The wonders of the little world, or, A general history of man in six books : wherein by many thousands of examples is shewed what man hath been from the first ages of the world to these times, in respect of his body, senses, passions, affections, his virtues and perfections, his vices and defects, his quality, vocation and profession, and many other particulars not reducible to any of the former heads : collected from the writings of the most approved historians, philosophers, physicians, philologists and others / by Nath. Wanley ...

THE THIRD BOOK. (Book 3)

CHAP. I. Of the early appearance of Virtue, Learning, Greatness of Spi∣rit, and Subtlety in some young Persons.

URaba in Peru is of so rich a soil, that the Seeds of Cucumbers and Melons sown, will bear ripe fruits in twenty eight days after:* 1.1 the Seeds of Virtue arrive to a marvellous improvement in the souls of some in a short time, in comparison of what they do in others. Indeed those persons who have been most remarkable in any sort of Vir∣tue, have been observed to give some early speci∣men and instance of it in their youth: and a man that had considered of the dawning and first break, might easily predict an illustrious day to succeed thereupon.

1. Aemilius Lepidus, while yet a youth, did put himself into the Army,* 1.2 where he slew an enemy, and saved the life of a Citizen of Rome, of which memorable act of his Rom••'s Senate left a sufficient witness, when they decr••ed his young statue should be placed in the Capitol, girt in an honourable Vest, for they thought him ripe enough for ho∣nour who was already so forwardly advanced in virtue.

* 1.32. M. Cato in his childhood bewrayed a certain greatness of spirit: he was educated in the house of Drusus his Uncle, where the Latine Embassa∣dors were assembled about the procuring of the freedom of the City for their people: Q. Popedius the chief of them was Drusus his Guest, and he asked the young C••to if he would intercede with his Uncle in their behalf: who with a constant look told him he would not do it. He asked him again and again, but he persisted in his denial: he there∣fore takes him up into a high part of the House, and threatens to throw him down thence, unless he would promise to assist them: but neither so could he prevail with him; whereupon turning to his companions, We may be glad, said he, that this Merchant is so young; for had he been a Senatour, we might have despaired of any success in our suit.

3. When Alcibiades was but yet a child, he gave ins••••n••e of that natural subtlety,* 1.4 for which he was afterwards so remarkable in Athens; ••or com∣ing to his Un••le P••ricles, and ••inding him sitting somewhat sad in a retiring Room, he asked him the cause of his trouble; who told him he had been employed by the City in some publick Buildings, in which he had expended such sums of money as he knew no•• well how to give account of: You should therefore, said he, think of a way to prevent your 〈◊〉〈◊〉 c••ll••d to accou••••. And thus that great and wise 〈◊〉〈◊〉 being d••stitute of counsel himself, made me of this w••ich was given him by a child▪ for he involved Athens in a foreign War, by which means they were not at leisure to consider of ac∣counts.

4. Themistocles in his childhood and boyage be∣wrayed a quick spirit,* 1.5 and understanding beyond his years, and a propensity towards great matters; he used not to play amongst his equals, but they found him employing that time in framing Accu∣satory or Defensive Orations for this and that other of his Schoolfellows. And therefore his Master, was used to say, My Son, thou wilt be nothing indif∣ferent, but either a great Glory or Plague to thy Country. For even then he was not much affected with Mo∣ral Precepts, or matters of accomplishment for urbanity; but what concern'd providence and the management of affairs that he chiefly delighted in, and addicted himself to the knowledge of; beyond what could be expected from his youth.

5. Richard Carew Esquire was bred a Gentleman Commoner at Oxford,* 1.6 where being but fourteen years old, and yet three years standing in the U∣niversity, he was called out to dispute ex tempore before the Earls of Leicester and Warwick with the matchless Sir Philip Sydney.

—Ask you the end of this contest? They neither had the better, both the best.

6. Thucydides being yet a Boy, while he heard Herodotus reciting his Histories in the Olympicks,* 1.7 is said to have wept exceedingly, which when He∣rodotus had observ'd, he congratulated the happi∣ness of Olorus his Father, advising him, that he would use great diligence in the education of his Son; and indeed he afterwards proved one of the best Historians that ever Greece had.

7. Astyages King of the Medes,* 1.8 frighted by a dream, caused Cyrus (the Son of his Daughter Mandane) as soon as born to be delivered to Har∣pa••us with a charge to make him away. He delivers him to the Herd••man of Astyages with the same charge; but the Herdsman's wife newly delivered of a dead child, and taken with the young Cyrus, kept him instead of her own, and buried the other instead of him. When Cyrus was grown up to ten years of age, playing amongst the young Lads in the Country, he was by them chos••n to be their King, appointed them to their several O••••ices; some for Builders, some for Guards, Cou••tiers, Messen∣gers and the like. One of those Boys that played with them was the Son of A••••embaris a Noble Per∣son amongs•• the M••des, who not obeying the com∣mands

of this new King; Cyrus commanded him to be seised by the rest of the Boys, and that done, he bestowed many stripes upon him. The Lad being let go, complain'd to his Father, and he to Astyages; for shewing him the bruised Shoulders of his Son; Is it thus, O King, said he, that we are treated by the Son of thy Herdsman and slave? A∣styages sent for the Herdsman and his Son; and then looking upon Cyrus, How darest thou, said he, be∣ing the Son of such a Father as this, treat in such sort the Son of a principal person about me? Sir, said he, I have done to him nothing but what was fit; for the Country Lads, (one of which he was) chose me their King in play, because I seemed the most worthy of the place; but when all others obeyed my commands, he only regarded not what I said, for this he was punished, and if thereupon I have merited to suffer any thing, I am here ready to do it. While the Boy spake this, A∣styages began to take some knowledge of him: the figure of his ••ace, his generous deportment, the time of Cyrus his exposition, agreeing with the age of this Boy, he concluded he was the same, which he soon after made the Herdsman to confess. But being told by the Magi, that now the danger was over; for having played the King in sport, they believed it was all that his dream did intend. So he was sent into Persia to his Father; not long af∣ter he caused the Persians to revolt, overcame A∣styages his Grandfather, and transferred the Em∣pire of the Medes to the Persians.

* 1.98. Thomas Aquinas, when he went to School, was by nature addicted to silence; and was also somewhat more fat than the rest of his Fellow-Scholars, whereupon they usually called him the dumb Ox; but his Master having made experi∣ment of his wit in some little Disputations, and finding to what his silence tended: This dumb Ox, said he, will shortly set up such a lowing, that all the world will admire the sound of it.

* 1.109. Origines Adamantius being a young boy would often ask his Father Leonidas about the mystical sense of the Scriptures; insomuch that his Father was constrain'd to withdraw him from so over early a wisdom. Also when his Father was in pri∣son for the sake of Christ, and that by reason of his tender age (for he was but seventeen) and the strict custody of his Mother, he could not be companion with him in his Martyrdom; he then wrote to him, that he should not through the love of his children be turned from the true faith in Christ, even in that age discovering how un∣daunted a Preacher Christianity would afterwards have of him.

* 1.1110. Grimoaldus a young noble Lombard was ta∣ken with divers others at Forum Iulii by Cacanus King of the Avares, and contrary to sworn con∣ditions was lead to death; perceiving the perfidi∣diousness of the Barbarians, in the midst of the tumult and slaughter, he with his two Brothers brake from amongst them, but he being but a very youth, was soon overtaken by the pursuer, was retaken by a Horseman, and again by him led to death. But he observing his time, drew his little Sword, slew his Guardian, overtook his Brethren, and got safe away. By this his incredible boldness, he shewed with what spirit and wisdom he would af∣ter both gain, and govern the Kingdom of Lom∣bardy.

* 1.1211. Q. Hortensius spake his first Oration in the Forum at Rome when he was but nineteen years of age, the then Consuls were L. Crassus and Q. Scae∣vola, his eloquence had then the approbation of the whole people of Rome, and which is more, of the Consuls themselves, who were more judicious than all the rest. What he had so well begun in his early youth, he afterwards so perfected in his maturer age, that he was justly reputed the best Orator of his time, and perhaps never excelled by any but his own Pupil M. Tullius Cicero.

12. Alexander gave manifest presages of his fu∣ture greatness, while he was yet in his first youth: when a Horse called Bucephalus, of extraordinary fierceness,* 1.13 was brought to King Philip, and that no man was found that durst bestride him, young Alexander chanced at that time to come to his Fa∣ther, and with great importunity obtain'd leave to mount him, whom he rode with that art, and managed with such singular skill in his full cariere and curvetting, that when he descended, his Fa∣ther Philip embracing him, with tears said, Son, seek out a greater Kingdom, for that I shall leave thee will be but too little for thee. The greatness of his mind he had before discovered; for when he was a Boy at School, and that there he was told of a victory his Father had newly obtain'd: If, said he sighing, my Father conquer all, what will be left for me? when they that stood by replyed, That all these would be for him. I little esteem, said he; of a great and large Empire, when I shall be deprived of all means for the gaining of Glory.

13. Herod the first,* 1.14 Son of Antipater, Prefect of Galilee, when he was not above fifteen years of age, contrary to the manner of those of his age, left the School, and put himself into Arms; wherein the first proof he gave of himself, was, that he set upon Ezekias the Captain of an Army of Thieves, who molested all Syria, and not only routed his Forces, but slew the Leader himself, shewing by this beginning, that (except in cruelty) he would prove nothing inferiour to any of the Kings his Predecessors.

15. C. Martius Coriolanus in the Latine War which was made for the restitution of Ta••quinius to his Kingdom,* 1.15 shewed an admirable boldness, though then very young; for beholdi••g now a Ci∣tizen of Rome beaten down, and now ready to be slain by the Enemy, he ran into his assistance, and gave him life by the death of him that pressed so eagerly upon him; for which act of valour the Dictator put a Civick Crown upon his young H••ad, an honour that persons of a mature age and great virtue did rarely attain unto. He afterwards prov'd a person of incomparable valour and mili∣tary virtue.

15. Adeodatus the Son of S. Augustine;* 1.16 before he was fifteen years of age, was of so prodigious a wit, that his Father saith of him, Horrori mihi erat istud ingenium, he could not think of it but with astonishment; for already at that age he sur∣passed many great and learned men: he also veri∣fied the saying of Sages, Ingenium nimis mature magnum non est vitale: such early sparkling wits are not for any long continuance upon earth; for he lived but a few years.

16. C. Cassius when very young,* 1.17 hearing Faustus the Son of Sylla magnifying the tyranny that his Father exercised in Rome, was so moved at it, that he gave him a blow upon the face in publick; the matter was so heynous, that both it and the per∣sons came before Pompey the great, wh••re, though in so great a presence the young C••ssius was ••o far from being terrified, that on the contrary he cryed thus out to his Adversary, Go to, Faustus, said he, repeat again those words wherewith I was before so far provoked by thee, that I may now also strike thee a second time. By this action he gave a notable in∣stance,

how jealous he would afterwards prove of the Roman Liberty; for it was he who with Bru∣tus conspired against Iulius Caesar, and slew him as the invader of it; and after died with the reputa∣tion of being Romanorum ul••imus; the last true Roman.

* 1.1815. Ianus Drusus that famous Scholar had a Son so singular, that from fifteen years old to twenty, when he died, he wrote excellent Commentaries on the Proverbs and other Books, that were not unacceptable amongst the Learned that looked up∣on them.

* 1.1918. Edburg the eighth Daughter of King Ed∣ward, in her childhood had her disposition tryed, and her course of life disposed by her Father in this manner, he laid before her gorgeous Appa∣rel and rich Jewels in one end of a Chamber, and the New Testament and Books of Princely In∣structions in another, wishing her to make her choice of which she liked; she presently took up the Books, and he her in his Arms, and kissing her said, Go in God's name whither he hath called thee: and thereupon placed her in a Monastery at Win∣chester, where she virtuously spent her whole life after.

* 1.2019. Lewis Duke of Orleance was owner of the Castle at Crucy, his Constable was the Lord of Cawny, whose Wife the Duke's Paramour had a child, not certain which was the Father; where∣upon Cawny and his Wife being dead, a contro∣versie arose, the next of kin to Cawny claiming the Inheritance, which was four thousand Crowns per annum. This controversie depending in the Par∣liament of Paris, the child then eight years old, though both instructed by his Mother's Friends to save his Mother's credit, and to enjoy so ample an inheritance himself, as Cawny's Child: yet being asked, answered openly to the Judges, My heart giveth me, and my noble courage telleth me, that I am the Son of the noble Duke of Orleance, more glad am I to be his Bastard with a mean living, than to be the lawful Son of that cowardly Cuckold Cawny with his thousand Crowns inheritance. The next of kin had the estate, and the young Duke of Orleance took him into his Family, who after proved a most va∣liant and fortunate Warriour against the English, in the days of Henry the Sixth, and is commonly called the Bastard of Orleance.

* 1.2120. Theodoricus Meschede a German Physician had a Son of the same name, who at the age of fifiteen years surpassed in Eloquence and Learn∣ing many of those who had gained to themselves fame and reputation thereby. He wrote to Tri∣themius and other learned men of that age almost numberless Epistles, upon divers subjects, with that Accuracy and Ciceronian Eloquence, that for his wit, dexterity and promptitude in writing and disputation he became the wonder and admiration of those he had any conversation with.

CHAP. II. Of such as having been extreme Wild and Prodigal, or Debauch∣ed in their Youth, have afterwards proved excellent Persons.

THose Bodies are usually the most healthful that break out in their youth; and many times the Souls of some men prove the ••ounder, for ha∣ving vented themselves in their younger days. Commonly none are greater enemies to Vice, than such as formerly have been the slaves of it, and have been so fortunate as to break their Chain, and recover their liberty. A certain blackness in the Cradle has been observed to give beginning and rise unto the most perfect Beauties; and there are no sort of men that have shined with greater Glory in the world, than such whose first days have been sullied and a little overcast.

1. Themistocles,* 1.22 by reason of the Luxury and Debauchery of his life, was cast off, and disowned by his Father: his Mother over-grieved with the villanies he frequently committed, finished her life with an Halter: notwithstanding all which, this man proved afterwards the most noble person of all the Grecian Blood, and was the interposed pledge of hope or despair to all Europe and Asia. Patrit. lib. de Reipub. instit. 4. tit. 6. p. 208.

2. C. Valerius Flaccus (in the time of the se∣cond Punick War) began his youth in a most pro∣fuse kind of luxury:* 1.23 afterwards he was created Flamine by P. Licinius the chief Pontiff, that in that employment he might find an easier recess from such vices as he was infected with, addres∣sing his mind therefore to the care of Ceremonies and sacred things, he made Religion his Guide to Frugality: and in process of time shewed himself as great an example of Sanctity and Modesty, as before he had been of Luxury and Prodigality.

3. Nicholas West was born at Putney in Surrey,* 1.24 bred first at Eaton, then at Kings College in Cambridge, where when a youth he was a Rakehel in grain; for something crossing him in the College, he could find no other way to work his revenge, than by secret setting on fire the Master's Lodgings, part whereof he burnt to the ground. Immediately after this little Herostratus lest the Colledge, liv'd for a time in the Country, debauched enough for his conversation. But he seasonably retrenched his wildness, turned hard Student, became an ex∣cell••nt Scholar, and most able Statesman, and after smaller promotions was at last made Bishop of Ely, and often employed in foreign Embassies. Now if it had been possible, he would have quenched the fire he kindled in the College with his own tears, and in expression of his penitence, became a worthy Bene••actor to the House, and rebuilt the Master's Lodgings firm and fair from the ground. No Bishop in England was better attended with Menial Servants,* 1.25 or kept a more bountiful House, which made his death so lamented anno 1533.

3. Polemo was a youth of Athens, of that wretch∣ed Debauchery, that he was not only delighted in vice, but also in the very infamy of it. Return∣ing once from a Feast after Sun-rise, and seeing the Gate of Xenocrates the Philosopher open, full of

Wine, as he was, smeared with Ointments, a Gar∣land on his head, and cloathed with a loose and transparent Garm••nt, he enters the School, at that time thronged with a number of learned men, not content with so uncivil an entrance, he also sate down on purpose to affront a singular eloquence, and most prudent precepts with his drunken follies. His coming had occasion'd all that were present to be angry, only Xenocrates retaining the same gra∣vity in his countenance, and dismissing his present Theam, b••gan to discourse of Modesty and Tem∣perance, which he presented so lively before him, that Polemo affected therewith, fi••st laid aside the Crown from his head, soon after drew his arm within his Cloak, changed that Festival Merri∣ment that appeared in his face; and at last cast off all his Luxury. By that one Oration the young man received so great a cure, that of a most licen∣tious person he became one of the greatest Philo∣phers of his time.

* 1.265. Fabius Gurges was born of a Noble Family in Rome, and left with a very plentiful estate by his Father; but he spent all in the riots of his first youth, which he left many brands upon, and occa∣sioned then to himself the sirname of Gurges. But afterwards relinquishing the unbridled lusts of his first age, he arrived to that temperance that he was thought worthy by the people of Rome to have the office of Censorship committed to him, and no man more fit than he to inspect the manners of the City.

* 1.276. Titus Vespasianus while he was young, and before he came to the Empire, gave just causes of censure for his cruel, covetous, riotous and lust∣ful way of living; insomuch that men reputed, and also reported him to be another Nero. But having arrived to the Empire, he made himself conspicuous for the contrary virtues. His Feasts were moderate, his Friends select and choice per¦sons, necessary members of the Common-wealth: his former minions he endured not so much as to look upon: Queen Berenice whom he was known to love too well, he sent away from Rome: from no Citizen did he take any thing by violence: and from the Goods of Aliens he abstain'd, if ever any did; and yet was he inferiour to none of his Predecessors in Magnificence and Bounty: when he took upon him the supreme Pontificate, he pro∣tested it was only upon this account, that he would keep his hands pure and innocent from the blood of any, wherein he made good his word: and in all things he demeaned himself with that integrity and innocency, that he was worthily stiled, Deli∣tiae humani generis, the very darling of mankind.

* 1.287. Agis, while yet a youth, was brought up in all kind of delights that such of his age are used to be affected with; but as soon as ever he was come to be King of Sparta, though yet but a young man, with an incredible change of mind and manners: he renounced all the pleasures of his former life, and bent his mind wholly unto this, to recal Spar∣ta unto its pri••tine frugality, that was extremely debauched and corrupted with the manners of the Greeks and Barbarians. This honest endeavour of his proved the occasion of his death.

* 1.298. Cimon the Son of Miltiades in his youth was infamous amongst his people for his disorderly life and excesses in drinking; and they looked up∣on him as resembling in his di••position his Grand∣father Cimon, who by reason of his stupidity was called Coalemus, (that is) the Sot. Stesimbrotus saith of him, that he was neither skilled in Musick, nor instructed in any other liberal Science, and far removed from the Attick Acumen and smartness of wit. Some say he had too private familiarity with his Sister Elpenice: and others, that he publickly married her, and liv'd with her as his wife; besides his being deeply in love with Aristeria and Mne∣stra, &c. yet this man was afterwards so improv'd, that a singular generosity and sincerity appear'd in his manners, and merited to have this as part of his just praise, that whereas he was no whit infe∣riour to Miltiades in valour, nor to Themistocles in prudence, he was more innocent than both of them. He was not in the least below either of them in the Art Military; but in his administra∣tion in time of peace he exceedingly surpassed them both.

9. Thomas Sackvil,* 1.30 afterwards Lord Buckhurst, was bred in Oxford, took the degree of Barister in the Temple,, afterwards travelled into foreign parts, was detained a time prisoner at Rome; when his liberty was procured for his return into En∣gland, he possessed the v••st inheritance left him by his Father, whereof in a short time by his magni∣ficent prodigality he spent the greatest part, till he seasonably began to spare, growing near to the bottom of his estate. The story goes, that this young Gentleman coming to an Alderman of Lon∣don, who had gained great pennyworths by his for∣mer purchases of him, was made (being now in the wane of his wealth) to wait the coming down of the Alderman so long, that his generous humour being sensible of the incivility of such attendance, resolved to be no more beholding to wealthy pride, and presently turn'd a thrifty improver of the re∣mainder of his estate. Others make him the Con∣vert of Queen Elizabeth, who by her frequent ad∣monitions diverted the torrent of his profusion: indeed she would not know him till he began to know himself; and then heaped places of honour and trust upon him, creating him Baron of Buck∣hurst in Sussex, anno Dom. 1566, sent him Embas∣sador into France, 1571, into the Low Countries, 1576; made him Knight of the Order of the Gar∣ter, 1589, Treasurer of England, 1599: he was also Chancellour of the University of Oxford. Thus having made amends to his House for his mi∣spent time, both in encrease of estate and honour, being created Earl of Dorset by King Iames, he died April. 19, 1608.

10. Henry the Fifth,* 1.31 while Prince, was ex∣tremely wild, the companion of riotous persons, and did many things to the grief of the King his Father, as well as to the injury of himself, in his reputation with the subject; but no sooner was he come to the Crown, but the first thing that he did was to banish all his old companions ten miles from his Court and presence, and reform'd himself in that manner, that he became a most worthy and victorious King, as perhaps ever reigned in En∣gland.

11. S. Augustine in his younger time was a Ma∣nichee, and of incontinent life;* 1.32 he reports of himself that he prayed for continency, but was not willing to be heard too soon; for, saith he, I had rather have my lust satisfied than extinguished: But being afterwards converted by the Ministry of S. Ambrose, he proved a most excellent person as well in Learning, as in all sorts of Virtues.

12. The Ancients in old time attributed unto King Cecrops a double nature and form,* 1.33 and that upon this ground, not for that (as some said) of a good, clement and gracious Prince, be became a rigorous, fell and cruel Tyrant; but on the contra∣ry, because (having been at first and in his youth

perverse, passionate and terrible) he proved after∣wards a mild and gentle Lord.

* 1.3413. Gelon and Hiero in Sicily, and Pisistratus the Son of Hippocrates were all Usurpers, and such as attained to their Tyrannical Dominion, by violent and indirect means, yet they used the same virtu∣ously, and howsoever they attained the Sovereign Command, and for some time in their younger years managed it injuriously enough, yet they grew in time to be good Governours, loving and profit∣able to the Common-wealth, and likewise beloved and dear unto their Subjects; for some of them having brought in, and established excellent Laws in their Country, and causing their Subjects to be industrious and painful in tilling the ground, made them to be civil, sober, and discreet; whereas be∣fore they were noted for a tatling, playful and idle sort of people.

* 1.3514. Lydiades was a Tyrant in the City of Mega∣lapolis but in the midst of his usurped Dominion, he repented of his Tyranny, and making consci∣ence thereof, he detested that wrongful oppression wherein he had held his Subjects, in such sort, that he restored his Citizens to their ancient Laws and Liberties; yea, and a••terwards died gloriously, fighting manfully in the Field, against the enemy in defence of his Country.

* 1.3615. Ceno Valchius King of the Western Saxons in the beginning of his Reign was an impious and debauched Prince, whereupon he was expelled from his Kingdom and Government; but at last being become a reformed man, he was readmitted to his former command, and he then ruled his Kingdom with great prudence, justice and mode∣ration.

* 1.3716. Offa King of the Mercians in the first flower of his age was immeasurable in his desires of ac∣quiring wealth, extreme ambitious of enlarging his Territories, and highly delighted with the art of War and Military Discipline, he was also all this while a contemner of all moral virtue; but when he came to be of maturer and riper years, he became famous and renowned for the integrity and modesty of his manners, and the singular in∣nocency of his life.

* 1.3817. Iohannes Picus Mirandula visited the most famous Universities of France and Italy, and was so great a Proficient, that while as yet he had no Beard he was reputed a perfect Philosopher and Divine. Being ambitious and desirous of Glory, he went to Rome, where he proposed nine hundred Questions in all Arts and Sciences, to dispute upon which he challenged all the Scholars of all Nations, with a new kind of liberality promising to defray the charges of any such as should come from remote parts to dispute with him at Rome. He stayed at Rome upon this occasion a whole year. In the mean time there wanted not some that privily de∣tracted from him, and gave out that thirteen of his Questions were heretical: so that he was con∣strain'd to set forth an Apology; and while he stu∣died to excuse himself of errours that were falsly objected to him, he fell into others that were great∣er and worse; for he entangled himself in the love of fair, rich and noble women; and at last was so engaged in quarrels upon this account, that he thought it high time to forsake those youthful vanities; whereupon he threw into the fire his Books of Love which he had writ both in the La∣tine and Hetruscan Languages; and relinquishing the Dreams of prophane Philosophy, he wholly devoted himself to the study of the sacred and holy Scriptures.

CHAP. III. Of punctual observation in matters of Religion, and the great regard some men have had to it.

THe Athenians consulted the Oracle of Apollo, demanding what Rites they should make use of in matters of their Religion. The answer was, the Rites of their Ancestors. Returning thither again, they said the manner of their Forefathers had been often changed: they therefore enquired what custom they should make choice of in so great a variety. Apollo replyed the best. This con∣stancy and strictness of the Heathens had been ••ighly commendable, had their Devotions been better directed. In the mean time they shame us by being more zealous in their Superstition, than we are in the true Religion.* 1.39

1. Paulus Aemilius being about to give Battel to Perses King of Macedon, at the first Break of Day made a Sacrifice to Hercules, and no good presage being to be drawn from thence, he proceeded to slay in that manner divers others, and ceased not, till in the one and twentieth he found some signs of his good success, which done, he marched a∣gainst his enemy, and obtained the victory.* 1.40

2. So much was Religion in Reputation with the Senate of Rome, that as the learned Varro writes unto ••••. Pompeius, as oft as the Consul did call the Senate together, the first thing propound∣ed, was such as pertained to Religion; nor was there any cause so pressing, or that required the most speedy dispatch, that was caused to suffer an alteration in this custom of theirs.* 1.41

3. Posthumius the Consul was to go to manage the war in Africa, being at the same time also the Flamen of Mars, but Metellus the then Chief Pon∣tiff, would not suffer him to depart the City, but set a Fine upon his head, in case he should stir thence. Then was it that the supreme Authority in Rome gave way to Religion, they concluding that Posthumius could not safely commit himself to Martial Employment,* 1.42 while he deserted the Cere∣monies of Mars.

4. When Antiochus Soter had besieged Ierusalem, at such time as the Feast of Tabernacles was to be celebrated, and the people of that City had be∣sought him for a truce of seven days, that they might securely attend upon that Solemnity, he not only granted, but faithfully performed it, and over and besides caused a Bull with gilded Horns, together with Incense and Perfumes, and divers Vessels of Gold to be conveyed to the Gates, and delivered into the hands of the Priests, and desired they might be offered unto God. The Jews moved with this unexpected Be∣nignity, yielded themselves and theirs to Antio∣chus.

5. When Ierusalem was besieged by Pompey the Great,* 1.43 upon the day of their Sabbath, though the Jews saw the Romans busied in their preparations to assault them, though they had advanced their Ensigns upon the Walls, though they had entred the City, and slew indifferently all they met, yet did this people make no resistance, but perform'd their usual Sacrifices as in a time of peace, and

upon no account could be drawn to violate the rest of their Sabbath, though for the preservation of their lives and estates.

* 1.446. While Sulpitius was sacrificing, it chanced that his Mitre fell from his head, and that was thought reason sufficient to deprive him of his Priesthood.

* 1.457. P. Claelius Siculus, M. Cornelius Cethegus and C. Claudius•• in several times and different Wars were commanded and compelled to resign their Flaminship; upon this only reason, that they had not placed the Bowels of the Sacrifice upon the Altars of the Gods, with a becoming reverence and devotion.

* 1.468. Tiberius Gracchus sent Letters out of his Pro∣vince to the College of the Augures, in which he signified, that while he read the Books which per∣tain'd to the sacred matters of the people, he had observ'd that the Tent shook in the Consular As∣sembly: this being related by the Augurs to the Senate; by their orders C. Figulus return'd from France, and Scipio Nasica from Corsica to Rome, where both of them resign'd their Consulships.

* 1.479. When Brennus had beaten the Romans near Rome it self, and that all was in tumul•• and disorder, expecting the Conquerour at the Gates, many ••ed out of the City with all they had: Lucius Albinus or Alvanius as others, a Plebeian, was carrying out in a Waggon his Wise, little Children and such Goods as his haste would permit; but when he saw the Vestal Virgins on foot, all weary and tired, car∣rying the sacred Reliques in their Laps, he straight took down his Wife and Children and all that he had, and caused the Vestals to ascend the Waggon, with all they fled with, that they might recover a certain City in Greece, whither they intended, bearing so great a reverence to Religion, that in respect of that he had to the safety of his Goods, or the life of him and his Family.

10. Numa Pompilius being upon a time told that his Enemies were in Arms,* 1.48 and coming against him: At ego rem divinam facio: But I, saith he, am sacri••icing to the Gods: he would not surcease his Devotions, though the Enemy was at the Gates.

* 1.4911. When the Capitol in Rome was besieged by the Gauls, Caius Fabius Dorso, lest he should omit a certain day, wherein customary Sacrifices were appointed to be offered, not at all terrified with the greatness of the danger, passed openly through the Camp of the Besiegers, carrying with him in his hands the consecrated Vessels to the Quirinal Hill; nor did the Barbarians oppose him; so that having solemnly performed all, he return'd in safe∣ty to the Capitol.

* 1.5012. Diomedon one of those ten Captains who at Arginusa in one and the same Fight had gain'd a Victory for the Athenians, and a sentence of death upon themseves: when he was now led forth to an undeserved punishment, he said nothing but this, that he requested them to take care that the vows he had made for the safety of the Army might be religiously perform'd.

13. In the Reign of Honorius the Emperour, by the persidiousness o•• S••ilic••n,* 1.51 Alaricus King of the Goths was brought into Italy with a mighty Army, he set upon Rome it self, and took it; and though he was a man of Blood, both by nature and custom, yet such a reverence he had to Religion, that be∣fore he would permit his Soldiers the plunder of the City, by sound of Trumpet he caused his Edict to be proclaim'd, that as well the Goods as Lives of all those should be safe, that had retreated unto any of the Churches that were consecrate to the memory of the Apostles.

14. Marcellus in his fifth Consul••hip having ta∣ken Clastidium and Syracuse,* 1.52 had vowed to build a Temple to Honour and Virtue, but was forbid the performance of it by the College of the Chief Priests, they affirming that one Temple was not rightly to be consecrated to two Deities; for if a∣ny Prodigy should fall out in that Temple, it could could not be known which of the Deities they should prepare to appease. Upon this Remon∣strance of the Chief Priests, it was ordered, that Marcellus in distinct Temples should erect the Sta∣tues of Honour and Virtue; nor was the authority of that illustrious person, by which he might have done his pleasure, nor his double erection of two Temples instead of one any impediment, but that all due observation and respect was payed to Re∣ligion.

15. Tarquinius King of the Romans command∣ed M. Tullius,* 1.53 one of the Duumviri to be sown up in a Sack, and so cast into Tyber, for that being corrupted with money, he had delivered to Petro∣nius Sabinus a ••ook to be transcribed, wherein was contained the secrets of Religion.

16. Pausanias the King of Sparta,* 1.54 (and at that time the General of all Greece) in that famous Bat∣tle of Platea, where all the Grecian safety was di∣sputed, when the Enemy drew on, and provoked him, he restrain'd and kept in his Soldiers, till such time as the Gods being consulted by Sacri••ice, had given encouragement to begin the Fight. This was somewhat long in the performance; so that in the mean time, the Enemy interpreting this de∣lay as an instance of fear, began to pres, hard upon him, so that many of the Greeks fell, yet would he not suffer in this extremity a single Javelin to be thrown against them, but multiplying the Sacri∣fices, he at last lift up his hands to Heaven, and prayed, That if the Fates had determined that the Grecians should not overcome, yet at least it might please the Gods, that they might not die unreven∣ged, nor without performing some famous and me∣morable exploit upon their Enemies. He was heard, and stra••ght the Fowels of the Sacrifice promised him success; he marched out, and ob∣tained the Victory; but what a Soul was that? how fixed and earnest in the holy Rites of his Country? that chuse rather to be but••hered and slain, than to draw a Sword while the Gods seemed unwil∣ling.

17. The Aegyptians worshipped Dogs,* 1.55 the In∣dian Rat, the Cat, Hawk, Wolf and Crocod••le, as their Gods, and observe them with that kind of Religion and Veneration, that if any man what∣soever, knowingly, or otherwise, killed any of these, it was death to him without mercy; as a Ro∣man Citizen found to his cost, in the time of Dio∣dorus Siculus, who writes and vouches himself as a spectator and witness of what follows. At such time, saith he, as Ptolemeus, (whom the Romans afterwards restored to his Kingdom) was fi••st of all stiled the Associate and Friend of the Senate and people of Rome, there was a publick rejoycing, and a mighty concourse of people. Here it fell out, that in a great crowd, amongst the rest were Romans, and with them a Soldier, who by chance, and not willingly, had killed a Cat, straight there was a cry, a sudden fury and tumult arose, to pacifie which, not the ignorance of the miserable wretch, not any reverence of the Roman Name, not the command of the King himself, who had sent the chiefest of his Noble; to appease it: none of all these booted the poor man, but that forthwith he was pulled in pieces by a thousand hands; so that

nothing of him was left, either to bury or to burn.

* 1.5618. Vespasianus the Emperour returning out of the East, when he found the City of Rome exceed∣ingly disfigured by Civil Wars; he began the resto∣ration of it, with the repairs of the sacred Build∣ings, and the Temple of Iupiter Capitolinus, where∣in he betook himself to the work: He carried tim∣ber upon his own Back, he wrought in the Founda∣tions with his own hands: not conceiving that he any way injured the Majesty of an Emperour, by putting his hand to a work that concern'd the wor∣ship of the Gods.

* 1.57The Christians were about to build a Chappel in Rome, wherein to perform service to Almighty God; but they were complained of, and the ground challenged by certain ••nholders in that City.* 1.58 The matter was brought before the Emperour Alexander Severus; who thus determin'd: The things, said he, that concern the Gods, are to be preferred be∣fore the concerns of man; and therefore let it be f••ee ••or the Christians to build their Chappel to their God, who though he be unknown to us at Rome, ought nevertheless to have honour done unto him, if but for this respect alone, that he beareth the name of a God.

* 1.59So great a Reverence to Religion, had the Aethio∣p••an Kings, to the time of Ptolemy King of Aegypt, that whensoever the Priests of Iupiter (who is wor∣shipped in M••roe) declared to any of them, that h••s life was hateful to the Gods; He immediately put an end to his days: Nor was there any of them found to have had a more tender regard to the safe∣ty of his own life, than he had reverence to Religi∣on: till King A••g••nes, who lest the Priests should tell him he should dye, began with themselves, put them all to death first, and thereby abolished the custom.

* 1.60There was a mighty famine in Aegypt, so that all kind of Food failing them, they betook them∣selves to feeding upon mans flesh; when in the mean time they spared Dogs, Cats, Wolves, Hawks, &c. Which they worshipped as their Gods; and not only forbore to lay hands upon them; but also fed them, and that doubtless with Mans Flesh also.

* 1.61There was a Brazen Statue of Saturn at Carthage, with Hands somewhat lifted up: The Statue it self was open, hollow, and bending towards the earth, a Man or Youth was solemnly laid upon these Arms, and thence he was streight tumbled down head∣long into a burning Furnace, that was flaming un∣derneath. This burning alive was bestowed upon that God yearly upon a set day, and at other times also, ever with multiplyed Victims, especially in ••ase of any great Calamity that should befal the Ci∣ty: Accordingly upon the slaughter they received by Agathocles; they made a decree, (I tremble to speak it) to offer up two hundred of their noblest youth in this manner to Saturn: And who would believe it, there were as many more who freely offered themselves to the same death.

* 1.62The Soldiers of Alaricus the Goth, at the sacking of Rome, while as yet they breath'd after slaughter and spoil: It chanced that some sacred Virgins came amongst the Ranks of them,* 1.63 carrying Vessels of Gold upon their heads uncovered: They so soon as they were informed, that both the Persons and the Plate were consecrate in honour of the Apostles; su••••ered both to pass through them untouched.

* 1.64The Emperour Constantine being present at the Council of Chalcedon; did their sit below all the Priests: and when the Writings were brought to him, that contained their mutual accusations, and the charges that they had drawn up one against a∣the others, he folded them all up in his Lap, and committed them all unread to the fire, saying: that the Priests as so many Deities, were set over men for the better Government of them, and that there∣fore he would reserve the Judgment of them en∣tirely to God himself.

Metellus was the chief Priest of the Temple of Vesta,* 1.65 and when through some misadventure it had taken fire, he with others being busied in carrying out the Statues of the Gods with the consecrated Vessels and such like, the Flames increasing upon them; the high Priest was thereby deprived of both his Eyes: which the Senate of Rome did so highly approve of, as an action of Religious Gallantry, that as a testimony thereof, they allowed that Metel∣lus should as often as he pleased, be carried in a Chari∣to the Senate House: An honour which was grant∣ed to none before him.

Cyprian Euchovius a Spanish Chorographer,* 1.66 above all other Cities of Spain, commends Barcino, in which there was no Beggar, no man poor, &c. but all rich and in good estate, and he gives the rea∣son: They were more Religious and more truly devout than the rest of their Neighbours.

Pontius Pilate being sent by Tiberius to be Gover∣nour over the Jews,* 1.67 caused in the Night time the Statue of Caesar to be brought into Ierusalem cover∣ed, which thing within three days after caused a great Tumult amongst the Jews, for they who be∣held it were astonished and moved, as though now the law of their Country were prophaned, for they hold it not lawful for any picture or Image to be brought into the City. At their lamentation who were in the City, there were gathered together a great multitude out of the Fields adjoyning, and they went presently to Pilate then at Cesarea, be∣seeching him earnestly that the Images might be ta∣ken away out of Ierusalem, and that the Law of their Country might remain inviolate. When Pi∣late denied their suit, they prostrated themselves before his house; and there remained lying upon their faces for five days and nights never moving: Afterwards Pilate sitting in his Tribunal, was very careful to call the Jews together before him; as though there he would have given them an answer, when upon the sudden a company of Armed Soldiers (for so it was provided) compassed the Jews about with a Triple Rank. The Jews were hereat amazed, seeing that which they expected not: Then Pilate told them, that except they would receive the Ima∣ges of Caesar, he would kill them all: and to that end made a sign unto the Soldiers, to draw their Swords. The Jews as though they had agreed thereto, fell all down at once, and offered their na∣ked Necks to the stroke of the Sword: crying out that they would rather lose their lives, than suffer their Religion to be prophaned. Then Pilate ad∣miring their constancy, and the strictness of that people in their Religion, presently commanded the Statua's to be taken out of the City of Ieru∣salem.

When King Ethelred and his Brother Alfred had encountred the Danes a whole day,* 1.68 being parted by the Night, early the next morning the Battel was renewed, and Alfred engaged in fight with the Danes, sent to his Brother to speed him to their help: but he being in his Tent at his Devotions, refused to come till he had ended: Having finished, he entred the Battel, relieved the staggering Host; and had a glorious Victory over his Enemies.

Fulco Earl of Anjou,* 1.69 in his old Age minding the

welfare of his Soul, according to the Religion of those days; went in Pilgrimage to Ierusalem, and having bound his Servants by oath to do what he should require, was by them drawn naked to Christs Sepulchre: The Pagans looking on, while one drew him with a wooden yoke put about his Neck, the other whipt him on the naked Back, he in the mean time saying, Receive O Lord a miserable perjur'd and run away Servant, vouchsafe to receive my Soul O Lord Christ.

* 1.7030. Pompey having taken Ierusalem entred into the Sanctum Sanctorum, and although he found a Table of Gold, a sacred Candlestick, a number of other Vessels and odoriferous drugs in great quan∣tity, and two thousand Talents of Silver, yet he touched nothing thereof, through the Reverence he bore to God, but caused the Temple to be pur∣ged, and commanded the Sacrifices to be offered ac∣cording to the Law.

* 1.7131. When the Duke of Saaony made great pre∣parations for war against a Pious and Devout Bi∣shop of Magdeburg: The Bishop not regarding his defence, applied himself to his Episcopal function, in the visiting and the Well Governing of his Church,* 1.72 and when it was told him that the Duke was upon his March against him: He replied I will take care of the Reformation of my Churches, and leave unto God the care of my Safety. The Duke had a Spy in the City, who hearing of this answer of the Bishops, gave his Master a speedy account thereof: The Duke having received this Informa∣tion, did thereupon dismiss his Army, surceased from his expedition, saying he would not fight a∣gainst him, who had God to fight for him.

* 1.7332. Hannibal having given a great overthrow to the Romans, and slain the Consul Flaminius, the people were extremely perplexed, and chose Fa∣bius Maximus Dictator,* 1.74 who to lay a good founda∣tion for his Government, began with the service of the Gods: Declaring to the People that the loss they had received, came through the rashness and wilful negligence of their General, who made no reckoning of the Gods and Religion, and therefore he perswaded them to appease the Gods and to serve and honour them: And he himself in presence of the people made a solemn vow; that he would sacrifice unto the Gods all the encrease and fruits, that should fall the next year, of Sheep, Sows, Milch-kine, and of Goats throughout Italy.

CHAP. IV. Of the Veracity of some Persons, and their great Love to Truth: and ha∣tred of Flattery and Falshood.

* 1.75THe Persians and Indians had a Law, that who∣soever had been thrice convicted of speaking untruth, should upon Pain of death never speak word more all his life after: And Plato saith it is only allowed to Physicians to lye, for the comfort of the Sick that are under their custody and care. But all other men are obliged to a severe and strict observance of truth, notwithstanding which there hath been so great a scarcity of the true Lovers of it, that

1. It is said of Augustus Caesar,* 1.76 that after a long inquiry into all the parts of his Empire; he found but one man who was accounted never to have told lye: For which cause he was deemed capable and worthy to be the chief Sacrificer in the Temple of Truth.

2. Epaminondas the Theban General, was so great a Lover of Truth,* 1.77 that he was ever exceed∣ing careful lest his tongue should in the least digress from it, even then when he was most in sport.

3. Heraclides in his History of the Abbot Idur,* 1.78 speaks of him as a person exremely devoted to Truth, and gives him this threefold commendati∣on: T••at he was never known to tell a Lye, that he was never heard to speak ill of any man, and lastly, that he used not to speak at all but when necessity required.

4. Cornelius Nepos remembers of Titus Pomponius Atticus,* 1.79 a Knight of Rome, and familiar friend to M. Cicero, that he was never known to speak an untruth, neither (but with great impatience) to hear any Related.* 1.80 His uprightness was so apparent that not only private men made suit to him, that they might commit their whole Estates to his trust, but even the Senate themselves besought him that he would take the management of divers Offices in∣to his charge.

5. Xenocrates the Philosopher,* 1.81 was known to be a man of that fidelity and truth in speaking, that whereas no mans Testimony might be taken in any cause but upon oath:* 1.82 yet the Athenians amongst whom he lived, gave to him alone this priviledge, that his evidence should be lawful and good with∣out being sworn.

6. The Duke of Ossura,* 1.83 as he passed by Barcelo∣na, having got leave of Grace to release some Slaves, he went aboard the Cape Gally, and passing through the churms of Slave, he asksd divers of them what their offences were, every one excused himself, one saying that he was put in out of malice, another by Bribery of the Judge, but all of them unjustly: Amongst the rest there was one little sturdy black man, and the Duke asking him what he was in for; Sir, said he, I cannot deny but I am justly put in here, for I wanted Money, and so took a Purse hard by Sarragona, to keep me from starving. The Duke, with a little Staff he had in his hand, gave him two or three Blows upon the Shoulders, saying, you Rogue, what do you amongst so many honest innocent men, get you gone out of their company: So he was freed, and the rest remained still in statis quo prius, to tug at the Oar.

7. The Emperour Constantius had besieged Bene∣ventum,* 1.84 when Romualdus the Duke thereof, dis∣patch'd Geswaldus privily away, unto Grimoaldus the King of Lombardy the Dukes Father, to desire him to come with an Army unto the assistance of his Son. He had prevailed in his Embassy, and was by Grimoaldus sent away before, to let his Son know that he was coming with some Troops to his Aid. But in his return by misfortune he fell amongst the Enemies, who being informed of the Auxiliary forces that were upon the march, hoped to have Beneventum yielded to them before their Arrival; if they could make Romualdus to despair of his Suc∣cours: To this purpose having enjoyned Geswaldus to speak their sence, they led him to the Walls, but when he came thither he declared the whole truth to the besieged, and gave them to understand, that e're long Grimoaldus would be with them with a considerable Army. This cost Geswaldus his Life. and the Imperialists raised their Siege the next day after.

* 1.858. King L••dislaus was a great Lover of Truth, and therefore amongst his Courtiers, when any of them praised any deed of his, or quality that was in him, if he perceived that they said nothing but the truth, he would let it pass by uncontroul'd: But when he saw that a gloss was set upon it for his praise, of their own making; he would say with some heat, I pray thee Good Fellow, when thou sayest Grace, never bring in Gloria Patri, without a Sicut erat: If thou make any report of an Act of mine, report it as it was and no otherwise: And lift me not up with Lies for I love it not.

* 1.86It is written of our Henry the Fifth, that he had something of Caesar in him; which Alexander the Great had not; that he would not be drunk. And something of Alexander the Great that Caesar had not, that he would not be flattered.

* 1.8710. One who was designed for an Agent, wait∣ed upon the knowing and experienced Lord Went-worth, for some direction in his conduct and carri∣age, to whom he thus delivered himself. To se∣cure your self and serve your Country, you must at all times and upon all occasions speak truth: For, sa••th he, you will never be believed, and by this means your truth will both secure your self if you be questioned, and put those you deal with who will still hunt counter, to a loss in all their disquisitions and undertakings.

* 1.8811. The Emperour Tiberius had such an aversion to flatteries, that he suffered no Senator to come to his Litter: neither to wait upon him nor so much as about business. When a Consular person came to him to app••ase his displeasure, and sought to em∣brace his Knees, he fled from him with that earnest∣ness, that he fell all along upon his face, when in common discourse or in any set oration, ought was said of him that was complemental, he would in∣terrupt the person, reprehend him, and immedi∣ately alter the form of his words, when one called him Lord, he commanded he should no more name him by way of reproach: One saying his Sacred employments, and another that he went to the Se∣nate, he being the Author; he compell••d both to alter their expressions, for Author to say Perswa∣der, and for Sacred to say Laborious.

* 1.8912. Pambo came to a Learned Man, and desired him to teach him some Psalm, he began to read un∣to him the thirty ninth, and the first Verse, which is: I said I will look to my ways, that I offend not with my Tongue. Pambo shut the Book and took his leave saying he would go learn that point: And having absented himself for some Months, he was demand∣ed by his Teacher, when he would go forward: he answered that he had not yet learn'd his old Lesson, to sp••ak in such a manner as not to offend with his Tongue.

* 1.9013. Albertus Bishop of Me••tz, reading by chance in the Bible, one of his Council coming in, asked him what his Highness did with that Book? The Arch-Bishop answered, I know not what this Book is, but sure I am that all that is written therein is quite against us.

* 1.91When Aristobulus the Historian presented to A∣lexander the Great, a Book that he had wrote of his glorious Atchievements▪ wherein he had flattering∣ly made him greater than he was. Alexander after he had read the Book, threw it into the River Hy∣daspis, and told the Author, that it were a good deed to throw him after it. The same Prince did also chase a certain Philosopher out of his presence, because he had long lived with him, and yet never reproved him for any of his vices or faults.

* 1.9215. Maximilianus the first Emperour of that name, look how desirous he was to be famous to posterity, for his noble Actions and Atchieve∣ments, so much was he also avers•• and afraid to be praised to his face. When therefore on a time divers eloquent and learned men did highly extol him, with immediate Praises in their Panegyricks, he commanded Cuspinianus to return them an answer, ex tempore, and withal take heed (said he) that you praise me not, for a mans own Praises from his own Mouth carry but an evil savour with them.

16. Cato the younger charged Muraena and in∣dicted him in open Court for Popularity and Am∣bition,* 1.93 declaring against him that he sought indi∣rectly to gain the peoples favour, and their voices to be chosen Consul: Now as he went up and down to Collect Arguments and Proofs thereof, accord∣ing to the manner and cu••tom of the Romans, he was attended upon by certain persons who followed him in the behalf of the Defendant, to observe what was done for his better instruction in the pro∣cess and suit commenced. These men would of∣tentimes be in hand with Cato, and ask him whether he would to day search for ought or negotiate any thing in the matter and cause concerning Muraena? If he said no, such credit and trust they reposed in the veracity and truth of the man, that they would rest in that answer and go their ways. A singular proof this was of the reputation he had gain'd, and the great and good opinion men had conceived of him, concerning his Love to Truth.

17. Euricius Cordus a German Physician hath this honour done to his memory:* 1.94 It is said of him that no man was more addicted to truth than he, or rather no man was more vehemently studious of it, none could be found who was a worser hater of ing and falshood, he could dissemble no∣thing nor bear that wherewith he was offended, which was the cause of his gaining the displeasure o•• some persons, who might have been helpful to him if he would but have sought their favour, and continued himself therein by his obsequiousness: Thus much is declared in his Epigrams, and he saith, it of himself.

Blandire nescis ac verum Corde tacere, Et mirare tuos displicuisse libros?

Thou canst not flatter, but the truth dost tell, What wonder is't thy Books then do not sell.

Paulus Lutherus Son to Martin Luther,* 1.95 was Phy∣sician to Ioachimus the Second Elector of Branden∣buog, and then to Augustus Duke of Saxony Elector; It is said of him, that he was verè 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, a lover of liberty and freedom of Speech; far from ••lattery and assentation, and in all points like unto that Rhesus in Euripides who saith of himself,

Talis sum et ego, rectam s••rmonum Viam secans, nec sum duplex vir.

Such a one am I that rightly can Divide my Speech, yet am no double man.

The virtues of this Luther were many and great, yet I know not any wherein he more deservedly is to be praised, than for this honest freedom of speaking, wherein he mightily resembled his Fa∣ther.

19. When I lived at Vtricht in the Low Coun∣tries,* 1.96 the Reply of that valiant Gentleman Colonel Edmonds was much spoken of: There came a Coun∣try-man

of his out of Sco••land, who desiring to be entertained by him, told him that my Lord his Fa∣ther and such Knights and Gentlemen, his Cousin and Kinsmen were in good health. Colonel Ed∣monds (turning to his friends then by) Gentlemen, said he, believe not one word he says: My Father is but a poor Baker in Edinburg, and works hard for his living, whom this Knave would make a Lord, to curry favour with me, and make you believe that I am a great man born, when there is no such mat∣ter.

CHAP. V. Of such as have been great Lovers and Promoters of Peace.

THere is a certain Fish which Aelian in his Hi∣story calls the Adonis of the Sea:* 1.97 because it liveth so innocently that it toucheth no living thing strictly preserving peace with all the offspring of the Ocean; which is the cause it is beloved and courted as the true darling of the Waters: If the frantick world hath had any darlings, they are certainly such as have been clad in Steel; the destroyers of Cities, the suckers of humane blood, and such as have im∣printed the deepest scars upon the face of the Uni∣verse. These are the men it hath Crown'd with Lawrels, advanc'd to Thrones, and ••latter'd with the misbecoming Titles of Heroes and Gods, while the Sons of peace are remitted to the cold enter∣tainment of their own vertues. Notwithstanding which there have ever been some, who have found so many Heavenly Beauties in the face of Peace, that they have been contented to love that sweet Virgin for her self, and to Court her without the consideration of any additional Dowry.

* 1.981. The In••abitants of the Island Borneo, not far from the Moluccas, live in such detestation of war, and are so great Lovers of peace, that they hold their King in no other veneration than that of a God, so long as he studies to preserve them in peace: but if he discover inclinations to war, they never leave till he is fall'n in Battle under the Arms of his Enemies. So soon as he is slain they set upon the Enemy with all imaginable fierceness, as Men that fight for their liberty, and such a King as will be a greater Lover of peace. Nor was there ever any King known amongst them, that was the perswader and Author of a war, but he was deserted by them, and suffer'd to fall under the Sword of the Ene∣my.

* 1.992. Datanes the Persian being employed in the besieging of Sinope, received Letters from the King commanding him to desist from the Siege: Having read the Letter he adored it, and made gratulatory sacrifices as if he had received mighty favours from his Master: and so taking Ship in the very next Night he departed.

* 1.1003. The Emperour Leo who succeeded Martianus, having given to Eulogius the Philosopher a quantity of Corn, one of his Eunuchs told him, that such kind of largess was more fitly bestowed upon his Soldiers. I would to God (said the Emperour) that the state of my Reign was such, that I could be∣stow all the stipends of my Soldiers upon such as are learned.

* 1.1014. Constantinus the Emperour observing some differences amongst the Fathers of the Church, cal∣led the Nicene Council,* 1.102 at which also hmself was present: At this time divers little Books were brought to him, containing their mutual complaints, and accusations of one another: All which he re∣ceived as one that intended to read and take cogni∣zance of them all: But when he found that he had received as many as were intended to be offered: he bound them up in one bundle, and protesting that he had not so much as looked into any one of them, he burnt them all in the sight of the Fathers, giving them moreover a serious exhortation to peace, and a Cordial Agreement amongst themselvrs.

5. It is noted of Phocion a most excellent Captain of the Athenians,* 1.103 that although for his military a∣bility and success, he was chosen forty and five times General of their Armies by universal appro∣bation,* 1.104 yet he himself did ever perswade them to peace.

6. At Fez in Africk they have neither Lawyers nor Advocates,* 1.105 but if there be any controversies a∣mongst them, both parties Plaintiff and Defend∣ant, came to their Alsakins or Chief Judge, and at once without any further appeals or pitiful delays, the Cause is heard and ended.

It is reported of Caesar to his great commendati∣on,* 1.106 that after the defeat of Pompey, he had in his custody a Castle, wherein he found divers Letters, written by most of the Nobles in Rome under their own hands, sufficient evidence to condemn them; but he burnt them all, that no Monument might re∣main of a future grudge, and that no man might be driven to extremities, or to break the peace through any apprehension that he lived suspected, and should therefore be hated.

8. Iames King of Arragon, was a great enemy to contentions and contentious Lawyers,* 1.107 insomuch as having heard many complaints against Semenus Rada a great Lawyer, who by his Quirks and Wiles, had been injurious as well as troublesome to many, he banished him his Kingdom, as a man that was not to be endured to live in a place, to the Peace of which he was so great an enemy.

9. I read of the Sister of Edward the Third,* 1.108 King of England, and marryed to David King of the Scots, that she was familiarly called Iane make peace, both for her earnest and successful endeavours therein.

10. In old time the Month of March was the first Month amongst the Romans,* 1.109 but afterward they made Ianuary tha first: the reason of which is thus rendred by some. Romulus being a Martial Prince and one that loved Feats of War and Arms, and reputed the Son of Mars: he set before all the Months that which carried the Name of his Father: But Numa who succeeded him immediately was a man of peace, and endeavoured to draw the hearts and minds of his Subjects and Citizens from War to Agriculture, so he gave the prerogative of the first place unto Ianuary, and honoured Ianus most: as one who had been more given to politick and peaceable Government, and to the husbandry of Ground, than to the exercise of War and Arms.

11. The Lord Treasurer Burleigh was wont to say,* 1.110 that he overcame Envy and Evil will more by patience and peaceableness, than by pertinacy and stubbornness: And his private Estate he so manag'd, that he never sued any man, neither did ever any man sue him, whereby he lived and dyed with glory.

12. Numa Pompilius instituted the Priests or He∣raulds called Feciales,* 1.111 whose office was to preserve peace between the Romans and their Neighbouring

Nations; and if any quarrels did arise, they were to pacifi•• them by reason, and not suffer them to come to violence till all hope of peace was past; and if these Feciales did not consent to the Wars, neither King nor people had it in their power to undertake them.

13. Heraclitus was brought by the earnest prayers and entreaties of his Citizens,* 1.112 that he would bring forth some sentence of his concern∣ing Peace, Unity and Concord: Heraclitus got up into the Desk or Pulpit, where he called for a cup of sair water, which he sprinkled a little bran or meal upon, then he put into it a little Glacon, which is a sort of herb, and so supped it off. This done, without speaking one word, he departed, leaving the more prudent and wiser sort of people to collect from thence, that if they would cease from immoderate expences and costly matters, and betake themselves to such things as were cheap and easie to be had, that this was a sure way where∣in the lovers of peace and concord might attain un∣to their desires.

* 1.11314. Otho the Emperour when he saw that he must either lay down the Empire, or else maintain himself in the possession thereof by the blood and slaughter of a number of Citizens, he determined with himself to die a voluntary death. When his Friends and Soldiers desir••d him that he would not so soon begin to despair of the ••vent of the War he replyed, That his li••e to him was not of that value, as to occasion a Civil War for the def••nce of it. Who can chuse but admire that such a spirit as this should be found in a Heathen Prince, and he too not above thirty years of age?

* 1.11415. Alphonsus made use of Ludovicus Podius for the most part as his Embassador in Italy, as having found him a person of singular diligence and fideli∣ty; when therefore this his Embassador gave him to understand, that he might easily extort two hundred thousand Crowns for that peace which he was to grant to the Florentines and Venetians. This noble and most generous Prince made him this return, That his manner was to give peace, and not to sell it.

16. Servius Sulpitius was an Heathen Lawyer, but an excellent person:* 1.115 it is said of him, that Ad facilitatem aequitatemque omnia tulit, neque con∣stituore litium actiones, quam controversias tollere ma∣luit: He respected equity and peace in all that he did, and always sought rather to compose differences than to multiply Suits of Law.

* 1.11611. Sertorius the more he prospered and pre∣vailed in his Wars in Spain, the more importunate he was with Metellas and Pompey (the Roman Ge∣nerals that came against him) that laying down Arms, they would give him leave to live in peace, and to return into Italy again, professing, he pre∣ferred a private life there before the Government of many Cities.

CHAP. VI. Of the signal Love that some men have shewed to their Country.

JOhn the Second, King of Portugal, who for the nobleness of his mind was worthy of a greater Kingdom: when he heard there was a Bird called a Peli••an, that tears and gashes her Breast with her Bill, that with her own blood (thus shed) she might restore her young ones to life, that were le••t as dead by the bitings of Serpents. This ex∣cellent Prince took care that the figure of this Bird in this action of hers should be added to other his Royal Devices, that he might hereby shew, that he was ready upon occasion to part with his own blood for the wellfare and preservation of his people and Country. Pity it is to conceal their names whose minds have been (in this matter) as pious and Princely as his, not doubting to redeem the lives of their Fellow-Citizens, at the price of their own.

1. The Town of Calis during the Reign of Phi∣lip de Valois,* 1.117 being brought to those straits, that now there was no more hope left, either of Suc∣cours or Victuals, Iohn Lord of Vienna who there ••ommanded for the King, began to treat about the surrender of it, desiring only that they might give it up with the safety of their lives and Goods. Which conditions being offered to Edward King of England, who by the space of eleven months had straitly besieged it: he being exceedingly en∣raged, that so small a Town should alone stand out against him so long; and withal calling to mind that they had often galled his Subjects by Sea, was so far from accepting their petition, that con∣trariwise he resolv'd to put them all to the Sword, had he not been diverted from that resolution by some sage Counsellors then about him, who told him, that for having been faithful and loyal Sub∣jects to th••ir Sovereign, they deserved not to be so sharply dealt with. Whereupon Edward chang∣ing his ••irst purpose into some more clemency, promised to receive them to mercy, conditionally. that six of the principal Townsmen should present him the Keys of the Town bare-headed and bare-footed, and with Halters about their Necks, their lives being to be left to his disposition: whereof the Governour being advertised, he presently gets him into the Market place, commanding the Bell to be tolled for the conventing of the people; whom being assembled, he acquainted with the Ar∣ticles which he had received touching the yielding up of the Town, and the assurance of their lives, which could not be granted but with the death of six of the chief of them: with this news they were exceedingly cast down and perplexed: when on the sudden there rises up one of their own compa∣ny, called Stephen S. Peter, one of the richest and most sufficient men of the Town, who thus spake aloud, Sir, I thank God for the Goods he hath bestow∣ed upon me, but more, that he hath given me this pre∣sent opportunity, to make it known that I prize the lives of my Countrymen and Fellow-Burgesses above mine own. At the hearing of which speech and sight of his forwardness, one Iohn Daire and four others after him made the like offers, not without a great abundance of prayers and tears from the common people, who saw them so freely and readily sacri∣fice

all their particular respects for the Weal of the publick. And instantly without more ado, they address themselves to the King of England with the Keys of the Town, with none other hope but of death, to which (though they held them∣selves assured thereof) they went as chearfully as if they had been going to a Wedding: yet it plea∣sing God to turn the heart of the English King, at the instance of the Queen, and some of the Lords, they were all sent back again safe and sound.

* 1.1182. When the Grecians of Doris (a Region be∣tween Phocis and the Mountain Oeta) sought coun∣sel from the Oracle for their success in the Wars against the Athenians: it was answered, that then undoubtedly they should prevail, and be∣come Lords of that State, when they could obtain any victory against them, and yet preserve the A∣thenian King living. Codrus the then King of A∣thens (by some intelligence) being inform'd of this answer, withdrew himself from his own Forces, and putting on the habit of a common Soldier, entred the Camp of the Dorians, and kil∣ling the first he encountred, was himself forth∣with cut in pieces, falling a willing sacrifice to preserve the liberty of his Country.

* 1.1193. Cleomenes King of Sparta being distress'd by his E∣nemy Antigonus King of Macedon, sent unto Ptolomey King of Aegypt for help, who promised it upon con∣dition, to have his Mother and Child in pledge. Cle∣omenes was a long time ashamed to make his Mother acquainted with these conditions, went oftentimes on purpose to let her understand it, but when he came he had not the heart to break it to her; she suspecting, asked his Friends if her Son had not something to say to her, whereupon he brake the matter with her: when she heard it, she laughing said, How comes it to pass thou hast concealed it so long? Come, come, put me straight into a Ship, and send me whether thou wilt, that this body of mine may do some good unto my Country before crooked age consume it with∣out profit. Cratesiclea, for so was her name, being ready to depart, took Cleomenes into the Temple of Neptune, embracing and kissing him, and per∣ceiving that his heart yearn'd for sorrow of her de∣parture: O King of Sparta, said she, let no man see for shame when we come out of the Temple, that we have wept, and dishonoured Sparta. Whilest she was with Ptolomey, the Achaians sought to make peace with Cleomenes, but he durst not because of his pledges which were with King Ptolomey, which she hearing of, wrote to him that he should not spare to do any thing that might conduce to the honour or safety of his Country, though without the con∣sent of King Ptolomey, for fear of an old woman and a young boy.

* 1.1204. Sylla having overcome Marius in Battle, commanded all the Citizens of Praeneste to be slain, excepting one only that was his intimate Friend; but he hearing the bloody sentence pronounced a∣gainst the rest, stepped forth, and said, That he scorn'd to live by his favour who was the destroyer of his Country; and so went amongst the rest who were to be slain.

* 1.1215. Theomistocles the Athenian General, after his many famous Exploits was banished the Country, and sought after to be slain; he chose therefore to put himself rather into the power of the Persian King his Enemy, than to expose himself to the ma∣lice of his Fellow Citizens. He was by him re∣ceived with great joy; insomuch that the King in the midst of his sleep was heard to cry out thrice a∣loud, I have with me Themistocles the Ath••nian. He also did him great honour, for he allotted him three Cities ••or his Table provisions, and two o∣thers for the Furniture of his Wardrobe and Bed. While he remain'd in that Court with such Splen∣dour and Dignity, the Aegyptians rebelled, encou∣raged and also assisted by the Athenians. The Grecian Navy was come as far Cyprus and Cilicia; and Cimon the Athenian Admiral rode Master at Sea. This caused the Persian King to levy Sol∣diers, and appoint Commanders to repress them. He also sent Letters to Themistocles, then at Magne∣sia, importing that he had given him the supreme command in that affair, that he should now be mindful of his promise to him, and undertake this War against Greece. But Themistocles was no way mov'd with anger against his ungrateful Country∣men, nor incited to the War with them, by the gift of all this honour and power; for having sa∣crificed, he called then about him his Friends, and having embraced them, he drank Bulls blood, or (as others say) a strong poison, and so chose ra∣ther to shut up his own life, than to be an instru∣ment of evil to that Country of his, which yet had deserved so ill at his hands. Thus died Themisto∣cles in the sixty fi••th year of his age, most of which time he had spent in the management of the Re∣publick at home, or as the chief Commander a∣broad.

6. The Norvegians going out of their own Country upon any account whatsoever,* 1.122 as soon as they return, and set their first foot upon that earth, they fall prostrate upon the ground, and signing themselves with the Cross, they kiss the earth, And O thou more Christian Land (cry they) than all the rest of the world! so highly do they admire their own Country and its worship with a contempt of all others.

7. In the year three hundred ninety three from the Building of Rome,* 1.123 whether by Earthquake or other m••ans is uncertain; but the Forum at Rome open'd, and almost half of it was fallen in, to a very strange depth, great quantities of earth was thrown into it, but in vain, for it could not be fill'd up. The Soothsayers therefore were consulted with, who pronounced that the Romans should devote unto that place whatsoever it was, wherein they most excelled. Then Martius Curtius (a per∣son of admirable valour) affirming that the Ro∣mans had nothing besides Arms and Virtue where∣in they excelled, he devoted himself for the safe∣ty of his Country, and so arm'd on Horseback, and his Horse well accoutred, he rode into the gaping Gulph, which soon after closed it self upon him.

8. The Tartars in their invasion of China were prosperous on all sides,* 1.124 and had set down them∣selves before the Walls of the renowned and vast City of Hangchen, the Metropolis of the Pro∣vince of Chekiang, where the Emperour Lovangus was enclosed. Lovangus his Soldiers refused to fight till they had received their arrears, which yet at this time he was not able to pay them. It was upon this occasion that (his heart not able to such a desolation of the City and his Subjects as he foresaw) he gave such an illustrio••s example of his humanity and tenderness to his people, as Eu∣rope scarce ever saw; for he mounted upon the Ci∣ty Walls, and calling to the Tartarian General, upon his knees he begged the lives of his people: Spare not me, said he, I shall willingly be the Victime of my Subjects. And having said this, he presently went out to the Tartars Army, and was by them taken. By which means this noble City was con∣served, though with the destruction of the muti∣nous Army: ••or the Tartars caused the City to

shut the Gates against them till they had cut in pieces all that were without, and then entred tri∣umphantly into it, not using any force or violence to any.

* 1.1259. Darius the Son o•• Hystaspis had sent Embas∣sadors to Sparta to demand of them Earth and Wa∣ter, as a token of their subjection to him: they took their Embassadors, and cast some of them headlong into a Dungeon, others into pits, and bade them thence take the Earth and Water they came for. After which, when they had no pro∣sperous sacrifices, and that for a long time, weary of these calamities, they met in a full assembly, and proposed if any would die for the good of Sparta. Then Sperthies the Son of Aneristus, and Balis the Son of Nicolaus, (of birth, and equal estate with the best) freely offered themselves to undergo such punishment as Xerxes the Son of Darius (then his Successour) should inflict for the death of his Embassadours. The Spartans sent them away as persons hastening towards their death, being come to Sus••, they were admitted the presence of Xerxes, where first they refused to adore him, and then told him, that the Spartans had sent them to suffer death in lieu of those Embassadours whom they had put to death at Sparta, Xerxes replyed that he would not deal as the Spartans had done, who by killing Embassadours had confounded the Laws of all Nations; that he would not do what he had up∣braided them with; nor would he by their death absolve the Spartans from their guilt.

* 1.12610. Iohn King of Bohemia was so great a Lover o•• Lucenberg his own Country, that oftentimes he laid aside the care of his Kingdoms Affairs, and went thither, to the great indignation of his No∣bility. Besides this; he had thoughts of changing Bohemia with the Emperour Ludovicus for the Dukedom of Bavaria, ••or no other purpose but that he might be the nearer to Lucenburgh.

11. A Spartan woman had five Sons in a Bat∣tle that was fought near unto the City,* 1.127 and seeing one that came thence, she asked him how affairs went? All your five Sons are slain, said he. Vn∣happy wretch, replyed the woman, I ask thee not of of their concerns, but of that of my Country. As to that all is well, said the Soldier. Then, said she, let them mourn that are miserable; for my part I esteem my self happy in the prosperity of my Country.

* 1.12812. Aristides the Athenian going into Banish∣ment, lift up his eyes to Heaven, and with conjoyn∣ed hands prayed, that the Gods would so prosper the affairs of the Athenians, that Aristides might never more come into their minds: for in times of adversity the people is wont to have recourse to some or other excellent person, which also fell out in his case; for in the third year of his exile, Xerxes came with his whole power into Greece, and then Aristides was recalled to receive an impor∣tant command.

* 1.12913. Wh••n Charle's the Seventh, King of France, marched towards Naples, they of the City of Flo∣rence did set open their Gates to him, as supposing they should thereupon receive the less damage by him in their City and Territories adjoyning: But the King being entred with his Army, demanded the Government of the City, and a sum of money to ransom their Liberties and Estates. In this strait ••our of the principal Citizens were ap∣pointed to transact and manage this affair with the King's Ministers, amongst these was Petrus Capo∣nis, who (having heard the rigorous terms of their composition, recited and read by the King's principal Secretary) was so moved, that in the sight and presence of the King, he snatched the paper out of his hands, tore it in pieces, And now, cryed he, sound you your Trumpets, and we will ring our Bells. Charles astonished at the resolu∣tion of the man, desisted from his design, and thereupon it passed as a Proverbial Speech, Gallum a Capo victum fuisse.

13. P. Valerius Poplicola had a proud and sum∣ptuous Palace in the Velia,* 1.130 seated on high, near the Forum, and had a fair prospect into all parts of the City, the ascent of it was narrow, and not ea∣sie of access; and he being Consul, when he de∣scended from his House with his Litters and Atten∣dance, the people said it represented the proud pomp of a King, and the countenance of one that had a design upon their liberty. Valerius was told this by his Friends, and no way offended with the jealousie of the people, though causeless; while it was yet night, having hired a number of Smiths, Carpenters and others, he in one night pulled down that stately Palace of his, and subverted it to the very Foundations; himself and Family abiding with his Friends.

CHAP. VII. Of the singular Love of some Hus∣bands to their Wives.

FRom the Nuptial Sacrifices of old, the Gall was to be taken away, and cast upon the ground, to signifie, that betwixt the young couple there should be nothing of bitterness or discontent, but that instead thereof sweetness and love should fill up the whole space of their lives. We shall find in the following instances, not only the Gall taken away, but some such affectionate Husbands, and such proficients of this lesson of love, that they may seem to have improv'd it to the uttermost heights.

1. Darius the last King of the Persians, suppo∣sing that his Wife Statira was slain by Alexander,* 1.131 filled all the Camp with lamentations and outcries; O, Alexander, said he, whom of thy Relations have I done to death, that thou shouldest thus retaliate my severities: thou hast hated me without any provocation on my part: but suppose thou hast justice on thy side, shouldst thou manage the war against Women? Thus he bewailed the supposed death of his Wife; but as soon as he heard she was not only preserved a∣live, but also treated by Alexander with the highest Honour, he then pray'd the Gods to render Alexan∣der fortunate in all things, though he was his Ene∣my.

2. M. Antonius the Triumvir being come to La∣odicea,* 1.132 sent for Herod King of the Jews to answer what should be objected against him, concerning the death of Aristobulus the High Priest and his Brother-in-law, whom (while he was swimming) he caused to be drowned under pretence of sport. Herod not trusting much to the goodness of his cause, committing the Government of his King∣dom to Ioseph his Uncle, privily gave him order, that if Antonius should adjudge his offence to be capital, that forthwith he should kill Mariamne his Wife; for that as he said he had such an affection to her, that if any should fortune to be the possessor of her Beauties (though it was after his death) yet should he conceive himself injured thereby;

affirming also, that this affair had befallen him through the beauty of his Wife, the fame of which had long since come to the ears of Antonius. This commandment was made known by Ioseph to the Queen her self, who afterwards upbraided her Husband with it, and thereby occasioned the death of Ioseph, and of her self also under pretext of a∣dultery with him. Herod had impotent desires of her even after she was dead; he often called upon her name, and frequently betook himself to un∣comely lamentations: he invented all the delight he could, he feasted and drank liberally, and yet to small purpose, he therefore left off the care of his Kingdom, and was so overcome with his grief, that he often commanded his servants to call Ma∣riamne, as if she had been still alive, his grief en∣creasing, he exiled himself into solitudes under pretence of hunting, where continuing to afflict himself, he fell into a grievous disease, and when recovered of it, he became so fell and cruel, that for sleight causes he was apt to in••lict death.

* 1.1333. Titus Gracchus loved his Wife Cornelia with that fervency, that when two Snakes were by chance found in his House, and that the Augurs had pronounced that they should not suffer them both to escape, but that one of them should be killed: affirming also, that if the Male was let go, Cornelia should die first; on the other side, that Gracchus should first expire, if the Female was dis∣missed: Dismiss then the Female, said he, that so Cornelia may survive me, who am at this time the el∣der. It so fell out, that he died soon after, leaving behind him many Sons; so entirely beloved by the Mother, and the memory of her Husband so dear to her, that she refused the proffered marri∣age with Ptolemy King of Aegypt. The buried ashes of her Husband it seem'd lay so cold at her heart, that the Splendour of a Diadem, and all the pomp of a rich and proffered Kingdom were not able so to warm it, as to make it capable of re∣ceiving the impression of a new Love.

* 1.1344. C. Plautius Numida a Senator, having heard of the death of his Wife, and not able to bear the weight of so great a grief, thrust his Sword into his Breast, but by the sudden coming in of his ser∣vants, he was prevented from finishing his design, and his wound was bound up by them; neverthe∣less, as soon as he found opportunity according to his desire, he tore off his plaisters, opened the lips of his wound with his own hand, and let forth a Soul that was unwilling to stay in the body, after that of his Wives had forsaken hers.

5. Caligula the Emperour had Caesonia to Wife, and though she was not of remarkable beauty,* 1.135 nor of a just but declining age; though by another Husband she was already the Mother of three Daughters, yet being one of prodigious both luxury and lasciviousness, he loved her with that ardency and constancy, that he often shewed her to the Soldiers riding by him in her Armour, and to his Friends even naked. The day she was brought to bed he made her his Wife, professing that he was at once her Husband, and the Father of a child by her. The child which was named Iulia Drusilla was by his order carried about to all the Temples of the Gods, at last he laid it down in the lap of Minerva, and commended the child to her education and instruction, nor did he conclude the child to be his by any more certain sign than this, that even in her infancy she had a cruelty so natural, that she would flie upon the faces and eyes of such children as played with her with her Fin∣gers and Nails.

6. Philip, sirnamed the Good,* 1.136 the first author of that G••eatness whereunto the House of Burgundy did arrive, was about twenty three years of age, when his Father Iohn Duke of Burgundy was slain by the villany and perfidiousness of Charles the Dauphin. Being informed of that unwelcome news, full of grief and anger as he was, he hasts into the Chamber of his Wife (she was the Dau∣phin's Sister) O, said he, my Michalea, thy Brother hath murdered my Father. She who was a true lover of her Husband straight brake out into cries and tears; and fearing (not in vain) that this accident would prove the occasion of a breach, she lamented as one that refused all comfort; when her Husband used all kind of words to chear up her spirits: Thou shalt be no less dear unto me, said he, for this fault, which (though near related) is yet none of thine; and therefore take courage and comfort thy self in a Husband that will be faithful and constant to thee for ever. He perform'd what he said, he lived with her three years, treating her always with his ac∣customed love, and the same respects: and al∣though the very sight of her did daily renew the memory of that wicked act of her Brother; and though (which is more) she was barren, a suffi∣cient cause of divorce amongst Princes; yet he would not that any thing but death should dissolve the matrimonial Bond that was betwixt them.

7. M. Plautius by the command of the Senate was to bring back a Navy of sixty Ships of the Confederates into Asia,* 1.137 he put on shore at Taren∣tum; thither had Orestilla his Wife followed him, and there (overcome with a disease) she departed this life. Plautius having ordered all things for the celebration of the Funeral, she was laid upon the Pile to be burnt, as the Roman manner was; the last offices to be perform'd, were to anoint the dead body, and to give it a Valedictory Kiss; but betwixt these the grieved Husband fell upon his own Sword and died. His Friends took him up in his Gown and Shooes as he was, and laying his body by that of his Wives, burnt them both toge∣ther. The Sepulchre of these two is yet to be seen at Tarentum, and is called the Tomb of the two Lovers.

8. Dominicus Catalusius was the Prince of Lesbos,* 1.138 and is worthy of eternal memory for the entire love which he bare to his Wife: she fell into a grievous Leprosie, which made her appear more like unto a rotten carcase, than a living body. Her Husband not fearing in the least to be in••ected with the contagion, nor frighted with her horrible aspects, nor distasted with the loathsome smells sent forth by her ••ilthy Ulcers, never forbade her ei∣ther his Board or Bed; but the true love he had towards her turn'd all those things to him into se∣curity and pleasure.

9. One of the Neapolitans (pity his name as well as Country is not remembred) being busily employed in a Field near the Sea,* 1.139 and his Wife at some distance from him, the woman was seised upon by some Moorish Pyrates, who came on shore to prey upon all they could find. Upon his return not finding his Wi••e, and perceiving a Ship that lay at anchor not far off, conjecturing the matter as it was, he threw himself into the Sea, and swam up to the Ship; when calling to the Captain, he told him that he was therefore come because he must needs follow his Wife. He feared not the Barbarism of the Enemies of the Christian Faith, nor the mise∣ries those Slaves endure that are thrust into places where they must tug at the Oar, his love overcame all these. The Moors were full of admiration at

the carriage of the man, for they had seen some of his Country-men rather chuse death than to endure so hard a loss of their liberty, and at their return they told the whole of this Story to the King of Tunis; who moved with the Relation of so great a love, gave him and his Wife their freedom, and the man was made by his command, one of the Sol∣diers of his Life Guard.

10. Gratianus the Emperour was so great and known a Lover of his Wife,* 1.140 that his enemies had hereby an occasion administred to them to ensnare his life, which was on this manner. Maximus the Usurper ca••sed a Report to be ••pread, that the Em∣press with certain Troops was come to see her Hus∣band and to go with him into Italy, and sent a mes∣senger with counterfeit Letters to the Emperour, to give him advice thereof. After this he sent one Andragathius a subtile Captain, to the end he should put himself into a Horse Litter with some chosen Soldiers, and go to meet the Emperour, (feigning himself to be the Empress) and so to surprise and kill him. The cunning Champion perform'd his business, for at Lyons in France the Emperour came forth to meet his Wife, and coming to the Horse-Litter was taken and killed.

* 1.14111. Ferdinand King of Spain, married Elizabeth the Sister of Ferdinand Son of Iohn King of Arragon, Great were the virtues of this admirable Princess, whereby she gained so much upon the heart of her Husband, a valiant and fortunate Prince, that he admitted her to an equal share in the Government of the Kingdom with himself: wherein they lived with such mutual agreement; as the like hath not been known amongst any of the Kings and Queens of that Country. There was nothing done in the affairs of State, but what was debated, ordained, and subscribed by both: The Kingdom of Spain was a name common to them both, Embassadors were sent abroad in both their names, Armies and Sol∣diers were levied and formed in both their names, and so was the whole wars, and all civil affairs, that King Ferdinand did not challenge to himself an au∣thority in any thing or in any respect, greater than that whereunto he had admitted this his beloved Wife.

Bajazet the first, after the great victory obtain'd against him by Tamberlain,* 1.142 to his other great mis∣fortunes and disgraces, had this one added, of ha∣ving his beautiful Wife Despina whom he dearly lo∣ved, to fall into the hands of the Conquerour, whose ignominious and undecent treatment, before the eyes of her Husband, was a matter of more dishonour and sorrow, than all the rest of his affli∣ctions, for when he beheld this, he resolved to live no longer, but knock'd out his Brains against the iron bars of that Cage wherein he was enclosed.

* 1.14313. Dion was driven from Sicily into Exile by Dionysius, but his Wife Aristomache was detained, and by him was compelled to marry with Polycrates, one of his beloved Courtiers: Dion afrerwards re∣turn'd, took Syracuse, and expelled Dionysius: his Sister Arete came and spoke to him, his Wife Ari∣stomache stood behind her, but conscious to her self in what manner she had wrong'd his Bed, shame would not permit her to speak. His Sister Arete then pleaded her cause, and told her Brother that what his Wife had done, she was enforced to by necessity, and the Command of Dionysius; where∣upon the kind Husband received her to his House as before.

* 1.144Meleager challenged to himself the chief glory and honour of slaying the Calidonian Boar, but this being denied him, he sate in his Chamber so angry and discontented;* 1.145 that when the Curetes were assaulting the City where he lived, he would not stir out to lend his Citizens the least of his as∣sistance. The Elders, Magistrates, the chief of the City and the Priests came to him with their humble supplications, but he would not move, they propounded a great reward, he despised at once both it and them. His Father Oenaeus came to him, and embracing his knees sought to make him relent but all in vain: His Mother came and try'd all ways but was refused, his Sisters and his most familiar friends were sent to him, and begg'd he would not forsake them in their last extremity: but neither this way was his fierce mind to be wrought upon. In the mean time the enemy had broken into the City, and then came his wife Cleopatra trembling: O my dearest Love, said she, help us or we are lost: the Enemy is already entred. The Hero was mo∣ved with this voice alone, and rous'd himself at the apprehension of the danger of his belo∣ved Wife: He arm'd himself, went forth, and left not till he had repulsed the Enemy, and put the City in its wonted safety and security.

CHAP. VIII. Of the singular Love of some Wives to their Husbands.

THough the Female be the weaker Sex, yet some have so superseded the fidelity of their na∣ture, by an incredible strength of affection: that being born up with that they have oftentimes per∣formed as great things, as we could expect from the courage and constancy of the most generous a∣mongst men. They have despised death let it ap∣pear to them in what shape it would; and made all sorts of difficulties give way before the force of that invincible Love which seemed proud to shew it self most strong, in the greatest extremity of their Husbands.

1. The Prince of the Province of Fingo in the Empire of Iapan,* 1.146 hearing that a Gentleman of the Country had a very beautiful woman to his Wife, got him dispatch'd: and having sent for the widow some days after her Husbands death,* 1.147 acquainted her with his desires: She told him she had much rea∣son to think her self happy, in being honour'd with the friendship of so great a Prince, yet she was re∣solved to bite off her Tongue and murther her self, if he proffer'd her any violence: But if he would grant her the favour to spend one Month in bewail∣ing her Husband, and then give her the liberty to make an entertainment for the Relations of the de∣ceased, to take her leave of them, he should find how much she was his servant, and how far she would comply with his Affections. It was easily granted, a very great dinner was provided, whither came all the kinred of the deceased: the Gentlewoman perceiving the Prince began to be warm in his wine, in hopes of enjoying her promise; she desired li∣berty to withdraw into an adjoyning Gallery to take the Air, but as soon as she was come into it, she cast her self headlong down in the presence of the Prince, and all her dead Husbands Rela∣tions.

2. Cedrenus observeth in his History, that Con∣stantine the Ninth, exercising tyranny as well in mat∣ters

of Love as within his Empire,* 1.148 caused the Ro∣man Argyropulus to be sought out, and commanded him to repudiate his Wife whom he had lawfully married, to take his daughter on condition that he would make him Caesar, and associate him with him∣self in his dignity: But if he condescended not to his will, he threatned to pull out his eyes, and to make him all the days of his life miserable. The Lady who was present, seeing her Husband involv'd in all the perplexities that might be, and ignorant what answer to give unto the Emperour. Ah Sir, said she, I see you are much hindred in a brave way if it only rest in your Wife that you be not great and happy, I freely deprive my self of all, yea of your company, (which is more precious to me than all the Empires of the world) rather than prejudice your fortune: For know I love you better than my self. And saying this she cut o••f her hair, and vo∣luntarily entred into a Monastery, which the other was willing enough to suffer, preferring Ambition before Love; a matter very ordinary amongst great ones.

* 1.1493. The Emperour Conrad the Third, besieged Guelphus Duke of Bavaria, in the City of Wensberg in Germany: the Women perceiving that the Town could not possibly hold out long, petitioned the Emperour that they might depart, only with so much as each of them could carry on their Backs;* 1.150 which the Emperour condescended to, expecting they would have loaden themselves with Silver and Gold,* 1.151 &c. But they came all forth with every one her Husband on her back, whereat the Emperour was so mov'd that he wept, received the Duke into his favour, gave all the men their lives, and extol'd the women with deserved praises. Bodinus says, that Laurentius Medices was restored to his health, by the only reading of this Story, when he had long in vain expected it from the endeavours of his Physicians.

