heady and unconsult∣ing precipitancy in affairs of importance is the mother of all mischief; and when men rush up∣on the thing without taking any due prospect of what is like to be the event, little is to be expected from such inconsiderate hasti∣ness,

besides an unprofitable repentance, after irreparable losses.

* 1.5561. Bishop Audas, an ardent man, and unable to adapt his zeal to the occasion of the times, would needs countenance the humour of the blind multitude, and went out in the midst of the day, to destroy a Pyreum, which was a Tem∣ple wherein the Persians kept fire to adore it. A great sedition was raised, which soon came to the notice of King Ildegerdes; Audas is sent for, to give an account of this act, he defend∣eth himself with much courage and little suc∣cess for the Christians benefit: The King con∣demns him upon pain of death to reedifie the Temple he had demolished, which he refusing to do, was presently sacrificed to the fury of the Pagans; a violent persecution followed, which almost proceeded to the subversion of the foundations of the Christian Religion in Persia. Men were every where seen to be sleyed and roasted, pierced with Bodkins and Arrows, thereby becoming spectacles of pity and terror to all that beheld them.

* 1.5572. The Emperour Theodosius the younger, used to sign Petitions very rashly, without so much as reading of them, reposing his confidence in the recommendation, and supposed fidelity of others. His Sister Pulcheria perceiving it, found out this honest fraud to amend it; She framed a Petition, and tenders it to him, where∣in she desired that his Empress Eudoxia should be given to her as her slave; he receives the Pe∣tition and forthwith subscribes it. She there∣fore kept Eudoxia with her for some time; the Emperor wonders at it, and sends for his Wife, his Sister refuses to send her, and returns that she was hers by all the right in the world: She produces her Petition with the Emperors hand to it, at the sight of which he was confounded; She was restored back to him, and it is proba∣ble he afterwa••ds learned to read before he sign••d Petitions.

* 1.5583. Annibal s••yling from Petilia to Africa, was brought into the narrow Sea betwixt Sici∣ly and Italy; he not believing there was so small a di••tance betwixt those two, caused his Pilot to be forthwith slain, as one who had treache∣rously misled him in his course; afterwards ha∣ving more diligently considered the truth of the matter, he then acquitted him, when nothing further than the honour of a Sepulture could be allowed to his innocence.

* 1.5594. Lewis of Bavaria the Emperour, had made a league, and joyned his forces with the Cities near the Rhine, against those, who in the dissen∣tion of the Princes wasted Germany. While he was here, the Empress, Mary of Brabant, being at Wer'd, wrote two Letters, sealed with one Seal, but yet with different Wax; that with the black Wax was for the Emperor her Lord, that with the Red for Henry Ruchon, a Commander in the Army, but through the mistake of him that brought them, that with the red Wax was de∣livered to the Emperor, who having read it, suspecting some love design, though causelesly, dissembled the thing, and leaving the Army at the Rhine, by as great journeys as he could, night and day he hasted to his Wife, whom (unheard) he condemned for Adultery, and caused ••o lose her head; as conscious with her he stabbed H••lica with a Penknife, and caused the chief of the Ladies of honour, to be cast headlong from a Tower, Anno 1256. Soon af∣ter this unadvised cruelty, he had a fearful vi∣sion in the night, through the fear of which he was turned all grey in a nights space.

5. Otho the Emperour,* 1.560 when Vitellius came against him, was advised by all his to protract the fight and to delay a while, seeing that the enemy was equally pressed and cumbred with want of provisions, and the straitness of the places through which they marched. Otho re∣fusing to listen to this wholesome advice, with an inconsiderate rashness, put all upon the trial of a Battle, and so losing at once both his Ar∣my and the Empire, he laid violent hands up∣on himself, and was buried at Brixellum without Funeral Pompe, or so much as a Monument over him.

6. The Athenians were rash even to madness it self,* 1.561 who at one time condemned to death ten of their chief Commanders, returning from a glorious Victory, for that they had not inter∣red the dead bodies of their Souldiers, which they were hindred from doing, by the rage and tempestuousness of the Sea: Thus they punished Necessity, when they should have honoured Vertue.

CHAP. XLI. Of such persons as were discontented in their happiest Fortunes.

IT is a fiction of the Poets concerning Phae∣thon, that notwithstanding he was mount∣ed up into Heaven, yet even there he wept for anger and despight, that none would give him the rule and government of those Horses that drew the Chariot of the Sun his Father. There is nothing more in it than this, than to let us know that the heart of man widens ac∣cording to the measure we endeavour to fill it; and that very rarely there is a fortune so con∣siderable in the world, but labours of some such defect or other, as makes us either wish beyond it, or sick and weary of it.

1. Abner,* 1.562 an Eastern King, as soon as his Son was born, gave order for his confinement to a stately and spacious Castle, where he should be delicately brought up, and carefully kept from having any knowledge of humane calami∣ties; he gave special command that no distres∣sed person should be admitted into his presence, nothing sad, nothing lamentable, nothing un∣fortunate, no poor man, no old man, none weeping, nor disconsolate was to come near his Palace: Youthfulness, pleasures and joy were alwayes in his presence, nothing else was to be seen, nothing else was discoursed of in his com∣pany. But alas in process of time, the Prince longed; this made him sad in the very midst of his joyes, and what should he long for, but not to be so cumbred with delights. The grief of pleasures made him request his Father to loose the bonds of his miserable felicity; this sute of the Son crossed the intentions of the Father, who was forced to give over his device to keep him from sadness, lest by continuing it, he should make him sad. He gave him his liberty, but

charged his attendants to remove out of his way all objects of sorrow; the blind, the maim∣ed, the deformed, and the old must not come near him. But what diligence is sufficient to conceal the miseries of mortality? The Prince in his recreations meets with an old man, blind and leprous, the sight astonishes him, he startles, trembles and faints, like those that swound at the apparition of a Spirit, enquires of his fol∣lowers what that thing might be? And being inwardly perswaded that it was some fruit of humane life; he disliked pleasures, condemned mirth, and despised life, he rejected his King∣dom and Royal dignity, and bad adue to all the blandishments of fortune at once.

* 1.5633. Caius Caligula used often to complain of the state of his times, that his raign was not made remarkable with any publick calamities; how that of Augustus was memorable for the slaugh∣ter of the Legions under Quintilius Varus; that of Tiberius by the ruine and fall of the Theatre at Fidenae, but his should be buryed in oblivi∣on, through the prosperous course of all things: and therefore he often wished the slaughter of his Armies, Famine, Pestilence, Fires, or some open∣ing of the Earth, or the like might fall out in his time.

* 1.5643. Bajazet the first, after he had lost the Ci∣ty of Sebastia, and therein Orthobules his eldest Son; as he marched with his great Army against Tamerlane, he heard a country Shepheard merri∣ly reposing himself with his homely Pipe, as he sate upon the side of a Mountain, feeding his poor Flock. The King stood still a great while listning unto him, to the great admiration of his Nobility about him; at last fetching a deep sigh, he brake forth into these words, O happy Shepheard, which hadst neither Orthobules nor Sebastia to lose: bewraying therein his own dis∣content, and yet withal shewing that worldly happiness consisteth not so much in possessing of much subject to danger, as enjoying in a little contentment devoid of fears.

* 1.5654. Sidonius Apollinaris relateth, how one Maximus arriving by unlawful and indirect means at the top of honour, was the very first day much wearied, and fetching a deep sigh, said thus, Felicem te Damocle, qui non longius uno prandio regni necessitatem tolerasti; O Damocles, how happy do I esteem thee ••or having been a King but the space of a Dinner; I have been one a whole day, and can bear it no longer.

* 1.5665. Flavius Vespasianus the Emperour, upon the day of his Triumph was so over-wearied with the slowness and tediousness of the pompous Shew as it passed on, that he brake forth into these words, I am, said he, deservedly punish∣ed, who old as I am, must needs be desirous of a Triumph, as if it was either due to, or so much a hoped for by any of my Ancestors.

* 1.5676. Octavius Augustus did twice think of re∣signing the Empire, and restoring the Repub∣lick to its liberty; first after the overthrow of M. Antonius, as being mindful that it was ob∣jected against him by him, that he alone was the person that impeded it. Again, he had the same purpose, being wearied out and discontent∣ed with the taedium of his continual and daily sicknesses: Insomuch that sending for the Magi∣strates and Senate to his House, he put into their hands the account of the Empire. But afterwards considering that he could not live private without danger, and that it was a piece of improvidence, to leave the Supream Power in the hands of many, he persisted in his resoluti∣on to retain it himself.

7. C. Marius having lived to seventy years of age,* 1.568 and who was the first who amongst mor∣tals was created Consul the seventh time, having also the possession of such riches and treasures, as were sufficient for many Kings, did yet la∣ment and complain of his hard hap, that he should dye untimely, poor, and in want of those things which he did desire.* 1.569 Alexander the Great, hearing Anaxarchus Philosopher dis∣coursing, and shewing that according to the sense of his Master Democritus, there were in••inite and innumerable Worlds;* 1.570 he (sighing) said, Alas, what a miserable man am I, that have not subdued so much as one of all these? whereupon saith Iuvenal,

Vnus Pellaeo Iuveni non sufficit Orbis, Aestuat infoelix angusto limite Mundi.

For one Pellaean Youth the World's too small, As one pent up, he cannot breath at all.

8. Pope Adrian the sixth,* 1.571 perceiving that the Lutherans began to spread, and the Turks to ap∣proach, was so discontented, and so heart-bro∣ken with these and some other things, that he grew quite weary of the honour whereunto he had at∣tained, so that he fell sick and died in the se∣cond year of his Papacy, leaving this Inscripti∣on to be set upon his Tombe, Hadrianus sextus hic situs est, qui nihil sibi infelicius im hâc vitâ, quam quod imperaret, duxit; that is, Here lieth Hadrian the sixth, who thought nothing fell out more unhappily to him in this world, than that he was advanced to the Papacy.

9. Pope Pius the fifth,* 1.572 when advanced to the Papacy led but an uneasie life therein, as to the satisfaction of his mind in so great a Digni∣ty; for he was heard to complain thus of himself, Cum essem Religiosus, sperabam bene de salute animae meae, Cardinalis factus extimui, Pontifex creatus pene despero; When I was a Monk, I had some good hope of my Salvation; when I was made Cardinal, I had less; but being now raised to the Popedom, I almost despair of it.

10. Dionysius,* 1.573 the elder of that name, was not contented and satisfied in his mind, that he was the most mighty and puissant Tyrant of his time: But because he was not a better Poet than Phi∣loxenus, nor able to discourse and dispute so learn∣edly as Plato the Philosopher, as an argument of his great indignation and discontent, he cast the one into a Dungeon within the Stone-quar∣ries where Malefactors, Felons and Slaves were put to punishment, and confined the other as a Caytiff, and sent him away into the Isle of Aegina.

11. Agamemnon,* 1.574 the General of all the Gre∣cian Forces against Troy, thought it an intole∣rable burden to be a King, and the Commander of so great a People, insomuch that we find him complaining in such language as this,

You see the Son of Atreus here, King Agamemnon hight; Whom Jupiter clogs more with car•• Than any Mortal Wight.

Seleucus as it should seem found some more than ordinary irksomness in the midst of all Roy∣alty;* 1.575

for we read of him that he was wont to say, That if men did but sufficiently compre∣hend how laborious and troublesome a thing it was, but to write and read so many Epistles, as the variety and greatness of a Princes affairs would require, they would not so much as stoop to take up a Royal Diadem, though they should find it lying in the High-way.

CHAP. XLII. Of Litigious men, and bloody Quarrels upon slight occasions.

WHen a matter of difference was fallen out betwixt two persons, who were notoriously known to be men of a tur∣bulent and contentious nature, it was brought before King Philip, that he might determine thereof according to his pleasure; who is said to have passed this Sentence, You, said he (to one of them) I command immediately to run out of Macedon; and you (said he to the other) see that you make all imaginable haste after him. A good riddance of such Salamanders as delight to live in the fire of contention, who commence quarrels upon trivial accounts, and withall know no time wherein to end them.

* 1.5761. Gloucestershire did breed a Plaintiff and De∣fendant, which betwixt them (with many alter∣nations) traversed the longest suit that ever I read of in England. For a suit was commen∣ced betwixt the Heirs of Sir Thomas Talbot Viscount Lis••e on the one part, and the Heirs of —Lord Barkely on the other, about certain possessions lying in this County not far from Wo∣ton Vnder-edge; which suit began in the end of the reign of King Edward the fourth, was de∣pending untill the beginning of King Iames, when (and was it not high time) it was finally compounded.

* 1.5772. There was in Padua an ancient House call∣ed de Limino, two Brothers of this Family being in the Country on a Summers day, went abroad after Supper, talking of divers things together. As they were standing and gazing upon the Stars that twinkled in the Firmament (being then very clear) one of them began (in merri∣ment) to say to the other, Would I had as ma∣ny Oxen as I see Stars in that Skie; The other presently returns, And would I had a Pasture as wide as the Firmament: and therewith (turning towards his Brother) where then, said he, wouldst thou feed thine Oxen? marry in thy Pasture said his Brother: But how if I would not suffer thee said the other? I would, said he, whether thou wouldst or not: What, said he, in despight of my teeth? yea said the other, whatsoever thou couldst do to the contrary. Hereupon their sport turned to outragious words, and at last to fu••y; in the end they drew their Swords, and sell to it so hotly, that in the turn of a hand, they ran one the other through the body, so that one fell one and the other the other way, both weltring in their blood. The people in the House hearing the bustle, ran in to them, but came too late; they carried them into the House, where both soon af∣ter gave up the Ghost.

3. An extraordinary accident hath of late happened (saith Iustinianus) in the Confines of Tuscany.* 1.578 Iohn Cardinal de Medices, Son to Cos∣mo Duke of Florence, a young Prince of Great estimation, got on Horseback to ride on hunt∣ing, accompanied with two of his Brethren, Fernand and Cartia, attended with some others; their Dogs having followed a Hare a long time in the Plains, at last killed her; The Brothers thereupon began to debate about the first hold, each of them attributing the honour thereof to his Dog: one speech drew on another, and from bare words they fell at last to taunts; the Cardinal not enduring to be set light by, and being of a haughty nature, gave his Brother Car∣tia (who expostulated with him) a box on the Ear; Cartia carried away with his choler, drew his Sword and gave such a thrust into his brother Cardinals thigh, that he presently dyed. A Servant of the Cardinals (in revenge of his Ma∣ster) gave Cartia a sore wound; so that with the Venison, they carried home to Duke Cosmo one of his Sons dead; and for Cartia, his wound was also such, as within a while after he dyed of it; thus for a matter of nothing the Father lost two of his Sons, in a deplorable sort.

4. Sigebert was King of Essex,* 1.579 and the resto∣rer of Religion in his Kingdom (which had for∣merly apostatized after the departure of Melli∣tus) a Valiant and Pious Prince, but murdered by two Villains; who being demanded the cause of their cruelty, why they killed so harmless and innocent a Prince, had nothing to say for them∣selves, but they did it because his goodness had done the Kingdom hurt; that such was his prone∣ness to pardon offenders (on their though but seeming submission) that his meekness made ma∣ny Malefactors. The great quarrel they had with him (it seems) was only his being too good.

5. The Chancellour of Theodoricus Arch-bi∣shop of Magdeburg,* 1.580 was attending upon the Duke of Saxony, and was sate down with him at his Table in the City of Berlin; when the Citi∣zens brake in upon them, drew out the Chan∣cellour by a multitude of Lictors into the Market place of the City, and there sever his head from his Shoulders, with the Sword of the publick Executioner; and all this for no other cause, but that a few dayes before going to the Bath, he met a Matron, courteously saluted her, and jesting, asked her if she would go into the Bath with him; which when she had refused, he laughing dismissed her; but this was ground sufficient for the mad multitude, to proceed to such extremities upon.

6. In the reign of Claudius Caesar,* 1.581 Cumanus be∣ing then President in Iewry; the Jews came up from all parts to Ierusalem for the celebration of the Passover; there were then certain Cohorts of the Roman Souldiers, that lay about the Tem∣ple as a guard, whereof one discovered his pri∣vy parts, perhaps for no other reason than to ease himself of his Urine; but the Jews suppo∣sing that the uncircumcised Idolater had done this in abuse of the Iewish Nation and Religi∣on, were so incensed against the Souldiers, that they immediately fell upon them with Clubs and Stones; the Souldiers on the other side defend∣ed themselves with their arms, till at last, the Jews oppressed with their own multitudes, and

the wounds they received, were enforced to give over the conflict, but not before there were twenty thousand persons of them slain upon the place.

* 1.5827. Fabius Ambustus had two Daughters, the elder he married to Servius Sulpitius then Consul, the younger to Licinius Stolo, a gallant man, but of the Plebeian order. It fell out that the younger Fa∣bia sitting at her Sisters House upon a visit to her, in the interim came the Lictors, and smote upon the door of the Consul, as the manner was when the Consul came home. The younger, Fabia, was affrighted at the noise, as being ig∣norant of the custom, for which reason she was mocked at, and derided by her Sister, as one ignorant of the City affairs. This contempt of her was afterwards an occasion of great trou∣bles in Rome. For the Father (vehemently im∣portuned by his young Daughter) ceased not (though contrary to the Law and the mind of the greater part of the Senate) till he had made his Son Stolo Consul, though a Plebeian; and ex∣torted a Decree (through his practise with the people) that from thenceforth Plebeians might be Consuls.

* 1.5838. In the reign of King Edward the sixth, there were two Sisters in Law, the one was Queen Katharine Parre, late Wife to King Hen∣ry the eighth, and then marryed to the Lord Thomas Seymour, Admiral of England; the other was the Dutchess of Sommerset, Wife to the Lord Protector of England, Brother to the Ad∣miral. These two Ladies falling at variance for precedence (which either of them challenged, the one as Queen Dowager, the other as Wife to the Protector, who then governed the King and all the Realme) drew their Husbands into the quarrel, and so incensed the one of them against the other, that the Protector procured the death of the Admiral his Brother. Where∣upon also followed his own destruction shortly after. For being deprived of the assistance and support of his Brother, he was easily overthrown by the Duke of Northumberland, who caused him to be convicted of Felony, and beheaded.

* 1.5849. A famous and pernicious faction in Italy began, by the occasion of a quarrel betwixt two Boys; whereof the one gave the other a box on the Ear, in revenge whereof the Father of the Boy that was stricken, cut off the hand of the other that gave the blow; whose Father making thereupon the quarrel his own, sought the revenge of the injury done to his Son, and began the Faction of the Neri and Bianchi, that is to say, Black and White, which presently spread it self through Italy, and was the occasi∣on of spilling much Christian blood.

* 1.58510. A poor distressed wretch, upon some bu∣siness, bestowed a long and tedious Pilgrimage from Cabul in India, to Asharaff in Hircania; where (e're he knew how the success would be) he rested his weary limbs upon a Field Carpet, choosing to refresh himself rather upon the cool Grass, than be tormented by those merciless vermine of Gnats and Muskettos within the Town; but poor man he fell à malo in pejus, from ill to worse; for lying asleep upon the way at such time as Sha Abbas the Persian Monarch set forth to hunt, and many Nobles with him, his pampered Jade winded and startled at him; the King examines not the cause, but sent an eternal Arrow of sleep into the poor mans heart, jesting as Iphicrates did, when he slew his sleepy Sentinel, I did the man no wrong, I found him sleeping, and asleep I left him: The Courtiers also to applaud his Justice, made the poor man their common mark, killing him an hundred times over, if so many lives could have been forfei••ed.

* 1.58611. Anno 1568. the King of Sian had a white Elephant, which when the King of Pegu under∣stood, he had an opinion of I know not what holiness that was in the Elephant, and accord∣ingly prayed unto it. He sent his Ambassadors to the King of Sian, offering him whatsoever he would desire if he would send the Elephant unto him, but the King of Sian would not part with him, either for love, mony, or any other consideration. Whereupon he of Pegu was so moved to wrath, that with all the power he could make he invaded the other of Sian. Many hundred thousand men were brought in∣to the field, and a bloody Battle was fought, wherein the King of Sian was overthrown, his white Elephant taken, and he himself made tri∣butary to the Monarch of Pegu.

12. A needy Souldier under Abbas King of Persia,* 1.587 draws up a Catalogue of his good ser∣vices, and closing it in his pressing wants, humbly intreats the favour, and some stipend from his god of war, for such and such his exploits. The poor man for his sawciness, with many terrible bastinadoes on the soles of his feet, was almost drubbed to death. Besides Abbas enquires who it was that wrote it: the Clerk made his apo∣logy; but the King quarrelled at his scurvy writing, and that he should never write worse makes his hand to be cut off.

CHAP. XLIII. Of such as have been too fearful of death, and over desirous of Life.

A Weak mind complains before it is over∣taken with evil, and as Birds are af∣frighted with the noise of the Sling, so the infirm soul anticipates its troubles by its own fearful apprehensions, and falls under them before they are yet arrived. But what greater madness is there, than to be tormented with fu∣turities, and not so much to reserve our selves to miseries against they come, as to invite and hasten them towards us of our own accord? The best remedy against this tottering state of the soul, is a good and clear Conscience; which if a man want, he will tremble in the midst of all his armed guards.

1. What a miserable life Tyrants have by reason of their continual fears of death,* 1.588 we have exemplified in Dionysius the Syracusan, who finished his thirty eight years Rule on this man∣ner; Removing his Friends he gave the custody of his body to some strangers and Barbarians, and being in fear of Barbers, he taught his Daughters to shave him; and when they were grown up he durst not trust them with a Rasor, but taught them how they should burn off his hair and Beard with the white filmes of Wall∣nut

kernels. Whereas he had two Wives, Ari∣stomache and Doris, he came not to them in the night before the place was throughly searched; and though he had drawn a large and deep Moat about the Room, and had made a pas∣sage by a wooden Bridge, himself drew it up after him when he went in. Not daring to speak to the people out of the common Rostrum or Pulpit for that purpose, he used to make Ora∣tions to them from the top of a Tower. When he played at Ball, he used to give his Sword and Cloak to a Boy whom he loved; and when one of his familiar Friends had jestingly said, You now put your life into his hands, and that the Boy smiled, he commanded them both to be slain, one for shewing the way how he might be killed, and the other for approving it with a smile. At last overcome in Battle by the Car∣thaginians, he perished by the treason of his own Subjects.

* 1.5892. Heraclides Ponticus writes of one Artemon, a very skilful Engineer, but withal saith of him, that he was of a very timerous disposition, and foolishly afraid of his own shadow; so that for the most part of his time, he never stirred out of his House. That he had always two of his men by him, that held a Brazen Target over his head, for fear lest any thing should fall up∣on him; and if upon any occasion he was for∣ced to go from home, he would be carryed in a Litter hanging near to the ground, for fear of falling.

* 1.5903. The Cardinal of Winchester Henry Beau∣fort (commonly called the Rich Cardinal) who procured the death of the good Duke of Glou∣cester, in the reign of King Henry the sixth, was soon after struck with an incurable disease, and understanding by his Physicians that he could not live, murmuring and repining thereat (as Do∣ctor Iohn Baker his Chaplain and Privy-councel∣lor writes) he fell into such speeches as these, Fye, will not death be hired? Will mony do nothing? Must I dye that have so great Riches? If the whole Realm of England would save my life, I am able either by policy to get it, or by riches to buy it: But the king of Terrors is not to be bribed by the Gold of Ophir; it is a pleasure to him to mix the Brains of Princes and Politicians with common dust; and how loth soever he was to depart, yet go he must, for he dyed of that disease, as little lamented as de∣sired.

* 1.5914. C. Mecaenas, the great Friend and Favou∣rite of Augustus, was so soft and effeminate a person, that he was commonly called Malcinus. He was so much afraid of death, that (saith Seneca) he had often in his mouth, All things are to be endured so long as life is continued, of which those Verses are to be read,

Debilem facito mami, Debilem pede coxa, Tuber adstrue gibberum, Lubricos quate dentes, Vita dum superest bene est.

Make me lame on either hand, And of neither foot to stand, Raise a bunch upon my back, And make all my teeth to shake; Nothing comes amiss to me So that life remaining be.

5. The Emperour Domitian was in such fear of receiving death by the hands of his Followers,* 1.592 and in such a strong suspicion of treason against him, that he caused the Walls of the Galleries wherein he used to walk, to be set and garnish∣ed with the stone Phengites, to the end that by the light thereof, he might see all that was done behind him.

6. Lewis the eleventh,* 1.593 King of France, when he found himself sick, sent for one Fryer Robert out of Calabria, to come to him to Toures; the man was a Hermit, and famous for his sanctity, and while in his last sickness this holy man lay at Plessis, the King sent continually to him, saying that if he pleased he could prolong his life. He had reposed his whole confidence in Monsieur Iames Cothier his Physician, to whom he gave monthly ten thousand Crowns, in hope he would prolong his life. Never man (saith Comines) feared death more than he, nor sought so many wayes to avoid it as he did: Moreover (as he adds) in all his life time he had given com∣mandment to all his Servants (as well to my self as others) that when we should see him in danger of death, we should only move him to confess himself, and dispose of his Conscience, not sounding in his ear this dreadful word Death, knowing that he should not be able patiently to hear that cruel sentence. His Physician afore∣said used him so roughly, that a man could not have given his Servant so sharp language, as he usually gave the King; and yet the King so much feared him, that he durst not command him out of his Presence: For notwithstanding that he complained to divers of him, yet durst he not change him as he did all his other ser∣vants, because this Physician said once thus bold∣ly to him, I know that one day you will com∣mand me away, as you do all your other Ser∣vants, but you shall not live eight days after it, binding it with a great Oath; which word put the King in such fear, that ever after he flattered him, and bestowed such gifts upon him, that he received from him in five months time fif∣ty four thousand Crowns, besides the Bishop∣rick of Amiens for his Nephew, and other Offices and Lands for him and his Friends.

7. Rhodius,* 1.594 being through his unseasonable li∣berty of speech cast into a Den, by a Tyrant was there nourished and kept as a hurtful beast, with great torment and ignominy; his hands were cut off, and his face disfigured with wounds: In this wretched case, when some of his Friends gave him advice, by voluntary abstinence to put an end to his miseries, by the end of his days; he replied, that while a man lives, all things are to be hoped for by him.

8. Cn. Carbo,* 1.595 in his third Consulship, being by Pompeys order, sent into Sicily to be punished, begged of the Souldiers, with great humility, and with tears in his eyes, that they would per∣mit him to attend the necessity of nature before he dyed, and this only that he might for a small space, protract his stay in a miserable life: He delayed the time so long, till such time as his head was severed from his body, as he sate in a nasty place.

9. D. Iunius Brutus bought a small and un∣happy moment of his life,* 1.596 with great infamy; for Antonius having sent Furius to kill him, when he was taken, he not only did withdraw his Neck from the Sword, but being also exhorted to lay it down with more constancy, he swore

he would in these words, As I live I will give but some wretched delay to my fate.

* 1.59710. A certain King of Hungary, being on a time very sad, his Brother a jolly Courtier, would needs know of him what ailed him: Oh, Brother, said he, I have been a great sinner against God, and I fear to dye, and to appear before his Tribunal. These are (said his Bro∣ther) melancholy thoughts, and withal made a jest of them. The King replyed nothing for the present; but the custome of the Country was, that if the Executioner came and sounded a Trumpet before any mans door, he was pre∣sently to be led to execution: The King in the dead time of the night, sends the Headsman to sound his Trumpet before his Brothers door; who hearing it, and seeing the messenger of death, springs in pale and trembling into his Brothers presence, beseeching him to tell him wherein he had offended. Oh, Brother, reply∣ed the King, you have never offended me; but is the sight of my Executioner so dreadful? and shall not I that have greatly and grievously of∣fended God, fear that of his, that must carry me before his Judgement-Seat?

* 1.59811. Theophrastus the Philosopher is said at his death to have accused nature, that she had in∣dulged a long life to Stags and Crows, to whom it was of no advantage, but had given to man a short one, to whom yet the length of it was of great concern, for thereby the life of man would be more excellent, being perfected with all Arts, and adorned with all kind of Learning; he complained therefore, that as soon as he had begun to perceive these things, he was forced to expire, yet he lived to the eighty fifth year of his age.