* 1.1524. Hota was the Wife of Rahi Benxamut a valiant Captain, and of great reputation amongst the A∣larbes, she had been bravely rescued out of the hands of the Portugals (who were carrying her a∣way Prisoner,* 1.153) by the exceeding courage and va∣lour of Benxamut her Husband. She shewed her thankfulness to him by the ready performances of all the o••••ices of love and duty: Some time after Benxamut was slain in a con••lict, and Hota perform'd her Husbands Funeral Obsequies with infinite la∣mentations, laid his Body in a stately Tomb, and then for Nine days together she would neither eat nor drink, whereof she died, and was buried (as she had ordain'd in her last Will) by the side of her beloved Husband. Of her I may say as Sir Henry Wotton wrote upon Sir Albert Mortons Lady:

He first deceas'd; She for a few days try'd To live without him, lik'd it not and dy'd.

* 1.1545. Arria the Wife of Cecinna Paetus, understand∣ing that her Husband was condemn'd to dye, and that he was permitted to chuse what manner of death lik'd him best: she went to him and having exhorted him to depart this life couragiously,* 1.155 and bidding him farewel, gave her self a stab into the Breast with a Knife she had hid for that purpose un∣der her Cloaths:* 1.156 Then drawing the Knife out of the wound and reaching it to Paetus,* 1.157 she said, Vul∣nus quod feci Paete non dolet, sed quod tu facies: The wound I have made P••etus, smarts not; but that only which thou art about to give thy self. Whereupon Martial hath an Epigram to this purpose.

When Arria to her Husband gave the Knife,* 1.158 Which made the wound whereby she lost her Life: This wound dear Paetus, grieves me not, quoth she, But that which thou must give thy self grieves me.

6. King Edward the First while Prince,* 1.159 warr'd in the Holy Land, where he rescued the great City of Acon, from being surrendred to the Souldan; after which one Anzazim,* 1.160 a desperate Sarazen (who had often been employed to him from the General•• being one time upon pretence of some secret mes∣sage, admitted alone into his Chamber, he with an empoyson'd Knife gave him three wounds in the Body,* 1.161 two in the Arm and one near the Arm-Pit, which were thought to be mortal, and had perhaps been so, if out of unspeakable love the Lady Elia∣nor his Wife, had not suck'd out the poyson of his wounds with her mouth, and thereby effected a cure, which otherwise had been incurable. Thus it is no wonder that Love should do wonders, seeing it is it self a wonder.

7. Sulpitia was the Wife of Lentulus,* 1.162 a person proscrib'd by the Trium-Virate in Rome, he being fled into Sicily,* 1.163 she was narrowly watch'd by Iulia her Mother, lest she should follow her Husband thi∣ther; but she disguising her self in the habit of a Servant, taking with her two maids and as many men; by a secret flight she got thither, not refu∣sing to be proscrib'd her self, to approve her fideli∣ty and Love to her Husband.

8. Artemisia the Queen of Caria,* 1.164 bare so true a love to her Husband Ma••solus, that when he was dead she prepared his Funeral in a sumptuous man∣ner, she sent for the chiefest and most eloquent O∣rators out of all Greece,* 1.165 to speak Orations in his Praise upon the chief day of the solemnity. When the Body was burnt, she had the Ashes carefully preserv'd,* 1.166 and by degrees (in her drink) she took down those last remainders of her Husband into her own body, and as a further testimony of her Love to his Memory, she built him a Sepulchre with such magnificence,* 1.167 that it was numbred amongst the seven wonders of the World.

9. Learchus by poyson cut off Archelaus King of the Cyrenians,* 1.168 and his friend, and seiz'd upon his Kingdom in hopes of enjoying his Queen Eryxona, She pretending not to be displeas'd with the pro∣posals, invited Learchus to come alone in the night and confer with her about it:* 1.169 who in the strength of his affection and fearing nothing of treachery; went unaccompanied to her Palace, where he was slain by two whom Eryxona had there hid for that purpose, and his body she caused to be thrown out at the Window.

10. Camma the Wife of Sinatus the Priestess of Diana,* 1.170 was a person of most rare beauty and no less virtue: Erasinorix to enjoy her had treacherously slain her Husband,* 1.171 he had often attempted in vain to perswade her to his embraces, by fair speeches and gifts, and she fearing he would add force to these, feigned her self to be overcome with his im∣portunity. To the Temple they went,* 1.172 and stand∣ing before the Altar (as the custom was) the new Bride drank a Cup of Wine in a Golden Vial to the Bridegroom, which he received and drank off with great pleasure: which done, falling on her Knees with a loud voice, she said: I thank thee O Vene∣rable Diana, that thou hast granted me in thy Tem∣ple, to revenge the blood of my Husband, which was shed for my sake: Which said she fell down and dyed. Now did Erasinorix perceive the Wine he had drank was poyson'd, nor was it long after

e're he himself as another Sacrifice fell dead at the foot of the Altar.

* 1.17311. Pandocrus was one of the Captains of the Men of War under Iacobus King of Persia, who was the Son of Vsun Cass••n:* 1.174 this man had a most beau∣tiful young Lady to his Wife (though not above sixteen years of Age) by whom he was most entirely beloved. He having rebelled against his Soveraign, she long besought him that he would not enter Battle with his Enemies, but when he would not agree to her in that, she then intreated that at least he would kill her before the Fight, that so she might not be compelled to out-live him: when he had also denyed her in this, he gave Battel where∣in he was overcome and slain, and his Wife being taken, was by the King bestowed upon one of his Captains: When therefore he would take her to Wife, she long opposed his intentions, and when at last she perceived he went about to gain that by force which he could not by entreaty, she requested some time wherein to deliberate upon the matter: It was granted, and when she had sent him a Note, wherein she had written; No man shall ever say, that the Wife of Pandoerus did long survive him; she fell upon a Sword and dyed.

* 1.17512. Leonidas King of Sparta had married his Daughter Chelonis to Cleombrotus, afterwards he fell out with him and would have slain him: Chelonis ta∣king her two little Sons, went to her Husband, ear∣nestly begging his life of her angry Father, telling him that if he proceeded to kill her Husband,* 1.176 she would first kill her self: and pitifully complaining, she laid her face upon Cleombrotus his head, and cast∣ing her swoln and blubber'd eyes upon the standers by, Leonidas was mov'd to pity, and commanded Cleombrotus to get him thence into Exile, withal praying his daughter for his sake, to remain with him and not to forsake her Father who did so dearly love her, as for her sake alone to save the forfeit life of her Husband: But she by no means would yield to his request, but rising up with her Husband, she gave him one of his Sons, and taking the other in her owns Arms, she voluntarily went with him into Banishment.

13. Portia the Daughter of Cato, and Wife of Marcus Brutus,* 1.177 when she conjectur'd by the sleep∣less and disturbed Nights of her Husband, that he had conceived some great thing in his mind, and conceal'd it from her in suspicion of her weakness;* 1.178 She (to give her Husband an instance of her con∣stancy and secrecy) made her self a deep wound in her Thigh with a Razor, there followed a stream of Blood, Debility, and a Fever. When Brutus came home,* 1.179 sad at so unexpected an accident, she causing all to withdraw, Sit down Husband, said ••he, I have something that is serious to discourse with you: When I married you I came to your house as a Wife, not as a Mistress or Whore, nor only as a companion of your Bed and Board, but of all prosperous and adverse things: I am Cato's daugh∣ter, and reckon you that I am of that blood. What then? do I complain of you? Not at all, if I look at other matters, conjugal Solemnities, good will, and this external love, but I look higher, and would have your friendship also; and that is the only grief of my mind which torments me, that you have my fidelity in suspicion: For wherefore should you dis∣semble? Do I not perceive the care you are in? that there is some secret and great enterprize you are in agitation about? Why do you conceal it from me? If I can lend you no assistance, expect some comfort at least from me: For as to my secrecy I am able to engage; Consider not the rest of my Sex, I say again that I am the daughter of Ca∣to, and I add thereunto that I am the Wife of Bru∣tus: either nature (being from such a Father) or conversation with such a Husband, will render me constant and invincible against all that is to be fear'd. Why do I multiply words, I my self have made ex∣periment of my self, and see this wound which of my own accord I have given my self, that I might know whether I could undergo with courage any grief and torments: I can believe it, I am able to bear them, to despise them, and I can dye Brutus with and for my Husband. If therefore you are about any thing that is just and honourable, and worthy of us both, conceal it no longer. Brutus admiring the greatness of her mind, and surprised with the discovery of such an affection, lift up his hands for joy: And, O all ye Powers above, said he, be ye favourable and propitious to my desires, and make me a Husband that is worthy of Portia. Then he re∣cited in order to her the conspiracy against Caesar, and who they were that were concerned therein. She was so far from being affrighted therewith, or deterring him from it, that she encouraged him to proceed: But the day they were to perform the enterprise, being in fear for Brutus she swooned, and was scarcely recovered by him: At the last Bru∣tus being overcome and slain at Philippi; she deter∣min'd to dye, and when her friends being ever with her, deprived her of the oppurtunity and means, she at last snatch'd the burning coals with her hands out of the fire, and thrusting them into her mouth, she kept them there till she was choak'd.

14. In the Reign of Vespasian,* 1.180 there was a rebel∣lion in Gaul; the chief Leader of which was Iulius Sabinus, the Gauls being reduced, the Captain was sought after to be punish'd: But he had hid himself in a Vault or Cave which was the monument of his Grandfather, he caused a report to be spread of his death, as if he had voluntarily poyson'd himself, and the better to perswade men of the truth of it, he caused his house to be set on fire, as if his Body had therein been Burnt. He had a Wife whose name was Eponina, she knew nothing of his safety, but bewail'd his death with inconsolable tears, there were only two of his freed men who were privy to it, who pitying their Lady, (who was determin'd to dye, and in order thereunto had now abstain'd from all manner of food for three days together) declared her purpose to her Husband, and besought him to save her that lov'd him so well: It was grant∣ed, and she was told that her Sabinus lived, she came to him where they lived with secrecy and undisco∣vered for the space of nine years together: She con∣ceived and brought forth Children in that solitary mansion. At last the place of their Abode came to be known; they were taken and brought to Rome, where Vespasian commanded they should be slain: Eponina producing and shewing her Children, Behold O Caesar, said she, such as I have brought forth and brought up in a Monument, that thou mightest have more suppliants for our lives: Cruel Vespasian that could not be mov'd with such words as these. Well they were both led to death, and Eponina joyfully dyed with her Husband, who had been before buried with him for so many years together.

15. Eumenes burying the dead,* 1.181 that had fall'n in the Battel of Gabine against Antigonus; amongst o∣thers, there was found the Body of Ceteas, the Ca∣ptain of those Troops that had come out of India. This man had two Wives who accompanied him in the Wars, one which he had newly married, and another which he had marryed a few years before, but both of them bare an entire love to him, for

whereas the Laws of India require that one Wife shall be burnt with her dead Husband; both these proffered themselves to death, and strove with that ambition, as if it was some glorious prize they sought after. Before such Captains as were appointed their Judges, the younger pleaded that the other was with child; and that therefore she could not have the benefit of that Law. The el∣der pleaded that whereas she was before the other in years, it was also fit that she should be before her in honour; since it was customary in other things, that the elder should have place. The Judges when they understood by Midwives that the elder was with child, passed judgment that the younger should be burnt, which done, she that had lost the cause departed, rending her Diadem, and tearing her hair as if some grievous calamity had befallen her. The other all joy at her victory, went to the Funeral Fire magnificently dressed up by her Friends, led along by her Kinred, as if to her Nuptials, they all the way singing Hymns in her praises; when she drew near the fire, taking off her Ornaments, she delivered them to her Friends and Servants as tokens of remembrance, they were a multitude Rings with variety of pre∣cious Stones, Chains and Stars of Gold, &c. this done, she was by her Brother placed upon the com∣bustible matter by the side of her Husband; and after the Army had thrice compassed the Funeral Pile, fire was put to it, and she without a word of complaint finished her life in the flames.

* 1.18216. Clara Cervenda was one of the most beauti∣ful and fairest Virgins in all Bruges; she was mar∣ried to Bernard Valdaura, at that time above forty four years of age. The first night after her mar∣riage she found that her Husbands Thighs were rolled and wrapped with Clouts, and that he was a man very sore and sickly; for all which she lov'd him not a whit the less. Not long after Valdaura fell so sick, that all the Physicians despaired of his life: then did she so attend upon him, that in six weeks space she put not off her cloaths, only for shift, nor rested above an hour (or two at the most) in a night, and that in her cloaths. This Disease was a venemous Relique of the Pox; and the Physicians counselled Clara not to touch the sick man, or come near him; and so also did her Kin∣red and Neighbours. All which moved her not, but having taken order for that which concerned the benefit of his Soul, she provided him all things that might tend to the health of his body; she made him Broths and Juleps, she changed his Sheets and Clouts, although by reason of a continual loos∣ness and many sores about him, his body never left running with matter and filth, so that he never had any clean part about him. All the day she rested not, the strength of her love supporting the de∣licacy of her body; by this good means Valdaura escaped that danger. After this, by reason of a sharp and hot Rheum falling from his Brain, the Gristle within his Nose began to be eaten away; wherefore the Physicians appointed a certain pow∣der to be blown up softly into his Nose at certain times with a Quill; no body could be found to take such a loathsome service in hand, because of the stench that came from him; but Clara did it chearfully, and when his Cheeks and Chin were all covered over with Scabs, Wheals and Scales, so as no Barber could or would shave him, she with her little Scissars played the Barber, and made him a deft Beard. From this Sickness he fell into ano∣ther, which lasted seven years, during which time, with incredible diligence she made ready his meat, put in his Tents, laid on his Plaisters, dressed and bound up his Thighs, all rotten with Scabs and Ulcers, his Breath was such that none durst come near by ten paces, and abide by it, which yet she protested was sweet to her. This long sickness, and the nourishing and medicining of a body op∣pressed by so many Diseases, was a great matter in a House that had no Rents or Profits coming in, and where Trade had ceased of a long time, and consequently the gain: she therefore to furnish ex∣pences, sold her Pretious Jewels, her Gold Chains, her rich Carcanets, her Garments of great value, a Cupboard of Plate, not caring for any thing so her Husband was relieved, and contenting her self with little, so he wanted nothing. Thus Valdau∣ra lingred on a life by the help of his Wife, with∣in a rotten body, or rather within a Grave for twenty years together, in which time she had eight children by him, yet neither she nor they had so much as a Scab, Wheal or Pimple in any part of their bodies. Valdaura died an old man, for whose death his Wife Clara made such mourning, as they who knew her well, say never woman did for any Husband. When some instead of com∣forting her, told her, God had done much in ta∣king him away, and that they therefore came to congratulate with her, she detested their speeches, wishing for her Husband again, in exchange of five children, and though she was yet both young and lusty, and sought to by many, she resolved not to marry; saying, she should never meet with any whom she could like so well as her dear Bernard Valdaura.

CHAP. IX. Of the Indulgence and great Love of some Parents to their Children.

THat natural affection which we bear towards them that proceed from us, we have in com∣mon with other creatures. The Poet hath ex∣pressed it in the most cruel of all other Beasts.

—The Tiger which most thirsts for blood,* 1.183 Seeing her self robbed of her tender Brood, Lies down lamenting in her Scythian Den, And licks the prints where her lost whelps had lain.

Only this affection reigns with greater power in the Souls of some than others; and the effects of it have been such as cannot but detain us with some pleasure in the perusal of them.

1. Charles the Great was so great a Lover of his Sons and Daughters,* 1.184 that he never dined or supped without them; he went no whither upon any journey, but he took them along with him: and when he was asked why he did not marry his Daughters, and send his children abroad to see the world, his reply was, That he was not able to bear their absence.* 1.185

2. Nero Domitius the Son of Domitius Aeno∣barbus and Agrippina, by the subtlety of his Mo∣ther obtained the Empire. She once enquired of the Chaldeans if her Son should reign: they told her, that they had found he should, but that withal he should be the death of his Mother: Occidat modo

imperet, said she; let him kill me, provided he live to be Emperour. And she had her wish.

* 1.1863. Solon was a person famous throughout all Grecce, as having given Laws to the Athenians, being in his Travels came to Miletum to converse with Thales who was one of the seven wise men of Greece: these two walking together upon the Market place, one comes to Solon, and told him that his Son was dead; a••flicted with this unex∣pected as well as unwelcome news, he fell to tearing of his Beard, Hair and Cloaths, and fouling of his face in the dust, immediately a mighty con••lux of people was about him, whom he entertained with howlings and tears when he had lain long upon the ground, and delivered himself up to all manner of expressions of grief, unworthy the per∣son he sustain'd, so renowned for gravity and wis∣dom, Thales bade him be of good courage, for the whole was but a contrivance of his, who by this artifice had desired to make experiment whether it was convenient for a wise man to marry, and have children, as he had pressed them to do; bur that now he was sufficiently satisfied it was no way con∣ducible, seeing he perceived that the loss of a child might occasion a person famous for wisdom to discover all the signs of a mad man.

* 1.1874. Seleucus King of Syria was inform'd by Erasi∣stratus his Physician, that his Son Antiochus his lan∣guishment proceeded from a vehement love he had taken to the Queen Stratonice his beautiful and beloved Wife, and that his modest suppression of this secret (which he had found out by his art) was like to cost the life of the young Prince. The tender and indulgent Father resigned her up unto his Son, by a marvellous example overcoming himself to consult the life and contentment of his Son.

* 1.1885. M. Tullius Cicero was so great a Lover of his Daughter Tulliola, that when she was dead he la∣boured with great anxiety and his utmost endea∣vour to consecrate her memory to posterity; he says he would take care, that (by all the monu∣ments of the most excellent wits both of Greek and Latine) she would be reputed a Goddess: how solicitously doth he write to Atticus, that a piece of ground should be purchased in some eminent place wherein he might cause a Temple to be e∣rected and dedicated to Tulliola? He also wrote two Books concerning the death of his Daughter; wherein it is probable, that he made use of all that riches of wit and eloquence wherein he was so great a master, to perswade the people that Tullio∣la was a Goddess.

* 1.1896. The elder Cato was never so taken up with employment in any a••••air whatsoever, but that he would always be present at the washing of his Son Cato, who was but newly born, and when he came to such age as to be capable of Learning, he would not suffer him to have any other Master besides him∣self. Being advised to resign up his Son to the Tutorage of some learned servant, he said he could not bear it, that a servant should pull his Son by the ears; nor that his Son should be indebted for his Learning and Education to any besides him∣self.

* 1.1907. Agesilaus was above measure indulgent to his children; the Spartans reproached him, that for love of his Son Archidamus, he had concerned him∣self so far as to impede a just judgment; and by his intercession for the Malefactors, had involv'd the City in the guilt of being injurious to Greece, He used also at home to ride upon the Hobby-horse with his little children; and being once by a friend of his found so doing, he entreated him not to discover that act of his to any man, till such time as he himself was become the Father of Children.

8. Antigonus resented not the Debauches,* 1.191 Luxu∣ry, and drunken Bouts of his Son Demetrius, to which that Prince (in times of peace) was over∣much addicted, though in time of war he carried himself with much sobriety. When the publick fame went that Demetrius was highly enamoured of Lamia the Courtisan, and that at his return from abroad he kissed his Father: What, said An∣tigonus, you think you are kissing of Lamia. Ano∣ther time when he had spent many days in drink∣ing, and pretended he was much troubled with Rheum: I have heard as much, said Antigonus, but is it Thasian or Chian Rheum? Having heard that his Son was ill, he went to visit him, and met with a beautiful Boy at the door, being entred the Cham∣ber, and sate down, he felt of his pulse; and when Demetrius said that his Feaver had newly left him: Not unlike, Son, said he, for I met it going out at the door just as I came hither. Thus gently he dealt with him in all these his miscarriages, in con∣sideration of divers other excellent qualities he was master of.

9. Syrophanes,* 1.192 a rich Aegyptian, so doted on a Son of his yet living, that he kept the Image of him in his House; and if it so fell out that any of the servants had displeased their Master, thither they were to flie as to a Sanctuary, and adorning that Image with Flowers and Garlands, they that way recovered the favour of their Master.

10. Artobarzanes resign'd the Kingdom of Cap∣padocia to his Son in the presence of Pompey the Great:* 1.193 the Father had ascended the Tribunal of Pompey, and was invited to sit with him in the Cu∣rule Seat; but as soon as he observ'd his Son to sit with the Secretary in a lower place than his for∣tune deserved, he could not endure to see him placed below himself, but descending from his Seat, he placed the Diadem upon his Sons head, and bade him go and sit in that place from whence he was lately risen; tears fell from the eyes of the young man, his body trembled, the Diadem fell ••rom his head, nor could he endure to go thither where he was commanded. And which is almost beyond all credit, he was glad who gave up his Crown, and he was sorrowful to whom it was given: nor had this glorious strife come to any end, unless Pompeys authority had joyned it self to the Father's will; for he pronounced the Son a King, commanded him to take the Diadem, and compelled him to sit with him in the Curule Seat.

11. Mahomet the Second,* 1.194 ••irst Emperour of the Turks, was no sooner possessed of his Father's Throne, but as a young Tyrant forgetting the Laws of Nature, was presently in person himself about to have murdered with his own hands his youngest Brother, then but eighteen months old, begotten on the fair Daughter of Sponderbeius, which unnatural part Moses one of his Bassas, and a man greatly in his savour, perceiving, requested him not to embrue his own hands in the blood of his Brother, but rather to commit the execution thereof to some other, which thing Mahomet com∣manded him (the author of that counsel) forth∣with to do: so Moses taking the Child from the Nurse, strangled it, with pouring water down the throat thereof. The young Lady understand∣ing of the death of her child (as a woman whom fury had made past fear) came, and in her rage reviled the Tyrant to his House, shamefully up∣braiding him for his inhumane cruelty: when Ma∣homet

to appease her fury, requested her to be con∣tent, for that it stood with the policy of his State, and willed her, for her better contentment: to ask whatsoever she pleased, and she should forthwith have it. But she desiring nothing more but in some sort to be revenged, desired to have Moses the Executioner of her Son delivered unto her bound, which when she had obtained, she presently struck him into the Brest with a knife, (crying in vain upon his unthankful Master for help) and pro∣ceeding in her cruel execution, cut an hole in his right side, and by piece-meal cut out his Liver, and cast it to the Dogs to eat; to that extremity did she resent the death of her beloved Son.

* 1.19512. Scilunus had eighty Sons, and when he lay upon his Death-bed he called them all before him, and presented them with a Bundle or Sheaf of Ar∣rows, and bade each of them try whether with all his strength he was able to break that Sheaf, they all of them having attempted it in vain, he then drew out a single arrow, and bade one of them break that, which he easily did, intimating to them thereby, that unity and compacted strength is the bond which preserves Families and King∣doms, which bond if it be once broken, all runs quickly into ruines.

13. Monica the Mother of S. Austin, while her Son was a Manichee,* 1.196 and addicted over-much to a life of sensuality and voluptuousness, out of her dear and tender affection to him, ceased not to make continual prayers with abundance of tears in his behalf: which occasioned S. Ambrose one time to comfort her with these words, Impossibile est ut filius tantarum Lachrymarum periret: It's im∣possible that a Son of so many prayers and tears should miscarry.

14. Octavius Balbus was proscribed by the Tri∣umvirate, whereupon he fled away,* 1.197 and was now got out of danger; when hearing that his Son was slain by them, he returned of his own accord, and offered his Throat to the Executioners.

* 1.19815. Cesetius was importun'd by Caesar to re∣nounce and expel from his House one of his Sons, who in the time of his Tribuneship, had given him matter of offence: the old man was so great a lover of his children, that he boldly told him, that he should sooner deprive him of all his chil∣dren at once by violence, than he should perswade him to send one of them away with any mark of his displeasure.

* 1.19916. Pericles, though he had buried his Sister and divers others of his near Relations; yet bare all this with great constancy and an unbroken mind. But when his Son Paraclus died, though he endeavoured with all his might to digest so great a grief, and to suppress any appearance thereof, yet he was not able to do it, but burst out into tears and lamentations, crying out, The Gods preserve to me the poor and little Camillus, the only Son I have now left unto me.

* 1.20017. Aegeus stood upon a high Rock, whence he might see a great way upon the Sea, in expectation of the return of his Son Theseus from Creet, having made him promise at his departure, that if all things went well with him, at his return his Ship should be set forth with Sails and Streamers of white colour, to express the joyfulness of his re∣turn. The old man after his long watching, at last did discern the Ship making homewards, but it seems they had forgot to advance the White Co∣lours, as they had promised; when therefore Ae∣geus saw nothing but black, concluding that his Son had miscarried in his journey, and was dead, not able to endure the grief he had conceived hereof, he threw himself headlong into the Sea, from the top of the Rock whereon he stood, and so died.

18. Gordianus the Elder,* 1.201 the Proconsul of A∣frica, was made choice of by them of Africa, and the Soldiers in his Army, to be their Empe∣rour, against the cruelty of the Maximini; but as soon as he understood that his Son was slain by the Maximines, he was not able to support himself un∣der the great weight of his grief, but hanged him∣self in his own Bed-chamber.

19. Socrates one day was surprised by Alcibiades,* 1.202 childishly sporting with his Son Lamproclus; and when he was sufficiently derided by Alcibiades up∣on that account; You have not, said he, such rea∣son as you imagine, to laugh so profusely at a Father playing with his child, seeing you know nothing of that affection which Parents have to their children; contain your self then till you come to be a Father your self, when perhaps you will be found as ridiculous as I now seem to you to be.

CHAP. X. Of the Reverence and Piety of some Children to their Parents.

UPon a Marble Chair in Scone, where the Kings of Scotland were used to be Crowned; and which King Edward the First caused to be carried to Westminster, was written this Distich.

Ni fallat fatum, Scoti quocunque locatum Inveniant lapidem, regnare tenentur ibidem.

Vnless unalterable fate do feign, Where e're they find this Stone the Scots shall reign.

We may say it, and perhaps with more assurance, that where ever we find that Piety and Reverence that is due to Parents, there is a kind of earnest given of a worthy and prosperous person; for ha∣ving this way entituled himself to the promise of God, whatsoever become of the Fates it shall be surely perform'd to him, as may be seen in divers of the following examples.

1 Boleslaus the fourth King of Poland had the picture of his Father,* 1.203 which he carried hanging about his Neck in a Plate of Gold; and when he was to speak, or do any thing of importance, he took this picture, and kissing it, used to say, Dear Father, I wish I may not do any thing remisly, or un∣worthy of thy name.

2. Pomponius Atticus making the Funeral Ora∣tion at the death of his Mother,* 1.204 protested, that having lived with her sixty and seven years, he was never reconciled to her; because, added he, in all that time there never happened the least jar be∣twixt us that needed reconciliation.

3. The Emperour of China on certain days of the year,* 1.205 visiteth his Mother, who is seated on a Throne, and four times on his feet, and four times on his knees he maketh her a profound reve∣rence, bowing his head even to the ground. The same custom is also observed through the greatest part of the Empire; and if it chance that any one is negligent or deficient in this duty to his Parents,

he is complain'd of to the Magistrates, who punish such offenders very severely. But generally no people express more filial respect and duty than they.

* 1.2064. Sir Thomas Moore being Lord Chancellour of England, at the same time that his Father was a Judge of the King's Bench, he would always at his going to Westminster go first to the King's Bench, and ask his Father blessing before he went to sit in the Chancery.

* 1.2075. Alexander the Great sent his Mother Olym∣pias many Royal Presents out of the Asian Spoils; but withal forbade her to intermeddle with State affairs, or to challenge to her self such offices as appertained to the Governour. Olympias expo∣stulated these things very sharply with him, which yet he easily endured. But upon a certain time when he had received long Letters from Antipa∣ter, filled with complaints against her: Antipater, said he, doth not know that one single tear of my Mo∣ther is able to blot out six hundred of his Epistles.

* 1.2086. There happened in Sicily (as it hath often) an eruption of Aetna, now called Mount Gibel, it murmurs, burns, belches up flames, and throws out its fiery entrails, making all the world to flie from it. It happened then that in this violent and horrible breach of ••••ames (every one flying and carrying away what they had most precious with them) two Sons, the one called Anapias, the other Amphinomus, careful of the wealth and goods of their Houses, reflected on their Father and Mo∣ther, both very old, who could not save them∣selves from the fire by flight: And where shall we, said they, find a more precious treasure than those who begat us? The one took up his Father on his Shoulders, the other his Mother, and so made pas∣sage through the flames. It is an admirable thing, that God in the consideration of this piety, though Pagans, did a miracle, for the monuments of all Antiquity witness, that the devouring flames staid at this spectacle, and the fire wasting and broiling all about them, the way only through which these two good Sons passed, was tapestryed with fresh verdure, and called afterwards by posterity the Field of the Pious, in memory of this Acci∣dent.

* 1.2097. Artaxerxes the First, King of Persia, was a fervent lover of Statyra his wife, and though he knew, that by the fraud of his Mother Parysatis she had been empoysoned and murdered, yet piety to his Mother overcame his conjugal affection; and he so dissembled the injury of his Mother, that he not only spake nothing of revenging her wickedness; but which is more strange, he never gave the least sign of his being offended, by any al∣teration of his countenance towards her, unless in this, that desiring to go to Babylon, he gave her leave, and said, that he would not see Babylon while she lived.

* 1.2108. Q. Cicero Brother of Marcus, being proscri∣bed, and sought after to be slain by the Triumvi∣rate, was hid by his Son, who for that cause was hurried to torments; but by no punishments or tortures could he be forced to betray his Father. The Father mov'd with the piety and constancy of the Son, of his own accord offered himself to death, lest for his sake they should determine with utmost severity against his Son.

9. Epaminondas the Theban General, being ask∣ed what was the most pleasant thing that had hap∣pened to him throughout his whole life;* 1.211 replyed it was this, that he had carried away the Leuctrian Victory, his Father and Mother being both alive. Plut. in M. Coriolan. p. 215.

10. There were three Brothers,* 1.212 who upon the death of the King their Father, fell out amongst themselves, about succession in the Kingdom, at last they agreed to stand to the judgment and de∣termination of a Neighbour King, to whom they fully referred the matter. He therefore com∣manded the dead body of the Father to be fetch∣ed out of his monument, and ordered that each of them should shoot an arrow at his heart, and he that hit it, or came the nearest to it should succeed. The elder shot first, and his arrow passed through the Throat of his Father: the second Brother shot his Father into the Breast, but yet missed the heart. The youngest detesting this wickedness, I had rather, said he, yield all to my Brothers, and utterly resign up all my pretences to the Kingdom, than to treat the body of my Father with this contumely. This saying of his considered, the King passed sen∣tence, that he alone was worthy of the Kingdom, as having given evidence how much he excelled his Brothers in virtue, by the piety he had shewed to the dead body of his Father.

11. Caius Flaminius being a Tribune of the peo∣ple,* 1.213 had promulged a Law about the division of the Fields of Gallia, man by man; the Senate un∣willing it should pass, opposed it, but he resisted both their entreaties and threats. They told him they would raise an Army against him, in case he should not desist from his intentions: notwith∣standing all which, unaffrighted he ascends the Pul∣pit, and being now ready with all the people about him, by their suffrages to have it pass into a Law; his own Father came and laid hands upon him, en∣joyning him to come down: he broken with this private command, descended from the Pulpit, and was not so much as reproach'd with the least mur∣mur of the people whom he had forsaken; but the whole assembly seemed to approve this his pie∣ty to his Parent, although so much to their own prejudice.

12. The Pretor had sentenced to death a wo∣man of good Birth for a capital crime,* 1.214 and had consign'd her over to the Triumvir to be killed in prison. The Jaylor that received her, mov'd with compassion, did not presently strangle her, but besides permitted her Daughter to come often to her, though first diligently searched, lest she should convey in any sustenance to her, the Jaylor expecting that she should die of famine. When therefore divers days had passed, wondring with∣in himself what it might be that occasioned her to live so long, he one day set himself to observe her Daughter with greater curiosity, and then disco∣vered how with the Milk in her Breasts she allayed the famine of her Mother. The news of this strange spectacle of the Daughter suckling her Mother, was by him carried to the Triumvir, by the Triumvir to the Pretor, from the Pretor it was brought to the judgment of the Consul, who par∣doned the woman as to the sentence of death passed upon her, and to preserve the memory of that fact, where her prison stood they caused an Altar to be erected to piety.

13. Nicholaus Damascenus assures us,* 1.215 that the Pisidians used to present the First Fruits of all the Viands of a Feast to their Fathers and Mothers, e∣steeming it an unworthy thing to take a plentiful refection without due honours ••irst done to the au∣thors of life.

14. Martius Coriolanus having well deserved of the Common-wealth, was yet unjustly condemned, whereupon he sled to the Volsci, at that time in Arms against Rome, followed with an Army of

these,* 1.216 he streight rendred himself very formida∣ble to the Romans. Embassadors were sent to ap∣pease him, but to no purpose: the Priests met him with entreaties in their Pontisical Vestments, but were also returned without effect: The Senate was astonished, the people trembled, as well the men as the women, bewailed the destruction that was now sure to ••all upon them. Then Volumnia the Mother of Corolianus, taking Velumnia his wife a∣long with her and also his Children, went to the Camp of the Volsci, whom as soon as the Son saw, as one that was (an entire Lover of his Mother, he made hast to embrace her: She angrily said, ••irst let me know, (before I suffer my self to be embra∣ced by you) whether I am come to a Son or an Ene∣my, and whether I am a Captive or a Mother in your Camp? and much she said after this manner with tears in her eyes: He moved with the tears of his Mother, Wife and Children, embracing his Mo∣ther; You have conquer'd, said he, and my Coun∣try hath overcome my just anger, prevailed with by her entreaties, in whose womb I was conceiv'd, and so he freed the Roman fields, and the Romans themselves, from the sight and fear of those ene∣mies he had led against them. Livy calls Veluria the Mother, and Volumnia the Wife of Corolianus.

* 1.21715. Marcus Cotta upon that very day that he came to age, and was permitted to take upon him the Virile Gown, forthwith as soon as he descended from the Capitol, he accused C. Carbo by whom his Father had been condemned, and having proved him guilty had him condemned. Thus happily and by a gallant action he began his manhood, and gave proof of his eloquence and wit.

* 1.21816. M. Pomponius Tribune of the people, accused L. Manlius the Son of Aulus, who had been Dicta∣tor; for that he had added a few days wherein he continued his Dictatorship, as also for that he had banished his Son Titus from the society of men; and commanded him to live in the Country: which when the young man heard he got to Rome by break of day, and to the house of Pomponius. It was told him that Manlius was there, and he supposing the angry young man had brought him something against his Father, rose from his bed, and putting all out of the Room sent for the young man to him: But he (as soon as entred) drew his Sword, and swore he would kill him immediately, unless he would give him oath that he would cease to accuse his Father. Pomponius compelled by this terror gave his oath, assembled the people, and then told them upon what account it was requsite for him to desist from his accusation. Piety to mild Parents is commendable, but Manlius in this his action so much the more, that having a severe Parent, he had no invitation from his indulgence, but only from his natural affection to hazard himself in his behalf.

* 1.219In the Civil Wars betwixt Octavianus and Anto∣nius, as it often falls out, that Fathers and Sons and Brothers and Brothers take contrary parts; so in that last Battle at Actium, where Octavianus was the Vi∣ctor, when the Prisoners (as the custom is) were count∣ed up; Metellus was brought to Octavianus, whose face (though much chang'd by anxiety and a Prison) was known to Metellus his Son; who had been on the contrary part: With Tears therefore he runs into the embraces of his Father, and then turning to Octavianus; This thy enemy (said he) hath de∣served death, but I am worthy of some reward for the service I have done thee: I therefore beseech thee instead of that which is owing me, that thou wouldst preserve this man, and cause me to be killed in his stead. Octavianus mov'd with this piety, (though a great enemy) gave unto the Son the life of the Father.

18. Demetrius the King of Asia and Macedonia,* 1.220 was taken Prisoner in battle by Seleucus King of Sy∣ria; Antigonus his Son was the quiet Possessor of the Kingdom, yet did he change the Royal Purple into a mourning habit, and in continual tears sent abroad his Embassadors to the neighbouring Kings; that they would interpose in his Fathers behalf for the obtaining of his liberty. He also sent to Se∣leucus and promised him the Kingdom and himself as a hostage, if he would free his Father from Pri∣son. After he knew that his Father was dead, he set forth a great Navy, and went forth to receive the body of the deceased, which by Seleucus was sent towards Macedonia: He received it with such mournful solemnity, and so many tears; as turned all men into wonder and compassion. Antigonus stood in the Poop of a great Ship, (built for that purpose) cloathed in black, bewailing his dead Fa∣ther: The ashes were inclosed in a Golden Urn, over which he stood a continual and disconsolate spectator. He caused to be ••ung the virtues and noble Atchievements of the deceased Prince, with voices form'd to piety and lamentation. The Row∣ers also in the Gallies so order'd the stroaks of their Oars, that they kept time with the mournful voices of the other. In this manner the Navy came near to Corinth, so that the Rocks and Shores themselves seemed to be moved unto mourning.

19. Opius a Citizen of Rome,* 1.221 was proscribed by the Trium-Virate, and whereas he was infeebled by old Age; and had a Son who might without danger have remained at home; yet the Son chose rather with the hazard of his own life, to deliver his Father out of the present danger he was in. He therefore took him upon his Shoulders, and with great labour carried him out of the City, where he lay concealed under the habit of a Beggar: At last, he got with him safe into Sicily, where Sextus Pom∣peius received all the Proscribed. It was not long e're (for this singular piety he had shewed to his father) the people of Rome were mov'd to recal him, and restore him to his Country; where upon his return he was by them also created Aedile, in which magistracy, when through the seisure of his goods he had not wherewithal to set forth the pub∣lick plays; that he might not want the accustomed honour, the Artificers for the Theatre gave him their work gratis, and that nothing might be lacking for the furniture of the Plays, the whole people of Rome threw him in so largely; that not only there was sufficient preparation for all things, but also he was thereby exceedingly inriched, and highly commended for his piety.

20. Miltiades for an expedition he had not so advisedly undertaken against Parus,* 1.222 and wherein he had been unfortunate, was condemn'd by the Athenians in a fine of fifty Talents; which mighty sum when he was not able to pay, and was dead in Prison of a wound in his Thigh received in that ••oy∣age, and therefore was denyed Burial; his Son Ci∣mon, doubted not to resign himself voluntarily in∣to Prison, till himself had made payment of the debt. But Cimon himself being not able to make satisfaction; it happened that Callias one of the richest men in the City, married Elpenice his Sister, who paid the fine of Miltiades now become Cimons, by which means Cimon being set free, received at once the great glory and reward of his piety to his Father.

21. Darius invaded Scythia with all the forces of

his Empire,* 1.223 the Scythians retreated by little and little, till they came to the uttermost desarts of A∣sia, Darius sent his Ambassadors to them, to de∣mand what end they intended to make of their fly∣ing, and where it was that they would begin to fight. They returned him for answer, that they had no Cities, nor cultivated fields, for which they should give him battle, but when once he was come to the place of their fathers monuments, he should then understand after what manner the Scythians did use to fight, so great a reverence had even that barbarous Nation to their dead Ancestors.

* 1.22422. When Scipio the Consul fought unprospe∣rously with Hannibal at the River Ticinum; and was sore wounded, his Son Scipio (afterwards called Af∣fricanus the Elder) though he was scarce out of the years of his Childhood; yet did he deliver his fa∣ther by his seasonable valorous interposition: Nei∣ther did the infirmity of his Age, nor his want of experience in military affairs, nor the unhappy e∣vent of an infortunate Battle so appal him, (enough to do it to an old Soldier) but that he deserved a double and illustrious Crown, for having at once sav'd a Father and a General.

* 1.22523. No man saw a guilded Statue, neither in the City of Rome nor throughout all Italy, before such time as M. Acilius Glabrio a Knight, placed one in the Temple of Piety to the honour of his Father, The Son himself dedicated that Temple in the Con∣sulship of P. Cornelius Lentulus, and M. Bebius Tam∣philus; for that his father had obtained his desire, and had overcome Antiochus at the straits of Ther∣mopolae.

* 1.22624. When Edward the First heard of the death of his only Son; he took it grievously as a Father but patiently as a wise man, but when he under stood shortly after of the death of King Henry the Third his Father, he was wholly dejected and com∣fortless: Whereat when Charles King of Sicily (with whom he then sojourned in his return from the holy Land) greatly marvelled; he satisfied him with this, God may send me more Sons, but the death of a fa∣ther is irrecoverable.

* 1.22725. In the time of Pedro the cruel, there was a Citizen of e••ghty years old condemned by him to death; a Son of his of eighteen years age, offered willingly to be put to death to excuse the old man his Father, which the cruel Tyrant (instead of par∣doning him for his rare piety) accepted of, and put him to death accordingly.

* 1.22826. When the City of Troy was taken, the Greeks did as became gallant men; for pitying the misfortune of their Captives, they caused it to be proclaim'd, that every free Citizen had liberty to take away along with him any one thing that he de∣sired. Aeneas therefore neglecting all other things, carried out with him his houshold Gods: The Gre∣cians delighted with the piety of the man, gave him a further permission to carry out with him any one other thing from his House; whereupon he took upon his Shoulders his Father, who was grown old and decrepit, and carried him forth: The Grecians were not lightly affected with this sight, and deed of his, and thereupon gave him all that was his, confessing that nature it sel•• would not suffer them to be enemies, but friends to such as preserved so great piety towards the Gods, and so great a Reverence to their Parents.

* 1.22927. Sertorius that Gallant Roman was a great lover of his Mother, in so much that being Gene∣ral in Spain, he desired that he might have liberty to come home from so noble and gainful an employ∣ment, that he might enjoy her company: and when afterwards he heard of her death, he was so smit∣ten to the heart with that unwelcome tydings, that little wanted but that he had dyed by reason of his excessive sorrow: For he lay seven days altogether upon the ground, in all which time he never gave his Soldiers the watchword, nor would suffer him∣self to be seen by any of his most familiar friends.

28. ••The Emperour Decimus had a purpose and ••arnest desire to set the Crown upon the head of his Son Decius,* 1.230 but he utterly refused it saying: I fear lest being made an Emperour; I should forget that I am a Son, I had rather be no Emperour and a du∣tiful Son, than an Emperour and such a Son as hath forsaken his due obedience: Let then my Father bear the Rule, and let this be my Empire to obey with all humility, whatsoever he shall command me. By this means the solemnity was put off, and the young man was not crowned, unless you will say that his signal piety towards his Parent, was a more glorious Crown to him than that which con∣sisted of Gold and Jewels.

CHAP. XI. Of the singular Love of some Brethren to each other.

IT is not only a rare thing to see Brethren to live together in a mutual love and agreement with each other: but withal it is observed that when they have fallen out, they have managed their en∣mities and Animosities with greater rancour and bit∣terness, than if they had been the greatest strangers to each other in the world. On the other side, where this fraternal Love has rightly seated it self in the Soul, it hath used to shew it self in as great a reality and fervency as any other sort of Love what∣soever.

1. Lucius Lucullus a Senator of Rome,* 1.231 though he was elder than his Brother Marcus, yet had so great a Love to him; that (though the Roman custom was otherwise) he could never be perswaded to stand for any place of Magistracy, till his Brother was at a lawful age to enter upon one also: This was understood by the people, who therefore crea∣ted them both Aediles in their absence.

2. There was a report though a false one,* 1.232 that Eumenes King of Asia, was slain by the fraud of Per∣seus; his Brother Attalus upon the news, seiz'd upon the Diadem, and married the Wife of his Bro∣ther, but being informed of Eumenes his return he went forth to meet him, not withou•• apprehensi∣ons of fear, in regard of what he had done in his absence. Eumenes made no shew of his displeasure, only whispered him in the ear, that before he mar∣ried another mans wife, he should be sure her Hus∣band was dead. This was all, and not long after dying, though by his Wife he had a Son of his own, yet he left the Kingdom to his Brother, together with the Queen his Wife. Attalus on the other side, that he might not be surpassed in Brotherly love, though he had many children by his own wife, yet he educated that Son she had by Eumenes to the hope of the Kingdom, and when he came of suffi∣cient age, freely resign'd up all to him, and lived a private life many years after.

3. When the Emperour Augustus had taken A∣diatoriges a Prince of Cappadocia together with his

wife and children in war;* 1.233 and had led them to Rome in Triumph, he gave order that the Father and the elder of the Brothers should be slain. The design∣ed Ministers of this execution were come to the place of restraint, to this unfortunate family, and there enquiring which of the Brethren was the el∣dest, there arose a vehement and earnest contention, betwixt the two young Princes, each of them af∣firming himself to be the Elder, that by his death he might preserve the life of the other: when they had long continued in this pious emulation, the Mother at last not without difficulty, prevailed with her Son Dyetentus, that he would permit his younger Brother to dye in his stead, as hoping that by him she might most probably be sustain'd. Augustus was at length certified of this great exam∣ple of brotherly Love, and not only lamented that act of his severity, but gave an honourable support to the Mother and her surviving Son, by some called Clitatus.

* 1.2344. Darius King of the Persians, extremely pro∣voked by crimes of an extraordinary nature, had pronounced a sentence of death, upon Ithaphernes; his Children, and the whole Family of them at once. The wife of Ithaphernes went to the Kings Palace, and there all in tears was so loud in her mournfull lamen∣tations, that her cryes coming to the Kings ear, mo∣ved him in such manner to compassion, that the King sent her word, that with her own he gave her the life of any single person whom she would make choice of among the condemned: The woman begged the life of her Brother, Darius wondred that she should rather ask his life, than that of her Husband or any of her children, and therefore ask∣ed her the reason: who replyed that since her Fa∣ther was dead, she could never hope for a brother more if she should loose this, but that her self being but young as yet, might hope for another Husband and other children. Darius was moved with this answer, and being himself repleat with brotherly love as well as prudence, he gave her also the life of her eldest Son.

* 1.2355. Bernardus Iustitianus the Venetian had three Sons, who the Father being dead, were educated by the Mother, so great and mutual a love there was betwixt these three, that there was nothing more admirable in the City, nor more frequently discoursed of: Laurentius was one of these, and al∣though he had put himself into a Monastery, yet this different choice of life hindred nothing of the true affection between them: But though Marcus was an eminent Senator, and Leonardus an excellent Orator, and of singular skill in the Latine and Greek learning; yet both went almost daily to the Mo∣nastery to dine and sup with their Brother.

6. In the division of the Norman Empire, Ro∣bert promised to his Brother Roger the half of Ca∣labria and all Sicily,* 1.236 but when it came to sharing and dividing, Robert would give him nothing in Calabria but Meto and Squillacci, and bad him to purchase the Realm which he already began to pos∣sess, meaning Sicily, and in the end resolved (as Artaxander wrote to Darius) that as the world could not endure two Suns, so one Realm could not endure two Soveraign Lords. Roger being much displeased herewith, made war upon him, and after many adventures having taken him prisoner; in a Castle where Robert was unwisely entred in the ha∣bit of a Peasant, with a purpose to bring it to his own devotion, Roger of a Brotherly love and pity, not only saved his life, but also restored him to his estate, which by right of war and being Prisoner he had lost.

7. Anno 1585.* 1.237 The Portugal Ship called S. Iago, was cast away upon the Shallows near to S. Law∣rence, and towards the Coast of Mosambique, here it was that divers persons had leapt into the great Boat to save their lives, and finding that it was o∣ver burthened they chose a Captain, whom they swore to obey, who caused them to cast lots, and such as the lot light upon to be cast over board. There was one of those that in Portugal are called new Christians, he being allotted to be cast over board into the Sea, had a young∣er Brother in the same Boat that suddenly rose up, and desired the Captain that he would pardon and make free his Brother, and let him supply his place: Saying, My Brother is elder and of better know∣ledge in the world than I, therefore more fit to live in the world, and to help my Sisters and Friends in their need, so that I had rather dye for him than live without him. At which request they remitted the elder Brother, and threw the younger at his own request into the Sea: who swum at least six hours after the Boat: And although they held up their hands with naked Swords, willing him that he should not once come to touch the Boat; yet laying hold thereon and ha∣ving his hand half cut in two, he would not let go, so that in the end they were constrained to take him in again. Both these Brethren I knew, and have been in company with them.

8. Titus Vespasian the Emperour;* 1.238 bare such a brotherly Love towards Domitian, that although he knew he spake irreverently of him, and that he had sollicited the Army to rebel against him, yet he never treated him with the less love or respect for all this, nor would endure that others should, but called him his Copartner and successor in the Empire, sometimes when they were alone together, he besought him not only with earnest entreaties, but with tears too, that he would bear the same fraternal love towards him, as he should ever find from him.

9. Heliodorus the Britain had afterwards the Sir∣name of Pius upon this occasion,* 1.239 the People provo∣ked with the cruelty and Avarice of Archigallus, had deposed him, and raised Heliodorus to the Throne of his Brother. One time when the King went a hunting, he accidently met with his Brother Archigallus in the Wood, whose altered Visage and ragged Cloaths gave sufficient evidence of his afflict∣ed condition. As soon as the King knew him, though he was not ignorant how he had sought his restoration both by force and fraud, yet he loving∣ly embraced him, and caused him privately to be conveyed into the City. The King pretended he was sick, and giving forth that he would dispose of the affairs of his Realm, by his last Will and Testament; he called his Nobles together. He then signified that he would confer in private, with each of them singly, and as every man entred his Chamber, he caused him to be laid hold on; threatning him with death if he would not consent to the sparing of his Brother; and that he should resign the Throne and Kingdom to him. Having by this means gained an Universal Assent, he then opened the business in presence of them all together. so Archigallus was restored to the Kingdom, and he dying in few years, Heliodorus succeeded him with equal justice and glory.

10. Rare and memorable was the Love that was betwixt the Vitellij,* 1.240 they were named Iohannes, Ca∣millus, Paulus, and Vitellozius, these sour were the Sons of Nicolaus Vitellius, a principal person in the City of Tisernas; to whom while he lived they per∣form'd all due obedience. He dead, all the rest were

always, and in all things obedient to the com∣mands of their elder Brother; and although for the greatness of their military virtue, they were all in high reputation amongst them that bear Arms; and were Leaders of Armies in Italy, and were hired with great stipends to assist on this or the other side; yea, though they were all married, and had attained the name of their Father, yet were they not affected with the least ambition a∣mongst themselves; nor was there ever any breach of love betwixt them. When the eldest of them died, the other yielded the power of command to him that was next in age: in all things else they were alike, in such manner, that it is a difficult thing to find such another example of Brotherly Love and Concord.

* 1.24111. While Cato Vticensis was yet a child, when any asked him whom he loved best, he would say his Brother Caepio; and when asked who in the se∣cond or third place was beloved by him, he would continue to say Caepio, till they desisted to enquire any further. When he grew up, he gave many and manifest confirmations of the great love he bore to this Brother of his; for at twenty years of age he never supped without Caepio, never went any journey, nor so much as walked into the Mar∣ket-place without him. Indeed whereas the other made use of Unguents, Cato refused them, and in all other things led a severe and rigid life. When Caepio was once commended for his frugality and moderate way of living, he confessed he was such, compared with some others: But, said he, when I compare my life with that of Cato, methinks I dif∣fer not at all from Sippius, that was one famous in the City for luxury and effeminate life. But when Caepio passing into Asia was deceased at Aenus in Thrace; Cato (then a Tribune coming out of Thes∣salonica) seemed to bear this blow with a weaker mind than became a Philosopher, he embraced the Corps, and made so great lamentation, as shewed the excess of his grief, so did the cost he was at in his Funeral, the choice odours and precious Gar∣ments that he burnt with the Corps, and the mo∣nument he erected for him in the Forum at Aenus, framed of polished Thasian Marble, wherein he expended eight Talents. The neighbouring Ci∣ties and great persons thereabouts sent him in ma∣ny things to help on the magnificence of that Fune∣ral, of all which (refusing the money sent him) he took nothing but perfumes and other ornaments, the just price of which he sent unto the senders of them. And whereas the estate of Caepio was to be divided betwixt him and the Daughter of his Bro∣ther, in the partition thereof they required no∣thing to be allowed him, in respect of the Funeral Expences.

12. There was a Soldier in the Camp of Cn▪ Pompeius,* 1.242 who in the war with Sertorius, perceiv∣ing a Soldier on the other side to press hard upon him, he fought with him hand to hand, and having slain him, he went about to strip him of his arms: here it was that he found it was his Brother who had fallen under him; which, when he discerned, having long and much reproached the Gods, for their gift of so impious a victory to him, he carried his dead Brother into the Camp, and having cover∣ed the body with a precious Garment, he laid the Corps upon the Funeral Pile, and put fire to it, which done, he immediately drew the same Sword wherewith he had slain his Brother, he thrust it into his Breast, and so falling prostrate upon the dead Body of his Brother, they were both burned together.

13. Tiberius being at Ticinum,* 1.243 and hearing that his Brother Drusus lay sick in Germany, he imme∣diately put himself upon a hasty journey to give him a visit, he passed the Alpes and the Rhine, and changing his Horse night and day he travelled out∣right two hundred miles, with only A••tabagius in his company as his guide. Drusus, though at that time labouring for life, (inform'd of his coming) commanded his Legions with their Ensigns to march forth and meet him: and to salute him by the Title of Imperator. He ordered a Pretorial Tent to be erected for him on the right hand of his own, and gave him the Consular and Imperial Name: at the same time yielding his honour to his Brother, and his body to death.

14. Scipio Africanus, though he held a most en∣tire friendship with Laelius,* 1.244 yet he earnestly im∣plored the Senate not to transfer the Province to him that fell by lot unto his Brother, promising that he would go with L. Scipio his Brother into Asia, in quality of his Legate. This he the el∣der did for the younger, the valiant for the weak, one excelling in glory, for the other who as yet was without name, being greater in his subjection, than his Brother was in his command.

15. Leopoldus Duke of Austria,* 1.245 when his Bro∣ther Frederick was taken prisoner by Lewis of Ba∣varia (his Competitor) turned every stone to gain him his liberty; he consulted a Magician, to free him by help of the Devil: and when Frederick had refused to have his freedom by such detestable means, he wrought means to gain the Pope and the King of France to intercede in his Brother's be∣half: and when he saw that the Bavarian would not be moved either with entreaties or presents, he entred into League with the Pope and the King of France against that Lewis that detained his Bro∣ther in prison.

16. Great was the love of Timoleon the Corin∣thian to his Brother;* 1.246 for when in a Battle with the Argives he saw his Brother fall down dead with the wounds he had receiv'd, he leaped over the dead body of his Brother, and with his Shield he protected the body as it lay; and though in this en∣terprise he was sore wounded himself, yet would he not retreat into any place of safety till such time as he had seen the dead body of his Brother carried off from the Field.

CHAP. XII. Of the singular Love of some Ser∣vants to their Masters.

WE do not look for Figs from Thorns, nor to gather Grapes from the tops of Thi∣stles; nor can we expect any thing from men that live under the continued frowns of the world, and whose Souls are humbled by bondage and servitude, but what is agreeable to their abject condition, want of education and converse: yet as we have sometimes seen Apes in Silk, and men in Rags, and that a Jewel of great value may casually be found upon a Dunghil, so we may sometimes read of such eminent fidelity and virtue in men of base degree and low estate, that fortune may seem to have treated them injuriously, that did not allot them as great advantages as the Masters they lived under.

* 1.2471. Publius Catienus Philotimus was left by his Ma∣ster the Heir of his whole Estate, yet did he resolv•• to die with him, and therefore cast himself alive into that Funeral Fire which was prepared to burn the dead body of his Master.

* 1.2482. The Tyrians having maintained long Wars against the Persians, were much weakened thereby, which occasioned their Slaves (being many in num∣ber) to rise up against their Masters, whom they put all to the Sword, together with their children, and then seised upon their Houses, together with their Wives, whom they married. Only one of these Slaves being more merciful than the rest, spared his Master Straton and his Son, and hid them. The Slaves having thus got possession of all, consulted together to chuse a King, and agreed that he that could first discern the Sun at his Ri∣sing, should be King. Whereupon this fore-men∣tioned Slave consulted with his Master about the business; who advised him, when others looked into the East, that he should look into the West: and accordingly when they were all assembled in the Fields, and every man's eyes were fixed upon the East, he only looked Westward, for which he was well scoffed at by his companions: but pre∣sently he espyed the Sun-beams shining upon the high Towers and Chimneys in the City, and so challenged the Kingdom. His companions would needs know who taught him this wit, at last he told them; whereupon fetching out old Straton, they gave him not only his life, but elected him their King, who having once been a Master, and free born, they thought was fittest to rule all the rest that was Slaves.

* 1.2493. Grimoaldus Duke of Benevento was invited by Gondibert King of the Lombards to assist him a∣gainst Partharis his Brother, he came accordingly, and having ejected the one, he slew the other Bro∣ther he came to defend, and so made himself King of Lombardy; and when he knew that Partharis was retreated to Cacanus Duke of Bavaria, he wrought so that he was expelled from thence. Partharis not knowing whither to betake himself in safety, comes as a suppliant, and commits him∣self to the faith of Grimoaldus. But he observing that numbers of the Ticinensians flocked daily to visit him; and fearing lest by the favour of the peo∣ple, he should some time or other recover the King∣dom, not regarding his Oath, he resolved to make him away, and that he might perform it with less noise and tumult, he intended first to make him drunk, and then send his Guards to cut his Throat, while he lay buried in wine and sleep. This counsel of his was not so privately carried, but that it came to the ear of Partharis, he therefore commands his Cup-bearer to give him water all a∣long instead of Wine (knowing then he could not indulge his Genius) lest his troubled head should prove unmindful of the danger he was in; nor could he abstain altogether from drinking, lest Grimoaldus his spies should discover that he had intimation of his intentions. The better there∣fore to colour the matter after large drinking, he caused himself to be carried by his servants into his Chamber, as to sleep out his debauch. There he consults Hunnulphus his most faithful Servant, who thought it not safe to go forth, since the ser∣vants of Grimoaldus stood watching at the Gate. But in regard necessity compelled, and that there was no other way of escape, he orders it thus, he covers his head and shoulders with the skin of a Bear, which was there by chance, after the manner of a Rustick, and lays upon his back a mattress, as if he was a Porter to carry it away, and then with good blows of a Cudgel, drive him out of the Chamber: by this artifice he passes unknown through the Guards, and accompanied with one servant got safe into France. When about Mid∣night the Guards came to kill Partharis, they were opposed by Hunnulphus, who besought them not to disturb the rest of his Master, now sleeping, but to suffer him to sleep out his large compotation he had that night; twice they were thus put back, but the third time they broke by force into the Chamber, and not finding Partharis, whom they had determined to kill, they enquire of Hunnulphus what was become of him, who told them plainly he was fled, and confessed that he was himself con∣scious to his slight. Grimoaldus admiring his fide∣lity, who, to save his Master, had cast himself in∣to such manifest danger of his life, freed him from the punishment that all cryed he was worthy of, with many promises, alluring him, that from thenceforth he would change Masters, and serve him with the like fidelity, as he had done the for∣mer.

4. The Babylonians sought to recover their li∣berty,* 1.250 and to shake off the Persian Yoak, whereof Darius being advertised, prepared an Army to re∣cover that City and State revolted, but ••inding the same a difficult work, he used the service of Zopy∣rus, who for the love he bare Darius, did cut off his own Ears and Nose, and with other wounds fresh bleeding, he seemed to flie to the Babylonians for succour, to whom he accused the cruelty of Darius, who for having given him advice, to give over the Siege of their City, had in this sort dis∣membred and deformed him; whereupon the Ba∣bylonians gave him that credit, as they trusted him with the disposition and commandment of their greatest Forces, which when Zopyrus had ob∣tain'd, after some colourable overthrows given to the Persians upon sally, he delivered the City into Darius his hand, who had lain be••ore it twenty months, and used to say, that he had rather have Zopyrus unhurt than twenty Babylons besides that he had gained.

5. M. Antonius an excellent Oratour,* 1.251 being ac∣cused of incest, his servant (the witness deposing that he carried the Lanthorn before his Master when he went to commit this Villany) was appre∣hended; and to extort a confession from him he was torn with Scourges, set upon the Rack, burnt with hot irons, all which notwithstanding he would not let fall a word whereby he might injure the fame or life of his Master, although he knew him guilty.

6. There was a Citizen of Rome condemned by the proscription of the Triumvirate,* 1.252 who in fear of his life had fled and hid himself in a Cave of the Earth: one of his servants observed the ap∣proach of them that were sent to murder him; and having thereupon advised him to retire to the low∣est and most secret part of the Cave, he himself put on his Master's Gown, pretending to the pur∣suers, that he was the person whom they sought after, being desirous to save the life of his Patron, with the loss of his own. But one of his Fellow-servants betrayed him in this officious design, so the Master was fetched out of his hiding place, and slain. When this was known to the people of Rome, they would not be satisfied till the betrayer of his Master was crucified, and he that attempted to save him was set at liberty.

The servant of Vrbinius Panopion knowing that the Soldiers commissioned to kill his Master were come to his Hou••e in Reatina, changed cloaths

with him,* 1.253 and having put his Ring upon his Fin∣ger, he sent him out at a postern door, but went himself to the Chamber, and threw himself upon the Bed, where he was slain in his Masters stead. Panopion by this means escaped: and afterwards, when the times would permit it, erected a noble monument with a due inscription in memory of the true fidelity of so good a servant.

* 1.2548. Antistius Restio was proscribed by the Tri∣umvirate, and while all his Dom••stick Servants were busied about the plunder and pillage of his House, he conveyed himself away in the midst of night with what privacy he could; his departure was observed by a servant of his, whom not long before he had cast into Bonds, and branded his face with infamous characters; this man traced his wandring footsteps with such diligence, that he overtook him, and bare him company in his ••light; and at such time as the other were scramb∣ling for his Goods, all his care was to save his life, by whom he had been so severely used; and though it might seem enough that he should forget what had passed, he used all his art to preserve his Pa∣tron; for having heard that pursuers were at hand, he conveyed away his Master, and having erected a Funeral Pile, and set fire to it, he s••ew a poor old man that passed that way, and cast him upon it. When the Soldiers were come, and asked where was Antistius: pointing to the fire, he said, he was there burning, to make him amends for that cruel∣ty he had used him with. The Soldiers that saw how deep he was stigmatized, thought it was pro∣bable enough, believ'd him; and by this means Antistius obtained his safety.

9. Cornutus having hid himself, was no less wit∣tily and faithfully preserved by his Servants in those difficult days of Marius and Sylla;* 1.255 for they having found the body of a man, set ••ire about it; and being asked of such as were sent out to kill their Master, what they were about? with an officious lye they told them they were performing the last offices for their dead Master, who, hearing this, sought no further after him.

* 1.25610. Caepio was adjudged to death for conspiring against the life of Augustus Caesar, but his Servant in the night carried him in a Chest out of the City, and brought him by Night-Journies from Ostia to the Laurentine Fields, to his Father's Villa or House of Pleasure. Afterwards, to be at the fur∣ther distance from danger, they took Ship, but being by force of a tempest driven upon the Coast of Naples, and the servant laid hold on, and brought before the Centurion; yet could he not be perswaded either by Bribes or Threats to make any discovery of his Master.

* 1.25711. Aesopus the freed man of Demosthenes; be∣ing conscious of the adultery his Master had com∣mitted with Iulia, and being exposed to the wrack, bare the tortures thereof a long time with invin∣cible patience; nor by any menaces of pain could he be wrought upon to betray his Master, chusing rather to endure all things, than to bring his life or reputation into question.

* 1.25812. Hasdrubal managed the War of the Cartha∣ginians in Spain, and what by force and fraud had made himself the Master of most of it; but having slain a certain Noble Man of Spain, a servant of his, a Frenchman by birth, was not able to endure it, but determined with himself to revenge the death of his Lord, though at the price of his own li••e. Whereupon he assaulted Hasdrubal, and slew him, he was taken in the fact, tormented, and fastened to a Cross; but in the midst of all his pains he bore a countenance that shewed more of joy than of grief, as one that was well satis••ied that he was se∣cure in his premeditated revenge.

13. Menenius was in the number of those that were proscribed by the Triumvirate;* 1.259 and when a servant of his perceived that his Master's House was enclosed with a company of Soldiers that came to kill him, he caused himself to be put into a Litter wherein his Master was used to be carried, and ordered some other of his Fellow-servants to bear him forth in it. The Soldiers supposing that it was Menenius himself, slew him there; where∣upon looking no further, his Master clad in a ser∣vile habit, had the means and opportunity to e∣scape into Sicily, where he was in safety under the protection of Pompeius.

14. The Hungarians had conspired against Sigis∣mund King of Hungary and Bohemia,* 1.260 but the plot being discovered, the principal persons were all taken, brought to Buda, and there beheaded. Stephanus Contus was the chief of these Conspira∣tors, who having thereupon lost his head, Chioka his Esquire lamented the death of his Lord with such outcries, that the King took notice of him, and said unto him, I am now become thy Lord and Master, and it is in my power to do thee much more good than can be expected from that headless Trunk. To whom the young man replyed, I will never be the servant of a Bohemian Hog, and I had rather be torn into a thousand pieces, than to desert a Master of so great a Magnanimity, as all the Bohemians toge∣ther are not able to equal. And thereupon he volun∣tarily laid down his head upon the Block, and had it severed from his Shoulders, that he might no longer survive his Master.

15. These are instances of such servants as no considerations whatsoever could move to disloyal∣ty,* 1.261 or infidelity towards their Master: such exam∣ples as these are few and rare, whereas the world is full of those of the contrary: and because I know nothing more pleasant wherewithal to shut up this Chapter, I will set down the story of one that was not altogether of ••o virtuous a humour as the fore∣mentioned; and it is this, Lewis the Twelfth go∣ing to Bayonne, lay in a Village called Esperon, which is nearer to Bayonne than Burdeaux. Now upon the great Road betwixt these two places, the Bay∣liff had built a very noble House; the King thought it very strange, that in a Country so bare and bar∣ren as that was, and amongst Downs and Sands that would bear nothing, this Bayliff should build so fine a House: and at Supper was speaking of it to the Chamberlain of his Houshold: who made answer that the Bayliff was a rich man, which the King not knowing how to believe, considering the wretched Country his House was seated in, he im∣mediately sent for him, and said unto him these words, Come on, Bayliff, and tell me why you did not build your fine House in some place where the Country was good and fertile. Sir, answered the Bayliff, I was born in this Country, and find it very good for me. Are you so rich, said the King, as they tell me you are? I am not poor, replyed the other, I have (blessed be God) wherewithal to live. The King then asked him how it was possible he should grow so rich in so pitiful a barren Country. Why very easi∣ly, replyed the Bayliff. Tell me which way then, said the King. Marry, Sir, replyed the other, be∣cause I have ever had more care to do my own business than that of my Masters, or my Neighbours. The De∣vil refuse me, said the King, (for that was always his oath) thy reason is very good; for doing so, and rising betimes, thou couldst not chuse but thrive.

CHAP. XIII. Of the Faithfulness of some men to their engagement; and trust repo∣sed in them.

THe Syrians were looked upon as men of no faith, not fit to be trusted by any man, and that besides their curiosity in keeping their Gardens they had scarce any thing in them that was com∣mendable. The Greeks also laboured under this imputation of being as false as they were luxurious and voluptuous: It is strange that those who were so covetous after all other kinds of improvement in learning and knowledge, should, in the mean time neglect that which sets a fuller value upon man, than a thousand other accomplishments: I mean his fi∣delity to his promise and trust.

* 1.2621. Those of Iapan are very punctual in the per∣formance of what they have promised those who desire their protection or assistance: For no Iapo∣nese but will promise it any one that desires it of him, and spend his life for the person who hath desired him to do it, and this without any consideration of his family or the misery whereto his Wife and Children may be thereby reduced; hence it comes that it is never seen a malefactor will betray or dis∣cover his complices: But on the contrary there are infinite examples of such who have chosen rather to dye with the greatest torment imaginable, than bring their complices into any inconvenience by their confession.

2. Micithus Servant to Anaxilaus Tyrant of the Rhegini was left by his dying Master to govern his Kingdom and children,* 1.263 during their minority. In the time of this his Viceroy-ship, he behaved him∣self with that clemency and justice, that the peo∣ple saw themselves govern'd by a person of quality neither unmeet to rule nor too mean for the place; yet when his children were come to age, he resign'd over his power into their hands, and therewithal the treasures by his providence he had heaped up; accounting himself but their steward. As for his part he was content with a small pittance, with which he retired to Olympia, and there lived very privately but with great content, respect, and se∣renity.

* 1.2643. Henry King of Arragon and Sicily was deceas'd, and left Iohn his Son a child of twenty two months age behind him, entrusted to the care and fidelity of Ferdinand, the Brother of the deceased King, and Uncle to the Infant. He was a man of great vertue and merit, and therefore the eyes of the nobles and people were upon him, and not only in private discourses, but in the publick assembly, he had the general voice and mutual consent to be cho∣sen King of Arragon. But he was deaf to these proffers, alledged the right of his infant Nephew, and the custom of the Country, which they were bound the rather to maintain, by how much the weaker the young Prince was to do it. He could not prevail, yet the assembly was adjourn'd for that time: They meet again in hopes that having had time to consider of it, he would now accept it, who not ignorant of their purpose, had caused the little Child to be clothed in Royal Robes, and having hid him under his Garment, went and sate in the Assembly. There Paralus Master of the Horse, by common consent did again ask him, Whom, O Fer∣dinand, is it your pleasure to have declared our King? He with a sharp look and tone replied, Whom but John the Son of my Brother? and withal took forth the Child from under his Robe, and lifting him up∣on his shoulders cryed out, God save King John: commanded the Banners to be displayed, cast him∣self first to the ground before him, and then all the rest moved by his example, did the like.

4. King Iohn had left Hubert Burgh Governour of Dover Castle,* 1.265 and when King Lewis of France came to take the Town, and found it difficult to be taken by force, he sent to Hubert whose Brother Thomas he had taken Prisoner a little before, that unless he would surrender the Castle, he should presently see his Brother Thomas put to death with exquisite torments before his eyes: But this threat∣ning mov'd not Hub••rt at all, who more regarded his own loyalty than his Brothers life. Then Prince Lewis sent again offering him a great sum of money, neither did this move him, but he kept his loyalty as inexpugnable as his Castle.

5. Boges the Persian was besieged in the City E∣tona by Cimon Son of Miltiades,* 1.266 the General of the Athenians, and when he was proffered safely to depart into Asia upon delivery of the City, he con∣stantly refused it, lest he should be thought unfaith∣ful to his Prince. Being therefore resolved he bore all the inconveniencies of a Siege, till his provisi∣ons being now almost utterly spent, and seeing there was no way to break forth, he made a great fire, and cast himself and his whole Family into the Flames of it, concluding he had not sufficiently ac∣quitted himself of his trust to his Prince, unless he also laid down his life in his cause.

6. Licungzus the conductor of the Rebel Thieves had seiz'd the Empire of China,* 1.267 taken the Metro∣polis Peking, and upon the death of the Emperour, had seated himself in the Imperial Throne. He displac'd and imprison'd what great officers he pleased. Amongst the rest was one Vs a venerable person, whose Son Vsangu••jus lead the Army of China in the confines of Leatung against the Tartars. The Tyrant threatned this old man with a cruel death, if by his paternal power he did not reduce him with his whole Army to the acknowledgment of his power, promising great rewards to them both, if he should prevail, wherefore the poor old man wrote thus to his Son: Know my Son, that the Em∣perour Zunchinius, and the whole Family of Taimin∣gus are perished: the Heavens have cast the fortune of it upon Licungzus, we must observe the times, and by making a vertue of necessity avoid his Tyranny and ex∣perience his liberality. He promiseth to thee a Royal dignity, if with the Army thou submit to his Dominion, and acknowledge him as Emperour, my life depends up∣on thy answer: Consider what thou owest to him that gave thee life. To this his Son Vsanguincus return'd, He that is not faithful to his Soveraign, will never be so to me, and if you forget your duty and ••idelity to our Emperour, no man will blame me if I forget my duty and obedience to such a Father? I will rather dye than serve a Thief: and immediately sent an Ambassador to call in their aid, to subdue this usurper of the Empire.

7. Gelon the Tyrant of Sicilia,* 1.268 as soon as he heard the Persians under Xerxes had passed the Hellespont, sent Cadmus the Son of Scythes (who had before been the Tyrant of Coos and voluntarily resign'd it) to Coos with three Ships, a mighty Summ of money, and instructed with a pleasing Embassy, giving him in charge to observe which way the victory should fall, that if the Persian should prevail, he should

then deliver him the Money, and earth and water for such places as were under the dominion of Ge∣lon, but if the Greeks prov'd victorious, he should return back with the money. This Cadmus although it was in his power to have perverted this vast sum to his own use, yet would he not do it, but after the Greeks had obtain'd a Naval Victory, he re∣turned back into Sicily, and restored all the money.

* 1.2698. Sanctius King of Castile, had taken Tariffa from the Moors: but was doubtful of keeping it, by reason both of the Neighbourhood of the enemy, and the great cost it would put him to, there was with him at that time Alphonsus Peresius Guzman, a noble and rich person, a great man both in peace and war; he of his own accord offered to take the care of it, and to be at part of the charge himself, and the King in the mean time might attend other affairs. A while after the Kings Brother Iohn re∣volted to the Moors, and with Forces of theirs sud∣denly sate down before Tariffa; the besieged feared him not, but relyed upon their own and their Go∣vernours valour, only one thing unhappily fell out the Son and only Son of Alphonsus was casually taken, by them in the fields, him they shewed before the Walls, and threatned to put him to a cruel death, unless they speedily yielded the Town: the hearts of all men were mov'd, only that of Alphonsus, who cryed with a loud voice, that had they a hundred of his Sons in their power, he should not thereupon depart with his Faith and Loyalty: And saith he Since you are so thirsty of blood, there is a Sword for you; throwing his own over the wall to them; a∣way he went, and prepared himself to go to din∣ner, when upon the sudden there was a confused noise and cry that recalled him; he again repairs to the wall, and asking the reason of their amazement, they told him that his Son had been done to death with barbarous cruelty. Was it that then, said he, I thought the City had been taken by the Enemy: and so with his former tranquillity return'd to his Wife and his Dinner: The Enemies astonished at the great∣ness of his Spirit, departed without any further attempt upon the place.

* 1.2709. Flectius a noble man was made Gove••nour of the City and Castle of Conimbra in Portugal; by King Sanctius, Anno 1243. This Sanctius was too much swayed by his Wise Mencia, and over addicted to some Court Minions, by reason of which there was a conspiracy of the Nobles against him, and the matter was so far gone that they had got leave of Pope Innocent, to translate the Government of the Kingdom to Alphonsus the Brother of Sanctius: Hereupon follow'd a War, the minds of most men were alienated from their natural Prince, but Fle∣ctius was still constant enduring the Siege, and arms of Alphonsus and the whole Nation; nor could he any way be swayed till he heard that Sanctius was dead in Banishment at Toletum; ••or whom now should he fight, or preserve his faith, they advised him therefore to ••ollow fortune, yield himself, and not to change a just praise for the Title of a desperado and a madman. Flectius heard but be∣lieved them not, he therefore beg'd leave of Al∣phonsus that he himself might go to Toletum; and satisfie himself. It was granted, and he there found that the King was indeed dead and buried, and therefore that he might as well be free in his own conscience as in the opinion of men; he opened the Sepulchre, and with sighs and tears he delivers the very keys of Conimbra into the Kings hands; with those words: As long O King, as I did judge thee to be alive, I endured all extremi••ies: I fed upon Skins and Leather, and quenched my thirst with Vrine. I quieted or repressed the minds of the C••tizens that were enclining to Sedition, and whatsoever could be expected from a faithful man, and one sworn to thy interest, that I perform'd and persisted in: Only one thing remains, that having delivered the Keys of the City to thine own hands, I may return freed of my oath, and to tell the Citizens their King is dead; God send thee well ia another and a better Kingdom. This said he departed, ac∣knowledg'd Alphonsus for his Lawful Prince and was ever faithful to him.

10. When the Portugals came first into the East Indies,* 1.271 the King of Cochin called Trimumpara, made Peace and a League of Amity with them: Soon af∣ter there was a conspiracy against a new and suspect∣ed Nation, especially the King of Calecut who was rich and strong in Soldiers, he drew his forces and friends together, and sent to him of Cochin in the first place, that he would deliver up those few Por∣tugals and himself from ••ault, and all them from fear. But he replied that he would lose all rather than falsifie his Faith. When any of his subjects perswaded him to yield them up; he said he esteem∣ed them worse enemies than the King of Calecut; for he did endeavour to take away only his King∣dom or Life, but they would take from him the choicest virtues: That his life was a short and de∣finite space, but the brand of perfidiousness would remain for ever. In the mean time the King of Ca∣lecut wars with him, overcomes, drives him from his Kingdom, and enforces his retreat unto an I∣sland not far off: In his flight he took no greater care for any thing, then to preserve those few Portu∣gals, nay when thrust out though his enemy offered him his Kingdom again, upon condition he would surrender them; he constantly refused it and said that his Kingdom and Scepter might be taken from him but not his faith.

11. Sextus Pompeius had seiz'd upon Sicilia and Sardinia,* 1.272 and made a hot war upon the Trium-Vi∣rate and people of Rome, and having pressed them with want and scarcity, had reduced them to treat with him of peace: Octavi••nus Caesar therefore and Antonius, met him about Misenum with their Land Forces, he being drawn thither with his Fleet: Being agreed upon the terms, the Captains must mutually entertain one another, and the ••irst lot fell upon Sextus, who received them in his Ship, there they supp'd and discoursed with all freedom and mirth; when M••nas the freed man of Sextus, and Admiral of the Navy, came and thus whispered Sextus in the Ear; Wilt thou, said he, that I s••all cut the Cables, put off the Ship, and make thee Lord not only of Sicily and Sardinia, but of the whole World it self. He said it and it was easie to do it, there was only a Bridge which joyn'd the Ship and Shore to∣gether, and that remov'd, the other fell in, and who could hinder or oppose the design, and upon those two whom he had in his hand, all the Roman welfare relyed, but Sextus valued his faith given: And, said he, thou Menas perhaps oughtest to have done it, and unknown to me: But since they are here let us think no more of it, for Perjury is none of my pro∣perty.

12. Fabius had agreed with Hannibal for the ex∣change of Captives,* 1.273 and he that had the most in number, should receive money for the over-plus. Fabius certifies the Senate of this agreement, and that Hannibal having two hundred and forty more Captives, the money might be sent to reduce them. The Senate refused it, and withal twitted Fabius, that he had not done rightly and orderly, nor for the honour of the Republick to endeavour to free

those men whose Cowardise had made them the prey of their enemies. Fabius took patiently this anger of the Senate, but when he had not money and purposed not to deceive Hannibal, he sent his Son to Rome, with command to sell his Lands and to return with the money to the Camp. He did so, and speedily came back, he sent Hannibal the money and received the Prisoners, many of whom would afterwards have repaid him, but he freely forgave them.

* 1.27413. Guy Earl of Flanders and his Son, were freed from Prison by Philip the fair King of France, upon their saith given, that in case they could not return the Flemings to their obedience who rebelled, and with the English molested Philip; that then they should reuurn themselves to their wonted durance. They were not able to effect the one, and therefore perform'd the other, and in that prison Guy shortly after dyed.

* 1.27514. Ferdinand the first King of Spain, left three Sons behind him, Sanctius, Alphonsus, and Garcius; amongst whom he had also divided his Kingdoms; but they lived not long in mutual peace, for soon after the death of their Father, Sanctius who was of a fierce and violent disposition made war upon his Brother Alphonsus; overcame, und took him Prisoner, and thrust him into a Monastery; con∣strained Religion lasts not long, and therefore he privily deserted his Cloyster, and in company with Petrus Ansurius an Earl, he fled for protection to Almenon King of Toledo. He was a Moor, and an enemy to the others Religion, but there had been friendship and peace betwixt him and Ferdinand, the Father of this distressed Prince, and upon this account he chose to commit himself unto his faith, and was chearfully received by him: Long he had not been with him, when in the presence of the King, the hair of this Prince was observed to stand up an end in such manner, that being several times stroked down with the hand they still continued in their upright posture. The Moorish Southsayers interpreted this to be a prodigy of evil abodement, and told the King that this was the man that should be advanced to the Throne of Toledo; and there∣upon perswaded to put him to death. The King would not do it, but preferred his faith given to the fear he might apprehend, and thought it suffi∣cient to make him swear, that during his life he should not invade his Kingdom. A while after King Sanctius was slain by Conspirators at Zamora, and his Sister Vrrata, being well affected to this her Brother, sent him a messenger with letters to in∣vite him to the Kingdom, advising him by some craft and with celerity, to quit the borders of the Barbarians where he was. Alphonsus bearing a grate∣ful mind, would not relinquish his Patron in this manner, but coming to Alm••••on acquainted him with the matter; And now, said he, noble Prince, compleat your Royal savours to me, by sending me to my Kingdom: That as I have hitherto had my li••e, I may also have my Scepter of your generosity. The King embraced him and wished him all happiness; But, said he, you had lost both Life and Crown, if with an ungrateful mind you had fled without my privity: for I knew of the death of Sanctius, and sil••ntly I awaited wha•• course you would take, and had dispos'd upon the way, such as should have return'd you back from your ••light, had it been attempted: But no more of this, all I shall require of you is, that during life you shall be a true friend to me, and my elder Son Hissemus; and so sent him away with money and an honourable retinue. This Alphonsus did afterwards take the City and Kingdom of Toledo; but it was after the death of Almenon and his Son.

15. Iohn the first King of France,* 1.276 was overthrown in battle, and made prisoner by Edward the black Prince, and afterwards brought over into England. Here he remained four years, and was then suffered to return unto France upon certain conditions: which if he could make his Subjects submit to he should be free, if otherwise, he gave his faith to re∣turn: He could not prevail to make them accept of the hard terms that were proffered: whereupon he returned into England and there dyed.

16. Renatus Duke of Berry and Lorrain,* 1.277 was taken in Battle by the Soldiers of Philip Duke of Burgundy, and was set at liberty upon this conditi∣on, that as oft as he should be summon'd he should return himself into the power of the Duke; while he was thus at liberty, it fell out that upon the death of his Brother Lewis King of Naples, he was called to succeed him in that Kingdom; and at this time it was that the Duke of Burgundy demanded his return according to his oath: Renatus well under∣stood that this came to pass by the means of Alphon∣sus of Arragon; who gaped after Naples, and he was also proffered by Eugenius the fourth to be dis∣pensed with in his oath; notwithstanding all which he determin'd to keep his faith inviolate, and so return'd to the Duke, by him he was put in safe custody, yet at last he was again set at liberty, but not before such time as that through this his constrained delay, the enemy had secured the King∣dom to himself.

17. Anta••f King of some part of Ireland,* 1.278 war∣ring against King Ethelstan, disguised himself like a Harper and came into Ethelstans Tent, whence being gone, a Soldier that knew him discovered it to the King, who being offended with the Soldier for not declaring it sooner, the Soldier made this answer. I once served Antaff under his•• pay as a Sol∣dier, and gave him the same faith I now give you, if then I should betray him what trust could your Grace repose in my truth: Let him therefore dye but not by my trea∣chery, and let your care remove your Royal self from danger, remove your Tent from the place where it stands, lest at unawares he assail you; which the King did, and a Bishop pitching in the same place, was that night with all his retinue▪ slain by Antaff, hoping to have surprised the King, and believing he had slain him because he himself knew his Tent stood in that place.

CHAP. XIV. Of the exact Obedience which some have yielded to their Superiors.

WHen Metellus had dis-inherited his Sons, they chose rather to have no sha••e in his estate, than to admit of any disputation about the sorce of his will, and some have freely parted with liberty and life it self, when eith••r has come ••nto competition with the commandment of their Superiours.

1. Tiribasus was a stout and valiant man,* 1.279 when therefore some Persians came to lay hold on him, he drew his Cymiter and manfully defended himself, his aggressors thereupon fearing to be worsted by him; cryed out, That what they did was by the Kings command: Tiribasus no sooner heard this, but he

threw away his weapon, and gave his hands to be bound by them.

* 1.2802. The great Bassa of Aleppo, who was also an Emir or Hereditary Prince, the year before my coming thither had revolted from his Emperour, and fighting the Bassas of Damascus and Carahemen, overcame them, the year following, and in my being there the Grand Signior sent from Constan∣tinople a Chiaus and two Janizaries in Embassage to him. When they came to Aleppo the Bassa was in his own Country of Mesopotamia, the Messengers made haste after him, but in their journey they met him coming to Aleppo, accompanied with his two Sons and five hundred Horsemen; upon the High-way they delivered their message, where he stood still and heard them. The proffer of Sultan Achmet was that if he would acknowledge his Re∣bellion, and for that Treason committed send him his Head, his eldest Son should both inherit his Possessions and Bassa-ship of Aleppo; that other∣wise he would come with great Forces in all expe∣dition, and in his own person would extirpate him and all his from the face of the earth. At the hearing of which the Bassa knowing he was not a∣ble to resist the invincible Army of his Master and his own person, he dismounted from His Horse, and went to counsel with his Sons and nearest Friends, where he and they concluded it was best for him to die, being an old man, to save his race undestroyed, and to preserve his Son in his Autho∣rity and Inheritance. This done, the Bassa went to prayer, and taking his leave of them all, kneel∣ed down on his knees, where the Chiaus strook off his Head, putting it into a Box to carry with him to Constantinople, the dead Corps was carried to A∣leppo, and honourably buried: for I was an eye-wit∣ness to that Funeral Feast.

3. No Monarch had ever the Glory of being so exactly obeyed,* 1.281 as was that poor Fisher-boy in Naples, vulgarly called Masaniello, he ordered that all men should go without Cloaks, Gowns, wide Cassocks, or such like, which was universally o∣beyed, not only of the common sort, but the No∣bility, all Church-men and Religious Orders, the two Cardinals, Filomarino and Trivultio, the Apo∣stolical Nuncio and all the Bishops in that City. He commanded that all women of what degree or quality soever, should go without their Farthin∣gales, and that when they went abroad they should tuck their Petticoats somewhat high, that no Arms might be carryed by them, it was also obey∣ed. He commanded that all Cavaliers should de∣liver their Arms, as also all noble persons, to the hands of such Officers as he should send with com∣mission to receive them; it was done. He had at his beck an hundred and fifty thousand men; and in the presence of the Vice-Roy of Naples, he bade them cry out, Let God live, let the holy Virgin of Carmine live, let the King of Spain live; live Filo∣marino and the Duke of Arcos, with the most faith∣ful peopl•••• Naples. The people followed him in every 〈◊〉〈◊〉; and at last he ended with, Let the ill 〈◊〉〈◊〉 die: which they also ecchoed. This was his first proof: he made a second upon the people, putting his finger to his mouth, there was a profound universal silence, that scarce a man was known to breath. For a last proof of his autho∣rity, and the peoples obedience, he commanded with a loud voice (out of the Balcony wherein he was) that every soul there present, under pain of Rebellion and death, should retire from the place wherein they then stood; which was pun∣ctually and presently obeyed, not one remaining behind, as if they had all vanished away: so that the Vice-Roy was amazed at such a ready and mar∣vellous obedience. If he said, bring me the head of such a one, or let such a Palace be burnt, and the House of such an one be plundered, or any o∣ther the least thing commanded, at the very in∣stant, without any doubts or replyes, it was put in execution. All this was at Naples in the year of our Lord, 1647, and in the Month of Iuly.

4. Thienkius the Emperour of China had ad∣vanced an Eunuch,* 1.282 called Gueio, to such height and power, that he stiled him by the name of Fa∣ther, and passed the absolute and Sovereign Com∣mand into his hands; so that persons of greatest eminency were put to death by his orders for smallest matters: it was enough if they could not bow themselves to flatter and fawn upon him. Zunchinius succeeded in the Empire, his Brother being dead without issue, and he having resolved the destruction of this over-potent Eunuch, sent him an order to go visit the Tombs of his Ance∣stors, to consider if any of those ancient Monu∣ments wanted reparation. He had not gone far upo•• his Journey, but there was presented to him by order from the Emperour a Box of Silver gilt, with a Halter of Silk folded up in it, by which he understood he was commanded to hang himself, which he accordingly did.

5. Amongst the Persians before the Palace there perpetually stands a seat of Iron with three feet:* 1.283 is it so fall out, that the King is more than ordina∣rily displeased with any Persian, he may not flie to any Temple or other Sanctuary; but standing at this Tripos of the King's, he is there to expect his sentence, and oftentimes at the distance of some days, the King sends one to put an end to his fear∣ful expectation, by taking away his life.

6. In that part of Syria which the Persians once held,* 1.284 there is a people called Assassines, or as Ni∣cetas calls them Chasians, these are wont so to re∣verence and observe the commands of their Prince, that they perform them with all readiness and alacrity, how dangerous or difficult soever the execution of them be. At the first sign or in∣timation by gesture of their King, they will im∣mediately cast themselves headlong from Rocks and Towers, leap into the Waves, throw them∣selves into the fire, or being sent by him to kill any such Prince whose death he desires, they set them∣selves about it, despising all the tortures they must endure after they have performed the murther or discovery of their intention. When once Henry Earl of Campania passed from Antioch towards Ty∣rus, having obtained a safe conduct, the Prince of this people, called V••tus, gave him a strange assu∣rance of his people's obedience; for he shewed him several persons standing upon the top of a high Tower, one of these he called out by name, who no sooner understood his command, but without any delay he cast himself down from thence in their sight, and broken in pieces with the fall, he im∣mediately died. The King would have called out others to the like trial, and was difficultly divert∣ed from his designs by the earnest entreaties of the Earl, who was astonished with wonder and hor∣rour of the experiment. The S••lsidas of the S••qui∣mar of Arabia the Happy, perform the same at their Prince's command.

When Hannibal made war against the Romans in Italy,* 1.285 he at that time had under his Standards Carthaginians, Numidians▪ M••ors, Spaniards, Baleares, Gauls, Ligurians, and a number of I∣talian people, and yet the General was of that

authority amongst them, that though his Army consisted of so many and different Nations, and that the War was drawn out into so long a con∣tinuance, and that there was such variety of events therein, yet in all that time there was never known that there was any stir, tumult or sedition mov'd amongst them.

* 1.2868. The Inhabitants of those Islands that lie o∣ver against the Coast of Florida, are in great sub∣jection to their Lords and Masters, in such manner, as that if they should command them to throw themselves headlong from off a high Hill, or do a∣ny other thing whatsoever, they will not refuse to do it, whatsoever danger there may be in the per∣formance; not once asking wherefore they should do it, but only because their Master command∣eth it.

* 1.2879. Instead of Crowns and Scepters, the Orna∣ments of the Kings of Peru, whereby they shew their Majesty, are these, They wear certain Tas∣sels of Red Wool, bound about their Heads, hanging down upon their Shoulders, almost co∣vering their eyes, whereat there hang other Threads, which they use when they will have any thing done or executed. They give that Thread unto one of their Lords that attend upon them; by this token they command in all their Provinces▪ and the King hath done whatsoever he doth desire. At the sight of this Thread, his pleasure is by his Subjects with so great diligence and dutiful obedi∣ence fulfilled, that the like is not known in any place of the world: for if (by this way) he chance to command that a whole Province shall be clean destroyed, and utterly lest desolate, both of men and all living creatures whatsoever, both young and old, it is done. If he send but one of his Servants to execute the severest of his commands, although he send no other power or aid of men, nor other commission, than one of the Threads of his Quispel; it is sufficient; and they willing∣ly yield themselves to all dangers, even to death and destruction.

* 1.28810. Xerxes flying out of Greece, the Ship or Boat was so over-pressed with the numbers of such as were got within her, that a Tempest ari∣sing, they were all brought to the hazard of their lives: here it was that Xerxes bespake them in this manner, Since upon you, O Persians, depends the safety of your King, let me now understand how far you take your selves to be concerned therein. He had no sooner spoken these words, but that having first adored him, most of them leaped into the Sea, and by their death freed their King of his present danger.

CHAP. XV. Of the Generosity of some Persons, and the Noble Actions by them per∣formed.

AS amongst those Starry Lights wherewith the arched Roof of Heaven is beautified and bespangled: there are some more conspicu∣ous for their extraordinary brightness and lustre, and draw the eyes of men with greater admiration towards them, so amongst the race of mankind there are some found to shine with that advantage in point of Generosity and true Nobleness of Mind, above the common Standard of Humaniry▪ that we fix our eyes with equal wonder and de∣light upon those actions which we know to be the effects whereof the vulgar are uncapable.

1. Cardinal Petrus Damianus relateth,* 1.289 how being a Student at Faenza, one told him of an act of Charity and Generosity that happened, of which he made more account than of all the Won∣ders of the World; it was this, a man whose eyes another had most traiterously pulled out, was by this accident confined in a Monastery, where he liv'd an unspotted life, performing all offices of charity according to the ability of his body. It fell out, this cruel creature who had done this mis∣chievous act sickened of a languishing malady, and was enforced to be carried to that same place where he was whom he had bereaved of sight; his heart said within him he could never endure him, but for revenge would put out his eyes: on the contrary the blind man made earnest suit to have the charge of him, as if he had sought some great fortune from the hand of a Prince: he prevailed, and was deputed to the service of the sick man, and he de∣dicated to him all the functions of his body, except the eyes which the other had pulled out, Notwith∣standing, saith the Cardinal, he wanted not eyes, you would say the blind man was all Eyes, all Arms, all Hands, all Heart, to attend the sick man, so much consideration, vigour, diligence and affe∣ction he used.

2. In the Cathedral Church of Roan in Norman∣dy is the Sepulchre of Iohn Duke of Bedford,* 1.290 and Regent of France for King Henry the Sixth, an en∣vious Courtier perswaded Charles the Eighth to de∣face it, God forbid, said he, that I should wrong him, being dead, whom living, all the power of France was not able to withstand: adding withal, that he deserved a better Monument than the English had bestowed upon him.

3. Conrade succeeding Henry in the Empire,* 1.291 by this Henry Wenceslaus the Duke of Poland was over∣come in Battel, and made a Tributary of the Em∣pire, he afterwards rebelled, and took upon him the Title of a King, to whom succeeded Mysias in both the Kingdom and contumacy towards the Em∣pire: Conrade therefore by the help of his Brother had enforced him to quit Poland, and flie to Vl∣rick Duke of Bohemia, who at that time was also an Enemy to the Empire. Vlrick despising all the Laws of Hospitality, gives Conrade to understand, that in case he would compound the difference be∣twixt them two, he would send him Mysias as his prisoner, to dispose of him as he should think meet. The Generous Emperour so abhorred this Villany, that immediately he sent an express to Mysias to let him know the danger he was in. By this action (wherein so much of true Nobility did appear) Mysias who before had not yielded to Conrade his Arms, was perfectly subdued. He goes to the Emperour, lays his Crown at his foot, and submits to the payment of the former Tribute.

4. Dromichetes King of the Getes had overcome in Battel,* 1.292 and also taken prisoner, King Lysima∣chus, who had causelesly and unprovoked invaded him, yet though he had such just occasion to have dealt severely with him, over-passing the injury he had received by his assault, he familiarly (as other Kings their treasures) shewed him the poverty of himself and his people, saying that he was very well contented therewith. That done, he gave him his liberty, and presented him with such gifts

as he could, and withal at parting gave him this counsel, that for the future he should not make war upon such people, the conquest of whom would yield him no profit, but rather use them as Friends.

* 1.2935. When Pyrrhus King of Epirus warred upon the Romans, the King's Physician called Nicias, sent a Letter to Fabricius the Roman Consul and General, promising him therein to poison Pyrrhus. Fabritius, detesting to be rid of his Enemy in so base a way, and desirous that the treacherous ser∣vant might meet with his due reward, sent back the Letter to Pyrrhus himself, withal advising him to take heed to himself; for that as it seemed he was but an ill Judge of his Friends or Enemies. The King having found out the Treason, hanged up his Physician, as he well deserved, and sent back all the Prisoners to Fabritius without ransom: but the generous Consul would not receive them in that manner, but sent him an equal number of his which he had formerly taken.

* 1.2946. One of the Emperours of China going his progress, met with a certain company leading a∣way some other prisoners, he caused his Coach to stop, and enquired what the matter was, which as soon as he understood, he fell into a passionate weeping. They who accompanied him began to comfort him, and said one amongst them, Sir, in a Common-wealth there must be chastisements, it can∣not be avoided; so have the former Kings your Prede∣cessors commanded it to be, so have the Laws ordained it, so doth the Governmet of the State require it. The Emperour replyed, I weep not to see these men prison∣ers, nor to see them chastised; I know very well, that the good without rewards are not encouraged; and with∣out chastisument the wicked are not retain'd; that cor∣rection is as necessary to the Government of a Kingdom, as Bread is for the nourishment and sustenance thereof: but I weep because my time is not so happy as that of old was, when the virtues of the Princes were such, that they served as a Bridle to the people, and their example was sufficient to restrain the whole Kingdom.

* 1.2957. Alphonsus the Twelfth, King of Spain, was driven out of his Kingdom by his Son Sancius, and reduced to those Straights, that he was enforced to offer to pawn his Crown to Abenyuza the King of Morocco, for a great sum of money. But Aben∣yuza, as a noble and most generous Prince, hear∣ing of Alphonsus his extremity, sent first his Em∣bassadors to endeavour a reconcilement, betwixt the Father and the Son, that not succeeding, he not only assisted him with moneys, but also with a great Army, and with his own treasure at his own cost he reinstated him in a great part of his King∣dom. That which renders this action, the more truly generous, is, that neither diversity of Re∣ligion, nor the memory of those Wars that had long and bitterly been waged betwixt this Alphon∣sus and him could hinder him from lending him both men and money, from venturing his own per∣son in his behalf, crossing the Seas in favour of him, and exposing himself to foreign Nations, and di∣vers hazards in an affair whereof he could expect no profit to himself.

* 1.2968. The Bassa of Natolia leading a parcel of Turks, as the Forerunners of Bajazet's Army, was entrapped by an ambush of the Prince Ciarcan, most of his Soldiers cut in pieces, himself taken prisoner, and sent to Tamerlane, he demanded the reason why Bajazet shewed such contempt of his Army, which he should find strong enough to a∣bate his p••ide. The Bassa replyed, that his Lord was the Sun upon earth, which could endure no e∣qual, that he was astonied to see how he had en∣terprised so dangerous a journey to hinder the for∣tune of his Lord, and that he committed great ••olly in going about to resist the same: I am, said Tamerlane, sent from Heaven to punish his rashness, and to confound his pride. Then changing his dis∣course, he asked if his Master did come resolv'd to bid him Battel: Assure your self, said he, there is nothing more he desireth: and would to God I might acknowledge your goodness in giving me leave to assist my Lord at that Battel. Good leave have thou, said Tamerlane, go thy ways, and tell thy Lord, that thou hast seen me, and that in the Battel he shall find me on Horseback, where he shall see a Green Ensign displayed. And so gave the Bassa both his liberty and a fair Horse well furnished, although he well knew he was shortly to use both against himself.

9. There was amongst the Hugonots Faction one Iohn Poltrot Sieur de Mereborne of a Noble Fami∣ly near Angoulesme,* 1.297 this man lay in wait for the life of Francis Duke of Guise; and upon the twenty fourth of February 1563 performed his wicked in∣tention; for the Duke being against Orleance, retired that Evening una••med to his Lodging, Poltrot mounted on a swift G••nnet, discharged a Gun at him, laden with three Bullets, which all three hit him on the right Shoulder, and passing through the body, so wounded him, that he died on the third day after his hurt. But the proceedings of the Queen Mother were much different; for when soon after this a Hugonot Captain commonly call∣ed La Motte, having offered himself to find a means to kill Andelot, she causing him to be appre∣hended by her Guards, sent him bound to the same Andelot, that he might punish him as he pleased himself, and surely there are few examples of the like generous actions in any of our modern stories.

10. The Emperour of China called Vamlie,* 1.298 had no child by his Lawful Empress; but had two Sons, one by a Maid of Honour, which was the eldest, and another young Son by one of the Queens his Concubines. This Son he loved very much, and by reason of the particular affection he bore him, he would by all means leave him the Kingdom, say∣ing, that by reason he had no Sons by his Empress, the succession was not of right to any of the rest, but that it belonged to him to elect whom he plea∣sed; and because the elder was the Son of a Ser∣vant, he chose rather to leave the Kingdom to the other. But for all this the great Officers of the Court did most stoutly oppose him, saying, that since he had commerce with that servant, she was ennobled by a superior Law, and that her Son be∣ing the eldest, ought not to lose the Rights and Privileges of his Birth. The King notwithstand∣ing persisted in his intentions, and the rest to op∣pose them, whereupon many were by the King's orders thrust out of their places, oth••rs left them of their own accords and having let down the En∣signs of their Dignity, hung the•• at the Gate of the Palace, and departed to their own Homes, de∣spising at once the Honour, Profit, Dignity and Revenue of their place, only for the defence of Reason, and the Laws and Customs of the Realm, and the preservation of a just right of a youth that wanted protection. The King at length, though a more potent than himself, had seldom sate on the Throne, was yet enforced (besides his custom) to hold a Royal Audience, and taking his eldest Son (now as Prince) he placed him next behind him, and shewing him to the Mandarines, he re∣commends unto them the care of the publick peace and quiet without doors, assuring them that all

was quiet in the Palace, and that Thai Cham (that was the name of the Prince) should succeed him in the Kingdom, as in effect it fell out.

* 1.29911. The Daughters of the Emperours of China, have their Palaces in the City of Pekin, one of the domestick Servants of one of those Princesses, had committed sundry insolencies, and amongst those one such crime as deserved death. The Manda∣rines much desired to apprehend him, but in the Palace they could not, and he never went abroad but when he waited on his Princess. At length, a Mandarine resolved to take him by any means he could, and therefore when the Princess went next abroad, he with his men set himself before the Coaches, made them stop, and then presently laid hands on that man and carried him away. The Princess resenting the affront that was done her, returned presently to the Palace full of indignation, and was so transported with choler, that (not stay∣ing the Kings return from the Audience, where he then was) she went thither in person to complain. The Mandarine was presently sent for, who had put himself in readiness supposing he should be cal∣led: He presented himself before the King, who sharply reproved him. He answered, Sir, I have done nothing but that which your Majesty commandeth, and your Law ordaineth: But you ought (replied the King) to haue sought some other time and opportunity. I have sought it long enough (answered the Mandarine) but I should never have found it: At least, said the King, ask my Daughter pardon and bow your head. Where there is no fault, said the other, there is no need of pardon, neither will I ask pardon for having discharg∣ed my office. Then the King commanded two Man∣darines, that by force they should bow down his head to the ground, but he by strength kept up himself so stiff, that it was not possible for them to do it; so that the King sent him away, and a few days after gave order he should have a better office, bestowed upon him, being well pleased with his in∣tegrity, and generous zeal to Justice.

* 1.30012. The Turks had taken the City of Buda in Hungary, the Inhabitants being fled out of it for fear: But the Castle was guarded by German Sol∣diers under the command of Thomas Nadast the Go∣vernour, these Germans also affrighted began to confer with the enemy about the surrender of the Castle, which Nadast not enduring being full of courage and constancy, he brake off their confe∣rence and commanded the Guns to be planted a∣gainst the enemy, these cowards converting their minds to villany, laid hands upon their Captain, bound him, while he threatned in vain, and ha∣ving conditioned for the safety of their lives and goods yield up the Castle: when the Turks were entred and found Nadast in Bonds; they related all to their Emperour, as they had heard it from him: who was so incensed with their persidious cowar∣dise, that he immediately sent out his Janizaries after them to cut them all in pieces: as for Nadast, he freed him of his bonds; caused him to be brought into his presence, highly commended him, invited him with a liberal stipend to serve on his side, and when he refused honourably dismissed him.

* 1.30113. Papinianus was the honour of Lawyers, and to this great man it was to whom the Em∣perour Severus dying, recommended his two Sons with the government of the Empire, but the impious Caracalla having embrew'd his hands in the blood of his Brother Ge••a, was desirous that this excellent person should set some colour by his eloquence before the Senate and people up∣on an action so barbarous, to which propo∣sal of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 freely made answer, it was more easie to commit a patricide, than to justifie it, uttering this truth to the prejudice of his head, which this wretched Prince caused to be cut off.

14. The Father of Lycurgus being slain in a po∣pular tumult,* 1.302 the Kingdom of Sparta descended to Polydecta the elder Brother: but he soon after dying, it came in all mens opinion to Lycurgus, and he reigned till such time as it was known that the wife of his Brother was with child. This once clearly discovered, he declared that the Kingdom did appertain to the Son of Polydecta, in case his Wife should be delivered of a Male Child, in the mean time he administred the Kingdom in the qua∣lity of Protector. But the Lady privately sent to Lycurgus offering him to cause an abortion, in case that he thereby receiving the Kingdom, would also receive her as his Wife: He though detesting the impiety of the woman, yet rejected not her of∣fer; but as one that approved and accepted the condition, represented to her that by no means she should endanger the state of her body, by any such harsh medicaments as that case would require, but that as soon as she was safely delivered, it should be his care to see that the Child should be made a∣way. By this means he fairly drew on the woman, even to the time of her Travel, which as soon as he was informed of, he ordered persons to be pre∣sent, together with a Guard attending there with this precept, that in case she should be delivered of a Girl, they should leave it with the women, but if otherwise they should by all means forthwith convey it to himself. It so fell out that as he sate at Supper with the Nobles, she was delivered of a Male Child, and the Boy was brought to him where he then was. As soon as he received him, he said to them that were present, O ye Spartans, there is a King born to us; and so placed him in the Throne of the Kingdom, he gave him the name of C••ari∣laus, because all persons received him with greatest expressions of joy, and highest admiration of the justice and greatness of his mind, that with so true a generosity had preserved and yielded up the Kingdom to his Nephew.

15. Titus Pomponius Atticus a Patrician of Rome,* 1.303 would contribute nothing amongst those of his rank, to Brutus and Cassius in their war upon Au∣gustus, but after that Brutus was forcibly driven from Rome, he sent him one hundred thousand Ses∣terces for a present, and took care that he should be furnished with as many more in Epirus, contra∣ry to the custom o•• most other men; while Brutus was fortunate he gave him no assistance, but after he was expell'd and laboured under adverse fortune, he administred to his wants with a bounty to be wondred at.

16. Tancred the Norman was in Syria with Boe∣mund his Uncle Prince of Antioch,* 1.304 it fortun'd that Boemund was taken Prisoner in a fight with the Infi∣dels: Three Years Tancred governed his principa∣lity in his behalf, in which time having enlarged his Territories, and augmented his Treasure with a great sum, he ransom'd his Uncle, and resign'd up all into his hands.* 1.305

17. Ferdinand King of Leon, by the instigation of some slanderous Informers, was brought to make war upon Pontius Count of Minerba, (an old friend of his Fathers) and had already taken divers places from him: Sanctius the Third (King of Castile) and Brother to Ferdinand, being inform'd hereof, ga∣thered a mighty Army, and marched out with them against his Brother. Ferdinand that least of any thing expected any such matter, and terrified with

the coming of so sudden and unlook'd for an E∣nemy; mounting his Horse, with a few of his fol∣lowers, came into the Camp of his Brother, and told him he put himself into his hands, to deal with him as he saw good, (as one whose only hope it was this way to preserve his Kingdom to himself) but Sanctius that was a just King and a good Bro∣ther, despising all the proffers he made him, told him that he had not taken up arms, for any desire he had to wrest his Kingdom out of his hands, and annex it to his own, but his sole design was that whatever had been taken away from Count Pontius should be restored him, seeing he had been a great friend to their common Parent, and had most va∣lorously assisted him against the Moors. This was gladly yielded to by Ferdinand, and as soon as it was done Sanctius returned to his own Territo∣ries.

* 1.30618. Emanuel the first King of Portugal, levied a most puissant Army with a design to pass into Afri∣ca, where victory seemed to attend him, when as being upon his march and just ready to transport his Army over those straits which divide Spain and Mauritania, the Venetians dispatch Embassa∣dors to intreat succours from him as their Ally a∣gainst the Turk, who had now declared war against them. This generous Prince resolutely suspended his hopes of conquest, to assist his ancient friends, suddenly altered his design, and sent his Army en∣tirely to them, deferring his enterprise upon Al∣giers to another season.

* 1.30719. The Venetians had leagu'd themselves with the Turks against the Hungarians, they aided them to the ruine of that Kingdom, and reduced that Country almost to a desolation, and having been the cause of the death of two of their Kings, of which the great Hunniades was the last, yet not∣withstanding seeing themselves afterwards all in flames by the Turks their Allies: They sent Am∣bassadors to Hungary, to implore succours from the famous Matthias Corvinus, Son to Hunniades; who after he had afforded them an honourable Audience, and reproach'd them with their unworthy and hate∣ful proceedings, did yet grant them the succours which they had sought at his hands.

* 1.30820. Renatus Duke of Lorrain, with fire and sword was driven out of his Dukedom by Charles the last Duke of Burgundy; afterwards by the help of the Swissers, he overcame and slew in Battel him from whom he had received so great a calamity▪ With great industry he sought out the body of Charles amongst the multitude of the slain, not to savage upon his Corps, or to expose it to mockery, but to bury it, as he did at S. Georges in the Town of Nancy, he and his whole Court followed it in mourning, with as many Priests and Torches as could be procured, discovering as many signs of grief at the funeral of his enemy, as if it had been that of his own Father.

CHAP. XVI. Of the Frugality and Thriftiness of some men in their Apparel, Furni∣ture and other things.

THe Kings of India used to dry the bodies of their Ancestors which done they caused them to be hung up at the Roof of their Palace in preci∣ous Cords, they adorned them with Gold and Jew∣els of all sorts, and so preserved them with a care and reverence, little short of veneration it self, of the like ridiculous superstition are they guilty, who make over-careful and costly provisions for those bodies of theirs which will ere long be breathless and stinking carkasses. They are usually souls of an over delicate and voluptuous constitution and temper, that are so delighted with this kind of lu∣xury, whereas the most worthy men and persons of the greatest improvements by reason and expe∣rience, have expressed such a moderation herein as may almost seem a kind of carelesness and neglect of themselves.

1. Of Lewis the Eleventh,* 1.309 King of France, there is found in the Chamber of Accounts, Anno 1461. Two Shillings for Fustian to new Sleeve his Maje∣sties old Doublet, and Three Half-Pence for Liquor to grease his Boots. I chuse rather to call it his Fru∣gality than Covetousness, in as much as no man was more liberal of his Coin than himself where occa∣sion did require, as Comine who wrote his History, and was also of his Council, doth frequently witness.

2. Charles the Fifth, Emperour of Germany, was very frugal especially once being to make a Royal Entrance into the City of Millain,* 1.310 there was great preparation for his entertainment, the Houses and Streets were beautified and adorned: The Citizens dress'd in their richest Ornaments, a golden Cano∣py was prepared to be carried over his head, and great expectation there was to see a great and glo∣rious Emperour: But when he entred the City he came in a plain Black Cloth Cloak, with an old Hat on his Head, so that they who saw him, not believ∣ing their eyes, asked which was he, laughing at themselves for being so deceived in their expecta∣tions.

3. The meanness of the Emperour Augustus his furniture and houshold stuff,* 1.311 doth appear to this day, in the Beds and Tables that are left, the most of which are scarce so costly as those of a private person: It is said he used not to lye in any bed, but such as was low and moderately covered, and for his wearing Apparel, it was rarely any other than such as was home spun, and such as was made up by his Wife, Sister, Daughter, and Grand-Chil∣dren.

4. Though the Ornament of the Body is almost a peculiarity to the Female Sex,* 1.312 yet not only one woman but the whole family of the Sarrani in Rome, were observed not to make use of any Linnen at all, rejecting it as too soft and effeminate.

5. The Emperour Rodulphus did not at all differ from a private person in his habit,* 1.313 and being at Mentz, he walked out one morning alone, the Air was cold and piercing, and therefore having ob∣served a fire in a Bakers shop, he boldly went in and began to warm himself: But the woman of the

house judging of him only by his Apparel, after she had treated him with more than a sufficiency of ill language, began so to threaten him with scald∣ing water, that he was constrained to depart: Nor was he only thus meanly accoutred upon ordinary days, but even in that great solemnity, when O••∣tocarus being overcome (thethen King of Bohemia) was received by him to pay him homage upon his knees. The King of Bohemia came with a splendid retinue, his Attendants and their Horses shone with Jewels, Gold and Silk, and when the Emperour was advised by his Nobles, to appear in his Impe∣rial Robes, No, said he, the King of Bohemia hath often laughed at my Grey Coat, and now my Grey Coat shall laugh at him.

* 1.3146. Alexander the Great in his habit and culture of body, little differed from a private person and when one day a••ter much labour and sweat, he was about to bath himself in the River Cydnus, he un∣dressed himself in the sight of his Army, esteeming it a piece of gallantry to shew that he was content with such apparel as was cheap, and easily procura∣ble.

* 1.3157. Mr. Herbert tells that at the publick audience of the Lord Ambassador, upon two or three white silken shags, sate the Potshaw or Emperour of Per∣sia, Abbas: who though he was more beloved at home, more famous abroad, more formidable to his enemies than any of his predecessors; was found at that time in a plain red Callico Coat, quilted with Cotton; as if he should have said we might see his dignity consisted in his parts and pru∣dence, not to steal respect by borrowed colours or rich embroideries. His Turbant was white and hungy, his Wast was girded with a Thong of Lea∣ther, and his Courtiers were but ordinarily at∣tired.

* 1.3168. Plutarch relates of Marcus Cato the elder, that he never put on a garment that cost him more than an hundred pence, he drank in his Praetor and Con∣sulship, the same Wine that labourers use to drink of, and when he would treat himself with an un∣usual magnificence, he would fetch his Supper from the Market, that cost him thirty half-pence. He soon disposed of a painted Babylonish Garment, that was left him by inheritance; he bought no Slave at above one thousand five hundred pence, as one that cared not for them that were tender and handsom, but sought for such as were strong, able to work, and to look after his Horses and Herds. He used to say, that nothing which is su∣perfluous can be had at a small rate; and that for his part he accounted that dear of a half-penny, where∣of he had no need.

* 1.3179. Plato being minded to draw Timotheus the Son of Conon. from sumptuous Feasts and superfluous Banquets, (which great Captains commonly make) invited him one day to a Supper in the Academy, which was Philosophical indeed and Frugal, where the Table was not furnished with those Viands which might distemper the body with feverous heats and in••lammations, but there was such a sup∣per upon which ordinarily there follow kind and quiet sleeps, such fancies also as engender few dreams and those short; and (in a word) where the sleeps do testifie a great calmness and tranquil∣lity of the body. The morrow after his Guest Timotheus perceiving the difference between these suppers and the other; said: That they who supp'd with Plato overnight, found the pleasure and comfort thereof the next day.

10. Ptolemaeus the Son of Lagus King of Aegypt, both supped and also took his bed for the most part in his friends houses,* 1.318 and if at any time he invited them to supper, he used their furniture, for he would send unto them to borrow their Vessels, their Boards, Carpets, and Table-Cloths, for that he had never about him any more than was suf••icient for the service of his own person, and he wa•• wont to say that to enrich others seemed to him more Regal than to enrich himself.

11. This is certain that our Ancestors in old time so much hated and abhorred all excessive deli∣cacy,* 1.319 super••luous and costly delights, and voluptu∣ous pleasures, that within the Temple of the City of Thebes in Aegypt, there stood a Square Column or Pillar, wherein were engraven certain curses and execrations against their King M••nis, who was the first that turned and averted the Aegyptians, quite from their simple and frugal manner of life, with∣out money, without sumptuous fare and chargeable delights. It is said also that Technatis the Father of Bocchoraeus in an expedition against the Arabians, (when it chanc'd that his carriages were far behind, and came not in due time to the place where he in∣camped) was content to make his Supper of what∣soever he could get, and so to take up with a small and very simple pittance, yea and after Supper, to lye upon a course and homely Pallet, where he slept all night very soundly, without so much as once awaking; whereupon he ever after loved sobriety of life and frugality, and cursed the foremention∣ed King Minis: which malediction of his being by the Priests of that time approved, he caused to be engraven upon the Pillar abovesaid.

12. The Thacians as they lived in a Country that abounded with all things,* 1.320 especially with good wine, so they were a people somewhat too much addicted to Luxury: When Agesilaus marched with his Army through their Country▪ The Thacians in honour of him sent him a present of Meal, Geese, Cakes made of honey, and divers other things o•• great price, together with junkets and variety of sweet meats, of all these Agesilaus only accepted of the Meal, commanding that all the rest should be carried back again by those who had brought them: But when they importuned him with earnest entreaties that he would be pleased to accept of them; he commanded that all those things should be distributed and divided amongst the Helotes, that is a sort of Slaves belonging to the Lace∣demonians: When some asked the reason of that action of his, he told them that such kind of delicates were unseemly for men, who were ad∣dicted to the study of virtue and valour, and that those things which ensnared servile natures and dispositions, should be kept far off from men of freedom, and liberal education.

CHAP. XVII. Of the Hospitality of some men, and their free Entertainment of Stran∣gers.

Amongst the Goths and Sucons it is entred a∣mongst their principal laws, that they shall maintain hospitality amongst themselves, and be free in the entertainment of Strangers, that it should be reputed a great crime to deny lodging to

a Traveller; and that whosoever was convicted (by sit witnesses) to have denyed it thrice, should have his House burnt down to the ground, that he might be justly deprived of his own House, who had inhumanely denyed the use of it to another. By vertue of this Law this people are accounted the most hospitable of all others in Europe, and had we had the like amongst us, the Hospitality of the English had not given its last groan in Kent, as Doctor Fuller saith it did. But proceed we to our Examples.

* 1.3211. Lychas the Lacedemonnian was famous for his Munificence this way, whose constant custom it was to entertain all those that came to try maste∣ries in Sparta: if they were Strangers his House was their Inn, while they were desirous to stay; and when they would not, they were civilly dismis∣sed by him.

* 1.3222. In the War of the Medians upon the Athe∣nians, when for fear of the Enemy their Wives and Children were fled out of their Country, the Troezenii received them into their City, where they were provided for upon the publick account, and withal set forth an edict, that the children had liberty to take and gather any sort of fruit, whence they would, without fear of any punishment to ensue thereupon.

* 1.3233. Henry Wardlaw Presentor of Glascow, being at Avignion at the decease o•• Thomas Stewart Arch∣bishop of S. Andrews, was provided thereto by Pope Benedict the Thirteenth: of this man's great Hospitality take this instance; The Masters of his House complained of the great numbers that resorted to him for entertainment, and de∣siring that for the cas•• of the Servants he would condescend to make a Bill of Houshold, that they might know who were to be served. He conde∣scended, and when his Secretary was called to set down the names of the Houshold, being asked whom he would first name, he answered Fife and Angus (these are two large Countries, containing millions of people) his servants hearing this, gave over their purpose of retrenching his Family, for they saw he would have no man refused that came to his House.

* 1.3244. In Italy and Spain, whether you go to view the Temples, Castles, Magazines, Buildings, or any other thing in this kind: if you depart from the House of your Friend where you first lodg∣ed, if you give any money as a Gratuity to the Watchmen, Workmen, or any other servant of your Friends, you shall depart an enemy instead of a Friend: for so great is their Magnanimity and Hospitality, that they are exceeding desirous and ambitious to do all good offices ••or a stranger gra∣tis, and if at any time they receive any thing, it is by enforcement, and with a great deal of re∣luctance.

* 1.3255. Patania (of old Perimula) is at this day a well known City in the Bengalan Gulph, scituate in the midst of those two famous Ports Malacca and Syam: the people here are exceeding hospita∣ble to such strangers, as from desire of Novelty or Gain reside amongst them; neither do they en∣quire of what Co••ntry they be, what their busi∣ness, nor Religion. The men of Note transcend in courtesie; for at any mans arrival they blush not to proffer their Daughters or Nieces to be their Bed-fellows; yea, to accompany them at Bed and Board during their stay: the price of such a favour not equalling so high a complement, but were it less, in my opinion is too much for such Panders and Prostitutes. At the end o•• the pre∣fixed time the woman returns home well pleased, so far from shame or loss, that they rather account her honoured, and more fit for preferment.

6. The Lucanians have a Law amongst them,* 1.326 to this purpose, that no man shall refuse the enter∣tainment of a Stranger that comes to him after the Sun is set with a purpose to lodge with him, and that if he do, he shall submit to a certain Fine, and be declared guilty of Inhospitality, which they look upon as a very great crime.

7. At Tednest a City of Morocco such respect is had to strangers,* 1.327 that if a Merchant come thither, and hath no acquaintance, the Gentlemen of the City cast lots who shall be his Host, and they use him kindly, looking only for some present at his departure, in token of his thankfulness. And if he be a mean person, he may chuse his Host with∣out any recompence at all expected from him.

8. Tesegdelt is another City of the same King∣dom,* 1.328 where a Guard is set at the Gates, not so much to keep out Enemies, as to entertain Stran∣gers. At the first coming of a Stranger they ask him if he have any Friends in the City, if not, by the custom of the place they must see to pro∣vide him entertainment upon free cost.

9. Edward Earl of De••by,* 1.329 was famous for a spreading Charity and his great Hospitality; his provision native, rather plentiful than various, so∣lid than dainty, that cost him less, and contented his Guests more; his Table constant and even, where all were welcome, and none invited: his Hall was full most commonly, his Gates always. The one with the honest Gentry and Yeomanry who were his retainers in love and observance, bringing good stomachs to his Table, and resolv∣ed hearts for his service. The other with the a∣ged, maimed, industrious poor, whose craving was prevented with doles, and expectation with bounty: the first being provided with meat, the second with money, and the third with employ∣ment. In a word Mr. Cambden observes, that Ho∣spitality lieth buried since 1572 in this Earls Grave, whence may that divine power raise it, who shall raise him, but before the last Resurrecti∣on. Neither was he munificent upon other mens charge; for once a Month he looked into his In∣comes, and once a Week to his Disbursements, that none should wrong him, or be wronged by him. The Earl of Derby he would say shall keep his own House: wherefore it is an observation of him and the second Duke of Norfolk, that when they were buried, not a Tradesman could demand the paym••nt of a Groat they owed him; nor a Neighbour the restitution of a penny wherein they had wronged him.

16. Conradus Gesnerus,* 1.330 by the Writer of his life hath this given him as a part of his character, that his House was ever open to all sorts of Strangers, but especially to learned men, many whereof daily repaired to him, some to see and be acquainted with him, others to behold something that was rare and worthy of their sight in his keeping: for his House was replenished with great abundance of such things, he had the Carcases of almost all exo∣tick living creatures, or else the ••igures of them re∣presented in colours to the life; he had a Nursery of very many plants, and those unknown in our Coun∣tries in his Garden, more he preserv'd dried in his Boxes, he had also no despicable treasure of Gems, Metals and fossible things. None of these did he keep secret to himself, but he willingly shewed them to as many as came to him that were studious in the things of nature, and learnedly and sweetly would

he discourse of the nature and efficacy and virtues of them: for whereas nature had made him libe∣ral and bountiful, though he did not abound in Gold and Riches, yet he liberally and willingly did impart what was in his power, and drawn out of the treasures of Learning and Experience; for whereas he had many secrets in Physick im∣parted by the best Physicians of Germany, France and Italy, and many others which he himself had found out, and experimented with great success, of which had he been sordid and covetous he might have made a large encrease to his private estate; yet all these he either published for the com∣mon use and good, or else communicated to such Friends as desired them of him.

* 1.33111. Galepsus is a Town in Euboea, where there be natural hot Baths, it is a proper seat fitted by nature for sundry honest pleasures; so that it is reputed the publick Hostelry of all Greece, there is plenty of Fowl, Fish and Venison. The Town flourishes most in the midst of Spring, in respect of the mighty concourse of people there is at that time, who converse familiarly one with another, and mutually feast together, taking the benefit of the great affluence, and abundance of all sorts of provisions that are there. But whensoever Calli∣stratus the Professor of Rhetorick is at home, his house is open to all Strangers, hardly may a man sup any where else than at his own house, for he is a man so full of courtesie and hospitality, that it is no easie matter to resist the importunity he uses in the invitation of Strangers: Amongst other per∣sons of ancient times, he seems to imitate Cimon, making it his whole and only pleasure to feast many in his house, and to receive and entertain Strangers and those from all parts.

* 1.33212. It is written of Celeus, that he was the first man who delighted to assemble to his House, a num∣ber of honourable persons and of good mark, which assembly he called Prytanaeum.

CHAP. XVIII. Of the Blameless and Innocent Life of some Persons.

If Man alone is a wonder, the good and virtuous man must certainly be a double one: he is such a rarity, that Diogenes thought a Candle and Lan∣thorn in the broad of day, scarce a sufficient light to make his discovery by, when he went up and down in quest of such a one. Vir bonus cito nec fieri, nec intelligi potest: nam ille alter fortasse tanquam Phoe∣nix, Anno quingentessimo nascitur: A good man is neither quickly made nor easily understood, for like the Phoenix of Arabia, there is possibly one of them born in the space of some five hundred years. This was the opi∣nion of Seneca, and since the world is so seldom enriched with these Jewels, the Reader will the less wonder at that poverty of instances, that is to be met with in Writers, and may do well to have in greater veneration the virtues of those illustrious persons, which he is here presented with.

* 1.3331. Camerarius mentions an Inscription upon a Tombstone in Rome, near the place of the Jews in these words.

Iulia B. Prisca vixit Annos XXVI. Nihil unquam peccavit nisi quod mortua est. i. e.

In this only she did amiss, that she dy'd.

2. M. Portius Cato the Elder,* 1.334 lived with that in∣tegrity, that though he was fifty times accused, was yet so many times adjudged innocent, nor did he obtain this by favour or wealth, but against the favour and riches of almost the whole City. His honesty and severity had raised him up very many enemies, and much of Envy, for he spa∣red no man nor was a friend to any who was not so to the Common-Wealth. At last being accused in his old age, he required and obtained that Tiberius▪ Sempronius Gracchut, one of the chiefest of his ene∣mies, should be appointed for his Judge, but even he acquitted him, and gave sentence that he was innocent, through this his confident action he ever after lived both in great glory and equal secu∣rity.

3. It is said of King Henry the Sixth of England,* 1.335 that he had one immunity peculiar, that no man could ever be revenged of him, seeing he never of∣fered a man an injury: Once for all let his Confessor be heard speak, who in Ten years Confession never found that he had done or said an•• thing, for which he might justly be enjoyned pennance.

4. When the Corps of Thomas Howard second Duke of Norfolk,* 1.336 was carried to be interred in the Abby of Thetford, Anno 1524. No person could demand of him one Groat for debt, or restitution for any injury done by him.

5. Aristophon the Athenian was used to boast a∣mongst his Citizens of this,* 1.337 that whereas he had been ninety five times cited and accused before the Tribunal of Justice, yet he had ever been absolv∣ed and pronounced innocent, in every of those Tryals.

6. Iulius Drusus a Tribune of the people had a house,* 1.338 that in many places lay open to the eyes of the Neighbourhood, there came a workman to him, and told him that at the price of five Talents, he would so alter it, that it should not be liable to that inconvenience. I will give thee Ten Talents, said he, if thou canst make my house perspicuous in eve∣ry Room of it, that so all the City may behold after what manner I lead my life. For he was a man of great temperance and moderation: Lipsius calls him Li∣vius Drusus, and relates the story in somewhat a different manner, though to the same purpose.

7. Aristides was the most just and honest person amongst all the Greeks,* 1.339 and by reason of the glory and Name he had gained was in danger of a Ten Years Exile, which from the manner of the suf∣frage, the Greeks call Ostracism: While they were now giving in their voices, and he himself was pre∣sent standing in the Croud and Throng of the Peo∣ple; there came one to him, who (not able to write himself) desired him (being next to him) that he would write the Name of Aristides in his Shell, viz. him that he would have condemned and banished. Do you know him then, said Aristides, or has he any way injured you? Neither, said the other, but this is that which vexes me, and therefore I would he were condemned, because I hear him called up and down Aristides the just or honest. Aristides took his Shell, and wrote his name in it as he had desired.

8. Scipio Nasica was judged once by the Senate of Rome,* 1.340 (and each of those Senators were sworn to speak without passion or affection) to be the best

and honestest man that ever was from the begin∣ning of the world;* 1.341 yet this same man as upright and innocent as he was, through the ingratitude of the people, was not suffered to dye in his own Country; besides he had a repulse from them when he sued for a dignity.

* 1.3429. M. Cato the younger was the admirer or flat∣terer of no mortal: he frequently opposed Pompey ••earing his greatness, for he esteemed the Common-Wealth, more dearly than any other person or thing: he was suspicious and jealous of any thing that was beyond measure, as dreading an excess of power in any upon the score of the Republick. He sided with the people in any thing for their advantage, and would freely deliver his opinion in things that were just, let the hazard and danger of doing it be as great as it would.

* 1.34310. Asclepiodorus went on Pilgrimage from the City of Athens into Syria, and visited most Cities as he went along: This he undertook for this only purpose, that he might observe the manners of men and their way of life. His journey being ended he said, that in all his perambulation he had not met with more than three men, that lived with modesty and according to the Rules of Honesty and Justice. These three were Ilapius a Philosopher in Antioch, Mares of Laodicea, the honestest man of that Age, and Domninus the Philosopher, so that it should seem Heraclitus had reason for his Tears, who is said to weep as oft as he came abroad, in considera∣tion of so many thousands of evil livers as he beheld about him.

* 1.34411. Biblius (as we read of him) was a man of that integrity and singular abstinence, in respect of what was anothers right, that if he casually light upon any thing as he passed upon the way, he would depart without offering to take it up: saying It was a kind of blossom of injustice, to seise upon what was so sound. Agreeable to which practice of his was that Law of Stagira, Quod non posuisti ne tollas, Take not that up which you never laid down.

* 1.34512. When the Senate of Rome was in debate a∣bout the Election of a Censour, and that Valeria∣nus was in nomination; Trebellius Pollio writes, that the Universal Acclamation of the Senators was; The life of Valerianus is a Censourship, let him be the judge of us all, who is better than all of us: let him judge of the Senate who cannot be charged with any crime, let him pass sentence upon our life, against whom nothing is to be objected. Valeria∣nus was almost a Censour from his Cradle, Valeria∣nus is a Censour in his whole life. A prudent Se∣nator, modest, grave, a friend to good men, an enemy to Tyrants, an enemy to the vicious, but a greater unto vice. We receive this man for our Censour, him we will all imitate, he is the most noble amongst us, the best in blood, of exemplary life, of excellent learning, of choice manners, and the example of Antiquity. This was a glorious Character of a man given by so honourable an as∣sembly, and yet to see after what manner virtue is sometimes afflicted in the world; it is remembred of so great a person, that having attained to the Empire, he was unfortunately taken by Sapores King of Persia, and made his Footstool.

* 1.34613. Upon the death of Iulian the Emperour, by the unanimous consent of the Army, Salustius the Prefect of the Praetorian Soldiers was elected, but he excused himself, pretending his Age and the in∣firmities of his body, so that Iovinia••••us was there∣upon chosen: when he also was dead, by the means of this Salustius Valentinianus, a Tribune was elect∣ed as Emperour, of this Salustius the Prefect, Suidas saith, that he was a person of that integrity that when Valentinian was Emperour, he commanded a∣ny that had ever received any injury from him, that they should go to the Emperour to complain of him, but there was no man found that had any such com∣plaint to prefer against him.

14. Richard the Second King of England was de∣posed,* 1.347 and Henry Bullinbrook Crowned King in his stead, it was also enacted in Parliament, that the inheritance of the Crown and Realm of England, should be united, and remain in the person of King Henry and in the heirs of his Body lawfully begot∣ten, a motion was likewise made in the same Parlia∣ment, what should be done with the deposed King. Then it was that Thomas Merks Bishop of Carlisle, shewed at once his great loyalty and integrity, he rose up, and with extraordinary freedom and con∣stancy, he made an honest and learned Oration, wherein by Scripture reason and other Arguments, he stoutly maintained the right of his deposed Sove∣raign, resolutely opposed the usurpation of his Supplanter, concluding that the Parliament had neither power nor policy to depose King Richard, or in his place to elect Duke Henry, and howsoever this first cost the good Prelate a Prison, and then the loss of his life; yet the memory of so gallant an action shall never dye, so long as fidelity and loyal∣ty shall have any respect amongst men.

CHAP. XIX. Of the Choicest Instances of the most intire friendship.

THe Ancients had a most excellent Emblem whereby they used to express a true and sin∣cere Friendship,* 1.348 they pictured it in the shape of a young man, very fair, bare-headed, meanly at∣tired; on the outside of his Garment was written VIVERE ET MORI, to live and die; and in his Forehead AESTATE ET HYEME, In Summer and Winter: his Brest was open, so that his Heart might be seen, and with his Finger he pointed to his Heart, where was written PROPE LONGE, Far and Near. But such faithful Friends (saith Bishop Morton) are in this age all (for the most part) gone in Pilgrimage, and their return is uncertain, we must therefore for the present be content to borrow instances from the Histories of former Ages.

1. One Mesippus relates in Lucian, how that he one day seeing a man comely,* 1.349 and of eminent con∣dition passing along in a Coach with a woman ex∣tremely unhandsome, he was much amazed, and said he could not understand why a man of prime quality, and so brave a presence, should be seen to stir abroad in the company of a Monster. Here∣upon one that followed the Coach, over-hearing him, said, Sir, you seem to wonder at what you now see; but if I tell you the causes and and circumstances thereof, you will much more admire. Know this Gen∣tleman whom you see in the Coach is called Zenothe∣mis, and born in the City of Marseilles, where he here∣tofore contracted a firm amity with a Neighbour of his named Menecrates, who was at that time one of the chief men of the City, as well in wealth as Dignities. But as all things in the world are exposed to the incon∣stancy of fortune: it happened, that (as 'tis thought)

having given a false sentence he was degraded of ho∣nour, and all his Goods were confiscated, every man a∣voyded him as a Monster in this change of Fortune, but Zenothemis his good friend, as if he had loved mise∣ries not men, more esteemed him in his adversity than he had done in prosperity, and bringing him to his house, shewed him huge treasures, conjured him to share them with him, since such were the Laws of Amity, the other weeping for joy to see himself thus entertained in such sharp necessities; said he was not so apprehensive of the want of worldly wealth, as of the burthen he had in a Daughter ripe for marriage, and willing enough, but blemished with many deformities. She was, saith the History, but half a woman, a body mishapen, limping and blear-eyed, a Face disfigured, and be∣sides she had the Falling-sickness, with horrible Con∣vulsions. Nevertheless, this noble heart said un∣to him, trouble not your self about the marriage of your Daughter, for I will be her Husband. The other astonished at such goodness, God forbid, said he, that I should lay such a burden upon you. No, no, replyed the other, she shall be mine. And instantly he married her, making great Feasts at the Nuptials; being married, he honoureth her with much regard, and makes it his Glory to shew her in the best company as a Trophy of his Friend∣ship. In the end she brought him a Son, who re∣stored his Grandfather to his Estate, and was the honour of his Family.

* 1.3502. At Rome, saith Camerarius, there are to be be seen these Verses engraven about an Urn.

D. D. S.

Vrna brevis geminum, quamvis tenet ista cadaver; Attamen in Coelo spiritus unus adest; Viximus unanimes Luciusque & Flavius, idem Sensus, amor, studium, vita duobus erat.

Though both our ashes this Vrn doth enclose, Yet as one Soul in Heaven we repose: Lucius and Flavius living were one mind, One will, love, and to one course enclin'd.

3. Damon and Pythias two Pythagorean Philo∣sophers had betwixt them so firm a friendship,* 1.351 that when Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse had resolv'd the death of one of them, and that he only be∣sought he might have liberty first to go home, and set his affairs in order; the other doubted not to be surety in the mean time to the Tyrant for his return. The Tyrant granted it, intent upon what this new and strange action would come to in the event: a day had passed and he came not, then all began to condemn the rashness of the surety; but he told them he doubted not of the constancy of his Friend. At the same hour as was agreed with Dionysius came he that was condemned, thereby freeing the other. The Tyrant admiring the cou∣rage and fidelity of them both, remitted the pu∣nishment, and entreated that he himself might be admitted as a third person into the society of ••o admirable a Friendship.

4. Pylades and Orestes were famous of old for their friendship,* 1.352 Orestes being very desirous to ease himself of that grief, which he had conceived for the death of his Mother•• consulted the Oracle, and understood thereby that he should forthwith take the way to the Temple of Diana, in the Country of Taurica, thither he went in the com∣pany of Pylades his friend: Now it was the cruel custom of Thoas the then King of that Country, to put to death every Tenth Stranger, that came into his Dominions. This unfortunate Lot fell upon Orestes, the King at last asked which was that O∣restes, Pylades readily stepped forth, and told him he was the man who had that name: Orestes de∣nyed it, he again affirm'd, so that the King was in doubt which of them he should kill.

5. Eudamidas the Corinthian,* 1.353 had Aretae••s the Corinthian, and Charixenus the Sycionian for his friends, they were both rich whereas he was ex∣ceeding poor: he departing this life left a will, (ridiculous perhaps to some) wherein was thus written.

I give and bequeath to Aretaeus, my Mother to be kept and foster'd in her Old Age, as also my Daughter to Charixenus, to be married with a Dowry as great as he can afferd, but if any thing in the mean time fall out to any of these men, my Will is that the other shall perform that which he should have done had he lived.

This Testament being read, they who knew the poverty of Eudamidas, but not his friendship with these men, accounted of it all as mere jest and sport, no man that was present but departed laugh∣ing at the Legacies which Aretaeus and Charixenus were to receive. But those whose the Bequests were, as soon as they heard of it, came forthwith acknowledging and ratifying what was command∣ed in the Will: Charixenus died within five days after▪ Aretaeus his excellent Successor took upon him borh the one and the others charge, kept the Mother of Eudamidas, and soon as might be di∣sposed of his Daughter in marriage, of five Ta∣lents which his estate amounted to, two of them he gave in Dowry with his own Daughter, and two more with the Daughter of his Friend, and would needs have their Nuptials solemnized in one and the same day.

6. Alexander the Great was so true a Lover of Ephestion,* 1.354 that in his life time he had him always near him, made him acquainted with the nearest and weightiest of his secrets, and when he was dead bewailed him with inconsolable tears; he hanged up Glaucus his Physician, for being absent when he took that which hastened his end. In to∣ken of heavy Mourning he caused the Battlements of City Walls to be pulled down, and the Manes of Mules and Horses to be cut off; he bestowed ten thousand Talents upon his Funerals, and that he might not want Attendants to wait upon him in the other world, he caused some thousands of men to be slain, even the whole Cussean Nation at once.

7. Pelopidas and Epaminondas were singularly noted,* 1.355 and commended for the perfect love and friendship that was ever inviolably kept betwixt them to the day of their deaths. They went both together to Mantinea, in assistance of the Lacede∣monians then in league with the Thebans, their place in Battel fell near together, for they were appointed to oppose the Arcadians and to fight on foot, It fell out that the Spartan wing wherein they were was enforced to retreat, and some ••led out∣right, but those two gallant young spirits were re∣solved to prefer death before slight, and so stand∣ing close together, with great courage they sustain∣ed the many enemies that came upon them, till such time as Pelopidas having received seven dange∣rous wounds, fell upon a heap of dead bodies. Here it was that the brave Epaminondas (though he

thought he was slain) stept before him, defended his body and armour, with invincible courage and resolution, at last he was thrust through the Breast with a Pike, and receiving a deep wound with a Sword on his Arm, he was ready to sink, when A∣gesipolis King of Sparta came in with the other wing, and saved the lives of these incomparable friends.

* 1.3568. Lucilius was one of the friends of Brutus, and a good man, he (when Brutus was overthrown at Philippi) perceiving a Troop of the Barbarians care∣less in the pursuit of others, but with loose Reins following hard after Brutus, resolved to take off their eagerness with the hazard of his own life, and being left somewhat behind, he told them that he was Brutus: They gave the more credit to him, because he desired to be presented to Anthony, as if he feared Caesar, and reposed some confidence in the other. They glad of their prize, and extol∣ling their good fortune led him away, and it being towards evening, they sent before certain of their company to carry the news to Anthony. With great joy he hastens to meet them, as many others did to see Brutus, some pitying his misfortune, o∣thers thinking him unworthy of glory, that for desire of life he would suffer himself to be made the prey of Barbarians. When they drew nigh, Antho∣ny made a halt, as doubting in what manner he should receive Brutus, but Lucilius being brought before him, with an undaunted mind thus spake: No man, Antonius, hath taken M. Brutus, nor shall ever any enemy take him, the Gods are more just than to permit fortune to trample upon so much virtue, he will be found to be alive, or at least dead in such a manner as is worthy of him: But 'tis I that have imposed upon your Soldiers, and I am here ready to undergo all the severity I shall be adjudged to for it. All that were present were astonished, Antonius turning to them that had brought him, You are displeased fellow Soldiers, said he, because you suppose you are deceived, but make ac∣count with your selves that you have met with a more precious prize, than that which ye sought after: For whilst you sought for an enemy you have brought me a friend; I am not r••solved what I should do with Brutus alive, but I had rather obtain such friends than enemies. Having so said he embraced Lucilius, and then com∣mitted him to one of his familiars, and afterwards found him upon all occasions, as firm and faithful to himself as he had been to Brutus.

* 1.3579. Lucius Rheginus being then Tribune of the people, Quintus Servilius Caepio was by publick au∣thority cast into Prison, for it seemed that by his default the Roman Army was overthrown by the Cimbrians and Teutones, Lucius had a strict friend∣ship with him, and therefore not only freed him from prison, but was also a companion of his flight, and thereby thrust himself into a banishment, which he could not hope should be other than per∣petual.

10. Titus Volumnius a Gentleman of Rome, was the friend of Marcus Lucullus, who was slain by the command of M. Antonius,* 1.358 for that he had followed the party of Brutus and Cassius, and though he had a sufficient time to provide for himself by flight; yet he remained by the body of his dead friend, and lamented him with such abundance of sighs and tears, that particular notice was taken of him by the Officers: They therefore dragg'd him to Anto∣tonius; into whose sight and presence he was no sooner come, but, Command me Sir, said he, to be forthwith carried to the Body of Lucullus, and to be there slain, for I ought not to su••vive him, since I was the only person who p••rswaded h••m to take that unfortunate sid••. He easily prevailed with Antonius to grant his re∣quest, he was therefore led to the place he desired, where when he came he kissed the right hand of Lu∣cullus, took up his head that was cut off, and put it into his Bosom, and then stretched out his own neck, to receive the blow of the Executioner.

11. Great was the confidence which M. Vlpius Trajanus the Emperour had in his friend Surra:* 1.359 it was told him one morning, that Surra had conspi∣red against him, he in the evening of the same day, uninvited went to his house, attended only by two persons, he stayed and supp'd with him, would needs be trimm'd by his Barber, consulted his Phy∣sician about a disease in his eyes, and caused him to look upon them. That night he was again told of the conspiracy, he smiling said, He had that day made tryal of the matter, and that if Surra had any e∣vil design he had put himself into his powor: so that re∣maining without suspicion of his friendship, not long after he made him Tribune, and the custom being to deliver a naked Sword to the Tribune, he gave him one, saying: I give you this to defend me if I Rule well, if otherwise to kill me.

12. I think no former histories of the Grecians or Romans,* 1.360 can afford such another example of faithful and constant friendship, as that betwixt Barbadicus and Tarrisanus two Gentlemen of Ve∣nice, fully and lively expressed in this inscription, as I find it Printed at Venice, and allowed by Authori∣ty, Anno 1627.

Nicholai Barbadici, & Marci Tarrisani Philophilia.

Regina Adriae, Orbis miraculum, intemerata Virgo, propria virtute gravida tandem peperit, at quidnam? miraculum seipsa majus.

Monstra vitio carentia.

Barbadicum et Tarrisanum gemellos, quorum duo cor∣pora unanimat anima, Pylades et Orestes transe∣ant inter fabulas, et quicquid Graecia mendax audet in historia. Commorientes deliria sunt Poetarum somniantium, at isti unanimes digni quos operi inten∣tus suo De••s respiciat. Magna ingeniorum dispa∣ritas.

Major Geniorum Paritas.

Non Major unus, nec melior alter iidem et non iidem, ipsi nec ipsi sunt, pereuntem Barbadicum servat Tar∣risanus, perditum Tarrisanum redimit Barba∣dicus.

Auri hic sanguinis ille prodigus.

De uno Tarrisano sollicitus Barbadicus, conjugis, libe∣rorum, nepotum postponit curam, uni Barbadico ut placeat Tarrisanus, veneri, aleaeque (deliciis suis) valedicit: vitam dedit huic ille, animam hic illi; u∣trique debetur Coelum. Philomachiam istam vidit A∣dria, stupet Orbis, admirabitur posteritas.

Cum duo certarent Victor uterque fuit.

This example was held so strange, that first Giaco∣mo S. Caglia one of the principal Citizens in Venice, published a narration thereof in Italian, Anno 1627. and since Alexander de Gattis a Churchman of that City, hath out of Italian translated it into Latine, and Printed it in the year following in Venice, the historical Argument of De Gattis take thus: Ni∣cholaus Barbadicus and M. Trivisanus two Patricians of Venice, of great reputation in respect of their

own vertues, the splendour of their families, and the dignities and offices they had honourably born in the Commonwealth. Those two illustrious per∣sons from their youth had contracted a friendship with each other, a solid and most entire one it was, carried on all along with the mutual performance of of good Offices: At last it fell out that Trivisanus, through extraordinary domestick expences, char∣ges in journeys, indulgence of such pleasures as are common with the more generous sort of youth, and also by reason of some losses he had sustained at dice, and other casualties of humane life; he was redu∣ced to a condition most unworthy of his birth and blood. His debts being grown greater than his fortunes, he was deserted (even by his own Bre∣thren) when he was received into the house of his only friend Barbadicus, a noble and very rich per∣son, he had before lent him four thousand ducats gratis, which debt he forgave him as soon as he en∣tred his house, he also paid for him two thousand more which he had contracted with others, and after this by an extraordinary and irrevocable act of his own, he made him Overseer and Admini∣strator of all his goods moveable and immoveable, in such manner that he might dispose of them at his pleasure: Nor was Barbadicus satisfied with this, but that he might provide for the profit of his friend in case he should dye, he leaves it in his will that though he had a Wife and Brother, yet Trivi∣sanus should be his sole Executor, that he should have sole power of disposing his Daughters in marriage, nor should at any time be compelled to render an account of his trust, or of any thing pertaining to that estate: He also bequeathed him a legacy large as his estate would permit, without apparent pre∣judice to the fortunes of his Children. Barbadicus was moved to do all this, for that he perceived Tri∣visanus as soon as he had entred his house, (by a singular modesty of mind) of a prodigal of his own estate, become sparing of anothers, and from that moment had left off all gaming and other such plea∣sures of youth, he had also betaken himself to the company and converse of learned and wise men, and by addicting himself to the perusal and study of the best Authors, had shewed him that he would answer his liberality with sincerity, uprightness, and unblameable fidelity, which fidelity Barbadicus had often before and also since this liberality of his, experienced in him his beloved and most constant friend, when he alone defended the life and honour of Barbadicus in his greatest straits and worst dangers as well open as concealed, so that he open∣ly professes to owe the safety of them both to Tri∣visanus. The whole City knows how he supported the innocency of his friend, in the false and devilish calumnies that were raised upon him, and would not desert him in the worst of his fortunes, though he was slandered for taking his part. While he did this he not only interrupted the course of his pre∣ferments to the chiefest places of honour in his Country, unto which (to the amazement of all men) he was in a most hopeful way: But he also forfeited and lost those opportunities. It is also well known to all men that he contracted great and dangerous enmities (with some that had afore time been his companions) upon the sole score of this friend of his. He despised all that extrinsick honour which depends upon the opinion of the brutish multitude, and at the last also exposed his own life to frequent and manifest hazards, as also he would yet do in any such occasion as should require it, and whereas Trivisanus hath lived many years, and is yet alive through this incomparable expression of a grateful mind in Barbadicus, he lives with great splendour and in great Authority. He is merciful to the af∣flicted, courteous to his friends, and is especially a most worthy Patron of all those that are vertuous. He is honourably esteemed by the daughters of his friend in such manner, as if he were their own Fa∣ther, he is also chearfully received by his Wife, and truly honoured by her as her Brother, as well because she is not ignorant of his merits in respect of her Husband, as also for his excellent Temper, and such other uncommon qualities as render him worthy the love and admiration of all men.

13. In the time of the proscription by the Tri∣um-Virate at Rome,* 1.361 there was threatned a grievous punishment to any person, that should conceal or any way assist one that was proscribed, on the o∣ther side great rewards promised the discoverers of them. Marcus Varro the Philosopher was in the list of the proscribed; at which time Calenus his dear friend concealed him some time in his house, and though Antonius came often thither to walk, yet was he never affrighted or changed his mind, though he daily saw men punished or rewarded, ac∣cording to the Edicts set forth.

CHAP. XX. Of the Grateful Disposition of some Persons, and what Returns they have made of Benefits Receiv∣ed.

THis of Gratitude is justly held to be the Mo∣ther of all other virtues, seeing that from this one Fountain those many Rivulets arise; as that of Reverence and due respect unto our Masters and Governours, that of Friendship amongst men, Love to our Country, Piety to our Parents, and Religion towards God himself. As therefore the ungrateful are every where hated; as being under the suspicion of every vice; on the contrary, grateful persons are in the estimation of all men, having by their Gratitude put in a kind of security, that they are not without some measure of every other sort of virtue.

1. Sir William Fitzwilliams the Elder,* 1.362 being a Merchant Taylor, and Servant sometime to Car∣dinal Woolsey, was chosen Alderman of Broadstreet Ward in London, Anno 1506. Going afterwards to dwell at Milton in Northamptonshire, in the fall of the Cardinal his former Master, he gave him kind entertainment there at his House in the Country, for which being called before the King, and de∣manded how he durst entertain so great an enemy to the State? His answer was, That he had not con∣temptuously or wilfully done it, but only because he had been his Master, and partly the means of his greatest fortunes. The King was so well pleased with his answer, that saying himself had few such Servants, immediately Knighted him, and afterwards made him one of his Privy Council.

2. Thyreus (or as Curtius calls him) Thriotes was one of the Eunuchs to Statira,* 1.363 the Wife of Darius, and taken at the same time with her by Alexander the Great: When she was dead in Travail he stole out of the Camp, went to Darius, and told him of the death of his Wife, perceiving that he re∣sented

not her death so passionately, as he feared that her chastity together with that of his Sister and Daughters, had been violated by Alexander. Thyreus with horrible oaths asserted the chastity of Alexander, then Darius turning to his friends with his hands lift up to Heaven; O ye Gods of my Coun∣try (said he) and Presidents of Kingdoms, I beseech you in the first place that the fortune of Persia may reco∣ver its former Grandeur, that I may leave it in the same splendor I received it, that I may render unto Alexander all that he hath performed in my adverse estate, unto my dearest pledges. But if that fatal time is come, wherein by the envy of the Gods there is a decreed revo∣lution to pass upon us, and that the Kingdom of Persia must be overthrown, then I beg of you that no other a∣mongst mortal men besides Alexander, may sit in the Throne of Cyrus.

3. Ptolemaeus King of Aegypt, having overcome Demetrius Poliorcetes in Battel,* 1.364 and made himself Master of all his carriages, he sent back to Deme∣trius his Royal Tent, with all the wealth he had ta∣ken, and also such Captives as were of the best ac∣count with him, sending him word withal, that the contention betwixt them was not for Riches but Glory. When Demetrius had returned him thanks he added that he earnes••ly besought the Gods, that they would speedily enable him to return him equal kindness, for that he had received o•• him. Not long after when Ptolemy had sent C••ll••s his General, with an Army against him, he was overthrown and taken by Demetrius, who sent both him and all the rest of the Captives as a Present to P••••lemy.

* 1.3654. Agrippa accus'd by Eu••yches his Coachman of some words against Tib••••ius, was by his order seiz'd and put to the Chain befor•• the Palace Gate; with other Criminals brought thither. It was hot Weather, and he extreme thirsty, seeing there∣fore Thaumastus a Servant of C••ligula's pass by, with a Pitcher of Water, he called him, and en∣treated that he might drink, which the other pre∣sented with much courtesie. When he had drank, assure thy self, said he, I will one day pay thee well for this Glass of Water thou hast given me; If I get out of this Captivity, I will make thee great. Tiberius dy'd soon after, he was freed by the favour of Caligula, and by the same favour made King of Iudea; here it was that he remem∣bred Thaumastus, rewarding him with the place of Comptro••ler of his house, such power hath a slight good turn, well plac'd, upon a generous Soul.

* 1.3665. Darius the Son of H••staspes, being one of the Guard to Cambyses in his Expedition against Ae••ypt, a Man then of no extraordinary condition, seeing Syloson, the Brother of Polycrates, walking in the Market place of Memphis, in a glittering Cloak; he went to him, and as one taken with the garment, desired to buy it of him. Syloson perceiving he was very desirous of it, told him he would not sell it him for any Money: but said he, I will give it you on this condition; that you ne∣ver part with it to any other; Darius receiv'd it. In processe of time, Cambyses being dead, and the Magi overcome, by the seven Princes, Darius was made King, Syloson hearing this comes to Susa, sate in the entrance of the Palace, saying he was one that had deserved well of the King, this was told to Darius, who wondring who it was he should be oblig'd to, commanded he should be admitted. Syloson was ask'd by an interpreter, who he was, and what he had done for the King? He tells the matter about the Cloak, and says, he was the Per∣son who gave it. O thou most Generous amongst Men, said Darius, art thou he then who when I had no power, gavest me that, which though small in it self, was yet as acceptable to me then, as greater things would be to me now? know I will reward thee with such a huge quantity of Gold and Silver, that it shall never repent thee thou wast liberal to Darius, the Son of Hystaspes. O King, said Syloson, give me neither Gold nor Silver, but when thou hast freed my Countrey of Samos, which is now held by a Servant of my dead Brother Polycrates; give me that without slaughter or Plunder. Dari∣us hearing this, sent an Army under the conduct of Otanes, one of the seven Princes of Persia, com∣manding him that he should do for Syloson as he had desired.

6. Rodericus Davalus was Lieutenant General of the Horse in Spain,* 1.367 Anno Dom. 423. together with some others, he was accused of High Trea∣son, of writing Letters to Iosephus King of the Moors; as one that intended the betraying of his Countrey into his hands. Divers Copies of these Letters were produc'd, and the whole affair deba∣ted at the Council-Table: In the crime of his Ma∣ster was involv'd Alearus Nunnius Ferrerius born at Corduba, and Steward of Davalus his house. But he stoutly defending himself and his Master, ceased not till he had shewed that the Letters were counterfeit, and that the Authour of them was Io∣hannes Garsias, of which he was convicted and condemned. He got himself clear off, b••t the o∣ther great Persons were condemned to perpetual banishment. Here Ferrerius to support his Ma∣ster in his wants, sold all those goods of his, which he had got in the service and by the bounty of his Master; and having thereby made up the sum of 8000. Crowns, he dispos'd it into Wicker Bottles, loaded an Ass with it, and causing his own Son to be meanly attired, to drive the Ass, he sent it all privily to his Master Davalus; A Person certainly well worthy of being remembred by that Illustri∣ous Nation; and in his Posterity too, in case any of them be yet extant.

7. The only Daughter of Peter Martyr,* 1.368 through the Ryot and Prodigality of her debauch∣ed Husband, being brought to extreme poverty; the Senate of Zurich (out of a grateful remem∣brance of her Father's worth) supported her with a bountiful maintenance so long as she liv'd.

8. M. Minutius,* 1.369 Master of the Horse, by his insolence and temerity, had lead his Army a∣gainst Annibal into great distress; where it was likely to be cut in pieces, but by the seasonable as∣sistance of Q. Fabius, the then Dictator, he was preserv'd. Returning into his Camp, he con∣fessed his Errour, commanded the Ensigns to be taken up, and the whole Army to follow them; he marches into the Camp of the Dictator, and through it the ready way to Fabius his Tent, to the wonder and amazement of all Men. Fabius came out to meet him, then he causes the Ensigns to be stuck down, himself with a loud voice called Fabius his Father, his Army called the other Soul∣diers their Patrons, and silence being commanded: You have this day Dictator, said Minutius, obtain∣ed a double Victory by your Prowess upon the E∣nemy, by your Prudence and Humanity upon your Colleague, by the one you have sav'd us, and by the ther instructed us, so that we who were ignomini∣ously conquered by Hannibal; are Honourably and Profitably overcome by you. Since therefore I know no other Name that is more venerable; I call you an indulgent Father, although this benefit I have from you is greater, then that of my Parent, for to

him I do only owe my life, but to you I am indebt∣ed both ••or my own, and also for that of all these. This said, he embraced Fabius, and kissed him; the like might be observed through the whole Ar∣my, for they received each other with mutual em∣braces and kisses; so that the whole Camp was all joy, and such as found no other way, to express it self but by tears.

* 1.3709. On the Town-house of Geneva, upon a mar∣ble Table, is written in Letters of Gold thus,

Post Tenebras Lux.

Quum Anno Dom. 1535. profligata Romana Anti-Christi Tyrannide, abrogatisque ejus superstitio∣nibus, Sacro-Sancta Christi Religio hic in suam puritatem; Ecclesia in meliorem ordinem singu∣lari Dei beneficio reposita, & simul pulsis fuga∣tisque hostibus urbs ipsa in suam libertatem, non sine insigni miraculo, restituta fuerit. Senatus populusque Genevensis Monumentum hoc perpetuae memoriae causa fieri atque hoc loco erigi curavit, quo suam erga Deum gratitudinem, apud Posteros te∣statam f••cerit. In English thus.

After Darkness Light.

Whereas Anno Dom. 1535. The Roman Tyranny of Anti-Christ was ejected, his Superstitions abolish∣ed, the Holy Religion of Christ restored here in its proper purity; the Church by the singular goodness of God put into better order, the Enemy overcome and put to slight, and the City it self by a remarka∣ble miracle, did then obtain its former liberty and freedom. The Senate and People of Geneva, have caused this Monument (in perpetual Memory thereof) to be made and erected in this place, as also to leave a Testimony of their thankfulness to God and Posterity.

10. In the time of the second Punick War, when Fulvius besieg'd Capua,* 1.371 there were two Wo∣men of Campania that were resolute in their good wishes to the Romans: These were Vestia Opidia, a Matron, and Mistress of a Family; and Cluvia Facula, a common prostitute. The one of these did daily sacrifice for the good fortune of their Army, and the other ceased not to carry Provisi∣ons to such of ours as were made Prisoners a∣mongst them. When therefore Capua was taken, these two had their liberty and goods restor'd, by special order of the Senate of Rome, and not only so, but sent them a promise, to grant what reward they should desire. It is much, that in so great and publick a Joy, the Fathers had leisure to thank two poor Women of mean condition, but it was more, ••or them to make it a special part of their business, and that by their own motion.

* 1.37211. Q. Fabius Maximus, was the Person that sav'd the Roman State from being over-whelmed with the Torrent of Hannibal; and had fortunate∣ly serv'd the Common-Wealth, in five several Con∣sul-ships: When therefore he was dead: the Ro∣man people not unmindful of his good service: did strive who should contribute most Money, to ren∣der the pomp of his Funeral more glorious, and that he might be interred with the greater magni∣ficence.

12. There was in Florence a Merchant whose name was Francis Frescobald, of a noble Family and liberal mind, who through a prosperous success in his affairs, was grown up to an abundance of Wealth. While he was at Flor••nce, a young Man presented himself to him asking his Alms for God's sake.* 1.373 Frescobald beheld the ragged strip∣ling, and in despight of his Tatters, reading in his countenance some significations of virtue, was mo∣ved with pity, demanded his Countrey and Name. I am, said he, of England; my Name is Thomas Cromwell; my Father (meaning his Father-in-law) is a poor Man a Cloth-shearer. I am stray'd from my Countrey, and am now come into Italy with the Camp of French-men that were overthrown at Ga••ylion, where I was Page to a Foot-man, carry∣ing after him his Pike and Burganet. Frescobald partly in pity of his State, and partly in love to the English Nation, amongst whom he had re∣ceiv'd some civilities, took him into his house, made him his guest, and at his departure gave him a Horse, new Apparel, and sixteen Duckets of Gold in his Purse. Cromwell rendring him hearty thanks, return'd into his Countrey; where in Pro∣cess of time, he became in such favour with King Henry the Eight, that he rais'd him to the Dignity of being Lord High Chancellour of England. In the mean time, Frescobald by great and successive losses was become poor, but remembring that some English Merchants owed him fifteen thousand Du∣cats, he came to ••••ndon to seek after it, not think∣ing of what had passed betwixt Cromwel and him. But travelling earnestly about his business, he acci∣dentally met with the Lord Chancellour as he was riding to the Court. As soon as the Lord Chan∣cellour saw him, he thought he should be the Mer∣chant of Florence of whose liberality he had tasted in times past: immediately he alights, embraces him, and with a broken voice scarce refraining tears, he demanded if he were not Francis Frescobald the Florentine? Yes Sir, said he, and your humble Servant. My Servant, said Cromwel, no, as you have not been my Servant in times past, so will I not now account you other than my great and especial friend, as∣suring you that I have just reason to be sorry, that you knowing what I am, (or at least what I should be) would not let me understand of your Arrival in this Land: Had I known it I should certainly have paid part of that debt which I confess I ow you, but thanks be to God that I have yet time. W••ll Sir, in conclusion you are hearti∣ly welcome, but having now weighty affairs in my Princes cause, you must hold me excused that I can no longer tar∣ry with you: Therefore at this time I take my leave, de∣siring you with the faithful mind of a friend, that you forget not to dine with me this day at my house. Fresco∣bald wonders who this Lord should be, at last af∣ter some pause he remembers him for the same he had relieved at Florence, he therefore repairs to his house not a little joyed: and walking in the base Court attended his return. He came soon after, and was no sooner dismounted, but he again em∣braced him with so friendly a countenance, as the Lord Admiral and other Nobles then in his compa∣ny much marvelled at. He turning back and hold∣ing Frescobald by the hand; Do you not wonder my Lords, said he, that I seem so glad of this man? This is he by whose means I have atchieved this my present degree, and therewith recounted to them all that had passed between them. Then holding him still by the hand, he led him to the Chamber where he dined, and seated him next himself. The Lords departed, he would know what occasion had brought him to London, Frescobald in few words truly opened his cause to him: To which Cromwel returned, Things already past, Mr. Frescobald, can by no power or policy of man be recalled, yet is not your sorrow so peculiar to your self, but that by the bond of mutual love I am to bear a part therein, and that in this

your distress, you may receive some consolation: It is fit I should repay some portion of that debt, wherein I stand bound to you; as it is the part of a thankful man to do: and I further promise you in the word of a true friend, that during this life and state of mine, I will not fail to to do for you wherein my authority may prevail: Then taking him by the hand he led him into a Chamber, and commanded all to depart, he locked the door, then opening a Coffer he ••irst took out sixteen Du∣cats, and delivering them to Frescobald; My friend, said he, here is your money you lent me at my departure from Florence, here are other ten you bestowed in mine Apparel, with Ten more you disbursed for the Horse I rode upon: But considering you are a Merchant it seem∣eth to me not honest to return your money, without some consideration for the long detaining of it. Take you therefore these four Bags in every of which is four hun∣dred Ducats, to receive and enjoy from the hand of your assured friend, which the modesty of Frescobald would have refused, but the other forced them up∣on him. This done he caused him to give him the names of all his debtors, and the sums they owed: The Schedule he delivered to one of his Servants, with charge to search out the men, if within any part of the Realm, and straitly to charge them to make payment within fifteen days, or else to a∣bide the hazard of his displeasure. The Servant so well performed the command of his Master, that in very short time the whole Sum was paid in: Du∣ring all this time Frescobald lodged in the Lord Chan∣cellors house, who gave him the entertainment he deserved, and oftentimes moved him to abide in England, offering him the Loan of sixty thousand Ducats for the space o•• four years, if he would continue and make his bank at London: But he de∣si••ed to return into his own Country, which he did with the great favour o•• the Lord Cromwel, and there richly arrived, but he enjoyed his wealth but a small time, for in the first year of his return he dyed.

13. Franciscus Dandalus was sent Embassador from the Venetians to Pope Clement,* 1.374 into France whe••e he then was, to deprecate his anger, and to take off the publick ignominy which he was resolv∣ed to ••xpose them to: long did he lye in Chains pro∣strate at the Popes Table in mourning and great humility, be••ore he could any way appease that in∣dignation which the Pope had conceived against his People, at the last he returned well acquit of his cha••••e, when such was the gratitude of his fel∣low Citizens, that by a mighty and universal con∣sent, they elected him Duke of Venice, that he who but la••••ly had been in such despicable state for his Cou••tri••s sake, might now be beheld as conspicu∣ous on the other side in Gold and Purple.

* 1.37514. Antonius Mu••a was Physician to Augustus Cae∣sar, and being one time delivered by him from a dis••ase, that was believed would prove deadly to him, the people of Rome were so joyed with the unexpected recovery of their Prince, that to express their gratitude to his Physician, they passed a de∣cree, that his Statue should be erected and placed next unto that of Aesculapius.

* 1.37615. Hippocrates the Physician perceiving the Plague from Illyricum to begin to grow upon the parts adjacent, sent some of his Scholars into di∣vers Cities of Greece, to assist and to administer to such as were seised with it, upon which in token of their gratitude, they decreed to him the same ho∣nour which they had had used to give to Her∣cules.

* 1.37716. Iunius Brutus did notably revenge the Rape done upon Lucretia, by one of the Tarquins, with the expulsion of them all, and delivering Rome from the bondage of their Tyranny, when therefore this grand Patron of Feminine Chastity was dead, the Roman Matrons lamented the death of him in mourning for a year entire.

17. A War was commenced betwixt the Athe∣nians and the Dorians,* 1.378 these last consulting the O∣racle, were told they should carry the victory un∣less they killed the King of the Athenians, they there fore gave charge to their Soldiers concerning the safety of the King. Codrus was at that time King of the Athenians, who having understood the an∣swer of the Ora••le, in Love to his Country he dis∣guised himself in mean Apparel, and entred the e∣nemies Camp with a sythe upon his Shoulder, with this he wounded one of the Soldiers by whom he was immediately slain. The body of the King be∣ing known, the Dorians departed without fighting, and the Athenians in gratitude to their Prince, who had devoted his life for the common safety, would never after suffer themselves to be ruled by a King; doing their departed Prince this honour, that they declared they thought no man worthy to succeed him.

CHAP. XXI. Of the Meekness, Humanity, Clemen∣cy and Mercy of some Men.

THe abundant Trade, pleasant Scituation, and other considerable advantages did occasion one to say of Ormus a City in Persia.

Si Terrarum Orbis quaqua patet annulus esset, Illius Ormusium gemma decusque foret.

If all the World were made into a Ring, Ormus the Gemm and grace thereof should bring.

And were I to set the Crown upon some one particu∣lar virtue, amongst all those that have been conspi∣cuous in man; I know none that I should be more prone to favour than that of mercy, and I must con∣fess I was well pleased when I read what followeth.

1. Photius the learned Patriarch of Constantinople,* 1.379 observeth in his Bibliotheke, a wonderful judgment given in the City of Athens: He saith the Senate of the Areopagites being assembled together in a Mountain, without any Roof but Heaven; the Se∣nators perceived a Bird of prey which pursued a little Sparrow, that came to save it self in the bo∣som of one of their Company: This man who na∣turally was harsh threw it from him so roughly, that he killed it; whereat the Court was offended, and a decree was made by which he was condemned and banished from the Senate: Where the Judicious ob∣serve, that this company which was at that time one of the gravest in the world, did it not for the care they had to make a law concerning Sparrows, but it was to shew that clemency and merciful incli∣nation, was a virtue so necessary in a State, that a man destitute of it was not worthy to hold any place in Government, he having (as it were) re∣nounced humanity.

2. Agesilaus the Spartan was of that humanity and clemency,* 1.380 towards those whom he had over∣come in Battel, that he often gave publick admo∣nitions

to his Soldiers, that they should not treat their Prisoners with insolence, but should consider that those who were thus subdued and reduced to this condition were men; and when any of these at the removal of his Camp were left behind by his Soldiers as unable to follow through sickness or age, he took care to order some persons to receive and take care of them, lest being destitute of all assist∣ance they should perish with hunger, or become a prey to the wild Beasts.

* 1.3813. Titus Vespasian the Emperour was deservedly called the Darling of Mankind, he professed that he thereupon took upon him the supreme Pontisi∣cate, that in so high a Priesthood he might be ob∣liged to keep his hands pure from the blood of all men; which he also performed: and saith Sueto∣nius, from that time forth he never was the Author of or consenting to the death of any man, although sometimes there were offered him just causes of re∣venge, but he still used to say, he had rather perish himself than be the ruine of another. When two Patricians stood convicted of high Treason, and affectation of the Empire, he thought it sufficient to admonish them in words, to desist such designs, that Princes were ordained by sate, that if they would any other thing of him, they might ask it and have it. Soon after the Mother of one of them living far off, lest she should be a••••righted with some sad news, he sent his own Posts to inform her of the danger and safety of her Son. Though his Brother Domitian did manifestly conspire against him; yet he did him no harm, nor lessened him in any thing, but dealt with him by entreaties, that he would bear him a friendly mind, and after all nominated him his colleague and successor in the Empire: But all this goodness wrought little with this unnatural Brother, for soon after he was em∣poysoned by him, to the great loss of all man∣kind.