* 1.59912. Mycerinus, the Son of Cleops King of Egypt, set open the Temples of the Gods, which his Father Cleops, and Uncle Cephrenes had caused to be shut up; he gave liberty to the people who were before oppressed, and reduced to extremity of ••alamity. He was also a lover and doer of Justice above all the Kings of his time, and was exceedingly beloved of his people. But from the Oracle of the City Buti, there was this predi∣ction sent him, that he should live but six years and dye in the seventh. He resented this mes∣sage ill, and sent back to the Oracle reproaches and complaints; expostulating, that whereas his Father and his Uncle had been unmindful of the gods, and great oppressors of men, yet had they enjoyed a long life; but he having lived in great piety and justice, must shut up his days so speedily. The Oracle returned, that there∣fore he dyed, because he did not that which he should have done; for Egypt should have been afflicted one hundred and fifty years, which the two former Kings well understood, but himself had not. When Mycerinus heard this, and that he was thus condemned; he caused divers lamps to be made, which when night came on he lighted; by these he carowsed and indulged his genius: this course he intermitted not night nor day, but wandred through the Fenns and Woods, and such places where the most convenient and plea∣surable reception was; and this he did for this purpose, that he might deceive the Oracle; and that whereas it had pronounced he should live but six years, he intended this way to lengthen them out to twelve.

* 1.60013. Antigonus observing one of his Souldiers to be a very valiant man, and ready to adventure upon any desperate piece of service, and yet withal taking notice that he looked very pale and lean, would needs know of him what he ailed? And finding that he had upon him a secret and dangerous disease, he caused all possible means to be used for his recovery; which when it was effect∣ed, the King perceived him to be less forward in service, than formerly; and demanding the rea∣son of it, he ingenuously confessed that now he felt the sweets of life, and therefore was loth to lose it.

14. The most renowned of the Grecian Gene∣rals,* 1.601 Themistocles, having passed the hundred and seventh year of his age, and finding such sensi∣ble decayes growing upon him, as made him see he was hastning to his end; he grieved that he must now depart, when as he said it was but now chiefly that he began to grow wise.

15. The Emperour Hadrianus a little before his death,* 1.602 made this complaint, and sorrowful Soliloquy,

Animula vagula, blandula, Hospes comesque corporis, Quae nunc abibis in loca, Palidula, rigida, nudula, Nec ut soles dabis Iocos?

16. Titus Vespasianus the Emperour,* 1.603 going to∣wards the territories of the Sabines, at his first lodging and baiting place, was seised with a Fevor; whereupon removing thence in his Lit∣ter, it is said that putting by the Curtains of the Window, he looked up to the Heavens, com∣plaining heavily that his life should be taken from him, who had not deserved to dye so soon. For in all his life he had not done one action, whereof he thought he had reason to repent, unless it were one only; what that one was, neither did he himself declare at that time, nor is it otherwise known: he dyed about the for∣ty second year of his age.

17. C. Caligula,* 1.604 the Emperour, was so exceed∣ing afraid of death, that at the least thunder and lightning he would wink close with both eyes, cover his whole head; but if it were greater and any thing extraordinary, he would run under his Bed. He fled suddenly by night from Messina in Sicily, as affrighted with the smoak and rumbling noise of Mount Aetna. Be∣yond the River Rhine, he rode in a German Cha∣riot between the Straights, and the Army mar∣ched in thick squadrons together; and when one on this occasion had said, here will be no small hurliburly, in case any enemy should now appear; he was so affrighted that he mounted his Horse, and turned hastily to the Bridges, and finding them full and choaked up with Slaves and Carriages, impatient of delay, he was from hand to hand, and over mens heads conveyed on the other side of the water. Soon after hearing of the revolt of the Germans, he provided to fly, and prepared Ships for his flight, resting him∣self upon this only comfort, that he should yet have Provinces beyond Sea, in case the Conque∣rors should pass the Alpes, or possess themselves of the City of Rome.

18. Amestis the Wife of the great Monarch Xerxes,* 1.605 buryed quick in the ground twelve per∣sons, and offered them to Pluto for the prolong∣ing of her own life.

CHAP. XLIV. Of the gross Flatteries of some men.

AS the Heliotrope is alwayes turning it self according to the course of the Sun, but shuts and closes up its leaves, as soon as that great Luminary hath forsaken the Hori∣zon: So the Flatterer is alwayes fawning up∣on the Prosperous, till their fortune begins to ••rown upon them; in this not unlike to other sorts of Vermine, that are observed to desert falling Houses, and the Carcases of the dying. Hope and fear have been the occasions that some persons (otherwise of great worth) have sometimes declined to so low a degree of base∣ness, as to bestow their Encomiums upon them who have merited the severest of their reproofs. Even Seneca himself was a broad flatterer of Ne∣ro, which may make us the less to wonder at that which,

* 1.6061. Tacitus saith of Salvius Otho, that he did (adorare vulgus, projicere oscula, & omnia servili∣ter pro imperio) adore the people, scatter his kis∣ses and salutes, and crouch unto any servile ex∣pressions, to advance his ambitious designs in the attainment of the Empire.

* 1.6072. The like unworthy Arts Menelaus objects to his Brother Agamemnon, in the Tragedian, thus,

You know how you the Rule o're Grecians got, In shew declining what in truth you sought; How low, how plausible you apprehended The hands of meanest men; how then you bended To all you met; how your Gates open flew, And spake large welcome to the pop'lar crew: What sweetned words you gave, ev'n unto those Who did decline, and hate to see you gloze. How thus with serpentine and guileful Arts, You screw'd and wound your self into the hearts O'••h' vulgar, and thus bought the poor, which now Makes you forget, how then you us'd to bow.

* 1.6083. Tiridates, King of Armenia, when he was overcome by Corbulo (and brought prisoner to Nero at Rome) fal••••ng down on his knees, he said, I am Nephew to the great Lord Arsaces, Bro••her to the two great Kings Vologesus and Pacorus, and yet thy Servant, and I am come to worship thee no otherwise than I worship my God the Sun: Truly I will be such an one as thou shalt please to make me, for thou art my fate and fortune. Which Flattery so pleased Nero, that he restored him to his Kingdom, and gave him besides an hundred thousand pieces of Gold.

* 1.6094. Publius Asfranius a notable Flatterer at Rome, hearing that Caligula the Emperour was sick, went to him, and professed that he would wil∣lingly dye, so that the Emperour might recover. The Emperour told him that he did not believe him, whereupon he confirmed it with an Oath. Caligula shortly after recovering, forced him to be as good as his word, and to undergo that in earnest, which he had only spoken out of base and false Fla••tery; for he caused him to be slain, and as he said, lest he should be ••orsworn.

5. Canutus King of England and Denmark,* 1.610 was told by a Court Parasite, that all things in his Realme were at his beck and will, and that his pleasure once known, none durst op∣pose it. The King therefore appointed his Chair of State to be set upon the Sands, when the Sea began to ••low; and in the presence of his Courtiers he said unto it, Thou art part of my Dominion, and the ground on which I sit is mine, neither was there ever any that durst disobey my commaud, that went away with im∣punity; wherefore I charge thee that thou come not upon my Land, neither that thou presume to wet the Clothes or Body of me thy Lord. But the Sea (according to its usual course) flowing more and more, wet his Feet. Where∣upon the King rising up, said, Let all the Inha∣bitants of the world know, that vain and fri∣volous is the power of Kings; and that none is worthy the name of a King, but he to whose command the Heaven, Earth and Sea, by the bond of an everlasting Law are subject and obe∣dient. After this it is said, that the King would never more wear his Crown.

6. Damocles was the Flatterer of Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse,* 1.611 crying up his Riches and Majesty, and the like, affirming that no man was ever more happy than himself; Wilt thou then, said the Tyrant, taste and make tryal of my fortune? Damocles said he was very desi∣rous of it. He caused him therefore to be pla∣ced upon a Bed of Gold, the most exquisite de∣lights to be presented to him, the Table cover∣ed with the most exquisite and far fetched dain∣ties. And now when Damocles thought himself very fortunate in the midst of all this prepara∣tion, he pointed him to a bright and drawn Sword that hanged from the top of the Room; directly over his head was the point of it, and it tyed only with a Hor••e hair. Damocles therefore not daring to put his hand to any of the Dishes, besought the Tyrant that he might have liberty to depart. By this he convicted this Flatterer, and shewed him that they were not happy, that lived in perpetual dangers and fears.

7. When Agrippa had raigned three whole years over all Iudea,* 1.612 in the City of Cesaria, which was formerly called the Tower of Straton; he set forth publick shews in honour of Caesar, to which resorted a multitude of the Nobles, and great Persons throughout the Realm. Up∣on the second day of this solemnity in the morn∣ing, Agrippa entred the Theatre, cloathed in a Garment all of Silver, framed with a wonder∣ful Art, which glanced upon by the Beams of the rising Sun, and sending forth a kind of di∣vine fulgor, begat a kind of veneration and honour in the beholders. Whereupon there were a sort of pernicious Flatterers that salu∣ted him as a god, humbly beseeching him that he would be propitious to them, saying that heretofore they had revered him as a man, but now they did confess that th••re was something in him more excellent than humane nature. This prophane kind of Flattery, he neither rejected nor reproved them for; soon after he beheld an Owl sitting upon a Rope (which before had been to him a presage of good, and of which it had been predicted, that when he saw the like sight again, it should be to him the sign of evil fortune) at which he was exceedingly perplex∣ed: immediately he was taken with extream

torments in his belly, and pressures at his heart; up∣on which he said to his Friends, Behold I that am your God (as you said) am now ready to depart this life, and he who you said was immortal is now haled away by death. While he was speak∣ing these things, spent with pain, he was carri∣ed into his Palace, where (having wrestled with his intolerable pains for ••ive dayes) he depart∣ed this life, aged fifty four, and having reign∣ed seven years, four under Cai••s, and three under Claudius.

* 1.6138. The Athenians were the first that gave to Demetrius and Antigonus the title of Kings; they caused them to be set down in their pub∣lick records for Saviour Gods. They put down their ancient Magistracy of the Archontes, from whom they denominated the year, and yearly elected a Priest to these Saviours, whose name they prefixed to their decrees and contracts. In the place where Demetrius dismounted from his Chariot, they erected an Altar, which they dedicated to Demetrius the dismounter. They added two Tribes to the rest, which they called Demetrias and Antigonis. Above all that of Stra∣tocles is to be remembred, who was a known de∣signer of the grandest flattery; this man was au∣thor of a decree, that those who by the people were publickly sent unto Demetrius and Antigo∣nus should not be cal••ed Embassadors, but Theo∣roi, or Speakers to the gods.

* 1.6149. Valerius Maximus in the dedication of his book of memorable examples to Tiberius the Em∣perour, thus flatteringly bespeaks him; Thee, O Caesar, do I invoke in this my undertaking, who art the most certain safety of our Country, in whose hands is the power of Sea and Land by an equal consent of gods and men, and by whose celesti∣al providence, all those virtues of which I am to speak are benignely cherished, and the vices se∣verely punished. For if the ancient Oratours did happily take their Exordiums from the great and best Iupiter, if the most excellent Poets did use to commence their Writings by the invoca∣tion of some one or other deity; by how much the more justice ought my meanness to have re∣course unto your favour; seeing that all other divinity is collected by opinion, but yours by present evidence appears equal unto your Grand∣fathers and Fathers Star; by the admirable bright∣ness of which there is an accession of a glori∣ous splendour to our Ceremonies. For as for all other gods we have indeed received them, but the Caesars are made and acknowledged by our selves.

* 1.61510. Tiberius Caesar coming into the Senate, one of them stood up and said, that it was fit the words of free men should be free also, and that nothing which was pro••itable should be dis∣sembled or concealed. All men were attentive to an Oration with such a Preface, there was a deep silence and Tiberius himself listned, when the Flatterer proceeds thus; Hear, O Caesar, what it is that we are displeased with in thee, where∣of yet no man dare openly make mention; you neglect your self and have no regard to your own person, you wast your body with continu∣al cares and travails for our sakes, taking no rest or repose either day or night.

CHAP. XLV. Of such as have been found guilty of that which they have reprehended, or disliked in others.

AMongst others who came to be Spe∣ctators of the Olympick games, there was an old man of Athens, he passed to and fro, but no man afforded him a seat room; when he came where the Spartan Am∣bassadours sate, they (who had been taught to reverence age) rose up and gave him place amongst them: Well, said the old man, the Grecians know well enough what they ought to do, but the Spartans alone are they who do it. The following examples afford too many too near allied to the Grecians in this.

1. The Marryed Clergy of England would not hear of being divorced ••rom their Wives;* 1.616 the Bishops therefore were fain to call in the aid of the Pope. Iohn de Crema an Italian Car∣dinal, jolly with his youthful blood, and gal∣lant equipage came over into England with his bigness and bravery to bluster the Clergy out of their Wives. He made a most gaudy Ora∣tion in the commendation of Virginity (as one who in his own person knew well how to value such a Jewel by the loss thereof) most true it is that the same night at London he was caught in Bed with an Harlot.

2. Didymus the Grammarian,* 1.617 wrote so much as no man more; it fell out that upon a time when he objected against a story, endeavour∣ing to make the vanity thereof appear, as a thing utterly false, one of his own books was brought to him, and the page laid open before him, where he had related it as a truth.

3. M. Crassus,* 1.618 gaping after the Parthian riches, was leading against them a gallant Ar∣my, and passing through Galatia, he found Deiotarus the King thereof, though in extre∣mity of old age, building a New City, won∣dering hereat, he thus played upon the King; What is this, said he, that I see? the twelfth hour is just upon the stroke with thee, and yet thou art about to erect a new City. Dei∣otarus smiling replyed, Nor is it over early day with my Lord General, as it should seem, and yet he is upon an expedition into Parthia. Crassus was then in the sixtieth year of his age, and by his countenance seemed to be older than indeed he was.

4. Seneca that wrote so excellently of moral vertue,* 1.619 and the commendation thereof, yet himself allowed his Scholar Nero to commit incest with his own Mother Agrippina; and when he wrote against Tyranny, himself was Tutor to a Tyrant: when he reproved others for frequenting the Emperours Court, him∣self was scarce ever out of it; and when he reproached Flatterers, himself practised it in a shameful manner, towards the Empress and the Freed-men: whilest he inveighed against riches and rich men, he heaped together in••inite riches

by usury and unjust dealings; and whilest he condemned luxury in others, himself had ••ive hundred costly Chairs made of Cedar, the feet of them Ivory, and all other Furniture of his House answerable thereunto.

* 1.6205. Pericles the Athenian might do what he pleased in his Country, and therefore made a s••aw that no mans natural or illegitimate Son, should be reputed amongst the number of the Citizens, or be admitted to their priviledges; it f••ll out a••terwards that all his own Sons law••ully begotten dyed, but he had a bastard who was yet alive, him he would have to en∣joy the freedom of the City, and so was the first violator of that law which himself had made.

* 1.6216. In the reign of Theodosius the Elder, Gil∣do was the Pre••ect of Africa, who upon the death of the Emperour, seised upon that Pro∣vince for his own, and sought to bring Mas∣s••lzeres his Brother into society with him in his disloyalty; but he slying the Country, the Tyrant slew his Wife and Children; where∣upon he was sent for by Arcadius and Honori∣us, who succeeded in the Empire, to go against Gildo his Brother, for the recovery of that Pro∣vince. He went, overthrew Gildo in battel, having put him to death, easily regained all that was lost, which he had no sooner done but he fell into the same treasonable disloyalty, which he had formerly so much disapproved, and he himself rebelled against the Emperour who had employed him.

* 1.6227. C. Licinius sirnamed Hoplomachus, petitio∣ned the Pretor that his Father might be inter∣dicted from having to do with his estate, as being one that prodigally wasted and consumed it. He obtained what he desired, but not long after the old man deing dead, he himself ri∣otously spent a vast sum of mony, and all those large lands that were lest unto him by his Father.

* 1.6238. C. Licinius Stolo (by whose means the Ple∣beians were enabled to sue for the Consulship) made a Law that no man should possess more than five hundred Acres of Land; after which he himself purchased a thousand, and to dis∣semble his ••ault therein, he gave five hundred of them to his Son; whereupon he was accused by M. Popilius Laenas, and was the first that was condemned by his own Law.

* 1.6249. Henry, the Son of Henry the fourth Em∣perour, in the quarrel of the Pope, rose against his own Father; but when (his Father being dead) he himself was Emperour, he then main∣tained the same quarrel about investiture of Bishops against the Pope, which his Father be∣fore did.

CHAP. XLVI. Of such persons as could not endure to be told of their Faults.

DIseases are sometimes more happily cured by medicines made up with bitter in∣gredients, than they are with such sweet potions as are more delightful to the palate; but there are a sort of patients so wilful, that they can be wrought upon by no perswasions to take them down. A just and home re∣proof (though not very tastfull) where it is well digested, is of excellent use to remove some maladies from the mind; the worst of it is, that there are but few to be found (especially amongst the great ones) who can endure to be administred to in this kind.

1. Cambyses King of Persia,* 1.625 on a time desired to be truly informed by Prexaspes his beloved favourite what the Persians thought of his con∣ditions, who answered That his virtues were followed with abundant praise from all men; only it was by many observed that he took more than usual delight in the taste of Wine; infla∣med with this taxation he made this reply, And are the Persians double tongued, who also tell me that I have in all things excelled my Father Cyrus? Thou Prexaspes shalt then witness, whe∣ther in this report they have done me right, for if at the ••irst shot I pierce thy Sons heart with an Arrow, then it is false that hath been spoken, but if I miss the mark, I am then pleased that the fame be counted true, and my Subjects be∣lieved; he immediately directed an Arrow to∣wards the innocent Child, who falling down dead with the stroke, Cambyses commanded his body to be opened, and his heart being broach∣ed upon the Arrow, this monstrous Tyrant greatly rejoycing shewed it to the Father with this saying instead of an Epitaph; Now Prexaspes thou maist resolve thy self that I have not lost my wits with Wine, but the Persians theirs who make such report.

2. Yu King of China had a Colao,* 1.626 who at the Royal audience would not fail to tell him free∣ly of his faults; one day whether the King had given more cause, or that the excess was on the Colaos part, the Audience being ended the King returned into the Palace very much offended, saying he would cut off the head of that imper∣tinent Fellow. The Queen asked him the cause of his displeasure; the King answered, There is an unmannerly Clown that never ceaseth to tell me of my faults, and that publickly, I am re∣solved to send one to take off his head. The Queen took no notice of it, but retired to her Apartment, and put on a particular Gar∣ment proper only for Festivals and Visits, and in this habit she came to the King, who won∣dring at it, asked her the cause of this novelty? she answered, Sir, I am come to wish your Ma∣jesty much joy; of what replied the King? That you have a Subject, said she, that feareth not to tell you of your faults to your face, seeing that a Subjects confidence in speaking so boldly must needs be founded upon the opinion he hath

of the vertue and greatness of his Princes mind, that can endure to hear him.

* 1.6273. Aratus, the Sycionian, who by his valour freed and restored his Country to its liberty, was taken away from this life by King Philip with a deadly poyson, and for this only cause, That he had with too great a freedom reprehended the King for his faults.

* 1.6284. Anno 1358. Iohn, King of Spain, was ex∣tremely in love with a young woman his Concu∣bine, and it was to that degree, that for her sake he committed things unworthy of a King, killed some Princes of his own blood with his own hands; and at last, he was so besotted with the love of this woman, that he would have all the Cities subject to his Crown to swear fealty unto her, and to do her homage. The Gentle∣men of Sevil did much marvel at this Command∣ment, so that having cons••lted together, they appointed twelve Gentlemen to go as their Em∣bassadours to the King, and gave them in charge modestly to reprehend the King, to reprove him of those things which he did, and to assay by all submission and humility, to withdraw him from that humour of having homage done to his Minion, saying, They were bound by Oath to his Queen, and could not transfer their fealty to another till they were absolved. The Embassa∣dours of Sevil went, and modestly shewed the King of his imperfection: the King gave ear, and for answer (taking his Beard in his hand) he said, By this Beard I certifie you that you have not well spoken, and so sent them away. Few daies after the King went to Sevil, and re∣membring the reprehension which he received from the Embassadours, he caused them all to be massacred in one night in their own houses.

* 1.6295. Vodine, Bishop of London, feared not to tell King Vortiger, that for marrying a heathenish Lady, Rowena, daughter to Hengist, he had thereby endangered both his soul and his Crown. The King could not endure this liberty, but his words were so ill digested by him, that they shortly cost the Bishop his life.

* 1.6306. Cambyses, King of Persia, had slain twelve Persians of principal rank, when King Croesus thus admonished him, Do not, O King, said he, in∣dulge thine age and anger in every thing, refrain your self, it will be for your advantage to be prudent and provident, and fore-sight is the part of a wise man: but you put men to death upon slight occasions, your Countrymen, and spare not so much as young Children: If you shall persist to do often in this manner, consider if you shall not give occasion to the Persians to revolt from you. Your father Cyrus laid his strict commands upon me, that as often as occa∣sions should require, I should put you in mind of those things which might conduce to your profit and welfare. Cambyses snatched up a Bow, with intention to have shot Croesus through, but he ran hastily away: Cambyses thus prevented, com∣manded his Ministers to put him to death: but they supposing the King would repent himself, and then they should be rewarded for his safety, kept him privately alive. Long it was not e're Cambyses wanted the Counsel of Croesus, when his servants told him that he yet lived: Cambyses re∣joyced hereat, but caused them to be put to death, who had disobeyed his Commandment in preserving him whom he had condemned to death.

7. Sabinus Flavius being one of the Conspira∣tours against Nero,* 1.631 and asked by him, Why he regarded the Military Oath so little as to con∣spire his death? answered him, That he was faithful to him while he deserved to be loved, but he could not but hate him since he was his Mothers, Brothers, and Wives murderer, a Waggoner, a Minstril, a Stage-player, and an Incendiary of the City: Than which speech, saith the History, nothing could have happened to Nero more vexatious: for though he was prompt to do wickedly; yet was he impatient, and could by no means endure to hear of the Villanies he did.

8. Ptolomaeus Philadelphus,* 1.632 King of Aegypt, marryed his own Sister Arsmoe, at which time one Sotades came unto him, and said, You put your Aglet, Sir, thorow the Oilet that is not made for it: For this saying, he was cast into Prison, where he remained a long time in misery, and in the end there rotted.

9. Telemachus,* 1.633 a Monk, when the people of Rome were intentively gazing upon the Sword-Playes, which at that time were exhibited, re∣proved them for so doing; whereupon the people were so moved and exasperated against him, that they stoned him to death upon the place. Upon this occasion the Emperour Hono∣rius (in whose Reign this fell out) put down for ever all Sword-playing in the Theatre at Sharps, as they were formerly wont to do.

10. Alexander the Great writing to Philotas,* 1.634 one of his brave Captains, and the son of the ex∣cellent Parmenio, sent him word in his Letter, how that the Oracle of Iupiter Hammon had acknow∣ledged him to be his son: Philotas wrote back, That he was glad he was received into the num∣ber of the gods: but withal that he could not but be sensible of the miserable condition of those men, that should live under one who thought himself more than a man. This liberty of speech and reproof of his, Alexander never forgat till such time as he had taken away his Life.

11. Iohn,* 1.635 Bishop of Bergamum, a grave and devout person did freely reprove a King of the Lombards for his wickedness: the impious King could not endure it, but caused him to be set upon a sierce Horse, which used to cast his riders and to tear them in pieces: In this manner, he sent home the good Bishop, expecting soon after to have the news of his death brought to him. But no sooner was the holy Prelate mounted, but the Horse laid aside his siereness, and carried him home in safety.

12. Oraetes,* 1.636 Prefect of Sardis, was reproved by Mitrobates, that he had not added the Isle of Samos to the Kings Dominions, being so near unto him; and over which Polycrates then Ty∣rannized: Oraetes, by a wile, first seized upon Polycrates and Crucified him; and when Cambyses was dead (mindful of this freedom) he slew Mitrobates with his son Cranape.

CHAP. XLVII. Of the base Ingratitude of some unworthy persons.

HIppocratidas received Letters from a No∣ble man his friend, wherein he craved his advice, what he should do with a Spartan, who knew of a Conspiracy that was formed against his Life; but covering all in silence, had not given him the least intimation thereof. His Counsel was in this manner, If, said he, thou hast formerly obliged him with any great benefit, kill him immediately: If not, yet send him out of the Country, as a man too time∣rous to be vertuous. Thus the Ancients ad∣judged ingratitude to be punished with death, and very worthily it deserved to be so at least in the person of him who follows.

* 1.6371. Humphrey Banister was brought up and ex∣alted to promotion by the Duke of Bucking∣ham his Master; the Duke being afterwards driven to extremity, by reason of the separation of his Army which he had Mustered against King Richard the Usurper, sled to this Banister as his most trusty friend, not doubting to be kept se∣cret by him, till he could find an opportunity to escape. There was a thousand pound pro∣pounded as a reward to him that could bring forth the Duke: and this ungrateful Traytor, upon the hopes of this summ, betrayed the Duke his Benefactor into the hands of Iohn Metton, Sheriff of Shropshire, who conveyed him to the City of Salisbury, where King Richard then was, and soon after the Duke was put to death. But as for this perfidious Monster, the vengeance of God fell upon him to his utter ignominy in a vi∣sible and strange manner; for presently after his eldest son fell mad, and died in a Boars Stye; his eldest daughter was suddenly stricken with a foul Leprosie; his second son became strangely deformed in his limbs, and lame; his youngest son was drowned in a puddle; and he himself arraigned and found guilty of a murder, was saved by his Clergy. As for his thousand pounds, King Richard gave him not a farthing, saying, That he who would be so untrue to so good a Master, must needs be false to all other.

* 1.6382. Two young men of Sparta being sent thence to consult the Oracle of Apollo at Delphos, in their Journey lodged at the house of one Sce∣dasius in Leuctra, a good man and much given to hospitality. This Scedasus had two daughters, beautiful Virgins, upon whom these young men cast wanton eyes, and resolved at their return to visit the same house: they did so, found Sceda∣sus from home, yet as kind entertainment from his daughters as they could desire; in requital of which, having found an opportunity, they ra∣vished them both: and perceiving that they were all in grief and tears for the injury and disho∣nour done to them, they added Murder to the Rape, and threw them into a pit, and so de∣parted. Not long after Scedasus came home, and missing his daughters, looked up and down for them; at last a little Dog that he had came whining to him, and ran out of doors as it were inviting him to follow him: he did, and the Dog brought him to the pit into which they were thrown. He drew out his daughters, and hear∣ing by his Neighbours, that the two young Spartans had been again at his house, he con∣cluded them the murderers. Hereupon he went to Sparta, to complain to the Magistrates of this barbarous cruelty; he first opened his Cause to the Ephori, and then to the Kings: but to both in vain; he therefore complained to the people, but neither did he find any redress there: where∣fore, with hands list up to Heaven, he com∣plained to the gods, and then stab'd himself. Nor was it long e're the Spartans were defeated in a great Battel by the Thebans in that very Leuctra; and by the same deprived of the Em∣pire of Greece, which they had many years pos∣sessed. It is said, That the soul of Scedasus ap∣peared unto Pelopidas, one of the chief Cap∣tains amongst the Thebans, incouraging him to give them Battel in those very Plains of Leuctra, where he and his daughters lay buried, tel∣ling him, That their death should be there re∣venged.

3. Pope Adrian the sixth having built a fair Colledge at Lovain,* 1.639 caused this Inscription to be written upon the Gates of it, in Letters of Gold, Trajectum plantavit, Lovanium rigavit, Caesar dedit incrementum (with an unworthy al∣lusion to that of the Apostle Paul to the Corin∣thians) Vtrecht planted me, there he was born; Lovain watered me, there he was bred up in Learning; and Caesar gave the increase, for the Emperour had preferred him. One that had observed this Inscription, and withal his ingrati∣tude, to meet at once with that and his folly, wrote underneath, Hîc Deus nihil fecit, Here God did nothing.