* 1.3824. Acacius Bishop of Amada was renowned and much spoken of for a notable work of mercy which he wrought in those days, when the Romans had taken seven thousand Persian Captives at the win∣ning of Azaz••na, and to the grief of the Persian King would not restore them, but kept them in such condition that they were almost all starved for want of food. Acacius lamented their estate and condition, called his Clergy together, and said thus unto them: Our God hath no need either of Dishes or Cups, for he neither eateth nor drinketh, wherefore see∣ing the Church hath many precious things both of Gold and Silver, bestowed of the free will and liberality of the faithful: It is requisite that the Captive Soldiers should be therewith redeemed and delivered out of Prison and Bondage, and that they also perishing with Famine, should with some part thereof be refreshed and relieved. This said, he commanded the Vessels and gifts to be melted, made money thereof, and sent the whole price partly to redeem Captives out of Prison, and partly to relieve them that they perished not with famine. Lastly, he gave the Persians necessary provisions for their voyage, and sent them back to their King: This notable act of the Renowned A∣cacius, brought the King of Persia into great admi∣ration, that the Romans should endeavour to van∣quish their enemies by both ways, viz. wars and well-doing, whereupon he greatly desired the sight of Acacius, and Theodosius the Emperour command∣ed the Bishop to gratifie the King therein.

5. When Pericles the noble Athenian lay a dying, the better sort of the Citizens and his Friends that sate about him, were discoursing amongst them∣selves of those virtues wherein he excelled, his riches and eloquence,* 1.383 his famous exploits, the number of his victories, as having erected Nine Trophies while he had the command of the City. These things they were recounting amongst them∣selves, as supposing that he no longer understood them, but was now become senseless. Pericles heard all that had passed, and I wonder, said he, that you so celebrate those deeds of mine, in which Fortune doth challenge a part, and which are common to other Lead∣ers, and yet in the mean time pass over with silence, that which is the greatest and most excellent of them all: namely, that none of my Fellow Citizens have ever put on mourning through my means. And indeed it was worthy of high commendation, that he retained so much of humanity and clemency in the midst of so many bitter enmities he was perpetually exerci∣sed with, and that he had never shewed himself im∣placable to any enemy whatsoever, in so great a power as he so long together had enjoyed.

6. One Guydomer a Viscount,* 1.384 having found a great treasure in the dominions of Richard the First surnamed C••ur de Lion; for ••ear of the King fled to a Town of the King of France for his safeguard. Thither Richard pursued him, but the Town de∣nyed him entrance, going therefore about the Walls, to ••ind out the fittest places to assa••lt it, one Bertram de Gurdon, or as others call him Peter Basile, shot at him with an empoysoned Arrow from a strong Bow, and therewith gave him a wound in his Arm, (in the Eye saith Fuller) which neglected at first and suffered to rankle, or as others say hand∣led by an unskilful Chirurgeon in four days brought him to his end. Finding himself past hope of recovery, he caused the party that had wounded him to be brought before him, who being asked what had moved him to do this fact? Answered, that King Richard had killed his Father, and two of his Brothers with his own hand, and therefore he would do it if it were to do again. Upon this insolent answer, every one looked that the King should have adjudged him to some terrible punish∣ment, when contrary to their expectations in a high degree of clemency, he not only freely forgave him, but gave special charge he should be set at li∣berty, and that no man should presume to do him the least hurt, commanding besides to give him an hundred shillings to bear him away. This was done Anno 1199. in the ninth year of this Kings Reign, and the forty fourth of his Age. Dying he be∣queathed his heart to Roan, his body to be buried at Fount Everard, and his Bowels at Chalons, (or as others) at Carlisle in England.

7. Charilaus the King of Sparta was of so mild and gentle a disposition,* 1.385 that Archelaus his associate in the Kingdom, used to say to those that spake high in the commendation of the young man; How is it possible that Charilaus should be a good man seeing he is not able to be severe, even against those that are wicked.

8. Q. Fabius Maximus was of that meek and mild disposition throughout his whole life,* 1.386 that he was commonly called the Lamb.

9. Augustus Caesar walking abroad with Diome∣des his freedman,* 1.387 a wild Boar had broken the place of his restraint, and seemed to run directly to∣wards Augustus: The freedman in whom at that time there was more of fear than of prudence, con∣sulting his own safety, took hold of the Emperour and placed him before himself, for which yet Au∣gustus never discovered any sign of anger, or offence that he had taken. He also managed the Common∣wealth with that clemency and mercy, that when in the Theatre it was recited, O Dominum aquum &

bonum, O Gracious and Good Governour, all the peo∣ple turned their eyes upon him, and gave him their applause both with word and gesture.

* 1.38810. C. Iulius Caesar was not more famous for his valour in overcoming his enemies, than he is for his clemency, wherein at once he overcame both them and himself: Cornelius Phagita one of the bloody emissaries of Sylla, in the civil dissentions be∣twixt him and Marius, industriously hunted out Cae∣sar (as one of the Marian party) from all his lurking holes, at last took him, and was difficultly perswa∣ded to let him escape at the price of two Talents, when the times changed and that it was in his power to be severely revenged of this man, yet he never did him the least harm, as one that could not be an∣gry at the Winds when the Tempest was over. L. Domitius an old and sharp enemy of his, held Corsi∣nium against him with thirty Cohorts, there were also with him very many Senators, Knights of Rome, and the flower or strength of the Pompeian party, Caesar besieged the Town, and the Soldiers talked of rendring both the Town and themselves to Cae∣sar, Domitius despairing of any mercy, command∣ed a Servant Physician of his to bring him a cup of poyson, the Physician that knew he would repent it, upon the appearence of Caesars clemency, gave him instead of poyson a soporiferous potion. The Town being surrendred, Caesar called all the more honourable persons to his Camp, spake civily to them, and having exhorted them to peaceable and quiet Counsels, sent them away in safety with what∣soever was theirs. When Domitius heard of this, he repented of the poyson he supposed he had ta∣ken, but being freed of that fear by his Physician, he went out unto Caesar who gave him his life, liber∣ty, and estate. In the Battel of Pharsalia as he rode to and fro, he cryed Spare the Citizens, nor was any killed but such only as continued to make resist∣ance: After the Battel he gave leave to every man of his own side, to save one of the contrary, and at last by his edict, gave leave to all whom he had not yet pardoned, to return in peace unto Italy: to their estates, honours, and commands. When he heard of the death of Pompey himself by the vil∣lany o•• others, so far was he from insultation there∣at, that he brake out into tears, and prosecuted his murderers with slaughter and blood.

* 1.38911. Lewis the Twelfth the next Heir to the Crown of France was eagerly persecuted by Charles the Eight the then King, as one who was displeased that he had no issue of his own, and so far was he pressed by him, that at last he was shut up in Prison, with little hope of his life, most of the Nobles and people, embracing the present times, declared themselves against the unfortunate. But Charles dying on the sudden Lewis ascended to the Throne, to the amazement of many who now began to change their countenance and speech, and sought to insinuate themselves into the good grace and fa∣vour of the new Prince: Some also who had been constant to him in his adversity, began now to lift up their heads high; amongst these one with great con••idence came to the King, and begged t••e Estate of a Citizen of Orleance, who in that sad time, had shewed himself to be one of the sharpest enemies of Lewis. Here it was that the King with a Royal mind made him this Reply; Ask something else of me, said he, and I will shew that I have respect unto your merits; but of this say no more; for the King of France doth not concern himself in the injuries of the Duke of Orleance; this was his Title before he came to the Crown, and withal he declared that he would have the same Counsellors and Guards, as the dead King had, in the same Honour, and with the same Salaries.

12. Sigismund the First,* 1.390 King of Poland, did so contemn the private injuries, slaunderous reproach∣es, and evil speeches of insolent men, that he ne∣ver thought them worthy of Revenge; nor was he known for that cause alone, to be afterwards the straiter handed to such kind of men, in re∣spect of Beneficence, and Princely Liberality.

13. Hadrianus the Emperor,* 1.391 while he was a private man, had one that in divers occasions had shewed himself his Enemy. This man when the other was arrived to the Imperial Dignity, pre∣sents himself before him, in a trembling posture, and scarce able to bring forth words wherein to implore his pardon: The Emperor immediately upon the sight of him, said unto him, Evasisti, thou hast escaped me. As if he had said, thou hadst been undone if we had equally contended; but I being now thy Superior do surceass, and chuse rather to shew my Power, by Clemency than Revenge.

14. Alphonsus King of Naples and Sicily was all Goodness and Mercy.* 1.392 He had besieged the City of Cajeta, that had insolently rebelled against him, and it was evident, that the City was straitned for want of necessary Provisions: themselves did confess as much, for they put forth all their Old Men, Women and Children, and such as were un∣serviceable, and shut their Gates upon them. The King's Council advised, that they should not be permitted to pass, but should be forced back again into the City, by which means he should speedily become the Master of it. The King pitying the distressed multitude, suffered them to depart; though he knew it would occasion the protraction of the Seige. But when he could not take the City; some were so bold as to tell him that it had been his own in case he had not dealt in this man∣ner; but said the King, I value the safety of so many persons at the rate of an hundred Cajeta's. Yet he was not long without that neither, for the Citi∣zens moved with so great a virtue, and repenting themselves of their disloyalty, yielded it to him of their own accord. Antonius Caldora, was also one of the most powerful, and obstinate Enemies of the Realm of Naples; but being in a great Battle overthrown and made prisoner, all men per∣swaded the King to rid his hands of so insolent a person, and so dangerous to the Kingdom: Al∣phonsus was he alone that opposed it, and not only gave him his Life, but also restored him to his for∣feited Estate; he also gave back unto his Wife, all his Plate, precious Furniture and Houshold stuff, that were fallen into his hands, only reserving to himself one Vessel of Crystal. These were the Deeds of this Illustrious Prince, whereunto his Speeches were also agreeable. For being asked: why he was thus favourable to all men, even to those that were evil: Because, saith he, Good men are won by Iustice, and the Bad by Clemency; and when some of his Ministers complained of his Lenity; and said it was more than became a Prince; what then, said he, would you have Lions and Bears to reign over you? For Clemency is the pro∣perty of men, as cruelty is that of the wild beasts. Nor did he say other then what is the truth, for the greater a man is, (and as I may say) the more he is a man, the more prone and inclinable will he be to this virtue, which is therefore called Huma∣nity.

15. M. Antonius the Philosopher,* 1.393 and Emperor excelled other men in this excellent virtue; as he manifestly shewed, in that glorious action of his

towards Avidius Cassius, and his Family, who had rebelled against him in Egypt. For whereas the Senate, did bitterly prosecute Avidius, and all his Relations; Antonius as if they had been his Friends, did always appear as an ••ntercessor in their be∣half. Nothing can represent him herein so much unto the life, as to recite part of that Oration: which upon this occasion, was made by him in the Senate, to this purpose. As for what concerns the Cassian Rebellion, I beseech you, Conscript Fathers; that laying aside the severity of your Censure; you will preserve mine and your own Clemency. Neither let a∣ny man be slain by the Senate, nor let any man suffer that is a Senator. Let not the blood of any Patrician be spilt; let the banished return; Exiles be restored to their Estates; and I heartily wish, that I could re∣store them that are already dead, unto life again. In an Emperor I could never approve of the revenge of his own injuries; which howsoever it may be oftentimes just: yet for the most part (if not always) it appears to be sharp. You shall therefore pardon the Children, Son in Law, and Wife of Avidius Cassius. But why do I say pardon them, since there is none of them that hath done amiss? Let them live therefore, and let them know that they live in security under Marcus. Let them live in the enjoyment of their Patrimony, and in the possession of their Garments, and Gold, and Silver; and let them be not only rich, but safe. Let them have the freedom to transport themselves, into all places as they please; that throughout the whole world, and in the sight of all people; they may bear along with them, the true and unquestionable instance of yours and my clemency. Neither, O ye Conscript Fathers, is this any remarkable clemency; to pardon the Children and Wives of the Rebellious: I therefore desire you, that you would free at once, all Senators and Knights of Rome, that are under accusation; not only from death and banishment: but also from fear and hatred, from infamy and injury. Allow thus much to my pre∣sent times, that in these conspiracies, framed for the e∣rection of Tyranny; the blood of those that fell in the tumult it self may suffice, and that the punishment may proceed no further. This Oration was so pleasing to the Senate, and populacy of Rome, that they ex∣tolled the Clemency of Marcus with in••inite prayses.

* 1.39416. Some young men had publickly reproached the Wife of Pisistratus the Athenian Tyrant; the next day sensible of their errour, in great fear, they presented themselves before him, and with tears implored his pardon. He without any mo∣tion to anger or revenge, made them this answer. Hereafter demean your selves more modestly; although my Wife did not (as you suppose) go out of the doors yesterday. By this saying of no less prudence than humanity, he covered at once both the error of the young men, and the disgrace that was done to his Wife.

* 1.39517. After what manner compassion and mercy doth sometimes meet with unexpected rewards: me thinks is pretily represented, by V••sinus Velius; and I will close up this Chapter with his Verses that are thus Englished.

A Fisher angling in a Brook With a strong Line and ba••ted Hook, When he for his wish'd Prey did pull, It happn'd he brought up a Skull Of one before drown'd; which imprest A pious motion in his breast. Thinks he since I such leisure have, Vpon it I'll bestow a Grave: For what did unto it befal, May chance to any of us all. He takes it, wraps it in his coat, And bears it to a place remote To bury it, and then digs deep, Because the Earth it safe should keep. And lo! in digging he espies Where a great heap of treasure lies. The Gods do never prove ingrate To such as others commiserate.

CHAP. XXII. Of the light and gentle Revenges some have taken upon others.

EXcellent was the advice that was given to the Romans by the Embassadors of some Cities in Hetruria, that since they were men, they would not resent any thing beyond humane nature, and that in mortal bodies they would not carry immortal feuds. Light injuries are made none by a not re∣garding; which with a purfuing revenge, grow both to height, and burden; and live to mischieve us, when they might die to secure us. It is Prince∣ly to disdain a wrong; and they say Princes, when Embassadors have offered Indecencies, use not to chide; but deny them Audience; as if Silence were the way Royal to revenge a wrong; thus the up∣per Region is the most composed; Age the wisest ever, rage the least: and it was the Maxim of a Great Lord, that discontent is the greatest weak∣ness of a generous Soul; while it is so intent upon its unhappiness that it forgets its remedies. Gen∣tle revenges of abuses; you may see as ••ollows.

1. Diogenes the Grammarian was wont to dis∣pute every Seventh day at Rhodes,* 1.396 and when Tibe∣rius then a private man, came to hear him upon a day wherein he was not accustomed to read, he ad∣mitted him not, but sent his servant to him, to let him know, that he should expect the seventh day, wherein there would be opportunity, both for him and others to see and hear him. When Tiberius came to be Emperor of Rome, this man amongst others came to salute him; Tiberius having observed him at the gate, sent one to let him know; that at present he could not speak with him; and that he should come to him again at seven years end.

2. A certain Jeweller had sold the Wife of Ga∣lienus the Emperor,* 1.397 counterfeit and glass Gems for true ones: The Empress being told of the couse∣nage, requested that he might have due punishment. The Emperor, having heard the complaint of his Wife, commands the man to be dragged from his presence, with this Sentence, that he should be ex∣posed to a Lion, to be torn in pieces. But whiles the Impostor fearfully and the people greedily ex∣pect, that some fierce and terrible Lion, should be let out of his Den to devour him; the head of a man only appears from the Den, and it was a Cryer who by the Emperor's Order, proclaimed these words. He has played the cheat, and now he it cheated himself.

3. When Alceus the Poet,* 1.398 with a bitter hatred had used all the advantages of his wit, against Pit∣tacus the Mytelenian: Pittacus having afterwards obtained the Sovereignty, by the consent of the City contented himself to let him understand by a

Messenger, that he had suffi••ient power, to make himself an amends with his ruine.

* 1.3994. Artaxerxes King of Persia, when Alcides Sampson, did every where abuse him with words behind his back: caused one to tell him; that in∣deed he had the liberty impudently to reproach and slaunder him, but that the King, besides the li∣berty of speech which he had assumed to himself, had also the power to take off his head for so do∣ing; contenting himself with this mild and gen∣tle admonition, to reprove both the rashness of Alcides, and to shew his own power and cle∣mency.

* 1.4005. Philemon the Comoedian had scurrilously de∣rided Magas the prefect of Paretonium in the pub∣lick Theater; objecting his unskilfulness, and what not, not long after by Tempest he was cast upon the Shore where Magas was Governor; who being speedily advertized of his arrival, presently caused him to be apprehended; and gave Sentence upon him to lose his head: he was brought to the Scaffold, his Neck laid out on the Block, which the Executioner by private order, gently touched with his Sword; and so let him go unh••rt. Magas sent after him some Jackstones and Cockals such as boys play with, and only gave him to understand it was in his power to have punished his scurrility as it did deserve.

* 1.4016. M. Bibulus a man of Eminent Authority, while he abode in the Province of Syria, had two Sons slain by the Souldiers of Gabinius, for whose death he exceedingly mourned. Queen Cleopatra of Egypt, to asswage his grief, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 him bound those that had slain his Sons: that he might take of them such reveng as he thought sit. He very joyfully received this good office, but command∣ed them untouched to be returned back to Cleo∣patra; thinking it revenge enough, that he had the Enemies of his blood in his power.

* 1.4027. Sophia Augusta the Wife of Iustinus the younger, had conspired against Tiberius the Empe∣ror to advance Iustinianus the Nephew of Iustinus to the Greek Empire, and in the absence of Tibe∣rius had called him to her for that purpose: but he having notice of the business, hasted to Con∣stantinople; and by his presence quite spoyled the Plot. He caused Augusta to be apprehended, took from her her Treasure, displaced such Officers about her, whose counsel he knew she used, and appointed others in their places, yet left her an abundant maintenance. This done he called Iu∣stinianus before him, and contenting himself sharp∣ly to reprove him, he afterwards (unpunished) per∣mitted him to go at his liberty where he pleased.

* 1.4038. Flavius Vespasianus, in the Reign of Nero was forbid the Court, from whence he departed in great fear; at that time there came to him one of the Courtiers, who gave him harsh language, and withal driving him thence, commanded him to go to Morbovia, when Vespasianus had afterwards at∣tained the Empire; this same man in terrible ap∣prehensions of death, presented himself before him, begging his life; the Emperor revenged himself only with a Jest, and in his own former words com∣manded him also to go to Morbovia.

* 1.4049. Tiberius Caesar, when the Rhodians had wrote a Letter to him, and in the latter end of it had not prayed for his health, he sent for their Em∣bassadors, as if he had resolved to in••lict some pu••nishment upon them; as soon as they came he caused them to add to their Letter the good wish∣es which were wanting, and without any further feverity dismissed them.

10. Certain persons of Chios,* 1.405 being strangers in Sparta; after supper not only disgorged them∣selves by vomit, but also in a beastly manner de∣filed the very Seats of the Ephori: great diligence was used to ••ind out the Authors of so heinous a crime, being (in case they were Citizens) to suffer a condign punishment, when at last it was found they were of Chios; the Ephori caused publick Pro∣clamation to be made, that the Chians had liberty to leave behind them the tokens of their intempe∣rance; and further, there was nothing decreed against them: by Aelian they are called Clazomeni∣ans.

13. Amilcar the brave General of the Carthagi∣nians had fought divers battles with desirable for∣tune,* 1.406 after which he was looked upon with the eyes of Envy, and being accused as if he went a∣bout to establish the sole Sovereignty in himself; he was put to death, his Brother Giscon was forced into Exile, and all his Goods con••iscate: After which, the Carthaginians made use of several Gene∣rals; but finding themselves to be shamefully beat∣en, and reduced to an extream hazard of servitude; they recalled Giscon from his banishment, and hav∣ing entrusted him with the Supreme Command in all Military Affairs they put into his hands all his and his Brothers Enemies to be disposed of, and punished at his pleasure. Giscon caused them all to be bound, and in the sight of the people command∣ed them all to lie prostrate on the Ground, which done with a quick foot he passed over them all three times, treading upon each of their necks: I have now, said he, a sufficient revenge for the murder of my Brother; upon which he freely dismissed them all; saying, I have not rendered evil for evil, but good for evil.

12. The Civil Law,* 1.407 for many Ages together lay conceal'd amongst the Ceremonies and Myste∣ries of the Gods, known only to the Chief Priests. Ca. Flavius, the Son of a Freed man and a Scribe, (being to the great indignation of the Nobility made Edile Curule) divulged the Maxims of it, and made it common almost to the whole Forum. When therefore Flavius came once to visit his Col∣legue in his Sickness, he found the Chamber filled with the Nobility, none of which would vouch∣safe to proffer him a Seat amongst them; where∣upon he commanded his Chair of State to be brought him, and sate down therein; this way re∣venging at once his injured Honour, and the Con∣tempt that was shewed to his Person.

13. When the Duke of Alva was in Brussells,* 1.408 about the beginning of the Tumults in the Nether∣lands, he had sate down before Hulst in Flanders, and there was a Provost Marshal in his Army who was a Favourite of his, and the Provost had put some to death by secret Commission from the Duke. There was one Captain Bolea in the Army, who was an intimate Friend of the Provosts; and one Evening late, he went to the Captains Tent, and brought with him a Con••essor, and an Execu∣tioner as it was his custom. He told the Captain he was come to execute his Excellencies Commissi∣on, and Martial Law upon him. The Captain started up suddenly, his hair standing at an end, and being struck with amazement, asked him, Wherein have I offended the Duke. The Provost an∣swered, Sir, I am not to expostulate the business with you, but to execute my Commission; therefore I pray prepare your self, for there's your Ghostly Father and Executioner. So he fell on his knees before the Priest, and having done, the Hangman going to put the Halter about his Neck, the Provost threw

it away, and breaking into a laughter, told him there was no such thing, and that he had done this to try his courage, how he would bear the terrour of death. The Captain looked ghastly upon him, and said; Then Sir, get you out of my Tent, for you have done me a very ill office. The next Morning the said Captain Bolea; though a young man of about thirty, had his hair all turned grey, to the admi∣ration of all the World, and the Duke of Alva him∣self, who questioned him about it; but he would confess nothing. The next year the Duke was re∣voked, and in his journey to the Court of Spain, he was to pass by Sarragossa, and this Captain Bolea and the Provost went along with him as his Do∣mesticks. The Duke being to repose some days in Saragossa; the young old Captain Bolea told him, that there was a thing in that Town worthy to be seen by his Excellency; which was a Casa de loco, a Bedlam-house; for there was not the like in Chri∣stendom: Well, said the Duke, go and tell the Warden, I will be there to morrow in the After∣noon. The Captain having obtained this, went to the Warden and told him the Duke's intention, and that the chief occasion that moved him to it, was that he had an unruly Provost about him, who was subject oftentimes to fits of Frenzy; and be∣cause he wisheth him well, he had tried divers means to cure him, but all world not do, therefore he would try whether keeping him close in Bedlam for some days would do him any good. The next day the Duke came with a rus••ling Train of Cap∣tains after him, amongst whom was the said Pro∣vost very shining brave, being entred into the house about the Duke's Person: Captain Bolea told the Warden, pointing at the Provost, that's the man: so he took him aside into a dark Lobby, where he had placed some of his men, who muf∣fled him in his Cloak, seized upon his Sword, and so hurried him down into a Dungeon. My Pro∣vost had lain there two nights and a day; and af∣terwards it hapned, that a Gentleman comming out of curiosity to see the house, peep'd into a small grate where the Provost was. The Provost con∣jured him as he was a Christian to go and tell the Duke of Alva his Provost was there clap'd up, nor could he imagine why. The Gentleman did his Errand, and the Duke being astonished, sent for the Warden with his Prisoner: So he brought the Provost in cuerpo, full of Straws and Feathers, mad∣man like before the Duke. Who at the sight of him breaking into laughter, asked the Warden why he had made him Prisoner? Sir, said the Warden, it was by vertue of your Excellencies Commission brought me by Captain Bolea. Bolea step'd forth, and told the Duke; Sir, you have asked me oft, how these hairs of mine grew so sud∣denly grey: I have not revealed it to any soul breathing; but now I'll tell your Excellency, and so fell a relating the passage in Flanders; and Sir, I have been ever since beating my brains how to get an equal revenge of him, for making me old before my time. The Duke was so well pleased with the Story and the wittiness of the revenge, that he made them both Friends, and the Gentleman who told me this Passage, said, that the said Captain Bolea is now alive, so that he could not be les•• than ninety years of Age.

* 1.40914. Thrasippus was present at a great Feast in the house of Pisistratus the Athenian Tyrant, where he fell into intemperate Speeches, and not only re∣viled Pisistratus, but spit in his face: Yet went he the next Morning betimes to the house of Thrasip∣pus, and contenting himself to let him know what he had done; he not only entreated him not to kill himself, but forgave and still used him as his Friend.

The Pope that he might congratulate Charles Cardinal of Lorrain,* 1.410 for the great zeal against the Lutherans, sent him his Letters of Thanks, and withal the Picture of the Virgin, with Christ in her Arms, being Michael Angelo his most curious Master-piece. The Messenger in his Journey fell sick, and lighting upon a Merchant of Lucca, who pretended himself a retainer to the Cardinal, de∣livers the Pope's Letter and Present to him, to convey to the Cardinal, who undertook it. This Merchant was a bitter Enemy to the Cardinal for divers injuries from him received, and therefore determined at this time to have upon him at least a moderate and bloodless revenge. Being there∣fore arrived at Paris, he gets a Limner (who also owed ill will to the Cardinal) to draw a Picture of equal bigness: in which in stead of the Virgin Ma∣ry, were portracted the Cardinal, the Queen his Neece, the Queen Mother, and the Duke of Guise his Wife, all stark naked, their Arms about his Neck, and their Legs twisted in his. This being put in the Case of the other, with the Pope's Let∣ters, were delivered to one of the Cardinal's Se∣cretaries, while he was with the King in Council. At his return, the Cardinal (having read the Let∣ter) reserved the opening of the Case till the next day, where having invited those Ladies, and many Nobles, and Cardinals, they found themselves mi∣serably deceived, disappointed, and exceedingly confounded and ashamed.

An Astrologer predicted the death of King Henry the Seventh such a Year;* 1.411 the King sent for him, and asked if he could tell Fortunes? He said yes. The King then asked if he did not forsee some eminent danger that much about that time should hang over his own head? He said no. Then said the King, thou art a foolish Figure-ca∣ster, and I ammore skilful than thou; for as soon as I saw thee, I instantly prophecied thou shouldst be in prison before night, which thou shalt find true, and sent him thither. He had not been long in custody, but the King sent for him again to know if he could cast a Figure, to know how long he should be in prison? He still answered no. Then said the King, thou art an illiterate fellow, that canst not foretell either good or bad that shall be∣fall thy self; therefore I will conclude thou canst not tell of mine, and so set him at liberty.

CHAP. XXIII. Of the Sobriety and Temperance of some Men in their Meat and Drink, and other things.

WHen Leotychidas was asked the reason why the Spartans did use to eat and drink most sparingly? It is (said he) because we had ra∣ther consult for others, than that others should do so for us. Tartly implying that luxurious and intemperate men were utterly indisposed and un∣fit for Counsel, and that Temperance and Sobriety are wont to be the proper Parents of the most wholesom advice: Indeed all other Virtues are

obscured by the want of this as both the body and mind are wonderfully improved by it, which is the reason why so many great persons have made choice of it for their Achates.

* 1.4121. Carus the Roman Emperour was upon his ex∣pedition into Persia, who being arrived upon the Consines of Armenia, there came Ambassadors to him from the enemy, they expected not a speedy admittance to his presence, but after a day or two to be presented to him by some of the Nobles about him: But he informed of their coming, caused them to be brought before him. When they came they found this great Emperour at his dinner in the open field, lying upon the grass with a number of Soldiers about him, nothing of Gold or Silver to be seen: Carus himself was in a plain purple Cloak, and the feast that was prepared for him, was only a kind of ancient black broth, and there∣in a piece of salted Hogsslesh, to which he also in∣vited the Embassadors.

* 1.4132. Augustus Caesar the Master of the World, was a person of a very sparing dyet; and as abstemious in his drinking, he would feed of course bread and small fishes, Cheese made of Cows milk, and the same pressed with the hand, green Figgs and the like: He drank not above a Sextant at once, and but thrice at one Supper, his Supper consisted most∣ly of three, and when he desired to exceed but of six dishes, he delighted most in Rhetian Wine; and seldom drunk he in the day time, but instead of drink he took a sop of bread soaked in cold water, or a slice of Cucumber, or a young Lettuce head, or else some new gathered sharp and tart Apple, that had a kind of winish liquor in it. Thus lived this great person after a fashion, that some Coblers and Botchers would almost be loth to be obliged unto.

* 1.4143. Ludovicus Cornarius a Venetian and a learned man, wrote a book of the benefit of a sober life, and produceth himself as a testimony hereof, say∣ing: Vnto the fortieth year of my Age, I was continu∣ally vexed with variety of infirmities, I was sick at Sto∣mach of a Fever, a Plurisie, and lay ill of the Oout: At last this man by the perswasion of Physicians, took up a way of living with such temperance, that in the space of one year he was freed almost of all his diseases: In the seventieth year of his Age he had a ••all, whereby he brake his Arm and his Leg, so that upon the Third day nothing but death was expected, yet he recovered without Physick, for his abstinence was to him instead of all other means, and that was it which hindred a recurrency of ma∣lignant humours to the parts affected. In the eigh∣ty third year of his Age, he was so sound and chear∣ful, so vegete, and so entire in his strength, that he could climb hils, leap upon his horse from the even ground, write Comedies, and do most of those things he used to do when he was young: If you ask how much meat and drink this man took, his daily allowance for bread and all manner of o∣ther ••ood was twelve ounces, and his drink for a day was fourteen ounces: This was his usual mea∣sure and the said Coraraius did seriously affirm, that if he chanced to exceed but a few ounces, he was thereby ap•• to relapse into his former diseases. All this he hath set down of himself in writing, and it is a••••••xed to the book of Leonardus Lessius, a Phy∣sician, which was Printed at Amsterdam, Anno Dom. 1631.

* 1.4154. Philippus Nerius at Nineteen years of Age, made it a law to himself, that he would refresh his body but once a day, and that only with bread and water, and sometimes he would abstain even from these cold delights unto the third day: Being made Priest his manner was to eat some small thing in the morning, and then abstain till Supper which never consisted of more than two poched Eggs, or instead of these some pulse or herbs. He would not suffer more dishes than one to be set upon his Table, he seldom eat of Flesh or Fish, and of white Meats he never tasted; his Wine was little and that much diluted with water, and which is most wonderful, he never seemed to be delighted with one dish more than another.

5. Cardinal Carolus Borromaeus was of that ab∣stinence,* 1.416 that he kept a daily fast with bread and water, Sundays and Holy-days only excepted; and this manner of life he continued till his death: He kept even festivals with that frugality, that he u∣sually fed upon Pulse, Apples or Herbs. Pope Gregory the Thirteenth, sent to him not only to advise but to command him to moderate these rigours: But the Cardinal wrote back to him that he was most ready to obey, but that withal he had learned by experience, that his spare eating was conducting to health, and that it was subservient to the drying up of that Flegm and humours, where∣with his body did abound: whereupon the Pope left him to his pleasure. He persisted therein there∣fore with so rigid a constancy, that even in the heat of Summer, and when he had drawn out his labours beyond his accustomed time, he would not indulge himself so far as to tast of a little wine, nor allow his thirst so much as a drop of water.

6. The Aegyptian Kings fed upon simple diet,* 1.417 nor was any thing brought to their Tables besides a Calf and a Goose, for Wine they had a stated measure, such as would neither fill the belly nor in∣toxicate the head, and their whole life was managed with that modesty and sobriety, that a man would think it was not ordered by a Lawgiver, but a most skilful Physician for the preservation of health.

7. Cato the younger,* 1.418 marching with his Army through the hot sands of Lybia, when by the burn∣ing heats of the Sun and their own labour, they were pressed with an immoderate thirst, a Soldier brought him his Helmet full of water, (which he had difficultly found) that he might quench his thirst with it: But Cato poured out the water in the sight of all his Army, and seeing he had not enough for them all, he would not tast it alone. By this example of his temperance and tolerance, he taught his Soldiers the better to endure their hard∣ship.

8. When Pausanias had overcome Mardonius in Battel,* 1.419 and beheld the splendid Utensils and Vessels of Gold and Silver belonging to the Barbarian, he commanded the Bakers and Cooks, &c. to prepare him such a Supper as they used to do for Mardonius, which when they had done, and Pausanias had view∣ed the Beds of Gold and Silver, the Tables, Dishes, and other magnificent preparations to his amaze∣ment; he then ordered his own servants to pre∣pare him such a Supper as was usual in Sparta, which was a course repast with their black broth and the like: When they had done it and the diffe∣rence appeared to be very strange; he then sent for the Grecian Commanders, and shewed them both Suppers: And laughing, O ye Greeks, said he, I have called you together for this purpose, that I might shew you the madness of the Median General, who when he lived such a life as this, must needs come to invade us who eat after this homely and mean manner.

9. Alphonsus the Elder King of Sicily, had sud∣denly drawn out his forces to oppose the passage of Iacobus Caudolus over the River Vulturnus; he had

forced his Troops back again,* 1.420 but being necessita∣ted to stay there all day, with his Army unrefresh∣ed; A Soldier towards evening brought him a piece of Bread, a Radish, and a piece of Cheese, a migh∣ty Present at that time: But Alphonsus commending the Soldiers liberality refused his offer, and said it was not seemly for him to feast, while his Army fasted.

* 1.42110. Iulian the Emperour, first a Deacon, then a wretched Apostate, yet was otherwise highly to be commended for his many good qualities; so temperate, that he never had any war with his Belly, so chast, that after the death of his Wife, he never regarded women, and would not see the Per∣sian Captive Ladies, nor suffer Cooks nor Barbers in his Army, as being Ministers of intemperance. As for Stage-Plays, he never but once a year per∣mitted them in his Court, and then he saith of him∣self, that he was more like to one that detested, than one that was a spectator of them.

11. Agesilaus King of Sparta was sent for into Aegypt to assist that King against his enemiess,* 1.422 at his arrival all the Kings great Captains, Nobles, and an infinite number of people went to see him, but that which they chiefly wondred at, was (when they saw presents brought him to assure his wel∣come) that he took only the coursest fare, and as for their persumes, con••ections, and other delica∣cies, he prayed them to give those dainty things to the Heliots his Slaves.

* 1.42312. Sous was besieged by the Clitorians and so distressed for Water, that he offered to surrender all those lands he had conquered from them, in case he and all his Army might drink at a Fountain near hand. The Clitorians agreed to it, he then assem∣bled his men and declared to them, that if there were any amongst them that would abstain from drinking, he would surrender all his Soveraign power into his hands, but there was not one that could contain or forbear but he alone, who went last to the Spring; where he only cooled and be∣sprinkled his body without with it, in the pres••nce of his enemies, by which evasion he refused to de∣liver up the lands, saying, That all of them did not drink.

CHAP. XXIV. Of the Affability and Humility of divers great Persons.

SUch advice as this is given to great persons by Seneca the Tragoedian.

Wh••n Fortune doth us most caress, And higher still advance, Then should we most our selves suppress, As subject unto chance.

Certainly the greatest examples of Courtesie and Humility have been found amongst them that have been truly great, and as the Sun is then slowest of motion, when it is highest in the Zodiack, so these virtues are wont to accompany them of the most worth, and the greatest condes••ension and self-de∣nyal is still found with most power, and the best merit.

1. Alexander the Great being in Asia,* 1.424 was sur∣prised with a sore Tempest and cold on the sudden, insomuch that divers about him fainted by reason of the extremity of it: He found a simple Soldier of Macedonia in this condition, fainted and almost ut∣terly starved, whom he caused to be carried into his Tent, and set by the fire in his Chair Royal. The warmth of the fire brought the Soldier to him∣self again, and then perceiving in what manner he sate; he started up astonished to excuse himself to the King: But Alexander with a smiling Counte∣nance said unto him, Knowest thou not my Soldier, that you Macedonians live after another sort under your King, than the Persians do under theirs, for unto them it is death to sit in the Kings Chair, but unto thee it hath been life.

2. Alphonsus the most Potent King of Arragon,* 1.425 Naples, and Sicily, as he passed through Campania lighted by accident of a Muletter, whose Mule o∣verladen with Corn stuck in the Mire, nor was he able with all his strength to deliver her thence. The Mulletter besought all that passed by to assist him, but in vain: At last the King himself dismounts from his Horse, and was so good a help to the poor man, that he freed his Beast. When he knew it was the King falling on his knees he begg'd his par∣don, the King with words of courtesie dismissed him. This may seem to be a thing of small mo∣ment, yet hereby several people of Campania, be∣came reconciled to the King.

3. It is reported by Gualter Mapes an old Histo∣riographer of ours,* 1.426 (who lived four hundred years since) that King Edward the first, and Leoline Prince of Wales, being at an interview near Aust upon Se∣vern in Glocestershire, and the Prince being sent for but refusing to come, the King would needs go over to him: Which Leoline perceiving went up to the Arms in water, and laying hold on the Kings Boat, would have carried the King out upon his Shoulders adding, that his humi••ity and wisdom had triumph∣ed over his pride and folly, and thereupon was re∣conciled to him, and did his homage.

4. St. Nilamon dyed with terror as they bare him to the Throne of a Bishop,* 1.427 for which so many o∣ther pine away with ambition; and while he thought himself unworthy, and fearing to loose his innocency, in an over-strong apprehension of both, he departed this life.

5. Peter of Alexandria,* 1.428 being the lawful Succes∣sor of St. Mark, would yet never be perswaded to mount his Chair, but contented himself to sit the residue of his days upon the footstool until after his death, the people in veneration of his virtue, having attired him in his pontifical habit, did car∣ry his body to the seat, which he never had pos∣sessed.

6. Rudolphus Austriacus,* 1.429 Anno 1273. was Earl of Hapsburg, one day he went out a hunting with some of his followers, it rained that day and the way was dirty and uneven, when he chanced to encounter a Priest, who was bearing on foot the sacred host, unto a sick man thereabouts, as the last comfort he was capable of. The Earl was moved with this sight, and with some passion dismounting f••om his horse, What, said he, shall I be carried on horseback, while he that carries my Saviour walks on foot? It is certainly an uncomely if not a prophane thing, and there∣••ore take this horse and get up. It was his command as well as entreaty, whereupon the Priest obeyed: The humble Earl in the mean time followed to the house of the sick on foot, and uncovered, and in the same manner accompanied him back from thence to his own house•• The Priest astonished at

the humility of so great a person, and inspired from above, gave him his blessing at parting, and withal predicted the possession of the Empire to him and his posterity, which fell out accord∣ingly.

* 1.4307. Elizabetha was the Daughter of the King of Hungary, and married to Lewis the Lantgrave of Thurengia; yet in the midst of riches and abun∣dance, she affected poverty and humility; some∣times when she remained at home with her maids, she put on the meanest Apparel; saying, that she would never use any other ornament whensoever the good and merciful Lord should put her into a condition, where∣in she might more freely dispose of her self. When she went to Church her manner was to place her self a∣mongst the poorer ••ort of women: After the death of her Husband she undertook a Pilgrimage, where∣in she gave to the poor and necessitous all that came to her hands to dispose of, she built an Hospital, and therein made her self an attendant upon the sick and the poor, and when by her Father she was recalled into Hungary, she refused to go, preferring this manner of life before the enjoyment of a King∣dom.

* 1.4318. It was observed of St. Bernard of Claraval, that certain bright Rays did seem to proceed from his eyes, and this judgment was made of it, that he therefore had such a glory in his eyes, for that he never looked upon any whom he did not judge to be better than himself. If he saw a man in vile habit, he would say to himself, this man bears his poverty with greater patience than you Bernard? and beholding one in more costly attire he would say, Perhaps under these ••ine cloaths there is a bet∣ter man, than Bernard is in his course rayment. Thus a true and holy humility was the constant Collyrium that this devout person made use of.

* 1.4329. When Robert the Norman had refused the Kingdom of Ierusalem, the Princes proceeded to make a second choice, and that they might know the nature of the Princes the better, their servants were examined upon oath, to confess their Masters faults. The Servants of Godfrey of Bouillon, pro∣tested their Masters only ••ault was this, that when Mattins were done, he would stay so long in the Church to know of the Priest the meaning of eve∣ry Image and Picture, that Dinner at home was spoiled by his long tarrying. All admired hereat that this mans worst vice should be so great a virtue, and unanimously chose him their King. He accept∣ed the place but refused the solemnity thereof, say∣ing, that he would not wear a Crown of Gold there, where the Saviour of Mankind had worn a Crown of Thorns.

* 1.43310. Upon the death of Pope Paul the Third; the Cardinals being divided about the Election, the imperial part which was the greatest, gave their voice for Cardinal Pool, which being told him he disabled himself, and wished them to chuse one that might be most for the Glory of God and good of the Church. Upon this stop some that were no friends to Pool, and perhaps looked for the place themselves if he were put off, laid many things to his charge, amongst other that he was not without suspicion of Lutheranism, nor without blemish of incontinence, but he cleared himself so handsom∣ly, that he was now more importan'd to take the place than before, and therefore one night the Cardinals came to him being in bed, and sent him in word, that they came to adore him, (a circum∣stance of the new Popes honour) but he being a∣waked out of his sleep, and acquainted with it; made answer, That this was not a work of darkness, and therefore required them to forbear till next day and then do as God should put it into their minds, But the Italian Cardinals attributing this his humili∣ty to a kind of stupidity and sloth in Pool, looked no more after him, but the next day chose Cardi∣nal Montanus Pope; who was afterwards named Iulius the Third: I have read of many that would have been Popes but could not, I write this man one, that could have been Pope but would not.

11. Vlpius Trajanus the Emperour,* 1.434 was a person of that rare affability and humility, that when his Soldiers were wounded in any Battle, he himself would go from Tent to Tent to visit and take care of them, and when swaths and other cloaths were wanting wherewithal to bind up their wounds, he did not spare his own Linnen, but tare them in pieces to make things necessary for the wounds of his Soldiers: And being reproved for his too much familiarity with his subjects; he answered, that he desired to be such an Emperour to his subjects, as he would wish if he himself was a private man.

CHAP. XXV. Of Counsel, and the Wisdom of some men therein.

NO man (they say) is wise at all hours, at least there are some hours wherein few are wise e∣nough to give such counsel to themselves, as the present emergency of their affairs may require. Being dulled by calamity our inventions are too bar∣ren to yield us the means of our safety, or else by precipitancy or partiality, we are apt to miscarry in the conduct of our own business. In this case a cordial friend is of singular use, and if wise as well as faithful, may stand us in as much stead as if the Oracle of Apollo was yet in being to be consulted with.

1. A certain Chaquen that is a Visiter of a Pro∣vince in China,* 1.435 (one of the most important employ∣ments in the Kingdom) receiving of his visits, af∣ter a few days were over, shut up his Gates, and re∣fused to admit any further their visits or business, pretending for his excuse that he was sick. This being divulged, a certain Mandarine a friend of his, began to be much troubled at it, and with much ado obtained leave to speak with him. Being ad∣mitted, he gave him notice of the discontent in the City, by reason that businesses were not dis∣patch'd, the other put him off with the same ex∣cuse of his sickness. I see no signs of it, replied his friend, but if your Lordship will be pleased to tell me the true cause, I will serve you in it to the utmost of my pow∣er, conformable to that affection I bear you in my heart. Know then, replied the Visiter, they have stoln the Kings Seal out of the Cabinet where it used to be kept, leaving it lock'd as if it had not been touched, so that if I would give audience I have not wherewithal to seal dis∣patches: If I discover my negligence in the loss of the Seal, I shall as you know loose both my Government and my life. Well perceived the Mandarine, how ter∣rible the cause of his retirement was, but presently making use of the quickness of his wit, asked him if he had never an enemy in that City. He answer∣ed yes, and that it was the chief Officer in the Ci∣ty, that is the Chief or Governour, who of a long time had born him a secret grudge: Away then,

quoth the Mandarine, in great hast, let your Lord∣ship command that all your goods of worth be removed into the innermost part of the Palace, let them set fire on the empty part, and call out for help to quench it: To which the Governour must of necessity repair with the first, it being one of the principal duties of his office. As soon as you see him amongst the people, call out aloud to him, and consign to him the Cabinet thus shut as it is, that it may be secured in his possession from the danger of the fire, for if it be he who hath caused the Seal to be stoln, he will put it in its place again when he restores you the Cabinet, if it be not he your Lordship shall lay the fault on him for having so ill kept it, and so you shall not only be freed of this danger, but also revenged of your enemy. The Visiter followed his Counsel; and it succeeded so well that the next morning after the night this fire was, the Governour brought him the Seal in the Cabinet, both of them concealing each others fault, equally complying for the safety of both.

* 1.4362. Edwaerd Norgate was very judicious in Pi∣ctures, for which purpose he was imployed into Italy, to purchase some of the choicer for the Earl of Arundel. Returning by Marsellis be missed the money he expected, and being there unknowing of, or unknown to any; he was observed by a French Gentleman to walk in the Ex••hange, as I may call it of that City, many hours, every Morning and Evening with swift feet and sad face forwards and backwards. To him the Civil Mounsieur addres∣sed himself, desiring to know the cause of his dis∣content, and if it came within the compass of his power, he promised to help him with his best advice. Norgate communicated his condition, to whom the other replied; Take I pray my counsel, I have taken notice of your walking more than twenty miles a day, in one furlong upwards and downwards, and what is spent in needless going and returning, if laid out in progressive motion, would bring you into your own Country. I will suit you if so pleased with a light habit, and furnish you with competent money for a foot-man: Norgate very chearfully consented and footed it (being accommodated accordingly) through the body of France be∣ing more than five hundred English miles, and so leisurely, with ease, sa••ety and health returned into England.* 1.437

3. Bajazet the first, when he had heard of the frauds and injuries of his Cadies (so they call the Turkish Judges) being exceedingly moved, com∣manded them all before him at Neapolis; his in∣tention was to inclose them all in a house, cause it to be set on fire, and so to consume them altogether therein. This was not unknown to Haly Bassa, a prudent Counsellor of his: who therefore sought and found out a way to appease him. Bajazet had an Ethiopick Boy, talkative and lepid, in whom he took great delight: Haly having instructed him in what he should say, sent him in to the Prince in a habit more gay than was usual with him. What's the matter said, Bajazet, that thou art thus gal∣lant contrary to thy custom? I am, said he, departing from thee to the Emperor of Constantinople. To him that is our enemy, said the Prince, what wilt thou do there? I go, said he, to invite thence some old Monks and Religious Persons to do justice amongst us; since you will have all your Cadies to be slain. But my little Ethiop, said he, are they skilled in our Laws? Here Haly seasonably put in; They are not my Lord. Why therefore do you cut off those that are? Why then, said he, do they judge unjustly and corruptly? I will discover to my Lord the cause of it said Haly; These our Iudges have no stipend allowed them out of the Publick; they therefore take some little rewards of some private persons; amend this and you have re∣formed them. The Counsel pleased Bujazet, he gave them their lives, and commissioned Haly to appoint what was fit for them, who decreed, and it afterwards remained in force; That every such person as had an Inheritance of so many thousand aspers, should out of every thousand allow twenty to his Cadie, and that for the instruments of marriage and such contracts he should have other twenty, so their poverty was help'd, & justice duly administred.* 1.438

4. Athenodorus the Philosopher, was a familiar friend to Augustus the Roman Emperour, and being stricken in years desired his dismission from the Court: It was granted him at last but not without much importunity, when therefore he came to take his leave, he left this good Counsel with the Em∣perour his Lord, that before he said or did any thing of more than usual importance, he should re∣peat to himself the twenty four Letters of the Greek Alphabet, this pause he prescribed as a re∣medy against precipitate and over-hasty resolutions, which serve only to make way for a vain and too late Repentance.

5. It was the wise Counsel of Pythagoras,* 1.439 Dig not up Fire with a Sword; that is, Provoke not a person already swoln with anger, by petulant and evil speeches.

6. Two young men of Syracuse were so great friends,* 1.440 that one of them being to go abroad re∣commended unto the other the care of his Concu∣bine; the Guardian in the others absence, overcome with love and lust abused his charge; in revenge whereof his friend at his return corrupted the o∣thers wife, by which means there grew a great quarrel betwixt them, and the matter coming to the notice of the Senate, a wise Senator gave Coun∣sel to banish them both, lest their private quarrel might breed some publick sedition: But his Coun∣sel was neglected; whereupon it followed that the friends of the young men ranging themselves on either side, made within a while such a tumult and civil war within the City, that the whole state was overthrown thereby.

7. When Francis the first King of France, was to march with his Army into Italy,* 1.441 he consulted with his Captains how to lead them over the Alps, whe∣ther this way or that way? At which time Amaril his Fool sprang out of a corner where he sate un∣seen, and advised them rather to take care which way they should bring their Army back out of Italy again: It's easie for one to interest himself in quarrels▪ but hard to be disengaged from them when once in.

8. The Senate of Rome were met together in Council,* 1.442 where they had a long and difficult debate about what should be done with the City of Carthage Cato the elder gave his opinion that it should be ut∣terly subverted and destroyed, that so Rome might be set in safety, and many of the Fathers agreed with him therein: Scipio Nasica then stood up; And, said he, those that are so passionately bent upon the destruction of Carthage, let them look to it lest the people of Rome being freed from the fear of a Rival and Enemy abroad, they do not then fall into civil discords, which will be a far worse evil than the former. This prudent person foresaw what peace and plenty might do amongst them to the corruption of their manners, for want of the exercise of their virtue, and that thereupon would follow the worst of evils, nor was he at all mistaken in his opinion.

9. Three young men having long exercised themselves in Piracy, had thereby gotten together a great summ of Money, and then retired themselves to a City where they might live with greater both

honesty and safety,* 1.443 and seeing they could not a∣gree about the parting of that in the getting of which they had been mutually concern'd, by com∣mon consent they put it into the hands of a Banker, conditioning with him by writing, that he should not deliver out one penny thereof, unless in the presence of all three: Soon after one of the three more crafty than the other, perswaded the rest that it was the safest way to build a house; and buy some Land which should be common with them; whereupon they gave order that their whole mony should be in readiness upon their demand, and one day when they were all Riding out upon Pleasure; their crafty Companion told them that fifty ducats was requisite for the building of their house, which they bad him receive of the Banker, and as they rode by gave order to the Banker to deliver him what he demanded, they rode on, and he demand∣ed and received their whole sum, and laying it on his horse rode quite away with it. They threaten the Banker to sue him for their lost money, as de∣livered in their absence: He in this strait advi∣sed with Gellius Aretinus a Lawyer and a witty man, who gave him this Counsel; to acknowledge that he hath the money and was ready to repay it accord∣ing to their written agreement, that is, in the pre∣sence of all three, wishing them to bring with them the third man and they should receive it: But as they heard no more of their Companion, so neither did he of his Suit.

CHAP. XXVI. Of the Subtilty and Prudence of some men in the Investigation and Disco∣very of things; and their determi∣nations about them.

IT was the saying of one who was none of the meanest Philosophers, that Truth always lyes at the bottom of a deep Pit; and that if we will enjoy it, we must be at the pains to draw it up from thence. Quickness of Apprehension and maturity of Judgment are instead of the Cord and Pulley whereby this exploit is performed; add to these a kind of sineness and felicity, by which some men have prevailed to bring her to the light, when she hath (as to others) lain reserved and conceal∣ed.

* 1.4441. A certain Judge in Spain, when a murther was committed, and divers that were suspected of it brought before him, who yet all of them denyed it; he caused all of them to bare their breasts, and laid his hand upon their hearts, when having found that the heart of one of them had greater trem∣bling and palpitation than any of the rest, making thence a conjecture by his discerning Spirit; Thou, said he, art the Author of this murther. The other conscious to himself of the crime, immediately confessed it, and was accordingly led to a deserved punishment.

* 1.4452. Camerarius tells out of Cedrenus, how the Queen of Saba when she saw that Solomon had ex∣pounded all her hardest Riddles, caused one day, certain young Boys and Girls, apparell'd all alike to be brought and set before the King, (none being able by their faces and looks to discern the one Sex from the other) to the end that therein she might have further tryal of King Solomons wisdom, he knowing the Queens intent presently made some water to be brought in a great Basin, bidding them all to wash their faces, by this device he easily dis∣cern'd the Males from the Females, for the Boys rubbed their faces hard and lustily, but the Girls being shame fac'd, did scarce touch theirs with their fingers ends.

3. The Emperour Galba (when two persons con∣tended:* 1.446 about the propriety of an Ox, and that the plea was so doubtful on both sides, that no man could determine to which of them the Ox did of right belong) did then order that the Ox in questi∣on should be led to a pond of water, (where he had before time used to drink) with his eyes blind∣folded, and decreed that his cover being taken off, to which of the two mens houses he should first be∣take himself, that person should be adjudg'd and re∣ceived as his rightful owner.

4. Rodolphus Austriacus the Emperour,* 1.447 was at Norimberg intent upon the publick affairs of the Empire, when as a Merchant presented himself be∣fore him, imploring his Justice upon an Innkeeper well known, who as he said had cheated him of two hundred marks in Silver, which having deposited in his hands, he had impudently denied the receipt of such Sum, and withal did most injuriously detain it. The Emperor demanded what evidence he had of the truth of what he had spoken, who replied (as 'tis usual in such cases) that he had none other besides himself: The Emperour therefore conside∣ring the thing, apprehended that some subtilty must be used to find out the truth of the business, he enquires what manner of bag it was wherein he pre∣tended the money was delivered: He describes the shape, colour, and other particularities of it: The Emperour commands him to withdraw into the next Room, and there to attend. It was his pur∣pose to send for the Inn-keeper, but fortune dispo∣sed it otherwise and more commodiously, for the chief men of the City as 'ts usual, came to present and wait upon the Emperour, amongst whom was this fraudulent host. The Emperour knew him before, and (as he was very courteous) in a jesting way said to him, You have a handsom Hat, pray give it me and let us change. The other was proud of the honour, and readily presented the Hat: The Emperour retired a while, as if he was called off by publick business, and sends a trusty and well known Inhabitant of the same City to the Wife of the Inn∣keeper with order he should say, Your Husband de∣sires you would send him such a Bag of money, for he has special occasion for it, and by this token that this is his Hat. The woman delivers it without scruple, and he returns with it to the Emperour, who then calling the Merchant shews him the Bag, and asks if he knew it, the man owns it with joy; the Em∣perour then calls in the Host, And, says he, this man complains of you, and accuses you of persidiousness, what say you? The other boldly told him that his Accuser lyed or was mad▪ that he neither hath nor ever had any business with him: The Emperour produces the bags, at the sight of which the Host is confounded, his confidence and tongue fail him, he therefore confessed the whole, the Merchant received his money, the Host together with the infamy, a considerable damage; (for besides resti∣tution the Emperour fin'd him a good round Sum) Rodolphus was extolled for it, and the fame of this action spread it self through all Germany.

5. A Roman Lady left Widow by the death of her Husband, had a Son born of this Marriage,

secretly stollen from her, and in servitude bred up in another Province:* 1.448 where being grown up to a young Man, he had notice that he was Son of such a Lady in Rome, and the place of he•• abo••e, which caused him to make a Voyage to Rome with a purpose to make himself known to her, which he did by evident token••, so that the Mother re∣ceived him in her house, with joy and tears for the recovery of her loss: she was at this time be∣troth'd to a Man, who had often promis'd her Marriage, yet never accomplished it; and this Lover was then absent detain'd by urgent affairs far from Rome. At the end of thirty days he returned, and ••inding this new guest in her house, demanded who he was; she freely answer'd he was her Son: But he plainly told her, that if she sent not away this found child from her lodging, ne∣ver should she have any share in his affection. The unhappy Creature surpriz'd with love, to serve his passion, renounceth her own entrails, and ba∣nishes him from her house: The young Man in so great necessity of his affairs, hastens to require Justice of King Theodorick; who sent for the La∣dy, who stoutly deny'd all the pretensions of this young Man, saying he was an ingrateful Impostor, who not content to have r••ceived the Charities of a poor Creature, in her house, would needs challenge the Inheritance of Children. The Son on the other side wept bitterly, gave assurance she had acknowledged him for her own, very lively representing all the proofs which passion and in∣terest put into his mouth. The King sounded all passages to enter into the heart of the Lady, and ask'd her whether she were not resolved to marry again; she answered, that if she met with a Man sutable to her, she would do what God should inspire her. The King reply'd, behold him here, since you have lodg'd this guest thirty days in your house, and have acknowledg'd him so freely, what is the cause why you may not marry him, she answered, he had not any means, and that she her self was well worth a thousand Crowns, which was a great riches in those times. Well, said Theodo∣rick, I will give this young Man as much for his Marriage, on this condition that you shall marry him, she much amazed, began to wax pale, blush, and tremble, seeking to excuse her self, but faul∣tering in her speech. The King to affright her more, swore deeply she should marry him presently or tell the lawful cause of impediment. The poor Woman condemn'd by the voice of Nature, which cry'd in her heart, and having horrour of the crime proposed to her, cast her self at the King's feet, with tears, confessing her loves dissi∣mulation and mishap. Then this great Prince taking the word from her; Are not you a mise∣rable Woman, said he, to renounce your own blood for a Villain, who hath deceiv'd you, get you to your house, forsake those fond aff••ctions, and live in the condition of a good Widow, ta∣king unto you such support from your Son, as he by Nature ought to a••ford you.

* 1.4496. About the third year of King Iames, a strange fanc•• possessed the brai••s of a p••ofessed Physician, one Richard Haidock of New Colledge in Oxford; who pretended to Preach at night in his sleep, in such sort, that though he were call'd aloud, or stirr'd and pull'd by the hands or feet, yet would he make no shew of either hearing or feeling, and this he did often in the presence of many Ho∣nourable Persons that came to hear him, so as within a short time his Fame was spread through the Land, by the name of the sleeping Preacher. At length the King commanded him to be brought to the Court, where His Majesty King Iames, sate up the most part of a night to attend the e∣vent, when at last Haidock▪ making a shew to be a sleep, began to Pray, then taking a Text, made his Division, applying it to his purpose, for in his Preaching, his use was to inveigh against the Pope, against the Cross in Baptism, and against the last Canons of the Church of England, and having ended his Sermon, seemed to continue sleeping, His Majesty having well observed the manner of his carriage, after a few days, called the said Hai∣dock before him, and in conference with him (as indeed he had an admirable sagacity in the disco∣very of fictions) made him confess that all that he did was but imposture, and thereupon to fall upon his knees and ask forgiveness, which the King granted upon condition, that in all places he should openly acknowledge his offence, because many were brought into a belief, that his night∣ly Preaching, was either by Inspiration or by Vision.

7. Iosephus relates, there was a young Jew bred at Sydon with the freed Man of a Roman Citizen,* 1.450 who having some resemblance of Alexander the Son of Herod, whom the Father had cruelly put to death; feign'd he was the same Alexander, say∣ing,* 1.451 those to whom Herod had recommended this barbarous execution, conceiv'd such horrour at it, that they resolved to save him, and to conceal him till after the death of his Father, in which time he remain'd at Sydon, and now was come as from the Gates of death, to demand his right, as being the indubitate and lawful Heir of the Kingdom. This Impostor had gain'd a subtle fellow, a Servant of Herod's Houshold, who taught him all the parti∣culars of the Court, the people embrac'd this false Alexander as a Man returned back from the other World. When he saw himself strong in Credit and Coin, he was so confident as to go to Rome, to question the Crown against Herod's other Sons. He presented himself before Augustus Caesar, the distributer of Crowns, beseeching him to pity a fortune, so wretched, and a poor King, who threw himself at his feet, as the Sanctuary of Justice and Mercy: Every one seemed already to favour him, but Augustus a Monarch very penetrating, percei∣ved this Man tasted not of a Prince, for taking him by the hand he found his skin rough, as ha∣ving exercised servile labours: Hereupon the Em∣perour drew him aside, saying, content thy self to have hitherto abused all the World; but know thou art now before Augustus, I will pardon thee on condition thou discover the truth of this mat∣ter, but if thou liest in any point thou art utterly lost. The Man was so amaz'd with the lustre of such Majesty, that prostrating himself at his feet, he began to confess all the Imposture: Which done, the Emperour perceiving he was none of the most daring Impostures saved his life, but con∣demned him to the Galleys. The Tutor of this Counterfeit being observ'd by the Emperour to be of a spirit more crasty, and accustomed to evil practices, was ordered speedily to be put to death.

8. Hiero King of the Syracusians in Sicilia,* 1.452 had caused to be made a Crown of Gold of a wonder∣ful weight, to be offered as a Tribute to the gods for his good success in the War. In the making whereof the Goldsmith fraudulently took out a certain portion of Gold and put in Silver; so that there was nothing abated of the full weight, al∣though much of the value diminished. This came

at length to be spoken of, the King was much mo∣ved, and being desirous to try the truth with∣out breaking of the Crown, proposed the doubt to Archimedes, unto whose wit nothing seemed unpossible. He could not presently answer it, but hoped to devise some policy to detect the fraud. Musing therefore upon it, as he chanced to enter a Bath full of Water; he observed that as his body entred the Bath, the Water did run over: Whereupon his ready Wit from small effects, collecting greater matters, conceived by and by a way of solution to the King's Question; and therefore rejoycing exceedingly, forgot that he was naked, and so ran home, crying as he ran, I have found it, I have found it. He then cau∣sed two massy pieces, one of Gold, and another of Silver, to be prepared of the same weight that the Crown was made of; and considering that Gold is heavyer of Nature then Silver: there∣fore Gold of like weight with Silver must needs take up less room, by reason of its more com∣pact and solid substance. He was assured that putting the mass of Gold into a Vess••l brim full of Water, there would not so much Water run out, as when he should put in the Silver mass of like weight, wherefore he tryed both, and noted not only the quantities of Water at each time, but also the difference, or excess of the one above the other: whereby he learned what proportion in quantity is betwixt Gold and Silver of equal weight; and then putting in the Crown it self into the Water brim ••ull as it was before, marked how much the water did run out then, and comparing it with the Water run out, when the Gold was put in, noted how much it did exceed that; and likewise com∣paring it with the Water that run out when the Silver was put in, marked how much it was less then that; and by those proportions, found the just quantity of Gold that was stollen from the Crown, and how much Silver was put in instead of it. By the which, ever since, the proportions of Metals one to another are tryed and found.

9. Praxiteles that famous Artist in the making of Statues,* 1.453 had promised Phryne a beautiful Courtezan, the choice of all the pieces in his Shop, to take thence some such single Statue, as should be most pleasing to her; but she not know∣ing which was most valuable, devised this Ar∣tifice to be satisfied therein; she caused one to come in as in great hast, and to tell Prax∣teles that his Shop was on ••ire, he startled at the news, cryed out, Is the Cupid, and the Satyre safe? By this subtilty, she found out, wherein the Artist himself believed, he had expressed the most skill, and thereupon she chose the Cupid.

10. When the Duke of Ossuna was Vice-Roy of Sicily, there died a great rich Duke, who left but one Son,* 1.454 whom with his whole Estate, he be∣queathed to the Tutele of the Jesuits, and the words of the Will were, when he is past his Mi∣nority (Darete al mio Figlivolo, quelque voi volute) you shall give my Son, what you will. It seems the Jesuits took to themselves, two parts of three of the Estate, and gave the rest to the Heir; the young Duke complaining to the Duke of Ossuna, (then Vice-Roy) he commanded the Jesuits to appear before him, he asked them how much of the Estate they would have, they answered, two parts of three, which they had almost employed, already to build Monasteries, and an Hospital to erect particular Altars and Masses, to sing Dirges and Refrigeriums for the Soul of the deceased Duke: Hereupon the Duke of Ossuna caused the Will to be produced, and found therein the words afore-recited, when he is past his Minority, you shall give my Son of my Estate what you will. then he told the Jesuits, you must by Vertue, and Tenour of these words, give what you will to the Son, which by your own confession is two parts of three, and so he determined the business.

11. A poor Beggar in Paris being very hungry,* 1.455 staid so long in a Cook's Shop; who was dishing up of Meat, till his Stomach was satisfied with the only smell thereof. The cholerick Cook, demanded of him to pay for his Breakfast, the poor Man denyed it, and the controversie was referred to the deciding of the next Man that should pass by, which chanced to be the most notorious Ideot in the whole City. He on the relation of the matter; determined that the poor Man's Money should be put betwixt two empty dishes, and the Cook should be recompensed with the gingling of the poor Man's Money, as he was satisfied with the only smell of the Cook's Meat, and this is affirmed by cre∣dible Writers as no Fable but an undoubted truth.

12. Antiochus the Son of Seleucus,* 1.456 daily lan∣guished and wasted away under a Disease, where∣of the cause was uncertain, to the great trou∣ble and affliction of his Father; who therefore sent for Erasistratus, a famous Physician to at∣tend the care of his beloved Son. Who addres∣sing himself with his utmost dexterity to find out the root of his infirmity; he perceived it was ra∣ther from the trouble of his mind, then any effect of his constitution. But when the Prince could not be prevail'd with to make any such acknow∣ledgement; by frequent feeling of his pulse, he observed it to beat with more vigour and strength at the naming or presence of Stratonica, that was the beloved Concubine of his Father, having made this discovery, and knowing the Prince would rather die then confess so dangerous a love, he took this course. He told Seleucus, that his Son was a dead Man; for saith he, he lan∣guishes for the love of my Wife, and what, said Seleucus, have I merited so little at thy hands, that thou wilt have no respect to the love of the young Man? Would you said Erasistratus be con∣tent to serve the love of another in that manner. I would the gods said Seleucus, would turn his love towards my dearest Stratonica. Well said Erasi∣stratus, you are his Father, and may be his Physici∣an, Seleucus gave Stratonica to Antiochus, and sixty thousand Crowns as a reward to the prudent Physi∣cian.

CHAP. XXVII. Of the liberal and bountiful disposi∣tion of divers Great Persons.

THat is Tully's saying, Nihil habet Fortuna mag∣na majus; quam ut possit, nec Natura bona me∣lius quam ut velit, bene facere quam plurimis: A great Fortune hath nothing greater in it, then that

is able; and a good nature, hath nothing better in it, then that it is willing to do good to many. In the Examples that follow, the Reader may find a happy conspi∣racy; of great Fortunes, and good natures; seve∣ral Illustrious Persons, no less willing then they were able, to do good, who dispersed their Boun∣tyes, as liberally as the Sun doth his Beams, such was

* 1.4571. Gillias a Citizen of Agrigentum, who possessed (as I may say) the very Bowells of Liberality it self; he was a Person of extraordinary wealth, but the riches of his mind excell'd the great plenty of his estate, and he was ever more intent up∣on the laying out then the gathering of mony; in so much that his house was deservedly look'd upon as the very Shop of munificence; there was it, that Monuments for publick uses were framed, delightful Shewes presented to the people, with magnificent Feasts prepared for their entertain∣ment; the scarcity of provision in dear years, were supplied from thence, and whereas these charities extended to all in general, he relieved the poverty of particular persons, gave dowryes to poor Virgins, entertained strangers, not only in his City but also in his Country houses; and sent them away, with presents. At once he received and clothed 500 Gelensian Knights, that by tempest were driven upon his possessions. To make short, he seemed rather the Bosome of good Fortune, then any Mortal; whatever Gillias pos∣sessed was as the common Patrimony, and there∣fore not only the Citizens of his own City; but all persons in the countryes about him, did conti∣nually put up Prayers, and offer Vows for the continuance of his life and health.

* 1.4582. Frances Russel, second Earl of Bedford of that sirname, was so bountiful to the poor, that Queen Elizabeth would merrily complain of him, that he made all the Beggars: and sure saith mine Author, it is more honourable for Noble men to make Beggars, by their liberality then by their oppression.

* 1.4593. When Porsenna, King of Hetruria, had besie∣ged Rome, there was a great scarcity and dearth in the City, but having made peace with them, upon reasonable terms, he commanded that of his whole Army, not a man should carry any thing from his Tent, but onely his arms; and so left his whole Camp, with all sorts of provisions, and infinite riches, as a free gift to the Romans.

* 1.4604. Sir Iulius Caesar Knight was advanced Chan∣cellour of the Dutchy of Lancaster, sworn privy Counceller 1607 and afterwards Master of the Rolls: a person of prodigious bounty to all of worth or want, so that he might seem to be Almo∣ner Generall to the Nation. The story is well known of a Gentleman who once borrowing his Coach, (which was as well known to poor peo∣ple, as any Hospital in England,) was so rendez∣vouz'd about with Beggars, in London, that it cost him all the money in his purse, to satisfy their importunity; so that he might have hired twenty Coaches on the same terms.

* 1.4615. Tigranes King of Armenia being sined by Pompey at six thousand Talents; not only very readily layd down that sum, but added of his own accord, to every Roman Souldier in Pompeys Army 50 Drachmes, of Silver, 1000 Drachmes to each Captain, and to every Tribune or Collonel a ta∣lent.

* 1.4626. Hiero King of Syracusa, had built a Ship of a mighty bulk, and adorn'd it with great magnifi∣cence; upon which an Epigram was made by Archimelus a Poet, it was witty and short, consist∣ing but of eighteen Verses: but the King was so delighted therewith that as a reward of his pains, he sent him from Sicily to Athens 1000 measures of Wheat, causing it also to be laid down in the port of the Pyreum at his owne charge, a Princely bounty if consider, the furnishing out of the Ships and Persons therein, together with their going and return.

7. Cymon the Athenian,* 1.463 being ariv'd to mighty riches, by his wars against the Barbarians; caused all the Walls and Fences about his lands to be bea∣ten down and removed, that all might freely carry away from thence, whatsoever they pleased: he releived at his house with meat and drink, as ma∣ny poor as came thither; when he went abroad: he caused those of his retinue, to exchange their new and costly garments for the torn and ragged ones of such as they met in poor habit, provided they were otherwise worthy persons; and some∣times they gave Purses of Money, to such as were in want, if they were known to be men of merit. This procedure of his occasioned once Leontinus Gorgias to say of him, that Cymon had provided himself of Riches that he might use them; and that the use he put them to was to produce him honour and glory.

8. Antonius Caracalla,* 1.464 the Emperour though not very praise worthy in other parts of his life was yet so delighted with those elegant Verses of Oppi∣anus; which we yet see dedicated to him, that he commanded, the Poet should be allowed out of his treasury a Crown for every Verse, (that is two of ours saith Lipsius) and if we go about to number the Verses we shall find it a prodigious li∣berality.

9. Dioclesian the Emperour, assigned unto Eume∣nius the Rhetorician; who also was the professor of his Art in the School at Augustodunum; no less then the sum of fifteen thousand Phillippicks. Lips. Monit. l. 2. c. 17. p. 411.

10. Alexander the Great,* 1.465 was perhaps in no∣thing greater then in his Princely liberality; when Perillus besought his assistance, in making a Dowry for his Daughter, he ordered 50 Tallents to be gi∣ven him; Perillus answered ten were sufficient, al∣though sayd he they may suffice him that is to re∣ceive; they are yet too sparing for him that is to give. Another time he had commanded his Stew∣ard to give Anaxarcus the Philosopher as much as he should desire; and when he demanded an hun∣dred Talents, the Steward not daring to part with such a sum, without acquainting the King himself: his reply was that Anaxarchus knew he had such a friend, as both could and would confer that and a far greater sum upon him. Beholding once a Mul∣letter, taking upon his own Shoulders his Mules burden, that was laden with Gold and not able to carry it any further; and perceiving him also to fail under the weight of it; that said he, thy bur∣then may seem less greivous to thee: take to thine own Tent that Gold which thou carryest, which from this hour, I will shall be thine own.

11. Ptolemeus Philadelphus King of Aegypt,* 1.466 had taken care that the Jewish Law, by the permission of Eleazar the High Priest, should be translated out of the Hebrew into the Gre••k Language; and that the interpreters of it might have an agreeable re∣ward for their pains; he of his own accord, sent a mighty sum of Gold as a present to the Temple of Ierusalem; and not onely so, but having sought out all those that were of the Jewish Nation, who were made Prisoners in the Wars of his predeces∣sors;

though the number of them amounted, to an hundred thousand, yet he ransomed them from their Lords at his own charge, and sent them away with their liberty, and that without the injury of his own people, paying as the price of their ransom four hundred and sixty Talents.

* 1.46712. Richard King of England at a Royal Feast of his, having observed two Knights who were dis∣coursing together, and intentively viewing some vessels of Gold that stood on the Cupboard, he drew near to them, and demanded what they con∣ferred so earnestly about, we were saying, said one of them, that we should both of us be sufficient∣ly rich and contented, if we had only two of those goblets that stand there in our possession: The King smiling told them they should not depart unsatisfied upon that account, and that he gave the two vessels they desired, but in regard the graving of them was such as it would be some pity to have the work of an excellent Artist destroyed, he commanded they should be weighed in his presence, and it being found that the value of them amounted to twelve thousand Crowns, he ordered they should receive so much in money in the lieu of the vessels themselves.

13. Pope Alexander the fifth, was so bountiful to persons of merit and vertue,* 1.468 and so very mag∣nificent in works of publick use, that he used to say amongst his familiar friends, that he had been formerly a rich Bishop and a poor Cardinal, but that now being advanced to the Papacy, he was almost redu∣ced to absolute Beggary.

14. Alphonsus the Elder, King of Sicily, used to wear upon his Fingers Rings of extraordinary va∣lue, and that the Gems might receive no dammage, as oft as he washed it was his manner to give them into the hands of such of his Servants as chanced to be next him. He had once given them into the hands of one, who supposing the King had forgot them, converted them to his own use: Alphonsus dissembled the matter, instead of those put on o∣ther Rings, and kept on his accustomed way. After some days the King being about to wash, he who had received but not restored the former, put forth his hand to take from him his Rings, as he had used to do: But Alphonsus putting his hand back, whispered him in the Ear; I will give thee these Rings to keep, as soon as thou hast returned me those I did for∣merly entrust thee with; and further than this he pro∣ceeded not with him.

15. Sarizanarus was the Author of that Hexa∣stick which was made of the famous City of Ve∣nice.* 1.469

Viderat Adriacis Venetam Neptunus in undis, Stare Vrbem et toti ponere Iura mari, Nunc mihi Tarpeias quantumvis Iupiter Arces Objice, & illa tui moenia Martis, ait, Sic pelago Tibrim praefers, Vrbem aspice utramque, Illam homines dices, hanc posuisse Deos.

The Poet had small reason to repent of his ingenui∣ty, for as a reward of his pains he had assign'd him out of the publick treasury of that state, an hun∣dred Zecchins for every one of those verses, which amounts to three hundred pounds of our money.

* 1.47016. When Henry of Lancaster, sirnamed the Good Earl of Darby, had taken Bigerac in Gascoign; Anno 1341. He gave and granted to every Soldier the house which every one should seize first upon, with all therein. A certain Soldier of his brake into a Mint Masters house, where he found so great a mass of money, that he amazed therewith as a prey greater than his desert or desire, signified the same unto the Earl, who with a liberal mind an∣swered: It is not for my state to play Boys play, to give and take; Take thou the money if it were thrice as much.

17. At the Battel of Poictiers Iames Lord Audley,* 1.471 was brought to the black Prince in a Litter most grievously wounded, for he had behaved himself with great valour that day: To whom the Prince with due commendations gave for his good service four hundred Marks of yearly Revenues, the which he returning to his Tent, gave as frankly to his four Esquires that attended him in the Battle, whereof when the Prince was advertised, doubting that his gift was contemned as too little for so great good service, the Lord Audley satisfied him with this answer: I must do for them who deserv∣ed best of me, these my Esquires saved my life amidst the enemies, and God be thanked I have sufficient reve∣nues left by my Ancestors to maintain me in your service. Whereupon the Prince praising his prudence and liberality confirmed his gift made to his Esquires, assign'd him moreover six hundred marks of like Land here in England.

18. King Canutus gave great Jewels to Winchester Church,* 1.472 whereof one is reported to be a Cross. worth as much as the whole Revenue of England a∣mounted to in a year, and unto Coventry he gave the Arm of St. Augustine, which he bought at Pa∣pia for an hundred Talents of Silver and one of Gold.

19. Clodoveus Son of Dagobert King of France,* 1.473 in a great death caused the Church of St. Dennis which his Father had covered with Plates of Silver, to be covered with lead, and the Silver given to the relief of the Poor.

20. Isocrates the Son of Theodorus the Erecthian,* 1.474 kept a School, where he taught Rhetorick to an hundred Scholars, at the rate of one hundred drachms of silver a piece: He was very rich and well he might, for Nicocles King of Cyprus who was the Son of Evagoras, gave him at once the summ of twenty Talents of Silver, for one only oration which he dedicated unto him.

21. The Poet Virgil repeated unto Augustus Cae∣sao,* 1.475 three Books of his Aeneads, the Second, Fourth and Sixth, the latter of these chiefly upon the ac∣count of Octavia Sister to Augustus, and Mother of Marcellus whom Augustus had adopted, but he died in the Eighteenth year of his Age. Octavia there∣fore being present at this repetition, when Virgil came to these Verses at the latter end of the sixth book, wherein he describes the mourning for Marcellus in this manner;

Heu miserando Puer, si qua fata asperarumpas, Tu Marcellus eris—

Alas poor Youth, if Fates will suffer thee To see the Light, thou shalt Marcellus be.

Octavia swooned away: and when she was recover∣ed, she commanded the Poet to proceed no further, appointing him Ten Sesterces for every verse he had repeated, which were in number twenty one. So that by the bounty of this Princess, Virgil re∣ceived for a few Verses, above the Summ of fifty thousand Crowns.

CHAP. XXVIII. Of the Pious Works and Charitable Gifts of some men.

WHereas (saith the Learned Willet) the pro∣fessors of the Gospel are generally char∣ged by the Romanists as barren and fruitless of good works, I will, to stop their mouths, shew by a particular induction, that more charitable works have been performed in the times of the Gospel, than they can shew to have been done in the like time in Popery, especially since the publick oppo∣sition of that Religion, which began about two hundred and fifty years since, (counting from t••e times of Iohn Wickli••fe) or in twice so much time now going immediately before. To make good this he hath drawn out a Golden Catalogue, of persons piously and charitably devoted, together with their works; out of which I have selected, as I thought, the chiefest and most remarkable to put under this head, only craving leave to begin with one or two, beyond the compass of his prescribed time, which I have met with elsewhere.

* 1.4761. In the Reign of King Henry the Fourth, the most deservedly famous for works of Piety was William Wickham Bishop of Winchester, his first work was the building of a Chappel at Tichfield, where his Father and Mother and Sister Perrot were burled. Next he founded at Southwick in Hampshire near the Town of Wickham, the place of his Birth, (as a supplement to the Priory of Southwick) a Chauntry, with allowance of five Priests for ever: He bestow∣ed twenty thousand marks in repairing the houses belonging to the Bishoprick, he discharged out of prison in all places of his Diocess, all such poor prisoners as lay in execution for debt under Twen∣ty pounds, he amended all the high ways from Winchester to London, on both sides the River: Af∣ter all this, on the Fifth of March, 1379. he began to lay the foundation of that magnificent structure in Oxford called New Colledg, and in person laid the first Stone thereof: In the year 1387. on the twen∣ty sixth of March, he likewise in person laid the first stone of the like Foundation in Winchester, and dedicated the same as that other in Oxford to the memory of the Virgin Mary.

2. In the Reign of King Edward the Fourth, Sir Iohn Crosby Knight,* 1.477 and late Lord Mayor of London, gave to the Repairs of the Parish Church of Hen∣worth in Middlesex, forty pound: To the repairs of St. Hellens in Bishopsgate-street▪ where he was bu∣ried, five hundred Marks; to the repairing of Lon∣don Wall one hundred pounds, to the repairing of Rochester Bridge ten Pounds, to the Wardens and Commonalty of the Grocers in London, two large Pots of Silver, Chased, half guilded, and other Legacies.

* 1.4783. In the Reign of Queen Elizabeth and in the year 1596. Ralph Rokeby one of her Majesties Ma∣sters of Requests then dying, gave by his Will to Christs Hospital in London one hundred pounds; to the Colledge of the poor of Queen Elizabeth one hundred Pounds, to the poor Scholars in Cambridge one hundred pounds, to the poor Scholars in Oxford one hundred pounds, to the Prisoners in the two Compters in London one hundred pounds, to the Prisoners in the Fle••t one hundred pounds, to the Prisoners in Ludgate one hundred pounds, to the Prisoners in Newgate one hundred pounds, to the Prisoners in the Kings Bench one hundred pounds, to the Prisoners of the Marshalsea one hundred pounds, to the Prisoners in the White Lyon twenty pounds: A liberal and pious Legacy, and not wor∣thy to be forgotten.

4. Richard Sutton Esquire,* 1.479 born of Gentile Pa∣rentage, at Knaith in Lincolnshire, sole founder of Charter-House Hospital, which he called the Hospi∣tal of King Iames, for the maintenance thereof he setled these mannors in several Counties. Basham mannor in Cambridgshire, 2. Bastingthorp manner in Lincolnshire, 3. Blackgrove mannor in Wiltshire, 4. Broadhinton land in Wiltshire, 5. Castlecamps man∣nor in Cambridgshire, 6. Chilton mannor in Wiltshire. 7. Dunby mannor in Lincolnshire, 8. Elcomb mannor and Park in Wiltshire, 9. Hackney land in Middlesex, 10. Hallinburg Bouchiers mannor in Essex, 11. Mis∣sunden mannor in Wiltshire, 12. Much Stanbridge mannor in Essex, 13. Norton mannor in Essex, 14. Salthrope mannor in Wiltshire, 15. Southminster mannor in Essex, 16. Tottenham land in Middlesex, 17. Vfford mannor in Wiltshire, 18. Watalescote man∣nor in Wiltshire, 19. Westcot mannor in Wiltshire, 20. Wroughton munnor in Wiltshire. It was found∣ed, finished, and endowed by himself alone, dis∣bursing thirteen thousand pounds, paid down be∣fore the ensealing of the conveyance, for the ground whereon it stood, with some other appurtenances besides six thousand expended in the building there∣of, and that vast yearly endowment whereof here∣tofore, not to mention the large sums, bequeath∣ed by him to the poor, to Prisons, to Colledges, to mending high ways, to the Chamber of London, besides twenty thousand pounds left to the discre∣tion of his Executors. He dyed 1611. in the ninth year of King Iames his Reign.

5. Anno Dom. 1552.* 1.480 King Edward the sixth, in the sixth year of his Reign, founded the Hospitals of Christ-Church in London; and of St. Thomas in Southwark, and the next year of Bridewel, for the maintenance of three sorts of poor, the first for the education of poor children, the second for im∣potent and lame persons, the third for idle persons to imploy and set them on work. A Princely gift, whereby provision was made for all sorts of poor people; such as were poor either by birth or ca∣sualtie, or else willfully poor. Besides by the said vertuous Prince, were founded two Free Schools in Louth, in Lincolnshire, with liberal maintenance for a Schoolmaster and Usher in them both. Likewise Christs Colledge, in the University of Cambridge, en∣joyeth a fellowship, and three Schollars by the gift of the said excellent Prince.

6. Sir William Cecil not long since Lord Treasu∣rer,* 1.481 in his life time gave thirty Pounds a year to St. Johns Colledge in Cambridge, he founded also an Hospital at Stamford for twelve poor people, allowing to each of them six pounds per Annum, he also left great sums of money in trust in the hands of Mr. Iohn Billet one of his Executors, who as carefully performed that trust, and partly by this means and partly out of his own estate, hath done those excellent works: He repaired at the expence of divers hundred pounds, the great Church in the City of Bath, he enlarged the hot and cross Bath there, walling them about, he built an Hospi∣tal there to entertain twelve poor people for a month at the Spring, and three months at the fall of the leaf, with allowance of four pence a day, he gave two hundred pounds to the repairs of St. Mar∣tins Church, an hundred marks to St. Clements to

build a window, five pounds to each of the four Parishes in Westminster for twelve years: Upon the building of the Market house there, he bestowed three hundred pounds, whereof is made ten pounds a year for the benefit of the poor: He also gave twenty pounds per Annum to Christs Hospital till two hundred pounds came out.

* 1.4827. Robert Earl of Dorchester, Anno 1609. by his last Will and Testament, ordained an Hospital to be built in East Greenstead in Sussex, allowing to the building thereof a thousand pounds, (to the which the Executors have added a thousand pounds more) and three hundred and thirty pound of yearly re∣venue, to maintain twenty poor men and ten poor women, to each of them ten pounds by the year and besides to a Warden twenty pounds, and to two Assistants out o•• the Town to be chosen, three pounds six shillings eight pence a piece per Annum.

* 1.4838. Iohn Whitgift Arch-Bishop of Canterbury, at his own proper charge caused an Hospital to be built at Croyden, for the maintenance of thirty poor people, with a free School having a Master and an Usher, and laid unto it two hundred pounds per Annum, besides the charge of the building, which is supposed to have cost two thousand pounds more.

* 1.4849. William Lamb Clothworker, gave to these charitable uses following, he built the Conduit near Holborn with the Cock at Holborn-Bridge, bringing the water more than two thousand yards in pipes of lead at the charge of fifteen hundred pounds, he gave also to these uses following, to twelve poor people of St. Faiths Parish weekly two pence a piece. To the company of Clothworkers four pounds per Annum, for reading divine service in St. Iames Church, Sundays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, and for four yearly Sermons, and for twelve poor men, and twelve poor women, so many Gowns, Shirts, Smocks, Shooes, he gave Lands to the yearly value of thirty pounds, to each of the Towns of Ludlow and Bridgnorth one hundred pounds, to Christs Hospital yearly six pounds, and to purchase lands ten pounds; to St. Thomas Hospital yearly four pounds, to the Savoy to buy bedding ten pounds. He erected a Free School at Sutton Valens in Kent, with allowance to the Master of twenty pounds, to the Usher eight pounds. He built six Alms-houses there with the yearly maintenance of ten pound. He gave also toward the Free School at Maidstone in Kent, to set the poor Clothiers on work in Suffolk, he gave one hundred pounds.

* 1.48510. Sir Wolston Dixy Mayor, free of the Skin∣ners, gave as followeth: To the maintenance of a Free School in Bosworth yearly twenty pound, to Christs Hospital in London yearly for ever fo••ty two pounds, for a Lecture in St. Michael Bassings-Hall yearly ten pounds, to the poor of Newgate twenty pounds, to the two Compters, to Ludgate and Beth∣lehem, to each of them ten pounds, to the four pri∣sons in Southwark, twenty pounds thirteen shillings four pence, to the poor of Bassingshall ten pounds, to Emanuel Colledge in Cambridge to buy lands, to maintain two Follows and two Scholars six hundred pounds, to the building of the Colledge fifty pounds, to be lent unto poor Merchants ••ive hundred pounds to the Hospitals of St. Bartholomew and St. Thomas each of ••hem ••i••ty pounds, to the Poor of Bridewel twenty pounds, to poor Maids marriages one hun∣dred pounds, to poor Strangers of the Dutch and French Churches fifty pounds, towards the build∣ing of the Pesthouse two hundrad pounds. The sum of these gifts in money amounteth to more than seventeen hundred pounds, and the yearly Annuities to seventy two pounds.

11,* 1.486 Sir Iohn Gresham Mercer and Mayor of Lon∣don, Anno 1548. in the Second year of King Ed∣ward the sixth; gave ten pounds to the poor to e∣very ward in London, (which are twenty four with∣in the City:) And to one hundred and twenty poor men and women, to every one of them three yards of Cloth, for a Gown of eight or nine shillings a yard, to Maids marriages and the Hospitals in Lon∣don above two hundred pounds: He also founded a Free School at Holt, a Market Town in Nor∣folk.

12. Mr. Thomas Ridge Grocer gave to charitable uses one thousand one hundred sixty three pounds,* 1.487 six shillings and eight pence, viz. To the com∣pany of Grocers, to be lent to two young men free of the company an hundred pound, to his men and maid servants sixty three pounds six shillings eight pence, unto the Hospitals about London one hun∣dred pounds, unto Preachers four hundred pounds, to poor Tradesmen in and about London three hun∣dred pounds, for a Lecture in Grace-Church one hundred pounds, and in Gowns for poor men one hundred pounds.

13. Mr. Robert Offley Haberdasher,* 1.488 gave six hun∣dr••d pounds to the Mayor and Commonalty of Chester, to be lent to young Tradesmen, and for the relief of poor and Prisons and other such chari∣table uses two hundred pounds, he gave to the com∣pany of the Haberdashers, to be lent to freemen gratis two hundred pounds more, to pay ten pound yearly to the poor of the company two hundred pounds more, to give ten pounds per annum to two Scholars in each University one, to Bethlehem one hundred pounds, to other Hospitals, Prisons, and poor one hundred and sixty pounds more; in toto, one thousand four hundred and sixty pounds.

14. The Lady Mary Ramsey,* 1.489 who in the life time of Sir Thomas Ramsey joyning with him, and after his death assured in Land two hundred forty three pounds per annum, to Christs Hospital in London to these uses following, to the Schoolmaster of Haw∣stead annually twenty pounds, to the Master and Usher in Christs Church by the year twenty pounds, to ten poor Widows besides apparel and houses, yearly twenty pounds, to two poor a man and a woman during life to each ••ifty three shillings four pence, to two fellows in Peter-house in Cambridge, and four Scholars yearly forty pouuds, to St. Bar∣tholomews Hospital ten pounds, to Newgate, Lud∣gate, Compters, ten pounds, to Christs Hospital af∣ter the expiration of certain Leases, there will come per annum one hundred and twenty pound, to St. Peters, the poor in London, St. Andrews Vnder-shaft, St. Mary Woolnoth, ten pounds, to six Scholars in Cambrid••e twenty pounds, to six Scholars in Oxford twenty pounds, to ten maimed Soldiers twenty pounds, for two Sermons ••orty shillings, to the poor of Christs Church Parish ••i••ty shillings, to the poor of the company of Drapers, yearly ten pounds, ten poor womens Gowns, ten poor Soldiers Coats, Shooes and Caps: All these gifts aforesaid are to continue yearly.

15. Mr. George Blundel Clothier of London, by his last Will and Testament,* 1.490 Anno 1599. bequeath∣ed as followeth. To Christs Hospital five hundred pounds, to St. Bartholomews two hundred and fifty pounds, to St. Thomas Hospital two hundred and fifty pounds, to Bridewel yearly eight pounds, to∣wards Tiverton Church fifty pounds, to mend the high ways there one hundred pounds, to the twelve chief Companies in London, to each one hundred and fifty pounds, towards the releiving of poor prisoners and other charitable uses, in toto one thou∣sand

eight hundred pounds: For poor Maids mar∣riages in Tiverton four hundred pounds, to the Ci∣ty of Exeter to be lent unto poor Artificers, nine hundred pounds; towards the building of the free Grammar School in Tiverton two thousand four hun∣dred pounds, laid out since by his Executors, Sir William Craven and others, one thousand pounds, to the Schoolmaster yearly fifty pounds, to the Usher thirteen pounds six shillings eight pence, to the Clark ••orty shillings, for reparations eight pounds, to place four boys Apprentices in Husbandry year∣ly twenty pounds, to maintain six Scholars, three in Cambridge and three in Oxford, the sum of two thousand pounds. The sum of all counting the yearly pensions at a valuable rate, together with the legacies of money, maketh twelve thousand pounds or thereabouts.

16. Mr. Rogers of the company of Leather-sel∣lers,* 1.491 gave by his Will as followeth, to the Prisons about London twelve pounds, to the poor of two towns in the West Country thirteen pounds six shillings eight pence, to the poor of the town of Pool where he was born ten pounds, to build Alms-houses there three hundred thirty three pounds, to relieve poor Prisoners being neither Papists nor Atheists, that may be set free ••or twenty nobles a man one hundred and fifty pounds, to poor Preach∣ers ten pounds a man one hundred pounds, to poor decayed Artificers that have Wife and Children one hundred pounds, to the Company of Merchant Ad∣venturers to relieve poor decayed people, and for young Freemen four hundred pounds, to Christs Hospital to purchase Land for the relief of that house five hundred pounds, to erect Alms-houses about London, and to maintain twelve poor People threescore pounds, to the Parish where he dwelt, ten pounds, and for two dozen of Bread every Lords day to be distributed one hundred pounds, to Christs-Church Parish fifteen pounds, to the Poor in divers Parishes without Newgate, Cripple∣gate, Bishopsgate, and St. Georges in Southwark, twenty six pounds thirteen shillings four pence, to each alike. To St. Georges Parish in Southwark, St. Sepulchres, St. Olav••s, St. Gile••, St. Leonards, to each thirty pounds, one hundred and fifty pounds, to St. Botolphs without Aldgate and Bishopsgate to each twenty pounds, forty pounds: Given to main∣tain two Scholars in Oxford, two in Cambridge Stu∣dents in Divinity, to the Company of Leather-sel∣lers which is carefully by them employed and aug∣mented, four hundred pounds: The whole Sum amounteth to two thousand nine hundred and sixty pounds six shillings eight pence.

* 1.49217. Mr. George Palyn by his last Will and Testa∣ment, gave unto these charitable use: To erect an Alms-house about London, and to allow unto six poor people yearly, six pounds thirteen shillings four pence, he gave nine hundred pounds: Given to the Chime at Bow Church, one hundred pounds: Given to St. Iohn Baptists and Brazen Nose Colledge in Oxford to maintain four Scholars, to each four pounds yearly, to each Colledge three hundred pounds, in toto six hundred pounds, given to the like use to Trinity and St. Iohns Colledge in Cam∣bridge, to each three hundred pounds, in toto six hundred pounds: To six Prisons about London sixty pounds, to Christs Hospital to purchase twenty pounds per annum three hundred pounds, to St. Tho∣mas Hospital ••ifty pounds, to the Preachers at Pauls Cross to bear their charges two hundred pounds, to divers Parishes in London, to some ten pounds, to some twenty pounds, one hundred thirty two pounds: To the poor in Wrenbury in Cheshire to purchase twenty marks per annum, two hundred pounds, to the use of the Church there thirty pounds, for forty poor Gowns forty pounds, the sum is three thousand two hundred twelve pounds or thereabouts,

18. Mr. Dove gave unto the company of the Merchant Taylors,* 1.493 the sum of two thousand nine hundred fifty eight pounds ten shillings, to pay one hundred seventy nine pounds to these uses fol∣lowing: To maintain thirteen poor Alms-men, and six in reversion per annum one hundred and seven pounds, to a Schoolmaster eight pounds, to the Poor of St. Botolphs twenty pounds nine shillings, to the Prisoners in both Compters, Ludgate and Newgate twenty pounds, given to St. Iohns Colledge in Cam∣bridge one hundred pounds, to Christ's Hospital to purchase sixteen pounds per annum, for one to teach the boys to sing, two hundred and forty pounds, to toll a Bell at St. Sepulchres when the Prisoners go to execution, fifty pounds.

19. Sir William Craven Alderman of London,* 1.494 hath given a thousand pound to Christ's Hospital in London, to purchase Land for the maintenance of that house: He hath also been a worthy Bene∣factor to St. Iohn's College in Oxford. He hath built at Burnsall in York-shire a Church, compassing it with a Wall at the charge of six hundred pounds. He hath erected a School with the allowance of twenty pounds per annum. He hath built one Bridge that cost him five hundred pounds, another two hundred and fifty pounds, a third two hundred marks, a fourth twenty pounds; and caused a Causway to be made, at two hundred pound charge, and all this in his life-time.

20. Mr. Iones a Merchant abiding at Stode,* 1.495 of the Company of the Haberdashers, hath sent of late six thousand pounds to the Company to be bestow'd in Monmouth in Wales, where he was born in charitable Works, and that Worshipful Com∣pany hath already purchased two hundred pounds▪ per annum, and more, allowing one hundred and fif∣ty pounds per annum, to an Hospital for twenty poor People, and an hundred marks to a painful Preacher, to preach twice on the Lord's Day.

21. Mr. Robert Iohnson Arch-Deacon of Lei∣cester,* 1.496 Pastor of North Luffenham in the County of Rutland, hath been a worthy Instrument in this kind, who at his own charge hath caused two free Schools to be built in two Market Towns in that County; the one at Okeham, the other at Vppin∣gham, with allowance of each twenty four pounds to the Master, and twelve pounds to the Usher yearly. He hath also built two Hospitals, called by the Name of Christ's Hospital in the aforesaid Towns, with provision for each of them, for twenty four poor people, he purchased Lands of Queen Elizabeth, which he hath laid to those Hos∣pitals, and procured a Mortmain of four hun∣dred marks per annum. Likewise he redeemed a third Hospital, which had been erected by one William Darby, and was dissolved, being found to be concealed Land. Besides he hath given the perpetual Patronage of North Luffenham to Ema∣nuel Colledge in Cambridge, that the Town may alway be provided of a sufficient Preacher. He hath also made good provision in both Universi∣ties, for Scholars that shall be brought up in the said Schools. He hath given also twenty marks per annum, towards the maintenance of Preachers that are called to Paul's C••oss. He hath also been very beneficial to the town of Luffenham, Stam∣ford, and other places in Rutland, in providing for the education, of their poor Children, and pla∣cing them Apprentices.

* 1.49722. Mr. Iohn Heydon Alderman of London, a Mercer, hath given to a hundred Poor, so many Gowns, a hundred pound, and twelve pence a piece in Money. To the Company of Mercers six hundred pounds, to be lent to young Men, at three pound six shillings eight pence the hundred, which maketh twenty pound to be given yearly to the Poor. Likewise four hundred pound more he gave to the same company, to be lent out at the same rate, and the yearly annuity of thirteen pounds six shillings eight pence arising thereof to go to the maintaining of the Lecture in St. Mi∣chael's Pater Noster; to Christ's Church Hospital five hundred pound; To the eleven Companies besides, eleven hundred pound to be lent out to young Men, at three pound six shillings eight pence the hundred, and out of the annuity arising there∣of twenty pound per annum, to go to the Hospitals, and sixteen pound to the Poor. To Exeter two hundred pound. To Bristol one hundred pound. To Glocester one hundred pound, to be lent to young Tradesmen at three pounds, six shillings eight pence the hundred, to the use of poor Prisoners, and poor people. To the Town of Wardbery, six pound thirteen shillings and four pence. To the Company of Mercers for a Cup, forty pound. To his Servants two hundred and forty pound. Out of the rest of his Moyety, he gave to the aforesad Companies fifty pound to each, to the uses aforesaid.

* 1.49823. Mrs. Owen, Widow of Justice Owen, found∣ed an Hospital and Free School at Islington, gave to the University Library at Oxford two hundred pound. To St. Iohn's Colledge Library in Cam∣bridge twenty pound, Founded one Fellowship and Scholarship in Emanuel Colledge. To Christ's Hospital sixty pounds, to give twelve pence weekly to the Poor in Islington; sixty six pound thirteen shillings four pence to beautifie the Cloy∣ster in Christ's Hospital. To a School-house at Edmonton twenty pound. To the Parish of Con∣dover in Shropshire, fifty pound for a great Bell. The building of Alms-houses for ten poor Wo∣men at Islington, and the purchase of the Lands laid to it, cost her 1415 pound, and the building of the School-house there, three hundred sixty one pound, she gave also yearly sums of Money to Preachers not Bene••iced, and to the Prisons in her life-time. By her last Will, twenty two pound per annum, for Islington School. To Preachers thirty five pound. To the Parish of Bassingshaw twenty pound. To the Prisons eight pound. To the Company of Brewers, in Linnen, Plate, and Money, a hundred pound. The sum of these Moneys, besides the annuity of twenty two pound will amount to two thousand three hundred twen∣ty pound, or thereabout. All this she did, though at her death she had twenty two Children, and Childrens Children; amongst their parts finding a portion for Christ's poor Members.

* 1.49924. To all this as a most exemplary Charity, may be added that Act of Parliament, held Anno 39. of the Queen, Chapter the third, for the re∣lief of the Poor in every Parish, and setting of them to work, by vertue of which Act, there can∣not be less gathered yearly, for the aforesaid cha∣ritable uses, throughout the Land then thirty or forty thousand pounds yearly, a National, and perpetual Charity, the like whereof perhaps, there is no Nation under Heaven, that hath yet, and possibly may not hereafter perform.

CHAP. XXIX. Of such as were Lovers of Iustice, and Impartial Administrators of it.

THose people in India that are called Pedalii, when they make their solemn sacrifices to their gods, use to crave nothing at their hands but that they may have Justice continued and preser∣ved amongst them, as supposing in the enjoyment of that, they should have little reason to complain, of the want of any other thing. And it was the saying of Maximilian the Emperour, fiat Iustitia & ruat coelum; let us have Iustice whatsoever befalls us. The Persons hereafter mentioned, were great Lo∣vers and observers of this excellent virtue, which is of so great advantage to Mankind.

1. The Chronicle of Alexandria relateth an ad∣mirable passage of Theodorick King of the Ro∣mans.* 1.500 Iuvenalis a Widow, made her complaint, that a suit of hers in Court, was drawn out for the space of three years, which might have been di∣spatch'd in few days. The King demanded who were her Judges, she named them, they were sent unto and commanded to give all the speedy expe∣dition that was possible to this Womans cause, which they did, and in two days determined it to her good liking. Which done Theodorick called them again, they supposing it had been to applaud their excellent Justice, now done, hastned thither full of joy. Being come the King asked of them, how cometh it to pass, you have performed that in two days, which had not been done in three years? They answered, The recommendation of your Majesty made us finish it. How? replieth the King, when I put you into Office, did I not consign all Pleas, and proceedings to you, and particularly those of widows? you deserve death, so to have spun out a business in length, three years space, which required but two days dispatch; and at that instant commanded their heads to be struck off.

2. The Emperor Trajan had done many brave and eminent Acts,* 1.501 but none of his Atcheivements were so resplendent, as the Justice he readily af∣forded to a vertuous Widow. Her son had been slain, and she not being able to obtain ••ustice, had the courage to accost the Emperor in the midst of the City of Rome, amongst an infinite number of people, and flourishing legions, which fol∣lowed him to the Wars, he was then going to make War in Valachia. At her request Trajan, notwithstanding he was much pressed with the af∣fairs of a most urgent War, alighted from his horse, heard her, comforted her, and did her Justice. This Act of his was afterwards repre∣sented on Trajan's pillars as one of his greatest wonders.

3. When Sisamnes one of the chiefest of the Persian Judges,* 1.502 had given an unjust judgment, Cambyses the King, caused him to be ••••ey'd alive, and his skin to be hung over the Judgment-feat, and having bestowed the Office of the dead Fa∣ther, upon Otanes the Son; he willed him to re∣member that the same partiality, and injustice would deserve the same punishment.

4. It is reported of the Emperor Maximilian the first,* 1.503 that when he passed by the places of

Execution; belonging to Cities and Signiories, where the bodies of Male••actors are hung up, as Spectacles of terror; he would vail his Bonnet, and say aloud Salve Iustitia, as who should say God maintain Justice.

* 1.5045. In the fourth year of Queen Mary, exem∣plary Justice was done upon a great Person. For the Lord Sturton (a man much in favour with the Queen as being an earnest Papist) was for a mur∣der committed by him, arraign'd and condemn'd, carry'd to Salisbury and there in the Market-place was hang'd, having this only favor to be hang'd in a Silken halter. Four of his servants were also executed in places near adjoyning to that where the murder was committed.

6. In the Reign of King Iames, Ann. 1612. Iune 25. the Lord Sanquer a Nobleman of Scot∣land,* 1.505 having in a private revenge suborned Ro∣bert Carlile to murther Iohn Turner a Master of Fence, thought by his greatness to have born it out. But the King respecting nothing so much as Justice, would not suffer Nobility to be a shelter for villany, but according to the Law, the 29th of Iune, the said Lord Sanquer having been arraign'd and condemn'd by the name of Iohn Creighton, Esq was executed before Westminster-hall-gate, where he died very penitent.

* 1.5067. Artaxerxes Longimanus King of Persia, had of his Bed-chamber one Satybarsanes whom he much favour'd: this man earnestly importuned the King, in an affair, which the King himself knew to be unjust: and having understood that Saty∣barsanes was to receive 30000 Daricks to bring the business to a desirable conclusion, he caused his Treasurer openly to pay that sum to him as his gift, adding withal, that by the gift of that sum he should be never the poorer, but should he grant what he desired he should deservedly be ac∣counted the less just.

* 1.5078. Henry the second commanded that an Ita∣lian Lackey should he laid in Prison, without tel∣ling why. The Judges set him at liberty: having first delivered their opinion to the King: who again commanded that he should be put to death: having as he said taken him tardy in a foul and hei∣nous offence, which he would not have to be di∣vulged: the Judges, for all that would not con∣demn him, but set open the prison doors to let him forth: It is true that the King caused him to be taken afterwards, and thrown into the River Seine, without any form of Law to avoid tumult, but the Judges would not condemn a Person, where no proof was made, that he was guilty.

* 1.5089. King Lewis the Eleventh, minding to Cajole the Court Parliament of Paris, if it should refuse, to publish certain new Ordinances by him made; The Masters of that Court understanding the drif••, went all to the King in their Robes. The King asked them what they would. Sir Answers the President La Vaquery; We are come with a full purpose to loose our lives every one of us; rather than we will suffer, that by our connivance any unjust Ordi∣nance should take place; The King amazed at this answer of La Vaquery, and at the constancy of the Parliament: gave them gracious entertainment, and Commanded that the Edicts which he would have had published, should be cancelled in his pre∣sence, swearing that from thence forward he would never make Edict that should not be just and Equi∣table.

* 1.50910 Spitigneus the second, Prince of Bohemia, riding on the way, there met him a Widow imploring his Justice; the Prince Commands her to expect his return: she alleges that this delay would prove dangerous to her, for that she was to make her appearance, the very next hour, or else to forfeit her Bond. The Prince refers the Woman to others, that were his Ordinary Judges but she cry'd out, that he himself and not others was the Judge whom God had appointed her, upon which he alighted from his horse, and with great patience, attended the hearing of the poor Womans cause, for the space of two hours together.

11. Mahomet the second of that name Emperor of the Turks,* 1.510 had a Son called Mustapha, whom he had design'd to succeed him in the Empire: otherwise a good Prince, but prone to lust: The Young Prince was fallen in love with Achmet Bassa his Wife, a Woman of Excellent Beauty: He had long endeavored to prevail with her by all sorts of allurements, but this way not succeed∣ing, he would try by surprize. He had gained knowledge of the time when the Woman went to Bath her self (as the Turks often do;) he soon followed her with a few of his retinue, and their seised her naked as she was, and in despite of all the resistance she could make, had his will upon her. She tells her husband, he the Emperor, and desires his Justice. The Emperor at first seemed to take small notice of it, and soon after (though he had different sentiments within) he rated the Bassa with sharp Language. What says he dost thou think it meet to complain thus grievously of my Son? knowest thou not that both thy self and that wife of thine are my slaves; and accord∣ingly at my dispose? If therefore my Son, has embraced her and followed the inclinations of his mind; he has embraced but a slave of mine, and having my approbation, he hath committed no fault at all, think of this and go thy way, and leave the rest to my self. This he said in defence of his absolute Empire, but ill satisfied in his mind, and vex'd at the thing, he first sends for his Son, examines him touching the fact, and he having confessed it, he dismissed him with out∣ragious Language and threats, three days after when Paternal Love to his Son, and Justice had striven in his brest, Love to Justice, having gained the superiority, and victory: he com∣manded his Mutes to strangle his Son Musta∣pha with a Bow-string, that by his death he might make amends to injured and violated Chastity.

12. Herkenbald a man Mighty,* 1.511 Noble, and Famous, had no respect of Persons in Judgment but condemned and punished with as great severi∣ty the Rich, and his own kindred, as the Poor and those whom he knew least in the world. Be∣ing once very sick, and keeping his bed, he heard a great bustle in a Chamber next to that wherein he lay: and withal a Woman crying and shrick∣ing out. He enquired of his servants what the matter was: but they all concealed the truth from him: at last one of his Pages being severely threat∣ned by him, and told that he would cause one to pull out his eyes from his head if he did not tell him plainly what all that stir was: told him in few words. My Lord said he, Your Nephew hath ra∣vish'd a Maid, and that was the noise you heard. The fact being examined and throughly averred. Herkenbald condemned his dear Nephew to be hang'd, till he should be dead. But the Seneshall who had the charge to execute the sentence, seeming as if he had been very hot and forward

to do it, went presently and gave the young man notice of all that passed, wishing him to keep out of the way for a while; and some few hours after comes agrin to the sick person, assuring him a∣gainst all truth, that he had put his Sentence in execution. About five days after the young Gen∣tleman, thinking his Unkle had forgotten all, came and peeped in at his Chamber door. The Unkle having spyed him, calls him by his name, and with fair words tols him to his bed's head, till he was within his reach; and then suddainly catch∣ing him by the locks with the le••t hand, and pul∣ling him forcibly to him, with his right-hand he gave him such a ready blow into the throat with a knife, that he dyed instantly. So great was the Zeal which this Noble Man bare to Justice.

* 1.51213. The Emperor Otho the first, being upon a Military Expedition, a woman threw her self at his feet, beseeching a just Revenge according to the Laws, upon a person who had committed a Rape upon her. The Emperor being in haste, re∣••erred the hearing of her Cause till his Return. But who then, replyed the woman, shall recal into your Majesty's mind the horrid injury that hath been done to me? The Emperor looking up to a Church there by, This, said he, shall be a witness betwixt thee and me, that I will do thee justice; and so dismissing her, he with his Retinue set forward. At his Return, seeing the Church, he called to mind the com∣plaint, and caused the woman to be summoned; who at her appearance thus bespake him; Dre••d Soveraign, the man of whom I heretofore complained is now my Husband, I have since had a child by him, and have forgiven him the injury. Not so, said the Emperor, by the beard of Otho he shall suffer for it, for a collusion amongst your selves does not make void the Laws. And so caused his head to be struck off.

* 1.51314. In the Reign of Constantius, Acindinus the Prefect of Antioc••, had a certain person under cu∣stody, for a pound of Gold to be paid into the Exchequer; threatning him, that in case he paid it not at a certain day, he should die the death. The man knew not where to have it, and now the fatal day drew near. He had a beautiful Wife, to whom a rich man in the City sent word, that for a nights lodging he would pay in the Gold. She acquaints her Husband, who for the safety of his life, readily gave leave; she renders her self up to the rich man, who at her departure, gave her on∣ly a pound of Earth tyed up in a bag instead of the promised Gold. She enraged at her injury, toge∣ther with this super-added fraud, complains to the Prefect, and declares to him the truth of the whole; who finding that his threats of her Hus∣band had brought her to these extremities, pro∣nounced Sentence on this manner; The pound of Gold shall be paid out of the Goods of Acindinus, the Prisoner shall be free, and the woman shall be put into possession of that Land from whence she received Earth instead of Gold.

* 1.51415. Chabot was Admiral to King Francis the first, a man most nobly descended, and of great Service, and in high favour with his Prince; but as in other men, the passion of Love grows cold, and wears out by time; so the King's affection be∣ing changed towards the Admiral, had charged him with some offences which he had formerly committed. The Admiral presuming upon the great good Services he had done the King in Pie∣••ont, and in the defence of Marseilles against the Emperor, gave the King other language than be∣came him, and desired nothing so much as a pub∣lick Trial. Hereupon the King gave Commission to the Chancellor Poyet, as President, and other Judges (upon an information of the King's Advo∣cate) to question the Admiral's life. The Chan∣cellor (an ambitious man, and of a large Consci∣ence) hoping to content the King, wrought with some of the Judges with so great cunning, others with so sharp threats, and the rest with so fair promises, that though nothing could be proved against the Admiral worthy of the King's displea∣sure, yet the Chancellor subscribed, and got o∣thers to subscribe to the forfeiture of his Estate, Offices, and Liberty, though not able to prevail against his life. But the King hating falshood in so great a Magistrate, and though to any that should bewail the Admiral's calamity, it might have been answered, that he was tryed according to his own desire, by the Laws of his Country, and by the Judges of Parliament; yet, I say, the King made his Justice surmount all his other Passions, and gave back the Admiral his Honour, his Offices, his Estate, his Liberty; and caused the wicked Poyet his Chancellor, to be indicted, arraigned, degraded and condemned.

16. Totilus King of the Goths,* 1.515 was complained to by a Calabrian, that one of his Life-guard had ravished his Daughter; upon which the Accused was immediately sent to Prison, the King resolving to punish him as his fact deserved, but the Soldiers trooped about him, desiring that their fellow Sol∣dier, a man of known valour, might be given back to them. Totilus sharply reproved them; what would ye, said he, know ye not that without Iu∣stice, neither any Civil or Military Government is able to subsist? can ye not remember what slaughters and calamities the Nation of the Goths underwent through the injustice of Theodahadas? I am now your King; and in the maintenance of that, we have regained our ancient Fortune and Glory: would you now lose all for the sake of one single Villain? See you to your selves, Soldiers; but for my part, I proclaim it aloud, care∣less of the event, that I will not suffer it; and if you are resolved you will, then strike at me: behold a body and breast ready for the stroke. The Soldiers were moved with this speech, deserted their Client. The King sent for the man from Prison, condem∣ned him to death, and gave his Estate to the inju∣red and violated person.

17. The Emperor Leo Arm••nus going out of his Palace,* 1.516 was informed by a mean person, that a Senator had ravished his Wife, and that he had complained of his injury to the Perfect, but as yet could have no redress. The Emperor comman∣ded that both the Prefect and Senator should be sent for, and wait his return in his Palace, toge∣ther with their Accuser; being come back, he ex∣amined the matter, and finding it true as the man had represented, he displaced the Prefect from his Dignity for his negligence, and punish'd the crime of the Senator with death.

18. Charles the bold Duke of Burgundy,* 1.517 and Earl of Flaunders, had a Noble Man in special fa∣vour with him, to whom he had committed the Government of a Town in Zealand; where liv∣ing in a great deal of case, he fell in love with a woman of a beautiful body, and a mind and man∣ners no whit inferior: He passed and repassed by her door; soon after grew bolder, entred into conference with her, discovers his flame, and be∣seeches a compassionate resentment of it; he makes large promises, and uses all the ways by which he hoped to gain her; but all in vain. Her chastity was proof against all the batteries he could make against it. Falling therefore into despair,

he converts himself unto Villany. He was, as I said, a Governour, and Duke Charles was busied in War; he causes therefore the Husband of his Mistress to be accused of Treachery, and forth∣with commits him to Prison, to the end that by fear or threats he might draw her to his pleasure, or at least, quit himself of her Husband, the only Rival with him in his Loves. The woman, as one that loves her Husband, goes to the Goal, and thence to the Governor to entreat for him; and if she was able, to obtain his liberty. Dost thou come, O my Dear, to entreat me, said the Gover∣nor? You are certainly ignorant of the Empire you have over me: Render me only a mutual affection, and I am ready to restore you your Husband; for we are both under a restraint, he is in my Prison, and I am in yours. Ah how easily may you give l••berty to us both! w••y do you refuse? As a Lover I beseech you, and as you tender my life, as the Governor I ask you, and as you tender the life of your Husband; both are at stake, and if I must perish I will not fall alone. The woman blush'd at what she heard; and withal, be∣ing in fear for her Husband, trembled and turned pale. He perceiving she was moved, and suppo∣sing that some force should be used to her modesty, (they were alone) throws her upon the bed, and enjoys the fruit which will shortly prove bitter to them both. The woman departed confounded, and all in tears, thinking of nothing more than re∣venge; which was also the more inflamed by a bar∣barous a••t of the Governor; for he having ob∣tained his desire, and hoping hereafter freely to enjoy her, took care that her Husband and his Ri∣val should be beheaded in the Goal, and there was the body put into a Coffin ready for Burial: This done, he sent for her; and in an affable manner What, said he, do you seek for your Husband? you shall have him, and (pointing to the Prison) you shall find him there, take him along with you. The woman suspecting nothing, went her way; when there she sees, and is astonished, she falls upon the dead Corps; and having long lamented over it, she returns to the Governor with a fierce counte∣nance and tone: It is true (said she) you have resto∣red me my Husband, I owe you thanks for the favour, and will pay you. He endeavours to retain and ap∣pease her, yet in vain; but hasting home, she calls about her her most faithful friends, recounts to them all that had passed. All agree that she should make her case known to the Duke; who amongst other his excellent Virtues, was a singular Lover of Justice. To him she went, was heard, but scarce believed. The Duke is angry and grieved that any of his, and in his Dominions, should pre∣sume so far: He commands her to withdraw into the next Room till he sent for the Governor, who by chance was then at Court; being come, do you know, said the Duke, this woman? the man chan∣ged colour; do you know too, added he, the com∣plaints she makes of you? they are sad ones, and such as I would not th••y should be true: he shakes, faulters in his speech, says and unsays; being urged home, he confesses all, frees the woman from any fault; and casting himself at the Dukes feet, said, he placed all his refuge and comfort in the good grace and mercy of his Prince; and that he might the better obtain it, he offered to make amends for his unlawful lust, by a lawful Marriage of the person whom he had injured. The Duke, as one that inclined to what he said, and now somewhat mild∣er; you woman, said he, since it is gone thus far, are you willing to have this man for your Husband: she refuses; but fearing the Duke's displeasure, and prompted by the Courtiers that he was Noble, Rich and in favour with his Prince, overcome at last, she yields. The Duke causes both to joyn hands, and the Marriage to be lawfully made; which done, You, Mr. Bridegroom, said he, you must now grant me this, that if you die first without Children of your body, that then this Wife of yours shall be the Heir of all that you have; he willingly gran∣ted it; it is writ down by a Notary, and Witness is to it. Thus done, the Duke turning to the wo∣man; Tell me, said he, is there enou••h done for your satisfaction? There is, said she; But there is no•• to mine, said he: And sending the woman away, he commands the Governor to be led away to that very Prison in which the Husband was slain; and dead, to be laid in a Coffin headless, as he was. This done, he then sent the woman thither (igno∣rant of what had passed;) who frighted with that second unthought of misfortune of two Husbands almost at one and the same time, lost by one and the same punishment, fell speedily sick, and in a short time died; having gained this only by her last Marriage, that she left her Children by her former Husband very rich by the acces••ion of this new and great Inheritance.

19. Sir Iohn Markham was Knighted by King Edward the fourth,* 1.518 and by him made Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench; at which time one Sir Thomus Cooke, late Lord Major of London, and Knight of the Bath, a man of a great Estate, was agreed upon to be accused of high Treason, and a Commission granted forth to try him in Guild-Hall. The King, by private instructions to the Judge, appeared so far, that Cooke, though he was not, must be found guilty; and if the Law were too short, the Judge must stretch it to the pur∣pose. The fault laid to his charge was for lending Moneys to Queen Murgaret; the proof was the Confession of one Hawkins, who was wracked in the Tower. Sir Thomas Cooke pleaded that Hawkins came indeed to request him to lend a thousand Marks upon good Security, but that un∣derstanding who it was for, he had sent him away with a refusal: the Judge shewed the proof reach∣ed not the charge of high Treason, that Misprisi∣on of Treason was the highest it could amount to; and intimated to the Jury, to be tender in matter of life, and discharge good Consciences; they found it accordingly: For which the Judge was outed of his place, and lived privately the rest of his days; and gloried in this, that though the King could make him no Judge, he could not make him no upright Judge.

CHAP. XXX. Of such persons as were illustrious for their singular Chastity, both Men and Women.

THere is no Vice whatsoever that is very easie to overcome; but that of the Lusts of the Flesh seems to have a peculiar difficulty in the Conquest of it; for whereas Covetousness hath its seat in the mind alone, this seises upon the mind and body also; whereas other Vices use to grow upon us only through our loosing the Reins unto desire,

this is ingenerate, born with us, and accompanies us all along from our Cradles to the Tomb, (for the most part) having fixed its roots so deep with∣in us, through long indulgence that not one of ma∣ny is able to prevail against it: By how much the more strong therefore the enemy is, and the more intimate and familiar he is with us, the more noble is the Victory and the Conquest more glo∣rious.

* 1.5191. St. Ierome Relates a Story of one Nicetas a young man of invincible Courage, who when (by all sor••s of threatnings) he was not to be frighted into idolatry; his enemies resolved upon another course: They brought him into a Garden ••lowing with all manner of sensual pleasures and delights, there they laid him in a bed of Down, safely en∣wrapped in a Net of Silk, amongst the Lilies and Roses, with the delicious murmur of the Rivulets, and the sweet whistling of the winds amongst the Leaves, and then all departed. There was then immediately sent unto him a young and most beau∣tiful Strumpet, who used all the abominable tricks of her impure art, and whorish villanies to draw him to her desire. The youth now fearing that he should be conquered with folly, who had ••riumph∣ed over fury, resolutely bit off a piece of his own tongue with his teeth, spitting it in the face of the whore, and so by the smart of his wound extin∣guished the rebellion of his flesh.

* 1.5202. While King Demetrius was at Athens, there was a young boy of so lovely a Countenance, that he was commonly called Democles the fair, him did Demetrius send for and court with fair speeches, large promises and great gifts, at other times he sought to terrifie him by threats, and all tha•• he might gain the use of his body: But the chast Lad was proof against all these, and to avoid the im∣portunity of the King, he resorted not to the pub∣lick places of exercise, or to the Baths with his companions as before, but used to wash himself in private and alone. Demetrius was inform'd of it, and finding his time rushed in upon him being alone, the boy perceiving he could not now avoid the lust of this Royal Ravisher, (though he had infinite hor∣rors at the apprehension of it) he snatched off the cover of the Cauldron where the water was boyl∣ing, and leaping into it soon choaked himself, chu∣sing rather to dye than to outlive the violation of his Chastity.

* 1.5213. Thomas Arch-Bishop of York in the Reign of Henry the first, falling sick, his Physicians told him that nothing would do him good but to company with a woman, to whom he replied, that the rea¦medy was worse than the disease, and so dyed a Virgin.

* 1.5224. Anno ••421. Pelagius was in Spain, and after the terrible slaughter received in the Battel of Iun∣caria under King Ordonius, he was given as hostage to the Moors, for his Uncle Hermogius the Bishop Abderamine King of the Moors was surprised and strangely taken with the beauty of this Prisoner of his (for he was a lovely youth to look upon) and therefore determined to reserve this flower for him∣self, accordingly he began to play with him, and lasciviously to touch and solicit him. The noble youth rejected him and that frequently, the Lover at last determined to obtain by force what he could not compass by flatteries, which the other perceiv∣ing moved with a generous anger, he gave the King a blow upon the Face with his Fist, And Dog, said he, take my life foom me, but my chastity thou shalt never extort from me. The Barbarian was so incens'd with this indignity, that he caused him to be put into a military sling, and by that to be thrown for∣cibly over the River Boetis, and dashed upon those Rocks that were on the other side.

5. Spurina was a young man of Hetruria,* 1.523 of ad∣mirable beauty, so that he drew the eyes of all the women and virgins that beheld him, and not only so but of the men also; the former sighed, and ei∣ther openly or in private wished the enjoyment of him, the men were touched with jealousie each li∣ving in suspicion of his Wife; by reason of this so powerful a temptation: Spurina (the best of young men) perceiving how matters went, that he might at once free both himself and others from fear or trouble, did so deform with bruises and scars that most lovely face of his, that afterwards he li∣ved rather the mockery than the temptation of o∣thers.

6. Baldwine Earl of Flanders,* 1.524 afterwards made Emperour of Constanoinople; being about thirty two years of age, was yet in that flourish and heat of youth, of such singular chastity, and all the time of his absence from his Wife, did so contain himself that he never cast a lustful glance, or looked upon any woman with unchast eyes. Nicetas who was otherwise his enemy, has wrote down thus much of him in his history, and withal adds that he did exact the like chastity in all others, and therefore twice a week about evening ho caused it to be pro∣claimed, that no man whatsoever that had had to do with a strange woman, should presume to lye down within the compass of his Palace.

7. Zenocrates the Son of Agathenor born in Chal∣cedon,* 1.525 the Scholar of Plato and a great Philosopher, was of a tryed and approved chastity, it is said that the beautiful Strumpet Phryne, intended one time to make experiment of his continency, and pre∣tending she was pursued by some persons of ill inten∣tions towards her, desired to be received into his house: She was, and seeing there was but one bed, she desired to lye with him which he also granted, there she made tryal of her arts to subdue the vertue of this excellent person, but she departed withont having obtained her desires, and gave out that she had lain by the side of some statue and not a man. His Scholars also laid the famous Harlot Lais in his bed, upon a wager she was not able to subvert his constancy, which was also lost on her part, though such was her beauty that the flower of Greece doted upon, and pur••hased the enjoyments of at excessive rates.

8. Xenophon writes of Cyrus,* 1.526 that when Panthea a most beautiful Lady was taken Captive by him, and was now about to be b••ought into his presence, he expressly forbad it, lest he should violate his own and her chastity; though but with his eyes: When Araspes one of his familiar friends perswa∣ded him to go to her Tent and confer with her, alledging that she was of incomparable excellency; and a Lady worthy of a Kings eye: Vpon that ac∣count (replied he) there is the greater reason I should forbear, for should I now make her a visit while I am at leisure, she may peradventure so order the matter, as to occasion my return to her when I have business enough.

9. King Antiochus the third of that name, came to his City of Ephesus, soon after his arrival he there beheld tht Priestess of Diana, a Virgin of unmatch∣able beauty, and such perfections as he had not seen before: He departed from thence immediate∣ly, and that for this reason lest that love which began to kindle in his breast, growing stronger and bolder by frequ••nt ••ight of the person, should en∣force him so far that he who came thither virtuous and chast, should return from thence with the ship∣wrack of both.

* 1.52710. Scipio had taken the City of New Carthage where besides the rest of the Spoil, there were found a ••umber of Boys and Girls, the children of the Nobility: Amongst the rest one Virgin was brought and presented to Scipio, whose marvellous beauty attracted the eyes of all men which way so∣ever she went, it was supposed this would be no unacceptable present to a young General, but as soon as he had looked upon her, I would, said he, accept and enjoy this Virgin, were I a private person and not in such command as now I am: As it is the Republick keeps this mind of mine sufficiently employed; yet I re∣ceive her as a kind of Pledge to be by me restored and re∣turned where reason and humanity shall perswade. Thereupon he asked the young Lady of what Country she was, what her Birth, and who her Pa∣rents, by whom he understood that she was a Prin∣cess, and contracted to Luceius a young Prince of her Nation: The General therefore sent both for him and her Parents, and when come, setting the Virgin Lady by him spake thus to her Spouse: As soon as this Virgin was by my Soldiers brought and pre∣sented to me, I did willingly behold the excellency of her form, and I praised the other accomplishments of her body and mind, for nature hath not brought us forth blind and altogether ignorant of such things: Love can reach even this Brest of mine, but then it must be an ho∣nest one, and such as the time and my affairs will permit, Though therefore she is mine in the right of War, I am not desirous in the midst of arms to play at this kind of Game, nor perhaps is it comely to detain from a valiant person one that is already contracted to him. I have learn't thus much from her, and have therefore sent for thee, that I might see thee, and that I (heaven is my witness) a chast man might deliver this chast Virgin to thee. She hath liv'd with me in ••hat caution and reser∣vedness, as if she ••ad bin with her own parents; nor was it a gift worthy either of my self or thee, if either force, or private fraud had bin any diminution to her vertue, receive her inviolate, and enjoy her, nor will we have any other recompence besides thy self, that is a cordial respect to Scipio and the Romans. The young Prince was astonished for joy, the Parents fell down at the feet of Scipio, and laying there a considera∣ble weight of Gold, offered it as her ransome, but he bid the young Prince take it as part of her Dow∣ry from himself, above that which her Parents should give: Thus did he overcome at once his lust and his covetousness, and by this one noble act of his drew a great part of Spain to the side of the Romans, they striving with eagerness to be subject to a person of so much virtue.

* 1.52811. Agesilaus King of Sparta after the Spartan (that is an inoffensive) manner, loved Magabates, a Persian boy of singular beauty, and when (ac∣cording to the Persian custom) the boy came one time to kiss him, Agesilaus thrust him away with his Arm, when he saw the boy was displeased at it, Bid him, said he, try again (to one that stood by) but the boy would first know whether if he offered he should not be again refused; I would not, said Agesilaus, receive one kiss, though it should make me the fairest of all men, or enable me to turn all I saw into gold.

* 1.52912. Rhomilda though a lustful Princess, had two Daughters Appa and Gela, who were as chast as the Mother was contrary, for when through the trea∣son of the Mother the Henetians had taken the City of Friol, they to preserve their honour put raw flesh under their Arm-Pits, which putrefying there yielded such a stinking and loathsom smell, that the Barbarians were not able to come near them: By this honest Artifice they preserved their Virgin in∣nocency untouched.

13. Acciolin Tyrant of Padua,* 1.530 in the year 1253. surprised by treason a little Neighbour City called Bassian, at which surprisal Blanche Rubea being ta∣ken with her sword in her hand, (her Husband was slain fighting valiantly) was disarm'd and dragg'd by violence before the Tyrant, who extremely ta∣ken with her beauty, with entreaties, rich pre∣sents, and at some times an intermixture of threats; laboured to corrupt her chast mind, but finding the Fortress impreguable this way, he resolved to car∣ry it by plain force: Blanche made shift by some pretence to rid her self out of his hands, and re∣covering a window, threw her self headlong from thence to the ground, where she lay weltring in her blood, She was taken up half dead, carried to a bed, and carefully looked after: when some days were passed over and she perfectly recovered; she was again brought before Acciolin, where she per∣severed in her vertuous courage: But the shameless Beast caused her to be bound, and held so fast by certain Grooms, the furtherers of his villanies, that notwithstanding all the resistance she could pos∣sibly make, he defiled the body of this excellent Lady. A mortal grief seized her at this execrable outrage, yet having dissembled it some few days, she gained leave of her friends to see the body of her Husband, being then all putrefied, the Tomb∣stone was lifted up, and Blanche discovering the body suddenly fell down upon it, drawing after her the stay that held up the stone, by the fall whereof her head was so crushed; that death soon followed, and she was laid in the same Tomb with her belo∣ved Husband.

14. When the Wife of Hiero King of Sicily,* 1.531 was taxed by her Husband that she had never told him of his stinking brea••h, which one had then newly upbraided him with; I thought, answered she, that all mens breaths had smelt so. An excellent Testi∣mony of Chastity in that the woman never came so near any man, as to discern if his breath was sweet∣er or stronger, than that of her Husband. The same History is recounted of Bilia the Wife of Duellius.

15. The••e was a Maid in Alexandria,* 1.532 endowed with an admirable beauty, and sued unto with all possible importunities, she fled from them and hid her self in a Sepulchre of the dead; twelve years lived she in this little Cell, made to lodge such as had nothing to do with the world: Being at last found in this manner, and asked what she meant to do; made answer: Thesaurum Castitatis servo inter arentes calvarias, unde nulla s••amma erumpit, I pre∣serve the treasure of chastity amongst these dead carkas∣ses from whence fly no sparkles of Concupiscence.

16. Brasilla of Diracchium,* 1.533 an illustrious Virgin, being taken by a Soldier, and about to suffer vio∣lence by him, told him that if he would let her go with her Virginity untouched, she would shew him an herb, which if he did but eat would preserve him from being wounded by any weapon whatso∣ever: The Soldier agreed, and went with the Maid into the Garden, where she takes of the next herb she met with, and chewing it in her mouth, This, said she, is the Herb, and that you may not doubt of the efficacy of it, make tryal with your Sword upon my self, if you are able to wound me. The Soldier was won to credit her by the stedfast earnestness of her countenance, and drawing his Sword made such a thrust at her, that unwillingly he deprived her of life, and she by this Artifice preserved her self from being corrupted by the otherways unbridled l••st of him who had made her his Prisoner.

17. Cyrus had taken Captive the wife of Tigra∣nes

Son to the King of Armenia,* 1.534 and asked him at what price he would redeem his Wife? At the price of my life, said he, rather than she should live in servitude. Cyrus delighted with that answer, gave liberty to his Wife, her Father, and the rest of the Captives, and when amongst them there was great discourse of the virtues of Cyrus; some also extolling the complete shape of his body, And said Tigranes to his wife, did he not seem to thee very beau∣tiful? Really, said she; I did not look upon him: Vp∣on whom then, said he? Vpon him, replyed she, that said he would redeem my captivity at the price of his life.

18. Euphrasia a Virgin being seized by a Soldier and perceiving her self reduced to that condition, that neither her strongest resistance nor tears could any longer defend her chastity, from an armed and bold Ravisher, she bids him forbear, that she would redeem at a valuable rate what she could not ob∣tain by all her entreaties:* 1.535 She tells him that she was skill'd in Magick, had been initiated in en∣chantments from her infancy, and that she knew a certain unguent with which if he once anointed his body, he should be proof against either sword or dart, that she would impart to him this secret, (which to that day she had kept to her self) upon this condition, that he would solemnly swear from thenceforth not to offer any injury to her Virgin modesty, the Soldier touched with the ambition of military glory, swore readily to what she desi∣red, she left him a while, and having melted some wax with other ingredients, she anointed her neck and shoulders sufficiently with it, then turning to the young man, That you may understand, said she, that I have not deal•• deceitfully with you, I will extort a belief from you, at the hazard of my own person; come Souldier and with the utmost force you are able; strike with your Sword upon this neck of mine, that I have so well secured with this Medicament; and soon shalt thou be convinced how safe I have rendred my self with this Artifice. He whose lust was almost extinguish'd by the fervent desire he had to make tryal; drew out his Sword, and with force enough let drive at the place the Virgin had de∣sign'd him: the sword entred so far into her throat, that with one and the same blow, he cut off his hopes of enjoying the Virgin, and her fears of loosing her Virginty.

* 1.53619. Timoclea, was a Lady of Thebes, and at the sack of it was forcibly ravish'd by a Thracian Prince; and she revenged the injury in this man∣ner: dissembling the extream hatred which she bare to her ravisher, she told him she knew a place, wherein much Treasure and store of Gold was conceal'd; she led him to an out-place belonging to the house where there was a deep well, while the over covetous Thracian, lean'd▪ over to look into it; She tripp'd up his heels, and sent him headlong to the bottom of it, with a quantity of stones after him to hinder his resurrection from thence, for ever to the world; being afterwards brought before Alexander, and charged with the death of this Captain of his; she confessed the fact, and when he asked who she was? I am said she the Sister of that Theagenes; who died sighting valiantly against thy Father in the Fields of Cheronaea; the generous Prince freely dismiss'd her.

* 1.53720. There was a Maid called Lucia, who lived a Virgin amongst many others, and whose exqui∣site beauty was sought unto with vehement solici∣tation, by a powerful Lord, who having Com∣mand and Authority in his hands; sent messen∣gers to seise on this innocent Lamb: and whilst they were at the gate menacing to kill her; and set all on fire, if this poor creature was not deli∣vered into their hands: the Maid came forth, what is it said she you demand? I beseech you tell me whether there be any thing in my power, to purchase your Lord and Masters Love; yea an∣swered they in a flouting manner your eyes have gained him; nor ever can he have rest tell he enjoy them. Well go then said she, only suffer me to go to my Chamber, and I will give satis∣faction in this point: The poor maid seeing her self betwixt the Hammer and the Anvil; she spake to her eyes and said; how my eyes are you then guilty; I know the reservedness and simplicity of your glances; nor have I in that kind any remorse of conscience. But howsoever it be, you appear to me not innocent enough; since you have kind∣led fire in the heart of a man whose hatred, I have ever more esteemed than his love; Quench with your blood the flames you have raised. Whereupon with a hand piously cruel: She dig∣ged out her eyes, and sent the torn reliques, em∣brewed in her blood, to him, who sought her; adding, Behold what you love. He seized with horror, hastned to hide himself in a Monastery, where he remained the rest of his days.

21. The Consul Manlius having overthrown the Army of Gallogrecians,* 1.538 in Mount Olympus; part were slain and part made prisoners; amongst o∣thers was the Wife of Prince Orgiagon, a woman of surpassing beauty, who was committed to the cu∣stody of a Centurion; and by him forcibly ravished. Her ransome was afterwards agreed upon, and the place appointed to receive it from the hands of her friends; when they came thither; and that the Centurion was intent both with his eyes and mind upon the weighing of the Gold; she in her Language gave command to them that were present that they should kill him: When his head was cut off she took it up in her hands, went with it to her husband, and having thrown it at his feet, she related the manner of the injury she had recei∣ved and the revenge she had taken; who will say that any thing besides the body of this woman was in the power of her enemies? for neither could her mind be overcome, nor the chastity of it violated.

22. I will shut up this Chapter with the illu∣strious Example of Thomas Aquinas:* 1.539 this great person had determined with himself to consecrate the flower of his age, to God, and the desirable vertue of Chastity, his Parents opposed this No∣ble resolution of his, by flatteries and threats: and such other Arts as they supposed might be of use to them upon this occasion, but without any success, their Son remained constant to his pur∣pose, in despite of all their endeavors; Where∣upon they took this other course: When Tho∣mas was one day in his Chamber all alone; they sent in to him, a young Damosel of an admira∣ble beauty: who with a countenance composed to lasciviousness; began, with various allure∣ments and feminine flatteries to invite him to wickedness; All things seemed to speak in her, her voice and form, her eyes, and clothes, her gestures and perfumes; the youth perceived the delightful poison began to slide into his heart; and therefore turning himself, Lord Jesus said he suffer me not to commit this filthy wickedness in thy sight; or for the sake of carnal lust to loose the joys of Eternal Life; this said, he catch'd up a burning brand out of the fire; with which he

drave out this Syren before him: and shut his Chamber door upon her, happily by this means escaping the snare that was spread before him, and by which he was so near to have been en∣tangled.

CHAP. XXXI. Of Patience; and what power some men have had over their Passion.

EVery man knows how to row in a calm: and an indifferet Pilot will serve to direct the course of a Ship: when the season is quiet and serene; but the conduct of that Governor is most praise worthy; who knows how to steer his ves∣sel aright, when the winds are enraged; and some furious tempest has put the tumultuous waves into a vehement commotion. In like man∣ner it is a small commendation to appear mild, when nothing is said or done to displease us: but to repress our rising passions, and to keep down our resentments; in the midst of injurious pro∣vocations; so noble a victory deserves an Elogy; which perhaps the greatest of Conquerors never merited.

* 1.5401. King Robert was one of the greatest Kings that ever wore Crown of France, on a time he sur∣priz'd a Rogue, who had cut away half of his Cloak Furred with Ermins; to whom yet, so ta∣ken, and in an act of that insufferable presumpti∣on: he did no further evil, but only said mildly to him; save thy self, and leave the rest for ano∣ther who may have need of it.

* 1.5412. King Henry the sixth of England, was of that admirable patience, that to one who struck him when he was taken Prisoner; he only said for∣sooth, you wrong your self more then me, to strike the Lords Anointed.

* 1.5423. Its said that Philip the second King of Spain, having written a letter with his own hand with much study and labor, to be sent to the Pope; when he asked for sand to be cast upon it: his Se∣cretary half a sleep, powred the Ink in the Stan∣dish upon it, in stead of the former: this would have put most into a fury, yet behold a person of this eminency, bare it, without speaking one an∣gry word to his Servant.

* 1.5434. There was a base uncivil fellow, that did nothing all the day long but rail upon Pericles that famous Athenian in the Market-place, and before all the people: though he was at that time the Publick Magistrate; yet did he take no notice of it, but all the while, dispatched sundry matters of importance, till night came, and then with a sober pace went home towards his house, this lewd Varlet following him all the way, with open defamation. Pericles when he came to his house it being dark, called to his man, and bade him light the fellow home, lest it being night he should loose his way.

* 1.5445. The Athenians sending Embassadors to Phi∣lip King of Macedon, to request some favors of him, he entertained them courteously; granted their desire, and being about to dismiss them, he asked: if there was any thing further wherein he might gratifie the Athenians; To which one of them call'd Demochares reply'd; yes, truly that thou wouldst hang thy self; This Currish reply did exceedingly enrage the Friends and Courtiers of King Philip: inciting him to revenge but be with∣out being moved sent them away courteously; only wishing them to tell the Athenians, that they who spake such things, were much weaker then they that could hear and bear them pa∣tiently.

6. Casimir was Duke of the Sendominians a Po∣tent Prince,* 1.545 and afterwards King of Poland: being on a time in a purpose to divert himself, he called to him one Ioannes Cornarius a Knight and his Do∣mestick Servant, inviting to play with him at Dice, they did so, and fortune was favorable one while to one, and then to the other; so that ha∣ving spent much time in gaining little upon each other; and it being grown far in the night, it was agreed to set the whole sum in controversie upon one single cast of the Dice. Casimire prov'd the more fortunate, and drew all the mony to to him. Ioannes displeased and incensed with his bad fortune, in the heat of his impatience falls upon the Prince, and with his fist lays him over the mouth: It was a capital crime, for the servant to strike his Lord, and the same also his Prince; b••t though all present were incensed at this in∣sufferable Action: yet he escaped by the benefit of the night, though not so, but that he was seis'd in the morning brought back and set in the pre∣sence of Casimire to receive his sentence. He ha∣ving well weighed the matter; brake into this wise Speech: My friends, This man is less guilty than my self; Nay, what ever is ill done is on my part: heat and sudden passion (which sometimes oversways even wise men) did transport him; and moved both his mind and hand to do as he did. But why did I give the cause? Why, unmindful of my place and dignity, did I play with him as my equal. And therefore Joannes take not only my pardon but my thanks too: by a profitable correction thou hast taught me, that hereafter I should do nothing that is unworthy of a Prince, but retain my self within the just limits of decency and gravity; this said, he freely dismissed him.

7. Memorable is the Example of Ioh••nnes Gualbertus a Knight of Florence,* 1.546 who returning out of the Field into the City, attended with a numerous retinue, met with that very person, who not long before had kill'd his brother, his only brother; nor could the other escape him. Ioannes presently drew his Sword; that with one blow he might revenge the death of his beloved brother. When the other falling prostrate on the ground at his foot, humbly besought him for the sake of the Crucified Christ, to spare his life. Ioannes suppressing his anger; let him depart, and offered up his Sword drawn as it was before the Image of Christ Crucified; in the next Church he came to.

8. The Wife of Cowper Bishop of Lincoln burnt all those notes,* 1.547 which he had been eight years in gathering: out of a certain tenderness and fear, she had lest he should kill himself with over-much study; so that he was forced to fall to work again, and was other eight years in gathering the same notes; wherewith he com∣posed that useful, and learned book which at this day is called his Dictionary; though a greater vexation then this could very hardly befal a Scholar; yet he received it with that patience: as not to give his Wife an unkind word upon that account.

9. When Xenocrates came one time to the house of

Plato to visit him:* 1.548 he prayed him that he would beat his Servant for him; in regard he himself was not at present so sit to do it: because he was in passion. Another time he said to one of his servants that he would beat him sufficiently, but that he was angry.

* 1.54910. Polemon by his patience, cured the distem∣pered passion of another in this manner. There was a person of quality, an excessive lover of precious stones; who even doted upon fair and costly Rings, and such like curious Jewels: this man one day, did rail at Polemon in a most outra∣gious manner; and gave him very uncivil and pro∣voking language. To all which the Philosopher answered not one word: but looked very earnest∣ly upon one of the Signets the other had on his hand, well considering the fashion and work∣manship thereof: which when the party percei∣ved, taking (as it should seem) no small con∣tentment; and being very well-pleased that he so perused his Jewel (quite forgetting his anger) not so Polemon (quoth he) but look upon the stone thus between you and the light, and you will think it much more beautiful.

* 1.55011. Aristippus fell out upon a time (I know not how) with Aeschines his friend: and was at that time in a great Choler, and sit of Anger. How now Ari∣stippus (quoth one who heard him so high, and at such hot words) where is your Amity and Friend∣ship all this while? Why asleep, (said he) but I will waken it anon. With that he stepped close to Aeschines, and said; Do you think me every way so unhappy and incurable, that I did not deserve one single admonition at your hands? No marvel (said Aeschi∣nes again) if I thought you (who for natural wit in all things else excel me) to see better in this case also than I, what is meet and expedient to be done: And thus their strife ended.

* 1.55112. Arcadius an Argive, never gave over revi∣ling of King Philip of Macedon, abusing him with the most reproachful terms; and arrived at last to that bold impudence, as to give him this kind of publick warning.

So far to fly until he thither came, Where no man knew or heard of Philip's name.

This man was afterwards seen in Macedonia; then the Friends and Courtiers of King Philip gave him information thereof, moving him to inflict some severe punishment upon him, and in no case suffer him to escape his hands. But Philip, on the con∣trary, having this Railer in his power, spake gen∣tly unto him, used him courteously and familiarly, sent unto him in his Lodging Gifts and Presents; and so sent him away in safety. Afterwards he commanded those Courtiers who had incited him against him, to enquire what words this man gave out of him amongst the Greeks; they made re∣port again, and told him that he was become a new man, and ceased not to speak wonderful things in the praise of him. Look you then, said Philip unto them, am not I a better Physician than all you, and am not I more skilled in the cure of a foul-mou∣thed fellow than the best of you?

* 1.55213. King Ptolemaeus jesting and scossing at a simple and unlearned Grammarian, asked him who was the Father of Peleus? I will answer you, Sir, said he, if you will first tell me who was the Father of La∣gus? This was a dry slout, and touched King Pto∣lemaeus very near, in regard of the mean Parentage he was descended from: So that all about the King were mightily offended at it, as an intole∣rable frump. The King said no more than this; If it be not seemly for a King to take a jest or a scoff, neither is it seemly or convenient for him to give one to another man.

CHAP. XXI. Of such as have well deported them∣selves in their Adversity, or been improved thereby.

THe Naturalists say there are a sort of Shell-fish, which at a certain time open to receive the Dew of Heaven; and that being thus impregnate, then the more they are tossed to and fro with the foaming billows of the Sea, the more orient and precious is the Pearl that is found in them. In like manner there are some men who are beholden to their Afflictions for their Vertues; and who had never shined with that lustre, had not the black night of Adversity come upon them. It is pro∣verbial of England; Anglica Gens, optima flens, ••essima ridens: a particular example hereof we have in

1. Iohn Barret,* 1.553 born at Linne, bred a Carmelite of White Friers in Cambridge, when Learning ran low and Degrees high in that University, so that a Scholar could scarce be seen for Doctors; till the University, sensible of the mischief thereby, ap∣pointed Dr. Cranmer (afterwards Arch-bishop of Canterbury) to be the Poser General of all Candi∣dates in Divinity. Amongst whom he stopped Barret for his insufficiency. Back goes Barret to Linne, turns over a new, yea many new leaves, plying his book to purpose, whose former igno∣rance proceeded from want of pains, not parts; and in short time he became a tolerable, a good, an excellent, and admirable Scholar: And com∣mencing Doctor with due applause, liv'd many years a painful Preacher in Norwich, always ma∣king honourable mention of Dr. Cranmer, as the means of his happiness.

2. Pope Pius the fifth was long tormented with the Stone and Strangury;* 1.554 and in the sharpest of his fits he was often heard to say with sighs, Lord, give me an encrease of sorrow, so thou wilt but give me a proportionable encrease of patience.

3. Petrus,* 1.555 the Abbot of Claravalla, through the vehemence of his disease lost one of his eyes; and bare that Affliction not only with patience, but said, he rejoyced, that of two enemies, he was now freed from the ••rouble of one of them.

4. Alphonsus King of Naples,* 1.556 was informed in his absence by Lupus Simonius his Viceroy there, that one of those two mighty Ships which the King had built (and seemed like Mountains) by the neg∣ligence of the Sea-men had taken ••ire, and was burnt down. He told the Messenger, that he well knew that Ship, though great and magnificent, would yet after some years be corrupted, or perish by some accident or other: and that therefore the Viceroy, if he was wise, would bear that misfor∣tune with an equal mind, as he himself did.

5. Telamon hearing of the death of his beloved Son,* 1.557 being a man unbroken by all the Assaults of Fortune; with an unmoved countenance replyed, It is well, for I knew he must die whom I had begotten.

* 1.5586. L. Paulus Aemilius had four Children, two of them Scipio and Fabius, were brought into other Families by Adoption; the other two being boys, he yet retained with him at home; one of these being fourteen years of age, died five days before his Triumph, the other of twelve years de∣ceased the third day after it: And whereas there was almost none of the people but seriously lamen∣ted the misfortune of his House; he himself bare it with so great a spirit, that calling the people to∣gether, he rather gave them Consolations, than admitted any from them: This was a part of his Oration to them; Whereas, O Citizens, in this great felicity of yours, I was afraid lest Fortune did meditate some evil against you: It was my prayer to the highest Jupiter, to Juno and Minerva, that if any calamity was impending upon the people of Rome, that they would inflict the whole of it upon my Family. All therefore, is well; since by the grant of my request they have so brought it to pass that you should rather grieve for my adversity, than that I should lament your misfortune.

* 1.5597. When the Romans, by their continual War with Hannibal, and especially by the calamity that befel them in tho loss of that great Battel at Cannae, had much exhausted their Forces; yet they recei∣ved their Adversity with such a greatness of mind, that they dared to send fres•• Recruits to their For∣ces in Spain, even then when Hannibal was ready to knock at their Gates; and the Grounds whereupon the Camp of Hannibal stood was sold for as much in Rome as if Hannibal had not been there. To de∣mean themselves in this sort in their adverse for∣tune, what was it but to enforce that angry Deity, for m••re shame to be reconciled with them.

* 1.5608. Hiero the Tyrant of Sicily was at first a rude, unaccomplished, a furious and irreconcilable per∣son, the same in all points with his Broth••r Gelo; but falling afterwards into a lingring Sickness,* 1.561 by which he had a long Vacation from publick cares and business; and em••••oying that time in reading and converse with learned men, he became a man of great Elegancy, and singular Improvements: And afterwards, when he was perfectly recovered, he had great familiarity with Simonides, Pindar the Theban, and Bacchilides.

* 1.5629. Xenophon was sacrificing to the Gods; when as he stood by the Altar, there came to him a Messenger from Mantinea, who told him that his Son Grillus was dead in Battel, he only laid aside the Crown from his head, but persisted in his Sacri∣fice; but when the Messenger added that he died Victorious, he reassumed his Crown, and without other alteration finished what he was about.

* 1.56310. Antigonus, the Successor of Alexander, had layen sick of a lingering Disease, and afterwards when he was recovered and well again: We have gotten no harm, said he, by this sickness, for it hath taught me not to be so proud, by pu••ting me in mind that I am but a mortal man.

* 1.56411. Pla••o a••••irms that Theag••s had no other oc∣casion to addict himself to the Study of Philoso∣phy, save only that leisure he had afforded him by a Disease that retained him in his house; for whereas he was by that detained from the manage∣ment of State Affairs, he was thereby in a manner compelled to the Love and Study of Wisdom.

* 1.56512. Straton the Son of Corragus, may seem to have fallen sick to his own good fortune and advan∣tage: for whereas he was descended of an Illustri∣ous Family, and abounded with Wealth, yet he never used any exercise of his body, till such time as he found himself to be afflicted with the Spleen. Then he was put upon it to seek a remedy, by Wrastling, and other Exercises of the body. And whereas at first he made use of these for the reco∣very of his health, afterwards having attained to great perfection and pro••iciency in bodily Exerci∣ses, and intending to give some evidence thereof, in one day he overcame at Wrastling and Whorl∣bats in the Olympick Games. He also was Victor in the next Olympiade: and so was he too in the Nemean, Isthmian, and Pythian Games.

13. Philip King of Macedon was used to say,* 1.566 that he took himself much beholden and bound unto the Athenian Orators; for that by whetting their tongues, and by giving out opprobrious and slan∣derous words against him, they were the means to make him a better man both in word and deed. For, said he, I strain my self, and every day do my best endeavour, as well in my sayings as doings, ••e prove them lyars.

14. Antigonus once in Winter time was driven to encamp in a place destitute of all provisions ne∣cessary for the life of Man;* 1.567 by occasion whereof certain Soldiers, not knowing that he was so nigh unto them, spake very presumptuously of him, and reviled him to purpose; ••ut he opening the Cloth or Curtain of his Pavilion with his walking Staff, If, said he, you go not further off to rail at me, I will make you to repent it; and so withdrew him∣self.

15. Diogenes his hap was to be banished,* 1.568 and driven out of his own Country; yet this Exile of his was so far from proving evil to him, that it was the chiefest occasion of his improvement, as being thereby after a sort thrust upon and compelled to the Study and Profession of Philosophy.

16. Zeno the Citiaean had but one small Ship left him,* 1.569 and hearing news that both it and all therein was cast away, drowned and perished in the midst of the Seas;* 1.570 O Fortune, said he, thou hast done well to drive us again to put on the poor and simple habit of a Scholar, and to send us back unto our Porch and School of Philosophy. By these losses of his he was after∣wards so great a gainer through his improvement in Philosophy, that few, if any of his time had a greater Reputation than he for Learning and Inte∣grity; so that when he died, King Antigonus the Second, who esteemed him above all other Philo∣sophers, said of him, that the Theatre of his noble and glorious Acts was taken away; for he desired that this man might above all others, be the Spectator and Approver o•• his Acts.

CHAP. XXXIII. Of the willingness of some Men to for∣give Injuries received.

WHen Aristotle was asked what grew old soonest and what latest? Bene••its, said he, and Injuries. The wise Philosopher well un∣derstood that we are apt ••oon to forget a good turn, but our memories are wonderful tenacious of any wrong or injury that we conceive hath been done to us. Most men write down the one in Sand, where every blast of Wind obliterates the Record; but the other they take care to have engraven up∣on leaves of Adamant, in Characters that scarce Time it self is able to deface. The Heroes here∣after

mentioned were of nobler minds, and were doubtless, as mindful of Obligations as they were forgetful of Indignities.

* 1.5711. King William the Conqueror seldom remem∣bred Injuries after Submission; for Edrick, the first that rebelled against him, he placed in Office near about him. Gospatric, who had been a facti∣ous man, and a plotter of Conspiracies against him; he made Earl of Glocester, and trusted him with managing a War against Malcolme King of the Scots. Eustace Earl of Boleyne, who in the King's absence in Normandy, attempted to seize upon Dover Castle; he received after into great savour and respect. Edgar, who, as next Heir to the Saxon Kings, had often attempted by Arms to recover his right; he not only after twice defecti∣on pardoned, but gave him also an Allowance as a Prince: Only Waltheof Earl of Northumberland and Northampton, of all the English Nobility was put to death, in all the time of the Kings Reign, and not he neither till he had twice falsified his Oath of Allegiance.

* 1.5722. Doctor Cranmers gentleness in pardoning wrongs was so great, that it grew into a Proverb, do my Lord of Canterbury a shrewd turn, and then you shall be sure to have him your friend while he lives.

3. Augustus Caesar having taken Lucius Cinna the Nephew of Cn. Pompeius in Arms against him,* 1.573 not only gave him his life, but as a particular instance of his love, restored him his estate entire. This man was afterwards found in a conspiracy against him, and being convicted of it he again gave him his life upon this condition, that he might say, I have here••ofore pardoned thee as an enemy, now I do the like to thee as a Traitor and a Parricide: From henceforth let there be a friendship begun betwixt us; and let us contend together, whether I have with great∣est sincerity given thee a double pardon, or thou hast re∣ceived it. After this he received him into the num∣ber of his friends, and made him Consul Elect for the year following, an honour scarce to be given to them that had fought for the safety of his life, much less to such as had sought both openly and privately to deprive him of it.

* 1.5744. Lycurgus had offended the money'd men in Sparta, and therefore as he was once in the Forum or Market place, there was a part of them that had raised up a faction against him, who proceeded to that violence as with clamours and stones to drive him from thence, and followed him as he withdrew himself. The first in pursuit of him was Alcander, a young man, and somewhat of a hot and fierce, though otherwise of no ill disposition, he as Lycur∣gus turned back to him, with his Staff struck out one of his eyes, Lycurgus not daunted with the blow, but turning to the people, shewed his Citi∣zens his face covered with blood, and deformed with the loss of one of his eyes. This wrought so much of modesty and sorrow in the Assembly, that they yielded up Alcander to him, and through¦ly affected with this unhappy acccident, they waited upon him home. Lycurgus with commendations dismissed them, led in Alcander yet neither did or spake a word of ill to him, but instead of that disposing otherwise of those that attended his body, commanded Alcander to wait upon him, and mini∣ster unto him. The young man did it with great ardor and obedience, and then being an eye witness of the sobriety and meekness, and other virtues of the man he began to admire him; and from thence∣forth spake nothing but in his praises.

5. Lucius Mur••ena though but the year before he had been accused by Cato of canvassing and bribe∣ry wherein his life had been in the utmost hazard,* 1.575 had he not been defended by Cicero the Father of Roman Eloquence, yet forgetting this he interpo∣sed his own body for the safety of Cato, when his death was intended by Metellus the Tribune of the people, and though he might have seen himself revenged by the hand of another, yet thought it more glorious to defend his enemy, than suffer it.

6. Anno 1541. Robert Holgate afterwards Arch-Bishop of York,* 1.576 obtained a Benefice where Sir Francis Ask••w of Lincolnshire dwelt, by whom he was much molested and vexed with continual suits of law, upon which occasion he was sain to repair to London, where being he found means to be the Kings Chaplain, and by him was made Arch-Bishop of York, and President of the Council in the North, during which time the said Knight hapned to have a Suit before the said Council, and doubted much that he should find hard measure from the Arch-Bi∣shop, whose Adversary he had been, but the other forgetting all forepassed injuries, afforded him all the favour that he might with justice.

7. When Timoleon the Corinthian had freed the Syracusans and Sicilians,* 1.577 from the Tyrants that did oppress them, one Demaenetus a busie Orator took the boldness in an open assembly of the people, to charge him with I know not what miscarriages; w••ilst he was General in the Wars: Timoleon though he had power to punish him, yet answered him not a word, only turning to the people he said, that he thanked the Gods for granting him that thing which he had so often requested of them in his prayers, which was that he might once see the Sy∣racusans to have full power and liberty to say what they would.

8. C. Iulius Caesaer,* 1.578 when perpetual Dictator and flourishing in the same and glory of his great ex¦ploits; was aspersed with an indelible infamy, by the verses which Catullus of Verona had made and published of him and Mamurra, but upon his sub∣mission he not only did him no harm, but received him to his Table, and as a certain sign of his being reconciled, he lodged with his Father as he used to do.

9. King Philip of Macedon,* 1.579 besieged the City of Methon, and as he walked about viewing the place one from the Walls shot an Arrow at him•• where∣by he put out his right eye, which yet he took so patiently, that when the Citizens a few days after, sent out to treat with him about the surrender, he gave them honourable terms, and after they had put the City into his hands, took no revenge of them for the loss of his eye.

10. Pope Sixtus the Second, was accused by Bas∣sus a Patrician of many grievous Crimes,* 1.580 unto Va∣lentini••nus the younger, the Emperour, and his Mother Placidia; before whom he cleared his un∣spotted innocency, which done he interceded with tears that Bassus might not be sent into exile ac∣cording to his banishment, though he could not prevail with the Emperour therein: Afterwards when Bassus was dead, he not only honoured his Funeral with his presence, but also with his own hands helped to commit him to his interrment.

11. Epaminondas through the envy of the No∣bles,* 1.581 was not chosen General in a war that needed a most skilful leader, nor was he only laid aside, but another was chosen in his stead, who was but little seen in the military art: This brave man lit∣tle moved with the indignity, listed himself as a private Soldier. It was long e're the ill con∣duct

of the new General, had brought the Army into a real and almost inextricable strait, and when all looked about enquiring for Epaminondas, he mindless of the injury of his former unworthy repulse, came chearfully forth; and having deli∣vered the Army from the hazard it was in, brought it back with safety into his Country.

* 1.58212. There was an ancient feud betwixt Henry of Methimnia, Duke of Asincica of the Family of the Guzmans, and Roderigo Ponze, de Leon, Marquess of Gades, and whereas the Marquess had consult∣ed with others about the surprisal of Alama, from the Moors of Granado, and had determin'd of the expedition, he would not that the Duke should be acquainted with, or have any share in the glory of that action. But he was speedily besieged by the King of Granado in that Town, and whereas he sent all about for assistance, the Duke was again neglect∣ed: Notwithstanding all which the gallant Duke burying in oblivion the memory of all forepast in∣juries, called together all the Soldiers in his govern∣ment or that were mercenaries under him, entreat∣ed his friends; and so enflamed others with his ex∣hortations, that having with great celerity muster∣ed a very great Army, he came to the seasonable succours of Alama, raised the Siege, and set the Marquess with all others with him, in freedom from the fears of any enemy; and afterwards when the Marquess came first to him, with acknowledgments of so great a benefit, and tendred him his greatest thanks; Let these things pass, Marquess, said he; neither indeed does it become good men to be mindful of former fallings out, and especially in a cause where Reli∣gion is concern'd, but rather if any such thing has here∣tofore been betwixt us, let us sacrifice them to our Coun∣try and the Christian name, and give them no longer a∣ny place in our remembrance: And since things have at this time so fortunately succeeded for us both, let us joy∣fully celebrate this day, and let it remain as an eternal witness of our reconciliation. This said they embra∣ced, lodged together that night, and lived ever afterwards in a mutual and sincere friendship.

* 1.58313. Alphonsus the elder King of Sicily, used to wear upon his fingers Rings of extraordinary price, and to preserve the lustre of the stones, when he washed used to give them to him that stood next to hold: He had once delivered them to one who sup∣posing the King had forgotten them converted them to his own use, Alphonsus dissembled the mat∣ter, put on others and kept his wonted course, af∣ter some days being to wash, the same man stood next him that had the former, and put forth his hand as to receive the Kings Rings, who pulled his hand back and whispered him in the ear, that when he should restore the former, he would trust him with these: A Speech worthy of a liberal and hu∣mane Prince, and one endued with so great a mind as he was.

* 1.58414. Q. Metellus that fortunate man, in the flow∣er of all his glory, was seiz'd upon by Catinius La∣beo Tribune of the people, and dragg'd to the Mount Tarpeius to be thrown headlong from thence and scarce was there another Tribune to be found to intercede for his life, at last he escaped (by ano∣thers mediation) the fury of his adversary: whom in his Censorship he had removed from the Senate: And yet though there were so many of the family of the M••telli, in great authority and power in the state, the villany of this Tribune was overpassed both by him that was injured and all the rest of his Relations.

CHAP. XXXIV. Of such as have patiently taken free Speeches, and Reprehensions from their Inferiors.

THe fair speeches of others commonly delight us, although we are at the same time sensi∣ble they are no more than flatteries and falshoods; nor is this the only weakness and vanity of our na∣ture, but withal it is very seldom that we can take down the pill of Reproof without an inward resent∣ment; (especially from any thing below us) though convinced of the necessity and justice of it: Great therefore was the wisdom of those men, who could so easily dispense with any mans freedom in speak∣ing, when once they discern'd it was meant for their reformation and improvement.

1. A senior Fellow of St. Iohn's College in Cam∣bridge,* 1.585 (of the opposite faction to the Master) in the presence of Dr. Whitaker in a common place fell upon this subject, what requisites should qualifie a Scholar for a Fellowship, concluded that Religion and Learning were of the Quorum for that purpose, hence he proceeded to put the case, if one of these qualities alone did appear, whether a Religious Dunce were to be chosen before a Learned Rake-Hell, and resolv'd it in favour of the Latter: This he endeavoured to prove with two arguments. First, because Religion may but Learning cannot be counterfeited: He that chuseth a Learned Rake-Hell is sure of something, but who electeth a Reli∣gious Dunce may have nothing worthy of his choice, seeing the same may prove both Dunce and Hypocrite. His second was, there is more pro∣bability of a Rake-Hells improvement to Tem∣perance, than of a Dunces conversion into a Learned Man. Common place being ended, Dr. Whitaker desired the company of this Fellow, and in his Closet thus accosted him, Sir, I hope I may say without offence, as once Isaac to Abraham, here is wood and a knife but where is the Lamb for a burnt offering, you have discovered much keenness of language and fer∣vency of affection, but who is the person you aim at, who hath offered abuse to this Society. The other answer∣ed, If I may presume to follow your Metaphor, know Sir, (though I am a true admirer of your most eminent worth) you are the sacrifice I reflected at in my discourse, for (whilst you follow your studies and remit matters to be managed by others) a company is chosen into the Col∣lege of more zeal than knowledge (whose judgments we certainly know to be bad, though others charitably believe the goodness of their affections) and hence of late there is a general decay of Learning in the College. The Dr. turn'd his anger into thankfulness, and expressed the same both in loving his person and practising his advice, promising his own presence hereafter in all elections, and that none should be admitted with∣out his own examination, which quickly recovered the credit of the house, being replenished with hopeful Plants before his death, which fell out in the 38th of Q. Eliz. Anno 1593.

2. Augustus Caesar sitting in judgment,* 1.586 Mecaenas was present, and perceiving that he was about to condemn divers persons, he endeavoured to get up to him, but being hindred by the Crowd, he wrote in a Schedule, Tandem aliquando surge Carnifex; Rise Hangman, and then as if he had wrote some other

thing, threw the Note into Caesars Lap: Caesar im∣mediately arose, and came down without con∣demning any person to death: and so far was he from taking this reprehension ill: that he was much troubled he had given such cause.

* 1.5873. A poor old Woman came to Philip King of Macedon; & intreated him to take cognisance of her cause, when she had often interrupted him with her clamors in this manner: the King at last told her he was not at leisure to hear her: No (said she) be not then at leisure to be King; the King for sometime considered of the Speech; and presently he heard both her, and others that came with their complaints to him.

4. One of the Servants of Prince Henry (Son to Henry the fourth) whom he favored,* 1.588 was ar∣raigned at the Kings Bench for Fellony; whereof the Prince being informed, and incensed by lewd persons about him, in a rage he came hastily to the Bar where his servant stood as Prisoner; and Commanded him to be unfettred and set at liber∣ty; whereat all men were amazed: only the Chief Justice, who at that time was William Gas∣coign; who exhorted the Prince to be ordered according to the Ancient Laws of the Kingdom, or if he would have his servant exempted from the rigour of the Law: that he should obtain (if he could) the gracious Pardon of the King his Fa∣ther; which would be no derogation to Law or Justice. The Prince no way appeased with this answer, but rather inflamed, endeavoured himself to take away the Prisoner. The Judge consider∣ing the perilous Example and inconveniency that might thereupon ensue; with a bold Spirit and Courage, Commanded the Prince upon his Alle∣giance to leave the Prisoner, and to depart the place. At this Commandment, the Prince all in a fury, and chafed; in a terrible manner came up to the place of Judgment: men thinking that he would have slain the Judge; or at least done him some harm. But the Judge sitting still without moving: declaring the Majesty of the Kings place of Judgement and with an assured bold countenance; said thus to the Prince. Sir, Remember your self I keep here the place of the King your Sovereign Lord and Father, to whom you owe double Al∣legiance; and therefore in his name I charge you to de∣sist from your wilfulness and unlawful enterprize, and from henceforth give good example to those which here∣after shall be your own Subjects; and now for your con∣tempt and disobedience, go you to the prison of the Kings Bench whereunto I commit you, until the pleasure of the King your Father be further known. The Prince a∣mazed with the words and gravity of that worship∣ful Justice, laying his Sword aside the doing reve∣rence, departed and went to the Kings Bench as he was commanded. When the King heard of this action, he blessed God that had given him a Judge, who feared not to minister Justice, and also a Son, who could patiently suffer and shew his obedience thereunto.

* 1.5895. Fridericus was consecrated Bishop of Vtrecht, and at the feast the Emperour Ludovicus Pius sitting at his right hand, admonished him that being mind∣ful of the profession he had newly taken upon him, he would deal justly and as in the sight of God in the way of his Vocation, without respect of persons. Your Majesty gives me good advice, said he, but will you please to tell me whether I had best to begin with this Fish upon my Trencher at the head or the tail? At the head, said the Emperour, for that is the more noble part. Then Sir, said the Bishop, in the first place renounce you that incestuous marriage you have contract∣ed with Judith. The Emperour took this repre∣hension so well, that he dismissed her accord∣ingly.

6. Alexander the great having taken a famous Pyrate,* 1.590 and being about to condemn him to death, asked him, Why dost thou trouble the Seas: And why, said he, dost thou trouble the wh•••••• world? I with one Ship seek my Adventures, and therefore am called a Py∣rate, thou with a great Army warrest against nations, and therefore are called an Emperour, so that there is no difference betwixt us but in the name. Alexander was not displeased with this freedom, but in consi∣deration of what he had said, he dismissed him with∣out inflicting any punishment upon him.

7. Theodosius the Emperour having cruelly slaughtered some thousands of the Thessalonians for some insolency of the Citizens to the Statues of his Wife,* 1.591 coming to Millain would have entred the Church to have communicated with other Christi∣ans, but was resisted and forbid by St. Ambrose, in which estate the Emperour stood for eight Months, and then with great humility and submission ac∣knowledging his offence, was absolved and again received into the Congregation, and notwithstand∣ing St. Ambrose had reproved him with great liber∣ty, and opposed him with as much resolution, yet the good Emperour both obeyed willingly, and ••e∣verenced exceedingly that great Prelate.

8. There came a young man to Rome;* 1.592 who in the opinion of all men exceedingly resembled the Emperor Augustus, whereof he being informed sent for him; being in presence, he asked him if his mother had never been at Rome, the stranger answered No, but his Father had; the Emperor took patiently this sharp reply, and sent him away without harm.

9. M. Antoninus Pius,* 1.593 used to take well, the free, and facetious speeches of his friends; even such as seemed to be uttered with too great a freedom and liberty. Coming once to the house of Omulus his friend, and beholding there at his entrance, divers Columns of Porphyry; he en∣quired whence they were brought? Omulus told him, that it became him that set his foot into an∣other mans house, to be both deaf and dumb: he meant he should not be curious and inquisitive. The Emperor was delighted with this freedom, so far was he from resenting it, in such manner as some others would have done.