4. When Tamberlain had overcome and taken Prisoner Bajazet the great Turk,* 1.640 he asked him, Whether he had ever given God thanks for making him so great an Emperour? Bajazer con∣sessed, That he had never so much as thought upon any such thing: To whom Tamberlain re∣plyed, That it was no wonder so ungrateful a man should be made a spectacle of misery, For, saith he, you being blind of one eye, and I lame of one leg, what worth was there in us, that God should set us over two such mighty Empires to command so many men far more worthy than our selves?

5. When Xerxes had resolved upon his Expe∣dition against Greece,* 1.641 he caused his Army to make their Randezvous at Sardis in Lydia; and when he had Assembled to the number of se∣venteen hundred thousand foot, and 88000 Horse, as he entred the body of Celaenas, he was by one Pythius, the Lydian, entertained, who out of his Flocks and Herds of Cattle, gave food to Xerxes and his whole Army; the Feast ended he also presented him with two thousand Talents of Silver, and in Gold four millions, wanting seven thousand of the Persian Darici, which make so many of our Marks. Then Py∣thius besought him to spare one of his five sons from his attendance into Greece (because him∣self was old) and had none whom he could so well trust as his own son. But Xerxes like a bar∣barous and ungrateful Tyrant, caused the body of the young man (for whom his father had sought exemption) to be sundred into two parts, commanding that the one half of his Carkass should be laid on the right, and the other half on the left-hand of the common way, by which the Army was to march.

* 1.6426. That is a remarkable one that is reported by Zonaras and Cedrenus of the Emperour Basi∣lius Macedo, who being hunting (as he much de∣lighted in that exercise) a great Stagg turned f••riously upon him, and fastened one of the Brouches of his Horns into the Emperours Girdle, and lifting him from his Horse, bare him a distance off to the great danger of his life, which when a Gentleman in the Train espyed, he drew his sword and cut the Emperours Girdle, by which means he was preserved and had no hurt at all. But observe his reward: The Gen∣tleman for this act was questioned, and adjudged to have his head struck off, because he presumed to expose his drawn-sword so near the person of the Emperour, and he suffered according to his sentence.

* 1.6437. Cicero flying for his life was pursued by He∣rennius, and Popilius Lena: this latter at the re∣quest of M. Caelius, he defended with equal care and eloquence, and from a hazardous and doubt∣ful cause sent him home in safety. This Popi∣lius afterwards (not provoked by Cicero in word or deed) of his own accord, asked Antonius to be sent after Cicero, then proscribed, to kill him. Having obtained licence for this detestable em∣ployment, with great joy he speeded to Cajeta, and there commands that person to stretch out his throat, who was (not to mention his dig∣nity) the Author of his safety, and in private to be entertained by him with little less than vene∣ration: There did he with great unconcerned∣ness cut off the head of the Roman Eloquence, and the renowned right-hand of peace. With that burden he returned to the City, nor while he was laden with that execrable portage, did it ever come into his thoughts that he carried in his Arms that head which had heretofore plead∣ed for the safety of his.

* 1.6448. Parmenio had served with great fidelity, Philip the father of Alexander, as well as him∣self, for whom he had first opened the way into Asia. He had depressed Attalus the Kings ene∣nemy; he had alwaies, and in all hazards the leading of the Kings Vanguard; he was no less prudent in counsel than fortunate in all at∣tempts; a man beloved of the men of War, and to say the truth, that had made the pur∣chase for the King of the Empire of the East, and of all the glory and fame he had. After he had lost two of his sons in the Kings Wars, He∣ctor and Nicanor, and the other lost in torments upon a suspicion of Treason; This great Par∣menio, Alexander resolved to deprive of life by the hands of murderers, without so much as ac∣quainting him with the cause, and would choose out no other to expedite this unworthy business, but the greatest of Parmenio's friends, which was Polydamus, whom he trusted most and loved best, and would alwaies have to stand at his side in every fight. He and Cleander dispatched this great man as he was reading the Kings Letter in his Garden in Media. So fell Parmenio who had per∣formed many notable things without the King, but the King without him did never effect any thing worthy of praise.

* 1.6459. Philip, King of Macedon, had sent one of his Court to Sea, to dispatch something he had given him in command, but a storm came and he was shipwrack'd, but saved by one that lived there about the Shore in a little Boat wherein he was taken up: He was brought to his Farm, and there entertained with all civility and huma∣nity, and at thirty daies end dismissed by him, and furnished with somewhat to bear his charges. At his return he tells the King of his Wrack and dangers, but nothing of the benefits he had received: The King told him he would not be unmindful of his fidelity and dangers undergone in his behalf. He taking the occasion, told the King he had observed a little Farm on the Snore, and besought him he would bestow that on him as a monument of his escape, and reward of his Service. The King orders Pausanias the Go∣vernour to assign him the Farm to be possessed by him. The poor man being thus turned out, applied himself to the King, told him what hu∣manity he had treated the Courtier with, and what ungrateful injury he had returned him in lieu of it. The King upon hearing of the Cause, in great anger commanded the Courtier pre∣sently to be seised, and to be branded in the sorehead with these Letters, Hospes ingratus, The ungrateful Guest, restoring the Farm to its proper owner.

10. When the Enmity brake out betwixt Cae∣sar and Pompey;* 1.646 Marcellinus a Senatour (and one of them whom Pompey had raised) estranged himself so far from his party unto that of Caesars, that he spake many things in Senate against Pom∣pey: who thus took him up, Art thou not ashamed Marcellinus to speak evil of him, through whose bounty of a mute thou art become elo∣quent; and of one half starved, art brought to such a plenty as that thou art not able to ••orbear vomiting? Notably taxing his ingratitude, who had attained to all his Dignity, Authority, and Eloquence, through his favour, and yet abused them all against him.

11. Henry Keeble,* 1.647 Lord Major of London 1511. besides other Benefactions in his life-time, re∣builded Aldermary Church, run to very ruines, and bequeathed at his death one thousand pounds for the finishing of it: yet within sixty years af∣ter, his bones were unkindly, yea inhumanely cast out of the Vault, wherein they were buried; his Monument plucked down for some wealthy Person of the present times to be buried therein. Upon which occasion, saith Dr. Fuller, I could not but rub up my old Poetry, which is this,

Fuller to the Church.

Vngrateful Church o'rerun with rust; Lately bury'd in the Dust, Vtterly thou hadst been lost If not preserv'd by Keeble's cost: A thousand pounds might it not buy Six foot in length for him to lye? But outed of his quiet Tomb, For later Corpse he must make room. Tell me where his dust is cast? Though't be late, yet now at last All his bones with scorn ejected I will see them recollected: Who fain my self would Kinsman prove To all that did Gods Temples love.

The Churches Answer.

Alas! my innocence excuse, My Wardens they did me abuse, Whose Avarice his Ashes sold, That goodness might give place to gold. As for his Reliques all the Town They are scatt'red up and down.

Seest a Church repaired well? There a sprinkling of them sell. Seest a new Church lately built? Thicker there his Ashes spilt. Oh, that all the Land throughout Keeble's dust w••re thrown about: Places scatt'red with that s••ed Would a crop of Churches breed.

* 1.64812. Anno 1565. upon the fifth of February, one Paulus Sutor, of the Village of Bresw••il, near the City of Basil, came into the house of An∣dreas Hager, a Bookseller, he was then old and sick, and had been the others Godfather at the Font, and performed to him all the good offices that could be expected from a father. Being entred his house, he told him he was come to visit him, as one that esteemed him as his father. But as soon as the Maid was gone out of the Par∣lor, that attended upon the sick man, he caught up a hammer, gave him some blows, and then thrust him through with his knife. As soon as the Maid returned, with the same fury, he did the like to her; and then s••ising the Keys, he search∣ed for the prey intended, he found eight pieces of plate, which afterwards in want of money, he pawned to a Priest of St. Blasms, who suspe∣cting the man, sent the plate to the Senate at Basil, by which means the Author of the de∣testable murder was known, he was searched af∣ter, taken at the Village of Hagenstall, brought prisoner to Basil, where he had his legs and arms broken upon the Wheel, and his head being (while yet alive) tyed to a part of the Wheel, he was burnt with ••laming Torches till in horri∣ble tortures he gave up the Ghost.

* 1.64913. Furius Camillus was the great safety of Rome, and the sure defence of the Roman power, a person whom the Romans had stiled the second Romulus for his deserts of them: yet being im∣peached by L. Apuleius, a Tribune of the people, as having secretly embezzelled a part of the V••••entine spoils, by a hard and cruel sentence he was adjudged to banishment, and that at that very time, when he was in tears for the loss of a son of admirable hopes, when he was rather to be cherished with comfort than opprest with new miseries: Yet Rome unmindful of the merits of so great a man, to the Funerals of the son added the condemnation of the father, and all this for fifteen thousand Asses, which was the poor summ he was charged with, and bani∣shed for.

* 1.65014. Scipio Africanus the elder, did not only restore the Common-wealth sore bruised and torn by the armes of the Punick War, but brought in a manner the Queen of Africk upon her knees, and even to deaths door; whose most renowned acts yet the people of Rome rewarded, by forcing him to live in a base obscure Village Linternum in Campania, standing upon a forlorn Lake: nei∣ther did he die altogether silent, as being senti∣ble of the bitterness of this his banishment, but at his parting, gave order, that upon his Sepul∣cher should be Ingraven this Memorandum, In∣grata patria, ne•• ossa quidem mea ••abes, Un∣grateful Country that hast not so much as my Bones.

* 1.65115. Scipio Africanus the younger, was to the former nothing inferiour in vertue, nor his end less unhappy; for after he had utterly razed those two great Cities of Numantia and Carthage, which had long threatened ruine to Rome and its Empire, he found one at home ready to spoil him of his life in his bed and sleep: but no man in the Court of Justice that offered to revenge so horrid and execrable a murder.

16. In latter times, that great and famous Captain Gonsalvo,* 1.652 after he had conquered the Kingdom of Naples, and driven the French be∣yond the Mountains, and brought all the Italian Princes to stand at the Spaniards devotion, was most ungratefully called home by his Master the King of Spain, where he died obscurely, and was buried without any solemnity or tears.

17. Miltiades,* 1.653 a renowned Captain of the Athenians, after that glorious Victory at Mara∣thon, and other great Services, having miscar∣ried in an Enterprize, whereof the consequence was of small value, he was ••ined ••i••ty Talents, and being not able to pay it, was kept bound in Prison (though sore wounded in the thigh) till his son Cymon, to redeem his father, paid the money, and set him at liberty; but he soon after died of his wounds.

18. Theodatus was adopted,* 1.654 and made part∣ner and successour in the Kingdom by Amalasun∣tha, Queen of the Goths, as soon as she was de∣prived of her son Athalaricus; who in reward of so great and noble a favour, sent her to an Island in the Vulsinian Lake, where she was put into Prison, and not long aster strangled by his order, putting her to an unworthy death, by whose bounty he had received a Kingdom.

19. Cardinal Charles Caraffa,* 1.655 and Duke Iohn his brother, were they that managed all affairs under Pope Paul the fourth. He being dead Pius the fourth was made Pope, and that chiefly by the favour and diligence of these Carassa's; and as a reward of their good Service, he made it his first business to over throw them; he sent the Cardinal and his brother Duke, together with Count Alifane, and many others of their Kin∣dred and Clients to Prison in the Castle of St. Angelo: there were they nine months in¦durance, and expectation of death. At last, by order from the Pope, the Cardinal was hanged; the Duke and Count beheaded, and their dead bodies exposed as a publick spectacle to the people.

20. Anaxagoras was of singular use to Pericles the Athenian,* 1.656 in the Government of the Com∣mon-wealth, but being now burdened with old age, and neglected by Pericles, that was intent upon publick affairs, he determined by obsti∣nate fasting to make an end of himself. When this was told to Pericles, he ran to the Phi∣losophers house, and with prayers and tears sought to withdraw him from his purpose, en∣treating him to live for his sake, if he refused to do it for his own. The old man being now ready to expire, O Pericles, said he, such as have need of the Lamp use to pour in oyl, up∣braiding him with the neglect of his friend who had been of such advantage to him.

21. Belisarius was General of all the Forces under the Emperour Iustinian the first,* 1.657 a man of rare valour and vertue; he had overthrown the Persians, Goths and Vandals; had taken the Kings of these people in War, and sent them Priso∣ners to his master; he had recovered Sicilia, Africk, and the greater part of Italy: he had done all this with a small number of Souldiers, and less cost; he had restored Military Disci∣pline by his authority, when long lost; he was ally'd to Iustinian himself; and a man of that

uncorruped fidelity, that though he was offered the Kingdom of Italy he refused it. This great man, upon I know not what jealousie and ground∣less suspicion, was seiz'd upon, his eyes put out, all his house rifled, his estate confiscate, and himself reduced to that miserable state and con∣dition as to go up and down in the common Road with this form of begging, Give a half-penny to poor Belisarius, whom vertue raised, and envy hath overthrown.

* 1.65822. Scipio Nasica deserved as much by the Gown as did either of the Africans by Arms: he rescued the Common-wealth out of the jaws of Tiberius Gracchus; was the Prince of the Se∣nate, and adjudged the honestest person in all Rome: yet his vertues being most unjustly under∣valued, and disesteemed by his fellow Citizens, under pretence of an Embassage, he retired to Pergamus, and there spent the rest of his life, his ungrateful Country not so much as finding him wanting, or desiring his return.

* 1.65923. P. Lentulus, a most famous man, and a dear lover of his Country, when in Mount Aven∣tine he had frustrated the wicked attempts of C. Gracchus, and in a pious fight (wherein he had received many dangerous wounds) had put to flight the Traytors Army; he bare away this reward of that and other his gallant actions, that he was not suffered to die in that City, the Laws and peace and liberty whereof, he had by his means settled: So that forced by envy and slander to remove, he obtained of the Senate an Employment abroad, and in his Farewel Orati∣on, prayed the immortal Gods, That he might never return again to so ungrateful a people: nor did he, but died abroad.

* 1.66024. Achmetes, the Great Bassa, was by the confession of all men, the best man of War, and the most expert Captain amongst the Turks: Ba∣jazet made him the General of his Army against his brother Zemes, where the conduct and valour of the General brought Bajazet the Victory. At his return to Court, this great Captain was in∣vited to a Royal supper, with divers of the principal Bassa's, where the Emperour in token they were welcom, and stood in his good grace, caused a garment of pleasing colour to be cast upon every one of his Guests, and a gilt Bowl full of Gold to be given each of them: but up∣on Achmetes was cast a Gown of black Velvet: all the rest rose and departed, but Achmetes, who had on him the Mantle of death (amongst the Turks) was commanded to sit still, for the Emperour had to talk with him in private. The Executioners of the Emperours wrath came, stripped and tortured him, hoping that way to gain from him what he never knew of (for Bassa Isaac, his great enemy, had secretly ac∣cused him of an intelligence with Zemes) but he was delivered by the Ianizaries, who would no doubt have slain Bajazet, and rifled the Court at his least word of command: but though he scaped with his life at the present, he not long after was thrust through the body as he sat at supper in the Court, and there slain. This was that great Achmetes, by whom Mahomet the father of this Bajazet had subverted the Empire of Trapezond, took the great City of Caffa, with all the Country of Taurica Chersonesus, the impregnable City of Croja, Scodra, and all the Kingdom of Epirus, a great part of Dalmatia, and at last Otranto to the terrour of all Italy.

CHAP. XLVIII. Of the Perfidiousness and Treachery of some men, and their just rewards.

THere is nothing under the Sun that is more detestable than a Traytor, who is commonly followed with the execra∣tions and curses of those very men to whom his Treason hath been most useful. All men being apt to believe that he who hath once exposed his Faith to sale, stands ready for any Chap∣man, as soon as any occasion shall present it self. It is seldom that these perfidious ones do not meet with their just rewards from the hands of their own Patrons: however the vengeance of Heaven (where the justice of men fails) doth visibly fall upon them.

1. Charles,* 1.661 Duke of Burgundy, gave safe con∣duct to the Constable the Earl of St. Paul, and yet notwithstanding after he found that Lewis the eleventh, King of France, had taken St. Quin∣tins, and that he did solicite him either to send him Prisoner to him, or else to kill him within eight daies after his taking, according to the agreement heretofore made betwixt them; he basely delivered him up to Lewis, whom he knew to be his mortal enemy, by whom he was be∣headed. But the Duke who heretofore was great and mighty, with the greatest Princes in Christendom, who had been very fortunate and successful in his affairs, from thenceforth never prospered in any thing he undertook: but was betrayed himself, by one whom he trusted most, the Earl of Campobrach; lost his Souldiers, his formerly gained glory, Riches and Jewels, and finally his life, by the Swissers, after he had lived to see himself deserted of all, that had entred into any league with him.

2. The Emperour Charles the fourth, made War upon Philip, Duke of Austria,* 1.662 and both Armies were got near together with a resolution to fight, but the Emperour perceiving he was far surmounted in force by the enemy, determined to do that by subtilty which he could not by strength. He caused three of the Dukes Cap∣tains to be sent for, agrees with them to strike a fear into their Master, that might cause him in all hast to retire. Upon their return, they tell the Duke, That they had been out, and particu∣larly viewed the power of the Emperour, and found it thrice as great as his own, that all would be lost if he did not speedily retreat; and that he had no long time to deliberate. Then said the Duke, Let us provide for our selves, waiting for some better opportunity. It is no shame for us to leave the place to a stronger than our selves: So Philip fled away by night, no man pursuing him. The Traytors step aside to the Emperour to receive their reward, who had made provision of golden Ducats, all counter∣feit, the best not worth six-pence, and caused great bags of the same to be delivered to them, and they merrily departed. But when employ∣ing their Ducats, they found them to be false, they return to the Emperour, complain of the Treasurer and Master of the Mint. The Em∣perour looking on them with a frowning counte∣nance,

said to them, Knaves as you are, get ye to the Gallows, there to receive the reward of your Treason: false work, false wages, an evil end befall you: They wholly confounded, with∣drew themselves suddenly, but whither is not known.

* 1.6633. The Bohemians having gotten the Victory and slain Vratislaus, they set his Country on fire, and after finding a young son of his, they put him into the hands of Gresomislas the Prince, called also Neclas, who pitying the child his Cousin, committed him to the keeping of the Earl Duringus, whose Possessions lay along by the River Egra, and a person who a-fore-time had been much favoured by Vratislaus. This Earl (thinking to insinuate himself into the favour and good liking of Neclas) as the child was one day sporting himself upon the Ice, came upon him and with one blow of his Scimitar smote off his head; and speeding presently to Prague, pre∣sents it to Neclas all bloody, saying, I have this day made your Throne sure to you, for either this Child or you must have died: you may sleep henceforth with security, since your Competi∣tour to the Crown is disposed of. The Prince retaining his usual gravity, and just indignation at so cruel a Spectacle, said thus unto him, Treason cannot be mitigated by any good turns: I committed this Child to thee to keep, not to kill: Could neither my command nor the memo∣ry of thy friend Vratislaus, nor the compassion thou oughtest to have had of this Innocent, turn away thy thoughts from so mischievous a deed? What was thy pretence? to procure me rest? Good reason I should reward thee for thy pains: of three punishments therefore chuse which thou wilt, Kill thy self with a Poynard, hang thy self with an Halter, or cast thy self head∣long from the Rock of Visgrade. Duringus forced to accept of this Decree, hang'd himself in an Halter upon an Elder tree, not far off: which ever after, so long as it stood, was called Duringus his Elder tree.

* 1.6644. In the War with the Falisci, Camillus had besieged the Falerians, but they secure in the Fortifications of their City, were so regardless of the Siege, that they walked Gowned as be∣fore up and down the Streets, and often-times without the Walls. After the manner of Greece they sent their Children to a common School, and the treacherous Master of them used to walk with them day by day without the Walls: he did it often; and by degrees trained them so far on∣wards, that he brought them unawares into the danger of the Roman Stations, where they were all taken. He bids them lead him to Camillus: he was brought into his Tent, where standing in the middle, I am, said he, the Master of these Boyes, and having a greater respect to thee than to my relation, I am come to deliver thee the City in the pledges of these Children. Camillus heard him, and looking upon it as a base action, he turned to them about him, War, said he, is a cruel thing, and draws along with it a multitude of injuries and wrongs: yet to good men there are certain Laws of War, nor ought we so to thirst after Victory, as to pur∣chase it at the price of unworthy and impious actions. A great Captain should relye upon his own vertue, and not attain his ends by the treachery of another. Then he commands his Lictours to strip the School-master, and having tyed his hands behind him, to deliver rods into the hands of his Scholars, to whip and scourge the Traytor back into the City. The Faliscans had before perceived the Treason, and there was an universal mourning and out-cry within the City for so great a Calamity; so that a con∣course of Noble persons, both men and women, like so many mad creatures, were running to and fro upon the Walls: when came the Chil∣dren driving with lashes their Master before them, calling Camillus their Preserver and Father. The Parents, and the rest of the Citizens, were astonished at what they beheld; and having the justice of Camillus in great admiration, they cal∣led an Assembly, and sent Embassadours to let him know, That (subdu'd by his vertue) they rendred up themselves and theirs freely into his hands.

5. Agathocles was very prosperous in Africk,* 1.665 had taken all the rest of the Cities, and shut up his enemies in Carthage alone, about which he lay, when he invited Ophellas the Cyrenian to join with him, promising that the Crown of Africk should be his: Ophellas won with this hope, came to him with great Forces, and was together with his Army chearfully received, and pro∣vided for by Agathocles: but soon after a great part of his power being gone forth to Forage, and Ophellas but weak in the Camp, he was fallen upon and slain in the fight, and his whole Army by vast promises won to the Colours of Agatho∣cles. But observe how successful this treachery proved: It was not long e're Agathocles was forced to fly out of Africa; his Army lost, and two of his sons slain by the fury of the mutinous Souldiers; and which is worthy of observation, this was done by the hands of them that came with Ophellas, and in the same Month, and day of the Month that he had treacherously slain Ophellas, both his friend and his Guest.

6. Ladislaus Kerezin,* 1.666 a Hungarian, trayte∣rously delivered up Hiula (a strong place) to the Turks, and when he looked to receive many and great Presents for this his notable piece of Service, certain Witnesses were produced against him (by the command of S••lymus himself) who deposed, That the said Ladislaus had cruelly handled certain Musulmans that had been Priso∣ners with him. Whereupon he was delivered to some friends of theirs, to do with him as they should think good. They inclosed this Traytor stark-naked in a Tun or Hog••head set full of long sharp nails within side, and rolled it from the top of a high Mountain (full of steepy downfals) to the very bottom: where being run through every part of the body with those sharp nails, he ended his wretched life.

7. Leo Armenius,* 1.667 Emperour of Constantinople, was slain by some Conspiratours in the Temple there, and Michael Balbus set up to succeed in his room. He also dead, Theophilus his son was ad∣vanced to the Imperial place of his father, who was no sooner confirmed in his Empire, but he called together the whole Senate into his Palace, and bids those of them that assisted his father in the slaughter of Leo, to separate themselves from the rest, which when they had chearfully done, turning to the Prefect over Capital of∣fences, he commanded him to seise, and carry them away; and to execute condigne punishment upon them.

8. When the Emperour Aurelian marched against Thyana,* 1.668 and found the Gates of the City shut against him, he swore he would make such

a slaughter that he would not leave a Dog alive in the whole City: The Souldiers enticed with the hope of spoil, did all they were able to take it, which one Heracleon perceiving, and fearing to perish with the rest, betrayed the Ci∣ty into their hands. Aurelian having taken it, caused all the Dogs in the City to be slain: But gave to all the Citizens a free pardon as to life, except only the treacherous Heracleon, whom he caused to be slain, saying, He would never prove faithful to him, that had been the betrayer of his own Country.

* 1.6699. Solyman the magnificent employed one in the Conquest of the Isle of Rhodes, promising the Traytor to give him for his wife one of his daughters, with a very great Dowry. He after his service done, demanding that which was pro∣mised; Solyman caused his daughter to be brought in most Royal Pomp, assigning him the Marri∣age of her according to his desert. The Tray∣tour could not keep his Countenance he was so transported with joy. Thou seest, said Solyman, I am a man of my word: but for as much as thou art a Christian, and my daughter, thy Wife that shall be, is a Mahumetan by birth and profession, you cannot so live in quietness; and I am loth to have a Son-in-law that is a not Musulman both within and without; and therefore it is not enough that thou abjure Christianity in word, as many of thy Sect are wont to do, but thou must forthwith doff thy skin, which is Baptized and uncircumcised. Having so said, he com∣manded some that stood by to flea alive the pre∣tended Son-in-law; and that afterwards they should lay him upon a bed of Salt, ordaining, That if any Mahumetan skin came over him again, in place of the Christian, that then, and not before, his promised Spouse should be brought unto him to be marryed; the wretched Traytor thus shamefully and cruelly s••outed, died in most horrible torments.

* 1.67010. The Venetians put to death Marinus Falie∣rus, their Duke, for having conspired against the State: and whereas the Pictures of their Dukes, from the first to him that now liveth, are represented and drawn, according to the order of their times, in the great Hall of the General Council; yet to the end that the Pi∣cture of Falier, a pernicious Prince, might not be seen amongst other of those Illustrious Dukes, they caused an empty Chair to be drawn and co∣vered over with a black Veil, as believing that those who carryed themselves disloyally to the Common-wealth, cannot be more severely punished than if their names be covered with a perpetual silence and secret detestation.

* 1.67111. The Saracens were shamefully forced to leave the Siege of Constantinople by Constantinus Pogonatus, and a Tempest lighting also upon their Navy, had reduced them to such terms, that they besought him for Peace, which was granted them upon these conditions, That the Truce should continue for thirty years, and that the Arabians or Saracens, as a Tribute, should pay to the Emperours of Constantinople three thousand pieces of Gold, eight Slaves, and as many excellent Horses. But Iustinianus the Suc∣cessour of Pogonatus, forming an Army of thirty thousand choice Youth, breaks the League, and undertakes an Expedition against these Arabians, pretending that the Tribute money bare not the stamp of the Romans but Arabians. The Arabi∣ans fastening the Tables of their League to a Standard, bare them as an Ensign amongst them, and seeing they could prevail nothing at all with the Emperour by entreaties, they remit all to a Tryal with him in Battel, wherein the Empe∣rour was overthrown with a great slaughter; and compelled to a shameful and dishonourable flight, with a few of his Servants he scarcely escaped. Soon after by a Sedition amongst his Subjects, he was thrust out into Exile, and the principal of those his Counsellours, who had perswaded him to this wickedness, were pub∣lickly burnt.

12. King Edgar hearing of the admirable beauty of Elfrida,* 1.672 the only daughter of Ordga∣rus, Duke of Devonshire (Founder of Tavestock Abby in that County) sent his great Favourite Earl Ethelwold (who could well judge of beau∣ty) to try the truth thereof: with Commission, That if he found her such as fame reported, he should seise her for him, and he would make her his Queen. The young Earl upon sight of the Lady was so surprized, that he began to wooe her for himself; and had procured her fathers good will in case he could obtain the Kings consent. Hereupon the Earl posted back to the King, re∣lating to him that the Maid was fair indeed, but nothing answerable to the fame that went of her: Yet desired the King that he might marry her, as being her fathers heir, thereby to raise his fortune. The King consented, and the Mar∣riage was solemnized. Soon after the fame of her beauty began to spread more than before: so that the King (much doubting that he had been abused) meant to try the truth himself: and thereupon taking occasion of hunting in the Dukes Park, came to his house: whose coming Ethel∣wold suspecting, acquainted his Wife with the wrong he had done both her and the King: and therefore to prevent the Kings displeasure, en∣treated her by all the perswasions he could use, to cloath her self in such attire as might be least sit to set her forth. But she considering that now was the time to make the most of her beauty, and longing to be a Queen, would not be acces∣sary to her own injury, but deck'd her self in her richest ornaments: which so improved her beau∣ties, that the King was struck with admiration at the first sight, and meant to be revenged of his perfidious favourite: yet dissembling his passion till he could take him at advantage, he then with a Javelin thrust him through, and having thereby made the fair Elfrid a Widow, took her to be his Wife.

13. Rhomilda was the Wife of Prince Sigul∣phus,* 1.673 her husband being slain by Cacanus, King of the Henetians, and she her self besieged by the same enemy, she yet nevertheless fell so far in love with him, that upon the promise of mar∣riage, she agreed to deliver into his hands, the City of Friol, who burnt it, slew the men, and carryed the women and children Captives into Austria. Cacanus took Rhomilda into his bed for one night only, and then delivered her to be abused with the lust of twelve Henetians; and soon after caused her to be impal'd alive upon a sharp Stake.

14. Bassianus Caracalla made an Expedition in∣to the East,* 1.674 against the King of the Parthians, and despairing to subdue him by fine force, he fradulently solicits him to enter with him into a League of amity. The other not trusting the Romans, and supposing that their Faith and friendship would be but short and unstable, sent

back his Embassadous with a refusal o•• what they came about. Caracalla sends them back again to the King to remonstrate to him, That a per∣petual and firm Peace and Amity betwixt both Nations would be mutually advantageous: and that to the establishment of it, there wanted no∣thing but that he would consent to a Marriage betwixt Caracalla and his daughter. The King did willingly harken and consent to it. The day of the Nuptials being come, the Parthians (not suspecting any thing of Hostility) in honour of the Kings Son-in-law, went out to meet him un∣arm'd, and many of them leaping from their Horses, mixed themselves with the Romans in great alacrity: when on a sudden the signal being given, on every side the Roman Souldiers, being in good order and armed, set upon the other un¦provided and naked, and cruelly slew many of them, Artabanus hardly escaping in the throng and tumult: But he mindful of the injury, and greedy of revenge, slew to Arms against these treacherous Truce-breakers: and in a just Battel with them (which lasted three daies) not with∣out great slaughter, he compelled them to sue for Peace, to restore the Prisoners they had ta∣ken, and also to pay him a considerable summ of money.

* 1.67515. In the Reign of Maximinus there was a revolt of the Souldiers, and of the Osroheni, who by accident lighting upon Carcino (not thinking of any such thing, and altogether un∣willing to it) they forced him to be their Leader, cloathed him with the Purple, and saluted him Emperour. Not long after, he sleeping in his Tent, was treacherously slain by Macedonius his bed-fellow, who thinking it would be very ac∣ceptable to Maximinus, presented him with the head of Carcino. Maximinus was indeed well pleased with the gift (being thereby freed of so great a danger:) but withal, he caused Macedoni∣us to be slain, as the betrayer of his friend.

* 1.67616. Tarpeia, the daughter of Tarpeius, the Warden of the Capitol, agreed to betray it into the hands of the Sabines, upon this condition, That she should have for her reward that which they carried upon their left arms, meaning the golden Bracelets they wore upon them. Being let in by her ac∣cording to compact, Tatius, the Sabine King (though well pleased with carrying the Place) yet abhorring the manner in which it was done, commanded the Sabines to deliver her all they carried on their left arms: and himself in the first place, pulling his Bracelet from his arm, cast that, together with his Shield upon her, and all the rest doing in the same manner; hurt on every side with Gold, and Bucklers, she was oppressed and overwhelmed at once with the multitude and weight of her rewards, and so miserably died.

* 1.67717. A. Vitellius being saluted Emperour by the Souldiers in Germany (against Galba then Reign∣ing) having afterwards overcome Otho, amongst his Writings he found a Roll of one hundred and twenty men, who had Petitioned Otho for a re∣ward, as having been present or assisting in the murder of Galba: but though Vitellius was Gal∣ba's enemy, yet he thought it unfit, not only that such men should receive a reward, but that they should be suffered to live, seeing that they had set the life of their Prince to sale: He there∣fore caused diligent sear••h to be made for them, and as many as he could lay hands upon he caused to be slain.

18. Guntramus,* 1.678 King of the Burgundians, when he Warred against Gondoaldus (who under a false name, as if he were his Brother, had seised upon part of Burgundy, and Usurped the Title of a King) contracted with Sagit∣tarius, and Monnialus (two Bishops whom Gon∣doaldus used as his entire Friends) about the slaying of Gondoaldus; which done, he caused the Bishops also, who had been his Ministers therein, to be slain, lest a villa∣nous Example should remain, upon which any man should presume to betray him, whom he had once owned and acknowledged for his Lord.

19. The City of Sfetigrade defended against Amurath the second,* 1.679 was then watered but with one great Well in the midst of the Ci∣ty, into which a Trayterous person (who had contracted for a mighty reward, to cause the City to be yielded up unto the Turks) had cast a dead Dog; this had been no great matter to other men, but he well knew that the Garrison consisted of the Souldiers of Dibra, who as they were the most valorous of all Epi∣rus, so were they more superstitious than the Jews about things clean and unclean; and he knew these would starve, die any manner of death, or yield up the City, rather than drink of that polluted drink; nor was he deceived, for it was straight yielded up on certain condi∣tions. He that corrupted the water, was re∣warded with three Suits of rich Apparel, fifty thousand Aspers, and a yearly Pension of two thousand Duckats: but short was his joy, for after he had a few daies vainly triumphed in the midst of Amurath his favours, he was suddenly gone, and never afterwards seen or heard of, being secretly made away (as was supposed) by the commandment of Amu∣rath, whose noble heart could not but detest the Traytour, although the Treason served well for his purpose.

20. Luther was once asked,* 1.680 Whether if one had committed a murder, and confessed it to the Priest, in case the Magistrate should otherwise hear of it, and cite the Priest for a Witness, the Priest was bound to reveal what he had learned by confession? Luther answered no, and added this Example, At Venice a woman had privily killed one that had lain with her, and thrown his body into the Sea, and then having confessed all to a Monk, received from him a Schedule in te∣stimony of her Absolution. Afterwards cor∣rupted with money he betrayed her: the wo∣man produces the Schedule of the Monks Ab∣solution, and thereby would excuse her self. The Senate therefore gave sentence, That the Monk should be burnt, and the woman banished: this Judgement of the prudent Senate Luther did highly applaud.

CHAP. XLIX. Of Voluptuous and Effeminate Per∣sons.

TIberius the Emperour is said to have instituted a new Office at Rome, for the invention of new pleasures; over whom he appointed as their Prefect, T. Caeso∣nius Priscus; had he wanted Officers he might have been more than sufficiently supplied out of these that follow.

1. The Kings of Persia were so addicted to pleasure, that their manner was to spend their Winter at Susa; their summer at Ecba∣tana; their Autumn in Persepolis; and the rest of the year in Babylon.

* 1.6812. Plotius the brother of L. Plotius, twice Consul, was proscribed by the Triumvirate, and in his place at Salernum where he lay hid, he was betrayed to his murderers, by the smell of his sweet unguents and perfumes which he had upon him.

* 1.6823. Sinyndirides, the Sybarite, was of that softness and effeminacy, that he excelled there∣in all those of his Nation, though the world it self had not a more luxu••ious generation than they; this man upon a time had cast himself upon a bed prepared for him of the leaves of Roses: and having there taken a sleep, at his rising complained, that he had Pustules made upon his body by reason of the hard∣ness of his bed. The same person was more∣over so addicted to his belly, that when he went to Sicyone, as a servant to Agarista, the daughter of Clisthenes, he took along with him a thousand Cooks, a thousand Fowlers, and as many Fishers.

* 1.6834. Demetrius Poliorcetes when he had taken divers Cities by Siege, exacted yearly from them one thousand two hundred Talents, the least part of which went to his Army, the greatest he consumed in all kinds of Luxury; both himself and the Pavements where he re∣sided slow'd with Unguents; and throughout every part of the year, the fresh leaves of Flowers were strow'd for him to walk upon. A man immoderate and excessive in his loves both of women and young men; and his great endeavour was to seem beautiful, and to that purpose studiously composed his hair into curles, and sought by artifice to have it of a Golden colour.

* 1.6845. Straton of Sidon, and Nicocles the Cypriot, strave not only to excel all other men in luxu∣ry and effeminate pleasures, but there was al∣so an emulation betwixt themselves, enkindled by the relations they heard of each other; their Feasts were attended with musical wo∣men, and Harlots of selected faces for beau∣ty, were to Sing and Dance before them while they Feasted: but they could not long indulge themselves in these kind of delights, for both of them perished by a violent death.

* 1.6856. Sardanapalus, King of Assyria, was the most effeminate of all men, he was continual∣ly hid in the apartments of the women, and there sat disguised amongst them,* 1.686 in a habit like unto theirs: where he also was busied with the Distaff as they. Upon his Sepul∣cher he caused a Statue to be cut attired like a woman, holding her right hand over her head, with some of the fingers close, after the manner of one that is ready to give a fillip, and by it these words were engraven,

Sardanapalus, the son of Anacyndaraxes, hath builded Anchiala and Tarsus in one day. Eat, drink and be merry, the rest is not worth the fillip of a finger.

Cicero saith,* 1.687 That Aristotle lighting upon this Tomb and Inscription, said it should have been written upon the grave of a Beast, not upon the Tomb of a King.

7. Muleasses,* 1.688 King of Tunis, was a man of pleasure, it's said of him, That his manner was to vail his eyes, that he might catch the harmo∣ny of Musick more deliciously, as having learned that two Senses are not at once to be gratified in the highest manner. Iovi•••• saies of him, That having fought (but unfortunately) with his son Amida, for the recovery of his Kingdom, being all disfigured with dust and sweat, and his own blood; amongst a numerous crowd of them that sled, he was known to his enemies by no∣thing so much as the odour of his Unguents, and sweetness of his perfumes: thus betrayed he was brought back, and had his eyes put out by his sons command.

8. The City Sybaris is seated two hundred furlongs from Crotona,* 1.689 betwixt the two Rivers of Crathis and Sybaris, built by Iseliceus; the af∣faires of it were grown to that prosperity, that it commanded four Neighbour Nations, and had twenty five Cities subservient to its plea∣sure; they led out three hundred thousand men against them of Crotona: all which power and prosperity were utterly overturned by means of their luxury. They had taught their Horses at a certain tune to rise on their hinder feet, and with their fore-feet to keep a kind of time with the Musick; a Minstril who had been ill used amongst them fled to Crotona, and told them, If they would make him their Captain, he would put all the enemies horse (their chief strength) into their hands: it was agreed: he taught the known Tune to all the Minstrels in the City; and when the Sybarites came up to a close charge, at a signal given, all the Minstrels played, and all the Horses fell to dancing, by which being unserviceable, both they and their Riders were easily taken by the enemy.

9. The old Inhabitants of Byzantium were so addicted to a voluptuous life,* 1.690 that they hired out their own houses familiarly, and went with their Wives to live in Taverns: they were men greedy of Wine and extremely delighted with Musick: but the first sound of a Trumpet was sufficient almost to put them besides themselves: for they had no disposition at all to War, and even when their City was besieged they left the defence of their Walls that they might steal into a Ta∣vern.

CHAP. L. Of the libidinous and unchaste life of some Persons, and what Tragedies have been occasioned by Adulteries.

* 1.691IN an ancient Embleme pertaining to Iohn Duke of Burgundy, there was to be seen a Pillar which two hands sought to overthrow, the one had Wings and the other was figured with a Tortoise, the word Vtcun{que} as much as to say, by one way or other. There are Amou∣rists who take the same course in their prohibi∣ted amours; some strike down the Pillars of Chastity by the sudden and impetuous violence of great promises, and unexpected presents; others proceed therein with a Tortoises pace, with long patience, continual services and pro∣found submissions: yet when the Fort is taken, whether by storm or long siege, there is brought in an un••••pected reckoning sometimes, that drenches all their sweets in blood, and closes up their unlawful pleasures in the ••ables of death; Thus,

* 1.6921. A certain Merchant of Iapan, who had some reason to suspect his Wife, pretended to go into the Country, but returning soon after surprized her in the very act. The Adulterer he killed, and having tyed his Wife to a Lad∣der, he left her in that half hanging posture all night. The next day he invited all the Rela∣tions on both sides as well Men as Women, to dine with him at his own house, sending word that the importance of the business he had to com∣municate to them, excused his non-observance of the custom they have to make entertainments for the women distinct from those of the men. They all came, and asking for his Wife, were told that she was busie in the Kitchen, but Dinner being well nigh past they entreated the Husband to send for her, which he promised to do. Where∣upon rising from the Table, and going into the room where she was tyed to the Ladder, he un∣bound her, put a Shrowd upon her, and into her hands a Box, wherein were the privy Members of her Gallant covered with Flowers; and say∣ing to her, go and present this Box to our com∣mon Relations, and see whether I may upon their mediation grant you your life. She came in that equipage into the Hall where they sate at Din∣ner, and falling on her knees, presented the Box with the precious reliques in it to the kindred, but as soon as they had opened it she swounded; her Husband perceiving that it went to her heart, and to prevent her returning again (now she was going) cut off her head, which raised such an horrour in the Friends, that they im∣mediately left the room, and went to their se∣veral homes.

* 1.6932. Schach Abbas King of Persia, coming to understand that one of his menial servants who was called Iacupzanbeg, Kurtzi Tirkenan (that is to say, he whose Office it was to carry the Kings Bow and Arrows) had a light Wife, sent him notice of it with this message, that if he hoped to continue at Court in his employ∣ment, it was expected he should cleanse his House. This message, and the affliction he conceived at the baseness of his Wife, and his reflection that it was known all about the Court, put him in∣to such a fury, that going immediately to his House (which was in the Province of Lenke∣ran) he cut in pieces not only his Wife, but al∣so her two Sons, four Daughters, and five Chamber-maids, and so cleansed his House, by the blood of twelve persons, most of them in∣nocent.

3. The Egyptians do not presently deliver the dead bodies of the Wives of eminent persons to Conditure and embalming,* 1.694 nor the bodies of such women who in their life-time were very beautiful, but detain them after death at least three or four dayes, and that upon this reason. There was once one of these Embalmers em∣peached by his Companion, that he had car∣nal knowledge of a dead body, committed to his care to be Salted and Embalmed. Dr. Brown in his Vulgar Errors, speaking of the like villa∣nies used by these Pollinctors, elegantly writes, Deformity needeth not now complain, nor shall the eldest hopes be ever superannuated, since Death hath Spurs, and Carcases have been Courted.

4. After King Edred,* 1.695 (not any of his Sons) but his Nephew Edwin the eldest Son of King Edmund succeeded, and was anointed and Crowned at Kingston upon Thames, by Otho Arch-bishop of Canterbury in the year 955. This Prince though scarce fourteen years old, and in age but a Child, yet was able to commit sin as a man; for on the very day of his Coronation, and in sight of his Lords as they sate in Council, he shamefully abused a Lady of great estate, and his near Kins-woman; and to mend the matter, shortly after slew her Husband, the more freely to enjoy his incestuous pleasure. For this and other infamous acts, a great part of his Subjects hearts were so turned against him, that the Mercians and Northumbrians revolted and swore fealty to his younger Brother Edgar, with grief whereof after four years reign he ended his life, and was buried in the Church of the New Abbey of Hide at Winchester.

6. Eugenius the third,* 1.696 King of Scotland, made a beastly Act, which appointed the first night of the new married Woman to appertain to the Lord of the Soil. This infamous Law was re∣pealed by King Malcolme Anno 1057. granting the Husband liberty to redeem the same by pay∣ment of an half mark of Silver, which Portion they call marchetas Mulierum, and is yet disponed by Superiours in the Charters they give to their Vassals.

6. Augustus,* 1.697 though of so great a fame for a good Emperour, was yet so lustfully given, that if he saw any beautiful Lady, he caused her to be privately brought to him, without all respect of Nobility, Dignity or Honesty. The Philo∣sopher Athenodorus was very inward with him, yet not acquainted with his libidinous practises; but one day understanding that Augustus had sent a Litter, closed with his Seal, for a certain Noble Lady, whose Husband lamented exceedingly, and the Chast Woman was also moved extreamly thereat; He besought them both to be patient, and forthwith conveyed himself secretly into the Litter in place of the Lady, with a Sword in his hand: when the Litter was brought, Augustus coming as his manner was to open it himself, Athenodorus rushed forth upon him, with his drawn Sword in his hand, and (said he) Art

thou not afraid that some one should kill thee in this manner? Augustus much amazed at this unexpected accident, yet gently bore with the boldness of the Philosopher, thanking him after∣wards, and making good use of so good a warning.

* 1.6987. There was a Chirurgion of no mean City, who (neglecting his own) followed the wife of another man, and when (on a time) he had mounted his Horse with a purpose to ride to her, his Wife asked him whither he went? who in derision replyed, to a Brothel House. These words spoken in such a petulant levity, were not unheard by Divine Justice; for when he had performed with the Adulteress, what he intend∣ed, and was mounting his Horse to return, one of his feet catched and was entangled in the Reins, which the Horse (frighted at) ran away as if mad, shook him off the Saddle, one of his feet hanging in the Stirrup, he drew him in such manner along the way, that his Brains were beat out upon the Stones, nor could he be stopped till he had dragged him into a Bro∣thel House, and made good those words that before he had spoken with an inconsiderate per∣verseness.

* 1.6998. Hostius was a man of a most prostigate base∣ness; after what manner he abused himself with both Sexes, and what Glasses he caused to be made, on purpose to enlarge the imagination of his impurities by the delusion of his eyes, I had rather should be declared by the Pen of Seneca than mine; but it is even pleasant to remember that the villanies of this monster had a due re∣compence even in this world, for when he was slain by his own Servants, Augustus the Emperor judged his death unworthy of revenge.

* 1.7009. The Duke of Anjou coming to assist the Netherlanders against the Spaniards, while his Ar∣my was yet upon the Frontiers to enter into Henault; it hapned that one Captain Pont was lodged in the House of a rich Farmer, named Iohn Mills, of whom he demanded his Daughter Mary to Wife, but being denyed, he chased the whole Family out of the House, keeping only this poor Virgin, whom he ravished, and cau∣sed three or four of his Souldiers to do the like; which done he set her at the Table by him, and flouted her with ••ilthy and dissolute speeches: She big with revenge, as the Captain turned his head to speak with a Corporal, catched up a Knife, and stabbed him therewith to the heart, so that he fell down presently dead: the Soul∣diers took and bound her to a Tree, and shot her to death.

* 1.70110. Paulina was the Wife of Saturninus, il∣lustrious as well for the chastity of her life, as the Nobility of her birth; Decius Mundus none of the meanest of the Knights of Rome, was infla∣med with her incomparable beauty, so that he offered her two hundred thousand Drachmes for a single night; she despising his gifts, he deter∣mined to famish himself. Ide the Freed-woman of his Father was aware of this, and told him that for fifty thousand Drachmes she would pro∣cure him the embraces of Paulina; which having received, and knowing Paulina vehemently ad∣dicted to the worship of Isis, she delivers twen∣ty five thousand Drachmes to some of the Priests, declares the love of Dec••••s, solicits their help, and that done she promised to deliver them as much more in Gold. The elder of these Priests thus corrupted, gets to Paulina and admitted to private conference, tells her that the god Anu∣bis was taken with her beauty, and commanded that she should repair to him; she obtained leave of her Husband to go, the more easily for that he knew she was of approved chastity. To the Temple she went, and when it was time to rest she was locked in by the Priests, and there in the dark was encountred by Mundus, whose plea∣sure that night she obeyed, supposing that she had gratified the god. He went thence before the Priests that were conscious of the abuse were risen. Paulina magnified her happiness to her Husband and Equals. Upon the third day af∣ter Mundus met her; It was well done Paulina, said he, to save me two hundred thousand Drachmes, and yet withal to fulfill what I desired; for I am not ill satisfied that you despised Mun∣dus, and yet embraced him under the pretext of Anubis, and so departed. Paulina now first ap∣prehending the abuse, tare her Garments and Hair, discovered all to her Husband, conjuring him not to suffer so great a Villany to pass un∣punished. Her Husband informed the Empe∣ror Tiberius of the matter, who having caused strict examination to be had of all persons con∣cerned; he commanded all those Impostor Priests to be crucified, together with Ide the In∣ventrix and Contriver of this mischief: He or∣dered the Temple to be pulled down, and the Statue of Isis to be cast into the River Tyber. As for Mundus he condemn'd him to perpetual ba∣nishment, in part (as he said) excusing him, be∣cause of the rage of his loves.

11. That is a prodigious example in Athe∣naeus;* 1.702 The Tarentines having spoiled Carbinas a Town of the Iapyges, they gathered all the boyes, Virgins, and Women of the most flourishing years, into the Temples of the Town, and there expo∣sed them naked in the broad day to all comers; giving liberty to all sorts to satisfie their Lust as they pleased, and that in open view; thus was the miserable people oppressed, by an unheard of wickedness, in contempt of the Divinity: But God was so offended therewith, that as many of the Tarentines as had committed this Villany, were struck dead with lightning from Heaven; and their own friends were so far from pitying them, that they made Sacrifices to Thundering Iupiter.

CHAP. LI. Of the Incestuous Loves and Marriages of some Men.

IT is the saying of St. Augustine, that the commixture of Brothers and Sisters, the more ancient it is in respect of the compul∣sion of necessity, the more damnable it is now afterwards become through the prohibition of Religion. Amongst those where Religion hath had but little to do, whole Nations are at this day at once both polluted and delighted with all sorts of incestuous copulations. The Persi∣ans and Parthians approve of incest in their Roy∣al Families, by reason of which it is often com∣mitted,

but seldome so punished as in the follow∣ing history.

* 1.7031. About a league and a half from the City of Amadabat, the Metropolis of Guzuratta, we were shewed a Sepulchre, which they call Betti Chuit, that is to say the Daughters shame disco∣vered; there lieth interred in it a rich Merchant, a Moor, named Hajam Majom, who falling in love with his own Daughter, and desirous to shew some pretence for his incest, went to an Ecclesiastical Judge, and told him in general terms, that he had in his youth taken pleasure to plant a Garden, and to dress and order it with great care, so that now it brought forth such excellent fruits, that the neighbours were extreamly desirous thereof, that he was every day importuned to communicate unto them, but that he could not yet be perswaded to part there∣with, and that it was his design to make use of them himself, if the Judge would grant him in writing a licence to do it. The Kasi (who was not able to dive into the wicked intentions of this unfortunate man) made answer, that there was no difficulty in all this, and so immediate∣ly declared as much in writing. Hajam shewed it his Daughter, and finding nevertheless that neither his own authority, nor the general per∣mission of the Judge would make her consent to his brutish enjoyments, he ravished her. She complained to her Mother, who made so much noise about it, that the King Mahomet Begeran coming to hear thereof, ordered him to lose his head.

* 1.7042. Semiramis Queen of the Assyrians, was a woman of incessant and insatiable lust, to gra∣tifie which she selected the choice young men in her Army, and after the act commanded them to be slain. She had also incestuous society with her Son, and covered her private ignominy with a publick impiety, for she commanded that with∣out any regard of reverence had unto nature, it should be held lawful for Parents and Children, to marry each other as they pleased.

* 1.7053. Ptolomeus King of Egypt, did first violate the chastity of his own Sister, and afterwards made her his Wife; nor was it long before he as basely dismissed her, as he had impiously re∣ceived her; for having sent her away, he then took to Wife the Daughter of that his Sister whom he had but lately divorced: he murdered the Son he had by his Sister, as also his Brothers Son; being therefore become hateful for his In∣cests and Murders, he was expelled the King∣dom by those of Alexandria, Anno ab V. C. 622.

* 1.7064. Cambyses King of Persia, falling in love with his own Sister, sent for the Judges of his King∣dom, and enquired of them if there were any Law, that permitted him to marry his own Sister; to whom (fearing to exasperate the na∣tural cruelty of his disposition) they replyed that they found not any such Law as he had men∣tioned, but they found another Law, whereby the Kings of Persia were enabled to do whatso∣ever they pleased; whereupon he marryed her, and after that another of his Sisters also.

* 1.7075. In the family of the Arsacidae (that is the Kings of Parthia) he was looked upon as no lawful Heir of the Kingdom and Family, who was not conceived in incestuous copulation of the Son with the Mother.

* 1.7086. Luther in his Comment upon Genesis, tells that at Erford there was a young man (the Son of a Widdow woman of good quality) who had often solicited his Mothers Maid to admit him to her Bed;* 1.709 she wearyed with his continual im∣portunity, acquainted her Mistress with it. The Mother intending to chastise the petulant lust of her Son, bad the Maid to appoint him an hour, and agreed amongst themselves to ex∣change Beds. The Mother lay expecting the Son, intending to give him a very severe chi∣ding; but while she thus went about to deceive the young man, she her self was by the delusi∣on of Satan deceived also, for taking flame she silently admitted her Son, and unknown by him, was at that time got with Child: at the usual time she was delivered of a Daughter, which was brought up by her as one that was Father∣less and Motherless. When this Girl was grown up, the young man her Son fell in love with her, and notwithstanding the Mother laboured with anxiety against it, would needs have her to his Wife; so that though unwittingly, the young man lay at once with his Sister and Daughter, as well as his Wife. The Mother through grief being ready to lay violent hands upon her self, confessed the whole to the Priest, and Divines be∣ing acquainted with the case, agreed that see∣ing the whole was unknown to both, they should not be divorced lest their Consciences should be burdened.

7. C. Caligula familiarly polluted himself with all his Sisters;* 1.710 and at any great Feast he ever∣more placed one or other of them by turns be∣neath himself, while his Wife sate above. He is believed to have defloured his Sister Drusilla while a Virgin, and he himself but a Boy; and was one time surprised in the Act of unclean∣ness with her, by his Grand-mother Antonia, in whose House they were brought up together. Afterwards when she was marryed to L. Cassius Longinus, a Consular person, he took her from him, and kept her openly as if she had been his lawful Wife. When he lay sick, he ordained her his Heir, and his Successor in the Empire; for the same Sister deceased, he proclaimed a general cessation of Law in all Courts, and a time of solemn mourning, during which it was a capital crime to have laughed, bathed or sup∣ped together with Parents, Wife or Children. And being impatient of this sorrow, he fled sud∣denly out of the City; and having passed through all Campania, he went to Syracuse, and from thence returned with his Hair and Beard over∣grown; neither at any time after, in his Speeches to the People or the Souldiery, about the most weighty affairs, would he swear otherwise than by the name or Deity of Drusilla.

8. Strabo reporteth of the Arabians,* 1.711 that they used incestuous copulation with Sister and Mo∣ther. Adultery with them is death, but that on∣ly is adultery which is out of the same Kindred; otherwise for all of the same blood to use the same woman, is their incestuous honesty. When fifteen Brothers (Kings Sons) had by their con∣tinual company, tired their one and only Sister; she devised a means to rid her self, or at least to ease her somewhat of that trouble. And there∣fore whereas the custome was, that he which went in left his Staff at the Door to prohibit others entrance; she got like Staves, and always having one at the Door, was disburdened of their importunity, every one that came, think∣ing some other had ••een there before them: but they being once all together, one of them stole from his Fellows, and finding this Staff at

the Door, accused his Sister to his Father of adultery, whereof by discovery of the truth she was cleared.

* 1.7129. Bassianus Caracalla the Emperour, after he had slain the Son of Iulia his Mother-in-law, did also take her to his Wife, upon this occa∣sion. Iulia was a most beautiful woman, and she one day (as if through negligence or acci∣dent) having discovered a great part of her bo∣dy naked to the eyes of her Son, Bassianus sigh∣ing said thereupon, I would if I might; Iulia replyed, If you please you may, know you not that you are Emperour, and that it is your part to give, and not to receive Laws? Hear∣ing this, he publickly marryed her, and kept her as his Wife. Not long after being slain by the hand of Martialis; Macrinus having burnt his body, sent the reliques thereof in an Vrn to Iulia his Wife and Mother, then at Antioch in Syria; who casting her self upon the Urn, slew her self; and this was the end of this incestuous copulation.

* 1.71310. Artaxerxes Mnemon King of Persia, fell in love with his own Daughter, a beautiful Virgin called Atossa; which his own Mother Parysatis perceiving, perswaded him to marry her, and so to take her for his Wife: and though the Per∣sian Laws forbad such incestuous Marriages; yet by the counsel of his wicked Mother, and his own lust, he had her for his Wife, after which time he never prospered in any thing he took in hand.

* 1.71411. Lucretia the Daughter of Pope Alexan∣der the sixth, not only lay with the Pope her Fa∣ther, but also with her Bother, the Duke of Can∣dy, which Duke was also slain by Caesar Borgia, for being his Rival in his Sisters Bed. Of this Lucretia, is this Epitaph extant.