10. Philip King of Macedon,* 1.594 with great patience admitted such liberty and freedom in speaking to him. He had in one battel taken a considerable number of Prisoners, and was himself in person to see them sold in port ••ale. As he sate in his Chair, his Clothes were turned or tucked up higher then was decent and seemly; when one of the Prison∣ers who was upon sale, cry'd unto him: Good my Lord I beseech you pardon me, and suffer me not to be sold amongst the rest, for I am a friend of yours, and so was to your Father before you; And prethee good fellow said Philip, whence grew this great friendship betwixt us: and how is it come about? Sir, said the Prisoner I would gladly give you an account of that privately in your ear. Then Philip commanded that he should be brought unto him; he thus whispered in his ear; Sir, I pray you let down your mantle a little lower before, for sitting thus in the posture as you do; you discover that which were more mee•• to be unseen. Hereupon Philip spake aloud unto his Officers. Let this man said he go at liberty, for in truth he is one of our good friends, and wisheth us well; though I either knew it not before, or at least had forgotten it.

* 1.59511. Demetrius won the City of Athens by as∣sault, before much distressed for lack of Corn, but being Master of the Town, he caused the whole body of the City to be assembled before him, unto whom he declared, that he bestow'd upon them freely, a great quantity of Grain; but in this his speech to the people, he chanced to commit an in∣congruity in Grammar, when one of the Citizen••, set thereby to hear him arose, and with a loud voice pronounced that word aright. For the cor∣rection of this one Solecism (said he) I give unto thee besides my former gift 5000 Medimnes or measures of Corn more.

CHAP. XXXV. Of the incredible strength of mind wherewith some Persons have supported themselves in the midst of torments, and other hard∣ship.

A Young Gentleman immediately before he was to enter into a battel was observed to be sei∣sed with a sudden shaking and shivering all over his body; Whereupon one asked him what was the matter? My flesh, said he, trembles at the fore∣sight of those many and great dangers whereinto my resolved and undaunted heart will undoubted∣ly carry it. The strength of some mens hearts hath not only prevailed over the weakness of their flesh; but reduced it to a temper capable of endu∣ring as much, as if it had been brass, or some∣thing that (if possible) is yet more insen∣sible.

* 1.5961. When we were come within sight of the City of Buda, there came by the Command of the Bassa some of his family to meet us with divers Chiauses But in the first place a Troop of Young Men on Horseback made us turn our eyes to them, because of the Novelty of their Equipage which was thus: Upon their bare heads (which was in most of them shaven) they had cut a long line in the Skin in which wound they had stuck feathers of all kinds, and they were dew'd with drops of blood: yet dissembling the pain, they rode with as much mirth and chearfulness as if they had been void of all sense; just before me there walked some on foot, one of these went with his naked arms on his side, in each of which he carried a knife which he had thrust through them above the Elbow. Another wal∣ked naked from his Navel upward, with the skin of both his loins so cut above and below, that he carried a Club stuck therein as if it had hung at his Girdle, another had fastned a Horse-shoo with divers Nails upon the Crown of his Head; but that was old done, the Nails being so grown in with the flesh that the shoo was made fast; In this Pomp we entred Buda, and was brought into the Bassa's Palace, in the Court of which stood these generous contemners of pain, as I chanced to cast my eye that way, what think you of these men said the Bassa? Well said I: but that they use their flesh in such manner as I would not use my cloaths as being desirous to keep them whole: he smiled and dismissed us.

2. Andronicus Comnenus fell alive into the hands of his enemy;* 1.597 who having loaden him with inju∣ries and contumelies, abandoned the miserable Emperor, to the people for the punishment of his perf••diousness. By these he had redoubled buf∣fets given him with implacable violence: his hair was torn off, his beard pull'd away, his teeth were knocked out; and not so much as women, but ran upon his wretched body to torture and torment it; whilst he replyed not a word; some days after his eyes being digg'd out, and his face disfigured with blows, they set him on an old botchy Camel, without ought else to cover him, then an old shirt, this Spectacle so full of horror, nothing mollify'd the peoples hearts, but desperate men rush'd upon him as thick as ••lies in Autumn; some covered him all over with dirt and ••ilth, others squeez'd spunges filled with ordure on his face, others gave him blows with clubs on the head, others prick'd him with Awls and Bodkins, and divers threw stones at him, calling him mad Dog. A wicked woman of the dregs of the vulgar, threw a pail of scalding water upon his head, that his skin pilled off: Lastly they hastned to hang him on a gibbet, by the feet, exposing him to a shameful nakedness in sight of all the world, and they tor∣mented him to the last instant of death: at which time he received a blow from a hand which thrust a Sword through his mouth into his bowels: all these and greater inhumanities the aged Emperor underwent with that invincible patience, that he was heard to say no other thing then, Lord have mercy on me, and why do ye break a bruised reed?

3. Ianus Anceps,* 1.598 a wicked person, lived in a lone house by the way side, without the East-gate of Copenhagen: this man in the night, had mur∣dered divers persons, and knock'd them on the head with an Ax. At last he was discovered, ta∣ken, and condemned to a terrible death, He was drawn upon a sledge through the City, he had pieces of ••lesh pulled off from his body with burning Pincers; his legs and arms were broken, his tongue was pulled out of his mouth: thongs of his skin, were cut out of his back, his brest was opened by the speedy hand of the Executioner: his heart pulled out and thrown at his face. All this the stout hearted man, bare with an invincible courage; and when his heart lay panting by his side; in the midst of such torments as he yet underwent; he moved his head, and looked upon the by standers, with a frowning aspect, and seem'd with curiosity to contemplate his own heart, till such time as his head was cut off.

4. Mutius Scaevola,* 1.599 having resolv'd to kill Por∣sena King of the Hetruscans, who at that time was the enemy of Rome; he came into his Camp, and Tent, with a purpose to Execute his design: but by mistake instead of the King be slew his Secreta∣ry, or Captain of the Guard; being taken, and adjudged to death, to punish this error of his Arm, he thrust his right hand into the ••ire, and without change of countenance, held it therein, till it was quite burnt off. At which invinci∣ble patience and constancy of his King Por∣sena was so amazed, that he raised his Siege before Rome,* 1.600 and also made peace with the Ro∣mans.

5. When Xerxes was arrived at the Cape of Artemi∣sium with above 500000 fighting men, the Athe∣nians sent out Agesilaus the brother of Themisto∣cles, to discover his Army. He coming in the ha∣bit of a Persian, into the Camp of the Barbarians;

slew Mardonius one of the Captains of the guard of the Kings body, supposing he had been Xerxes himself, whereupon being taken, he was fettred, and brought before the King, who was then of∣fring sacrifice upon the Altar of the Sun, into the fire whereof, Agesilaus thrusting his hand, and there enduring the torment, without sigh or groan, Xerxes commanded to loose him. All we Athenians said Agesilaus, are of the like cou∣rage, and if thou wilt not believe it, I will put also my left hand into the fire, the King amazed at his resolute Speech, Commanded him to be carefully kept, and looked too.

* 1.6016. Isabella wife of Ferdinand King of Spain, was a woman of that firm temper of mind, that not only in the times of her sickness; but also in the sharpest pains of her travail: she ever supprest, both voice and sighs. A most incredible thing, but that Marinaeus Siculus affirms, that he was assured of the truth hereof, by Ladies of unquestion∣able verity, who attended upon her in her Chamber.

* 1.6027. The Lord Verulame mentions a certain tradi∣tion of a man, who (being under the Execution∣ers hand for High Treason) after his heart was plucked out of his body, and in the hand of the Executioner, was yet heard to utter three or four words of Prayer;* 1.603 and Purchas speaking of the humane sacrifices in New Spain: where the heart is offered to the Sun; saith thus, there happened a strange accident in one of these sacrifices reported by men of worthy credit. That the Spaniards be∣holding the solemnity, a young man whose heart was newly plucked out: and himself turned down the stairs, when he came to the bottom, he said to the Spaniards in his Language, Knights they have slain me.

* 1.6048. Gregorius Nazianzenus, tells of the Pontick Monks, that some of them torture themselves with chains of Iron: some as if they were wild beasts; shut up themselves in narrow and strait Cells, and see no body; remain in silence; and fasting for the space of twenty days and nights together. O Christ (goes he on) be thou propitious to those souls: that are Pious and devout I con∣fess, but not so prudent and advised as they might be.

* 1.6059. This is a notable Example of Tollerance, which happened in our times in a certain Burgundi∣an, who was the Murderer of the Prince of Orange, this man though he was scourged with Rods of Iron; though his flesh was torn off with red hot and burning Pincers: yet be gave not so much as a single sigh or groan. Nay further, when part of a broken Sca••fold fell upon the head of one that stood by as a spectator; this burned villain in the midst of all his torments laughed at that acci∣dent; although not long before the same man, had wept when he saw the curls of his hair cut off.

* 1.60610. After the Ancient custom of the Macedo∣nians, there were certain Noble youths, that mi∣nistred unto Alexander the Great, at such time as he sacrificed to the gods: one of which having a Censer in his hand, stood before the King: it chan∣ced that a burning coal, fell upon his Arm, and although he was so burnt by it, that the smell of his burnt flesh, was in the Noses of them that stood by: yet he suppressed his pain with silence; and held his Arm immoveable; least by shaking the Censer he should interrupt the sacrifice, or least by his groaning he should give Alexander any di∣sturbance. The King also delighted with this pa∣tience of the youth; that he might make the more certain experiment of his tollerance, on set pur∣pose continued and protracted his sacrifice, and yet for all this the youth persisted in his resolute intention.

11. Anaxarohus was variously and cruelly tor∣mented by the Tyrant Nicocreon;* 1.607 and yet by all his cruelti••s could never be restrained from urging of him with opprobrious terms and the most re∣proachful language. At last the Tyrant being highly provok'd threatned that he would cause his tongue to be cut out of his mouth. Effeminate yong man said Anaxarchus, neither shall that part of my body be at thy disposal. And while the Tyrant (for very rage) stood gaping before him, he im∣mediately bit off his Tongue with his Teeth; and spat it into his mouth. A Tongue that had here∣tofore bred admiration in the ears of many, but especially of Alexander the Great; at such time as it had discours'd of the State of the earth, the properties of the Seas, the motion of the Stars, and indeed the Nature of the whole World: in a most prudent and eloquent manner.

12. William Colingborn,* 1.608 Esq being condemned for making this Rhime on King Richard the third,

The Cat, the Rat; and Lovel our Dog Rule all England under the Hog.

was put to a most cruel death; for being hang'd and cut down alive, his bowels rip't out and cast into the fire, when the executioner put his hand into the bulk of his body, to pull out his heart; he said, Lord Iesus yet more trouble? and so dy'd, to the great sorrow of much people.

13. Amongst the Indians the meditation of pa∣tience;* 1.609 is adhered to, with that obstinacy, that there are some, who pass their whole life in na∣kedness, one while hardning their bodies in the frozen rigours, and piercing colds of Mount Cau∣casus: and at others exposing themselves to the ••lames, without so much as a sigh or groan. Nor is it a small glory that they acquire to themselves, by this contempt of pain, for they gain thereby the reputation, and Title of Wise Men.

14. Such Examples as I have already recited,* 1.610 I have furnished my self with, either by reading, or by the relation of such as have seen them: but there now comes into my mind, a most eminent one, whereof I can affirm that I my self was an eye witness, and it was this. Hieronymus Olgiatus was a Citizen of Millain, and he was one of those four that did Assassinate Galeatius Sforza, Duke of Mil∣lain. Being taken he was thrust into Prison, and put to bitter tortures; now although he was not above two and twenty years of age, and of such a delicacy and softness in his habit of body; that was more like to that of a Virgin, than a man, though never accustomed to the bearing of Arms, by which it is usual for men to acquire vigour and strength; yet being fastned to that rope upon which he was tormented, he seemed as if he sat upon some Tribunal; free from any expression of grief, with a clear voyce, and an undaunted mind, he commended the exploit of himself and his Com∣panions; nor did he ever shew the least sign of re∣pentance. In the times of the intermissions of his torments, both in Prose and Verse, he celebrated the praises of himself and his Confederates. Be∣ing at last brought to the place of Execution, be∣holding Carolus and Francion two of his associats to stand as if they were almost dead with fear; he exhorted them to be couragious, and requested

the Executioners that they would begin with him, that his fellow sufferers might learn patience by his example. Being therefore laid naked, and at full length upon the hurdle, and his feet and Arms bound fast down unto it, when others that stood by were terrified with the shew and horror of that death that was prepared for him; he with speci∣ous words, and assured voyce extolled the gallantry of their action, and appeared unconcerned with that cruel kind of death, he was speedily to un∣dergo; yea when by the Executioners knife he was cut from the shoulder to the middle of the breast, he neither changed his countenance nor his voyce; but with a Prayer to God, he ended his life.

* 1.61115. Caius Marius the Roman Consul having the chief veins of his legs swelled (a Disease of those Times) he stretched out one leg to be cut off by the hand of the Chirurgeon; and not only did he refuse to be bound (as 'tis customary with such Pa∣tients) or to be held by any man; but not so much as by any word or sign did he bewray any sence of pain all the time of the operation, no more than if the incision had been made in any other body, or that he himself had been utterly voyd of all sence. But afterwards, when his Chirurgeon propounded to him the same method of cure for his other leg; (in regard the Disease was rather deforming than extreamly dangerous) Marius told him, that the matter seemed not to him of that importance, as that upon the account thereof, he should undergo such tormenting pain. By which words he dis∣covered, that during the time of the incision of his leg, he had indured very great pain; but that through the strength and tollerance of his mind, he had dissembled and supprest what he felt.

* 1.61216. This was also an Example of great pati∣ence in this kind, which Strabo mentions in his Ge∣ography from the Authority of Nicholaus Damasce∣nus; viz. that Zarmonochaga, the Ambassador from the Indian King, having finished his Negotiation with Augustus to his mind, and thereof sent account to his Master, because he would have no further trouble for the remaining part of his life, (after the manner of the Indians) he burnt himself alive, preserving all the while, the countenance of a man that smiled.

CHAP. XXXVI. Of the Fortitude and Personal Valour of some Famous Men.

* 1.613THere is a Precious Stone by the Greeks called Ceraunia, as one would say the Thunderstone, for it is bred among Thunders, and is found in pla∣ces where Heaven all swollen with anger, hath cleft the Master-pieces of the Worlds Magazine, saith Caussine, such is the valiant man; bred up so long in dangers till he hath learned to contemn them. And if the Poet be a Prophet you shall hear him say.

He that smiling can gaze on Styx and black wav'd Acheron, That dares brave his ruine, he To Kings, to Gods, shall equal be.

At least if he fall in a Noble Cause he dies a Martyr, and the Brazen Trumpet of Fame, shall proclaim this glorious memorial to late Posterity, as it hath done for those that follow.

1. Sapores the Persian King beseiged Caesaria in Cappadocia,* 1.614 a Captive Physician, shewed him a weak place of the City, where he might enter, at which the Persians gaining entrance, put all indifferently to the Sword. Demosthenes the Governour of the City, hearing the Tumult, speedily mounted, and perceiving all lost, sought to get out, but in the way fell upon a Squadron of the Enemy, that gathe∣red about him to take him alive, but he setting Spurs to his Horse, and stoutly laying about him with his Sword, slew many, and opening himself a way through the midst of them escaped.

2. When L. Sylla beheld his Army put to the worst by A••chelaus the General of Mithridates,* 1.615 he alighting from his Horse, laid hold of an En∣sign, and rushing with it into the midst of his Ene∣mies; cry'd out, 'tis here Roman Souldiers, that I intend to die; but for your parts when you shall be asked, where it was that you left your General, remember it was in Orchomenum. The Souldiers moved with this Speech of his, returned to their Ranks, renewed the Fight, and became the Victors in that Field, where they were so near an over∣throw.

3. Manlius Capitolinus when as yet he was not full seventeen years of Age,* 1.616 won the Spoyls of two Enemies, he was the first amongst the Romans that was honoured with a Mural Crown; by his Valour he gained thirteen Civick Galands, and thirty other Military Rewards; he had thirty and three Scars, the remainders of most honourable wounds that were to be seen in the ••ore-part of his body, be∣sides a wound in his shoulder, and another in his hip. He saved P. Servilius the Master of the Horse, when he was surrounded with a Troop of his Ene∣mies, and was he who defended and preserved the Capitol, when the Gauls had little less than become the Masters of it.

4. Pyrrhus King of Epirus sighting in the first ranks against the Mamertines,* 1.617 had received a wound, and retired to have it bound up; but when he heard that the Enemies courage was encreased by that ac∣cident, and that one of the bravest amongst them, had called for him by name, he returned to the Bat∣tle, and having ••ound out him, who had given him the Challenge, he gave him such a blow upon the head with his sword, he threw him dead at his feet; by which action the Enemy being dismayed, left him the better of the day.

5. The Athenians under the comma••d of Miltia∣des,* 1.618 had charged the Army of Dari••s at Marathon so home, that they were enforc••d to run away to their Navy, where it was that one Cynegirus an A∣thenian, shewed such incomparable valour, for be∣ing in pursuit of the Persians to their Ships; when some of them were putting off from the shore, he caught hold of one of the Ships with his right hand, holding it till his hand was cut off; then did he lay hold of it with his left hand till that also was cut off, and yet then he catched hold of it with his teeth, nor did he leave it till such time as the ••••eeting breath had withdrawn it self from his body, and thereby disappointed the resolute in∣tentions of his mind.

6. In the Naval sight betwixt Met••llus As∣drubal,* 1.619 L. Glaucus, a Knight of Rome, having laid hold upon Asdrubal's Ship, by no wounds could be beaten from thence, till he left both his hands to∣gether with the Ship. Bruson. facet. & Ex. lib. 2. cap. 43. p. 152.

7. Philopoemen,* 1.620 the Megapolitan was in the Ar∣my

of Antigonus King of Mac••d••n, when he fought against Cleomenes the King of Sparta, and with a too forward, yet Military ardour, not expecting the Signal, rushed forth against the Enemy, where fight∣ing he was shot through both thighs with an Ar∣row, and thereby was at were fettered; for there was no pulling it out, he therefore so opened and strained one thigh one way, and the other the contrary, that he brake the Arrow, and so pulled out both pieces, and no whit discouraged thereby, pressed yet so boldly upon the adverse part, that he was the principal cause of that days Victory, falling on the side of Antigonus.

* 1.6218. In the Reign of Iohannes Zimisca, Emperor of Greece; the Russians and Scythians with an Ar∣my of 300000 Souldiers, wasted Thrace, against whom Bardus Sclerus, a stout and valiant Person was sent; he having fortunately fought against a part of that Army, when he had drawn them with∣in the compass of an Ambush he had placed for them, elevated with this Success, he refused not a pitch'd ••ight with the rest, and whie he was riding in the battle in the midst of his Souldiers, exhort∣ing them both by words and deeds, to quit them∣selves like men, a Scythian of a vast Stature above the rest, having spied him, rushed upon him and gave him a terrible blow upon the head, which the excellent temper of his Helmet resisted: But Scle∣rus, struck with that force upon the head of the Scythian, that he clave the Barbarian in two parts, the Scythians astonished, with the prodigious effect of so potent an Arm, committed themselves to ••light, and the Grecians obtained a Signal Victory.

* 1.6229. L. Siccius Dentatus a Tribune of the People, when Sp. Tarp••ius, and A. Aeternius were Consuls, is reported to have served in an hundred and twen∣ty pitch'd Battles, eight times he was victorious in single Combats, wherein himself had been the Challenger; he carried on the fore-part of his bo••dy forty five Scars, made by honourable Wound••; he wan the Spoil of thirty four several Enemies, and had given him by his Captains for his prowess, and good service, eighteen headless Spears, twenty five Capparisons and Furnitures of great Horses, eighty three C••ains, one hundred and sixty Brace∣lets to adorn his Arms, twenty six Crowns or tri∣umphant Chaplets, whereof fourteen were Civick, for r••s••••ing so many Roman Citizens in jeopardy of death, eight of beaten Gold, three other mural, for mounting ••irst upon the Enemies Walls; and last of all one oblidional, for forcing the Enemy to break up •• is Seige, and depart.

* 1.62310. M. Sergius, the second time he went into the Field, his hap was to loose his right hand, and in two other Servic••s he was wounded no fewer than three and twenty times, by means whereof he had little use of either hand, and his feet stood him in little stead. How be it thus maimed and di••abled as he was to be a Souldier, he went many a time after to the Wars, attended with one Slave only, and performed his devoir; twice was he taken Prisoner by Annibal; and twice brake he Pri∣son and made his escape. Notwithstanding that, for twenty Moneths space, he was every day ordi∣narily kept bound with Chains and Fetters; four times fought he with his left hand only, until two Horses one after another were killed under him, after with a right hand of iron fastned to his arm, and in France he forced twelve fortified Camps o•• the Enemies. Bruson. facet. & Ex. lib. 2. cap. 43. p. 152.

* 1.62411. Pors••nna King of the Hetrurians had so beat∣en the Romans, that Poplicola, the Roman Consul having received many Wounds, and the rest forced to fly to Rome it self for safety; the enemy prest hard upon the Reer of them, and were now entring upon the Bridge, which gave them a fair entrance into Rome, when there stood Horatius Cocles, who singly maintained the fight against the whole For∣ces of the Enemy, till such time as his Compani∣ons had cut down the Wooden Bridge behind him, and then armed as he was, he leap'd into Ty∣ber, and swam safe to the bank on the other side, having only received a wound in his Buttock, by an Hetrusian Javelin. Poplicola the Consul admiring his Valour proposed it to the People, that each of them should give him as muc•• as should maintain him for a day, and that they should allot him as much Land, as he could compass in one day with a Plough, which they yielded to, and besides erected for him a Brazen Statue in the Temple of Vulcan, with those Honours endeavouring to alleviate the lameness he had contracted by his wound.

12. Under the Walls of Durazzo,* 1.625 first called Epidamnum, and afterwards Dyrrhachium, was the first bickering betwixt the Souldiers of Caesar and Pompey, not only to the present loss, but to the utter discomfiture of Caesar (as himself confessed) if the Enemies Captain had known how to over∣come: at this Seige the Valour of Cassius Sceva, was famous, who alone so long resisted Pompey's Army, that he had 130 Arrows sticking in his Shield, lost one of his eyes, was wounded in the thigh and shoulder, yet gave not over till Caesar came to his rescue.

13. In the Battle against Perseus,* 1.626 M. Cato, Son to the Orator of that Name, sighting bravely a∣mongst the thickest of the Enemies, was beaten from his Horse; and then fought on ••oot, when a Party of the Enemy had surrounded him, and when they pressed upon him on every side to bear him down, he stood unappalled, and gallantly sustained tbeir Assaults: But while he fiercely set upon one of greatest Stature amongst them, his Sword flew out of his hand into the midst of them, to recover which protecting himself with his Shield, and ope∣ning his way, he pressed betwixt the points of their Swords in the view and to the wonder of both Armies; when having recovered his Sword he retreated to his Companions, with the ap∣plause of all men, full of Wounds and as full of Glory; the rest in imitation of his Valour, falling ••iercely upon the Enemy obtained a great Victory.

14. Alexander the Great had besieged a City of the Oxydracae,* 1.627 and resolving to carry it by Storm, had broke in at a Gate, and forced the Enemy to ••ly into the Castle; here, while the rest of the Macedonians were busied in undermining the Walls; he not enduring delay, caught up a Ladder, and rearing it up against the Wall, and holding his Shield over his head, began to mount it, all which he performed with that celerity, that before the Guard of the place had observed it, he had gained the top; they durst not approach to deal with him hand to hand, but at a distance threw Javelins and Darts at him, in such a number as that he was sore pressed by them. The Macedonians sought to mount upon two Ladders they had advanced, but their number and weight that ascended, caused them to break under them. Then was Alexander left destitute of any Assistance, but scorning to re∣tire by the way that he came, arm'd as he was leap'd into the midst of his Enemies, and made a bold and couragious resistance. On his right hand he had a Tree that grew near the Wall, and on the left the Wall it self, to keep him from being in∣vironed,

and there he fought it with the stoutest of them; many a blow he received upon his Hel∣met and Shield; at last he had a wound under the Pap with an Arrow, with the pain of which he was forced to the Earth. Then the Indian that had given him the wound, carelesly approaching too near him, to strike him as he lay, received Alexan∣der's Sword into his Bowels, and tumbled down by his side; the King catching hold of a Bough that hung downwards, again recovering his standing, and then began to challenge the best of them to the fight. In this posture he was found by Peucestes, who by this time had got over the Wall, and after him a multitude of others, by which means the Castle was taken, and most of them put to the Sword.

* 1.62815. In the Reign of William the First, a private Norwegian Souldier, himself alone upon a Bridge, resisted the whole Army of the English, slew forty of them, and maintained the place for divers hours together, till one getting under the Bridge, found means to thrust up a spear into his body, and so killed him.

* 1.62916. Caius Caesar was renowned as a valorous Person, and one that despised all danger, he alone divers times restored the fight, opposing those of his Army that sled, and retaining them, o••ten thrust∣ing into the thickest of his Enemies, striking ter∣rour into them, and inflaming the courage of his own, when at Munda in Spain he fought against the Sons of Pompey; he was the first that assaulted the Enemy, and when his Souldiers hardly endured the brunt, he alone fought in the Front of them, two hundred Javelins were thrown against him, yet he moved not a foot. The Souldiers moved with an∣ger and shame, renued the ••ight, and at last late to∣wards Evening obtained through his Prowess a No∣ble Victory, by the death of thirty thousand men of the adverse Party.

* 1.63017. King William the Second, being reconciled to his Brother Robert; he assisted him to recover the Fort of Mount Saint Michael which their Bro∣ther Henry did forcibly hold in Normandy: during which Seige straggling one time alone upon the shore; he was set upon by three Horsemen, who assaulted him so ••iercely, that they drove him from his Saddle, and his Saddle from his Horse. But he catching up his Saddle, and withal drawing out his Sword, defended himself till rescue came, and be∣ing afterward blamed for being so obstinate to de∣fend his Saddle. It would have angred me (said he) to the very heart, that the Knaves should have bragged they had won the Saddle from me.

* 1.63118. Malcolme King of the Scots, in the time of King William the Second was a most valiant Prince, as may appear by an Act of his, of an extraordina∣ry strain. For hearing of a Conspiracy and Plot to murther him, whereof one was Author, whose name is not recorded. He dissembled the know∣ledge of it, till being abroad one day a hunting, he took the ••ellow apart from the Company, and be∣ing alone; Here is now, said he, a fit time and place, to do that manfully, which you have intended to do trea∣cherously; draw your Weapon and if you now kill me none being present, you can incur no danger: With which Speech of the King the Fellow was so daunt∣ed, that presently he fell down at his feet, confessed his fault, humbly asked forgiveness, and being granted him was ever after serviceable and faithful to the King.

* 1.63219. Maximinus the Emperor in an expedition that he made against the Germans when he came to huge and vast Marishes (into which the Germans had retreated) the Romans fearing to follow so far;* 1.633 he himself mounted on his Horse, was the first that entred the Marish, and their slew many of the Bar∣barians that with great obstinacy resisted him. The Army confounded with shame, that the Emperor alone should sustain the Assault of the Enemy, en∣tred the Marish also, where they fought it with that gallantry, that few of the Barbarians escaped their Swords; the Emperor himself still bravely fighting in the head of them.

20. Ptolomeus the Son of Pyrrhus King of Epi∣rus was of that valourous heart and strength of bo∣dy,* 1.634 that he dared accompanied only with sixty Souldiers, to assault the City of Corcyra manned with a Garrison and took it. The same Person in a Naval fight, leaping out of a Boat into a Galley of the Enemies, reduced it under his power: And at the Seige of Sparta, a City famous for Military Glory; he brake into the midst of the City, beat∣ing down all the Ranks of Souldiers that opposed his Entrance.

21. Lysima••hus the Macedonian,* 1.635 had sent Poyson to Calisthenes to put an end to his miserable life; for Alexander upon the account of his too great liberty of Speech, had caused his hands, nose, ears, lips to be cut off and thrust into a Cage with a Dog for his company, to be carried about to the terrour of others: When Alexander understood this of Lysimachus he was so incensed against him, that he commanded he should disarmed be exposed to a Lion of extraordinary fierceness. He wrap∣ping his Cloak about his hand (when the Lion came gaping upon him) thrust it into his Mouth, and plucking out his Tongue by the roots, left the Lion dead at his foot. Alexander admiring his virtue constancy forgave him his fault, and not only so, hut held him in much better esteem than before, and gave him both more honour, and a bet∣ter command about him.

22. Godfrey of Bovillon was brought up in that School of Valour,* 1.636 the Court of Henry the Fourth, the Emperor: Whilst he lived there, there hap∣pened an intricate Suit betwixt him and another Prince about Title of Land; and because Judges could not untye the knot, it was concluded the two Princes should cut it asunder with their Swords in a single Combat. Godfrey declined the Fight as much as in him lay, as conceiving any private Title for Land not ground enough for a Duel. Not∣withstanding he yielded to the Tyranny of Cu∣stom, and a••ter the fashion of the Countrey entred the Lists; when at the first Encounter his Sword brake, but he struck his Adversary down with the Hilt, yet saved his life, and gained his own Inhe∣ritance. Another parallel act of his Valour was, when being Standard-bearer to the Emperor, he with the Imperial Ensign, killed Rodul••hus the King of Saxony in single Fight, and fed the Eagle on the bowels of that Arch-Traytor.

23. Acilius was a Soldier of Caesar's,* 1.637 who being in a Naval Fight at Massilia, threw himself into a Ship of the Enemy's; where having lost his right hand, together with his Sword, he yet retained his Shield in his left hand; with which he so laid upon the faces of his Enemies, that he alone put them all to flight, and took the Ship.

24. When Epaminondas with his Troops was entred Sparta,* 1.638 there was one Isada, a young man, a proper and beautiful person; who coming out of the Bath, naked as he was both of Cloaths and Ar∣mour, with a Lance in one hand and a Sword in the other, threw himself into the midst of the Ene∣mies, wounding and over-throwing all that oppo∣sed

him. When the Fight was over, no wound was found upon him; whether some Tutelar God had taken care of his Vertue, or that he seemed to the Enemy to be something more great and august than a man. They say that the Ephori rewarded this valorous exploit of his with a Crown; but soon after imposed upon him a Fine of one thou∣sand Drachmes, for daring to expose himself in the Fight in such manner without Armor.

* 1.63925. Lucius Bantius of the City of Nola, was a man of great Nobility and Vertue, had fought with great resolution at the Battel of Cannae; and having slain a number of Enemies with his own hands, he was at last found in a heap of dead bo∣dies, all covered with Javelins. Hannibal himself astonished at his valour, not only sent him home without Ransom, but honoured him also with Pre∣sents, and contracted a Friendship with him. Whereupon, at his Return to Nola, he sought to make it of Hannibal's Party. Marcellus the Consul had understanding hereof; and not enduring to cut off a man, who had exposed himself to so many dangers in the behalf of the Romans, and so highly merited of them; and withal, knowing how to treat a high Spirit with such humanity and discourse, as to assure him to himself: One time when Bantius came with others to salute him, he asked who he was? when he heard it was Lucius Bantius, (which he knew before) as one seized with admiration and joy; What, said he, are you that Bantius of whom the Romans discoursed so much above all those that fought at Cann••e; who alone, they say, deserted not the Consul, but received on your own body those Iavelins that were aimed at him? Bantius not denying it, but shewing him his scars: Since then, said he, that you bear about you so many tokens of your good will to us, why would you not let me see you soon∣er? do you think us so ill natured, as not to esteem of that Vertue that is in honour with our very Enemies? Here he embraced the young man, and presented 〈◊〉〈◊〉 with a gallant Horse and five thousand Drachmes. From thenceforth he was most faith∣ful to the intere•••• of Marcellus, and the people of Rome.

* 1.64026. The Emperor Titu•• e••••ouraged his Soldi∣ers to assault a Wall of the ••••ower of Antonia in Ierusalem; but all being dismayed at the extremi∣ty of the danger, Sabinus a Syrian undertook it, a man of excellent strength and courage, yet so small of stature, that one would have deemed him unfit to be a Soldier. This man offered himself to Caesar with eleven more that envied his Vertue. He took his Shield in his left hand, and holding it above his head, with his drawn Sword in his right hand, a∣bout the sixth hour of the day he went unto the Wall. On every side the Jews upon the Wall cast an infinite number of Darts at him, and rowled down upon him huge Stones that strook down some of the eleven that followed him: But Sabi∣nus did not remit his force, till such time as he had ascended the top of the Wall, and put the Enemies to flight; for they, terrified with his strength and courage, and indeed supposing that more had come up after him, they ••led. Thus the gallant man failed not of his purpose, yet was he stricken with a Stone, and thrown down flat upon his face most violently, with a great noise; so that now the Jews seeing him alone, and lying upon the ground▪ returned again, and shot him on every side. He kneeling upon his knees, and covering himself with his Shield, did first of all revenge himself up∣on his Enemies, and wounded many that came near him; till that with wounding them he was so weary, that he could strike no longer; und so at last was slain with Arrows. Those of his Com∣pany having almost reached the top of the Wall, were slain with Stones, or wounded and carried in∣to the Camp.

27. The Romans having won the Tower Anto∣nia,* 1.641 the Jews ••led into the Inner Temple, and there maintained sight from the ninth hour of the night to the seventh hour of the day; at which time the Romans had the worst of it. This was observed by Iulian a Centurion, (born in Bithinia) who at that time stood by Titus in Antonia; he therefore presently leaped down thence, and all alone pursu∣ed the Jews who had the Victory in the Inner Temple: And the whole multitude ••led, deeming him by his force and tourage not to have been a man; in the midst of them he slew all he lighted upon, whilst for haste the one overturned the o∣the. This deed seemed admirable to Caesar, and terrible to his Enemies. Yet did the destiny be∣fal him which no man can escape; for having his Shooes full of sharp Nails, as other Soldiers have, running upon the Pavement, he slipped and fell down, his Armour in the fall making a great noise; whereat his Enemies who before fled, now turned again upon him. Then the Romans in Antonia fearing his life, cryed out; but the Jews, many at once, strook him with Swords and Spears. He defended many blows with his Shield, and many times attempting to rise, they strook him down again; yet as he say he wounded many: neither was he quickly slain, because the nobler parts of his body were all armed, and he shrunk in his neck a long time; till other parts of his body being cut off, and no man helping him, his strength failed. Caesar sorrowed to see a man of that force and forti∣tude slain in the sight of such a multitude. The Jews took his dead body, and did beat back the Romans, and shut them in Antonia; only the brave Iulian left behind him a renowned memory, not only amongst the Romans and Caesar, but also amongst his Enemies.

CHAP. XXXVII. Of the fearless Boldness of some Men, and their desperate•• solutions.

SOme men have within them a Spirit so daring and adventurous, that the presence and more than probability of any disaster whatsoever, is not able to conjure down. To desperate Diseases they apply as desperate Remedies; and therein Fortune sometimes so befriends them, that they come off as successfully with their Presumptions and Temeri∣ties as others who mannage their Counsels with the greatest care and conduct they are able.

1. A Dutch Sea man being condemned to death,* 1.642 his Punishment was changed, and he was ordered to be left at St. Hellen's Island. This unhappy per∣son representing to himself the horrour of that So∣litude, fell upon a resolution to attempt the stran∣gest action that ever was heard of. There had that day been interred in the same Island an Officer of the Ship: The Sea-man took up the body out of the Coffin; and having made a kind of Rudder of the upper board, ventured himself to Sea in it. It

happened fortunately to him to be so great a Calm that the Ship lay immoveable within a League and half of the Island; when his Companions seeing so strange a Boat ••loat upon the Waters, imagined they saw a Spectre, and were not a little startled at the resolution of the man, who durst hazard himself upon that Element in three boards slightly nailed together, though he had no confidence to find or be received by those who had so lately sen∣tenced him to death. Accordingly it was put to the question whether he should be received or not; some would have the Sentence put in execution, but at last mercy prevailed, and he was taken a∣board, and came afterwards to Holland; where he lived in the Town of Horn, and related to ma∣ny how miraculously God had delivered him.

* 1.6432. The French King Charles the Eighth, through the weakness of Peter de Medices in his Govern∣ment, had reduced the City of Florence unto such hard terms, that he had the Gates of it set open to him;* 1.644 he entred it (not professing himself friend or foe to the Estate) in a triumphant manner, him∣self and his Horse armed with his Lance upon his thigh.* 1.645 Many Insolences were committed by the French, so that the Citizens were driven to pre∣pare to fight for their Liberty. Charles propounds intolerable Conditions, demanding high summs of money, and the absolute Rule of the State as by right of Conquest, he having entred armed into it. But Peter Caponi a principal Citizen, catching these Articles from the King's Secretary, and tearing them before his face, bad him sound his Trumpets, and they would ring their Bells. Which bold and resolute words made the French better to bethink themselves; and came readily to this Agreement, that for forty thousand pounds, and not half that money to be paid in hand, Charles should not only depart in peace, but restore whatever he had of their Dominion, and continue their assured friend.

* 1.6463. Henry Earl of Holsatia, sirnamed Iron (be∣cause of his strength) being gotten into great fa∣vour with Edward the Third,* 1.647 King of England, by reason of his Valour was envied by the Cour∣tiers; who one day (in the absence of the King) counselled the Queen,* 1.648 that for as much as the Earl was preferred before all the English Nobility, she would make tryal whether he was so nobly born as he gave out, by causing a Lyon to be let loose up∣on him, saying that the Lyon would not so much as touch Henry if he was Noble indeed. They got leave of the Queen to make this Tryal upon the Earl. He was used to rise before day, and to walk in the base Court of the Castle, to take the fresh Air of the morning. The Lyon was let loose in the night; and the Earl having a night Gown cast over his Shirt, with his Girdle and Sword, and so coming down the Stairs into the Court, met there with the Lyon, bristling his hair and roaring; he nothing astonished, said with a stout voice, Stand, stand you Dog. At these words the Lyon couched at his feet, to the great amazement of the Cour∣tiers, who looked out of their holes to behold the issue of this business. The Earl laid hold of the Lyon, and shut him within his Cage, he left his Night-cap upon the Lyon's back, and so came forth without so much as looking behind him. Now, said the Earl (calling to them that looked out at the Windows) let him amongst you all that standeth most upon his Pedigree, go and fetch my Night-cap; but they ashamed, withdrew themselves.

4. In the Court of Matthias King of Hungary, there was a Polonian Soldier in the King's Pay, who boasted much of his valour, and who in a bra∣vado would often challenge the Hungarians to wrastle,* 1.649 or skirmish with the Sword or Pike, wherein he had always the better. One day as he stood by a great Iron Cage in which a Lyon was kept,* 1.650 the greatest and fiercest that had been seen of a long time,* 1.651 he began to say to those that were in his company, Which of you dares to take a piece of flesh out of this Lyon's throat when he is angry: None daring to take it in hand; You shall see, added the Polonian, the proof of my Speech. All that day fol∣lowing the Lyon had not any meat given him, the next day they threw him the fore Quarters of a Sheep; the Lyon begins to grunt, to couch down at his Prey, and to eat greedily: Herewith the Polonian enters; and lo••king the Lyon betwixt his legs, gives him a blow with his fist upon the Jaw, crying hah, you Dog, give me the flesh. The Lyon amazed at such a bold voice, let go his hold, shewing no other Countenance, but casting his eye after the Polonian that carried the flesh away.

5. The City of Rome being taken by the Gauls,* 1.652 and those that fled to the Capitol besieged; in this distress some of the Romans that were fled to Vei∣entum brought that same Camillus,* 1.653 whom before they had ungratefully forced into Exile, to take upon him the Supreme Command.* 1.654 He answered, that while those in the Capitol were safe, he took them for his Country, and should obey their Com∣mands with all readiness, but should not obtrude himself upon them against their will. But all the difficulty was to send to them that were inclosed in the Capitol; by the way of the City it was impos∣sible, as being full of Enemies. But amongst the young men of Ardaea, where Camillus then was, there was one Pontius Cominius, of a mean Birth, but desirous of Glory and Honour, who offered himself to this piece of service. He took no Let∣ters to them, lest, being taken, the design should be betrayed to the Enemy: But in meat habit, and pieces of Cork under it, he performed part of his journey by day-light; as soon as it grew dark, be∣ing near the City, because the Bridge was kept by the Enemy he could not that way pass the River; with his light Garment, therefore, bound about his head, and bearing up himself upon his Cork, he swam over the River; and perceiving by the fire and noise that the Guards were awake, he shunn'd them, and came to the Carmental Gate; there all was silent, and the Capitoline Hill was most steep, and hard to ascend: By this way he climbs up, and at last came to the Sentinels that watched upon the Walls; he salutes them, and tells them who he was. He was taken up, led to the Magistrates, acquaints them with all his busi∣ness: They presently create Camillus Dictator, and by the same way dismiss Pontius; who with the same wonderful difficulty escaped the Enemy as be∣fore, and came safe to Camillus, and Camillus to the safety of his Countrey.

6. In the Reign of Tham King of China,* 1.655 there was a Colao, an Officer not unlike that of our Duke, who having been Tutor to the King, was very po∣werful with him, and to preserve himself in his Grace and Favour, studied more to speak what would please the King, then to tell him the truth for the good of his Estate. The Chineses forbare not to speak of it amongst themselves, and to tax the flattery of this Coloa; once some Captains of the Guard were discoursing this Point at the Pa∣lace, when one of them being a little warmed with the Discourse, secretly withdrew himself, went in∣to the Hall where the King was, and kneeling down upon his knees before him; the King asked

what he would have? Leave, said he, to cut off the head of a flattering Subject. And who is that, said the King? Such a one who stands there, replied the other. The King in a rage; What, said he, a∣gainst my Master darest thou to propound this, and in my Presence too? Take him away, and strike off his head. When they began to lay hands upon him, he caught hold of a wooden balanster; and as there were many pulling of him, and he holding with a great deal of strength, it brake: by this time the King's heat was over; he commands they should let him go, and gave order that the balanster should be mend∣ed, and that they should not make a new one, that it might remain a witness of the Fact, and a memo∣rial of a Subject, that was not afraid to advise his King, what he ought to do.

* 1.6567. Phocion the Athenian was a man that stood with unmoveable constancy against the Multitude, the Nobles, Fortune and Death it self. There was once an Oracle recited at Athens; viz. that there was amongst them one single man that ever dissen∣ted from the agreeing opinions of all the rest. All the people were enraged, and enquired after that man. Now, pray, said Phocion, surcease your enqui∣ry, I am the man you seek for; for not one thing of all that you do did ever please me.

* 1.6578. In a Parliament at Salisbury, in the twenty fifth year of King Edward the First, the King re∣quires certain of his Lords to go to the Wars in Gascoigne, which needed a present Supply, by rea∣son of the death of his Brother Edmund; but all the Lords made excuses each for themselves: Whereupon the King in great rage threatned they should either go, or he would give their Lands to others that would. Upon this Humphry Bohune, Earl of Hereford, High Constable; and Robert Bi∣god Earl of Norfolk, Marshal of England, made their Declaration, that if the King went in Per∣son they would attend him, otherwise not: which Answer offended the King more; and being urged again, the Earl Marshal protested he would wil∣lingly go thither with the King, and march before him in the Van-guard, as by right of Inheritance he ought to do. But the King told him plainly he should go with any other, though he went not him∣self in person. I am not so bound, said the Earl, neither will I take that Iourney without you. The King swore, By God, Sir Earl, you shall go or hang. And I swear by the same Oath, said the Earl, that I will neither go nor hang; and so departed without leave.

* 1.6589. Avidius being General of the Army, when a part of the Auxiliaries without his privity had slain three thousand of the Sarmatians upon the Banks of the Danubius, and returned with a migh∣ty Spoil; the Centurions expecting mighty Re∣wards, for that with so small Forces they had over∣thrown so great a number; but he commanded them to be seized, and crucifyed. For, said he, it might have fallen out that by a sudden eruption of the Enemy from some Ambush, the whole Army might have been hazarded. But upon this Order of his a Sedition arose in the Army, when he straight goes forth into the midst of the Mutineers unarmed, and without any Life-Guard; where unappalled, he spake in this manner: Kill me if you dare, and give a glorious instance of your corrupted Discipline. When they saw his undaunted boldness they all grew quiet, and willingly subm••tted themselves to Discipline; which thing not only preserved the Romans themselves in obedience, but struck such an awe into the Barbarians, that they sent Ambas∣sadors to Antonius to grant them Peace for an hun∣dred years; for they were astonished above mea∣sure to find such Authority in Military Laws, as that by the Judgment of the Roman General even they were condemned to die, who had gloriously (though unlawfully) overcome.

10. Alexander the Great being in Cilicia,* 1.659 was detained with a violent Disease; so that when all other Physicians despaired of his health, Philip the Acarnanian brought him a potion,* 1.660 and told him if he hoped to live he must take that. Alexander had newly received Letters from Parmenio, where∣in he advised him to repose no trust in Philip,* 1.661 for he was bribed to destroy him by Darius with a mighty Summ of Gold.* 1.662 Alexander held the Let∣ters in the one hand, took the Potion in the other, and having supped it off,* 1.663 shewed Philip the Con∣tents of them; who, though incensed at the slan∣der cast upon him, yet advised Alexander to con∣fide in his Art; and indeed he recovered him.

11. Charles the Fifth,* 1.664 Emperor of Germany, had his Forces and Camp at Ingolstadt, and was compassed about with a huge number of Confede∣rated Enemies, yet would he not ••ight, whether because some Forces he expected were not yet come, or that he foresaw a safe and unbloody Vi∣ctory: In the mean time the Enemy, that aboun∣ded with great Guns, thundered amongst his Tents in such manner, that six thousand great Shot was numbred in one day; so that the Tents were every where boared through, the Emperor's own Tent escaped not the fury of the Guns; men were killed at his back, on each side of him, and yet the Emperor changed not his place, no nor his car∣riage, nor his Countenance. And when his Friends entreated him that he would spare himself, and all them in him; smiling, he bad them be of good courage, for no Emperor was ever killed with a great Gun. These things are short in the relation, but so mighty to consider of, as to deserve the me∣mory and applause of Ages to come. The like constancy and gravity in all his actions and behavi∣our accompanied him throughout his whole life.

12. In the Reign of King Henry the Third was Simon Montford Earl of Leicester;* 1.665 a man of so au∣dacious a Spirit, that he gave King Henry the lye to his face, and that in the presence of all his Lords, and of whom it seems the King stood in no small fear; for passing one time upon the Thames, and suddenly taken with a terrible Storm of Thun∣der and Lightning, he commanded to be set on Shore at the next Stairs, which happened to be at Durham-house, where Montford then lay; who coming down to meet the King, and perceiving him somewhat frighted with the Thunder, said unto him; Your Majesty need not fear the Thunder, the danger is now past. No Montford, said the King, I fear not the Thunder so much as I do thee.

13. Malcolme King of Scots besieging Alnwick Castle,* 1.666 an English Knight unarmed, only having a light Spear in his hand, on the end of which he bare the Keys of the Castle, came riding into the Camp; where being brought to the King, couch∣ing his Spear as though he intended to present him with the Keys, ran him into his left eye, left him dead; hence some say came the name Pierceye: the Knight by the swiftness of his Horse escaped.

CHAP. XXXVIII. Of the immoveable Constancy of some persons.

THis admirable Vertue is to the Soul as the Ba∣last to the Ship, it keeps it steady and pre∣serves it from fluctuation and uncertainty, at such times as any tempest of adversity shall assault it. It holds the middle place betwixt levity and obstinacy of the Mind, and being now to give some examples thereof, let none be displeased that I make choice of one of the other Sex to begin with, seeing a more illustrious one is not very easily to be met with.

* 1.6671. The Baron de Raymond having married the Daughter of an English Gentleman called William Barnsley, soon after to comply with the great Duke of Moscovy, he changed his Religion: Now the Law of the Country is, that if in a family the Hus∣band or Wife be of theirs, the rest shall be inforced to profess it, so that by this Law his Wife was to follow his example: Her Husband ••irst used all the mild means imaginable, but finding so great a con∣stancy on the other side, was forced to recur to the Authority of the great Duke and Patriarch. These offered her at first great advantages, but she though but fifteen years of age, (and the handsomest Stran∣ger in the Country) cast her self at the Dukes feet, praying him rather to take away her life, than to force her to a belief she was not satisfied of in her Conscience. The Father used the same submission but the Patriarch put him off with Kicks, told him that she was to be treated as a Child, and baptized whether she would or no. Accordingly she was dragg'd to a Brook where she was rebaptiz'd, not∣withstanding her protestations she made against it, when they plunged her in the water she drew in a∣long with her one of the Religious Women, when they would oblige her to detest her former Religi∣on she spit in their faces, and would never abjure. After her Baptism she was sent to Stuatka where her Husband was Governour, where she staid the three years of his Government: Those expired he re∣turned to Mosco and there dyed, she then thought she might profess the Protestant Religion, but that would not be permitted, her two Sons were taken from her, and she with a little Daughter was sent to the Monastery of Belossora, where she lived five years amongst the Nuns, in all which time she was not suffered to speak with any, and but once (by the means of a German) heard of her friends. The Patriarch dying she got out of the Monastery, and his Successor allowed her Liberty of Conscience at her own house, and to give and receive visits: I of∣ten visited this virtuous Lady in this condition, and have heard that she dyed some two years since con∣stant in her Religion to the last gasp. I may add, that her Father William Barnsley dyed in England not long since, aged one hundred twenty six years, after he had married a second Wife at one hundred: The former History commenced Anno Dom. 1636.

* 1.6682. Tarquinius the Son of Demaratus, in the Sa∣bine War had vowed a Temple to Iupiter Capit••linus Tarquinius Superbus the Son of him that had vowed it, built it but dedicated it not, as being expelled Rome before it was perfectly finished. Poplicola one of the Consuls, had a great desire to dedicate this Temple, but the dedication thereof fell to M. Horatius his Colleague in the Consulship: All were assembled in the Capitol for this purpose, Horatius had commanded silence, other Rites were perform∣ed, and now (as the custom is) holding a Post in his hands, he was beginning to speak the words of dedication, when M. the brother of Poplicola who had long waited at the door for this occasion, spake aloud, Consul, thy Son is dead of a Disease in the Army. The Assistants were perplexed at this news, but Horatius not moved in the least; Dispose then, said he, of his Carcass as you please, I shall not mourn at this time: and so performed the rest of his dedica∣tion. His news was not true, but merely feigned by Marcus to divert Horatius from the Dedication in favour of his Brother: But however the constan∣cy of the man is memorable, whether he in a mo∣ment discerned the fraud; or whether though he believed it yet was unmoved.

3. Pomponius a Knight of Rome was in the Army of Lucullus against Mithridates,* 1.669 where (upon some engagement) he was sorely wounded and made a prisoner, being brought into the presence of that King, he was asked by him whether when he had taken care for the cure of his wounds he would be his friend? Pomponius with the constancy worthy of a Roman replyed; That if he would be a friend to the people of Rome he would then be his, otherwise not.

4. Sylla had seized upon the City of Rome,* 1.670 had driven out his enemies thence, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Arms had called the Senate tog••ther for this purpose, that by them he might speedily have C. M••rius adj••••g∣ed the enemy of the people of Rome. Ther•• was no man amongst them found, who had the courage to oppose him in this matter; only Q. S••aevola the Augur being asked his opinion herein▪ would not declare his assent with the res••. And when Sylla began to threaten him in a terrible manner; Though said he, you shew me all these armed Troops wherewith you have surrounded this Court, and though you threaten me with death it self, yet shall you never bring it to pass that to save a little old blood, I should judge Marius an enemy, by whom this City and all Italy it self hath been preserved.

5. It was the saying of Xantippe concerning So∣crates her Husband,* 1.671 that although there were a thousand perturbations in the Common-Wealth, yet did Socrates always appear with the same man∣ner of countenance, both going o••t and returning into his house: For he had a mind equally prepared for all things, and so well and moderately compo∣sed, that it was far remote from grief and above all kind of fears.

6. C. Mevius was a Centurion in the Army of Augustus,* 1.672 in his war against Anthony, wherein af∣ter he had done many gallant things he was at last circumvented by an unexpected ambush of the ene∣my, taken prisoner and carried to Alexandria. Being in the presence of Antonius, he was by him asked how he should deal with him? Cause, said he, my Throat to be cut, for neither by the obligations of saving my life, nor by the punishment of any kind of death, can I ever be brought to cease from being Caesars Soldier, and begin to be thine. But by how much the greater constancy he shewed a contempt of life•• by so much the more easily did he obtain it, for Anto∣nius in the admiration of his vertue, preserved him.

7. Modestus the Deputy of Valens the Emperour,* 1.673 sought to draw S. Basil, after many other Bishops, into the heresie of Arrius, he attempted it first with caresses, and all the sugar'd words that might be expected from one that was not uneloquent: Dis∣appointed in his first essay, he reinforced his former perswasions with threats of exile and torments,

yea and death it self, but finding all these equally in vain, he returned to his Lord with this cha∣racter of the man: Firmior est quam ut verbis, prae∣stantior quam ut minis, fortior quam ut blanditiis vin∣ci possit. That is, he is so solid that words cannot o∣vercome him, so resolute that threats cannot move him, and so strong, that Allurements cannot alter him.

* 1.6748. Dion the Son of Hyparinus, and Scholar of Plato, was busied in the dispatch of publick affairs, when it was told him that one of his Sons was fallen out of the window into the Court-Yard, and was dead of the fall. Dion seemed to be nothing mo∣ved herewith, but with great constancy continued in the dispatch of what he was about.

* 1.6759. Antigonus the second, beheld when his Son was born dead upon the shoulders of some Soldi∣ers that had thus brought him from the Battle, he looked upon him without change of counte∣nance, or shedding a tear, and having praised him that he dyed like a brave Soldier and a valiant man, he commanded to bury him.

* 1.67610. When the aged Polycarpus was urged to reproach Christ, he tells the pro-Consul Herod, that fourscore and six years he had served him, and never was harmed by him, with what consci∣ence then could he blaspheme his King that was his Saviour: And being threatned on with fire if he would not swear by Caesars fortune, he tells him that it was his ignorance that made him expect it, For, said he, if you know not who I am, hear me tel∣ling you that I am a Christian: And when at the fire they would have fastned him to the Stake, the brave Bishop cryes out to let him alone as he was, for that God who had enabled him to endure the fire, would enable him also without any chains of theirs to stand unmoved in the midst of flames: so with his hands behind him unstirred he took his Crown.

* 1.67711. Valens an Arrian Emperour, coming to the City of Edessa, perceived that the Christions did keep their Assemblies in the fields, (for their Churches were demolished) whereat he was so en∣raged that he gave the President Methodius a box on the ear, for suffering such their meetings: com∣manding him to take along with him a cohort of Soldiers, and to scourge with Rods and knock down with Clubs as many as he should find of them. This his order being divulged, there was a Christian woman who with her Child in her Arms, ran with all speed towards the place, and was got a∣mongst the ranks of those Soldiers that were sent out against the Christians, and being by them as∣ked whither she went and what she would have? She told them that she made such hast, lest she and her little Infant should come too late, to be par∣takers of the Crown of Christ amongst the rest of those that were to suffer. When the Emperour heard this he was confounded, desisted from his enterprize, and turned all his fury against the Priests and Clergy.

* 1.67812. Henry Prince of Saxony, when his Brother Georg•• sent to him that if he would forsake his faith and turn Papist, he would leave him his Heir. But he made him this answer, Rather than I will do so, and deny my Saviour Iesus Christ, I and my Kate each of us with a staff in one hand, will beg our bread out of his Countryes.

* 1.67913. Quintus Metellus Numidicus, when he per∣ceived whereunto the dangerous endeavours of Sa∣turninus the Tribune of the people tended, and of what mischievous consequence they would prove to the Common-Wealth, unless they were vigo∣rously opposed, rather than he would suffer the Law he proposed to pass by his Suffrage, he chose to go into banishment. What greater constancy can there be than that of this man, who rather than to consent to a hurtful law, would be forced from his Country, wherein he had attained to the prin∣cipal dignity and honour.

CHAP. XXXIX. Of the great Confidence of some men in themselves.

THis manner of confident behaviour, if found∣ed in extraordinary military skill and vertue, in an uncommon integrity and uncorruptness of manners, or some special improvement and profi∣ciency in learning, for the most part hath an happy event, 'tis far otherwise when it proceeds from an humour of immoderate boldness or impudent boasting. If these that follow had unwonted and unusual successes, it was because they were men of as admirable virtues.

1. The Roman Army in Spain was oppressed,* 1.680 and the greater part of it cut off by the Punick forces, all the Nations of that Province had embra∣ced the friendship of the Carthaginians, and there was now no commander of ours, that dared to un∣dertake in an affair of that desperation, when P. Scipo at that time but twenty four years of age, stepped up and promised that he would go, which confidence of his gave hopes to the people of Rome both of safety and victory. The same confidence he used in Spain, for when he besieged the Town of Badia, and that several persons stood before his Tribunal, he adjourned to a house within the Walls of the City, commanding them to make their appearance there upon the next day. Soon after he took the City, and at the time and in the place ascending his Tribunal he did them Justice. With the same confidence, though forbidden by the Senate, he passed out of Sicily, into Affrica, and when there having taken some Spyes that Han∣nibal had sent into his Army, he neither punished them, nor enquired of the Forces or order of the Carthaginians, but leading them through all his Troops, he asked if they had seen as much as they desired, and so sent them away in safety. Also when M. Noevius Tribune of the People, (or as o∣thers say the two Petilii) had accused him to the people; he came into the Forum with a great Retinue, and mounting the Desk he put a Trium∣phant Crown upon his Head, and thus spake. This day ye Romans, I forced Carthage whose hopes were then too high, to stoop to your commands, and therefore it is but equal, that you with me should go to the Capitol to render thanks to the Gods. Glori∣ous was the event of these words, for the whole Senate, and all the Order of Knights, and the Body of the Commons, accompanied him to the Residence of Iupiter. The Tribune must now deal with the people in their Absence, for he was deserted and left alone in the Forum, to his great reproach, so that to disguise his shame, he was forced to follow the rest unto the Capitol, and instead of an accuser, became the honourer of Scipio.

* 1.6812. There was a great scarcity and dearth at Rome when C. Curatius Tribune of the People, caused the Consuls to appear in presence of the people, there he would have it enacted, that touching the buying of Corn, and for the sending Legats to dispatch that Affair, they should propose it to the Senate. P. Nasica apprehending this inconvenient he op∣posed it: whereat the people about him began to clamor, he on the other side unappall'd, thus round∣ly took them up: I pray you Romans said he, hold your tongues, for I my self do better understand what is profitable for the Commonwealth, then any or all of you. At the hearing of these words, all the people, with a silence full of veneration, shewed they had a greater respect unto his Autori∣ty, then they had unto their own food.

* 1.6823. P. Furius Philus the Consul, when the Pro∣vince of Spain fell to him by lot, and that Q. Me∣tellus and Q. Pompeius both Consular Persons, and both his vehement enemies, had often upbraided him, with his going thither as a place he most desi∣red to go to; he compelled them both to go with him as his Legates; A noble confidence this was, I had almost said, some what rash too: that dared to have two so sharp hatreds so near him, and to en∣dure his enemies in such place about him, as was scarce safe to him had they been his friends.

* 1.6834. L. Crassus, in his Consulship, had the Pro∣vince of Gallia fallen to him by lot, whither when C. Carbo came (whose father he had condemn'd) as a spy upon all his actions, he not only did not re∣move him thence as he might have done, but he also did assign him a place in his tribunal, nor did he take cognizance of any affair, but in his presence and by his advice. So that fierce and vehement Carbo, got nothing by this Journey of his into Gallia; but only to understand, that his guilty Fa∣ther had been sent into Exile, by the Sentence of a most upright Person.

* 1.6845. These were also Examples of the Publick Confidence, that in the War against Pyrrhus, when the Carthaginians of their own accord sent one hun∣dred and twenty Ships to Ostia, as a Guard for the Romans; the Senate then voted that Legats should be sent to their Admiral to tell him that the Romans were wont to make such Wars, as they were able to manage with their own Forces; and that therefore he should return with his Navy. In like manner when after the Battle at Cannae, the Roman strength was almost exhausted, yet even at that time they dared to send recruits to their Army in Spain. Hence it was, that the very place where the Ene∣mies Camp was, (Hannibal being then at the Gates of Rome) was sold for no less, than if the Cartha∣ginians had not been there. Thus to behave them∣selves in adversity; what was it but to make For∣tune (ashamed of her former persecutions) to re∣turn to their assistance.

* 1.6856. Hannibal was an Exile with Prusias King of Bythinia and advised the King to give Battle, when the King told him, that the Entrails of the Sacri∣fice did not portend well at that time,; And what, said he, wilt thou rather give credit, to the Liver of a Calf, than to an old and experienced Commander? If you look upon the words they are short and con∣cise, but considering the sense they are copious and full. For he therein laid before him at once the two Spains taken from the Romans; the Forces of Gaul and Liguria reduced under his Power, a new Passage made over the tops of the Alps; the Memo∣rial of his Victory at the Lake Thrasimene; the Noble Monument of his Glorious Atchievements at Cannas, the Possession of Capua, and the endange∣ring of all Italy it self; all which considered, he could not bear that the Entrails of a single Sacri∣fice should be preferred to the glory he had acquir∣ed by a long experience. And indeed for the ex∣ploration of warlike sacrifices, and a right estima∣tion of Military Affairs; more was to be allowed to the breast of Hannibal, than to all the little fires, and all the Altars of Bithinia, Mars himself being the Judge.

7. Caesar being in disguise with three Servants en∣tred a Brigandine,* 1.686 intending to cross the Sea, but coming down the River to enter the Sea, it was so troubled and tempestuous that the Pilot not daring to pass further would have returned. Then Caesar discovered his Face, and said, Fear not, thou carriest Caesar and his Fortune.

8. Paracelsus was exceedingly sharp and vehe∣ment against the Followers of Galen,* 1.687 and looked upon them in a manner as Persons of no value at all: So that some where he thus breaks out upon them, and at the same time most highly applauds himself: Take you notice of this, saith he, that the very foolish∣est hair which grows upon the hinder part of my head (for he was somewhat bald behind) knows more than you and all your Writers, and the Buckles upon my Shoos are more learned than your Masters Galen and Avicenna; and this Beard of mine has more experi∣ence than all your Vniversities put together; and I am apprehensive of the very hour, wherein the Sows will drag you through the dirt. He hissed at all the An∣cients, not excepting Hippocrates, Galen and Aristo∣tle himself; and he boasted that they being ex∣ploded (who by the consent of so many Ages had been the Princes of Philosophy and Physick) he was now come, who was a Philosopher according to the Light of Nature, and not the Dictates of men, and that in Physick he was the most absolute Monarch.

9. There were continual Contentions betwixt Nicias and Cleon,* 1.688 in the Administration of the Commonwealth at Athens: but Nicias had the reputation of the most skilful and experienced Commander. It fell out that the Greeks being over∣thrown by the Athenians, ••our hundred Spartans retired themselves into the Island Stagyra: The Athenians passionately desired to have these men in their hands, and therefore besieged them in the Island with their Forces; but whereas the extremi∣ty of the Weather, the Forti••ication of the Place, and the Valour of the Defendants kept them from being Masters of their wishes; all the fault was laid upon Nicias who had the Chief Command in the business. Cleon often contended with him about it, and at last grew so fervent therein, that he o∣penly said, That if the Supreme Command in that expedition should be committed to him alone, he would render them a very good account of it in a short time. This Province was therefore decreed to Cleon alone, and such a marvellous confidence he had, that at his departure from Athens he gave out, that within the compass of twenty days, he would have those be∣seiged Lacedemonians in his hands either dead or alive. Fortune favoured this boldness of his, and that which Nicias an experienced Leader thought very difficultly to be compassed at all, that Cleon brought to pass within the time he had designed; and having seised the Place, and slain some of the Defendants, he brought the rest Prisoners to A∣thens.

10. Agesilaus King of Sparta was then in his Youth,* 1.689 when to the terrour of all the Grecians, the Fame went that the Persians were resolved upon the Invasion of Greece with a Mighty Army. At this time Agesilaus made offer to his Citizens, that

with a small Army, he would not only defend his Country but would also pass over into Asia, and there obtain of the Persians a notable Victory, or at least an honourable Peace. The Spartans con∣ceiving good hope from this confidence of his, gave him the leading of ten thousand Souldiers well armed; with these Forces Agesilaus went in∣to Asia, overthrew the Persians in Battle; whence being recalled by his Citizens, joyful and victori∣ous he brought home his Army so intire, that he had lost very few of them.

* 1.69011. Antigonus had newly taken upon him the Name and Dignity of King of Macedon, when it was told him that the People were openly discon∣tented therewith, he conscious to himself of his manifold virtues, in the sight of the People, layd down his Crown and Scepter; then he recited the Heads of those things which he had per∣formed with great Valour and Glory; after which he openly admonished them, that if they knew any man more worthy of the Kingdom than himself, that they should at their pleasure dis∣pose of Crown and Scepter to that Person. With this confidence of mind, he so moved the People, that all of them (of their own accord) advised him to reassume the Kingdom, and besought him there∣unto with most earnest entreaties; which yet he constantly refused to do, till they had taken condign punishment of the Authors of the Se∣dition.

* 1.69112. Cato the Elder shewed no less confidence, when he moved for the Censorship against his Competi∣tors; for being got up into a Place whence he might be conveniently heard, he spake openly in these Terms: That the manners of the Romans stood in need of a sharp and severe, and not a faint hearted Physician: That hereupon such as were vitious, be∣cause they knew him, did shun his Censorship, and gave their Votes to his Competitors, that they might have none to look into, and correct their Miscarriages. If therefore the Roman people, had any regard for Virtue and detestation of Vice; if they desired the manners of Rome should be restored to their ancient frugality; they should then make choice of him and Valerius Flac∣cus to be their Censors. The People were moved with this Oration, and preferring him before o∣thers, voted him the Censorship; which he admi∣nistred with that integrity, that the People erected him a Statute in the Forum, with this Inscription; That Cato the Censor had merited the Honour of that Statue; far that by his prudence he had reduced the loose manners of the Romans, to their pristine Fruga∣lity and Virtue.

* 1.69213. Balthazar Cossa applied his mind to his Stu∣dies for some time with great diligence at Bononia; thence he put himself upon the way towards Rome, and being asked why he would go to Rome? That (said he) they may choose me Pope; and this he said in good earnest, not long after he was made Cardi∣nal by Alexander the Fifth, and succeeded him in the Popedom by the name of Iohn the Twenty Fourth.

CHAP. XL. Of the Great Reverence shewed to Learning and Learned Men.

TH••smopolis was a Stoick Philosopher,* 1.693 and was kept in the House of a Great Roman Lady; she once called him aside, and used much Discourse with him concerning his Capacity, his Virtue and Worth; she resolved to bestow a great Office up∣on him, and what should it be, but to take charge of her Little Bitch, which was ready to Whelp. The inconsiderable rudeness of this Lady shews she then took more care of her Bitch, than she had formerly taken of her self, and had Learned Men never met with more Worthy Patrons; the World (though never so well inlightned by the Sun) had been but a wide Dungeon of uncomfortable dark∣ness; but the best o•• it is, they have found fairer respects from the greatest of Princes, yea and the most barbarous Nations.

1. I dwelt,* 1.694 saith M••rtinus Martinius, in the City of Venxus, in a fair House; the City and People being all in a ••umult, by reason of the Tartar's approach: Assoon as I understoed it, I fixed over the fairest Gate of the House, a Red Paper, very long and broad, with this Inscription upon it. Here dwells the European Doctor of the Divine Law; likewise at the entrance of the greater Hall I set out my greatest and fairest bound Books, to these I added my Mathematical Instruments, Perspective, and other Optick Glasses, and what else I thought might make the greatest shew; and withal I placed the Picture af our Saviour upon an Altar erected for that purpose; by which fortunate Stratagem, I not only escaped the violence and plunder of the common Souldiers, but was invited and kindly entertained by the Tartarian Vice-Roy.

2. Alexander the Great having found▪ amongst the Spoils of King Darius,* 1.695 his Perfumier, or Casquet of sweet Ointments, richly embelished with Gold, costly Pearls, and Precious Stones; when his Friends about him shewed him many uses that curious Cabinet might be put to: It shall serve, said he, for a C••se for Homer's Works: also in the forcing and Saccage of the City of Thebes, he gave express commandment, that the Dwelling House, and the whole Family of Pindarus the Poet should be spared; he caused also the City where Aristotle his Master had been born to be rebuilt, and seeing a Messenger coming to him with a chearful countenance, as one that brought him good News: What, said he, canst thou tell me that Homer is alive again?

3. Dionysius the Tyrant though otherwise proud and cruel,* 1.696 being advertized of the coming of Plato, that great Philosopher: sent out a ship to meet him adorned with goodly streamers: and himself mounted a chariot drawn with four white horses, gave him the reception of a great King, at the Haven where he disembarked and came on shore.

4. Pompey the Great,* 1.697 after he had ended the War with Mithridates, went to visit Posidonius that Renowed Professor of Learning, and when he came to his house, gave straight Commandment to his Lictours that they should not (after their usual manner with all others) rap at the door. This Great Warrior to whom, both the East and West parts of the World had submitted:

veil'd as it were the Roman fas••es, and the En∣signs of his Authority, before the door of this Phi∣losopher.

* 1.6985. The Kings of Aegypt and Macedon gave a singular testimony, how much they honoured Me∣nander the Comical Poet, in that they sent Em∣bassadors for him; and a Fleet to waft him for his more security: though he more esteemed of his private studies, then all the honours designed for him, by the bounty and savour of these great Princes.

* 1.6996. In the first Publi••k Library that ever was erected in Rome, there was also set up the Statue of M. Varro that Learned man; and for his greater Honor, it was also done while he himself was yet living.

* 1.7007. Pomponius saith in his fourth book of the Pandects; By reason of the desire I have to learn, (which to this seventy and eight year of mine age, I have ever looked upon as the best account to de∣sire to live,) I am mindful of this sentence, which is said to be one of Iulians; Though I had one foot in the grave, yet should I have a desire to learn something.

* 1.7018. Claudius Caesar eraz'd the name of a Greek Prince, out of the Roll of the Judges, because he understood not the Latine Language, and sent him to travel.

* 1.7029. Solon the Athenian, travelled as far as Ae∣gypt, Cyprus, nay survey'd all Asia, and this for no other reason, then the desire he had to encrease his knowledge: which was so great and constant, that it was his saying, By learning every day some∣thing, I am grown old. About the time of his death, when he lay languishing npon his bed, he raised up his head to hearken to some friends of his discoursing at his bed side, and when they asked him to what purpose, he did so? he gave that Noble answer, that I may die the more Learned.

* 1.70310. Theodosius the younger, continually turn'd over the Greek, and Latine Historians: and that with such eagerness, that whereas he spent the day in Civil and Military affairs; he set apart the night for the Lecture of them, and that neither himself might be disturbed in his reading; nor any of his servants constrain'd to watch with him: he caused a Candlestick to be made with that artifice, as to supply the light with oyl, of its own accord, as oft as there was any want.

* 1.70411. The Greek Emperor Leo, was exceeding bountiful to Learned Men, and when once an Eu∣nuch of his told him, that such expences were sit∣test to be made upon his men of War. I would said he it might come to pass in my time, that the Salaries of the Soldiers might be spent upon the Professors of the Liberal Arts.

* 1.70512. Alphonsus that great King of Naples was wont to say, he had rather suffer the loss of his Kingdoms (and he had seven) then the least part of his Learning: nor did he love it only in him∣self, but others, it is to this King that we are in∣debted, for Laurentius Valla, Antonius Panormita∣nus, Bartholomaeus Faccius, Georgius Trapezuntius, Ioannes Aurispa, Ievianus Pontanus, and a considera¦ble number of Juniors to them: He set up Univer∣sities and erected or adorned Libraries up and down in his Kingdoms, and a choice book was to him the most acceptable present of all other: In his Ensigns he carried Pourtray'd an Open Book, importing that knowledge drawn from thence be∣came Princes, when he heard the King of Spain should say, that Learning was below Princes he said angrily; it was the voice of an Ox and not a Man: As for himself, he read Caesar and Livy with great diligence; he translated the Epistles of Se∣neca into Spanish with his own hand; so conversant in the Sacred Writings, that he said he had read over the Old and New Testament with their glos∣ses fourteen times: all this he did being stricken in years; for he was fifty before he intermedled with studies, his improvement therein having been neg∣lected in his younger time, and yet we may say of this Prince, how great a man was he both at home and abroad? a greater both in virtue and fortune, Europe hath not seen.

13. The Emperor Charles the fifth,* 1.706 being at Genoa; was entertained with an Oration in Latin, and when he found that he could not fully com∣prehend the sense of it, with a sad countenance he made this ingenuous confession, that he now under∣went the punishment, of his youthful negligence, and that his Master Hadrianus was but too true a Prophet, when he told him (as he often had) that one day he would surely repent it: Paulus Iovius who was then present, and an ear witness, hath related thus much of that great Prince.

14. It is reported of Magdalene Queen of France,* 1.707 and wife to Lewis the Eleventh by birth a Scottish Woman, that walking forth in an Evening, with her Ladies, she espied M. Alanus one of the Kings Chaplains: an old hard favored man, lying fast asleep in an Arbor, she went to him, and kissed him sweetly. When the young Ladies laught at her for it; she reply'd that it was not his per∣son, that she did bear that Reverence and respect unto, but the Divine beauty of his soul.

15. The Great Theodosius used frequently to sit by his Children,* 1.708 Arcadius and Honorius, whilest Arsenius taught them: he commanded them to give their Master the same respects as they would unto himself, and surprizing them once sitting and Arsenius standing he took from them their Princely Robes, and restored them not till a long time after, nor without much entreaty.

16. Marcus Aurelius shewed great piety and respect to his teachers and instructers:* 1.709 he made Proculus Proconsul, and took Iunius Rusticus with him, in all his expeditions, advised with him in all his publick and private business, saluted him before Praef••cti praetorio, designed him to be se∣cond time Consul, and after his death, ob∣tained of the Senate publickly to erect his Statue.

17. Claudius Tacitus the Emperor a great fa∣vourer of Learned Men,* 1.710 commanded the works of Tacitus the Historian to be carefully preserved in every Library, throughout the Empire, and ten times every year to be transcribed at the publick cost; notwithstanding which many of his works are lost.

CHAP. XLI. Of the exceeding intentness of some men upon their Meditations and Studies.

THe Greek Writers extol to the heavens the Gallantry of one Cynaegirus an Athenian; who in the famous battel at Salamine against the Per∣sians, laid hold upon one of their Ships with his right hand, and that cut off, with his left, when that also was lost he endeavoured to retain it with his teeth: No less is the constancy of these illustri∣ous persons to be wondred at, some of whom no consideration whatsoever, unless the indispensable laws of necessity or death it self could be able to divorce from their dear studies.

* 1.7111. Thuanus tells of a Countryman of his called Franciscus Vieta, a very learned man, who was so bent upon his studies, that sometimes for three days together he would sit close at it, sine cibo & somno, nisi quem cubito innixus, nec se loco movens ca∣piebat. Without meat or sleep, more than what for mere necessity of nature, he took leaning on his Elbow, without moving out of his place.

* 1.7122. Dr. Reyno••ds when the Heads of the Univer∣sity of Oxford came to visit him in his last sickness; which he had contracted merely by his exceeding pains in his studies, (whereby he brought his wi∣thered body to be a very Sckeleton) they earnest∣ly perswaded him that he would not (perdere sub∣stantiam propter accidentia) loose his life for learning, he with a smile answered out of the Poet,

Nec propter vitam vivendi perdere causas, Nor to save life lose that for which I live.

* 1.7133. Chaerephon the familiar Friend of Socrates, was sirnamed Nycteris, sor that he was grown pale with nocturnal Lucubrations, and was so exceed∣ingly emaciated and made lean thereby.

* 1.7144. Thomas Aquinas sitting at Dinner with Philip, or (as Campanus saith) with Lewis King of France, was on the sudden so transported in his mind, that he struck the board with his hand and cryed out, Adversus Manichaeos conclusum est; The Manichees are confuted. At which when the King admired; Thomas blushing, besought his pardon, saying: That an Argument was just then come into his mind; by which he could utterly overthrow the opinion of the Manichees.

5. Bernardus Abbot of Claravalla, had made a dayes journey by the side of the Lake Lausanna,* 1.715 and now at Sun. setting being come to his Inne, and hearing the Fryers that accompanied him, discour∣sing amongst themselves of the Lake, he asked where that Lake was? When he heard he won∣dred, professing that he had not so much as seen it, being all the time of his Journey so intent upon his meditations.

* 1.7166. Archimedes who by his Machines and various Engines, had much and long impeded the victory of M. Marcellus in the Siege of Syracuse, when the City was taken, was describing Mathematical figures upon the earth, so intent upon them both with his eye and mind, that when a Soldier who had broke into the house, came to him with his drawn Sword and asked him who he was? He (out of an earnest desire, to preserve his figure entire which he had drawn in the Dust) told not his name, but only desired him not to break and interrupt his Circle: The Soldier conceiving himself scorn'd, ran him through, and so confounded the draught and lineaments of his Art with his own blood. He lost his life by not minding to tell his name, for Marcellus had given special order for his safety.

7. I remember I have often heard it from Ioseph Scaligers own mouth,* 1.717 that he being then at Paris, when the horrible Butchery and Massacre was there, sate so intent upon the study of the Hebrew tongue, that he did not so much as hear the clashing of Arms, the cryes of Children; the lamentations of Women, nor the Clamours or Groans of Men.

8. St. Augustine had retired himself into a soli∣tary place,* 1.718 and was there sate down with his mind wholly intent upon divine meditations, concerning the mystery of the sacred Trinity, when a poor woman (desirous to consult him upon a weighty matter) presented her self before him; but he took no notice of her; the woman spake to him, but neither yet did he observe her: upon which the woman departs, angry both with the Bishop and her self, supposing that it was her poverty that had occasioned him to treat her with such neglect. Afterwards, being at Church where he preached, she was wrap'd up in Spirit; and in a kind of Trance she thought she heard St. Austin discoursing concerning the Trinity; and was informed by a private voice, that she was not neglected, as she thought, by the humble Bishop, but not observed by him at all, who was otherwise busied: upon which she went again to him, and was resolved by him according to her desire.

9. Thomas Aquinas was so very intent upon his meditations and in his readings,* 1.719 that he saw not such as stood before him, he heard not the voices of such as spake to him, so that the Corporeal Senses seemed to have relinquished their proper Of∣fices to attend upon the Soul, or at the least were not able to perform them, when the Soul was de∣termined to be throughly employed.

10. Mr. Iohn Gregory of Christs-Church,* 1.720 by the relation of that Friend and Chamber-fellow of his, who hath published a short account of his life and death, did study sixteen of every twenty four hours for divers years together, and that with so much appetite and delight, as that he needed not the cure of Aristotle's drowsiness to awake him.

11, Sir Iohn Ieffrey was born in Sussex,* 1.721 and so profited in the study of our Municipal Laws, that he was preferred secondary Judge of the Common Pleas, and thence advanced by Queen Elizabeth in Michalmas Term the nineteenth of her Reign, to be Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer, which place he discharged for the term of two years to his great commendation. This was he who was called the plodding Student, whose industry per∣fected nature, and was perfected by experience. It is said of him, Nullus illi per otium dies exit, par∣tem noctium studiis vindicat, non vacat somno sed suc∣cumbit, & oculos vigilia fatigatos, cadentesque in ope∣re detinet. He spent no day idly, but part of the nights he devoted to study, he had no leisure to sleep, but when surprised by it for want of it, his weary eyes when clo∣sing and falling by reason of his overwatching, he still held to their work, and compelled to wait upon him.

12. Aristotle the Philosopher,* 1.722 is said to be so addicted to his meditations, that he unwillingly

gave way to that necessary repose, which nature called upon him for, and therefore to repress the ascent of vapours, and thereby to hinder his being overtaken with sleep, he used sometimes to apply a vessel of hot oyl to his Stomach, and when he slept he would hold a brazen Ball in his hand over a Ba∣sin, that so when the Ball should fall down into it, he might again be awaked by the noise of it.

* 1.72313. Callistus the third hath this as part of his character, set down by the Pen of Platina, that he was sparing in his diet, of singular modesty in his speech, of easie access, and that although he was arrived to fourscore years of Age, yet even then he remitted nothing of his usual industry and con∣stancy in his studies, but both read much himself, and had others who read to him when he had any time to spare, from the great weight of his af∣fairs.

* 1.72414. Iacobus Milichius a German Physician, was so enflamed with a passionate desire of Learning, that he would not spare himself even then when ill in respect of his health, and when old age began to grow upon him, when some of his friends would reprehend this over-eagerness of his, and his too much attentiveness to his studies, his reply was that of Solon. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. i. e. I grow old in learning many things. He was so careful and sparing afterwa••d of his time, that no man could find him at his own house, but he was either reading or writing of something, or else (which was very rare with him) he was playing at Tables, a sport which he much delighted in after dinner. After Supper and in the Night he was at his Studies and Lucubrations; which was the rea∣son that he slept but little, and was also the cause of that disease which took away his life, for the over constant and the unseasonable intention of his mind in his studies, was doubtless the occasion of that affliction which he had in his Brain and Sto∣mach, so that he dyed of an Apoplexy, Nov. 10th. 1559.

* 1.72515. Iacobus Schegkius though he was blind many years together, had frequent fits of an Apoplexy, was in extreme age, and found therein a deficiency of all his strength, yet could not he indulge him∣self in idleness, but continued then intent upon his thoughts and meditations, had one to read for him, and put forth most learned Commentaries upon the Topicks of Aristotle.

CHAP. XLII. Of such Persons as were of choice Learning, and singular skill in the Tongues.

WHen Basilius Amerbachius heard of the death of Theodorus Zuingerus,* 1.726 a Ger∣man Physitian, he sighed, and brake out in these words; Piget me vivere post tantum virum, cujus magna fuit Doctrina; sed exigua si cum Pietate confe∣ratur. It grieves me to live after so great a Person, whose Learning was great; but if compared with his Piety, but small. The Piety of these Persons un∣derwritten for ought I know, was as great as their Learning: however, since the Learning of most of them hath survived them, we have the less rea∣son to be sorry that we come after them.

1. Wonderful is that Character which Vives gives of Budaeus,* 1.727 himself being a man of eminent parts. France, saith he, never brought forth a shar∣per Wit,* 1.728 a more piercing Iudgment; one of more ex∣act diligence, and greater Learning; nor in this Age, Italy it self. There is nothing written in Greek or La∣tin, which he hath not read and examined. He was in both these Languages excellent; speaking both as rea∣dily, perhaps more, than the French, his Mother tongue. He would read out of a Greek Book in Latin, and out of a Latin one in Greek. Those things which we see so excellently written by him flowed from him ex∣tempore. He writes more easily both in Greek and La∣tin, than the most skilful in those Languages understand. Nothing in those Tongues is so abstruse, which he hath not ransack'd, and brought, as another Cerberus, out of Darkness into Light. Infinite are the significations of Words, Figures, and Properties of Speech, which unknown to former Ages, by the only help of Budaeus, studious men are now acquainted with: and these so great and admirable things he (without the direction of any Teacher) learned merely by his own industry. I speak nothing of his knowledge in the Laws; which being in a manner ruin'd, seem by him to have been restored: Nothing of his Philosophy; whereof he hath given such an Instance in his Books De Asse, which no man could compose without an assiduous conversation in the Books of all the Philosophers. He adds, that notwithstan∣ding all this, he was continually conversant in Dome∣stick and State Affairs at home and abroad in Embas∣sies: and concludes all with that Distich which Bu∣chanan made of him.

Gallia quod Graecia est, quod Gracia barbara non est. Vtraque Budaeo, debe•• utrumque suo.

That France is turn'd to Greece, that Greece is not turn'd rude. Both owe them both to thee, their dear great learned Bude.

2. Tostatus,* 1.729 Bishop of Abulum, at the age of two and twenty years (saith Possevine) attained the knowledge of all Arts and Sciences. For besides Philosophy and Divinity, Canon and Civil Laws, History and the Mathematicks, he was well skill'd both in the Greek and Latin Tongues. So that it was written of him by Bellarmin,

Hic stupor est mundi, qui scibile discutit omne.

The Wonder of the World; for he Knows whatsoever known may be.

He was so true a Student, and so constant in sitting to it, that with Didymus of Alexandria, he was thought to have had a body of Brass: and so much he wrote and published, that a part of the Epitaph engraved upon his Tomb was,

Primae natalis luci, folia omnia adaptans Nondum sic fuerit pagina trina satis.

The meanning is, that if we should allow three leaves to every day of his life from his very Birth, there would be some to spare: yet withal, he wrote so exactly, that Ximenes his Scholar, attem∣pting to contract his Commentaries upon St. Mat∣thew, could not well bring it to less than a thou∣sand leaves in Folio; and that in a very small Print. Others also have attempted the like in his other Works, but with the same success.