Hic jacet in tumulo, Lucretia nomine, sed re Thais, Alexandri Filia, Sponsa, Nurus.

Here Lucrece lies, a Thais in her life, Pope Sixtus Daughter, Daughter-in-law, and Wife.

* 1.71512. When we came to the Court of the King of Queda, we found that (with a great deal of Pomp, excellent Musick, Dancing and largess to the poor) he was solemnizing the Funerals of his Father, whom he himself had stabbed, on purpose to marry his own Mother, after he had already gotten her with Child. As a remedy in these evils he made proclamation, that on pain of a most rigorous death, no person what∣soever should be so daring, as to speak a word of that which had passed; and it was told us, how for that cause he had already put to death divers principal personages of his Kingdom, and a number of Merchants.

CHAP. LII. Of such as have been warned of their ap∣proaching death, who yet were not able to avoid it.

WHen Alexander the Great (then in In∣dia) had been told by an Oracle, that he should dye by Poyson at Ba∣bylon, and that within the compass of the next eight months; he was importunate to know fur∣ther, who was the person that should give him that Poyson? But he had no other answer than this, That the Fates cannot be deceived. So it seems, for when the appointed time is come, 'tis easie to observe how some push on themselves by a wilful and presumptuous foolhardiness; and to others their very caution and circumspection hath proved as fatal to them, as any other thing.

1. Adv••rtisements were come from all parts,* 1.716 both within and without the Realm from Spain, Rome, Lorrain and Savoy, to give notice to Hen∣ry of Lorrain Duke of Guise (in the reign of Hen∣ry the third of France) that a bloody catastro∣phe would dissolve that assembly he had then oc∣casioned of the Estates. The Almanacks had well observed it; it was generally bruited in the Estates, that the execution should be on St. Tho∣mas day, the very Eve before the Dukes death; the Duke himself sitting down to Din∣ner, found a scrole under his Napkin, adverti∣sing him of a secret ambush of the King and his; but he writ underneath with his own hand They dare not, and threw it under the Tab••e; seeing therefore that no warning would abate his con∣fidence nor awake his security, his murder was performed on this manner; Upon December 23. 1588. the King assembles his Council, having be∣fore prepared seven of his Gentlemen that were near his person to execute his will. The Duke of Guise came, and attending the beginning of the Council, sends for an Handkerchief: Peri∣cart his Secretary not daring to commit this new advertisement to any mans report, tyes a note to one of the corners thereof, saying Come forth and save your self, else you are but a dead man. But Larchant the Captain of the Kings Guard staid the Page that carried it, and caused ano∣ther to be given to him by St. Prix the chief Groom of the Kings Chamber. The spirit of man doth often prophesie the mischief that doth pursue him; the Duke in the Council feels strange alterations, and extraordinary distempe∣ratures, and amidst his distrust a great fainting of his heart. St. Prix presents unto him some Prunes of Brignolles, and Raysins of the Sun; he eats, and thereupon the King calls him into his Cabinet, by Revol one of the Secretaries of State, as it were to confer with him about some secret of importance; the Duke leaves the Council to pass into the Cabinet, and as he lift up the Ta∣pestry with one hand to enter, they charge him with Swords, Daggers and Partisanes, and so he was slain.

2. Certain it is that some good while before the Duke of Buckinghams death,* 1.717 by the Knife of Felton, Sir Clement Throckmorton, a Gentleman

then living advised him to wear a privy Coat, wh••se Council the Duke received very kindly; but gave him this answer, That against any po∣pular fury, a Shirt of Male would be but a silly defence, and as for any single mans assault, he took hi••self to be in no danger, so dark is destiny.

* 1.7183. The night before King William the second was killed, a certain Monk dreamed that he saw the King gnaw the Image of Christ cruci••ied with his teeth, and that as he was about to bite away the legs of the same Image, Christ with his feet spurned him down to the ground, and that as he lay on the earth, there came out of his mouth a flame of fire, with abundance of smoak; this being related to the King by Ro∣bert Fitz Mammon, he made a jest of it, saying This Monk would sain have something for his dream, go give him an hundred Shillings, but bid him look that he dream more auspicious dreams hereafter. Also the same night the King himself dreamed, that the veins of his arms were broken, and that the blood issued out in great abundance, and many other like passages there were; by which it seems he had Friends somewhere (as well as Iulius Caesar) that did all they could to give him warning; but that as Caesars, to his malus Genius would not suffer him to take it; for King William notwith∣standing forewarned by many signs would go a hunting in the New Forest, yet something mo∣ved with the many presages, he staid within all the Forenoon, but about Dinner time an Artifi∣cer ca••e, and brought him six Crossbow Arrows very strong and sharp, whereof four he kept himself, and the other two he delivered to Sir Walter Tyrrel a Knight of Normandy, his Bow∣bearer, saying, Here Tyrrel take you two, for you know how to shoot them to purpose: and so ha∣ving at Dinner drank more liberally than his custom, as it were in contempt of presages, out he rides to the New Forrest, where Sir Walter Tyrrel shooting at a Deer, at a place called Cha∣ringham, the Arrow glanced against a Tree, or as some say grazed upon the back of the Deer, and flying forward hit the King upon the Breast, with which he in••tantly fell down dead. Thus dyed William Rufus in the forty third year of his age, and twelfth, and some months of his reign; his Body was drawn in a Colliers Cart, with one Horse to the City of Winchester, where the day following he was buryed in the Cathedral Church of St. Swithin.

* 1.7194. The Lord Hastings by Richard the third, the then Protector, was arrested of high Trea∣son, who wished him to make hast to be confes∣sed, ••or he swore by St. Paul, his usual Oath, that he would not touch bread nor drink till his Head was off; so he was led forth unto the Green be∣fore the Chapel within the Tower, where his Head was laid down upon a Log of Timber and there stricken off. In this mans death we may see how inevitable the blows of destiny are, for the very night before his death the Lord Standley sent a secret messenger to him at Midnight, in all haste to acquaint him with a dream he had, in which he thought that a Boar with his Tushes so goared them both in the heads that the blood ran about their shoulders; and forasmuch as the Protector gave the Boar for his Cognizance, the dream made so fearful an impression upon his heart, that he was throughly resolved to stay no longer, and had made his Horse ready, requi∣ring the Lord Hastings to go with him, and that presently to be out of danger before it should be day: But the Lord Hastings answered the Messenger, Good Lord, leaneth your Master so much to such trifles, to put such faith in dreams, which either his own fear fantasieth, or else do rise in the nights rest, by reason of the days thoughts? Go back therefore to thy Master and commend me to him, and pray him to be merry, and have no fear, for I assure him I am as sure of the man he woteth of, as of mine own hand: the man he meant was one Catesby who deceived him, and was himself the first mover to rid him out of the way. Another warning he had the same morning in which he was beheaded, his Horse twice or thrice stumbled with him almost to fall∣ing, which though it often happen to such to whom no mischance is toward, yet hath it of old been observed as a token foregoing some great misfortune.

5. The night before Henry the second King of France was slain,* 1.720 Queen Margaret his Wife dreamed that she saw her Husbands eye put out; there were Justs and Turnaments at that time, into which the Queen besought her Husband not to enter because of her dream; but he was re∣solved, and there did things worthy of himself: when almost all was now done, he would needs run at Tilt with a Knight who refused him, his name was Montgomery; the King was bent upon it, they shivered their Launces in the course, and a splinter of one of them took the King so full in∣to the eye, that he thereby received his deadly wound.

6. There was one who dreamed that he was bitten to death by a Lion of Marble,* 1.721 that was set at the entrance of the Temple: being in the morning to go to that Temple, a••d beholding the Marble Statue of the Lion, laughing he told his dream to them that went with him; he put his hand into the Lions mouth, and jestingly said, Bite now my valiant enemy, and if thou canst, kill me: he had scarce spoken the words, when he was deadly stung by a Scorpion that there lay hid, and thereby unexpectedly found the truth of his dream.

7. Croesus King of Lydia had two Sons,* 1.722 the one dumb and of little use, the other a person of excellent accomplishments above all the rest of his Companions, his name was Atys; con∣cerning this Son Croesus dreamed that he was transfixed with a Javelin headed with Iron: being awake and having considered of it he takes a Wife for his Son, and whereas he was before General of all the Lydian forces, he would not suffer him thenceforth to head them; all Spears, Javelins, Lances and such like he removed from the Walls into inward Chambers, lest any should fall upon his Son and kill him. About this time near the mount Olympus in Mysia, there was a wild Boar of extraordinary bigness, destroying the la∣bours of the Mysians; and though they had divers times assaulted him, yet were they destroyed, and he no way endamaged. They therefore sent Embassadors to Croesus to beseech him to send them his Son, with a party of select young men, together with some Dogs, that the Boar might be slain. Croesus remembring his dream, refu∣sed to send his Son, but granted all the rest. His Son hearing their Embassy and his refusal, expostulated with him the cause why he would not suffer him to go with the rest? He thereupon tells him his dream; the young man replyed, That

seeing it was upon the point of a weapon that he should dye, he need not fear to send him to the Mysians, for his dream was not that he should dye by Teeth, Tushes or the like. Croesus hereup∣on changed his determination, and having re∣solved his Son should go this expedition, he call∣ed for Adrastus, a valiant person who had ••led out of Phrygia to him, and told him that to his care he would entrust his Son, in case they should be suddenly set upon by Robbers in the way. To Mysia they went, found out the Boar, and having enclosed him round, cast Darts and Javelins at him; here Adrastus threw a Javelin at the Boar, but missing his aim he unfortunate∣ly therewith so wounded the Prince that he pre∣sently dyed, and Adrastus unable to bear the grief of his error, slew himself.

* 1.7238. Alexander the Great was admonished by the Chaldeans that he should not enter Babylon as being a place fatal to him, and not only so, but he had in his sleep the Image of Cassander his Murtherer presented to him; he thought he was killed by him, and that he was advised to be a more careful preserver of his own life; after∣wards when Cassander came first into his sight, (for he had never before seen him) he enqui∣red whose Son he was; when he was told it was the Son of Antipater, though he knew it was that face whose image had appeared to him in the night, he repeated a Greek verse, which would have no credit given to dreams; and so clearing his mind of that suspicion he had conceived, gave opportunity to Cassander to administer that poyson which was already prepared for him.

* 1.7249. The last night that Iulius Caesar was alive upon earth, he was told by Calpurnia his Wife, that she had then newly dreamed, that she saw him lye dead in her bosome done to death by many wounds, and being in great perplexity and fright with her vision she desisted not with most importunate entreaties to deterr him from go∣ing the next morning to the Senate-house; he had also notice by Spurina to beware of the Ides of March in which he was slain; nay in the morning as he passed to the Senate, one thrust into his hands a note of all the Conspirators, which he also shu••fled amongst the rest of his Papers and never looked upon.

* 1.72510. Aterius Ruf••us a Knight of Rome (when a great Sword-play was to be performed by the Gladiators of Syracuse) dreamed the night be∣fore that one of those kind of Fencers, which are called Retiarii (which use Nets in the Theatre to entangle their Adversaries with, that they should neither offend nor defend) gave him a mortal wound, which dream he told to such of his Friends as sate next him. It happened presently after that one of those Retiarii was forced by his Adversary to the place where Aterius and his Friends were seated as Spectators, whose face he no sooner beheld, but he started and told his Friends, that he was the man from whose hands he had dreamed he received his death, and would thereupon have departed; his Friends en∣deavour to detain him by discussing his fear, and so occasioned his murder, for the Retiarius ha∣ving then compelled his Adversary to that ve∣ry place, and overthrown him; while he was busie to thrust his Sword through him as he lay prostrate, he so wounded Aterius that he dyed upon it.

* 1.72611. Mauritius the Emperour dreamed that both himself and his whole Stock were killed by one Phocas, not without some fearful appre∣hensions; he discourses this dream of his unto Philippicus his Son-in-Law. Exact enquiry is made if any could be found of that name, and in so numerous an Army as he had then, there was but one, and he a Notary; he therefore sup∣posed himself secure enough from one of so low and mean a Fortune. But before he took any further course therein, there was a mutiny in the Army, upon the detention of their pay; in that tumult Phocas was saluted Emperour; the Army returning towards Constantinople, Mauritius fled to Chalcedon, where both he and his whole Pro∣geny by the commandment of Phocas were put to death.

12. Marcus Antonius Taurellus Earl of Guastal∣la warring in the Kingdom of Naples,* 1.727 one morn∣ing (as he rose) told the Souldiers that stood round about him, that he dreamed that night that he was drowned in the Water, and that thereupon he was determined to give over his swimming whereunto he had so much accustomed himself; but the same day after Dinner walking by the side of a Lake, and spying therein divers of his acquaintance, and having only an upper Garment upon him, he forgat his dream, leapt in amongst them, and was drowned before any of his Friends could come in to his assistance.

13. Archias the Thebane Tyrant being at a Feast,* 1.728 where were present all sorts of merriment and mirth; there was brought him a Letter, wherein he was certified of a plot that was up∣on his life; he never read it, but gave order that as a thing serious it should be deferred to the morrow; but neglecting that warning, he did not live to read it, for he was slain that night.

14. It is a very memorable thing,* 1.729 which (from the mouth of a very credible person who saw it) George Buchanan relates, concerning Iames the fourth King of Scotland, that intending to make a Wa•• with England, a certain old man of a ve∣nerable aspect, and clad in a long blew Gar∣ment came unto him, at the Church of St. Mi∣chaels at Linlithgow, while he was at his devo∣tion, and leaning over the Canons Seat, where the King sate, said, I am sent unto thee, O King, to give thee warning, that thou proceed not in the War thou art about, for if thou do, it will be thy ruine; and having so said, he with∣drew himself back into the press; the King af∣ter service was ended enquired earnestly for him, but he could no where be found, neither could any of the standers by feel or perceive how, when or where he passed from them, having as it were vanished in their hands; but no warn∣ing could divert his destiny, which had not been destiny if it could have been diverted. His Queen also had acquainted him with the visions and affrightments of her sleep, that her Chains and Armlets appeared to be turned into Pearls, she had seen him fall from a great Precipice, she had lost one of her eyes; but he answered these were but dreams, arising from the many thoughts and cares of the day, he marched on therefore and fell with a number of his Nobility, at the battle of Flodden field, September 9. 1513.

15. There was an Italian called David Risio,* 1.730 who had followed the Savoyan Embassadour in∣to Scotland, and in hope of bettering his fortune, gave himself to attend the Queen Mary at first in the quality of a Musician; afterwards grow∣ing in more favour he was admitted to write her

French Letters, and in the end preferred to be principal Secretary of State; had only the Queens Ear, and governed all the affairs at Court. To that excess of Pride and Arrogance was he grown, that he would out-brave the King in his Appa∣rel, in his domestick Furniture, in the number and sorts of his Horses, and in every thing else. This man had warning given him, more than once, by Iohn Damiott a French Priest, who was thought to have some skill in Magick, to do his business and be gone, for that he could not make good his part; he answered disdainfully, The Scots are given more to brag than fight. Some few days before his death, being warned by the same Priest to take heed of the Bastard, he replyed, that whilest he lived he should not have credit in Scotland to do him any hurt; for he took Earl Murray to be the man, of whom he was advertised to take heed; but the first stroke was given him by George Douglass, base Son to the Earl of Angus, after whom every man inflicted his wound till he was dispatched, this was in the year 1565.

CHAP. LIII. Of such as have unwittingly, or unwarily procured and hastned their own death and downfall.

THe Ancients erected no Altars to death, because it is inexorable, and no way to be prevailed upon, or to be escaped by any of us; agreeable to this is that of Mr. Ben∣lows in his Divine Poem;

Time posts on loose rein'd Steeds; the Sun er't face To West, may see thee end thy Race, Death is a Nown, yet not declin'd in any Case.

No certainly we cannot decline it, for we run into the Jaws of death, by the very same ways we endeavour to avoid it. The Sons of Escula∣pius sometimes dig our graves even then while they are contriving for our health; rather than fail we bespeak our Coffins with our own tongues, not knowing what we do; as in the following Examples.

* 1.7311. King Francis of France had resolved upon the murder of the chief Lords of the Hugonots, this secret of Council had been imparted by the Duke of Anjou, to Ligneroles his familiar friend; he being one time in the Kings Chamber, obser∣ved some tokens of the Kings displeasure, at the insolent demands of some Hugonot Lord, whom he had newly dismissed with shew of favour: Ligneroles either moved with the lightness inci∣dent to Youth, which often over-shoots discre∣tion, or moved with ambition not to be igno∣rant of the nearest secrets, told the King in his ear, That his Majesty ought to quiet his mind with patience, and laugh at their insolence, for within a few days, by that meeting which was almost ripe, they would be all in his Net, and punished at his pleasure: with which words the Kings mind being struck in the most tender sen∣sible part of it, he made shew not to understand his meaning, and retired to his private Lodg∣ings, where full of anger, grief and trouble he sent to call the Duke of Anjou, charged him with the revealing of this weighty secret; he confes∣sed he had imparted the business to Ligneroles, but assured him he need not fear he would ever open his Lips to discover it; no more he shall, answered the King, for I will take order that he shall be dispatched before he have time to pub∣lish it; he then sent for George de Villequier Vis∣count of Guerchy, who he knew bare a grudge against Ligneroles, and commanded him to en∣deavour by all means to kill him that day, which was accordingly executed by him and Count Charles of Mansfield, as he hunted in the field.

2. Candaules the Son of Myrsus and King of Lydia doted so much upon the beauty of his own Wife,* 1.732 that he could not be content to enjoy her, but would needs enforce one Gyges the Son of Dascylus to behold her naked body, and pla∣ced the unwilling man secretly in her Chamber where he might see her preparing to bedward. This was not so closely carried, but that the Queen perceived Gyges at his going forth, and un∣derstanding the matter, took it in such high dis∣dain, that she forced him the next day, to requite the Kings folly with treason; so Gyges being brought again into the same Chamber by the Queen, slew Candaules, and was rewarded not only with his Wife, but the Kingdom of Lydia also, wherein he reigned thirty eight years.

3. Fredegundis was a woman of admirable beauty,* 1.733 and for that reason entertained by Chil∣perick King of France, over whose heart she had gained such an empire that she procured the ba∣nishment of his Queen Andovera, and the death of his Mother Galsuinda; yet neither was she faithful to him, but prostituted her body to Landric de la Tour, Duke of France, and Mayor of the Palace. Upon a day the King being to go a hunting, came up first into her Chamber, and found her dressing her Head with her Back towards him; he therefore went softly and struck her gently on the backpart with the hinder end of his hunting Spear; she not looking back, What dost thou do my Landrick, said she, it is the part of a good Knight to charge a Lady before rather than behind. By this means the King found her falshood, and went to his pur∣posed hunting, but she perceiving her self disco∣vered, sent for Landrick, told him what had hapned, and therefore enjoyned him to kill the King for his and her safety, which he undertook and effected that night as the King returned late from his hunting.

4. Muleasses the King of Tunis was skilled in Astrology,* 1.734 and had found that by a fatal in∣flux of the Stars he was to lose his Kingdom, and also to perish by a cruel death; when there∣fore he heard that Barbarossa was preparing a Navy at Constantinople, concluding it was against himself, to withdraw from the danger, he de∣parted Africa and transported himself into Italy, to crave aid of Charles the Emperour against the Turks, who he thought had a design upon him. In the mean time he had committed the govern∣ment of his Kingdom to Amida his Son, who like an ungrateful Traytor assumed to himself the name and power of the King; and having taken his Father upon his return put out his eyes: Thus Muleasses drew upon himself that fate he ex∣pected, by those very means by which he hoped to have avoided it.

* 1.7355. There was an Astrologer, who had often and truly predicted the event of divers weighty affairs, who having intentively fixed his eyes up∣on the face of Ioannes Galeacius, and contempla∣ted the same; Dispose Sir, said he, of your af∣fairs with what speed you may, for it is impossi∣ble that you should live long in this world: Why so, said Galeacius? Because, replyed the other, the Stars whose sight and position on your birth-day I have well observed, do threa∣ten you, and that not obscurely, with death be∣fore such time as you shall attain to maturity. Well, said Galeacius, you who believe in these positions of the birth-day-stars, as if they were so many Gods; how long are you to live through the bounty of the Fates, said he? I have a sufficient tract of time allotted for my life; But, said Galeacius, that for the future (out of a foolish belief of the bounty and clemency of the Fates) thou maist not presume further upon the continuance of life, than perhaps it is fit, thou shalt dye forthwith, contrary to thy opini∣on; nor shall the combined force of all the Stars in Heaven be able to save thee from destruction, who presumest in this manner to dally with the destiny of Illustrious persons; and thereupon com∣manded him to be carryed to Prison, and there strangled.

* 1.7366. Some persons at Syracuse discoursing in a Barbers shop concerning Dionysius, they said his tyranny was adamantine, and utterly in••••••ugna∣ble; What said the Barber, do we speak thus of Dionysius, under whose throat I ever and anon hold a Rasor? As soon as Dionysius was inform∣ed of this, he caused his Barber to be crucified, and so he paid for his folly at the price of his life.

* 1.7377. Though the Mushroom was suspected, yet was it Wine wherein Claudius the Emperour first took his Poyson; for being Maudlin-cupped he grew to lament the destiny of his Marriages, which he said were ordained to be all unchast, yet should not pass unpunished: This threat be∣ing understood by Agrippina, she thought it high time to look about her, and by securing him with a ready poyson, she provided to secure her self; so Claudius stands indebted to his unwary tongue for his untimely death.

* 1.7388. Herod overcome with pain, troubled with a vehement Cough, and almost pined with fast∣ing, was determined to hasten his own death; and taking an Apple in his hand he called for a Knife, and then looking about him lest any stander by should hinder him, he lifted up his Arm to strike himself; But Achiabus his Cousin ran hastily unto him and stayed his hand, and presently there was great lamentation made throughout all the Kings Palace, as if the King had been dead. His Son Antipater then in Prison having speedy news hereof was glad, and pro∣mised the Keepers a piece of money to let him go; but the chiefest of them did not only deny to do it, but also went and immediately ac∣quainted the King with it. Herod hearing this, commanded his guard to go and kill Antipater and bury him in the Castle called Hircanium. Thus was that wicked man cast away by his own temerity and imprudence, who had he had more patience and discretion might probably have se∣cured both his life and the Kingdom to himself; for Herod out-lived his death but five dayes.

* 1.7399. Anthony being at Laodicea, sent for King Herod to answer what was objected against him touching the death of Young Aristobulus. He was an impotent Lover of his Wife Mariamne, and suspecting that her beauty was one cause of his danger; before he went he committed the care of his Kingdom to Ioseph his Unkle, with∣all leaving him order to kill Mariamne his Wi••e in case he should hear that any thing evil had befallen him. He had taken his journey, and Ioseph in Conversation with the Queen, as an argument of the great love the King bare her, acquainted her with the order he had left with him. Herod having appeased Anthony retur••ed with honour, and speaking to the Queen of the truth and greatness of his love, in the midst of Embraces, Mariamne said to him, It was not the part of a Lover to give commandment that if any thing should befall thee otherwise than well with Anthony, I should presently be done to death. No sooner were these words out of her mouth, but the King entred into a strange pas∣sion, and giving over his embraces, he cryed out with a loud voice, and tore his hair, saying that he had a most evident proof that Ioseph had com∣mitted adultery with her, for that he would not have discovered those things which had been spoke to him in secret, except they had greatly trusted the one the other; and in this emotion or rage of Jealousie hardly contained he from killing his Wife; yet he gave order that Ioseph should be slain, without admitting him au∣dience or justification of his Innocency: Thus Ioseph by his imprudent revealing of a dangerous secret, unwarily procured his own death.

10. The Emperour Probus,* 1.740 a great and excel∣lent Prince, having well nigh brought the Empire into a quiet and peaceable, from a troublesome and turbulent posture, was heard to say, that he would speedily take such a course, that there should be no more need of Men of War: This Speech was so distasted by the Souldiers, that they conspired against him and procured his death.

CHAP. LIV. Men of unusual misfortune in their Af∣fairs, Persons or Families.

THe Ancients accounted him for a fool, who being himself but a man, would yet upbraid another of his kind, with his calamity or misfortune. For what reason can any man have to boast of his own estate, or to insult over anothers unhappiness; when how pleasant a time soever he hath for the present, he hath yet no assurance that it shall so continue with him until the evening; and though he be never so near unto good fortune, yet he may possibly miss it, as did the three Princes in the following Example.

1. Anastasius Emperour of Constantinople being greatly hated,* 1.741 and foreseeing he could not make much longer abode in the world; he began to reflect on his Successours, desiring to transfer to the Throne one of his three Nephewes, whom he had bred up, having no male issue to succeed him. There was difficulty in the choice, and

he having a soul very superstitious, put that to the lot which he could not resolve by reason, for he caused three Beds to be prepared in the Royal Chamber, and made his Crown to be hang∣ed within the Tester of one of these Beds; be∣ing resolved to give it to him who by lot should place himself under it: this done he sent for his Nephews, and after he had magnificently enter∣tained them, commanded them to repose them∣selves, each one chusing one of the Beds prepa∣red for them: The eldest accommodated him∣self according to his fancy, and he hit upon nothing, the second did the same; he then ex∣pected the youngest should go directly to the Crowned Bed, but he prayed the Emperour he might be permitted to lye with one of his Bro∣thers, and by this means not any of them took the way of the Empire which was so easie to be had, that it was not above a pace distant. Anastasius amazed, well saw God would trans∣fer the Diadem from his Race; and indeed Iustin succeeded a stranger to his blood.

* 1.7422. Anne Momorancy was a man of an exquisite wit and mature wisdom, accompanied with a long experience in the changes of the World, by which Arts he acquired happily for himself and for his Posterity exceeding great wealth, and the chief dignities of the Kingdom; him∣self having attained to be Constable of France. But this man in his military commands, had al∣wayes such ill fortune, that in all the wars of which he had the Government, he ever remain∣ed either a loser, or grievously wounded, or a Prisoner, which misfortunes were the occasion that many times his fidelity was questioned; even in that last action, where fighting he lost his life, he wanted not accusers.

* 1.7433. Thomas Tusser, while as yet a Boy, lived in many Schools, Wallingford, St. Pauls and Ea∣ton, whence he went to Trinity-hall in Cambridge; when a man, he lived in Staffordshire, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, and where not? He was successively a Musician, Schoolmaster, Serving∣man, Husbandman, Grasier and Poet, more skilful in all, than thriving in any Vocation; he traded at large, in Oxen, Sheep, Dairies, Grain of all kinds to no profit; whether he bought or sold he lost, and when a Renter impoverished himself, and never enriched his Landlord, yet hath he laid down excellent Rules of Husban∣dry and Huswifery, so that the observer thereof must be rich in his own defence. He spread his Bread with all sorts of Butter, yet none would stick thereon; yet I hear no man charge him with any vicious extravagancy or visible carelesness, but imputing his ill success to some occult cause in Gods Counsel.

* 1.7444. The Emperour Sigismumd passing a River, his Horse stood still and pissed in it, which when one of his Servants perceived that rode not far before him, he said jestingly, the Horse had di∣rectly the same quality with his Master. Caesar heard him, and bade him explain the meaning of what he said. The horse, said he, pisses in a ri∣ver where there is no want of water, and so Caesar is liberal to them that are otherwise rich. The Emperour observed that he was modestly tax'd for that as yet he had given nothing to him, who had been his old servant; and thereupon replyed, that he had indeed been alwayes a faithful servant, but that the gifts of Princes are not properly theirs that deserve well, but theirs to whom they are destinied by fate, and that he would convince him of the same assoon as he had some leisure. Afterwards Caesar commanded two boxes to be made, of the same bigness and form, in the one he put gold, in the other lead of the same weight, caused his servant to be called and bade him choose which box he would, who takes them up, poises both in his hands, and at last fixes upon that box that had the lead in it; which when the Emperour saw at the opening of the box; Now said he thou maist plainly see, that not my good will has been hitherto wanting, but that it was through thine own ill fortune that hitherto thou hast had no reward from me.

5. It was observed as it were in the desti∣ny of King Henry the sixth of England,* 1.745 that al∣though he was a most pious man, yet no enter∣prize of war did ever prosper where he was pre∣sent.

6. Franciscus Busalus a Citizen of Rome,* 1.746 was so extreamly unfortunate in his Children, that he saw two of his Sons fall dead by mutual wounds they had received at each others hands; two other of his Sons beheaded, for a sedition which they had been authors of; a fifth Son of his slew his Mother-in-law; and his Daughter poysoned her self in the presence of her Hus∣band.

7. Helvius Pertinax (commonly but corrupt∣ly called Aelius) was so variously exercised with the chances of inconstant fortune,* 1.747 and so often from a good, thrust down into an adverse con∣dition, that by reason hereof he was called For∣tunes Tennis-ball.

8. Robert the Norman, Son to William the Conqueror, was chosen King of Ierusalem,* 1.748 but he refused this honourable proffer; whether he had an eye to the Kingdom of England, now void by the death of William Rufus, or because he accounted Ierusalem would be encumbred with continual war. But he who would not take the Crown with the Cross, was fain to take the Cross without the Crown; and it was observed that afterwards he never prospered in any thing he undertook. He lived to see much misery in prison and poverty, and he felt more, having his eyes put out by King Henry his Brother; and at last sound rest, when buried in the New Ca∣thedral Church of Glocester under a wooden Mo∣nument, bearing better proportion to his low fortunes than high birth, and since in the same Quire he hath got the company of another Prince as unfortunate as himself, King Edward the se∣cond.

9. Tiberius being at Capreas,* 1.749 fell into a lin∣gring disease, and his sickness encreasing more and more, he commanded Euodus whom he most honoured amongst all his Freemen, to bring him the young Tiberius and Caius, because he intend∣ed to talk with them before he dyed, and it should be at the break of day on the morrow next. This done he besought the gods of that place, to give him an evident sign whereby he might know who should succeed him; for though he vehemently desired to leave the Empire to his Sons Son (that was Tiberius) yet made he more account of that which God should make manifest to him. He therefore conceived a pre∣sage, that he who the next day should enter first to salute him, it should be he who in the Empire should necessarily succeed him. And having set∣led this thing in his fancy, he sent unto the young Tiberius his Master, charging him to bring him unto him by break of day, supposing that

the Empire should be his. But by the evil fortune of Tiberius it fell quite contrary to his Grand-fa∣thers expectation: For being in this thought he had commanded Euodus, that as soon as day should arise he should suffer him of the two young Princes to enter in unto him, who should arrive the first. Who walking out met with Caius at the door of the Chamber, and saying to him that the Emperour had called for him, suffered him to enter; Tiberius the mean while being at break∣fast below. When the Emperour beheld Caius, he suddainly began to consider of the power of God, who deprived him of the means to dispose of the Empire according as he had determined with himself; so Caius was declared successor in the Em∣pire, and no sooner was the old Emperour dead, but the young unfortunate Tiberius was made away.

* 1.75010. Antiochus was overcome in battle by his brother Seleucus; whereupon he fled to Artamenes King of Cappadocia, his brother-in-law; where after some dayes he found there was a Conspi∣racy against him to betray his life. He got him therefore away from thence with all speed, and put himself into the protection of Ptolomaeus his Enemy, supposing that he might better rely upon his generosity, than any kindness he could ex∣pect from his brother. But Ptolomaeus at his first arrival put him into custody under special guards. Here he remained a while, till by the help of a certain Harlot, he escaped ••rom his prison, and recovered his liberty; but this unfortunate Prince had not travelled far but he was set up∣on by thieves, and by them murdered.

* 1.75111. Ferdinand Mendez Pinto a Portuguese, in the Book of his travels and adventures sets forth of himself, that nothing being to be met with in his Fathers house besides poverty and mi∣sery, an Uncle of his put him into the service of a Lady at Lisbon, when he was about twelve years old; where he remained but a year and a half, before he was constrained by an accident to quit her house and service, for the safety of his life. With this unfortunate beginning he put him∣self upon travel, and the seeing of remote parts, where all along Fortune continued so extreamly unkind to him, that in the space of twenty one years, wherein he was abroad (besides the hard∣ships and variety of evil accidents that stran∣gers are liable unto) he suffered shipwrack five times, was thirteen times a Captive, and sold for a slave seventeen times; in the Indies, Aethiopia, Arabia, China, Tartaria, Madagascar, Sumatra, and divers other Kingdoms.

CHAP. LV. Of the Loquacity of some men, their ina∣bility to retain intrusted secrets, and the punishment thereof.

* 1.752THe City of Amyclas is said to have perish∣ed through silence, and it was on this manner: Divers rumours and false re∣ports had been brought to the Magistrates con∣cerning the coming of an enemy against them; by reason of which the City had several times been put into disorderly and tumultuous frights; they therefore set forth an Edict, that for the future no man should presume to make any such report; by this means when the enemy came in∣deed no man durst discover it for fear of the Law, so they were suddenly oppressed and overthrown; but how numberless are they who have perished through the intemperance of the tongue?

1. Fulvius one of the favourites and minions of Augustus the Emperour,* 1.753 having heard him to∣wards his later days lamenting and bewail••ng the desolate estate of his House, in that he had no Children of his own body begotten; and that of his three Nephews or Sisters Children two were dead, and Posthumius (who only remain∣ed alive) upon an imputation upon him confi∣ned and living in banishment, whereupon he was inforced to bring in his Wifes Son, and declare him his successour in the Empire. Notwith∣standing upon a tender compassion, he was some∣time in deliberation with himself, and minded to recall his Sisters Son from banishment. Ful∣vius, I say, being privy to these moans and de∣signs of his, when home and told his Wife all that he had heard; she could not hold, but went to the Empress Livia Wife of Augustus, and reported what her Husband Fulvius had told her. Whereupon Livia in great indignation did sharply expostulate with Caesar in these terms, Seeing, said she, you had so long projected such a thing as to call home your Nephew, why sent you not for him at the first, but exposed me to hatred and enmity with him, who shall be Em∣perour after your decease? The next morning betimes when Fulvius came as his manner was to salute Caesar, and give him good morrow; after he had said God save you, Caesar; he resaluted him with this, God make you wise Fulvius. Fulvius soon sound him, and conceived presently what he meant thereby; he retired then to his House with all speed, and having called his Wife; Cae∣sar, said he, is come to the knowledge, that I have not concealed his secret, and therefore I am resolved to make away my self with mine own hands. And well worthy, quoth she, for justly have you deserved death, who having li∣ved so long with me, knew not all this while the incontinency of my tongue, nor would beware of it; yet suffer me first to dye upon your Sword, and so killed her self before her Husband.

2. A Barber who kept Shop at the end of the Suburbs called Pyraeum,* 1.754 had no sooner heard of the great discomfiture of the Athenians in Sicily, from a certain slave fled from thence out of the field, but leaving his Shop at six and sevens, he ran directly into the City, to carry the tidings fire new.

For fear some other might the honour win, And he too late, or second should come in.

Now upon the broaching of these unwelcome tydings, there was a great stir within the City; the people assembled to the Market place; search was made for the author of this rumour; here∣upon the Barber was haled before the body of the people, and examined, he knew not so much as the name of the party of whom he heard the news. The whole assembly was so moved to an∣ger, that they cryed out Away with the Villain, set the Varlet upon the Rack, have him to the Wheel who hath devised this story of his own singers ends. The Wheel was brought, the Bar∣ber

her was stretched upon it; mean while came cer∣tain news of that defeat, then brake up the as∣sembly, leaving the Barber racked out at length upon the Wheel till it was late in the evening, when he was let loose, and no sooner was he at liberty, but he must enquire news of the Execu∣tioner what they heard abroad of the General Nicias, and in what manner he was stain.

* 1.7553. The Temple of Iuno at Sparta was robbed, and within it was found an empty Flagon; great running there was and a concourse of peo∣ple thither, and men could not tell what to make of the Flagon; when one that was there said, My conceit of the Flagon is, that these Church-rob∣bers had first drunk the juice of Hemlock be∣fore they entred into this action, and afterwards brought Wine with them in this Flagon, that in case they were not taken in the manner, they might save their lives by drinking a good draught of Wine, the nature of which is (as you know) to dissolve the strength of that Poy∣son, but if they were taken, they might by the means of that Hemlock dye an easie death, be∣fore they were put to torture by the Magistrate. The whole company that heard these words, concluded that such a reach as this came not from one that barely suspected the matter, but knew it was so indeed; whereupon they flocked round about him; one asked who and whence he was, a second who knew him, a third how he came to the light of all he had delivered? and in short they handled the matter so well, that they in the end forced him to confess, that he was one of them that committed the Sacriledge.

The End of the Fourth Book.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Lord Remy his Civil considerati∣ons, c. 59. p. 152.
• * 1.2

  Herodot. l. 3. p. 187. Fulgos. Ex. l. 1. c. 2. p. 52.
• * 1.3

  Fulgos. Ex. l. 1. c. 2. p. 57.
• * 1.4

  Val. Max. l. 1. c. 1. p. 7, 8. Dinoth. memorab. l. 8. p. 576.
• * 1.5

  Lamprid. Herodian. Dinot. mem. l. 8. p. 577. Fulg. Ex. l. 1. c. 2. p. 47.
• * 1.6

  Lips. monit. l. 1. c. 4. p. 43.
• * 1.7

  Fulg. Ex. l. 1. c. 2. p. 52, 54. Id. l. 1. c. 6. p. 170, 171.
• * 1.8

  Clarks Mir. c. 88. p. 386.
• * 1.9

  Fulg. Ex. l. 1. c. 2. ••. 46.
• * 1.10

  Fulg. Ex. l. 1. c. 2. p. 46.
• * 1.11

  Clarks Mir. c. 88. p. 891.
• * 1.12

  Bakers Chron. p. 107. Stow's An∣nal. p. 175.
• * 1.13

  Caus. hol. Court, Tom. 2. §. 2. p. 168.
• * 1.14

  Fulg. Ex. l. 1. c. 2. p. 55.
• * 1.15

  Fulg. Ex. l. 1. c. 2. p. 55.
• * 1.16

  Fulg. Ex. l. 1. c. 2. p. 51, 52.
• * 1.17

  Knowles Turk. hist. p. 423. Burt. Mel. par. 3. §. 4. p. 615.
• * 1.18

  Fulg. Ex. l. 1. c. 2. p. 52.
• * 1.19

  Diodor. Sicul. bibli. l. 20. p. 698.
• * 1.20

  Sabellic. Ex. l. 4. c. 3. p. 188.
• * 1.21

  Burt. Mel. par. 3. §. 4.p. 614.
• * 1.22

  Burt. Mel. par. 3. §. 4. p. 615.
• * 1.23

  Burt. Mel. par. 3. §. 4. p. 619.
• * 1.24

  Lips. Monit. l. 2. c. 6. p. 227. Petr. Greg. de repub. l. 8. c. 1. p. 318.
• * 1.25

  Polyb. hist. l. 4. p. 339. Lips. Monit. l. 2. c. 6. p. 227.
• * 1.26

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 6. p. 228.
• * 1.27

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 6. p. 229.
• * 1.28

  Pezel. Mel∣lisic. tom. 2. p. 15••. Cael. Antiq. l••••t. l. 11. c. 12. p. 496. Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 6. p. 229. Petr. Greg. de Repub. l. 8. c. 1. §. 3. p. 317.
• * 1.29

  Iosephs Antiq. l. 18. c. 9. p. 479, 480. Petr. Greg. de Repub. l. 8. c. 1. §. 2. p. 317.
• * 1.30

  Imperial. hist. p. 471. P••••el. Mel∣lisic. tom. 2. p. 342.
• * 1.31

  Pezel. Mell. hist. tom. 2. p. 207.
• * 1.32

  Chetwinds hist. collect. cent. 1. p. 9.
• * 1.33

  Plut. M••r. p. 394.
• * 1.34

  Petr. Gr••g. de Repub. l. 8. c. 1. §. 5. p. 318.
• * 1.35

  Caus. hol. Cour. tom. 1. l. 3. p. 112. Aelian. var. hist. l. 1. c. 34. p. 30. Lo••icer. Theatr. p. 291.
• * 1.36

  Caus. hol. Cour. tom. 1. l. 3. p. 112. Val. Max. l. 5. c. 8. p. 153.
• * 1.37

  Sabellic. Exempl. l. 3. c. 3. p. 132.
• * 1.38

  Plut. in Paral. p. 910. Fulg. l. 2. c. 2. p. 243. Lonicer. Theatr. p. 290. Dinoth. l. 3. p. 154.
• * 1.39

  Val. Max. l. Orosii hist. l. 3. c. 9. p. 82. Liv. Decad. 1. l. 8.
• * 1.40

  De Serres Gener. hist. of France, p. 49. Imper. hist. p. 529.
• * 1.41

  Val. Max. l. 5. c. 8. p. 154.
• * 1.42

  Val. Max. l. 5. c. 8. p. 154.
• * 1.43

  Plut. paral. in Poplicol.•• p. 99. Sabellic. Exempl. l. 1. c. 5. p. 351.
• * 1.44

  Fi••zh. of Rel. & pol. par. 1. c. 8. p. 70.
• * 1.45

  Lon. Theatr. p. 293.
• * 1.46

  Cael. Rhod. Lect. Antiq. l. 11. c. 17. p. 908. Muret. var. Lect. p. 217. Fulg. Ex. l. 5. c. 8. p. 650. Lon. Theatr. p. 291.
• * 1.47

  Fulg. Ex. l. 5. c. 8. p. 659.
• * 1.48

  Sp••••ds hist. p. 448.
• * 1.49

  Val. Max. l. 3. c. 5. p. 81.
• * 1.50

  Val. Max. l•• 3. c. ••. p. 81.
• * 1.51

  Val. Max. l. 3. c. 5. p. 81.
• * 1.52

  Fulg. l. 3•• c. 5. p. 386.
• * 1.53

  Fulg. l. 3. c. 5. p. 388.
• * 1.54

  Fulg. l. 3. c. 5. p. 388.
• * 1.55

  Fulg. l. 3. c. 5. p. 388.
• * 1.56

  Fulg. l. 3. c. 5. p. 389. Pezel. Mell. hist. tom. 2. p. 249.
• * 1.57

  Fulg. l. 3. c. 5. p. 391.
• * 1.58

  Fulg. l. 3. c. 5. p. 392.
• * 1.59

  Pezel. Mell. tom. 1. p. 418.
• * 1.60

  Fulg. Ex. l. 3. c. 5. p. 393.
• * 1.61

  Plut. in Phocion p. 755.
• * 1.62

  Zuinger. Theatr. vol. 3. l. 11. p. 1075.
• * 1.63

  Zuin. Theat. vol. 3. l. 11. p. 1075.
• * 1.64

  Zuin. Theat. vol. 3. l. 11. p. 1075.
• * 1.65

  Zuin. Theat. vol. 3. l. 11. p. 1075.
• * 1.66

  Zuin. Theat. vol. 3. l. 11. p. 1075.
• * 1.67

  Dinoth. memorab. l. 5. p. 340.
• * 1.68

  Dinoth. memorab. l. 5. p. 339. Tacit. An. l. 4. p. 116.
• * 1.69

  Iust. l. 18. p. 151, 152. Cau••. hol. Cou••. par. 1. l. 3. p. 112.
• * 1.70

  Phil. de Comines l. 4. c. 1. p. 105, 106. Dinoth. memorab. l. 5 p. 341. Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 5. p. 217. De Serres hist. France, p. 38••. Lo••. Theatr. p. 283.
• * 1.71

  Treas. times, l. 5. c. 23. p. 469. Camer. oper. subs. cent. 1. c. 92. p. 427.
• * 1.72

  Liv. hist. l. 1. p. 18. Patr. de regno l. 8. tit. 20. p. 561. Lon. Theatr. p. 280. Alex. ab Alex. Gen. dier. l. 6. c. 6. p. 61.
• * 1.73

  Sueton. in Neron. c. 34. p. 254. Lon. Theatr. p. 281. Par. Med. hist. tom. 1. p. 356. Pezel. mell. to. 2. p. 158.
• * 1.74

  Knowles Turks hist. l. 495, 496. Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 5. p. 211.
• * 1.75

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 5. p. 206, 207. Clarks mi••. c. 112. p. 550.
• * 1.76

  Usser. An. p. 480. A. M. 457▪
• * 1.77

  Howells Epist. vol. 1. §. 6. p. 211.
• * 1.78

  Herb. Trav. l. 2. p. 291.
• * 1.79

  Raleighs hist. of the World, l. 5. c. 6. §. 12. p. 669.
• * 1.80

  Zon. Annal. tom. 2. f. 54. Dinoth. memorab. l. 8. p. 577.
• * 1.81

  Zon. Annal. tom. 1. f. 48. Iose. Antiq. l. 19. c. 7. p. 510.
• * 1.82

  Plut. in Alex. p. 608. Zon. Annal. tom. 1. f. 33. Cael. Rhod. Antiq. lect. l. 3. c. 5. p. 94. Aelian. var. hist. l. 2. c. 19. p. 58.
• * 1.83

  Cael. Rhod. A. L. l. 3. c. 5. p. 94. Lo••. Theatr. p. 638. Purch. pilg. tom. 1. l. 6. c. 8. p. 763.
• * 1.84

  Sueton. in Caligul. c. 22. p. 177. Hakew. Apol. l. 4. c. 10. p. 426.
• * 1.85

  Diodor. Sic. Biblioth. l. 16. p. 526. Din. mem. l. 8. p. 577.
• * 1.86

  Plut. in Ages. p. 607. Cael. Rhod. l. 11. c. 16. p. 504. Pezel. mell. to. 1. p. 232. Aeli. var. hist. l. 12. c. 51. p. 336.
• * 1.87

  Sueton. l. 2. c. 13. p. 336.
• * 1.88

  Pezel. mell. hist. tom. 2. p. 252.
• * 1.89

  Pezel. mell. to. 1. p. 228.
• * 1.90

  Sueton. l. 1. c. 76. p. 44.
• * 1.91

  Alex. ab Alex. l. 6. c. 4. p. 103. Zuin. Theat. vol. 11. l. 4. p. 2572.
• * 1.92

  Clarks mir. c. 65. p. 295.
• * 1.93

  Plut. Mor. lib. de quaest. Rom. qu. 20. p. 856.
• * 1.94

  Plut. Mor. l. de Amore, p. 1144.
• * 1.95

  Patric de Regno, l. 4. tit. 10. p. 249.
• * 1.96

  Patrit. de K••ip••b. in∣stit. l. 4. tit. 4. p. 166.
• * 1.97

  Coel. Rhod. Antiq. Lect. l. 20. c. 27. p. 955.
• * 1.98

  Ioseph. An∣tiq. l. 11.
• * 1.99

  Zuinger. Theatr. vol. 19. l. 2. p. 3526.
• * 1.100

  Zuinger. Theatr. vol. 19. l. 2. p. 3527.
• * 1.101

  Full. proph. statr. l. 5. c. 2. p. 348.
• * 1.102

  Barlet. hist. of Scander∣beg, l. 10. p. 369.
• * 1.103

  Plut. in vit. Cice∣ron. p. 881.
• * 1.104

  Clarks mir. c. 65. p. 298.
• * 1.105

  Stowes An∣nals, p. 77.
• * 1.106

  Heyl. Cos∣mogr. p. 64.
• * 1.107

  Pezel. mel∣lific. tom. 1. p. 358.
• * 1.108

  Clarks mir. c. 65. p. 296.
• * 1.109

  Fulgos. Ex. l. 5. c. 3. p. 609.
• * 1.110

  Plut. Mo∣ral. in l. de tranq. Ani∣mi, p. 153.
• * 1.111

  Clarks mir. cap. 91. p. 404, 405.
• * 1.112

  Textor. Of∣sicin. l. 5. c. 11. p. 564. Sabell. Ex. l. 3. c. 10. p. 170. Korum. de mirac. mor∣tuor. l. 4. c. 62. p. 27.
• * 1.113

  Camerar. oper. subci∣siv. cent. 1. c. 88. p. 408.
• * 1.114

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 14. p. 348.
• * 1.115

  Herodian l. 4. p. 207. Simps. ch. hist. l. 1. cent. 3. p. 27. Pezel. Mel∣lific. histor. tom. 2. p. 208.
• * 1.116

  Gaulter. tab. Chron. p. 628, 629.
• * 1.117

  Speeds hist. p. 413. Chetwind. hist. collect. cent. 7. p. 206. Clarks mir. c. 14. p. 55.
• * 1.118

  Speeds hist. p. 44••.
• * 1.119

  Clarks mir. c. 14. p. 55.
• * 1.120

  T••••n••hfield hist. impro∣••••••. p. 110, 111.
• * 1.121

  Knowles Turk. hist. p. 502.
• * 1.122

  Sandersons hist. of K. Iames. p. 577.
• * 1.123

  Sen. de irâ. l. 1. c. 16. p. 297. Wier. oper. p. 798. lib. de irâ. Hakew. Apol. l. 4. c. 4. §. 7. p. 341, 342. Caus. hol. court. tom. 1. l. 3. p. 90.
• * 1.124

  Dinot. mem. l. 5. p. 372.
• * 1.125

  Val. Max. l. 9. c. 2. p. 248. Din. mem. l. 5. p. 373. Lips. de const. l. 2. c. 24. p. 214.
• * 1.126

  Knowles Turk. hist. p. 709.
• * 1.127

  Knowles Turk. hist. p. 350, 351, 352.
• * 1.128

  Lon. Theatr. p. 354.
• * 1.129

  Lon. Theatr. p. 352. Sabell. Ex. l. 6. c. 8. p. 352.
• * 1.130

  Full. worth. p. 5. Hantsh.
• * 1.131

  Din. mem. l. 5. p. 372.
• * 1.132

  ••ak. Chron. p. 437. Speed•• hist. p. 833.
• * 1.133

  Dinot. mem. l. 5. p. 377, 378. Chalc. l. 9. p. 119, 121. Knowles Turk. hist. p. 362, 363.
• * 1.134

  Excerp. è Polyb. l. 13. p. 675. Kaleigh's hist. World, l. 5. c. 4. §. 10. p. 532.
• * 1.135

  Camer. oper. subcis. Cent. 2. c. 88. p. 337.
• * 1.136

  Martin. de bello Tart. p. 299, 300, &c.
• * 1.137

  Sabell. Ex. l. 8. c. 3. p. 429. Camer. oper. subs. cent. 1. c. 87. p. 405. Iov. Elog. l. 1. p. 43, 44.
• * 1.138

  Zac. Lusit. prax. Adm. l. 3. obs. 79. p. 382.
• * 1.139

  Treasury of ancient and modern times, l. 2. c. 10. p. 135.
• * 1.140

  Camer. oper. subs. cent. 1. c. 84. p. 390.
• * 1.141

  Athenei Deip••osaph. l. 12. c. 11. p. 541. A••lia••. var. hi••t. l. 9. c. 8. p. 237, 238.
• * 1.142

  Camer. oper. subcis. cen. 1. c. 84. p. 392.
• * 1.143

  Camer. ibid. p. 392.
• * 1.144

  Camer. ibid. c. 87. p. 407.
• * 1.145

  Zuinger. Theatr. vol. 1. l. 2. p. 204.
• * 1.146

  Zuin. ibid. p. 209.
• * 1.147

  Zuin. ibid. l. 2. p. 246.
• * 1.148

  Su••ton. in Vitellio, p. 301.
• * 1.149

  Xiphil. in. Augusto, p. 27. Wier. oper. p. 828. lib. de Irâ. Plut.
• * 1.150

  Wier. oper. p. 829. l. b. de Irâ. Heyl. Cosin. p. 107.
• * 1.151

  Herodot. l. 3. p. 161. 167. Dinoth. me∣mo••ab. l. 5. p. 353.
• * 1.152

  Herodot. l. 1. p. 88, 89. Dinoth. Me∣morab. l. 5. p. 313. Iustin. hist. l. 1. p. 23.
• * 1.153

  Wier. oper. p. ••63. lib. de jejun. commenti••.
• * 1.154

  Dict. Cret. l. 5. p. 128.
• * 1.155

  Lo••ic. Thea. p. 643. Manst. Cos. l. 2. p. H••yl. Cosm. p. 144.
• * 1.156

  Wier. oper. p. 830. lib. de irà.
• * 1.157

  Boltons 4. last thi••gs. p. 238. Clarks mir. c. 5. p. 22. Reynolds on passions. c. 15. p. 150.
• * 1.158

  Rushw. hist. coll. p. 650.
• * 1.159

  Herb. Trau. l. 2. p. 160.
• * 1.160

  Spots. hist. Char. of Scotl. l. 2. p. 114. Clarks mir. c. 33. p. 115.
• * 1.161

  Drex. Eter. prod. c. 1. §. 27. p. 40.
• * 1.162

  Speeds hist. p. 13.
• * 1.163

  Clarks mir. c. 33. p. 114.
• * 1.164

  Plut. in vi∣tâ Luculli. p. Clarks mir. c. 15. p. 583 59.
• * 1.165

  Baker. chro. p. 101, •• 106.
• * 1.166

  Luth. coll••. Mensal. p. 82.
• * 1.167

  Speeds hist. p. 539.
• * 1.168

  Trenchfeld hist. impro∣ved p. 64.
• * 1.169

  Clarks mir. c. 33. p. 117. Stowes c••r.
• * 1.170

  Camer. oper. subcis. cent. 1. c. 40. p. 188.
• * 1.171

  De Ser. hist. of France. p. 143. Heyl. Cosm. p. 88. Zuin. Thea. vol. 2. l. 7. p. 552. Camer. oper. subcisiv. cent. 1. c. 83. p. 385. Gault. tab. Chron. p. 683.
• * 1.172

  Davil. hist. l. 5. p. 374. Heyl. Cosm. p. 176. Zuin. Thea. vol. 2. l. 7. p. 552. Camer. oper. subcisiv. Cent. 1. c. 83. p. 387.
• * 1.173

  Camer. oper. subcis. Cent. 1. c. 83. p. 389.
• * 1.174

  Heyl. Cosm. p. 646. Lonic. Thea. p. 342. Zuin. Thea. vol. 2. l. 7. p. 552.
• * 1.175

  Heyl. Cosm. p. 176.
• * 1.176

  Bake. Chro. p. 18. Heyl. Cosm. p. 317.
• * 1.177

  Heyl. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 p. 848.
• * 1.178

  Burt. M••l. part 1. §. 2. p. 112.
• * 1.179

  Treasury of Ancient and Mod. times, l. 8. c. 20. p. 781
• * 1.180

  Id. ibid. p. 780.
• * 1.181

  Sa••ell••e. Ex. l. 8. c. 7. p. 457. F••lgos. Ex. l. 9. c. 1. p. 1145.
• * 1.182

  Beard. Th••. of Gods judgements, c. 21. p. 6••. Clarks mir. c. 61. p. 241.
• * 1.183

  Plut. in De∣m••trio, p.
• * 1.184

  Su••ton. l. 4. c. 37. p. 187.
• * 1.185

  Ioseph. de bello I••••ui∣co, l. 5. c. 13. p. 696. T••••it. hist. l. 2.
• * 1.186

  Hakew. Apol. l. 4. c. 9. §. 5. p. 423. Pezel. Mel∣lific. tom. 2. p. 158. Paraei Me∣dulla, tom. 1. p. 358.
• * 1.187

  Zuin. Thea. vol. 3. l. 1. p. 626.
• * 1.188

  Hale. Gold. Remains. Ser. 2. p. 27.
• * 1.189

  Bish. Godw. p. 108.
• * 1.190

  Plin. l. 11. c. 41. p. 348. Clarks mir. c. 102. p. 471.
• * 1.191

  Plut. in Antonio, p. 928.
• * 1.192

  Patricii de Regno & Regis in∣stit. l. 4. tit. 9. p. 245.
• * 1.193

  Fullers ch. hist. p. 337. Clarks mir. c. 126. p. 646.
• * 1.194

  Sabell. Ex. l. 8. c. 7. p. 457. Fulgos. Ex. l. 9. c. 1. p. 1147.
• * 1.195

  History of wonderful secrets in Nature. c. 25. fo. 79.
• * 1.196

  Fuller. Ch. hist. l. 4. cent. 15. p. 193.
• * 1.197

  Knowles Turk. hist. p. 743. Clarks mir. c. 61. p. 243.
• * 1.198

  Plin. natur. hist. l. 10. c. 51. p. 297.
• * 1.199

  Xiphil. in Vitellio p. 152. Sueton. l. 9. c. 13. p. 298. Lon. Theatr. p. 666.
• * 1.200