3. Iulius Caesar Scaliger was thirty years old before

he fell to study,* 1.730 yet was a singular Philosopher, and an excellent Greek and Latin Poet. Vossius calls him, The Miracle of Nature, the chief Censor of the Ancients, and the Darling of all those that are con∣cerned to attend upon the Muses. Lipsius highly admires him: There are three, saith he, whom I use chiefly to wonder at, as persons, who though amongst men, seem yet to have transcended all humane Attainments; Ho∣mar, Hippocrates and Aristotle: but I shall add to them this fourth, that is, Julius Scaliger; that was born to be the Miracle and the Glory of our Age. He verily thinks there was no such acute and capaci∣ous Wit as his since the Age of Iulius Caesar. Meibo∣miu•• calls him a man of stupendious Learning, and than whom the Sun hath scarce shined upon a more learned. Thuanus saith, Antiquity had scarcely his Superior; 'tis certain his own Age had not the like.

4. Amongst the great Heroes and Miracles of Learning most renowned in this latter Age,* 1.731 Ioseph Scaliger hath merited a more than ordinary place. The learned Causabon hath given this Character of him: There is nothing, saith he, that any man could desire to learn, but that he was able to teach. He had read nothing (and yet wh••t had he not read) but what he did readily remember. There was nothing in any Latin, Greek or Hebrew Author that was so obscure or abstruse, but that being consulted about it, he would forthwith resolve. He was throughly versed in the Hi∣stories of all Nations, in all Ages, in the successive Re∣volutions of all Empires; and in all the Affairs of the ancient Churches, he was able to recount all the Ancient and Modern Names, Differences and Proprieties of liv∣ing Creatures, Plants, Metals, and all other Natural things. He was accurately skill'd in the scituation of Places, the bounds of Provinces, and their various Divisions, according to the diversity of Times. There was none of the Arts and Sciences so difficult, that he had left u••touched. He knew so many Languages so exactly, that if he had made that one thing his business throughout the whole compass of his life, it might have been worthily reputed a miracle. Hereunto may be annexed the Testimony of Iulius Caesar Bulengerus, a Doctor of the Sorbon, and Professor at Pisa; who in the twelfth Book of the History of his time, thus writes of the same Scaliger. There followed the Year 1609. an unfortunate Year, in respect of the death of Ioseph Scaliger, than whom this Age of ours hath not brought forth any of so great a Genius or ingenuity as to Learning; and possibly the fore-past Ages have not had his Equal in all kinds of Learning.

* 1.7325. That which Pasquier hath observed out of Monshclet is yet more memorable, touching a young man, who being not above twenty years old, came to Paris in the Year 1445. and shewed himself so admirably excellent in all Arts and Sci∣ences, and Languages, that if a man of an ordina∣ry good Wit and sound Constitution should live one hundred years, and during that time should stu∣dy incessantly without eating, drinking and sleep∣ing, or any recreation, he could hardly attain to that perfection. Insomuch that some were of opi∣nion that he was Antichrist, begotten of the De∣vil, or at least somewhat above Humane Conditi∣on. Castellanus, who lived at the same time, and saw this Miracle of Wit, made these Verses on him; his are in French, but may be thus Englished.

A young man have I seen At twenty years so skill'd, That ev'ry Art he had, and all In ••ll degrees excell'd. Whatever yet was writ He vaunted to pronounce, Lik•• a young Anti-Christ if he Did read the same but once.

6 Beda was born in the Kingdom of Northum∣berland at Girroy now Yarrow in the Bishoprick of Durham,* 1.733 brought up by St. Cuthbert, and was the profoundest Scholar of his Age, for Latin, Greek, Philosophy, History, Divinity, Mathematicks, Musick, and what not: Homilies of his making were read in his life time in the Christian Churches, a dignity afforded him alone, whence some say, his Title of Venerable Beda was given him; It being a middle betwixt plain Beda which they thought too little, and St: Beda which they thought too much while he was yet alive.

7. Roger Bacon was a famous Mathematician and most skilful in other Sciences,* 1.734 accurately vers'd in the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, of whom Selden thus: Roger Bacon of Oxford a Minori••e, an ex∣cellent Mathematician, and a person of more learning than any of his age could a••ford.

8. Richard Pacie Dean of Pauls, and Secretary for the Latin Tongue to King Henry the Eighth,* 1.735 he was of great ripeness of wit, learning, and elo∣quence, and also expert in foreign languages. Pit∣saeus gives him this Character. A man endowed with most excellent gifts of mind, adorned with great variety of le••••••ing, he had a sharp wit, a mature judgment, a constant and firm memory, a prompt and ready tongue, and such a one as might deservedly cont••nd with the most learned men of his age▪ for ••kill in the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages.

9. Anicius M••••li••s Soverinus Boe••hius,* 1.736 ••••ourished Anno Dom. 520. He was very famous in his days being Consul at Rome, and a man of rare gifts and abilities: Some say that in prose he came not be∣hind Cicero himself, and had none that exceeded him in Poetry. A great Philosopher, Musician, and Mathematician. Polit. saith of him thus: Than Boethius, in Logick who more acute, in Mathema∣ticks more subtile, in Philosophy more copious and rich, or in Divinity more sublime? He was put to death by Theodoricus King of the Goths, and after he was slain Peripatetick Philosophy decayed, and almost all Learning in Italy: Barbarism wholly in∣vaded it, and expelled good Arts and Philosophy out of its Borders, saith Hereboord of Verona.

10. St. Augustine in his Epistle to Cyril Bishop of Ierusalem,* 1.737 writes concerning St. Ierome, that he understood the Hebrew, Greek, Chaldee, Persi∣an, Median, and Arabick tongues, and that he was skill'd in almost all the learning and languages of all Nations. The same St. Augustine saith of him, no man knows that which St. Ierome is igno∣rant of.

11. Mithridates the great King of Pontus,* 1.738 had no less than twenty and two Countries under his Government, yet was he used to answer all these Ambassadors in the same language of his Country that he spake to him in, without the help of any Interpreter. A wonderful evidence of a very sin∣gular memory, that could so distinctly lay up such a diversity of stores, and so faithfully, as that he could call for them at his pleasure.

12. Hugo Grotius was born at D••lph in the Low-Countries,* 1.739 Anno 1583. Vossius saith o•• him that he was the most knowing, as well in Divine as Hu∣mane things. The greatest of men▪ saith Meibo∣mius, the Light and Columen of Learning, of whom nothing so magnifick can be either said

or writ, but that his vertue and erudition hath ex∣ceeded it.

* 1.74013. Claudius Salmasius a Learned French Critick; of whom Rivet thus; that Incomparable Person the Great Salmasius hath wrote of the Primacy of the Pope, after which Homer if any shall write an Iliad, he will spend his pains to no purpose. C. Salmasius, saith Vossius, a man never enough to be praised, nor usually to be named without praise. The Miracle of our Age, and the Promus Condus of Antiquity, saith Guil. Rive••. The Great Ornament not only of his own Country, France; but also of these Netherlands, and indeed the Bul∣wark of the whole Commonwealth of Learning, saith Vossius.

* 1.74114. Hieronymus Al••ander did most perfectly speak and write the Latine, Greek, and Hebrew, with many other Exotick and Forreign Languages. He first taught Greek at Paris, soon after he was called to Rome by Pope Leo the Tenth, and sent Am∣bassador into Germany. By Pope Clement the Se∣venth made Bishop of Brundusium, and by Pope Paul the Third he was made Cardinal.

* 1.74215. Andreas Masius was a great Linguist, for be∣sides the Italian, French, Spanish, and the rest of the Languages of Europe; he was also famous for no mean skill in the Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Syriack▪ Thuanus gives him this Character; a man of a sin∣cere, candid, and open disposition, endowed with rare and abstruse Learning, and who to the know∣ledge of the Hebrew, Chaldee, and the rest of the Oriental Tongues had added exceeding piety, and a diligent study of the Holy Scriptures, as appears by his Commentary. He wrote learnedly on Io∣shua, and assisted A••ias Montanus in the Edition of the King of Spain's Bible; and first of all illustra∣ted the Syriac Idiom with Grammatical Precepts and a Lexicon.

* 1.74316. Carolus Clusius had an exact skill in Seven Languages, Latin, Greek, Italian, French, Spanish, Portugal, and Low Dutch; a most acute both Wri∣ter and Censor of Histories, that are not common∣ly known: As also most Learned in Cosmograp••y, saith Melchior Adam in his Lives of the German Physicians. Lipsius thus sported on him.

Omnia naturae dum Clusi arcana r••cludis Clusius haud ultra sis, sed aperta mihi.

* 1.74417. Gulielmus Canterus born 1542. besides his own Belgick Tongue, was skill'd in Latin, Greek, He∣brew, the German, French, and Italian: so that one saith of him; If any would desire the Specimen of a Studious Person, and one who had wholly devoted him∣self to the advancement of Learning, he may find it exact∣ly expressed in the Person of this Gulielmus Canterus.

* 1.74518. Lancelot Andrews, born at All-Hallows-Bark∣ing in London, Scholar, Fellow, and Master of Pem∣brook-hall in Cambridge, then Dean of Westminster, Bishop of Chichester, Ely, and at last of Winchester. The World wanted Learning to hear how learned this man was; so skill'd in all, especially the Orien∣tal Languages, that some conceive he might (if then living) almost have served as an Interpreter General at the confusion of Tongues. He dyed in the first year of the Reign of King Charles the First, and lies buried in the Chappel of Saint Mary Overies, having on his Monument a large elegant and true Epitaph.

19. Gerhardus Iohannes Vossius Professor of Elo∣quence, Chronology,* 1.746 and the Greek Tongue at L••yden, and Prebend of Canterbury in England, an Excellent Grammarian, and General Scholar, one of the greatest Lights in Holland. He hath written learnedly of almost all the Arts. B••chartus saith thus of his Book, De Historicis Graecis, a work of wonderful Learning, by the reading of which, I ingeniously profess my self to have been not a lit∣tle profited.

20. Isaac Causabone,* 1.747 a great Linguist, but a singular Grecian, and an excellent Philologer. Sal∣masius (no mean Scholar himself) calls him that In∣comparable Person, the Immortal Honour of his Age, never to be named without praise, and never enough to be praysed. He had a rare knowledge in the Oriental Tongues, in the Greek scarce his Second, much less his equal, saith Capellus.

21. Iames Vsher the Hundredth Archbishop (from St. Patrick) of A••magh.* 1.748 A divine, saith Voetius, of vast reading and erudition, and most skilful in Ecclesiastical Antiquity. The great Me∣rits (saith Vossius) of that great and every way learned Person in the Church, and of the whole Republick of Learning will never suffer, but that there will be a grateful celebration of his memory for ever, by all the Lovers of Learning. Fitz Si∣monds the Jesuit••, with whom he disputed though then very young, in one of his Books gives him this Title, Acatholicorum Doctissimus, the most Learned of all the Protestants.

22. Iohn Selden a Learned Lawyer of the Inner Temple;* 1.749 he had great knowledge in Antiquity, and the Oriental Languages, which he got after he fell to the Study of the Law. He is honourably mentioned by many Outlandish men. He wrote in all his Books 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, a∣bove all Liberty. To shew that he would examine things and not take them upon trust. Dr. Duck, saith thus of him, to the exact knowledge of the Laws of his Country, he also added that of the Mo∣••aical, and the Laws of other Nations, as also all o∣ther Learning, not only Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, but also a singular understanding and knowledge of the Oriental Nations.

23. Iohn Gregory born at Amersham in the County of Buckingham,* 1.750 1607. He was bred in Christ-church in Oxford, where he so applied his Book; that he studied sixteen hours in the four and twen∣ty, for many years together. He attained to singu∣lar skill in Civil, Historical, Ritual, and Oriental Learning, in the Saxon, French, Italian, Spanish, and all Eastern Languages, through which he miracu∣lously travelled without any Guide, except that of Mr. Dod the Decalogist for the Hebrew Tongue, whose Society and direction therein he enjoyed one Vacation near Banbury. As he was an excel∣lent Linguist and general Scholar: so his modesty set a greater lustre upon his Learning. He was first Chaplain of Christ-church, and thence prefer∣red Prebendary of Chichester and Sarum, and in∣deed no Church Preserment, compatible with his Age, was above his Desert••. After twenty years trouble with an Hereditary Gout, improved by im∣moderate study; it at last invaded his Stomach, and thereof he died Anno 1646. at the Age of thirty nine years. He died at Kidlington, and was buried at Christ-church in Oxford. This Epitaph was made by a Friend on his Memory.

Ne premas cineres hosce Viator Nescis quot sub hoc jacent Lapillo Graeculus, Hebraeus, Syrus, Et qui te quovis vincet Id••omate. At ne molestus sis, Auscul••a, & causam auribus tuis imbibe. Templo exclusus

Et avitâ Relligione Iaem senescente, (ne dicam sublatá) Mutavit chorum, altiorem ut capesceret. Vade nunc, si libet & imitare. R. W.

* 1.75124. Manutius in his Preface to his Paradoxes tells us of one Creighton a Scotch-man, who at twenty years of Age (when he was killed by the Order of the Duke of Mantua) understood twelve Langua∣ges, had read over all the Fathers and Poets, dispu∣ted de omni scibili, and answered extempore in Verse, Ingenium prodigiosum, sed de fuit Iudicium: He had a prodigious Wit, but was defective in Iudgment.

CHAP. XLIII. Of the first Authors of divers Fa∣mous Inventions.

THe Chineses look upon themselves as the wisest People upon the Face of the Earth; they use therefore to say, that they see with both eyes, and all other Nations but with one only. They give out that the most famous inventions that are so lately made known to the Europaean world; have been no Strangers to them, for a number of Ages that are passed. I know not what Justice they may have in these pretensions of theirs; but shall content my self to give some account of the most useful amongst them, by whom, and when they were conveyed down to us.

* 1.7521. The Invention of that Excellent Art of Printing, Peter Ramus seems to attribute to on•• Iohn Faust a Moguntine, telling us that he had in his keeping, a Copy of Tully's Offices Printed upon Parchment, with this Inscription, added in the end thereof, viz. The Excellent Work of Marcus Tullius I John Faust,* 1.753 a Citizen of Ments, happily I up 〈◊〉〈◊〉 not with writing Ink, or Brass Pen, but with an Ex∣cellent Art, by the help of Peter Gerneshem my Ser∣vant, finished it was in the Year 1466. the Fourth of February. Pasquier saith,* 1.754 the like had come to his hands, and Salmuth says, that one of the same Im∣pression was to be seen in the Publick Library of Ausburg; another in Emanuel Colledge in Cam∣bridge;* 1.755 and a fifth Dr. Hakewell saith he saw in the Publick Library of Oxford, though with some little difference in the Inscription. Yet Polydor Virgil from the report of the Moguntines themselves, af¦firms that Iohn Gutenberge,* 1.756 a Knight, and dwelling in Mentz was the first Inventor thereof, Anno 1440. and with him agree divers Learned Persons, believing he was the first Inventor of this Invalu∣able Art; but Faust the first who taking it from him made proof thereof in Printing a Book. Iunius tells it was the Invention of Lawrence Ians a Citizen of Harlem,* 1.757 in the Low Countries, with whom joyned Thomas Peters a Kinsman of his, for the perfecting of it; and that the forementioned Iohn Faust stole his Letters, and fled with them first to Amsterdam, thence to Collen, and aferwards to Ments. According to their Books they of Chi∣na have used Printing this 1600 years; but 'tis not like unto ours in Europe, for their Letters are en∣graven in Tables of Wood. The Author gives his Manuscript to the Graver,* 1.758 who makes his Ta∣bles of the same bigness with the Sheets that are given him, and pasting the Leaves upon the Table with the wrong side outwards, he engraves the Letters as he finds them, with much facility and ex∣actness, their Wooden Tables are made of the best Pear-tree: So that any Work which they print (as they do in great numbers) remains al∣ways intire in the Print of the Table to be Re∣printed, as oft as they please, without any new ex∣pence in setting for the Press, as there is in our Printing. It was brought into England by William Caxto of London Mercer, Anno 1471. who first pra∣ctised it.

As touching that of Guns though Lipsius calls it the Invention of Spirits and not of men,* 1.759 and Sir Walter Raleigh, will have it found out by the Indi∣ans; and Petrach and Val••urius, refer it to Archi∣medes for the overthrow of Marcellus his Ships at the Seige of Syracuse. Yet the common opinion is that it was first found out by a Monk of Germa∣ny. Forcatulus in his fourth Book of the Empire and Philosophy of France names him Berthold Swartz of Cullen; and Salmuth, calls him Constantine, A••klitzen of Friburg, but all agree that he was a German Monk, and that by chance a Spark of Fire falling into a pot of Nitre, which he had prepared for Physick or Alchymy, and causing it to fly up: he thereupon made a composition of Powder, with an Instrument of Brass or Iron, and putting Fire to it found the conclusion to answer his desire. The first publick use of Guns that we read of, was thought to be about the year 1380. as Magius, or 400 as Ramus, in a Battel betwixt the Genowayes, and the Venetians; at Clodia Fossa, in which the Venetians having got (it seemes) the invention from the Monk; so galled their ene∣myes that they saw themselves wounded and slain, and yet knew not by what means nor how to pre∣vent it, as witnesseth Platina in the life of Pope Vrban the sixth.

3. The Mariners compass is an admirable In∣vention, of which ••odinus thus,* 1.760 though there be nothing in the whole Course of Nature that is more worthy of wonder then the Loadstone yet were the ancients ignorant of the divine use of it. It points out the way to the skillful Mariner, when a••l other helps fail him, and that more certainly though it be without Reason, sense or life, then without the help thereof all the Wis∣ards and learned Clerks in the world, using the united strength of their wits, and cunning can possibly do. Now touching the time and Author of this invention, there is some doubt. Dr. Gilbert our country man, who hath written in Latine a large and learned discourse of this stone; seems to be of opinion that Paulus Venetus, brought the Invention of the use thereof from the Chineses. Osorius in his discourse of the Acts of King Emanuel, refers it to Gama, and his Country men the Portu∣gals, who as he pretends took it, from certain bar∣baro••s Pirates roaving upon the Sea, about the Cape of good Hope. Goropius Becanus thinks he hath good reason to intitle it upon his country∣men, the Germans, in as much as the thirty two points of the Wind upon the Compass, borrow the name from the Dutch in all Languages. But Blon∣d•••• who is therein followed by Pancirollus (both Italians) will not have Italy lose the prayse thereof, telling us that about Anno 1300, is was found out ••t M••l••hi•• or Melphis a Citty in the Kingdome of Naples, in the province of C••••••pania, now called Terra di Lovorador. But for the Author of it one

names him not, and the other assures us he is not known. Yet Salmuth out of C••••zus and Gomara, confidently christens him, with the name of Flavius, and so doth Dubartas, whose verses on this subject are thus translated.

We'r, not to Ceres so much bound ••or bread Neither to Bacchus for his Clusters red. As signior Flavio to thy witty tryal, For first inventing of the Seamens Dyal, Th' use of th' needle turning in the same Divine Device! O Admirable Frame! Whereby through th' Ocean, in the darkest night Our hugest Carracks are conducted righ••: Whereby w'are stor'd with trouchman, guide and lamp To search all corners of the watry camp: Whereby a Ship that stormy heav'ns have whirld Near (in one night) unto the other world, Knowes where she is, and in the card descries What degrees thence the Aequinoctial lyes.

It may well be then, that Flavius the Milevitan, was the first inventor of the guiding of a Ship by the turning of the needle to the North; but some Ger∣mane afterwards added to the compass, the 32 points of the wind in his own language, whence other nations have since borrowed it.

* 1.7614. The Instrument of perpetual Motion was in∣vented by Cornelius van Drebble a German here in England and by him presented to King Iames.

* 1.7625. Sayling Coaches were invented by Simon Stevinius in the Netherlands, of which wonderful kind of Coaches we are told that Peireskius made tryal in the yeare 1606. Purposing to see Grotius (sayth Gassendus) he diverted to Scheveling that he might satisfie himself, in the carriage and swift∣ness of a Coach, a few years before invented and made up, with that Artifice, that with expanded sayles it would ••ly upon the shore, as a ship upon the Sea. He had formerly understood that Count Man∣nice, a little after his victory at Neuport, had put himself thereinto, together with Francis Mendoz•• his prisoner, on purpose to make tryal thereof, and that within two hours they arrived at Putten, which is distant from Scheveling 14 leagues, that is 40 miles and more. He had therefore a mind to make experiment of it himself, and he would often tell us with what admiration he was seised, when he was carried with a quick wind, and yet percei∣ved it not, the Coaches motion being as quick as it self. When he perceived that he flew over ditches and passed the interposed waters, scarce touching the super••icies of them. How those that travelld before, seemed to come towards them, as things that were at the remotest distance were almost in a moment left behind, and other things of the like nature.

6. In the Reign of Leo Isauricus, Caliph Zulci∣man, besieged Constantinople,* 1.763 for the space of three years, where by Cold and Famine 300000 of the Saracens were consumed. At this seige was that fire invented which were for the violence of it call wild-sire and the Latines because the Greekes were the Authors of it, call Graecus Ignis, by this inven∣tion the Ships of the Saracens were not a l••ttle mo∣lested. It was invented by Call••••icus. Anno 678

7. The Lydians were the first inventors of Dice Ball,* 1.764 Chesse, and the like games: necessity and hunger in••orcing them thereunto. Ingenii largitor venter; Famine sharpens the brain as well as the stomach. In the time of Atys the Son of Manes the Lydians were vexed with it and then devised these games, every second day playing at them they beguiled their hungry stomachs. Thus ••or twenty two years they continued playing and ea∣ting by times: But then seeing that them••elves were more fruitful in getting and bea••ing children, then the soil was at that time fruitful in bringing forth sustenance to maintain them, They sent a Colony into Italy, under the conduct of Tyrrhenus the Son of Atys: who planted in that Country first called Tyrrhenia and since Tuscany.

8. The Phenicians by reason of their Maritime situation,* 1.765 were great adventurers at Sea, trading in almost all parts of the then known world, they are said to have been the first Navigatours, and first builders of Ships: they first invented open vessells, the Aegyptians Ships with decks, and gal∣lyes with two banks of Oars upon a side. Great Ships of burden were first made by the Cypriots, Cock-boats and Skiffs by the Illyrians or Liburni∣ans, Brigantines by the Rhodians, Frigatts or light Barks by the Cyrenians, men of War by the Phamphilians. As for tackle the Boeotians inven∣ted the Oar; D••edalus of Creet, Masts and sayles: Anacharsis grappling hooks: the Tuscans anchors; The Rudder, helm, and art of steering, was the invention of Typhis, the chief Pilot in the famous Argo, who noting that a Kite, when she slew, gui∣ded her whole body by her tayl, effected that in the devices of Art, which he had observed in the works of Nature.

9. The Sicilians were heretofore famous for many notable inventions:* 1.766 Pliny ascribes to them the finding out of hourglasses; and Plutarch of military Engines, brought to great perfection by Archimedes that Countreyman, Palamedes the son of Nauplius, is said to have first instituted centinels in an army, and was the first inventor of the watch∣word: the battle ax, was first found out by Penihe∣silea Queen of the Amazons, who came to the seige of Troy in ayd of King Priamus, where she was slain by Pyrrhus the Son of Achilles.

10. The dying of Purple,* 1.767 was first in••ented at Tyr••, and that as Iulius Pollux sayth, by a meer ac∣cident, a Dogg having seised upon the Fi••h calld Conchilis or Purpura had thereby stained his lips with that delightful colour: which gave the oc∣casion of its seeking and it was afterwards the rich∣est and most desirable colour to persons of greatest quality, for ages together.

11 The Inhabitants of Sidon are said to be the first makers of Glass,* 1.768 the materials of the work being brought hither from the Sands of a River, run∣ning not far from Ptolomais, and only made fusible in this City. About Anno. Dom 662. one Be∣nault a forraign Bishop, (but of what place I ••ind not,) brought the mystery of making glass, into England, to the great beautifying of our houses and Churches.

12. For Verses,* 1.769 and writing in that way: A∣ristotle, ascribes the first making of pastoral Ec∣logues to the Sicilians. Arion an excellent Musi••ian and eminent Poet, is said to be the first inventor of Tragoedies, and the Author of the verse called Dithyrambick▪ Sappho an Heroick woman, and calld the tenth Muse, was the Author of the verse called Sapphick and be it here remembred that the first Bishop of Sherborn (when taken out of the Bishoprick of Winchester by King Ina) which was Ad••lme,* 1.770 kinsman to the King, was the first of our English Nation, who wrote in Latine, and the first that taught Englishmen, to make Latine verse, ac∣cording to his promise,

Primus ego in patriam mecum modo vita supersit, Aonio rediens deducam vertice Musas.

If life me last that I doe see that native soil of mine From Aon tops, Il'e first with me, bring downe the Muses nine.

* 1.77113. Unto the Flemings we are indebted for the making of Cloth, which we learnt of them, and also for Arras hangings, Dornix, the making of Worsted, Sayes, and Tapestries, they restored Musick and found out divers musical Instruments, To them belongeth also the invention of Clocks, Watches, Chariots, the laying on of Colours with oyl, and the working of Pictures in Glass.

* 1.77214. Brachygraphy or the Art of W••iting by short Characters, is said by Dion to be invented by Me∣caenas, the great favourite of Augustus Caesar ad ce∣leritatem scribendi, for the speedier dispatch of writing. Isidor ascribes it to Aquila the freedman of this Mecaenas; and to Tertius, Pers••nnius, and Philar∣gius who had added to this invention, yet had all they their chief light in it, from Tullius Tito a freedman of Cicero's, who had undertaken and compassed it in the propositions, but went no fur∣ther. At the last it was perfected by Seneca, who brought this Art into order and method, the whole Volume of his contractions consisting of five thousand words.

* 1.77315. The boyling and baking of Sugar as it is now used, is not above two hundred years old, and the refining of it more new than that, first found out by a Venetian in the days of our Fa∣thers, who is said to have got above 100000 Crowns by this invention; and to have left his Son a Knight, before which our Ancestors (not having such luxurious pallats) sometimes made use of rough Sugar as it comes from the Canes, but most com∣monly contented themselves with honey.

* 1.77416. That Paper which was first in use, was the invention of the Aegyptians, for on the banks of the River Nilus, grew those sedgy weeds called Papyri, which have since given name to Paper. By means of this Invention, Ptolemy Philadelphus was enabled to make his excellent Library at Alexan∣dria, but understanding that Attalus King of Per∣gamus (by the benefit of this Aegyptian Paper) strove to exceed him in this kind of Muni••icence, he prohibited the carrying it out of Aegypt. Here∣upon A••talus invented the use of Parchment, made of the Skins of Calves and Sheep, from the mate∣rials called Membranae and Perganiena from the place where it was invented. The convenience hereof was the cause that in short time the Aegyptian Pa∣per was worn out of use, in place whereof succeed∣ed our Paper made of Rags,* 1.775 the Authors of which excellent invention our Ancestors have ••orgotten to commit to memory: My Lord Bacon reckons this amongst the singularities of Art, so that of all Artificial matters there is scarce any thing like it: It derives its pedigree from the Dunghil.

Vsque ad••o magnarum sordent primordia rerum.

* 1.77617. Amongst all the productions and inventions of Humane wit, there is none more admirable and useful than writing, by means whereof a man may copy out his very thoughts, utter his mind without opening his mouth, and signifie his plea∣sure at a thousand miles distance, and this by the help of twenty four Letters and fewer in some places; by various joyning and combining of which letters, all words that are utterable and imagina∣ble may be framed: For the several ways of joyn∣ing and combining these Letters, do amount (as Clavius the Jesuite hath taken the pains to compute) to 5852616738497664000 ways, so that all things that are in heaven or earth, that are or were or shall be, that can be uttered or imagined, may be expressed and signi••ied by the help of this marvel∣lous Alphabet, which may be described in the com∣pass of a farthing. It seems this miracle hath lost its master, being put down with the inventa Ade∣spota, by Thomas Read, and thus sung by him.

Quisqui•• erat, meruit senii transcendere metas, Et fati nescire modum, qui mystica primus S••nsa animi docuit, magicis signare figuris.

that is,

Who er'e he was that first did shew the way, T' express by such like Magick marks our mind, D••serv'd Reprieve unto a longer day, Then Fate to mortals mostly has assign'd.

18. Archimedes the Syracusan was the first Au∣thor of the Sphere,* 1.777 of which instrument he made one of that Art and Bigness, that a man standing within, might easily perceive the motions of eve∣ry Celestial Orb, and an admirable agreement be∣twixt Art and Nature,* 1.778 this rare invention is cele∣brated by the praises of many, but especially by Claudian in an Epigram he hath on purpose com∣pos'd upon it, of which this is part:

Iupiter in parvo cum cernerat Aethera vitro, Risit & ad superos talia dicta dedit: Huccine mortalis progressa potentia curae, Iam meus en fragili luditur orbe labor, &c.

CHAP. XLIV. Of the admirable Works of some cu∣rious Artists.

WHen Learning (as to the generality) was at a kind of lower ebb in the world, it was ordinary for such as had a more than ordinary knowledge in the Mathematicks, to pass amongst the vulgar sort; as men that were devoted to con∣juration and necromancy. The illiterate rout could not believe that to be any lawful Art, which trod so near upon the heels of nature, and whose wonderful productions transcended the measure of their reason:* 1.779 Since then the times have been more favourable to learning, and thereby Art im∣proved to that height, as some of the following examples will discover.

1. Petrus Ramus tells us of a wooden Eagle and an iron Fly, made by Regiomontanus a famous Ma∣thematician of Norimberg, whereof the first slew forth of the City aloft in the Air, met the Empe∣rour Maximilian a good way off coming towards it, and having saluted him, ••eturned again waiting on him to the City gates. The Second, at a feast whereto he had invited his familiar friends, slew forth of his hand, a••d taking a round returned thither again, to the great astonishment of the beholders, both which the excellent Pen of the noble Du Bartas rarely expressed.

Why should I not that wooden Eagle mention, A learned German's late admir'd invention, Which mounting from his fist that framed her; Flew far to meet an Almain Emperour? And having met him; with her nimble Train And weary Wings turning about again; Followed him close unto the C••stle Gate Of Norimberg, whom all their shews of State; Streets hang'd with Arras, A••ches curious built: Gray-headed Senate, and Youths Gallantise; Grac'd not so much as only this d••vice.

He goes on and thus describes the Fly.

Once as this Artist more with mirth that meat, Feasted some Friends whom he esteemed great; From under's hand an iron Fly ••lew out, Which having stown a perfect round about, With weary Wings return'd unto her Master: And as judicious on his Arm he plac'd her. O! Divine Wit, that in the narrow Womb Of a small Fly, could find sufficient Room For all those Springs, Wheels, Counterpoise and Chains, Which stood in stead of Life, and Spur and Reins.

* 1.7802. The Silver Sphere, (a most exquisite piece of Art, which was sent by the Emperour Ferdinand to Solyman the Great Turk) is mentioned by Pau∣lus Iovius and Sabell••cus. It was carried (as they write) by twelve men unframed, and reframed in the Grand Seignior's presence by the maker of it, who likewise delivered him a Book, containing the mystery of using it: of which Du Bartas thus.

Nor may we smother or forget ungrately, The Heav'n of Silver that was sent but lately, From Ferdinando as a famous work, Vnto Bizantium to the Greatest Turk; * 1.781Wherein a Sprite still moving to and fro, Made all the Engine orderly to g••. And though th' one Sphere did always slowly glide, And contrary the other swiftly slide: Yet still the Stars kept all their courses even, With the true courses of the Stars in Heaven: The Sun there shifting in the Zodiack, His shining houses never did forsake His pointing path; there in a mouth his Sister Fulfill'd her course and changing oft her Lustre, And form of Face, (now larger) lesser soon, Follow'd the Changes of the other Moon.

* 1.7823. In the twentieth year of Queen Elizabeth, Mark Scaliot Blacksmith; made a Lock consisting of eleven pieces of Iron, Steel and Brass, all which together with a Pipe Key to it, weighed but one grain of gold, he made also a chain of gold con∣sisting of forty three links, whereunto having fast∣ned the Lock and Key before mentioned, he put the Chain about a Fleas neck, which drew them all with ease: Now all these together, Lock and Key, Chain and F••••a being weighed, the weight of them was but one grain and a half.

* 1.7834. Calicrates used to make Pismires, and other such little creatures ou•• of Ivory, with that won∣der••ul Artifice, that other men could not discern the parts of them one from the other, without the help of Glasses.

* 1.7845. Myrmecides was also excellent in that kind of workmanship, he wrought out of Ivory a Chariot with four wheels and as many horses in so little Room, that a little Fly might cover them all with her wings: The same man made a Ship with all the tackling to it, no bigger than that a small Bee might hide it with her wings.

6. Praxiteles was a curious worker in Imagery,* 1.785 he made a Statue of Venus for the Gnidians so live∣ly, that a certain young man became so amorous of it, that the excess of his love deprived him of his wits. This piece of Art was esteemed at that rate by King Nicomedes, that whereas the Gnidians owed him a vast sum of money, he offered to take that Statue in full satisfaction of his debt.

7. Cedrenus makes m••ntion of a Lamp which (together with an Image of Christ) was found at Ed••ssa in the Reign of Iustinian the Emperor:* 1.786 It was set over a ce••tain gate there, and privily in∣clos'd (as appear'd by the date of it) soon af∣ter Christ was crucified; it was found burning, (as it had done for Five hundred years before) by the Souldiers of Cosroes King of Persia, by whom also the oyl was taken out of it and cast into the fire; which occasioned such a Plague, as brought death upon almost all the forces of Cosroes.

8. At the demolition of our Monasteries here in England,* 1.787 there was found in the supposed Mo∣nument of Constantius Chlorus (father to the Great Constantine) a burning Lamp which was thought to have continued burning there, even since his burial; which was about three hundred years after Christ. The Ancient Romans us'd in that manner to preserve lights in their Sepulchres, a long time, by the oylyness of Gold, resolv'd by Art into a li∣quid substance.

9. A••thur Gregory of Lyme in the County of Dorset,* 1.788 had the admirable Art, of forcing the Seal of a Letter, yet so invisibly that it still appeared a Virgin to the exactest beholder. Secretary Wal∣singham, made great use of him, about the pack∣quet, which pass'd from Foreign parts to Mary Queen of Scotland. He had a Pension paid for his good service out of the Exchequer, and dy'd at Lyme about the beginning of the Reign of King Iames.

10. Cornelius van Drebble that rare Artist,* 1.789 made a kind of Organ, that would make an excellent Symphony of it self, being placed in the open air, and clear Sun, without the fingering o•• an Orga∣nist; which was (as is conceiv'd) by the means of air inclosed: and the strictures of the beams, rarifying the same, for in a shady place it would yield no Musick, but only where the Sun-beams had the Liberty to play upon it, as we read of Memnons Statue.

11. I remember saith Clavius,* 1.790 that while (as yet) I was but young, and Studied the Mathema∣ticks: for the great honor we had of Alexander Farnesius, we invited that Prince, into our School, and amongst other gifts and shews, that were pre∣sented him by the Ingenious, a Mathematical one was impos'd upon me. Then was it that the force of a Concave, was happily serviceable to me •• for by the virtue and power of it, I erected on high the name of Alexander Farnesius: impressed it in the air, all the letters of it, being radiant a••d shi∣ning. It was a monument indeed but only of our observation, and honor to, but very short of the greatness of the Farnesian family.

12. His Highness the Duke of Holsteine hath or∣dered a Globe to be made in the City of Gottorp,* 1.791 it is a double Globe, made of Copper, ten foot and half in Diameter, so that within it ten persons may sit at a table, which with the seats about it, hangeth at one of its Poles. There a man may see (by means of an Horizontal Circle within the

Globe) how the Stars and Sun it self, out of its Centre, moveth of its self, through its Ecliptick Degrees, and riseth, and setteth regularly. The motion of this Globe exactly followeth that of the heavens, and deriveth that motion, from cer∣tain Wheels, driven by water, which is drawn out of a mountain hard by, and let in as it requireth more or less, according to the swiftness of the Spheres.

* 1.79213. There was at Leige, Ann. 1635. a Reli∣gious, and industrious man of the Society of Iesus, named Linus, by birth an English man, he had (saith Kircher) a Phial or Glass of Water, where∣in a little Globe did float, wit•• the twenty four letters of the Alphabet described upon it, on the inside of the Phial, was an Index or Stile, to which the Globe did turn and move it self, at the period of every hour, with that letter which denoted the hour of the day successively: as though this little globe kept pace and time with the heavenly mo∣tions. And Kircher himself, had a vessel of water in which (just even with the surface of the water) were the twenty four hours described. A piece of Cork was set upon the water, and there in were put some seeds of the Heliotrope, or Sun-flower, which like the flower it self did turn the Cork about, according to the course of the Sun, and with its motion, point out the hour of the day.

* 1.79314. I will shew you an experiment (saith Gali∣laeo) which my last leisure hours did produce, and so calling his servant he gave him his Cloak, and taking out a round box; he went directly to the window, upon which at that time the Sun ••••one: and opening the box towards the Sun, till such time as it had received the light of it, he desired that the room should be made as dark as might be, which done turning to Clavius then with him; did you not desire (said he) that something should be shew'd or made by us to day? Pardon the extrava∣gancy of the word; Behold here the work of the first day: Let there be light, and opening the con¦cave box, a light shot it self into the dark and ascended by degrees as a vapor that is kindled by the Sun, assoon as it disappeared, there was a great applause made him, by all the assistants that were then in presence.

* 1.79415. I will produce saith Grenibergius, an experi∣ment concerning voice, which I infused into a Sta¦tue: It was not made of Brass or solid Marble, but of Plaister, that so the winding receptacles of the voice (as it were included in the bollow belly) might receive the percussions of sounds, and ren∣der them again the more happily. I therefore put words into this ductory of the voice, as the distan∣ces of breath would permit, and so again I infused others at the like intervals. I then closely stopped up the entrance of the voice, at last after divers windings, and various inflections and such impedi∣ments as promoted ••he design; what I had spo••en, came to the head and face of the Statue, and for as much as the force of the words was sharp and that there was a succession of Spirits; they did very ex∣peditely move the Jaws and the tongue which were made moveable for that purpose) even to the varie∣ty of Syllables.

16. Ianellus T••rrianus a Great Master in the Mathematicks,* 1.795 did usually delight the Emperor Charles the fifth, with miracles of Study, some∣times he sent wooden Sparrows, into the Emper∣ors dining room, which flew about there and re∣turned: At other times he caused little armed men, to muster themselves upon the table; and artifi∣cially move according to the discipline of war; which was done so beyond Example, that the Supe∣rior of the Religious house of S. Ierom, nothing read in the mysteries of that Art, suspected it for plain Witchcraft.

17. We were heretofore,* 1.796 some young Scholars of us, with Albertus Durerus, one of which (as 'twas usual with him) gave evidence of his strength, in divers tryals. Durerus stroking him on the head, come (said he) let us see if you can do a very small matter: and with all shewed him two little Tables of Brass, the one laid upon the other, take said he fast hold on the uppermost, and sever it from the other that is under it: when he had as∣say'd it, but in vain, and though he used more strength yet found it was all one; The young man told him, that he had deluded him, for the two tablets were rivetted together, and thereupon he desisted the further tryal. When Durerus him∣self bending them downwards, easily perform'd it, for both being exactly polished they sliped one from the other.

18. There was an Artificer in Rome who made vessels of Glass of so tenacious a temper,* 1.797 that they were as little liable to be broken as those that are made of Gold and Silver, when therefore he had made a Vial of this purer sort, and such as he thought a present worthy of Caesar alone, he was admitted into the presence of the then Emperor Tiberius: the gift was praised, and the skilful hand of the Artist applauded, and the devotion of the giver accepted. The Artist that he might inhance the wonder of the Spectators, and promote him∣self yet further in the favor of the Emperor, de∣sires and receives again the Vial out of Caesars hand, and threw it with that force against the floor that the solidest metal would have received some damage or bruise thereby. Caesar was not only amazed but affrighted, with the Act; but he ta∣king up the Vial from the ground (which was not broken, but only shrivelled together as if the sub∣stance of the Glass had put on the temperature of Brass) drew out an Instrument from his bosom, aptly corrected the form of it, and reduced it to it's former figure; by striking upon it, as they use to do on a Brazen Vessel that is bruised. This done he imagined that he had conquered the world, as believing that he had merited an acquaintance with Caesar, and raised the admiration of all the assi∣stants: but it fell out otherwise, for the Emperor enquired if any other besides himself was privy to the like tempering of Glasses: when he had told him no, he commanded to strike off his head, say∣ing, that should this Artifice come once to be known, Gold and Silver would be of as little va∣lue as the dirt of the Street.* 1.798 Long after this, viz. 1610. we read that amongst other rare presents, then sent from the Sophy of Persia to the King of Spain, were six Glasses of Malleable Glass so exquisitely tempered that they could not be broken.

19. At Dantzick a City of Prussia,* 1.799 Mr. Marrison (an ingenious Traveller of this Nation) sent a Mill, which without help of hands did saw Boards, having an iron whe••l, which did not only drive the Saw, but also did hook in and turn the Boards unto the Saw. Dr. Iohn Dee mentions the like seen by him at Prague; but whether the Mill moved by Wind or Water, is set down by neither of them.

20. At the Mint of Segovia in Spain,* 1.800 there is an Engine that moves by Water, so artificially made, that one part of it distendeth an Ingot of Gold,

into that breadth and thickness as is requisite to make Coin of. It delivereth the Plate that it hath wrought unto another that printeth the Figure of the Coin upon it, and from thence it is turned o∣ver to another that cutteth it according to the Print in due shape and weight. And lastly, the se∣veral Pieces fall into a reserve in another Room, where the Officer whose charge it is sinds Treasure ready coyned.

* 1.80121. Oswaldus Norhingerus, the most excellent Ar∣tisan of this or the former Ages, made 1600 Dishes or Platters of turned Ivory, all perfect and com∣pleat in every part; yet so small and little, so thin and slender, that all of them ('tis wonderful to re∣late, more to make) were included at once in a Cup turned out of a Pepper Corn of the common bigness. Iohannes Carolus Shad of Muelbrach car∣ried this wonderful work with him to Rome, shewed it to Pope Paul the Fifth, who saw and counted them all, by the help of a pair of Spectacles; they were so little as to be almost insensible to the eye; he then gave liberty to as many as would to see them, amongst whom were Gaspar Scioppius, and Iohannes Faber of Bamberge, physician in Rome.

* 1.80222. Iohannes B••ptista Ferrarius a Jesuit, not long since shewed openly Cannons of Wood with their Carriages, Wheels, and all other their Military Furniture (small and slender one you must think) for twenty five of these, together with thirty Cups turn'd out of Wood, and neatly made, were altogether contained and included in one single Pepper Corn, which yet was such as exceeded not the common bigness.

* 1.80323. George Whitehead an English man, made a Ship with all her Tackling to move it self on a Table, with Rowers plying the Oars, a Woman playing on the Lute, and a little Whelp crying on the Deck, saith Schottus in his Itinerary.

24. The Grounds of Chymical Philosophy go thus, that Salt, Sulphur, and Mercury are the Prin∣ciples into which all things do resolve, and that the radical and original moysture whereby the first Principle of Salt consisteth, cannot be confirmed by calcination, but the forcible tinctures and im∣pressions of things, as Colour, Tast, Smell, nay and the very forms themselves, are invisibly kept in store in this ••irm and vital Principle. To make this good by experiment, they take a Rose, July-flower, or any kind of Plant whatsoever; they take this Simple in the Spring time in its fullest and most congruous consistence, they beat the whole Plant in a Mortar, Roots, Stalks, Flowers, Leaves, and all, till it be reduced to a confused Mass. Then after maceration, fermentation, separation, and other workings of Art, there is extracted a kind of Ashes, or Salt including these forms and tin∣ctures under their power and Chaos. These Ashes are put up in Glasses, written upon with the several Names of the Herbs or Plants, and sealed Herme¦tically; that is the mouth of the Glass heated in the fire, and then the neck of it wrung about close, which they call the Seal of Hermes their Master. When you would see any of these Vegetables a∣gain, they apply a Candle or soft sire to the Glass, and you shall presently perceive the Herbs or Plants by little and little to rise up again out of their Salt or Ashes, in their several proper Forms, springing up as at first (but in a shorter time then) they did in the Field. But remove the Glass from the fire and immediatly they return to their own Chaos again. And though this went for a great secret in the time of Quercetan, yet Gasfarell saith, that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 'tis no such rare matter for Mounsieur de Claves one of the most excellent Chymists of these days uses to make shew of this at any time.

25. Iohannes a Porta in his Catoptricks mentions Parabolical Section,* 1.804 and the wonderful power and effects of it, many admire the Invention, few (per∣haps none) know how to frame an Instrument in that form, that shall speedily fire, and at almost an infinite distance. For that which Proclus and Ar∣chimedes did for the safety of their Country, were but slight things to this. I have I confess (saith Clavius) attempted the making of one of them, not unprosperously, but with an incredible and dreadful success.

26. There was one in Queen Elizabeth's time that wrote the Ten Commandments,* 1.805 the Creed, the Pater Noster, the Queens name, and the Year of our Lord, within the compass of a penny, and gave a pair of Spectacles of such an Artificial making, that by the help thereof she did plainly and di∣stinctly discern every Letter.

27. One Francis Alumnus was so notable in the Mystery of Writing,* 1.806 that he wrote the Apostle's Creed, and the ••ourteen first Verses of St. Iohn's Gospel, in the compass of a penny, and in full words: this he did in the presence of the Empe∣ror Charles the Fifth, and Pope Clement the Seventh, as is related by Genebrard in his Chronology, and Simon Mayolus out of him, who had also in his own possession such a Miracle (as he calls it) or the very same I believe, for in his twenty fourth Colloquy these are his words: Nos domi idem miraculum ser∣vamus; I have the same Miracle at home in my keep∣ing.

28. There are certain Aeolii Sclopi,* 1.807 or Wind Muskets which some have devised to shoot Bullets without Powder, or any thing else but Wind or Air compressed in the bore of it, or injected by a Spring, and these they say discharge with as much force as others with Powder.

29. I saw at Leigorn,* 1.808 a Clock brought thither by a German to be sold, which had so many Rarities in it, as I should never have believed if my own eyes had not seen it, for besides an infinite number of strange motions, which appeared not at all to the eye, you had there a company of Shepherds, some of which played on the Bagpipe, with such Har∣mony and exquisite motion of the Fingers, as that one would have thought they had been alive, o∣thers danced by couples, keeping exact time and measure, whilst others capered and leaped up and down, with so much of nimbleness, that my spirits were wholly ravished with the sight.

30. There was a Clock which was the great and excellent Work of Copernicus,* 1.809 in which there was not only to be heard, a number of different noyses, occasioned by its various motions, but also most exactly to be discovered the circuitions of all the celestial Orbs, the distinctions of days, months, years; there the Zodiack did explicate its Signs: so performing the circle of the year; there the playful Ram began the Spring, Cancer produces the Summer, Libra inriches it with Autumn, and the slothful Scorpio makes the Winter. Here also the Moon changes in the Nones, shines out more bright in the Ides, and shamefully conceals her conjunction with the Sun in the Calends. But those things which the Ingenious Artificer pre∣sented, and as it were produced into the Scene, up∣on the entrance of every hour, marvellously de∣lighted the Spectators, every hour made shew of some Mystery in our Faith. The first Creation of Light, the powerful separation of the Elements, and all other intermediat Mysteries he had traced

upon this Engine, even to the great Eclipse, that was when our Saviour suffered on Mount Calvary to insist upon the particulars, was the Work of an Age, the Eye that is the devourer of such beauti∣ful Objects, embraces more in an hour than the Tongue of the most eloquent is able to represent in a considerable space of time.

* 1.81031. At Strasburg there is a Clock of all other the most famous, invented by C••nradus Dasipodius in the year 1571. Before the Clock stands a Globe on the Ground shewing the motions of the Hea∣vens, Stars, Planets, namely of the Heaven carried about by the first mover, in twenty-four hours, of Saturn by his proper motion carried about in thir∣ty years, of Iupiter in twelve, of Mars in two, of the Sun, Mercury and Venus in one year, of the Moon in a Moneth. In the Clock it self there be two Tables on the right and left hand, shewing the Eclipses of the Sun and Moon from the year 1573. to the year 1624. The third Table in the midst is divided into three Parts. In the first Part the Sta∣tues of Apollo and Diana, shew the course of the year and the day thereof, being carried about in one year; the second Part shews the year of our Lord, and of the World the Equinoctial days, the hours of each day, the minuts of each hour, Easter day, and all other Feasts, and the Dominical Letter. The third Part hath the Geographical discription of all Germany, and particularly of Strasburg, and the names of the Inventor, and of all the Work∣men. In the middle frame of the Clock is an Astrolabe, shewing the Sign in which each Planet is every day, and there be the Statues of the seven Planets upon a round piece of Iron, lying flat; so that every day the Statue of that Planet that rules the day comes forth, the rest being hid with••n the Frames, till they come out by course at their day, as the Sun upon Sunday, and so for all the Week. And there is a Terrestial Globe, and the quarter and the half hour and the minutes are shewed there. There is also the Skull of a dead man, and two Sta∣tues of two Boys, whereof one turns the Hour glass, when the Clock hath strucken, the other puts forth the Rod in his hand at each stroke of the Clock. Moreover there be the Statues of the Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter, and many observations of the Moon. In the upper Part of the Clock are four old mens Statues, which strike the quarters of the hour, the Statue of Death coming out at each quarter to strike, but being driven back by the Statue of Christ, with a Spear in his hand for three quarters; but in fourth quar¦ter, that of Christ goeth back, and that of Death striketh the hour, with a bone in his hand, and then the Chimes sound. On the top of the Clock is an Image of a Cock, which twice in the day croweth aloud, and clappeth his Wings. Besides this Clock is decked with many rare Pictures, and being on the inside of the Church, carrieth another Frame to the outside of the Wall, wherein the hours of the Sun, the courses of the Moon, the length of the day, and such other things are set out with great Art.

32. In the Duke of Florence his Garden at Prato∣line is the Statue of Pan sitting on a Stool with a wreathed pipe in his hand,* 1.811 and that of Syrinx beck∣ning him to play on his Pipe. Pan putting away his Stool, and standing up plays on his Pipe, this done he looks on his Mistress, as if he expected thanks from her, takes the Stool again, and sits down with a sad countenance. There is also the Statue of a Landress, beating a Buck, and turning the Cloths up and down with her hand, and bat∣tledor wherewith she beats them in the water. There is the Statue of Fame lowdly sounding her Trumpet, an Artificial Toad creeping to and fro, a Dragon bowing down his head to drink water, and then vomiting it up again, with divers other Pieces of Art, that administer wonder and delight to the beholders.

33. At Tibur or Tivoli near Rome,* 1.812 in the Gar∣dens of Hippolitus d' Este, Cardinal of Ferrara, there are the Representations of sundry Birds, sitting on the tops of Trees, which by Hydraulick Art, and secret conveyances of water through the trunks and branches of the trees, are made to sing and clap their wings; but at the sudden appearance of an Owl out of a Bush of the same Artifice, they immediatly become all mute and silent, i•• was the work of Claudius Gallus, as Possevine informs us.

34. At Dantzick in Poland there was set up a rare invention for weaving of four or five Webs at a time without any human help.* 1.813 It was an Engine that moved of it self, and would work night and day. This Invention was suppressed because it would have ruined the poor people of the Town, and the Artificer was secretly made away, as Lan∣celor••i the Italian Abbot relates from the mouth of M. Muller a Polonian who had seen the device.

35. That Plicatilis domus or portable Palace made of Wood,* 1.814 which King Henry the Eighth, car∣ried with him into France, to that famous enter∣view that he had with Francis the First, was a work of great Art and Magnificence and much spoken of by Forreign Writers; especially Paulus Iovius, and amongst our own by my Lord of Cherbury, in his History of that Prince. The Model of this Famous Piece was preserved, and saith he, to be ••een of late years in the Tower of London.

36. In Florida and other places of the West In∣dies,* 1.815 the Inhabitants made garments of Feathers with marvellous Art and Curiosity, as also rare and exquisite pictures for in those Countries there are birds of rare and exquisite Plumage, of very gay and gaudy colours, such as put down all the pride of the Peacock, they mingle variety of colours in such an admirable medley, that they make a very glorious shew. Fernando Cortez the Spaniard, found abundance of these curious works in the Palace of Montezuma the Emperour of Mexico, which were such and so excellent, that none could make in Silk, Wax, or Needle-work, any thing comparable to them: Nay he adds, that they were so artificial and neat, that they cannot be described in writing, or presented to the imagination, except a man sees them. These admired pieces put down not only those of Zeuxis and Ap••lles, but those two of Mi∣chael Angelo and Raphael Vrbin, the Plumes of these birds do seem to surpass all their colours; not only for Lustre and beauty, but also for duration and lasting.

37. Keneth King of Scotland had slain C••uthlintus the Son,* 1.816 and Malcolmus Duffus the King and Kins∣men of Fenella▪ she to be revenged of the murther∣er; caused a Statue to be framed with admirable Art, in one of the hands of it was an Apple of Gold set full of precious stones, which whosoever touched was immediately slain, with many darts which the Statue threw or shot at him: Keneth suspecting nothing was invited to this place, and being slain in this manner, Fenella escaped over in∣to Ireland.

38. Hadrianus Iunius,* 1.817 saw at M••cklin in Brabant a Cherrystone cut in the form of a Basket, where∣in were fourteen pair of Dice distinct, each with their spots and number easily to be discerned with

a good eye,* 1.818 and Anno 1524. the City of Colonia Agrippina was painted with much exactness, yet in so little that a fly might cover it.

* 1.81939. Proclus a famous Mathematician, in the Reign of Anastasius Dicorus, made burning glasses with that skill and admirable force, that therewith he burnt at a great distance the Ships of the Mysians and Thracians that had block'd up the City of Con∣stantinople.

CHAP. XLV. Of the Industry and pains of some men, and their hatred of Idleness.

THat of the Areopagites is the most honoura∣ble Court in the City of Athens, and there it was most diligently inquired into, after what man∣ner each of the Athenians lived, what kind of in∣come and revenue he had, and by what means it was that he sustain'd himself and his family: They were taught to follow some honest course of life, as knowing they were to give a publick account thereof: and if any man was convicted of idle∣ness or a reprovable way of living, he had a note of infamy upon him, or else was ejected the City as an unprofitable member thereof: No doubt but by this procedure of theirs, they put slothfulness out of all countenance, and filled their City with examples of every kind of industry, without fear of incurring the danger of a publick accusation, as

* 1.8201. Pliny tells of one Cresin who manured a piece of ground, which yielded him fruit in abundance, while his neighbours Lands were extremely poor and barren, for which cause he was accused to have inchanted them, otherwise, said his accuser, his inheritance could not raise such a revenue, while others stand in so wretched a condition: But he pleading his cause, did nothing else but bring forth a lusty Daughter of his, well fed and well bred who took pains in his Garden; also he shewed his strong Carts and stout Oxen which ploughed his Land, his various implements of Husbandry, and the whole equipage of his tillage in very good order: He then cryed out aloud before the Judges, Behold the Art, Magick, and Charms of Cresin? The Judg∣es did acquit him and doubted not but that his Lands fertility was the effect of his Industry and good Husbandry.

* 1.8212. There was one Mises who presented the great King Artaxerxes, as he rode through Persia, with a Pomegranate of a wonderful bigness, which the King admiring demanded out of what Paradise he had gotten it, who answered that he gathered it from his own Garden: The King was exceeding∣ly pleased with it, and gracing him with Royal gifts, swore by the Sun, that the same man with like di∣ligence and care, might as well of a little City make a great one.

* 1.8223. The Emperour Theodosius the younger devo∣ted the day to the Senate, to military, judicial, and other affairs, but a considerable part of the night to his studies and Books, having his Lamp so made that it would pour in oyl of it self to renew the light, that so he might neither lose time nor occa∣sion an unseasonable disturbance to his Servants.

4. Cleanthes was a young man, and being ex∣tremely desirous to be a hearer of Chrysippus the Philosopher,* 1.823 but wanting the necessary provisions for humane life, he drew water and carried it from place to place in the night to maintain himself with the price of his labour, and then all day he was at∣tending upon the doctrines of Chrysippus, where he so profited, and withal so retained that industry he had while young, that he read constantly to his Auditors, to the ninety and ninth year of his Age, others say Zeno was his Master, and that wanting wherewith to buy paper, he wrote memorials from him upon the bones of Cattel and the broken pie∣ces of Pots: Thus fighting in the night against poverty, and in the day against ignorance, he be∣came at last an excellent person.

5. St. Ierome saith that he himself had read six thousand books that were written by Origen,* 1.824 who daily wearied seven Notaries and as many boys in writing after him.

5. Demosthenes that afterwards most famous O∣rator of all Greece,* 1.825 in his youth was not able to pronounce the first letter of that Art which he so affected, but he took such pains in the correction of that defect in his pronunciation, that afterwards no man could do it with a greater plainness, his voice was naturally so slender and squeaking, that it was unpleasant to the Auditory, this also he so amended by continual exercise, that he brought it to a just maturity and gratefulness, the natural weakness of his lungs he rectified by labour, striving to speak many verses in one breath, and pronouncing them as he ran up some steep place, he used to declaim upon the shores where the waters with greatest noise beat upon the Rocks, that he might acquaint his Ears with the noise of a tumultuating people, and to speak much and long with little stones in his mouth, that he might speak the more freely when it was empty. Thus he combated with nature it self and went away Victor; overcoming the malignity of it by the pertinacious strength of his mind, so that his Mo∣ther brought forth one, and his own industry ano∣ther Demosthenes.

7. Iohannes Fernandas of Flanders,* 1.826 though born blind and pressed with poverty, yet by his sole in∣dustry attained to rare skill in Poetry, Logick, Philosophy, and such a sufficiency in the Art of Mu∣sick, that he was able to compose a song of four parts memoriter, which others can difficultly do by setting all down in writing.

8. Elfred a King of the West Saxons here in Eng∣land designed the day and night equally divided into three parts,* 1.827 to three especial uses, and ob∣served them by the burning of a Taper set in his Chappel, eight hours he spent in meditation, read∣ing, and prayers, eight hours in provision for him∣self, his repose and health; and the other eight about the affairs of his Kingdom.

9. Almost incredible was the painfulness of Ba∣ronius,* 1.828 the compiler of the voluminous Annals of the Church, who for thirty years together, preach∣ed three or four times a week, to the people.

10. A Gentleman in Surry that had Land worth two hundred pounds per Annum,* 1.829 which he kept in his own hands, but running out every year, he was necessitated to sell half to pay his debts, and let the rest to a Farmer for one and twenty years. Before that term was expired, the Farmer one day bringing his Rent; asked him if he would sell his Land? Why (said he) will you buy it? If it please you, saith the Farmer. How, said he, that's strange, tell me how this comes to pass, that I could not live upon twice as much being my own, and you upon one half

thereof, though you have payed rent for it or able to buy it. Oh, saith the Farmer, but two words made the difference, you said go, and I said come. Wha••'s the meaning of that, said the Gentleman. You lay in bed, replyed the Farmer, or took your pleasure, and sent others about your business, and I rose betimes, and saw my business done my self.

* 1.83011. Marcus Antoninus the Emperour, as he was a person of great industry himself, so did he also bear so great a hatred unto idleness, that he with∣drew the salaries of such men, as he found to be slothful and lazy in their imployments; saying that there was nothing more cruel, then that the common wealth, should be gnawn and fed upon, by such as procured no advantage thereunto by their labours.

* 1.83112. Ioanes Vischerus, Rector of the University of Tubing; when in the sixty third year of his age, so dangerous a year to humane life; though weak in body, and thereby at liberty in respect of the statutes of the University, from his office of teach∣ing, yet as alwayes before, so then, in the last act of his life he so followed his business, that so long as he had any strength or ability, so long as his voice and spirits permitted: he was constant in his meditations, comments, and teaching. And when by reason of the inclemence of the air, he could not perform his part in the publick auditory of Physitians, he strenuously continued to profess in private at his own house. When his wife of∣tentimes advised and besought him that he would not do it, but have some regard to his own health, as a man that could scarce speak or stand on his feet, and utterly unfit to speak by an hour-glass, so molested by a Cough as he was: he replied: That which a man doth with a willing mind, is no way troublesome to him: suffer me to speak and walk so long as the strength of my body will permit, for so soon as I shall betake my self to my bed, I shall not be pulled from thence till such time, as four bearers come to carry me into the Church-yard.

13. Conradus Gesnerus▪ was a man of infinite study,* 1.832 diligence and industry, in searching a••ter the knowledge of all the parts of Nature; but particularly he bent himself to observe those things that were delivered concerning metalls, plants, and living creatures; and the noble Historian Thuanus saith of him most truely; That to his last breath he was inflamed with an incredible desire, and endeavour after the advancement of learning; so that when he was seized with the plague, and that his strength began to desert him, he rose out of his bed, not to dispose the affairs of his house, and family, but to set in order the papers in his study, that what he could not set forth in his life∣time, might a••ter his death be made publick to the benefit of the common wealth.

* 1.83314. Aeleas a King of Scythia, used to say that he thought himself no better then his horsekeeper when he was Idle.

* 1.83415. Dionysius the Elder being asked if he was at leisure and no business at present? The Gods for∣bid said he that ever it should be so with me; for a bow (as they say) if it be over-bent, will break; but the mind if it be over-slack.

CHAP. XLVI. Of the Dexterity of some Men in the Instruction of several Creatures.

MAn is seldome so unfortunate a teacher, as when he hath himself for his Scholar; but should he employ at home, that ingenuity and in∣dustry which he sometimes makes use of abroad; what a wonderful proficient would he be in all kind of Virtue? For there is scarce any thing that may seem so difficult; but his care and constancy hath overcome, as the following examples will be suffi∣cient to account for.

1. The Count of Stolberge in Germany,* 1.835 had a Deer which he bestowed on the Emperour Maximi∣lian the second, that would receive a Rider on his back, and a Bridle in his mouth and would run a race with the fleetest Horse that came in the field, and outstrip them too. Martial also mentions a Deer used to the bridle.

Hic erat ille tuo domitus Cyparisse capistro, An magis ille tuus Sylvia cervus erat.

2. At Prague the King of Bohemia's palace, Mr. Morrison saw two tame Leopards, that would either of them at a call, leap behind the huntsman when he went abroad a hunting, and sit like a dog, on the hinder parts of the horse, and would soon dispatch a deer.

3. Seneca speakes of a tame Dragon,* 1.836 that took meat from the hands of Tiberius; and else where Repentes ••uter pocula, sinus{que} innoxio lapsu dracones; tame Dragons that crept up and down amongst their Cups, and in their Bosomes, and did them no hurt.

4. Scaliger saw a Crow in the French Kings Court,* 1.837 that was taught to fly at Partridges, or any other fowl from the Falconers fist.

5. Elephants have bin taught,* 1.838 not only to dance upon the Earth, but in the air also; dancing upon the rope. The manner of teaching them to dance is thus they bring some yong Elephant upon a floor of earth, that hath bin heated underneath, and they play upon a Cittern or Tabour, while the poor beast lifts up his stumps very often from the hot flower, more by reason of the heat, then any desire to dance. And this they practise so often until the beast hath got such a habit of it, that when ever he hears any musick, he falls a dancing. Bus∣bequius saw a dancing Elephant in Constantinople, and the same Elephant playing at ball, tossing it to another man with his trunk and receiving it back again.

6. Michael Neander saw in Germany a Bear brought from Poland that would play on the Ta∣bour,* 1.839 and dance some measures, yea dance within the compass of a large round Cup, which he would afterwards hold up in his paw, to the spectatours to receive money or some other boon for his pains.

7. A Baboon was seen to play uppon the Gui∣tar,* 1.840 and a Monkey in the King of Spains court was very skillful at chesseplay, saith Bel••hazar Castilion, de aulico.

8. Cardinal Ascanio had a Parrot,* 1.841 that was taught to repeat the Apostles Creed verbatim in

Latin; and in the Court of Spain there was one that could sing the Gamut perfectly. If at any time he was out, he would say, Nova Bueno, that is not well; but when he was right he would say Bueno va, now it is well. As Iohn Barnes an Eng∣lish Fryer relates in his book de Aequivocatione.

* 1.8429. The Elephant is a creature of a very docible and capable nature to learn almost any thing, they have bin taught by their keepers to adore the King, saith Aristotle, to dance, to throw stones at a mark, to cast up arms into the air, and receive them again in their fall, to walk upon ropes, which Galba was the first that exhibited at Rome, saith Suetonius. And these things they learn with that care, that they have been often found practi∣sing, in the night, what had been taught them in the day. They write too, saith Pliny, speaking of one who wrote in the Greek tongue. Ipse ego haec scripsi, & Spoliae Celtica dicavi. I my self saw, saith Aelian, one of them writing Roman Letters, upon a tablet with his trunk, and the letters he made were not ragged but straight and even, and his eyes were fixt upon the tablet as one that was seri∣ous and intent upon his work. In the playes that Germanicus Caesar shewed at Rome in the reign of Tiberius; there were twelve Elephants, six males, and six females, these were cloathed in hist••ionical habits as men and women. At the command of their keeper, they danced in the cirque, and performed all the Gestures of a Mimick. At last they were brought where they were to feast, a table was covered with all kind of dainties, and Gobletts of Gold with other little cups of wine plac'd and beds covered with purple carpets, after the manner of the Roman eating, for them to lye upon. Upon these they lay down, and at the sig∣nal given, they reached out their Trunks to the table and with great modesty fell to eating, no ra∣vening or desire of the best or bigger part; but they eat and drank as a sort of civil men would doe.

* 1.84310. In the time of the war betwixt Augustus Cae∣sar and M. Antonius; when there were uncommon chances, and no mean rewards of the victory; all the world stood at gaze, which way Fortune would incline it self. There was then a poor man at Rome who purposing to provide for himself against all events, had this contrivance; he bred up two Crows with his utmost diligence, and brought it to pass, that in their pratling language, one would salute Caesar, and the other Antonius. This man when Augustus returned conquerour, met him upon the way with his crow upon his fist, which ever and anon came out with his Salve Cesar victor, Imperator: Hail Caesar the conquerour and Emperour. Augustus delighted herewith, purchased the bird of him at the price of twenty thousand Deniers of Rome.

11. Pierius tells of an Elephant call'd Hanno which Emanuel King of Portugal presented to Pope Leo the tenth.* 1.844 The King desirous to send him to Rome, and the Ship wherein he was to be carried being ready to depart, the could not get Hanno for some dayes, to suffer himself to be led to the Sea side, much less to go a shipboard; so greatly he seemed to misdoubt that voiage. The King dis∣pleased at the delay promised a great reward to any man, that could win Hanno to ship himself, none offered to do it. At last the King was secret∣ly informed, that all this was done by the cunning of Hanno's keeper, who being in love with a maid had no desire to leave Portugal, and therefore had councelled his scholar Hanno not suffer himself to be transported, telling him he should be carryed into wild and terrible deserts, in the Enemyes coun∣try, where he should be mocked and outraged of all, ill fed, badly lodg'd, and destitute of all neces∣sary provisions, besides the way was long, dange∣rous and all by Sea; so that it was better for him to be kild upon the land, then to undergoe a con∣dition most miserable. The King informed of this wile, commands the keeper to be brought before him, and the whole being confessed he enjoins him to take care, that the Elephant might be em∣barked within three dayes, if not he should be hang'd for an example to all that presume to dally with their Princes commands. The keeper ap∣prehending the rope twisted, and his neck half in the noose; reads his scholar a new lecture, tells him that some enemyes had gone about to deceive him, for envy they bare to his felicity and to move rebellion against the King, that the matter was nothing so as he had said; for they should not go unto any desarts, but to the Lady City of all the world seated in the most pleasant place, where was abundance of all delicate provisions, that there was a Prince whom all the world worshipped, where Hanno should have all the best sport, and pleasure he could desire. And therefore that he should be merry, and make himself ready to go cheerfully on board with his master, and should assure himself of a good and pleasant voyage. Han∣no changing his mind upon these new instructions, when the signal was given, went willingly towards the ship, shewing himself all the way, very obedi∣ent and tractable.

12. Pezelius gives the relation of a wonderful dog,* 1.845 and thinks that possibly some wicked spirit was within him; a Tinker, saith he, brought him to Constantinople, and a great confluence of people there was to behold the feats he would do. Ma∣ny of them laid their rings upon a heap confusedly together before this dog, and yet at the command of his Master, he would restore to every particular man his own without any mistake. Also when his master asked him in the presence of many, which of the company was a Captain, which a poor man, which a wife, which a widdow, which a whore, and the like, he would discover all this without errour, by taking the garment of the party enquired after in his mouth.

13 I my self saw a dog at Rome,* 1.846 whose Master a Player had taught him many pretty tricks; a∣mongst others he gave us this experiment, he soak∣ed a piece of bread in a certain drug, which was indeed a somniferous and sleepy, but he would have it thought also to be a deadly potion. The dog having swallowed it down (as he was taught) be∣gan to quake, tremble, yea and staggered as if he had bin astonied, in the end he stretc••ed out himself, and lay as stiff as one stark dead, suffring himself to be puld and drawn any way, like a block. But afterwards when he understood by that which was said and done, that his time was come, and that he had catched the hint for his recovery: he began at first to strive by little and little, as if awaked from a dead sleep, lifting up his head he began to look to and fro, at which all the beholders won∣dred not a little. Afterwards he arose upon his feet, and went directly to him, unto whom he was to go, jocund and mery. This pageant was performed by him so arti••icially, I cannot tell whe∣ther to say, or naturally, that all those who were present, and the Emperour himself (for Vespasian the ••ather was there in person, within the Thea∣tre of Marcellus) took exceeding great pleasure and delight therein.

CHAP. XLVII. Of the Taciturnity and Secresy of some Men intrusted with Priva∣cies.

IT was a rare commendation that Spintharus gave of Epaminondas the Theban, that he had rarely had conversation with any person that knew more, and spake less. It is equal prudence to know when to speak, as well as how; and least we should be over prodigal or unseasonable in our speech, Na∣ture hath taken care that the tongue should be con∣fined within a double inclosure, of the lips and teeth. Many a man hath dearly bought the intem∣perance of the little Member: which was one reason why Numa prescribed the veneration of Tacita to the Romans, as a tenth Muse, not inferior to any of the Nine; as by which great Enterprizes are conducted with safety, which would otherwise prove frustrate or hazardous.

* 1.8471. In the time of Pope Eugenius, the Seignory of Venice had a Captain named Cremignola, by whose Treason their Army had received the Over∣throw. It was debated in the Senate what to do with him; and concluded that (being dangerous to recall him) the best way was, at present to dis∣semble the matter, and at his return to repay him with death. This determination o•• theirs was de∣ferred and s••ept for eight Months, but shut up in each breast with such s••cresy, that his ears (in all that time) could reach no suppo••ition thereof. This was questionless a matter of no mean marvel, considering the number of the Senators, amongst whom were divers much endeared to Cremignola, some in Propinquity in blood, others in Friend∣ship, many of them poor, and so liable to be cor∣rupted with rewards, whereof the Captain had no lack of ability to offer and be••••ow; all which not∣withstanding, this honourable Seal of Secrecy was set with such assurance upon every soul▪ that eight Months being expired, Cremignola was kindly re∣called to Venice, entertained with embraces and befitting Ceremonies; but on the morrow after surprized, and before the Senate condemned to lose his head; which Sentence was accordingly executed.

* 1.8482. The secret Counsels of the Senate of Rome were divulged by no Senator for many Ages toge∣ther, only C. Fabius Maximus; and he also through imprudence, meeting with Crassus as he went into the Country, told him of the third Punick War secretly decreed in the Senate, for he knew he was made Questor three Years ••efore, but knew not that he was not yet chose into the Order of the Se∣nators by the Censors, which was the only way o•• admittance. But though this was an honest error o•• Fabius, yet was he severely reprehended by the Con¦suls for it; for they would not that Privacy (which is the best and safest Bond in the Administration o•• Affairs) should be broke. Therefore, when Eu∣menes King of Asia, a friend of our City▪ had decla∣red to the Senate, that Perses King of Macedon was preparing to War upon the people of Rome, it could never be known what he had said in the Se∣nate house, or what answer the Fathers had made to him, till such time as it was known that King Perses was a Prisoner. So that you would have thought, that which was spoke in the ears of all had been heard by none.

3. It is reported of the Egyptians,* 1.849 that they undergo tortures with a wonderful patience; and that an Egyptian will sooner die in torments, than discover the Secret he hath been entrusted with.

4. It was heretofore a custom that the Senators of Rome carried their Sons with them;* 1.850 and thither did Papyrius Praetextatus follow his Father: some great Affair was consulted of, and deferred to the next day, charge being given, that none should disclose the subject of their debate before it was decreed. The Mother of the young Papyrius, at his Return, enquired of him what the Fathers had done that day in the Senate; who told her that it was a Secret, and that he might not discover it. The woman was the more desirous to know for this answer he had made her, and therefore pro∣ceeds in her enquiry with more earnestness and vio∣lence. The boy finding himself urged, invented this witty lye: It was, saith he, debated in the Senate, which would be most advantageous to the Common∣wealth; that one man should have two Wives, or that one woman should have two Husbands. The woman in a terrible fright leaves the house, and acquaints divers other Ladies with what she had heard: the next day came a troop of women to the door, cry∣ing and beseeching that rather one woman might marry two men, than that one man should marry two women. The Senators entring the Court, enquire what meant this intemperance of the wo∣men, and what their request intended. Here young Papyrius stepped into the midst of the Court, and told them what his Mother had desired to know, and what answer he had given. They com∣mended his wit and secrecy, and then made an Or∣der that no Senators Sons should enter their Court, save only that one Papyrius.

5. Eumenes was informed that Craterus was com∣ing against him with an Army;* 1.851 he kept this pri∣vate to himself; and did not acquaint the most inti∣mate of his friends therewith, but gave out that it was Neoptolemus that came to fight him; for he well knew that his own Soldiers, who reverenced Craterus for his Glory, and were lovers of his Ver∣tue, had Neoptolemus in contempt. When there∣fore the Battel came to be fought, Eumenes was vi∣ctorious, and Craterus unknown, was killed amongst the rest: so that this Battel was gained by his Ta∣citurnity, and his friends rather admired than re∣prehended him for it.

6. The Ambassadors of the King of Persia were at Athens invited to a Feast,* 1.852 whereat also were pre••sent divers Philosophers; who, to improve the conversation, discoursed of many things both for and against. Amongst the which was Zeno, who being observed to sit silent all the while, the Am∣bassadors pleasantly demanded what they should say of him to the King their Master: Nothing, said he, further than this, that you saw at Athens an old man, who kn••w how ••o hold his tongue.

7. M••t••llus the Roman General was once asked by a young Cen••urion,* 1.853 what d••sign he had now in hand? who told him, that if he thought his own 〈◊〉〈◊〉 was privy to any part of his Counsel, he would immediately plu••k it off and burn it.

8. Leaena was an Athenian Strumpet that could play well upon the Harp,* 1.854 and sing sweetly unto it, ••he was familiarly acquainted with Harmodius and Aristogito••, and privy to their plot and project touching the murder of Pisistratus the Tyrant, yet would she never reveal this purpose and intention of theirs to the Tyrant or his Favourites, though she was put to most exquisite and dolorous tor∣ments about it. The Athenians therefore, desi∣rous

to honour this woman for her resolute and constant secrecy, and yet loath to be thought to make so much of such a Harlot as she was, devised to represent the Memorial of her and her act by a Beast of her name, and that was a Lyoness; the Statue of which they gave order to Iphicrates to make, and that he should leave out the tongue in the head of this Lyoness; for some say that, fea∣ring lest her torment should cause her to betray her friends, she bit it off, and spit it in the face of the Tyrant and Tormentors.

* 1.8559. When the King of Ala goes to War, he as∣sembleth his chief men into a Grove near the Pa∣lace; where they dig a Ditch in a round Circle, and there every man declareth his opinion: after this Consultation the Ditch is closed, and under pain of Treason and death all which hath been spo∣ken must be concealed, as if it was so buried as they had before represented in their Emblem.

* 1.85610. A Country man having killed Lucius Piso Governor of Spain, was exposed to tortures, there∣by to extort from him a Confession of his Confede∣rates: he endured the first day's torments with in∣vincible courage; but fearing himself for the se∣cond, as he was going to the Rack he slipped out of the hand of his Leader, and dashed his head with that violence against a Stone Wall that he di∣ed immediately, lest he should, through extremity of pain, be enforced to disclose that which he had sworn to conceal.

* 1.85711. Zeno Eleates was a person extremely well versed in the nature of things, and one that knew how to excite the minds of young men to vigour and constancy; he gained reputation to his Pre∣cepts by the example of his own Vertue. For whereas he might have lived in all security in his own Country, he left it, and came to Agrigentum, that then was in miserable Slavery: he hoped by his ingenuity and manner of deportment to have converted a Tyrant, and such a one as Phalaris from his Cruelties. But finding that wholsome counsel would do nothing with him, he inflamed the Noble Youth of that City with a desire of Li∣berty, and freeing their Country. When this was made known to the Tyrant, he called the people together in the Forum; and exposing the Philosopher unto cruel torments before their faces; he frequently demanded of him who they were that were his Confederates? Zeno named not one of them; but all such as were of most credit with the Tyrant, these he rendred suspected to him; and reproching the Citizens with their fear and cowardise, he excited them to so suddain and ve∣hement impulse of mind, that they stoned the Ty∣rant Phalaris in the place.

* 1.85812. Theodorus, a wise and excellent person, wea∣ried the hands of all the Tormentors that Hierony∣mus the Tyrant exposed him to; the severity of his Scourges, the Racks he was stretched upon, the Burning Irons he was tortured with, could ne∣ver be able to extort from him a confession of the names of them that were with him in the Conspi∣racy, or to betray the Secret he was intrusted with; but instead of this, in the extremity of his suffe∣rings he impeached the principal Favourite of the Tyrant, and that person he most relyed upon in the Government; and thereby deprived him of one that was most faithful to him.

CHAP. XLVIII. Of such who in their raised Fortunes have been mindful of their low Be∣ginnings.

AT the Coronation of the Emperors of Con∣stantinople it was customary to present them with several sorts of Marbles and of different co∣lours by the hand of a Mason; who was then to bespeak the new Emperor to this purpose;

Chuse, mighty Sir, under which of these Stones Your pleasure is, that we should lay your bones.

They brought him Patterns for his Grave-stone, that the prospect of death might contain his thoughts within the due bounds of modesty and moderation in the midst of his new Honours. And it was, doubtless, to keep them humble, that the following persons were so mindful of their ob∣scure beginnings.

1. Pope Benedict the Eleventh was born of mean Parentage,* 1.859 nor was he unmindful of his primitive poverty when advanced to this high degree of ho∣nour. While he was in the Monastery, his Mo∣ther was a Laundress to the Monks; and being now made Pope, he sent for her to come to him; she came; and the great Ladies supposing it unfit to present her to his Holiness in her homely At∣tire, had furnished her in such manner, that she now appeared almost another woman. Being thus brought into the presence of her Son; the Pop•• dissembled his knowledge of her: And what mean you, said he? bring me my Mother; as for this Lady, I know her not ••s my Mother is a Laundress, and it is with her that I desire to speak. They therefore withdrew her from the Presence, stripp'd her of all her costly Ornaments; and having dressed her up in her old rags, they again returned with her: then the Pope embraced her; In this habit, said he, did I leave my Mother, in this I know her, and in this I receive her.

The Emperors of China elect their Wives out of their own Subjects;* 1.860 and provided they are other∣wise accomplished, as in Beauty, and inclinations to Vertue, they regard not her Estate or Conditi∣on; in so much that for the most part they are the Daughters of Artizans. One of these was the Daughter of a Mason; and when she was Queen, kept ever by her an iron Trowel: when the Prince her Son upon any occasion behaved himself more haughtily than became him, she sent to shew him that instrument with which his Grand-father used to lay Stones for his Living; by which means she reduced him to better temper.

3. A••athocles,* 1.861 who from the Son of a Potter, came to be King of all Sicily, would yet never wear Diadem, nor have any Guard about him▪ He also caused his name to be engraven in Greek letters upon Vessels of Earth: these Vessels he disposed amongst the richest of his Pots of Silver and Gold, that he might be thereby imminded from whence he descended.

4. Willegis Arch-Bishop of Mentz,* 1.862 from a base condition, ascended to the highest Dignities; yet would he leave behind him a perpetual mark of his humility, and a remembrance of his mean Quality

to his Successors. Being of a poor House, and Son to a Carter, he caused these words following to be written in great letters in his lodging Chamber; Willegis, Willegis, recole unde veneris: Willegis, Willegis, remember whence thou camest. He caused also the Wheels and other Instruments of a Cart, to be there hung up in remembrance of his Pe∣digree.

* 1.863Les•• the Second of that name, of a base Des∣cent, was for his Vertues chosen King of Polonia, Anno 780. But he ruled as a Prince descended from ancient Kings: and all his life time upon so∣lemn days, when he was to appear in his Royal Robes, he caused a Garment of course Cloth which he had worn before to be cast over them, thereby to keep in remembrance his former life.

* 1.8646. When Libussa Princess of Bohemia had first ennobled, and then married Primislaus, the third of that name; who before was a plain Husband∣man. In remembrance of his ••irst condition, he brought with him (at such time as he was to re∣ceive the Royalties) a pair of wooden Shooes; and being asked the cause, he answered, that he brought them to that end, that they might be set up for a Monument in the Castle of Visegrade, and shewed to his Successors, that all might know that the first Prince of Bohemia of that Race was called from the Cart to that high Dignity; and that he himself, who from a Clown, was brought to wear a Crown, might remember he had nothing where∣of to be proud. These Shooes are still kept in Bohemia as a precious Relick; and the Priests of Visegrade carry them about in Procession upon eve∣ry Coronation day. This Prince having encreas∣ed his Kingdom, built the City of Prague, and walled it about; did long reign happily, and left a numerous Posterity.

* 1.8657. Iphicrates, that noble General of the Athe∣nians, in the midst of his Triumphs cryed out, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 from what to what; from how great misery and baseness, to how great blessedness and glory are we exalted?

* 1.8668. Thomas Cromwel was born at Putney in Sussex, his Father was a Black-smith; and though he could do little to his Education by reason of his Poverty, yet such was the pregnancy of the Son, that through various Fortunes and Accidents he was first knighted by King Henry the Eighth, then made Master of his Jewel house, then one of the Privy Council, then Master of the Rolls, then Knight of the Garter, and lastly, Earl of Essex, Great Chamberlain of England, and the King's Vicegerent to represent his own Person. Now, whereas men advanced from mean and base degree to high Dignity usually grow proud, forgetting what they were and whence they came, and casting off their old friends who were formerly beneficial to them; it was sar otherwise with this noble Earl, as appears by sundry examples. Riding in his Coach with Arch-Bishop Cranmer through Cheap∣side, he spyed a poor woman of Hounslow, to whom he was indebted for several old Reckonings to the value of forty shillings; he caused her to be called unto him, asked her whether he was not some way indebted to her: she said, yea; but she never durst call upon him for it, though now she stood in great need of it. He therefore presently sent her to his house with one of his Men; and when he came from the Court he did not only discharge his Debt, but gave her an yearly Pension of four pounds, and a Livery every Year so long as she li∣ved after. He also took special notice of Fresco∣bald the Florentine, who had releived him in his youthful necessities. And another time being with other Lords at the Monastery of Sheen, as he sat at Dinner, he spyed afar off a certain poor man who used to sweep the Cells and Cloysters of the Monks, and to ring the Bells; whom when the Lord Crom∣wel had well noted, he called him to him, and be∣fore all the Table took him by the hand; and tur∣ning to the Lords, My Lords, said he, see you this poor man; this man's Father was a great friend to me in my necessity, and hath given me many a Meals meat. Then said he to the poor man, Come unto me, and I will so provide for thee, that thou shalt not want while I live.

9. Mr. Ignatius Iordan was born at Lime Regis,* 1.867 in the County of Dorset; and when he was young he was sent by his friends to the City of Exeter, to be brought up in the Profession of a Merchant. In this City having passed through the several inferi∣or Offices, he at last ascended to the highest place of honour, to be Major there, and was Justice of Peace for twenty four Years together; yet his be∣ginning was but very small, and this upon occasion he was ready to acknowledge. When some threatned him with Law-Suits, and not to give over till they had not left him worth a Groat: to these he chear∣fully replyed, that he should be then but two pence poorer than when he came fast to Exeter; For, said he, I brought but six pence with me hither. He would often say that he wondred what rich men meant, that they gave so little to the Poor, and ra∣ked so much together for their Children; do ye not see, said he, what becomes of it? And would reckon up divers examples of such as heaped up much for their Children, and they in a short time consumed it all: on the other side, he spake of such as had small beginnings, and a••terwards became rich, or of a competent Estate; giving a particular in∣stance in himself; I came, said he, but with a groat or six pence in my purse to this City; had I had a shil∣ling in my purse, I had never been Major of Exeter.

CHAP. XLIX. Of such as have despised Riches, and of the laudable Poverty of some Illustrious Persons.