  Plut. i•• Luc. p. 519. Sabell. Ex. l. 8. c. 7. p. 456. Bruson. Fat. l. 3. c. 33. p. 247.
• * 1.201

  Fulg. Ex. l. 9. c. 1. p. 1549. Lon. Theatr. p. 667.
• * 1.202

  Hak. Apol. l. 4. c. 7. p. 378. Martial. l. 3. Epig. 22. p. 119. Senec. ad Helv. c. 10. p. 422.
• * 1.203

  Plin. l. 9. c. 5••. p. 267. Hak. Apol. l. 4. c. 7. p. 382.
• * 1.204

  Lamprid. Hak. Apol. l. 4. c. 7. §. 4. p. 382.
• * 1.205

  Se••ec. de cons. ad Hel. c. 9. p. 421. Sueton. l. 4. c. 37. p. 187. Hak. Apol. l. 4. c. 7. §. 4. p. 382.
• * 1.206

  Plin. nat. hist. l. 33. c. 11. p. 481. Hak. Apol. l. 4. c. 7. §. 4. p. 375.
• * 1.207

  Plut. Athen. Delp. l. 4. c. 1. p. 128. Hak. Apol. l. 4. c. 7. §. 8. p. 391.
• * 1.208

  Plin. nat. hist. l. 9. c. 35. p. 257. Plut. in Antonio p. Hak. Apol. l. 4. c. 6. §. 4. p. 369. Bru••. Fat. l. 3. c. 33. p. 247. Fulg. Ex. l. 9. c. 1. p. 1137.
• * 1.209

  Plin. nat. hist. l. 9. c. 35. p. 255. Hak. Apol. l. 4. c. 6. §. 4. p. 370.
• * 1.210

  Din. mem. l. 6. p. 448
• * 1.211

  Ath. Deip. l. 10. p. 413. Bruy. de ••e cib. l. 3. c. 6. p. 158.
• * 1.212

  Ath. Deip. l. 10. p. 414.
• * 1.213

  Ath. Deip. l. 10. p. 415.
• * 1.214

  Capitol. in Maxim. p. Lips. Epist. Misc. Epist. 51. p. 456.
• * 1.215

  Capitol. Lips Epist. M••s••. Epist. 51. p. 457. Sab. E. l. 10. c. ••0. p. 587.
• * 1.216

  Bak. Chron. p. 25.
• * 1.217

  Ath. Deip. l. 10. p. 412.
• * 1.218

  Ath. Deip. l. 10. p. 412. Bruy. de re cib. l. 3. c. 5. p. 157. Marsil. Cag. de sanit. tuend. l. 1. c. 6. p. 19.
• * 1.219

  Vopis. in Aurel. c. 50. p. 898. Lips. Epist. Misc. Ep. 51. p. 457.
• * 1.220

  Lips. ibid. p. 457. Iov. Elog. l. 1. p. 57. Din. l. 6. p. 549. Camer. oper. subcis. cen. 2. c. 30. p. 129. Schot. Phys. curios. l. 3. c. 12. p. 458. Iohnst. hist. of wonders. things of Nature, Class. 10. c. 2. p. 31.
• * 1.221

  Cag. de san. tuend. l. 1. c. 6. p. 19. Don. hist. med. mirab. l. 2. c. 2. p. 194. Schot. Phys. curios. l. 3. c. 12. p. 458.
• * 1.222

  Tayl. Poems, p. 142. Full. worth. p. 86. Kent. Sands notes on Ovid's Met. l. 8. p. 162.
• * 1.223

  Schenck. obs. med. l. 3. obs. 4. p. 304. Cag. de san∣tuend. l. 1. c. 6. p. 22. Iohnst. nat. hist. clas. 10. c. 2. p. 312.
• * 1.224

  Schenck. obs. med. l. 3. obs. 6. p. 304.
• * 1.225

  Crol. Basil. chym. praef. ad monit. p. 128.
• * 1.226

  Mr. Boyls Exp. philos. par. 2. Essay 3. p. 86.
• * 1.227

  Zhin. Theat. vol. 2. l. 2. p. 279.
• * 1.228

  Sabel. Ex. l. 10. c. 10. p. 587.
• * 1.229

  Fabrit. obs. chirurg. cent. 4. obs. 31. p. 312.
• * 1.230

  Din. mem. l. 6. p. 448. Hak. Apol. l. 4. c. 6. ••. 5. p. 371.
• * 1.231

  Capit••lin. p. 602.
• * 1.232

  Vopis. in Aurel. c. 50. p. 898. Hak. Apol. l. 4. c. 6. ••.5. p. 371.
• * 1.233

  Lips. Epist. Miscel. Ep. 51. p. 454.
• * 1.234

  Camer. oper. subtis. cent. c. p. Hak. Apol. l. 4. c. 6. §. 5. p. 371.
• * 1.235

  Plut. Shott as in Phys. curios. l. 3. c. 12. p. 462. Lips. Ep. Miscel. Ep. 51. p. 454. Bruyer. de te. cibariâ l. 3. c. 6. p. 161.
• * 1.236

  Lips. Ep. Misc. Ep. 51. p. 454. Shott. Phys. curios. l. 3. c. 12. p. 462.
• * 1.237

  Plin. nat. hist. l. 14. c. 22. p. 427. Din. mem. l. 1. p. 448. Iohnst. nat. hist. clas. 10.6.2. p. 313.
• * 1.238

  Lips. Epist. Misc. Ep. 51. p. 456. Ni••et. An. l. 3. fol. 16. Din. mem. l. 6. p. 448.
• * 1.239

  Lips. Ep. Misc. Ep. 51. p. 456.
• * 1.240

  Din. mem. l. 6. p. 449.
• * 1.241

  Din. mem. l. 6. p. 448.
• * 1.242

  Hak. Apol. l. 4. c. 6. p. 364.
• * 1.243

  Cael. Antiq. lect. l. 29. c. 17. p. 1364. Zuin. Theat. vol. 2. l. 5. p. 402.
• * 1.244

  Barthol. hist. Anat. cent. 1. hist. 39. p. 54, 55.
• * 1.245

  Aelian. var. hist. l. 2. c. 41. p. 79.
• * 1.246

  Aelian. var. hist. l. 2. c. 41. p. 82.
• * 1.247

  Athen. Dei∣pros. l. 2. c. 2. p. 37. Camer. oper. subcis. cent. 1. c. 94. p. 443. Lonic. Thea. p. 665. Cael. Rbod. l. 17. c. 2. p. 765. Delrio. Disq. Mag. l. 2. qu. 27. §. 1. p. 317. Burt. Mel. part 1. §. 2. p. 163.
• * 1.248

  Lonic. Thea. p. 66••.
• * 1.249

  Henric. ab Heeres obse Med. l. 1. obs. 17. p. 167.
• * 1.250

  Henric. ab Heeres obs•• Medic. obs. 17. p. 163.
• * 1.251

  Henric. ab Heeres ib. obs. 17. p. 163.
• * 1.252

  Henric. ab Heeres ib. l. 1. obs. 17. p. 165.
• * 1.253

  Lonic. T••••••. p. 662. Aug. tom. 10. Ser. 33. Burt. Mel. part 1. §. 2. p. 112.
• * 1.254

  Loni••. T••ea. p. 6••2.
• * 1.255

  Zonar. A••∣nal. tom. 3. p. 126. Lonic. Thea. p. 666. Zuin. Thea. vol. 2. l. 7. p. 559.
• * 1.256

  Diodor. Si••. bibl. l. 17. p. 580. Zuin. Thea. vol. 2. l. 7. p. 503. Lonic. Thea. p. 673.
• * 1.257

  Diodor. Si••. bibl. l. 20. p. 671.
• * 1.258

  Stows Ann. p. 385.
• * 1.259

  Laert. l. 4. p. 107.
• * 1.260

  Clarks mir. c. 42. p. 148.
• * 1.261

  Clarks mir. ibid.
• * 1.262

  Clarks mir. c. 42. p. 149.
• * 1.263

  Iust. hist. l. 12. p. 139.
• * 1.264

  Plin. l. 9. c. 35. p. 256. Caus. hol. Court, tom. 1. lib. 3. p. 93.
• * 1.265

  Caus. hol. Court, tom. 3. Max. 1••. p. 418. Hist. Manu. Arts, c. 7. p. 97.
• * 1.266

  Lonic. Thea. p. 649.
• * 1.267

  Bakers Chron. p. 198.
• * 1.268

  Lonic. Thea. p. 650.
• * 1.269

  Plut. in Lu∣c••l. p. Sabell. Ex. l. 8. c. 7. p. 456. Hak••w. Apol. l. 4. c. 9. §. 2. p. 414.
• * 1.270

  Hora. Ep. 6.
• * 1.271

  Martial. l. 8. Epig. 46.
• * 1.272

  Nicet. Cho∣niat. Anna. de gestis Alexii, l. 1. p. 54, 55. Lips••i Mo∣nit. l. 2. c. 15. p. 360, 361. Camerar. bor. subcis. cent. 2. c. 30. p. 129, 130. Drexel. de cultu cor∣po••is, l. 3. c. 8. §. 6. p. 426.
• * 1.273

  Drexell. de cultu corp. l. 3. c. 10. §. 5. p. 432.
• * 1.274

  Sueton. l. 4. c. 52. p. 195, 196.
• * 1.275

  Paraei hist. prof. medul. tom. 1. p. 398, 399.
• * 1.276

  Stub. Ana••. of Abuses, p. 44. Chetw. hist. collect. cent. 14. p. 423.
• * 1.277

  History of the life of the Duke of Espe••non, part 2. l. 5. p. 235.
• * 1.278

  Fullers Worthies p. 142. Buck∣ingham∣shire.
• * 1.279

  Hakew. Apol. l. 4. c. 9. §. 5. p. 423.
• * 1.280

  Fullers pro∣phane state, l. 5. c. 14. p. 437.
• * 1.281

  Herb. Trav. l. 3 p. 340.
• * 1.282

  Fincel. mandat. 4. Clarks mir. c. 17. p. 62.
• * 1.283

  Fincel. l. 2. Clarks mir. c. 17. p. 62.
• * 1.284

  Plut. in. Ar∣texerx. p. 1019.
• * 1.285

  Cla••ks mir. c. 61. p. 240.
• * 1.286

  Cael. Anti••. lect. l. 20. c. 24. p.
• * 1.287

  Zuin. Theat. vol. 10. l. 5. p. 2482.
• * 1.288

  Zuin. Theat. vol. 10. l. 5. p. 2482.
• * 1.289

  Zuin. Theat. vol. 10. l. 5. p. 2482.
• * 1.290

  Caus. Trea∣tise of the Passions, p. 118, 119.
• * 1.291

  Iz. Walton's life of Sir Henry Wotton, p. 45, 46.
• * 1.292

  Fitz-Herb. o•• ••••lig. and Policy, par. 1. c. 3. p. 25, 26.
• * 1.293

  Fullers Worthies, p. 355. Gloces••ersh.
• * 1.294

  Howells Epistles vol. 1. §. 3. Ep. 36. p. 9••
• * 1.295

  Lord Remy his Civill Considerat. c. 65. p. 167.
• * 1.296

  Lord Remy his Civill consid. c. 6••▪ p. 166.
• * 1.297

  Lord Remy Civil co••∣siderat. c. 65. p. 168.
• * 1.298

  Bish. Cowp. S••rm. p. 56. Ch••twinds ••ist. collect. c••n. 2. p. 42.
• * 1.299

  Melch. Ad. vit. Germ. Med. p. 133.
• * 1.300

  Schot. Phys. curios. l. 1. c. 36. p. 177. H••yw. ••l••r. l. 7. p. 480.
• * 1.301

  Delrio disq. magic. l. 2. Q••. 29. §. 1. p. 356.
• * 1.302

  H••yl. Cosmo. p. 790. Speeds hist. p. 232. Chetwinds hist. collect. c••nt. 7. p. 181. Herodia••. l. 4. p. 236, 237.
• * 1.303

  Fitz-Herb. of Relig. and Policy, par. 1. c. 36. p. 449, 450.
• * 1.304

  Mr. Boyles Ext. Phil. Essay p. 4. Kornman. de mira••. mort. l. 6. c. 36. p. 18.
• * 1.305

  Zuin. Theat. vol. 1. l. 3. p. 231, 232. Augu••tin. Retract. l. 6. c. 8. p. 73.
• * 1.306

  Gaulter. tab. Chron. p. 17.
• * 1.307

  Vicent le Blan••'s Tra∣vels, tom. 1. c. 32. p. 145.
• * 1.308

  Heyl. Cosm. p. 24. Herb▪ Trav. l. 1. p. 6. Hak. Apol. l. 3. c. 8. p. 248, 249. Purch. Pilg. tom. 1. l. 8. c. 1. p. 895.
• * 1.309

  Hak. Apol. l. 3. c. 8. §. 3. p. 355.
• * 1.310

  Full. Eccles. hist. in his praes. to the second book, p. 47.
• * 1.311

  Hak. Apol. l. 3. c. 7. §. 2. p. 236.
• * 1.312

  Hak. Apol. l. 3. c. 7. §. 2. p. 236.
• * 1.313

  Hak. Apol. l. 3. c. 7. §. 2. p. 236.
• * 1.314

  Hak. Apol. l. 3. c. 8. §. 1. p. 247.
• * 1.315

  Hak. Apol. l. 3. c. 8. §. 1. p. 248.
• * 1.316

  Hak. Apol. l. 3. c. 8. §. 1. p. 248. Ioseph. against Apion. l. 1. p. 768.
• * 1.317

  Herb. Trav. l. 3. p. 343.
• * 1.318

  Hak. Apol. l. 3. c. 8. §. 1. p. 249.
• * 1.319

  Hak. Apol. l. 3. c. 7. §. 2. p. 237.
• * 1.320

  Hak. Apol. in advert. 3. p. 5.
• * 1.321

  Coel. Antiq. lect. l. 7. c. 28. p. 326.
• * 1.322

  Glanvil. plus ultra. c. 10. p. 73, 74, 75.
• * 1.323

  Sandys in Ovid. M••t. l. 7. p. 144.
• * 1.324

  Camer. oper. subc. cent. 1. c. 15. p. 90.
• * 1.325

  Camer. oper. subc. cent. 2. c. 32. p. 137.
• * 1.326

  Camer. oper. subcis. ce••▪ 2. c. 32. p. 137.
• * 1.327

  Textor. Offic. l. ••. c. 47. p. 679.
• * 1.328

  Textor. Offic. l. 5. c. 47. p. 679.
• * 1.329

  Textor. Offic. l. 5. c. 47. p. 679.
• * 1.330

  Textor. Offic. l. 5. c. 47. p. 679.
• * 1.331

  Textor. Offic. l. 5. c. 47. p. 679.
• * 1.332

  Herod. l. 5. Zuin. Theat. vol. 20. l. 1. p. 3639.
• * 1.333

  Zuin. Theat. vol. 20. l. 1. p. 3639.
• * 1.334

  Zuin. Theat. vol. 20. l. 1. p. 3640.
• * 1.335

  Zuin. Theat. vol. 20. l. 1. p. 3640.
• * 1.336

  Camer. med. hist. cent. 1. c. 16. p. 94.
• * 1.337

  Diodor. Sic. rer. Antiq. l. 3. c. 3. p. 75.
• * 1.338

  Camer. oper. subcis. cen. 2. c. 89. p. 340. Zonar. Annal. to. 3. p. 122.
• * 1.339

  Knowles Turk. hist. p. 185, 186.
• * 1.340

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 2. p. 145. Sueton. p. 225, 227. in Claudio. Lonic. Thea. p. 471.
• * 1.341

  P••zel. Mell. hist. tom. 2. p. 231.
• * 1.342

  Aelian. var. hist. l. 13. c. 15. p. 369.
• * 1.343

  Zuin. Thea. vol. 1. l. 3. p. 224.
• * 1.344

  Zuin. Thea. vol. 1. l. 3. p. 225.
• * 1.345

  Plin. nat. hist. l. 7. c. 24. p. 168. Solin. c. 7. p. 195. Sabell. Ex. l. 10. c. 9. p. 583.
• * 1.346

  Schenck. Obser. Med. l. 1. Obs. 1. p. 68. Zuin. Thea. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 35.
• * 1.347

  Schenck. Obs. Med. l. 1. Obs. 2. p. 68.
• * 1.348

  Coel. Antiq. lect. l. 13. c. 31. p. 616. Senec. Epist. 27. p.
• * 1.349

  Schenck. Obs. Med. l. 1. Obs. 3. p. 68.
• * 1.350

  Fulgos. Ex. l. 1. c. 6. Schenck. Obs. Med. l. 1. Obs. 4. p. 68.
• * 1.351

  Schenck. Obs. Med. l. 1. Obs. 8. p. 68.
• * 1.352

  Zuin. Thea. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 36.
• * 1.353

  Quenstedht Dialog. de Patr. vir. Illustr. p. 496.
• * 1.354

  Schenck. Obs. Med. l. 1. Obs. 8. p. 68.
• * 1.355

  Sutton. l. 5. c. 39. p. 227. Zuin. Thea. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 36.
• * 1.356

  Iohnst. nat. hist. Cl. 10. c. 9. p. 353.
• * 1.357

  Coel. Antiq. lect. l. 20. c. 10. p. 933.
• * 1.358

  Langii Po∣lyanth. p. 811.
• * 1.359

  Zuin. Thea. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 36.
• * 1.360

  Zuin. Thea. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 36.
• * 1.361

  History of the Caribby Islands, l. 2. c. 23. p. 337.
• * 1.362

  Lips. Monit. l. 1. c. 3. p. 35.
• * 1.363

  Clarks mir. c. 54. p. 216.
• * 1.364

  Purch. Pil. vol. 2. p. 1539. Clarks mir. c. 54. p. 216.
• * 1.365

  Herodot. l. 7. p. 397. Lonic. Thea. p. 368. Clarks mir. c. 102. p. 473.
• * 1.366

  Dio. Cassi. l. 39. p. 397. & 405. Xiphil. in Caligul. p. 98. Sueton. l. 4. c. 55. p. 197.
• * 1.367

  Herb. Trav. l. 2. p. 209. Clarks mir. c. 102. p. 474.
• * 1.368

  Plater. Obs. l. 1. p. 42, 43.
• * 1.369

  Plater. Obs. l. 1. p. 42.
• * 1.370

  Herodot. l. 7. p. 411.
• * 1.371

  Herodo. l. 4. Zuin. Thea. vol. 2. l. 6. p. 430.
• * 1.372

  Caus. Holy Court, tom. 1. l. 2. p. 38.
• * 1.373

  Caus. Hol. Court, ibid.
• * 1.374

  Coel. Rhod. Antiq. l. 30. c. 4. p. 1390.
• * 1.375

  Caus. Hol. Court, tom. 1. l. 3. p. 93.
• * 1.376

  Lonic. Thea. p. 370.
• * 1.377

  Hakew. Apol. l. 4. c. 9. §. 5. p. 423.
• * 1.378

  Sueton. in Caligulâ, p. 177. Senec. de irâ, l. 1. c. 16. p. 299. Hakew. Apol. l. 4. c. 10. §. 1. p. 426.
• * 1.379

  Zuin. Theat. vol. 1. l. 2. p. 197.
• * 1.380

  Sabell. Ex. l. 4. c. 1. p. 179.
• * 1.381

  Aelian. var. hist. l 8. c. 4. p. 215, 216.
• * 1.382

  Or••el. Epit. fol. 55. Camer. oper. subc. cent. 1. c. 81. p. 374.
• * 1.383

  Herod. l. 2. p. 137. Sandys Re∣lat. l. 2. p. 128, 129. Heyl. Cosin. l. 4. p. 923. Bellon. Lithgows Travels p. 311. Diod. Sicul. r••rum. Ant. l. 1. c. 2. p. 29. Knowles Turk. hist. p. 544.
• * 1.384

  Knowles Turk. hist•• p. 670.
• * 1.385

  Camer. oper. subc. cent. 1. c. 81. p. 370.
• * 1.386

  Camer. oper. subc. cent. 1. c. 81. p. 371.
• * 1.387

  Camer. oper. s••bc. cent. 1. c. 81. p. 372. Tacit. Annal. l. 5. Sueton. in N••ron. l. 6. c. 31. p. 251.
• * 1.388

  Camer. oper. s••bc. cent. 1. c. 81. p. 373.
• * 1.389

  Camer. oper subc. cent. 1. c. 81. p. 373.
• * 1.390

  Camer. oper. subc. cent. 1. c. 81. p. 373.
• * 1.391

  Camer. oper. subc. cent. 1. c. 81. p. 375.
• * 1.392

  Burt. Mel. par. 3. §. 3. p. 566. Purchas. Pilg. tom. 1. l. 1. c. 15. p. 79.
• * 1.393

  Hippocrat. Epist. ad Damaget. Burt. Mel. in his Ep. to the Rea∣der, p. 23, 24, 25, &c.
• * 1.394

  Val. Max. l. 3. c. 7. p. ••6.
• * 1.395

  Val. Max. l. 3. c. 7. p. 84. Lon. Theat. p. 373.
• * 1.396

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 11. p. 293.
• * 1.397

  Zuin. Theat. vol. 3. l. 5. p. 766.
• * 1.398

  Val. Max. l. 3. c. 7. p. 86.
• * 1.399

  Simson Ch. hist. l. 4. cent. 4. p. 486, 491. Socrat. Eccl. hist. l. 1. c. 20. p. 245.
• * 1.400

  Stowes An. p. 719.
• * 1.401

  Knowles Turk. hist. p. 299. Din. mem. l. 3. p. 166, 167. Iov. Elog. l. 2. p. 100. Beards Theat. l. 1. c. 27. p. 169, 170.
• * 1.402

  Camer. oper. subc. cent. 2. c. 78. p. 308. Knowles Turk. hist. p. 654.
• * 1.403

  Zuin. Theat. vol. 2. l. 4. p. 341. Fulg. l. 9. c. 6. p. 1230.
• * 1.404

  Zuin. Theat. vol. 2. l. 7. p. 522.
• * 1.405

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 5. p. 208, 209. Fulg. l. 9. c. 6. p. 1216. Beard's Th••at. l. 1. c. 27. p. 169.
• * 1.406

  Beard. Thea. l. 1. c. 28. p. 178.
• * 1.407

  Herb. Trav. l. 2. p. 190.
• * 1.408

  Bishop God∣win, p. 73.
• * 1.409

  Speeds hist. p. 380. Chetw. hist. collect. cent. 7. p. 198.
• * 1.410

  Speeds map. p. 9.
• * 1.411

  Radau. Orat. Ext. pars 2. c. 10. p. 260.
• * 1.412

  Camer. oper. sabcis. cent. 2. c. 77. p. 303.
• * 1.413

  Camer. oper. s••bcis. cent. 2. c. 77. p. 303.
• * 1.414

  Liv. hist. Clark. mir. c. 95. p. 429.
• * 1.415

  Orosii hist. l. 6. c. 18. p. 266.
• * 1.416

  Sabellic. Exemp. l. 6. c. 3. p. 324. Plin. l. 34. c. 6. p. 492.
• * 1.417

  Sabell. Ex. l. 8. c. 8. p. 461.
• * 1.418

  Clark. mir. c. 72. p. 314. Plin. l. 34. c. 6. p. 492.
• * 1.419

  Xiphil. in Caligulâ, p. 95.
• * 1.420

  Plut. in Alcibiad. p. 203. Sabell. Ex. l. 8. c. 8. p. 462.
• * 1.421

  Fullers Worthies p. 82. Bark∣shire.
• * 1.422

  Heyl. Cosm. p. 553.
• * 1.423

  Heyl. ibid. Socrat. Ec∣cles. hist. l. 3. c. 11. p. 304.
• * 1.424

  Bak••r. Chro. p. 514.
• * 1.425

  Petron. Arb. in Satyr. p. 140, 141, &c.
• * 1.426

  Coel. Rhod. lect. Antiq. l. 11. c. 13. p. 499. Brusen. face∣tiar. l. 4. c. 7. p. 278.
• * 1.427

  Caus. hol. Court, tom. 1. l. 2. p. 56.
• * 1.428

  Zonar. Ann. tom. 1. ••ol. 42.
• * 1.429

  Plut. in. vi∣ta Crassi, p. 543. Plin. l. 3. c. 10. p. 479.
• * 1.430

  Z••in. Theat. vol. 3. l. 1. p. 616. Hak. Apol. l. 4. c. 5.9.1. p. 352.
• * 1.431

  Clarks mir. c. 33. p. 113.
• * 1.432

  Herod. l. 1. p. 77, 78.
• * 1.433

  F••ll. worth. p. 84. Barks.
• * 1.434

  F••ll. ch. ••ist. l. 10. cent. 17. p. 57.
• * 1.435

  Lips. monit. l. 1. c. 5. p. 73, 74.
• * 1.436

  Pulg. l. 9. c. 4. p. 1191.
• * 1.437

  Fulg. l. 9. c. 4. p. 1199.
• * 1.438

  Val. Max. l. 7. c. 10. p. 206.
• * 1.439

  Val. Max: l. 9. c. 4. p. 256.
• * 1.440

  Val. Max. l. 9. c. 4. p. 256.
• * 1.441

  Su••ton. l. 10. c. 16. p. 313. Hak. Apol. l. 4. c. 5. §. 4. p. 357.
• * 1.442

  Su••ton. l. 4. c. 42. p. 190.
• * 1.443

  Hak. Apol. l. 4. c. 5. §. 4. p. 357.
• * 1.444

  Su••ton. l. 7. c. 12. p. 277. Hak. Apol. l. 4. c. 5. §. 3. p. 355. Fulg. Ex. l. 9. c. 4. p. 1194.
• * 1.445

  Zuin. Theat. vol. 2. l. 5. p. 408.
• * 1.446

  Caus. hol. Court. tom. 2. Max. 12. p. 399.
• * 1.447

  Appian. ••ell. civil. l. 5. p. 104. Hak. Apol. l. 4. c. 5. p. 355.
• * 1.448

  Petr. Greg. de Repub. l. 3. c. 5. §. 9. p. 54.
• * 1.449

  Liv. l. 7. p. 126. Su••ton. in Neron. c. 10. p. 237.
• * 1.450

  Petr. Greg. de Repub. l. 3. c. 5. p. 55.
• * 1.451

  Hak. Apol. l. 4. c. 5. p. 357.
• * 1.452

  Petr. Greg. de Repub. l. 3. c. 6. p. 56.
• * 1.453

  Su••ton. in Caligul. c. 40. p. 189.
• * 1.454

  Petr. Greg. de Repub. l. 3. c. 6. p. 57.
• * 1.455

  Petr. Greg. l. 3. c. 6. p. 57.
• * 1.456

  Herodian. Lamprid.
• * 1.457

  Petr. Greg. de Repub. l. 3. c. 4. p. 51. §. 13.
• * 1.458

  Petr. Greg. de Repub. l. 3. c. 4. p. 52.
• * 1.459

  Lips. de Constantiâ, l. 2. c. 23. p. 210, 211.
• * 1.460

  Alex. •••• Alexandr. l. 4. c. 10. p. Herod. l. 3.
• * 1.461

  Zuin. The••t. vol. 3. l. 6. p. 812.
• * 1.462

  Bak. Chron. p. 16.
• * 1.463

  Rad. orat. Extemp. pars 2. c. 12. p. 283, 284.
• * 1.464

  Plin. nat. hist. l. 12. c. 1. p. 358. Mag••ri. Polymn. p. 2213.
• * 1.465

  Magiri. Polym••. p. 2214.
• * 1.466

  Magiri. Polymn. p. 2213.
• * 1.467

  Magiri. Polymn. p. 2214.
• * 1.468

  Magiri. Polymn. p. 2214.
• * 1.469

  Magiri. Polymn. p. 2213.
• * 1.470

  Plin. nat. hist. l. 12. c. 4. p. 360.
• * 1.471

  Petr. Greg. de Repub. l. 3. c. 6. p. 57.
• * 1.472

  Dugdale's Antiq. War∣wicksh. p. 38.
• * 1.473

  Full. Chur. hist. l. 2. cent. 11. p. 142. Burt. Mel. part. 3. § 2. p. 452.
• * 1.474

  Full. Chur. hist. l. 2. cent. 11. p. 142.
• * 1.475

  Eras. Collo. in Conviv. Fabul••s. p. 313.
• * 1.476

  Eras. Collo. in Conviv. Fabulos. p. 314.
• * 1.477

  Camer. oper. subcis. cent. 1. c. 64. p. 290.
• * 1.478

  Camer. oper. subcis. cent. 1. c. 64. p. 291.
• * 1.479

  Camer. oper. subcis. cent. 1. c. 64. p. 291.
• * 1.480

  Lonic. T••ea. p. 523.
• * 1.481

  Camer. oper. subcis. cent. 1. c. 65. p. 294.
• * 1.482

  Camer. oper. subcis. cent. 1. c. 64. p. 291, 292. Sabell. hist. Venet. de∣cad. 3. l. 6. Zuin. Thea. vol. 3. l. 1. p. 604.
• * 1.483

  Wieri oper. lib. de 〈◊〉〈◊〉 p. 140, 141▪ 142.
• * 1.484

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 5. p. 188.
• * 1.485

  Speeds hist. p. 706.
• * 1.486

  Knowles T••rk hist. p. 255, 256, &c. Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 5. p. 200.
• * 1.487

  Val. Max. l. 9. c. 15. p. 274.
• * 1.488

  Val. Max. l. 9. c. 15. p. 275.
• * 1.489

  Lips. Ex. po∣lit. l. 2. c. 5. p. 188. Petr. Greg. de Repub. l. 7. c. 18. p. 295.
• * 1.490

  Iustin. hist. l. 35. p. 268. Lips. Ex. po∣lit. l. 2. c. 5. p. 190. Petr. Greg. de Repub. l. 7. c. 18. p. 295.
• * 1.491

  Lips. mon. l. 2. c. 5. p. 193.
• * 1.492

  Lips. Ex. polit. l. 2. c. 5. p. 194.
• * 1.493

  Lips. Ex. polit. l. 2. c. 5. p. 195.
• * 1.494

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 5. p. 200.
• * 1.495

  Caus. holy Cour. tom. 1. l. 2. p. 57.
• * 1.496

  Hist. of the Cardinals par. 3. l. 1. p. 248.
• * 1.497

  Lips. mon. l. 2. c. 5. p. 223.
• * 1.498

  Plut. in Sertorie, p. 582.
• * 1.499

  Pezel. Mell. tom. 1. p. 333, 338. Clarks mir. c. 102. p. 472.
• * 1.500

  Clarks mir. c. 102. p. 471.
• * 1.501

  Clarks mir. c. 86. p. 373.
• * 1.502

  Clarks mir. c. 86. p. 377.
• * 1.503

  Sand. Relat. l. 2. p. 113.
• * 1.504

  Guaz. de ci∣vili conver. l. 2. p. 329.
• * 1.505

  Zain. Theat. vol. 1. l. 2. p. 154. Guaz. de civ. conver. l. 2. p. 330. Fulg. Ex. l. 8. c. 15. p. 1102.
• * 1.506

  Guaz. ibid. l. 2. p. 331.
• * 1.507

  Muret. var. lect. l. 12. c. 12. p. 317.
• * 1.508

  Solinus c. 43. p. 384. Val. Max. l. 8. c. 14. p. 2••0. Lon. Theatr. p. 638. Din. mem. l. 5. p. 346.
• * 1.509

  Bak. Chron. p. 349, 350. Poly Virg. Din. l. 5. p. 347. Speeds hist•• p. 754.
• * 1.510

  Plater. obsi l. 3. p. 862.
• * 1.511

  Plut. in Themist. p. 113, 114. Val. Max. l. 8. c. 14. p. 239. Lips. mon. l. 2. c. 17. p. 404. Fulg. Ex. l. 8. c. 15. p. 1001.
• * 1.512

  Iov. Elog. Din. l. 5. p. 347.
• * 1.513

  Sueton. l. 1. c. 7. p. 8. Din. l. 8. p. 498. Lips. mon. l. 2. c. 18. p. 405.
• * 1.514

  Lips. mon. l. 2. c. 18. p. 406.
• * 1.515

  Lips. mon. l. 2. c. 14. p. 406.
• * 1.516

  Lips. mon. l. 2. c. 14. p. 407.
• * 1.517

  Fulg. Ex. l. 8. c. 15. p. 1099.
• * 1.518

  Lon. Theatr. p. 636. Fulg. Ex. l. 8. c. 15. p. 1106.
• * 1.519

  Val. Max. l. 8. c. 14. p. 240.
• * 1.520

  Zuin. Theat. vol. 2. l. 5. p. 394. Feltham's Resol. p. 47. Fulg. Ex. l. 8. c. 15. p. 1108, 1109.
• * 1.521

  Sueton. l. 6. c. 55. p. 268.
• * 1.522

  Pezel. Mell. hist. tom. 2. p. 193.
• * 1.523

  Fulg. Ex. l. 8. c. 15. p. 1104.
• * 1.524

  Fullers hol. State, l. 1. c. 15. p. 45.
• * 1.525

  Caus. holy Court. tom. 3. Max. 15. p. 418. Camer. oper. subc. cent. 2. c. 38. p. 164. Sabell. l. 4. dec. 1. Zuin. vol. 2. l. 4. p 364.
• * 1.526

  Plut. in Lucullo▪ p. 505.
• * 1.527

  Lips. mon. l. 2. c. 14. p. 342. Raleigh's hist. Wo••ld, l. 2. c. 18. §. 6. p. 430.
• * 1.528

  Bak. Chron. p. 40.
• * 1.529

  Lon. Theat. p. 637.
• * 1.530

  Polyd. Virg. l. 13. p. 212. Speeds hist. p. 478.
• * 1.531

  M. de Serres hist. of France, p. 113, 114. Lon. Theatr. p. 641. Sims. ch. hist. l. 1. cent. 12. p. 114.
• * 1.532

  D••lr. disq. magic. p. 245. P••lyd. Virg. hist. Angl. l. 15. p. 284. Bak. Chron. p. 110. Full. Worth. p. 203.
• * 1.533

  Lon. Theatr. p. 628.
• * 1.534

  Lon. Theatr. p. 637.
• * 1.535

  Tacit. Ann. Lips. mon. l. 2. c. 16. p. 365.
• * 1.536

  Grimston's hist. of the Netherlands l. 1. p. 30.
• * 1.537

  Burt. Mel. par. 1. §. 2. p. 117.
• * 1.538

  Aelian. var. hist. l. 1. c. 28. p. 124.
• * 1.539

  Plin. l. 35. c. 10. p. 536.
• * 1.540

  Bish. God∣win, p. 90. Che••win's hist. collect. cent. 5. p. 158.
• * 1.541

  Laert. vit. Phil. l. 7. p. 208.
• * 1.542

  Plut. in vit. Sert. p. 579. Clark's mir. c. 102. p. 476.
• * 1.543

  Oros. hist. l. 6. c. 18. p. 267.
• * 1.544

  Court of K. Iames, by A. W. p. 131, 132, &c.
• * 1.545

  Plut. in Lucullo, p. 509. Clarks mir. c. 104. p. 500.
• * 1.546

  Plut. in P. Aemyl. p. 269.
• * 1.547

  Stows A••. p. 532, 54••.
• * 1.548

  Caus. hol. Court, tom. 2. p. 465.
• * 1.549

  Clark. lives of ten emi∣nent divin. p. 12.
• * 1.550

  Athen. deip. l. 12. c. 9. p. 539.
• * 1.551

  Full. hol. stat. l. 2. c. 4. p. 57.
• * 1.552

  Full. hol. stat. l. 2. c. 3. p. 54.
• * 1.553

  Clark. mir. c. 102. p. 471.
• * 1.554

  Knowles T••rk. hist. p. 205.
• * 1.555

  Bi••h. Spots. hist. Chur. Scotland. l. 2. p. 44.
• * 1.556

  Caus. hol. Court, tom. 1. Max. 1. p. 342.
• * 1.557

  Lips. ••onit. l. 2. c. 2. p. 154. Caus. hol. Court, tom. 1. l. 5. p. 144. Zo••a••. An∣nal. ••om. 3. p. 123. Pezel. mell. hist. tom. 2. p. 293.
• * 1.558

  Val. M••x. l. 9. ••. 8. p. 261.
• * 1.559

  Schent. obs. medic. l. 1. p. 5.
• * 1.560

  Patric. de Reg. l. 6. tit. 14. p. 387.
• * 1.561

  Val. Max. l. 9. c. 8. p. 262.
• * 1.562

  Vaug. Flor. solit. p. 126, 127.
• * 1.563

  Sueton. l. 4. c. 31. p. 184.
• * 1.564

  Knowles Turk. hist. p. 216.
• * 1.565

  Caus. hol. Court, tom. 2. §. 8. p. 471.
• * 1.566

  Bruson. sa∣cet. l. 3. c. 36. p. 252.
• * 1.567

  Sueton. l. 2. c. 28. p. 69.
• * 1.568

  Plut. in Mario, p. 432, 433. Patricit de Reg. l. 5. ••. 350.
• * 1.569

  Pl••t. de tranq. Ani∣mi, p. 147.
• * 1.570

  Iuvenal. Satyr. 9.
• * 1.571

  Prid. intro. to hist. i•• terv. 7. ••. 10. p. 144, 145.
• * 1.572

  Clarks mir. c. 88. p. 388.
• * 1.573

  Plut. moral. lib. de Tran. anim. p. 154.
• * 1.574

  Plut. lib. d•• Tran. anim. p. 147.
• * 1.575

  Coel. Rod. Lect. Anti. l. 8. c. 1. p. 343.
• * 1.576

  Camb. Brit. Full. Worth. p. 256. Gloucest.
• * 1.577

  Camer. oper. subcis. cent. 1. c. 92. p. 429.
• * 1.578

  Camer. oper. subcis. cent. 1. c. 92. p. 430.
• * 1.579

  Beda. l. 3. c. 22. p. 118. Full. Chur. hist. l. 2. cent. 7. p. 83.
• * 1.580

  Lonic. Thea. p. 577.
• * 1.581

  Fulgos. l. 9. c. 7. p. 1245. Ioseph. Ant. l. 20. c. 4. p. 519.
• * 1.582

  Zuin. Thea. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 94. Fitz-Herb. Rel. & Pol. part. 1. c. 7. p. 57.
• * 1.583

  Fitz-Herb. Rel. & Pol. part. 1. c. 7. p. 57.
• * 1.584

  Fitz-Herb. Rel. & Pol. part. 1. c. 7. p. 58.
• * 1.585

  Herb. Trav. l. 2. p. 172.
• * 1.586

  I. Huighe•• Linschotens voyag. l. 1. c. 17. p. 30.
• * 1.587

  Herb. Trav. •••• 2. p. 172.
• * 1.588

  Lonic. Thea. p. 356.
• * 1.589

  Plut. in vi∣tà Pericl. p. 167. Fulgos. l. 9. c. 14. p. 1345. Zuin. Thea. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 81.
• * 1.590

  Baker. Chro. p. 270. Graston. vol. 2. p. 599.
• * 1.591

  Zuin. Thea. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 38.
• * 1.592

  Sueton. l. 12. c. 14. p. 338.
• * 1.593

  Phil. de Comines, l. 6. c. 12. p. 214, 215. Li••s. monit. l. 1. c. 3. p. 23. De Serres gen. hist. p. 415.
• * 1.594

  Zuin. Thea. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 78.
• * 1.595

  Val. Max. l. 9. c. 13. p. 271.
• * 1.596

  Val. Max. ibid. Zuin. Thea. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 38.
• * 1.597

  Clark. mir. c. 39. p. 138.
• * 1.598

  Laert. in vit. philos. l. 5. p. 123. Cicer. Tusc. qu. l. 3. p. Zuin. Thea. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 38.
• * 1.599

  Herodo. l. 2. p. 139, 140.
• * 1.600

  Clark. mir. c. 79. p. 354.
• * 1.601

  Coel. Rhod. 4. Lect. l. 30. c. 2. p. 1389.
• * 1.602

  Spartian. c. 25. p. 104. Lonic. Thea. p. 706. Camer. oper. subcis. cent. 1. c. 97. p. 452.
• * 1.603

  Sueton. l. 11. c. 10. p. 324, 325.
• * 1.604

  Sueton. l. 4. c. 51. p. 195.
• * 1.605

  Plut. de su∣perstit. p. 268.
• * 1.606

  ••••el. Antiq. lect. l. 11. c. 12. p. 498. Tacit. hist. l. 1. p. 315.
• * 1.607

  Euripid. Iphig. in Aulid. p. 86. Bi••h. Rey∣nold. T••eat. on the Pas∣sions. c. 17. p. 189.
• * 1.608

  ••iphil. Cla••k•• ••ir. c. 53. p. 211.
• * 1.609

  Sueton. l. 4. c. p. Xip••il. Cla••ks mir. c. 53. p. 211.
• * 1.610

  Polyd. Virg. l. 7. Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 14. p. 341. Baker. Chro. p. 23. Full. Chur. hist. l. 2. cent. 11. p. 140.
• * 1.611

  Cicer. Tusc. Zuin. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 94. Pezel. melli. hist. tom. 2. p. 45.
• * 1.612

  Ioseph. Ant. Iud. l. 19. c. 7. p. 510, 511. Camer. oper. subcis. cent. 3. c. 18. p. 61. Zonar. Ann. tom. 1. p. 48. Zuin. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 96.
• * 1.613

  Plut. in De∣metrio, p. 893.
• * 1.614

  Val. Max. in prolog. p. 1.
• * 1.615

  Plut. de Adulat. & amic. disc. p. 194, 195.
• * 1.616

  Baker. Chro. p. 60. Full. Chur. hist. cent. 12. p. 23. Bish. Godw. p. 83.
• * 1.617

  Zuin. Thea. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 36.
• * 1.618

  Coel. Rhod. l. 12. c. 9. p. 541.
• * 1.619

  Xiphil. in vitâ Nero. p. 79. Clarks mir. c. 72. p. 315.
• * 1.620

  Fulgo••. Ex. l. 8. c. 6. p. 1023.
• * 1.621

  Fulgos. Ex. l. ••. c. 6. p. 1024.
• * 1.622

  Val. Max. l. 8. c. 6. p. 222.
• * 1.623

  Val. Max. Ibid.
• * 1.624

  Guil. M••••. p. 64.
• * 1.625

  Raleigh. hist. l. 3. c. 4. §. 3. p. 37. Herod. l. 3. p. 175. Wieri op••r. p. 821. lib. de irâ. Pezel. mell. tom. 1. p. 39, 40.
• * 1.626

  Alvarez. se∣med. hist. China. part. 1. c. 24. p. 120.
• * 1.627

  Zuin. Theat. vol. 2. l. 7. p. 510.
• * 1.628

  Lord Remy his civil considerat. c. 84. p. 210.
• * 1.629

  Speeds hist. p. 290.
• * 1.630

  Pezel. Mell. tom. 1. p. 40.
• * 1.631

  Trenchfeild hist•• im∣prov'd, p. 90.
• * 1.632

  Plut. Mar. lib. de liber. ••du••at. p. 13.
• * 1.633

  Zuin. T••eat. vol. 2. l. 7. p. 483.
• * 1.634

  Quint. C••••t•• Clarks wir. c. 110. p. 547.
• * 1.635

  Plat. in vit. Po••tif. p. Clarks mir. c. 110. p. 546.
• * 1.636

  Herod. l. 3. Zuin. Theat. vol. 12. l. 3. p. 2765.
• * 1.637

  Bea••ds Theat. l. 2. c. 3. p. 237. Stows An. p. 465. Graston. vol. 2. p. ••15.
• * 1.638

  I.on. Theat. p. 460. Plut. p. 288. i•• Pelopid. Fitzh. of Re••. & Fol. par. 1. c. 20. p. 196. Plut. Amat. narrat. c. 3. p. 129.
• * 1.639

  Clarks mi••. c. 88. p. 388. Luther. Coll. mensal. p. 305.
• * 1.640

  Clarks mir. c. 63. p. 318, 319.
• * 1.641

  Raleighs hist. world, l. 3. c. 6. §. 2. p. 50. Wieri oper. lib. de irâ p. 822. Herod. l. 7. p. 395, 398. Lon. Theat. p. 334.
• * 1.642

  Zon. Annal. tom. 3. p. 153. Lon. Theat. p. 337. H••yw. Hierarch. l. 8. p. 528.
• * 1.643

  Plut. in Ciceron. p. 885. Val. Max. l. 5. c. 3. p. 138. Lon. Theat. p. 333. Hak. Apol. l. 4. c. 10. §. 4. p. 433. Bruson. face∣tiar. l. 3. c. 11. p. 191.
• * 1.644

  Q.••urt. l. 7. p. 187, 188. Raleighs hist. part. 1. l. 4. c. 2. §. 17. p. 168.
• * 1.645

  Cael. Rhod. l. 7. c. 28. p. 327. I••on. Theat. p. 336. Bruson. face∣tiar. l. 3. c. 11. p. 192.
• * 1.646

  Cael. Rhod. l. 21. c. 9. p. 975. Lon. Theatr. p. 337.
• * 1.647

  Full. Worth. c. 11. p. 33.
• * 1.648

  Ion. Theatr. p. 338.
• * 1.649

  Val. Max. l. 5. c. 3. p. 136. Hak. A••••l. l. 4. c. 1•• ••. ••. 4. p. 134.
• * 1.650

  Val. Max. l. 5. c. 3. p. 136. Hak. Apol. l. 4. c. 10. §. 4 p. 434.
• * 1.651

  Val. Max. l. 5. c. 3. p. 137. Hak. Apol. l. 4. c. 10. § 4. p. 435.
• * 1.652

  Clarks mi••. c. 74. p. 321.
• * 1.653

  Lon. Theat. p. 334. Clarks mir. c. 73. p. 317.
• * 1.654

  Lon. Theatr. p. 334. Fulg. l. 5. c. 3. p. 611.
• * 1.655

  Lips. monit. l. 1. c. 5. p. 58, 59.
• * 1.656

  Pl••t. in Pe∣ricle. p. 162. Zuin. vol. 1. l. 2. p. 204, 205.
• * 1.657

  F••lg. l. 5. c. 3. p. 612. I••on. Theatr. p. 336.
• * 1.658

  Val. Max. l. 5. c. 3. p. 137. Hak. Apol. l. 4. c. 10. §. 4. p. 435.
• * 1.659

  Val. Max. l. 5. c. 3. p. 137. Hak. Apol. l. 4. c. 10. §. 4. p. 435.
• * 1.660

  Knowles Turk. hist. p. 443, 444.
• * 1.661

  Ph. de Com. l. 4. c. 12. p. 133. Id. l. 5. c. 8. p. 155, 156.
• * 1.662

  Camer. oper▪ subc. cent. 1. c. 7. p. 60.
• * 1.663

  Camer. oper. su••c. cent. 2. c. 60. p. 254.
• * 1.664

  Plut. in Camillo, p. 134. Din. mem. l. 3 p. 212. brason. Exempl. l. 5. c. 6. p. 356.
• * 1.665

  Diod. Sicul. l. 20. p. 674, 686.
• * 1.666

  Camer. oper. sub••. cent. 2. c. 61. p. 259. H••yl. Cosm. p. 544.
• * 1.667

  Zonar. An. tom. 3. p. 146. Din. mem. l. 3. p. 215.
• * 1.668

  Fulg. l. 6. c. 5. p. 766. Bruson. Ex. l. 5. c. 6. p. 354.
• * 1.669

  Camer. oper. subc. cent. 2. c. 61. p. 259.
• * 1.670

  Camer. oper. subc. cent. 2. c. 61. p. 260.
• * 1.671

  Zon. Annal. tom. 3. p. 135, 136. Din. l. 3. p. 164, 165.
• * 1.672

  Bak. Chron. p. 16, 17. Mon. Angl. tom. 1. p. 256. Speeds hist. p. 388.
• * 1.673

  Dinoth. l. 3. p. 214. Camer. oper. subc. cent. 1. c. 7. p. 59. Bruson. Ex. l. 5. c. 6. p. 355.
• * 1.674

  Din. l. 3. p. 163, 164.
• * 1.675

  Herod. l. 7. p. 330. Fulg. l. 6. c. 5. p. 765. B••uson. Ex. l. 5. c. 6. p. 354.
• * 1.676

  Plut. in Romulo, p. 27. •• iv. decad. l. 1. p. 5. Zon. Annal. tom. 2. p. 55.
• * 1.677

  Fulg. l. 6. c. 5. p. 765.
• * 1.678

  Fulg. l. 6. c. 5. p. 770.
• * 1.679

  Knowles Turk. hist. p. 320. Barlet. hist. of Scander∣beg, l. 5. p. 181, 186.
• * 1.680

  Lon. Theatr. p. 577.
• * 1.681

  Solin. c. 48. p. 402.
• * 1.682

  〈◊〉〈◊〉. va••. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. l. 9. c. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 p. ••50. Id. l. ••••. c. 124. p. 316.
• * 1.683

  Aelian. var. hist. l. 9. c. 9. p. 238.
• * 1.684

  Aelian. var. hist. l. 7. c. 2. p. 199.
• * 1.685

  At••e. Deip. l. 12. c. 7. p. 530.
• * 1.686

  Camer. oper. subc. cent. 1. c. 97. p. 450. Oros. hist. l. 1. c. 19. p. 25.
• * 1.687

  Cicer. Tusc. Quest. l. 5. p.
• * 1.688

  Camer. oper. subc. cent. 2. c. 30. p. 128, 129. Id. cent. 1. c. 20. p. 107.
• * 1.689

  Camer. oper. subc. cent. 2. c. 30. p. 127. Id. cent. 1. c. 20. p. 107.
• * 1.690

  Aelian. var. hist. l. 3. c. 14. p. 100.
• * 1.691

  Caus. hol. Court, treat. of passions, ••. 8. p. 18.
• * 1.692

  Mandelsl. Trav. l. 2. p. 191.
• * 1.693

  Ol••a••. trav. l. 6. p. 330.
• * 1.694

  Herodot. l. 2. p. 121. Ko••am. de mirac. mort. l. 7. c. 22. p. 15.
• * 1.695

  Baker. Chro. p. 15. Speed. hist. p. 385.
• * 1.696

  Bish. Spots. hist. Churc. Scotland, l. 2. p. 29.
• * 1.697

  Camer. oper. subcis. cent. 1. c. 49. p. 220.
• * 1.698

  Lonic. Thea. p. 482.
• * 1.699

  Senec. nat. Qu••••st. l. 1. c. 16. p. 439. Coel. Rhod. l. 4. c. 3. p. 631.
• * 1.700

  Syms. Chur. hist. l. 1. cent. 16. p. 220.
• * 1.701

  Iosep. Anti. Iudaic. l. 18. c. 4. p. 467. Wier. oper. de praestig. daem. l. 3. c. 24. p. 242, 243. Lonic. Thea. p. 468. Lavat. de Spect. part. 1. c. 6. p. 23, 24. Zonar. Ann. tom. 1. fol. 46. Purch. Pil. tom. 1. l. 6. c. 4. p. 732.
• * 1.702

  Athen. Deip. l. 12. c. 5. p. 522.
• * 1.703

  Mandelsl. Trav. l. 1. p. 32, 33.
• * 1.704

  •• Orosii hist. l. 1. c. 4. p. 14.
• * 1.705

  Orosii hist. l. 5. c. 10. p. 194.
• * 1.706

  Herodot. l. 3. p. 173, 174.
• * 1.707

  Sabel. Ex. l. 3. c. 9. p. 166.
• * 1.708

  ••onic. Thea. p. 486.
• * 1.709

  Luthe. Coll. mensal. p. 257.
• * 1.710

  Sueton. l. 4. c. 24. p. 179.
• * 1.711

  Purch. Pil. tom. 1. l. 3. c. 1. p. 260.
• * 1.712

  P••zel. mell. hist. tom. 2. p. 209.
• * 1.713

  Diodor. Sic. Clarks mir. c. 71. p. 313.
• * 1.714

  Sandys in l. 10. Ovid. Metam. p. 199.
• * 1.715

  Ferdinand Mendez. Pinta. his voyages, c. 8. p. 22.
• * 1.716

  De Serres Gen. hist. France, p. 821.
• * 1.717

  Reliq. wort. p. 114.
• * 1.718

  Baker. Chro. p. 53, 54.
• * 1.719

  Baker. Chro. p. 320, 321.
• * 1.720

  Lonic. Thea. p. 410. Baker. Chro. p. 475.
• * 1.721

  Lonic. Thea. p. 410.
• * 1.722

  Herodot. l. 1. p. 14, 15. Val. Max. l. 1. c. 7. p. 23. Heyw. Hier. l. 4. p. 225.
• * 1.723

  Val. Max. l. 1. c. 7. p. 22. Petr. Greg. de Repub. l. 21. c. 3. p. 762.
• * 1.724

  Val. Max. l. 1. c. 7. p. 19, 20. Sueton.
• * 1.725

  Val. Max. l. 1. c. 7. p. 21, 22. Lonic. Thea. p. 408. Heyw. Hier. l. 4. p. 225.
• * 1.726

  Fulgos. Ex. l. 1. c. 5. p. 124.
• * 1.727

  Fulgos. l. ••. c. 5. p. 139.
• * 1.728

  Zuin. Thea. vol. 3. l. 3. p. 698.
• * 1.729

  Baker. Chro. p. 374. Drum. hist. Scotland, p. 143, 144.
• * 1.730

  Spotsw. hist. Chur. Scotl. l. 4. p. 194.
• * 1.731

  Davii. hist. of Civil Wars in France, l. 5. p. 357.
• * 1.732

  Herodot. l. 1. p. 5. Raleighs hist. World, part 1. l. 2. c. 25. p. 510. Iust. hist. l. 1. p. 21. Petr. Greg. de Repub. l. 20. c. 1. p. 751.
• * 1.733

  M. de Serr. hist. Franc. p. 23. Lips••monit. l. 2. c. 2. p. 148. Fulgos. l. 9. c. 9. p. 1275. Fabia. hist. tom. 1. p. 109.
• * 1.734

  Iov. Elog. p. 359. Dinoth. me∣mor. l. 6. p. 412.
• * 1.735

  Wieri Oper. lib. de irâ, p. 148.
• * 1.736

  Zuin. Thea. vol. 1. l. 2. p. 163. Plat. de fu∣tili loqua∣citate p. 200.
• * 1.737

  F••••th••m Resolv. cent. 2. c. 29. p. 220.
• * 1.738

  Ioseph of the Iewish Wars, l. 1. c. 21. p. 606.
• * 1.739

  Ios. Antiq. l. 15. c. 4. p. 388.
• * 1.740

  Imperial hist. p. 290.
• * 1.741

  Ca••s. h••l•• Court, tom. 2. §. 5. p. 287.
• * 1.742

  Davil. hist. of Civil Wars of France, l. 4. p. 239.
• * 1.743

  Full. Worth. p. 334. Es∣sex.
• * 1.744

  Louic. Thea. p. 685. Canon. Chro. l. 3. p. 528.
• * 1.745

  Baker. Chro. p. 283.
• * 1.746

  Iob. Textor. Officin. l. 2. c. 23. p. 98.
• * 1.747

  Voss. Instit. Orator. l. 4. c. 6. §. 10. p. 97.
• * 1.748

  Full. holy war, l. 2. c. 1. p. 44. Camb. Brit. p. 255.
• * 1.749

  Ioseph. Ant. l. 18. c. 8. p. 476, 477.
• * 1.750

  Brus. faceti. l. 3. c. 22. p. 223.
• * 1.751

  Ferd. Mend. Pinto his Voyages, c. 1. p. 1, 2.
• * 1.752

  Bruson. Ex. l. 6. c. 6. p. 418.
• * 1.753

  Plat. Mor. lib. de ••util. loquacit. p. 199.
• * 1.754

  Plut. moral. lib. de sutil. loquacit. p. 200, 201.
• * 1.755

  Plut. moral. lib. de sutil. loquac. p. 291.