SEbastianus Foscarinus, some time Duke of Ve∣nice,* 1.868 caused to be engraven on his Tomb in St. Mark's Church this which follows. Accipite ci∣ves Veneti, quod est optimum in rebus humanis. Res humanas contemnere. Hear, O ye Venetians, and I will tell you which is the best thing in the World; it is to contemn and despise the World. This is durus sermo, a hard saying; and few there are amongst all the Living that can digest the Sermon of this dead Prince. Only some choicer Spirits there are to be found here and there, who seem to have been pre∣sent at such a Lecture as this; and to have brought it along with them, firmly engraven upon their hearts. Such was

1. Iohannes Gropperus of Cologne,* 1.869 a German, who was offered a Cardinalship by Pope Paul the Fourth; but that Dignity, and the vast Riches annexed thereunto, which other Mortals for the most part, have the most fervent ambition and de∣sire to attain unto; he, with a modesty and great∣ness

of mind, rare to be met with in this or any o∣ther Age, refused, when freely proffered him.

* 1.8702. Thirty Mahumetan Kings, the chief of whom was Smaragdus, assailed the Kingdom of Castile, with a purpose to drive the Christians out of Spain, which they held already as good as conquered. Whereupon Sancho King of Navarre levied an Army consisting of a small number of men, but couragious and most resolute Souldiers; with these he never left till he had broken, defeated, put to rout, and utterly dispersed the Army of the Barbarians; which done all the Christian Captains and Souldiers came running to him in crowds to kiss his hands and knees, and to do him all possible Honours; crying with loud voyces, God save the Invincible Captain, ond the most valorous Warriour. Afterwards when they came to share the Booty, which was great (the Riches of thirty Kings be∣ing then assembled in one heap) there was no man but confessed, that how great a part soever Sancho should reserve of it to himself, would yet be less than his deserts. There was found a huge quanti∣ty of Silver and Gold, some ready coined, much cast into Ingots; a number of Pearls and Stones of rich value, great store of Hangings and Rich Ve∣stures, a large quantity of curious Housholdstuff, such as the Moors use, who are excessive and Pom∣pous in War. Almost innumerable Arms of all sorts, forg'd, wrought, and curiously enriched; Horses of service great store, incredible numbers of Saddles, Bridles, &c. and Prisoners by hun∣dreds, out of which might be drawn great ran∣soms. All the Castilians, and they of Navarre, be∣sought Sancho to take to himself of this rich Booty what he should please, who by his chearful countenance shewing the pleasure he took in this liberal offer of his Army: As for me (saith he) I desire nothing but this Iron Chain which I have hewen asunder in your sight, and that Precious Stone which I have beaten down with my hands, pointing at Smarag∣dus (which signifies an Emerald) lying dead on the ground, and weltering in his blood. In Memory of this Victory, the Arms of Navarre were after∣wards Chains born crosswise, and disposed into a Square, and those Chains set with Emeralds.

* 1.8713. After the winning of a Famous Battle, The∣mistocles came to view the Bodies of the Dead, and spying many a rich Booty lying here and there ve∣ry thick; he passed by, saying to a Favourite of his; Gather, and take to thee, for thou art not Themisto∣cles.

* 1.8724. Ammianus Marcellinus magnifies Iulian the Emperor, who shared a great Prey amongst the Souldiers, according to every man's Valour and Demerits; but as his custom was (for his own part to be content with a little) he reserved no∣thing for himself, but a Dumb Child which was presented to him, who knew many things and made them understood by convenient countenances and gestures.

* 1.8735. Numerianus was a Teacher of Boys in Rome, when upon the suddain, moved with I know not what kind of Impulses, he left both his Boys and his Books; he passed over hastily into Gaul, there pretending that he was a Senator, and commissioned by Severus the Emperor, he began to raise an Ar∣my, with which he vexed Albinus the Enemy of Se∣verus. He had routed divers of his Troops of Horse, and with a youthful ardour had gallantly ac∣quitted himself in divers Enterprises. Severus being informed hereof, and supposing him to be one of the Senatorian Order, he wrote a Letter to him, wherein having given him due praises for the service he had done, he desired him to encrease his Forces. This he speedily performed, and having done things worthy of admiration, he sent to Se∣verus one thousand seven hundred and fifty Myri∣ads of Drachmes. This done without fear he presented himself to the Emperour, and openly de∣clared who he was; yet he neither requested (up∣on the score of his Victories) that he might really be made one of the Senate; nor did he petition for any Honour, or increase of Wealth, but only received from Severus some small thing to main∣tain him alive, and so retired into the Country, where he spent the rest of his life in privacy and poverty.

6. Crates Thebanus was adored for a God,* 1.874 a Noble-man by Birth, many Servants he had, an Ho∣nourable Attendance, much Wealth, many Man∣nors, rich Apparel, and great store of Money; but when he apprehended that all this, yea all the Wealth of the World was but brittle, uncertain, and no whit availing to live well; he cast off his burden, renounced his Estate, and threw his Trea∣sure into the Sea.

7. Epaminondas that great General of the The∣bans,* 1.875 after his Glorious Exploits and Famous Vi∣ctories, lived in such meanness and extream pover∣ty, that he had but one upper Garment, and that a poor one to; so that if at any time he had occasi∣on on to send it to the Fuller, or to mending, he was constrained for want of another to stay at home▪ till it was returned. At his death they found no∣thing in his House but a little Iron Spit, nor where∣withal to commit him to the Ground; so that he was buried at the Publick Charge; yet had this great man the offer of a considerable sum in Gold sent him by the Persian King, whereof he would not accept; and in mind, saith Aelian, he shewed himself more genrous in the refusal, than the o∣ther did in the gift of it.

7. Aristides,* 1.876 who by his Valour, Prudence and Justice, had made the Athenians rich and honoura∣ble, at his death was so poor, that nothing in his House being found to do it withal, he was buried at the charge of the Commonwealth.

9. Frederick Duke of Saxony,* 1.877 his virtues were so great, that unanimously the Electors chose him for Emperor, while he as earnestly did refuse; nor did they like tickly Italians, pet at this and put another in his room; but for the reverence they bore him, when he would not accept it himself, they would yet have one that he should recommend, which was Charles the Fifth, who out of his grati∣tude for the putting of him into that Place, sent him a Present of 30000 Florens. But he that could not be tempted by the Imperial Crown, stood proof against the blaze of Gold; and when the Ambassadors could fasten none upon h••m, he desired but his permission to leave 10000 amongst his Servants. To which he answered, They might take it if they would; but he that took but a Piece from Charles, should be sure not to stay a Day with Frederick. A mind truly Heroick, evidently Su∣perlative; by despising what was greatest, not temptable, with either Ambition or Avarice, far greater than an Emperor by refusing to be one.

10. Audentius upon the death of Bassianus Ca∣racalla,* 1.878 was proffered the Roman Empire, which yet he utterly refused, and could not by any per∣swasions be wrought upon to accept of it.

11. Alexander the great having overcome Da∣rius;* 1.879 of the Persian Spoils he sent Phocion the A∣thenian an hundred Talents of Silver; but when the Messengers brought him this Gift, He asked

them, why Alexander gave him so great a Gift, rather than to any other of the Athenians? Because, said they, he only esteemeth thee to be a good and honest man:* 1.880 Then, said Phocion, let him give me leave to re∣main that which I seem, and am, so long as I live. The Messengers would not so leave, but followed him home to his House, where they saw his great frugality and thriftiness;* 1.881 for they found his Wife her self Baking, and he himself drew water to wash his feet. But when they were more earn∣est with him than before, to accept of their Ma∣ster's present, and were offended with him, saying, That it was a shame for the Friend of Alexander to live so miserably and beggarly: Then Phocion seeing a poor old man pass by; asked them, Whether they thought him worse than that man? No, the Gods for∣bid, replied they; yet, answered he; He lives with less than I do, and yet is contented and hath enough. To be short, he said, If I should take this Sum of Money, and not employ it, it is as much as if I had it not; again, if I should employ it, I should occa∣sion all the City to speak evil of the King, and me both. And so he sent back this Great Present, shewing thereby, that he was richer that needed not such Sums, than he that gave them.

* 1.88212. Paulus Aemylius was sent by the Senate of Rome into Spain, where they were all up in Arms; in which Journey he twice overcame the barba∣rous people in main battel, and slew about 30000 of them; he took in also two hundred and fifty Cities, and so leaving the Country quiet, he re∣turned to Rome, not enriched by all these Victories the worth of one groat; yea he so little regarded the World, that although he was Consul twice, and twice triumphed, yet when he died all the E∣state he left was little enough to satisfie his Wives Joynture.

* 1.88313. Vergerits the Pope's Legate was sent by his Master to Luther (when he first began to preach a∣gainst the Corruptions of the Church of Rome) to proffer him a Cardinal's Cap, if he would re∣linquish his Opinions; to whom he answered, con∣temptus est à me Romanus & favor & furor, I do e∣qually dispise the favour and fury of Rome. Ano∣ther time there was Proposals made of a great Sum of Money to be sent unto him; but one of the Cardinals who was then present, cried out, Hem Germana illa bestia non curat aurum; That beast of Germany does not care for money. Luther also tells us, that when some of the Cardinals were by the Pope sent to him, to tempt him with promises of great Wealth and Honour. Turning my self, saith he to God; Valde protestatus sum me nolle sic satiari ab eo; I earnestly protested, that God should not put me off with such mean matter.

* 1.88414. Deiotarus King of Galatia being a very old man sent for Cato Vticensis to come to him, intend∣ing to recommend to him the care of his Sons; and when he was arrived the King sent him divers rich Presents of all sorts, entreating him that he would accept of them: This so much offended Cato, that he stayd very little with him, and the next day returned: But he had not gone one days Journey, when he found greater gifts that tarried for him, with Letters from the King, in which he earnestly requested him to accept of them; or if not, that yet at least he would suffer them to be di∣vided amongst his Friends, who did every way de∣serve them, and the rather, because Cato had not enough of his own wherewithal to content them. But Cato would by no means either accept of this Royal Bounty himself, or suffer his Friends to meddle with any of it, saying, That his Friends should always have part with him, of that which was his own justly.

15. The Romans sent their Ambassadors to Co∣rinth,* 1.885 to separate those Cities which had been un∣der the Government of Philip, from the Councils of the Achaians; but the Ambassadors were beaten by the Achaians, and not only so; but defiled with Ordures. The Romans could not concoct this affront; and therefore sent Q. Metellus who over∣threw them at Thermopylae, and their General Crito∣laus poysoned himself, in his stead they set up Dra∣cus their General, whom L. Mummius the Consul overcame, thereupon all Achaia was yielded up to to the Consul, who demolished Corinth by order of the Senate, because it was there where their Am∣bassadors had been affronted. Thebes and Chalcis were also utterly subverted, because they had as∣sisted the Corinthians. At this time it was that the Consul L. Mummius shewed himself a rare exam∣ple of Abstinence; for of all the Brazen Images, Marble Statues and Pillars, the Painted Pieces of Ablest Artists, the Infinite Riches and Ornaments that were found in this most Opulent City, he touched not one, nor caused any the least thing of all the Spoils to be transferred unto his own House.

16. Atilius Regulus the Glory of the first Punick War,* 1.886 and the greatest loss we had in it, when by his frequent Victories he had broken and wasted the wealth of insolent Carthage in Affrica, and un∣derstood that by reason of his discreet and fortu∣nate mannaging his Affairs, his command was con∣tinued to him another year; he wrote unto the Consuls, that his Bayly which he had to oversee his Field of seven Acres was dead; and that a hired Servant had thereupon taken occasion to depart, and to steal all his Instruments of Husbandry; whereupon he desired they would send him a Suc∣cessor, lest his Field being untilled his Family should be in want of Food: Upon this report by the Consuls to the Senate, they order his Field to be tilled, his Wife and Family provided for, and his Instruments of Husbandry redeemed at the Publick Charge.

17. In the second Punick War Cn. Scipio wrote out of Spain to the Senate,* 1.887 desiring that a Successor might be sent him, in as much as he had a Vir∣gin Daughter who was now of mature Age, and that without him a Portion could not be provided for her. The Senate, lest the Commonwealth should be deprived of a good Captain, took upon them the Office of the Father; they consulted with the Wife and Kindred of Scipio, married his Daughter, and gave her a Portion out of the Pub∣lick Treasury.

CHAP. L. Of such Persons as have preferred Death before the loss of their Li∣berty, and what some have endu∣red in the preservation of it.

* 1.888THe Ancient Romans had so high an esteem of Liberty, that they thought it worthy of Ve∣neration; for they made it one of their Goddesses, erected and dedicated Temples in honour of it. The contrary to it, they had in such detestation that they punished their greatest Offenders with Interdiction, Relegation, Deportation, and such like. Generally all sorts of men are so tenacious of their Liberty, that they will refuse no kind of hardship, but sacrifice their chiefest Ornaments Jewels, and expose even life it self (as precious as it is) to the uttermost hazards to preserve it.

* 1.8891. When Maximinus fought against the City Aquileia, the Matrons and Women thereof cut off the hair from their heads to supply the want of Bow-strings, and to shoot Arrows against the In∣vaders of their Liberties. The like also was once done at Rome heretofore; so that in honour of the Ladies, the Senate did consecrate a Temple to Venus the Bald.

* 1.8902. The Castle of Massada, being built by Herod the Great, was a most impregnable Fort, and fur∣nished with Provision for many years, having Wine and Oyl and Dates that had continued good and sweet for one hundred years; it had also in it nine thousand and sixty Men, besides Women and Chil∣dren: These being besieged and so distressed by the Romans, that they had no hope of escape from servitude and bondage at the least; they there∣fore by an unanimous consent, chose out ten men who should kill all the rest, who having dispatched them, they cast lots whose turn it should be to dispatch his surviving Fellows. The man on whom the Lot fell, having killed them, fired the Palace, and kill'd himself; only two Women and five Children that hid themselves in a Vault, esca∣ped, and gave the Romans an account of what had happened.

* 1.8913. The Isle of Gaza near unto Malta, being taken by the Turks, a certain Sicilian that had lived long there, and had married a Wife, by whom he had two fair Daughters, (being then in state to be married) seeing this last calamity of the loss of Liberty approaching, rather than he would see his Wife and Daughters to be brought into shameful servitude; having called them to him, he first slew with his Sword his two Daughters, and then their Mother; this done with an Harquebuse, and a Cross-bow bent (as clean bereft of his senses) he made towards his Enemies, of whom he slew two at the first encounter, and afterwards fighting a while with his Sword (being environed with a mul∣titude of Turks) brought himself to the end of his most unhappy life.

* 1.8924. Perdiccas had besieged the City of Isaurum in Pisidia; two days he had assaulted it, wherein it was defended with great courage, though with the loss of many gallant men, that were ready to die rather than to depart with their Liberty. Up∣on the third day many being slain, and for want of men the Walls being but slenderly mann'd; the Isaurians perceiving they could no longer main∣tain the place, and resolving not to undergo a pu∣nishment that was joyned with reproach, they took this remarkable course, having shut up their Pa∣rents, Wives and Children in their Houses, they set fire to them, into these Flames they cast all their Riches, and whatsoever they thought might be of any use to the Enemy. Perdiccas wondring at what was done, again assaulted it with all his For∣ces in several parts; but then the Isaurians repair∣ing to their Walls, threw down the Macedonians on all sides. Perdiccas astonished at this, demand∣ed the reason, why they who had delivered up their Houses, and all that was dear to them to the Flames, should yet so obstinately defend their Walls? At last when Perdiccas and the Macedoni∣ans were retreated from the Assault, the Isaurians threw themselves into the fire, and so perished to∣gether with their Houses and Relations.

5. Ptolemaeus ruling over the Cyprian Cities,* 1.893 and hearing that Nicocles the Paphian King did closely hold correspondence with Antigonus; he sent Ar∣gaeus and Callicrates his Friends with command that they should put Nicocles to death, as fearing the defection of other Cities, besides that of Paphos. These came to Cyprus, and having received some Troops of Menelaus the General there, they beset the Palace of Nicocles, and having declared the Kings commands, they demanded Nicocles to death. He at first would have excused the matter, but when he saw that would not serve his turn he slew himself. Axiothea the wife of Nicocles being inform∣ed of the death of her Husband, did then slay her Daughters that were Virgins, that they might not fall into the enemies hands: She also perswaded the Wives of Nicocles his Brethren, with her to murther themselves, though Ptolemy had granted them impunity: Their Husbands seeing this, set fire upon the Palace and slew themselves, by this means the Royal Family of the Paphians, was utterly distinguished.

6. The Tacchi (a people in Asia) rather then they would be captivated to the Greeks,* 1.894 threw themselves down headlong from the Rocks, the very women throwing down their own children first, and then casting themselves upon them.

7. Philip King of Macedon had beseiged the City of Abydus,* 1.895 and straitly beset it both by Sea and Land, when the inhabitants defended it against him with great courage, till at last the Enemy had undermin'd and overthrown the outward wall, and were now by their mines approaching that other wall which the Inhabitants had made up within instead of the former. Then the besieged apprehensive of their danger, sent Embassadors to Philip, offering him the surrender of their City up∣on condition, that the Rhodians and Soldiers of Attalus should be freely dismissed, and that every freeman should have liberty to depart whither he pleased. Philip returned them this answer, that either they should resolve to surrender at discreti∣on, or else fight it gallantly. They of Abidus made desperate by these means, consulted together, and resolved upon this course, to give liberty to all slaves that they might assist them with greater cheerfulness, to shut up all their wives in the Tem∣ple of Diana, their Children and Nurses in the publick Schools, to lay all their silver and gold up∣on a heap in the Market place, and to put their most precious furniture into two Galleys. This done they chose out fifty persons of strength and Autho∣rity, whom in presence of all the Citizens they caused to swear, that as soon as they should perceive

the enemy to be Master of the inward Wall, they should kill all their Wives and Children•• burn the Galleys, and cast the Silver and Gold into the Sea. They all swore to defend their liberty to the last breath, and indeed when the Walls were fallen, all the Soldiers and Inhabitants maintained the ruines of them with that obstinacy, that few re∣mained alive or unwounded: And when the City was taken, Philip was amazed to see the rest kill their Wives and Children, cast themselves head∣long from houses and into pits, and running upon any kind of death, so that few of that City could be perswaded to out-live the loss of their liberty, unless such as were bound, and by force preserved from doing violence upon themselves.

* 1.8968. At Numantia in Spain four thousand Soldiers withstood forty thousand Romans for fourteen years together, in which time having often valiant∣ly repulsed them and forced them unto two disho∣nourable compositions, at last when they could hold out no longer, they gathered all their Ar∣mour, money, and goods together, and laid them on an heap, which being fired they voluntarily cast themselves also into the flames, leaving unto Scipio nothing but the bare name of Numantia to adorn his triumph with.

* 1.8979. The City of Saguntum had been besieged by Annibal for the space of nine months, in which the famine was so great that the inhabitants were enforced to eat mans flesh: At last when they could hold out no longer, (rather than they would fall into the hands of their enemies) they made a fire in which themselves and their City was consumed to Ashes.

* 1.89810. Perdiccas made war upon Ariarathes King of Cappadocia, although he had no way provoked him, yet although he overcame the King in Battle, he carried thence nothing but hazards and wounds instead of rewards, for the slying Army being re∣ceived into the City; each man slew his Wife and Children, set fire on their houses and furniture of them, and having laid upon one heap all their ri∣ches at once, and consumed them to ashes; they then threw themselves headlong from Towers, and high places into the flames, so that the victorious enemy enjoyed nothing of theirs, besides the sight of those flames, which devoured the spoils they hoped to have divided amongst them.

11. When Brutus had besieged the City of the Xanthii in Licia,* 1.899 they themselves set fire on their own City, some of them leap••d into the flames and there perished, others fell upon their own swords, A woman was seen hanging from the roof of her house with an infant newly strangled about her neck, and in her right hand a burning torch, that she might that way have burnt down the house o∣ver her.

CHAP. LI. Of such as in highest Fortunes have been mindful of Humane frail∣ty.

THe Lamae (who are the Priests of the Tibitenses) when they prepare to celebrate prayers they summon the people together,* 1.900 with the hollow whispering sounds of certain pipes, made of the bones of dead men: They have also Rosaries or Beads made of them which they carry always about them, and they drink continually out of a Skull. Being asked the reason of this Ceremony by An∣thony Andrada (who first found them out) one that was the chiefest among them told him that they did it, ad fatorum memoriam, they did therefore pipe with the bones of the dead, that those sad whis∣pers might warn the people of the swift and invi∣sible approach of death, whose musick they term'd i••: The Beads they wore did put them in mind of the frail estate of their bodies, their drinking in a skull did mortifie their affections, repress pleasures, and imbitter their tast, lest they should relish too much the delights of life, and certainly these great and excellent persons hereafter mentioned, did there∣fore carry along with them the commemoration of death, as finding it a powerful Antidote against those excesses and deviations, whereunto the na∣ture of man (especially in prosperity) has so nota∣ble a proneness.

1. Maximilianus the first, Emperour of Germa∣ny,* 1.901 for three years (some say two) caused his Coffin made of Oak to be carried along with him in a Wagon before he felt any sickness, and when he drew near to his death, he gave order in his last will, that they should wrap up his dead body in course linen, without any embowelling at all, and that they should stop his mouth, nostrils, ears, and all open passages of his body with unslaked lime, this was the only embalming and conditure he required, and that for this purpose, that his body might (by this eating and consuming thing) be the sooner resolved into its earth.

2. Saladine that great Conquerour of the East,* 1.902 after he had taken Ierusalem; perceiving he drew near unto death, by his last Will forbad all funeral pomp, and commanded that only an old and black Cassock fastned at the end of a Lance, should be born before his body, and that a Priest going be∣fore the people, should aloud sing these verses, as they are remembred by Boccace.

Vixi divitiis, regno, tumidusque trophaeis, Sed pannum heu nigrum nil nisi morte tuli.

Great Saladine the Conqu'rour of the East, Of all the State and Glory he possess'd, O frail and transitory good! no more Hath born away, than that poor Shirt he wore.

3. The Emperour Severus after many wars,* 1.903 growing old and about to dye, called for an Urn in which (after the ancient manner) the ashes of their burnt bodies were to be bestowed, and after he had long looked upon it, and held it in his hands, he uttered these words; Thou (said he) shalt con∣tain that man, whom all the world was too narrow to confine.

Mors sola fatetur.— Quantula sint hominum Corpuscula.

'Tis only death that tells How small he is that swells.

* 1.9044. Philip King of Macedon had a fall, and after he was risen, perceiving the impression of his bo∣dy upon the sand; Good Gods, said he, what a small parcel of earth will contain us, who aspire to the possessi∣on of the whole world.

* 1.9055. Luther after he had successfully opposed the Pope, and was gazed and admired at by all the world as the invincible Champion of the true Chri∣stian faith, not long before his death sent a fair Glass to Dr. Iustus Ionas his friend, and therewith these following verses.

Dat vitrum vitro Jonae, vitrum ipse Lutherus, Se similem ut fragili noscat uter{que} vitro.

Luther a Glass, to Jonah Glass, a Glass doth send, That both may know our selves to be but Glass, my Friend.

* 1.9066. Antigonus lay sick a long time of a lingring disease, and afterwards when he was recovered and well again; We have gotten no harm, said he, by this long sickness, for it hath taught me not to be so proud, by putting me in mind that I am but a mortal man. And when Hermodorus the Poet in certain Poems which he wrote, had stiled him the Son of the Sun, he to check that unadvised speech of his He who useth to empty my Close-Stool, (said he) know∣eth as well as I that it is nothing so.

* 1.9077. Croesus that rich King of Lydia, shewed un∣to Solon his vast riches, and asked of him who it was that he could esteem of as an happier man than he? Solon told him that riches were not to be con∣fided in, and that the state of a man in this life, was so transitory and liable to alteration and change, that no certain judgment could be made of the felicity of any man, till such time as he came to dye. Croesus thought himself contemned and despised by Solon, while he spake to him in this manner, and being in his great prospe∣rity at that time, thought there was little in his speech that concerned him. But afterwards being overthrown by King Cyrus in a pitcht battle, his City of Sardis taken, and himself made prisoner, when he was bound and laid upon a pile of wood to be publickly burnt to death in the sight of Cyrus and the Persians, then it was that he began to see more deep into that conference he heretofore had with Solon: And therefore being now sensible of the truch of what he had heard, he cryed out three times, O Solon, Solon, Solon. Cyrus admired here∣at, and demanded the reason hereof, and what that Solon was? Croesus told him who he was, and what he had said to him about the frailty of man, and the change of condition he is subject to in this life? Cyrus at the hearing of this, like a wise Prince be∣gan to think, that the height of his own fortune could as little excuse from partaking in this fragility, as that of Croesus had done, and therefore in a just sense and apprehension of those sudden turns, which the destinies do usually allot to man∣kind, he pardoned Croesus, set him at liberty, and gave him an honourable place about him.

* 1.9088. Antiochus at the first stood mute and as one amazed, and afterwards he burst out into tears, when he saw Achaeus the Son of Andromachus who had married Laodice the Daughter of Mithridates, and who also was the Lord of all that Country a∣bout the Mountain Taurus, brought before him bound, and lying prostrate upon the earth: That which gave the occasion to these tears of his, was the consideration of the great suddenness of these blows which Fortune gives, and how impossible it is to guard our selves from them; or prevent them.

9. Sesostris was a Potent King of Aegypt,* 1.909 and had subdued under him divers nations, which done he caused to be made for him a Chariot of gold, and richly set with several sorts of precious Stones, Four Kings by his appointment were yoked toge∣ther herein, that they instead of Beasts might draw this Conquerour as oft as he desired to appear in his glory. The Chariot was thus drawn upon a great Festival, when Sesostris observed that one of the Kings, had his eyes continually fixed upon the wheel of the Chariot that was next him. He then demand∣ed the reason thereof, the King told him that he did wonder and was amazed at the unstable motion of the wheel that rowled up and down, so that one while this and next that part was uppermost, and the highest of all immediately became the lowest: King Sesostris did so consider of this saying, and thereby conceived such apprehensions of the frailty and uncertainty of humane affairs, that he would no more be drawn in that proud manner.

10. Xerxes Son of Darius and Nephew to Cyrus,* 1.910 after five years preparation came against the Gre∣cians (to revenge his Fathers disgraceful repulse, by Miltiades) with such an Army that his men and Cattel dried up whole Rivers, he made a Bridge over the Hellespont, where looking back on such a multitude, considering mans mortality he wept, knowing, as he said, that no one of all those should be alive after an hundred years.

CHAP. LII. Of such as were of unusual Fortune and Felicity.

MEn in a Dream find themselves much delight∣ed with the variety of those images of things which are presented to their waking fancies, that felicity and happiness which most men count so, and please their thoughts with, is more of imaginary than real, more of shadow than substance, and hath so little of solidity and stableness in it, that it may be ••itly looked upon as a dream. All about us is so liable to the blows of fortune, and it be∣stows those blows with that blindness and prodi∣gality, and oftentimes sullies the last hours of it, very minious with that blackness, that we count those happy men that have felt least of her frowns In which respect,

1. Lucius Matellus may well pass for one of these fortunate persons,* 1.911 for he was one of the Quindecim∣viri, that is, one of the fifteen men, appointed for the keeping of the Sibylline Oracles, and to see that sacrifice and all Ceremonial Rites were duely performed, he was General of the Horse, twice Consul, chief Pontiff, the first that shewed Ele∣phants in his Triumph, and a person in whom all those Ten Ornaments met, which may befal a most happy Citizen In a most flourishing City, for he

was a stout warrior, good Orator, fortunate Lead¦er, performed great matters being personally pre∣sent, had ascended to the greatest honours, was very wise, a complete Senator, had attained great riches by honest means, left many Children, and was most eminent in the most celebrious City.

* 1.9122. Quintus Metellus by incessant degrees of in∣dulgent Fortune from the day of his birth to that of his death, at last arrived to the top of a most happy life. He was born in a City that was the Princess of the World, and was born of noble Parents; he had rare gifts of the mind, and a suf∣ficiency of bodily strength to undergo labour and travel; he had a Wife conspicuous at once for her chastity and fruitfulness; he had born the Office of a Consul, been General of an Army, and had glo∣riously triumphed; he had three Sons of Consular degree, one whereof had been Censor, and also triumphant; and the fourth was a Pretor: he had three Dunghters bestowed in Marriage, whose Children he had with him. How many Births and Cradles? how many of his Descendants at man's estate? how many Nuptials? what Honours, Go∣vernments, and what abundant Congratulations did he behold in his Family? And all this felicity at no time interrupted with any Funeral, any sighs, or the least cause of sadness. Look up to Heaven it self, and you shall scarce find the like state in that place, seeing our greatest men have assigned mour∣ning and grief to the Gods themselves. The last act of his life was agreeable to all the rest; for ha∣ving lived to a great age, he expired by a gentle and easie way of death, amongst the kisses and em∣braces of his dearest Relations; and when dead, was born upon the shoulders of his Sons, and Sons in Law, through the City; and by them laid upon his Funeral fire.

* 1.9133. The very same day that Philip King of Mace∣don had the City of Potidaea surrendred up to him∣self, there came a Messenger that brought him word of a great Victory that Parmenio his General had obtained over the Illyrians: Another brought him news that his Horse had won the Prize and Vi∣ctory at the Olympick Games: And then came a third to acquaint him, that Olympias his Queen was delivered of a young Prince, which afterwards proved the unconquerable Alexander.

* 1.9144. It is a rare happiness of the Family of St. Law∣rence, Barons of H••ath in Ireland, that the Heirs thereof for four hundred Years together have al∣ways been of age before the death of their Fa∣thers. Clarks Mirr. cap. 104. pag. 493.

* 1.9155. Polycrates of Samos was a petty Kieg, but a Minion of Fortune; had such a Series of Prospe∣rity in all his Affairs, that he was advised by Ama∣sis King of Egypt and his Alley, to apply some re∣medy to his over-great Fortune; and that he might have some occasion of trouble, exhorted him to cast away what he most esteemed in such manner as he should be sure never more to hear of. He therefore threw into the Sea that precious E∣merald of his which he used as his Signet,* 1.916 but not long after it was sound in the belly of a Fish that was dressed for his Table.

* 1.9176. And to shew us that there is a kind of recur∣rency of remarkable Accidents; one An∣der••••, a Townsman and Merchant, talking with a friend on Newcastle-Bridge, and fingering his Ring, before he was aware let in ••all into the River, and was much troubled with the lo•••• thereof, until the same was found in a Fish caught in the River, and restored unto him.

7. It is said of the Emperor Antoninus Pius, that his Affairs had so good success,* 1.918 that he never re∣pented him of any thing he did, that he was never denyed any thing he asked, and that he never com∣manded any thing wherein he was not obeyed. And being asked by a Senator (who marvelled at these things) the reason of them. Because, said he, I make all my doings conformable to Reason, I de∣mand not any thing which is not rightful, I command not any thing which redoundeth not more to the benefit of the Commonwealth than to mine own profit.

8. That was a marvellous happy Accident that fell out to a Rower in a Tyrian Vessel:* 1.919 he was cleansing of the Deck, when a Wave took him on the one side, and struck him into the Sea, and soon after a contrary Wave hoisted him up into the Ship again; so the lamentations of his misfortune were mixed with congratulations for his safety.

9. L. Sylla might well be sirnamed The Happy;* 1.920 for whereas he had attained the Dictatorship with many hazards, and therein had put to death two thousand six hundred Knights of Rome, had slain ten Consuls, proscribed and exiled so many, and forbid so many others the Rights of Burial; yet, when he had voluntarily resigned the Dictatorship, and devested himself of so great a Power, all Rome beheld him securely walking in the Market-place, and no man attempted to revenge upon him so great miseries as he had occasioned to that City.

10. Arnulphus Duke of Lorrain,* 1.921 when he had dropp'd his Ring into the Mosella, had it restored to him again from the belly of a Fish.

11. Matthias King of Hungary caused his Mo∣ney and other things to be stamped with the Figure of a Crow,* 1.922 carrying a Ring, with an Emerald in her bill; whereof I find this to be the reason: ha∣ving upon some occasion laid his Ring, with an E∣merald in it, besides him, a Crow came and snatch∣ed it away; the King followed the Crow, shot her with a Pistol Bullet, and thereby became again the Master of his Ring.

12. Timotheus a General of the Athenians,* 1.923 had Fortune so favourable and propitious to him, that in every War he had an easie and assured Victory: So that his Rivals in Glory at that time, envying his great prosperity, painted Fortune casting Ci∣ties and Towns into his lap as he lay sleeping be∣sides it. Timotheus once beholding this Emblem, said: If I take Cities while I sleep, what think you shall I do when I am awake?

13. Xanthus writes of Alcimus King of the Ly∣dians,* 1.924 that he was a Prince of a singular both Piety and Clemency; that thereupon he not only had an uncommon prosperity in the matters relating to his Person; but withal, that throughout the whole course of his Reign the Lydians lived in a most happy Tranquillity, and so secure a Peace, that e∣very man lived void of fear, and without appre∣hensions of any designs against them; in the midst of a great abundance of Riches, in which they had long flourished.

Alexander passed the Hellespont,* 1.925 came to Troy, where he sacrificed to Pallas, and made a Libation to the Heroes. He also poured Oyl upon the Tomb of Achilles; and according to the accusto∣med manner, he with his friends ran round about it naked, and placed a Crown upon it; pronoun∣cing of Achilles that he was a most happy and for∣tunate person, for that while he lived he had so good a friend as Patroclus; and when dead, that he had so famous a publisher of his Actions as Ho∣mer.

15. Matilda or Maud the Empress had the same happiness for which Pherenice is admired;* 1.926 she was

Daughter of a King, viz. Henry the First; Mo∣ther of a King, viz. Henry the Second of England; and Wife of a King, to wit, Henry the Fourth, Emperor of Germany. On her was made this E∣pitaph.

Ortu magna, viro major, sed maxima prole Hic jacet Henrici filia, nupta, parens.

* 1.92716. Alexander the Great was a happy and a for∣tunate person in divers respects: he had Philip for his Father, the noblest Warrior of his time; and he had for his Master (in his Youth) the Prince of Philosophers, Aristotle. Besides which, Iustin ob∣serves of him, that he never gave Battel to any E∣nemy, whom he did not overcome; never laid Siege to any City, which at last he did not take; nor never came unto any Nation, whom he did not subdue, and bring under his subjection.

* 1.928Appius a Roman was proscribed by the Triumvi∣rate: this being known unto him, he divided his Wealth amongst his Servants; and with them got into a Ship, intending to sail into Sicily. In his passage there arose a mighty Tempest; whereup∣on his Servants let him down from the Ship, into a little Boat, telling him that he should therein be safest from the Tempest; in the mean time away they sailed with the Ship, and all his Riches there∣in. The event was, that the Servants and Ship was cast away wherein they thought themselves se∣cure, and Appius by force of the Winds was driven with his little Boat unto his desired Sicily, where he abode in safety:

CHAP. LIII. Of the Gallantry wherewith some Persons have received Death, or the Message of it.

AS they who remember they are but sojourners, in their hired lodgings, depart thence without any affliction or trouble of mind; so as many as consider that Nature hath lent them this tabernacle of the body but for a little time are well contented to remove as soon as they receive a sum∣mons.

1. Theodorus being threatned with death by Lysimachus, Speak on this m••••ner, said he, to thy purpled Minions, for to Theodorus it is all one, whe∣ther he purrefye, under ground, or on a C••oss above it.

* 1.9292. Sophonisha, was the Queen of Syphax the Nu∣midian, and he being made prisoner to the Ro∣mans, she came and yeilded her self to Massanissa, and vehemently besought him, that she might not be delivered into the hands of the Romans. Her youth and excellent beauty, so commended her suit, that he forth with granted it, and to make good his promise, marryed her himself that very day, having bin contracted with her before her marriage with Syphax. But Scipio the Roman General gave him to understand that the Romans had title to 〈…〉〈…〉 was a mischei∣vous enem•• 〈…〉〈…〉 advised him, not to 〈…〉〈…〉 little reason. Massanissa 〈…〉〈…〉; and finally, having promised to be governed by Scipio, he departed to his Tent; where, after he had spent some time in agony, he called to him a Servant; and tempering a Potion for Sophonisba, sent it her with this mes∣sage, that gladly he would have had her to live with him as his Wife, but since they who had power to hinder him of his desire would not yield thereto, he sent her a Cup that should preserve her from falling alive into the hands of the Ro∣mans; willing her to remember her Birth and E∣state, and accordingly to take order for her self. At the Receipt of this Message and Present she on∣ly said, that if her Husband had no better Present for his new Wife, she must accept of this. Ad∣ding, that she might have dyed more honourably, if she had not wedded so lately before her Fune∣rals; and herewithal she boldly drank off the Poyson.

3. Calanus the Indian,* 1.930 of great fame and name for Philosophy, and held in great reverence by Alexander the Great; when he had lived seventy three years in perfect health and was now seized upon by a Disease; accounting that he had arrived at that term of felicity, which both Nature and Fortune had allotted him, determined to depart out of life: and to that purpose desired of Alex∣ander a Funeral pile to be erected, and that as soon as he had ascended to the top of it, he would ap∣point his Guard to put fire to it. The King not able to divert him from his purpose, commanded the Pile to be erected: an innumerable multitude of people flocked together to behold so unusual a Spectacle. Calanus, as he had said, with a mar∣velous alacrity ascended the top of the Pile, and there laid him down, wherein he was consumed to ashes.

4. When the Tyrant sent his Messenger of death to Canius to tell him that he must die that day,* 1.931 Canius was then playing at Chess, and there∣fore desired the Messenger not to interrupt his play till the Game was out; which he played in the same manner, and with as much concern as he did before the Messenger came. The Game done, he submitted to the Sentence that was passed upon him.

5. Queen Anne,* 1.932 the Wife of Henry the Eighth, when she was lead to be beheaded in the Tower, she called one of the King's Privy Chamber to her, and said unto him; Commend me to the King, and tell him, he is constant in his course of advancing me; for from a private Gentlewoman he made me a Mar∣quiss, from a Marquiss a Queen; and now that he hath left no higher degree of worldly honour for me, he hath made me a Martyr.

6. Dr. Fecknam was sent to the Lady Iane Gray,* 1.933 that she must prepare her self to die the next day; which Message was so little displeasing to her, that she seemed rather to rejoyce at it. The Doctor being earnest with her to leave her new Religion, and to embrace the old, she answered, that she had now no time to think of any thing, but of prepa∣ring her self to God by Prayer. Feckman thinking she had spoken this, to the end she might have some longer time of life, obtained of the Queen three days longer, and then came and told so much to the Lady Iane. Whereat she smiling, said, You are much deceived if you think I had any desire of lon∣ger life; for I assure you, since the time you went from me my life hath been so odious to me, that I long for no∣thing so much as death; and since it is the Queen's pleasure, I am most willing to undergo it.

7. Rubrius Flavius being condemned to death by Nero,* 1.934 and brought to the Block; when the

Executioner spake to him, that he would boldly stretch forth his neck; Yes, (said he) and I wish thou wouldst as boldly strike off my head.

* 1.9358. Ludovicus Cortesius, a rich Lawyer of Padua, commanded by his last Will, and a great Mulct (if otherwise) upon his Heir, that no Funeral should be kept for him, no man should lament; but as at a Wedding, Musick and Minstrels to be provided: and instead of black Mourners, he took order that twelve Virgins clad in Green should carry him to the Church. His Will and Testament was accordingly performed, and he bu∣ried in the Church of St. Sophia.

* 1.9369. Cardinal Brundusinus caused this Epitaph in Rome to be inscribed upon his Tomb, both to shew his willingness to die, and to tax those that were loath to depart.

Excessi è vitae aerumnis facilisque, lubénsque. Ne pejora ipsâ morte dehinc videam.

With ease and freedom I resign'd this breath, Lest I should longer see what's worse than death.

10. The words of dying Plotinus,* 1.937 saith Caelius, are worthy to be writ in Letters of Gold: or if there be any other thing that is more precious than it, in as much as they prescribe each of us what to do in the like case. He lay, as I said, a dying when Eustochius went to Puteoli to visit him. Hitherto, said Ploti∣nus, I expected thee; and even now I am labouring to return that which is divine in us, unto that Divinity that informs and enlivens the whole Vniverse. And having said these words, he gave up the Ghost.

The End of the Third Book of the Wonders of the Little World.

Notes

• * 1.1

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 hist. improv'd. p. 50.
• * 1.2

  Val. Max. l. 3. c. 1. p. 64.
• * 1.3

  Val. Max. l. 3. ••. 1. p. 64. Li••s. Monit. l. 1. c. 7. p. 2••••, &c.
• * 1.4

  〈1 paragraph〉〈1 paragraph〉
• * 1.5

  Plut. paral. p. 112. in Themistocle,
• * 1.6

  Full. Worth. p. 205. Cornwal.
• * 1.7

  Camerar. oper. sub••is. cent. 2. c. 26. p. 105.
• * 1.8

  Herodot. l. 1. p. 47, 48, 49. Fulgos. l. 3. c. 1. p. 205. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. tom. 1. l. 4. c. 2. p. 394
• * 1.9

  Zuing. Theatr. vol. 1. l. ••. 3. p. 228.
• * 1.10

  Euseb. hist. l. 6. c. 4. p. Fulgos. l. 3. c. 1. p. 297.
• * 1.11

  Fulgos. l. 3. c. 1. p. 268.
• * 1.12

  Zuing. Theatr. vol. 1. l. 2. p. 177. Erasm. A∣dag.
• * 1.13

  Fulgos. Ex. l. 3. c. 1. p. 293. Z••••ar. A••∣nal. tom. 1. fol. 31. Sabellic. Ex. l. 1. c. 4. p. 26.
• * 1.14

  Fulgos. l. 3. c. 1. p. 296.
• * 1.15

  Fulgos. l. 3. c. 1. p. 294.
• * 1.16

  Causs. H. C. part 2. § 10. p. 198.
• * 1.17

  Sabellic. Ex. l. 1. c. 3. p. 19.
• * 1.18

  Ioh••st. nat. hist. cl. 10. c. 6. p. 354.
• * 1.19

  Speed's hist. p. 380.
• * 1.20

  Graston. vol. 2. p. 530.
• * 1.21

  Melch. A∣dam. in vit. Medic. G••r∣manor. p. 6.
• * 1.22

  Aelian. var. hist. l. 2. c. 12. p. 47. Val. Max. l. 6. c. 9. p. 185. Lonicer. Theatr. p. 666.
• * 1.23

  Val. Max. l. 6. c. 9. p. 182.
• * 1.24

  Full. Worth. p. 81. Surrey.
• * 1.25

  Val. Max. l. 6. c. 9. p. 185. Lon. Theatr. p. 666. Laert. l. 4. p. 100. Pat. de Reip. inst. l. 4. tit. 6. p. 209.
• * 1.26

  Fulgos. l. 6. c. 9. p. 804.
• * 1.27

  Sueton. l. 11. c. 7. p. 321.
• * 1.28

  Plut. in La∣con. p. 453.
• * 1.29

  Plut. in Ci∣mone. p. 480, 481.
• * 1.30

  Ll'oyds Stat. Worth. p. 677, 678.
• * 1.31

  Speed. hist. p. 637.
• * 1.32

  Che••wind. hi••t. coll••c••. cent. 1. p. 19.
• * 1.33

  Plut. Mor. l. de serâ numia. vin∣dictâ. 54••.
• * 1.34

  Plut. Mor. de 〈◊〉〈◊〉 num. ••ir. p. 543. Petr. Greg. de Repub. l. 8. c. 1. p. 319.
• * 1.35

  Plut. Mor. l. de serâ num. vir. p. 543. Petr. Greg. de Repub. l. 8. c. 1. p. 139.
• * 1.36

  Petr. Greg. de repub. l. 8. c. 1. p. 319.
• * 1.37

  Petr. Greg. de Repub. l. 8. c. 1. p. 319.
• * 1.38

  Zuing. Theatr. vol. 21. l. 4. p. 3876.
• * 1.39

  Sabell. Ex. l. 4. c. 2. p. 182.
• * 1.40

  Fulgos. Ex. l. 1. c. p. 8.
• * 1.41

  Val. Max. l. 1. c. 1. p. 3.
• * 1.42

  Lips. Monit. Ex. l. 1. c. 2. p. 9. M. Hurault. of Discours. part 1. c. 14. p. 119.
• * 1.43

  Ioseph. Iew War. l. 1. c. 5. p. 567.
• * 1.44

  Val. Max. l. 1. c. 1. p. 3. Plut. in M. Marcello. p. 300.
• * 1.45

  Val. Max. l. 1. c. 1. p. 3. Plut. in Marcello. p. 300.
• * 1.46

  Val. Max. l. 1. c. 1. p. 3. Plut. in Marcello. p. 300.
• * 1.47

  Plut. in Ca∣millo. p. 139. Val. Max. l. 1. c. 1. p. 4. M. Hurault. Discours. part 1. c. 14. p. 118.
• * 1.48

  Plut. in Nu∣mâ p. 70.
• * 1.49

  Val. Max. l. 1. c. 1. p. 4. Fulgos. Ex. l. 1. c. 1. p. 33. Lips. Ex. l. ••. c. 2. p. 10.
• * 1.50

  Val, Max. l. 1. c. 1. p. 8.
• * 1.51

  Fulgos. Ex. l. 1. c. 1. p. 20. M. H••ralt. disco••r••. part 1. c. 14. p. 120.
• * 1.52

  Val. Max. l. 1. c. 1. p. 4.
• * 1.53

  Val. Max. l. 1. c. 1. p. 5.
• * 1.54

  Herodot. l. 9. p. 536. Lips. Monit. l. 1. c. 2. p. 29.
• * 1.55

  Lips Monit. l. 1. c. 3. p. 10.
• * 1.56

  Falgos. Ex. l. 1. c. p. 9.
• * 1.57

  Fulgos. Ex. l. 1. c. 1. p. 10.
• * 1.58

  M. Haraults dis••ourses. part 1. c. 14. p. 118.119.
• * 1.59

  Fulg••s. Ex. l. 1. c. 1. p. 15.
• * 1.60

  Lips. Mo∣nit. l. 1. c. 3. p. 30.
• * 1.61

  Lips. M••∣nit. l. 1. c. 3. l. 30.
• * 1.62

  Fulgos. l. 1. c. 1. p 21.
• * 1.63

  M H••r••••lts dis••••••rs••s, part 1. c. 14. p. 120.
• * 1.64

  Fulgos. Ex. l. 1. c. 1. p. 17.
• * 1.65

  Sabel. Ex. l. 5. c. 1. p. 248.
• * 1.66

  Burtons Me∣lanch. Ep. to the Reader. p. 46.
• * 1.67

  Ioseph Iew∣ish Wars. l. 2. c. 7. p. 617.
• * 1.68

  Malmsbury p. 23.
• * 1.69

  Guil. Malmsbury p. 25.
• * 1.70

  Ioseph An∣tiq. l. 14. c. 8. p. 355.
• * 1.71

  Otho. Mel. Ioc. Seria p. 250.
• * 1.72

  Ch••tw. hist. collect. cent. 14. p. 442.
• * 1.73

  Plut. in Fa∣dio p.
• * 1.74

  Clarks mir. c. 96. p. 451.
• * 1.75

  Peach. Com∣pl. Gentlm. c. 15. p. 208.
• * 1.76

  Caus. H▪ C. tom. 1. l. 2. p. 45.
• * 1.77

  Heyw. Hie∣rarc 6 y. l. 5. p. 294.
• * 1.78

  Heyw. ib. p. 294
• * 1.79

  Heidfeld Sphinx c. 24. p. 674.
• * 1.80

  Heyw. ib. p. 294.
• * 1.81

  La••rt. vit. Phil. l. 4. p. 97, 98.
• * 1.82

  Heidf. Sphinx c. 24. p. 673.
• * 1.83

  Howels Ep. vol. 1. §. 2. Ep. 22. p. 37.
• * 1.84

  Fulgos. Ex. l. 3. c. 8. p. 425.
• * 1.85

  Cambd. 〈◊〉〈◊〉, p. 228.
• * 1.86

  Lloyd his State wor∣thies p. 201.
• * 1.87

  Lloyd State worthies p. 201.202.
• * 1.88

  S••et. l. 3. c. 27. p. 139.
• * 1.89

  C••••tw. hist. collect. cent. 1. p. 17.
• * 1.90

  Luther Col∣lo ••. mensal. p. 11.
• * 1.91

  Cl••rks mir. c. 53 p. 212.
• * 1.92

  Paraei hist. medull. tom. 2 p. 124
• * 1.93

  Plut. Moral. l. de c. & i∣nimici util. p. 250.
• * 1.94

  M. Adam. in vit. Germ. medic. p. 25.
• * 1.95

  Melch. A∣dam. in vit. Germ. Med. p. 341.
• * 1.96

  Peach. Comp. Gentlm. c. 1. p. 5.
• * 1.97

  Caus. H. C. in Treat. of pas∣sions. p. 38.
• * 1.98

  Dinoth. me∣mor. 2. l. p. 76.
• * 1.99

  Zuing. Theatr. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 40.
• * 1.100

  Zuing. Theatr. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 40.
• * 1.101

  Zuing. Theatr. vol. 1. l. 2. p. 213.
• * 1.102

  Chetw. hist. collect. cent. 2. p. 42.
• * 1.103

  Plut. in Pho∣cion. p.
• * 1.104

  Fitz. Rel. & pol. p. •••• 1. c. 14. p. 126.
• * 1.105

  Bartons mel. Ep. to the Read. p. 49.
• * 1.106

  Rogers pe∣nit. citizen. p. 70.
• * 1.107

  Clarks mir. c. 76. p. 343.
• * 1.108

  Trench••ield. hist. impro∣ved. p. 67.
• * 1.109

  Plut. moral. l. dequ. Rom. qm. 19. p. 856.
• * 1.110

  Clarks mir. c. 92. p. 413.
• * 1.111

  Clarks mir. c. 93. p. 415.
• * 1.112

  Cael. Antiq. l••ct. l. 13. c. 5 p. 5•• 5.
• * 1.113

  Eras••n. A∣po•••• l. 6. Lang. Poly∣anth. p. 872.
• * 1.114

  Panormit. de vebus gestis Al∣phons. Lang. Poly∣anth. p. 872.
• * 1.115

  Clark's mir. c. 77. p. 344.
• * 1.116

  Plut. in Sertorio. p. Clark's mir. c. 34. p. 118.
• * 1.117

  Hakew. A∣pol. l. 4. c. 11. § 7. p. 455. M. Harault. his polit. and martial Discourses. c. 10. p. 72. De Serves General Hist of France. p. 174. Sa. Daniel's collat. of the hist. of En∣gland. l. 2. p. 240.
• * 1.118

  Rawleigh's hist. World. l. 2. c. 17. § 10. p. 420. Heylen's Cosmog. p. 589. Lon. Theatr. p. 315. Iustin. hist. l. 2. p. 38.
• * 1.119

  Plut. paral. p. Lips. monit. l. 1.7. p. 98.
• * 1.120

  Fulgos. l. 5. c. 6. p. 638. Zuing. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 43.
• * 1.121

  Plut. paral. p. 127, 128. in Themi∣stocle.
• * 1.122

  Zuing. vol. l. 1. p. 43.
• * 1.123

  Liv. hist. l. 7. p. 122. Lon. Theatr. p. 312. P. Orosi•• hist. l. 3. c. 5. p. 79. Zonar. An∣nal. tom. 2. p. 62.
• * 1.124

  Martin. de billo Tarta∣rico. p. 281.
• * 1.125

  Herodot. l. 7. p. 424, 425.
• * 1.126

  Zuing. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 43.
• * 1.127

  Plut. in La∣coni••. Zuing. vol. 1. l. 2. p. 154.
• * 1.128

  Plut. paral. p. 323. in Aristide.
• * 1.129

  Zuing. Th••atr. vol. 1. l. 3. p. 256.
• * 1.130

  Plu. in Pop∣licol. p. 102.
• * 1.131

  Plut. in pa∣ral. p. 682. in Alexan.
• * 1.132

  Zuing. Theatr. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 50. Zonar. An∣nal. tom. 1. fol. 41. Ioseph. An∣tiq. l. 15. c. 5. p. 399.
• * 1.133

  Val. Max. l. 4. c. 6. p. 114. Zuing. Theatr. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 50. Sabell. Ex. l. 3. c. 5. p. 145.
• * 1.134

  Val. Max. l. 4. c. 6. p. 114.
• * 1.135

  Sueton. in Calig. p. 180.
• * 1.136

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 17. p. 388. Clark's mir. c. 65. p. 291.
• * 1.137

  Val. Max. l. 4. c. 6. p, 115.
• * 1.138

  Lon. Theatr. p. 462. Fulgos. l. 4. c. 6. p. 526.
• * 1.139

  Fulgos. l. 4. c. 6. p. 526, 527. Burt. melan. part 3. § 3. p. 535.
• * 1.140

  Ch••••w. hist. collect. c••at. 4. p. 112. Imper. hist. p. 344.
• * 1.141

  Zuing. Theatr. vol. 3. l. 7. p. 888.
• * 1.142

  Rica••t his present state of the Otto∣man Empire. l. 2. c. 21. p. 155.
• * 1.143

  Ae••ian var. hist. l. 12. c. ••7. p. 334.
• * 1.144

  Zuing. Tueatr. vol. 18. l. 2. p. 3330.
• * 1.145

  Camer. hist. medit. cent. 1. c. 17. p. 231.
• * 1.146

  Mandelsio's Travels. l. 2. p. 190.
• * 1.147

  Varenij de∣scriptio Reg∣ni Iaponiae, c. 14. p. 44.
• * 1.148

  Ca••s. H.C. in Treat. of Pas∣s••ms. §. 4. p. 8.
• * 1.149

  Camerar. o∣per. subcisiv. cent. 1. c. 51. p. 228.
• * 1.150

  Lonicer. Theatr. p. 465.
• * 1.151

  David Chy∣trei. Chronol. p. 51.
• * 1.152

  Camerar. o∣per. subcisiv. cent. 1. c. 51. p. 229.
• * 1.153

  Lips. Monit. l. 2. c. 17. p. 385.
• * 1.154

  Camer. oper. subcisiv. cent. 1. c. 51. p. 225.
• * 1.155

  Plin. Ep. l. 3. p. 76.
• * 1.156

  Fulgos. l. 4. c. 6. p. 523.
• * 1.157

  Zuing. T••••atr vol. 1. l. 1. p. 49.
• * 1.158

  Martial E∣pigr. l. Epig.
• * 1.159

  Baker's Chron. p. 137.
• * 1.160

  Cambd. Re∣mains. p. 207.
• * 1.161

  Speeds hist. p. 552.
• * 1.162

  Val. Max. l. 6. c. 7. p. 179.
• * 1.163

  Lonicer. Theatr. p. 464.
• * 1.164

  Val. Max. l. 4. c. 6. p. 115.
• * 1.165

  Lonicer. Theatr. p. 465.
• * 1.166

  Ussers An∣nals. I. p. 436.
• * 1.167

  A. Gell. l. 10. c. 18. p. 194.
• * 1.168

  Fulgos. l. 9. c. 10. p. 1284.
• * 1.169

  Zuing. Theatr. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 48.
• * 1.170

  Fulgos. l. 9. c. 10. p. 1285.
• * 1.171

  Lonicer. Theatr. p. 465.
• * 1.172

  Polyen. l. 8.
• * 1.173

  Fulgos. l. 4. c. 6. p 524.
• * 1.174

  Zuing. T••••atr. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 49.
• * 1.175

  Plut. p••ral. in Agi••e & Cleombrot. p. 802.
• * 1.176

  Clarks mir. c. 65. p. 292.
• * 1.177

  Lips. Monit. l. 1. c. 7. §. 5. p. 105.
• * 1.178

  Lonicer. Theatr. p. 463.
• * 1.179

  Val. Max. l. 4. c. 6. p. 115.
• * 1.180

  Lips. Monit. l. 2. c. 17. p. 379.
• * 1.181

  Diodor. Si∣cul. l. 19. p. 626, 627.
• * 1.182

  Lud. viv. de Christian. Haemina. l. 2. p. 360. Camerar. oper. subcis. cent. 1. c. 51. p. 226.
• * 1.183

  Reynold's Treat. of the pas. c. 10. p. 86.
• * 1.184

  Zuing. Theatr. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 57.
• * 1.185

  Bruson. Ex. l. 6. c. 4. p. 346. Zuing. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 56. Sabellic. Ex. l. 3. c. 4. p. 140.
• * 1.186

  Sabellic. Ex. l. 3. c. 4. p. 137.
• * 1.187

  Val. Max. l. 5. c. 7. p. 152. Sab••llic. Ex. l. 3. c. 1. p. 138. Plut. in De∣metrio p. 906. Bruson. sa∣c••t. l. 9. c. 4. p. 346.
• * 1.188

  Zuing. Theatr. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 56. Lud. Viv. de veritat. sid. l. 2.
• * 1.189

  Fulgos. l. 5. c. 6. p. 647.
• * 1.190

  Plut. in A∣g••silao. p. 610.
• * 1.191

  Plut. in De∣metrio. p. 897.
• * 1.192

  Parch. pilg. tom. 1. l. 6. c. 4. p. 734.
• * 1.193

  Val. Max. l. 5. c. l. p. 152.
• * 1.194

  Knowl's Turk. hist. p. 337, 338.
• * 1.195

  Clark's mirrour. c. 87. p. 400.
• * 1.196

  Clark's mir. c. 90. p. 402.
• * 1.197

  Bruson. fac. l. 5. c. 4. p. 347.
• * 1.198

  Bruson. fac. l. 5. c. 4. p. 347.
• * 1.199

  Bruson. fac. l. 5. c. 4. p. 348.
• * 1.200

  Langii Po∣lyanth. p. 848.
• * 1.201

  Langii Po∣lyanth. p. 848.
• * 1.202

  Aelian. var. hist. l. 13. p. 309. Langii Po∣lyanth. p. 847.
• * 1.203

  Causs. H.C. tom. 1. l. 1. p. 5.
• * 1.204

  Plut. in vi∣tâ Attici p. Fuller. H.S. l. 1. c. 6. p. 15.
• * 1.205

  Alvarez. hist. of Chi∣na. part. 1. c. 29. p. 150. Herbert's trav. l▪ 3. p. 339.
• * 1.206

  B••ker's Cirm. p. 406. Fuller. H.S. l. 1. c. 6. p. 13.
• * 1.207

  Zuing. T••eatr. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 56.
• * 1.208

  Ca••ss. H▪C. tom. 1. l. 3. p. 113. L••n. Theatr. p. 272. S••lin. c. 11. p. 225. Ca••••rar. oper. subcis. cent. 1. c. 86. p. 401.
• * 1.209

  Plut. in Ar∣tax••••. p. 10••1. Lon. Theatr. p. 276. Fulgos. l. 5. c. 4. p. 618.
• * 1.210

  Z••n••r. An∣nal. tom. 2. p. 86. Niphil. in Augusto. p. 6••.
• * 1.211

  Zuing. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 84.
• * 1.212

  Lon. Theatr. p. 278.
• * 1.213

  Val. Max. l. 5. c. 4. p. 142.
• * 1.214

  Sabell. Ex. l. 3. c. 6. p. 151. Solin. c. 7. p. 198. Val. Max. l. 5. c. 4. p. 143. Plin. nat. hist. l. 7. c. 36. p. 174.
• * 1.215

  Causs. tom. 1. l. 3. p. 111.
• * 1.216

  Zon. Annal. tom. 2. s. 59. Val. Max. l. 5. c. 4. p. 141. Lon. Theatr. p. 278. Liv. Hist. l. 2. p. 34. Plut. in M. Coriolan. p. 230, 231.
• * 1.217

  Val. Max. l. 5. c. 4. p. 142.
• * 1.218

  Val. Max. l. 5. c. p. 142. Lon. Theatr. p. 275.
• * 1.219

  Lon. Theatr. p. 273.
• * 1.220

  Sabel. Ex∣empl. l. 1. c. 5. p. 24. Fulgos. l. 5. c. 4. p. •• 17. Plut. in De∣metrio. p. 914, 915.
• * 1.221

  Fulgos. l. 5. c. 4. p. 620. Cel. Rhod. l. 11. c. 17. p. 507.
• * 1.222

  Sabel. l. 3. c. 6. p. 74. Pezel. melli∣fic. tom. 1. p. 55. Iustin. hist. l. 2. p. 52.
• * 1.223

  Val. Max▪ l. 5. c. 4. p. 144.
• * 1.224

  Sa••ell. Ex∣em••l. l. 1. c. 4. p. 24.
• * 1.225

  Val. Max. l. 2. c. 5. p. 42, 43.
• * 1.226

  Cambd. Re∣mains. p. 205. Speeds hist. p. 554. Clarks mir. c. 23. p. 75.
• * 1.227

  Che••w. hist. collect. cent. 5. p. 137.
• * 1.228

  Aelian var. hist. l. 3. c. 22. p. 117, 118.
• * 1.229

  Plut. in Ser∣torio. p. 580. Clarks mir. c. 23. p. 78.
• * 1.230

  Val. Max. l. 4. cap. Langij Po∣lyanth. p. 848.
• * 1.231

  Fulgos. l. 5. c. 5. p. 628.
• * 1.232

  Fulgos. l. 5, c. 5. p. 627. Burtons mel. part. 3. §. 3. p. 564. Plut. in Reg. Apotheg. p.
• * 1.233

  Fulgos. ••x. l. c. 5. p. 630. H••yw. hist. of women. l. 7. p. 323. Zuing. Theatr. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 58.
• * 1.234

  Sabell. ex. l. 3. c. 7. p. 155. Heyw. hist. of women. l. 7. p. 326. Fulgos. ex. l. 5. c. 5. p. 629.
• * 1.235

  Zuing. Theatr. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 58. Egnat. l. 5. c. 5. p. 319.
• * 1.236

  L. Remy his Civill Con∣siderat. c. 70. p. 180.
• * 1.237

  I. H••ighe••. Lins. Cho••ens voyages. l. 1. c. 92. p. 147.
• * 1.238

  Fulgos. Ex∣emp. l. 5. c. 5. p. 632.
• * 1.239

  Fulgos. Ex∣emp. l. 5. c. 5. p. 634.
• * 1.240

  Fulgos. Ex∣emp. l. 5. c. 5. p. 635.
• * 1.241

  Pl••t. in Ca∣t•• ••••. p. 764.
• * 1.242

  V••l. Max. l. 5. c. 5. p. 146.
• * 1.243

  Val. Max. 5. c. 5. p. 146.
• * 1.244

  Val. Max. l. 5. c. 5•• p. 145.
• * 1.245

  Zuing. Theatr. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 58.
• * 1.246

  Fulgos. l. 5. c. 5. p. 629.
• * 1.247

  Sabellic. l. 3. c. 8. p. 161.
• * 1.248

  Iustin. hist. l. 18. p. 193. Zuing. Theatr. vol. 3. l. 4. p. 722. Patric. de Regno. l. 1. tit. 11. p. 48, 49.
• * 1.249

  Dinoth. me∣morab. l. 4. p. 301.
• * 1.250

  Herodot. l. 3. p. 223. Heylen's Cosin. p. 785. Iustin. hist. l. 1. p. 26. Petr. Greg. l. 13. c. 1. 1. § 6. p. 508. Rawleigh. hist. world. l. 3. c. 5. § 2. p. 39. Dinoth. me∣morab. l. 4. p. 316.
• * 1.251

  Val. Max. l. 6. c. 8. p. 169. Li••s. monit. l. 2. c. 13. p. 331.
• * 1.252

  Xiphil. in Augusto. p. 27. Dinoth. l. 4. p. 293.
• * 1.253

  Val. Max. l. 6. c. 8. p. 180. Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 131.332. Dinoth. l. 4. p. 300.
• * 1.254

  Val. Max. l. 6. c. 8. p. 181. Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 13.332.
• * 1.255

  Pl••t. in Mario. p. 431.
• * 1.256

  Dinoth. l. 4. p. 300.
• * 1.257

  Dinoth. l. 4. p. 248, 249.
• * 1.258

  Lips. monit. l. 2. ••. 13. p. 131. Sa••••ll. Ex. l. 3. c. 8. p. 160. Liv. hist. l. 21. p. 190. Val. M••x. l. 3. c. 3. p. 78.
• * 1.259

  Fulgos. Ex. l. 6. c. 8. p. 797.
• * 1.260

  Zuing. Theatr. vol. 1. l. 2. p. 215.
• * 1.261

  Commenta∣ries of Messire Bluize de Montluc. l. 7. p. 395.
• * 1.262

  Mandelslo's Travels. l. 2. p. 197.
• * 1.263

  Waterhouses discourses. p. 220.
• * 1.264

  Fulgos. l. 6. c. 5. p. 772. Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 4. p. 185. Camer. oper. subscisiv. cent. 1. c. 22. p. 154.
• * 1.265

  Bak. Chron. p. 110.
• * 1.266

  Herodot. l. 7. p. 417. Dinoth. me∣morab. l. 4. p. 298.
• * 1.267

  Martin. in Bello Tarta∣ric. p. 277.
• * 1.268

  Herodot. l. 7. p. 437, 438.
• * 1.269

  Lips. monit. l. 1. c. 7. p. 108.
• * 1.270

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 13. p. 324.
• * 1.271

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 13. p. 325, 326.
• * 1.272

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 13. p. 317, 318. Xiphil. in Augusto. 9.35.
• * 1.273

  Plut. p. 178. in Fa••io.
• * 1.274

  Fulgos. l. 1. c. 1. p. 43.
• * 1.275

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 13. p. 321.
• * 1.276

  Lips. moni••. l. 2. c. 13. p. 330. Fulgos. Ex. l. 1. c. 1. p. 44.
• * 1.277

  Fulgos. Ex. l. 1. c. 1. p. 44.
• * 1.278

  Speeds hist. p. 381.
• * 1.279

  Plut. de su∣perstitione, p. 264.
• * 1.280

  Lithgows Travels. part 5. p. 202.
• * 1.281

  Lord Gi∣rassi hist. Masa••iel. Englished by F. How∣el. p. 58, & 92, Ia••i Nic••i pinacoth••c. 3. p. 305, &c.
• * 1.282

  Martin. Bell. Tarta∣taric.. p. 272.
• * 1.283

  Coel. Rhod. Antiq. lect. l. 18. c. 18. p. 848.
• * 1.284

  Camerar. oper. subcis. cent. 2. c. 7. p. 23, 24. Fulgos. l. 1. c. 1. p. 26. Nicet. de Imp. Isaac. Angel. l. 2. p. 45. Vincent le Blanc's Tra∣vels. tom. 1. c. 7. p. 20. Petr. Greg. de Repub. l. 20. c. 1. p. 748.
• * 1.285

  Sabell. Ex. l. 6. c. 8. p. 353.
• * 1.286

  I. Huighen Linschoten's Voyages. l. 2. p. 221.
• * 1.287

  I. Huigh. Linschot. oy. l. 2. p. 290.
• * 1.288

  Heid••eld. Sphing. c. 31. p. 819.
• * 1.289

  Causs. H. C. tom. 1. l. 3. p. 91.
• * 1.290

  H••yl. Cos••. p. 192.
• * 1.291

  Fulgos. l. 6. c. 5. p. 776.
• * 1.292

  Wieri oper. p. 839. l. de ira. Fulgos. l. 5. c. 1. p. 563, 564.
• * 1.293

  Lon. Theatr. p. 325. Plut. paral. in Pyrrho. p. 396. Zonar. Ann. tom. 2. p. 65. Pezel. Mel∣lisic. hist. to 4.2. p. 46. Aeli••n. var. hist. l. 12. c. 33•• p. 322.
• * 1.294

  Alvarez. hist. of Chi∣na. part 1. c. 22. p. 109.
• * 1.295

  Fulgos. l. 6. c. 5. p. 775.
• * 1.296

  Knowls Turk. hist. p. 217.
• * 1.297

  Davilas ••ist. of Civ. War. of France. l. 3. p. 176, 177.
• * 1.298

  Alvarez. Semed. hist. China. part. 1. c. 22. p. p. 114.
• * 1.299

  Alvarez. hist. China part. 1. c. 29. p. 147.
• * 1.300

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 13. p. 328.
• * 1.301

  Caus. Treatise of the passi∣ons. p. 78.
• * 1.302

  Plut. p. 40. in Lycurgo. Caus. H. C. tom. 1. l. 1. p. 3.
• * 1.303

  Fulgos. l. 4. c. 8. p. 545.
• * 1.304

  Fulg••s. l. 6. c. 5. p. 772, 773. Platin. de vit••s Pon∣tif. p. 185.
• * 1.305

  Fulgos. l. ••6. c. 5. p. 771.
• * 1.306

  Curia poli∣tiae. by M. Scudery. p. 66.
• * 1.307

  Curia poli∣tiae by M. Scudery. p. 20.
• * 1.308

  Fulgos. ex. l. 4. c. 1. p. 5••••.
• * 1.309

  Clarks mir. c. 57. p. 232.
• * 1.310

  Lips. monit. polit. l. 2. c. 15. p. 359, 360. Clarks mir. c. 57. p. 233.
• * 1.311

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 15. p. 355. Drexel. oper. l. 3. c. 8. p. 424.
• * 1.312

  Sabelli. Ex∣empl. l. 2. c. 8. p. 104.
• * 1.313

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 15. p. 357, 358.
• * 1.314

  Drexil. oper. l. 3. c. 8. p. 424.
• * 1.315

  Herberts Travels. l. 2. p. 170.
• * 1.316

  Plut. in Ca∣ton. major. p. 338.
• * 1.317

  Plut. moral. in Sympost∣ac. l. 6. p. 729.
• * 1.318

  Plut. mor••l. l. de Apoth. Reg. &c. p. 414.
• * 1.319

  Plut. moral. in l. de Isid. & Osyr. p. 1290.
• * 1.320

  Langii poly∣anth. p. 460.
• * 1.321

  Sabell. Ex. l. 7. c. 6. p. 394. Plut. in Ci∣mone. p. 484.
• * 1.322

  Sabell. Ex. l. 7. c. 6. p. 394. Plut. p. 117. in Themist.
• * 1.323

  B.•• S••otw. hist. ch. of Scotland. l. 2. p. 56, 57.
• * 1.324

  Zuing. vol. 1 l. 2. p. 179.
• * 1.325

  Herberts tra∣••••ls. l. 3. p. 316. Linschot voyages. l. 1. c. 17. p. 29.
• * 1.326

  Eccl. Rhod. l. 19. c. 26. p. 916. Aelian. var. hist. l. 4. cap. 1. p. 139.
• * 1.327

  Purch. pilgr. tom. 1. l. 11. c. 11. §. 1. p. 785.
• * 1.328

  Purch. pilgr. tom. 1. l. 11. c. 11. §. 1. p. 785.
• * 1.329

  Lloyd in his state wor∣thies. p. 548.
• * 1.330

  Melch. A∣dam. in vit. Germ. me∣dic. p. 160.
• * 1.331

  Plut. moral. l. 4. Symposi∣ac. p. 707.
• * 1.332

  Plut. moral. de Symposiac. l. 4. p. 707.
• * 1.333

  Camer. oper. subcis. cent. 1. c. 97. p.
• * 1.334

  Lips. monit. l. 1. c. 7. p. 92. Plin. Nat. hist. l. 7. c. 27. p. 170. Solin. c. 7. p. 196.
• * 1.335

  Bak. Chron. p. 287.
• * 1.336

  Mavers sun. monum. p. 839. Clarks mir. c. 74. p. 324.
• * 1.337

  Zuing. Theatr. vol. 3. l. 5. p. 765.
• * 1.338

  Zuing. Theatr. vol. 1. l. 2. p. 133. Lips. monit. l. 1. c. 6. p. 88.
• * 1.339

  Lips. monit. l. 1. c. 7. p. 90.
• * 1.340

  Plin. nat. hist. l. 7. c. 34. p. 173.
• * 1.341

  Solin. c. 7. p. 196.
• * 1.342

  Niphil. p. 6.
• * 1.343

  Co••l. Rhod. l. 14. c. 3. p. 631.
• * 1.344

  Coel. Rhod. l. 19. c. 26. p. 916.
• * 1.345

  ••••••ll. Poll. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Rhod. l. 21. c. 11. p. ••78. Pezel. Melli∣••••c. hist. om. 2. p. 229.
• * 1.346

  P••zel. melli∣s••••. hist. tom. 2. p. 277.
• * 1.347

  Daniels ••ist. continued l. 3. p. 52.
• * 1.348

  Camer. oper. subcis. cent. 3. c. 53. p. 187.
• * 1.349

  Caus. Treat. of passions. Ereat. 4. §. 4. p. 47.
• * 1.350

  Camerar. oper. subcis. cent. 1. c. 97. p. 455.
• * 1.351

  Lon. Theatr. p. 521. Clark's mir. c. 56. p. 230. Val. Max. l. 4. c. 7. p.
• * 1.352

  Lon. Theatr. p. 423.
• * 1.353

  Lucian. in To••ari. Lon. Theatr. p. 425.
• * 1.354

  Aelian. var. hist. l. 7. c. 8. p. 203. Lon. Theatr. p. 426. Zonar. Ann. tom. 1. p. 33. Sabell. Ex. l. 10. c. 15. p. 599.
• * 1.355

  Plut. paral. p. 279. in Pelopid. Fulgos. l. 4. c. 7. p. 528. Clark's mir. c. 56. p.
• * 1.356

  Plut. paral. p. 1007. in Bruto. Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 13. p. 319. Dinoth. me∣morab. l. 4. p. 317. Fulgos. l. 4. c. 7. p. 528. Lon. Theatr. 422.
• * 1.357

  Val. Max. l. 4. c. 7. p. 118.
• * 1.358

  Val. Max. l. 4. c. 7. p. 119.
• * 1.359

  Fulgos. l. 4, c. 7. p. 533.
• * 1.360

  Hakew. A∣polog. l. 4. c. 10. §. 5. p. 439.
• * 1.361

  Fulgos. l. 4. c. 7. p. 529.
• * 1.362

  Full. wor∣thies. p. 298. Northam∣ptonshire. Stowes surv. Lond. p. 89.
• * 1.363

  Plut. paral. p. 682. in A∣lexandro. I. Curtii. hist. l. 4. p. 87. Zuing. Theatr. vol. 1. l. 2 p. 174.
• * 1.364

  Plut. in De∣metrio p. 895. Diodor. si∣cul. l. 19. Iustin. hist. l. 15. p. 172, 173. P••zel. melli∣fic. tom. 1. p. 424.
• * 1.365

  Fulgos. l. 5. c. 2. p. 589. Caus. H. C. tom. 2. p. 353. Ioseph Anti••. l. 18. c. 8. p. 475.
• * 1.366

  H••r••dot. l. 3. p. 217. Lon. Theatr. p. 326. Val. Max. l. 5. c. 2. p. 134. Aelian. var. hist. l. 4. c. 5. p. 144.
• * 1.367

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 13. p. 334.
• * 1.368

  Clarks mirr. c. 59. p. 236. Fullers hol. state. l. 2. c. 11. p. 86.
• * 1.369

  Plut. paral. p. in Fabio. Zuing. vol. 1. l. 2. p. 180. Val. Max. l. 5. c. 2. p. 133. Sabellic. ex∣empl. l. 7. c. 1. p. 366.
• * 1.370

  Clarks mirr. c. 59. p. 236.
• * 1.371

  Val. Max. l. 5. c. 2. p. 132 133.
• * 1.372

  Val. Max. l. 5. c. 2. p. 133.
• * 1.373

  Hackw. A∣pol. l. 4. c. 10. §. 5. p. 436. Clarks mirr. Eccles. hist. part. 2. l. 1. p▪ 42.
• * 1.374

  Sa••••ll. ••xe••∣pl. l. 7. c. 1. p. 365.
• * 1.375

  Sabell. Ex. l. 7. c. 1. p. 367.
• * 1.376

  S••••ell. Ex. l. ••. ••. p. 367.
• * 1.377

  S••bell. Ex. l. 7. c 1. p. 365.
• * 1.378

  Iustini. hist. l. 2. p. 38.
• * 1.379

  Caus. H.C. in the treatise of passions. §. 1. p. 2.
• * 1.380

  Sabell. Ex. l. 6. c. 4. p. 331.
• * 1.381

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 12. p. 302. Su••ton. ••ieri oper. l. de irâ p. 837. Fulgos. ex, 5. c. 1. p. 565. Sabell. Ex. l. 8. c. 2. p. 425.
• * 1.382

  Socrates Ec∣cles. hist. l. 7. c. 21. p. 38••.
• * 1.383

  Plut. in Pe∣ricl. p. 173. Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 12. p. 290. Falgos. ••x. l. 5. c. 1. p. 570.
• * 1.384

  Bak. Chron. p. 95, 96 97. Heyl. Cosmo∣gr. p. 208. Martins Chron. p. 49. Full. ch. hist. l. 3. cent. 12. p. 45. Stows Aun•• p. 163.
• * 1.385

  Plut. in Ly∣curgo p. Zuing. Theatr. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 91.
• * 1.386

  Zuing. Theatr. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 91.
• * 1.387

  Su••ton. l. 2. c. 67. p. 95. Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 2. p. 299. Fulgos. l. 5. c. 1. p. 558.
• * 1.388

  Lips. monit. lib. 2. cap. 12. p. 295.
• * 1.389

  Lips. monit. lib. 2. cap. 12. p. 306.
• * 1.390

  Zunig. The∣atr. vol. 1. lib. 1. p. 92.
• * 1.391

  Lips. monit. lib. 2. cap. 12. p. 307.
• * 1.392

  Lips. monit. lib. 2. cap. 12. p. 308.
• * 1.393

  Fulgos. Ex. lib. 5. cap. 1. p. 566.
• * 1.394

  Fulgos. Ex. lib. 5. cap. 1. p. 568.
• * 1.395

  H••yw. Hie∣rarch. lib. 8. p. 538.
• * 1.396

  Su••ton. in Tiberio. p. 141.
• * 1.397

  Trebell. Fol∣lio. p. Wieri opera. p. 838. lib. de irâ. Dinoth. lib. 4. p. 329.
• * 1.398

  L••ri. Val. Ma••. lib. 4. cap. 1. p. 100. D••••oth. lib. 4. cap. 328, 329.
• * 1.399

  Wieri. ope∣ra. p. 833. lib. de irà. Dinoth. me∣m••rab. lib. 4. p. 327.
• * 1.400

  Dinoth. lib. 4. p. 328. Plut. moral. lib. de irà co••ibend. p. 124, 125.
• * 1.401

  Dinoth. lib. 4. p. 328. ••••l. Ma••. lib. 4. cap. 1. p. 294. C••esar de bello ci••i∣li.
• * 1.402

  Dinoth. lib. 4. p. 330.
• * 1.403

  Lips. monit. lib. 2. cap. 12. p. 302.
• * 1.404

  Sueton. in Tiberio. p. 140.
• * 1.405

  Plut. Aelian. var. hist. lib. 2. cap. 15. p. 95. Zunig. vol. 1. lib. 2. p. 201.
• * 1.406

  Poliaen. lib. 5. Zuing. vol. 1. lib. 2. p. 201.
• * 1.407

  Val. Max. lib. 2. cap. 5. p. 43.
• * 1.408

  Howels E∣pist. vol. 1. § 4. Ep. 26. p. 132.
• * 1.409

  C••••twind. histor. col∣lect. cent. 1. p. 15.
• * 1.410

  Ch••twinds hist. collect. cent. 12. p. 359.
• * 1.411

  Chetw. hist. collect. cent. 12. p. 327.
• * 1.412

  Drexel. oper. l. 3. c. 8. §. 1. p. 424.
• * 1.413

  Suet. l. 2. c. 76. p. 102. Drexel. oper. tom. 2. p. 794.
• * 1.414

  Dr••x••l. oper. to ••. 2. p. 794. L••••sius Hygi∣astic. c. 4. §. 25. p. 86.
• * 1.415

  D••••xel. oper. 〈…〉〈…〉. 2. d•• 〈…〉〈…〉. part. 1. c. 11. §. 8 p. 7••6.
• * 1.416

  Drexel. oper. tom. 2. l. de I••jun. et Ab∣stin. part. 1. c. 11. §. 8. p. 796.
• * 1.417

  Lon. Theatr. p. 654. Diod. Sicul.
• * 1.418

  Fulgos. ex. l. 4. c. 3. p 486. Lon. Theatr. p. 656.
• * 1.419

  Herodot. l. 9. p. 106. Camer. oper. cent. 1. c. 79. p. 365. Lon. Theatr. p. 655.
• * 1.420

  Fulgos. ex. l. 4. c. 3. p. 501 Lon. Theatr. p. 658.
• * 1.421

  Speeds hist. p. 265. Chetw. hist. collect. cent. 7. p. 187.
• * 1.422

  Clarks mirr. c. 113. p. 557.
• * 1.423

  Plut. morol. l. de Lacon. Apoth••g. p. 467.
• * 1.424

  M. Har∣rault disc. of policy, &c. l. 2. c. 5. p. 243.
• * 1.425

  Lon. Theatr•• p. 628.
• * 1.426

  Burtons me∣lanch. part. 2. §. 3. p. 307. Speeds hist.
• * 1.427

  Cous. H.C. tom. 2. §. 10. p. 177.
• * 1.428

  Caus. H.C. tom. 2. §. 10. p. 177.
• * 1.429

  Lips. mon••••. l. 1. c. 2. p. 17.
• * 1.430

  Zuing. The∣atr. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 85.
• * 1.431

  Zuing. The∣atr. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 86.
• * 1.432

  Fullers holy war. l. 2. c. 2. p. 44. Loeti. Comp. hist. univers. period. Germ. c. 9. §. 1. p. 253. Iovij Elog. l. 1. p. 27.
• * 1.433

  Lloyds state worthies. p. 438.
• * 1.434

  Pezel. melli. sic. hist. tom. 2. p. 191. Imperial hist. p. 144.
• * 1.435

  Alvarez. S••∣medo hist. of China. part. 1. c. 4. p. 28.
• * 1.436

  Fullers wor∣thies. p. 161. in Cam∣bridgshire.
• * 1.437

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 9. p. 271. Knowls Turk••hist. p. 207.
• * 1.438

  Lon. Theatr. p. 373. Wi••ri. opera. p. 851. l. de irâ.
• * 1.439

  Wieri opera. p. 851.
• * 1.440

  Fitzh••rb. of Pol. and Re∣lig. part. 1. c. 7. p. 56.
• * 1.441

  Clarks mirr. l. 54. p. 217.
• * 1.442

  Sab••ll. Ex. l. 4. c. 8. p. 113. Coel. Antiq. sect. l. 27. c. 1. p. 1239.
• * 1.443

  I. Text. Fe∣riar. Hoeger∣ranar. c. 39. p. 182. Polychronic. fol. 111.
• * 1.444

  Lon. Theatr. p. 834.
• * 1.445

  〈◊〉〈◊〉. oper. 〈…〉〈…〉 1. c. 10. p. 71.
• * 1.446

  Suet. l. 7. c. 7. p. 274. Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 9. p. 259.
• * 1.447

  Lips. Monit. l. 2. c. 9. p. 259, 260.
• * 1.448

  Causin. Holy Court Tom. ••. § 4. p. 285.
• * 1.449

  Baker's Chr. p. 590.501. St••w's An∣nals p. 863.
• * 1.450

  Ioseph. Ant. l. 17. c. 14. p. 460.
• * 1.451

  Lips. Monit. l. 2. c. 5. p. 191. Causin. Holy Court Tom. 2. Max. 11. p. 398. Zonar. An¦nal Tom. 1. p. 45.
• * 1.452

  Treasur. of Times l. 7. c. 17. p. 667.
• * 1.453

  Zuing. The∣at. vol. 3. l 3. p. 697. P••••san. i•• Atticis.
• * 1.454

  H••wel's E∣pist. vol. 1. § 3. Ep. 36. p. 98.
• * 1.455

  Fuller's Ho∣ly State l. 3. c. 12. p. 170.
• * 1.456

  Camer. oper subcis. Cent. 1. c. 4. p. 50. Plut. in De∣metrio. p. 907. Pezel. Mel∣lefic. Tpm. 1. p. 435.
• * 1.457

  Val. Max. l. 4. c. 8. p. 24. Caus. H.C. Tom. 1. l. 3. p. 92.
• * 1.458

  Ful. hol. state. p. 297.
• * 1.459

  Plut. in. Publicolâ p. 107. Fulgos. l. 4. cap. 8. p. 545.
• * 1.460

  Full. wor∣thies. p. 179. Middlesex
• * 1.461

  Heyl. cos∣mog. p. 798.
• * 1.462

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 17. p. 408.
• * 1.463

  Fulgos. l. 4. c. 8. p. 544. Sabell. ex. l. 8 c. 2. p. 424. Plut. in Ci∣mone. p. 484.
• * 1.464

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. ••7. p. 411. Camer. oper. subcis. cent. 1. c. 4. p. 49▪
• * 1.465

  Fulgos. l. 4. c. 8. p. 538.
• * 1.466

  Fulgos. l. 4. c. 8. p. 539. Zon. Annal. tom. 1. f. ••4.
• * 1.467

  Fulgos. l. 4. c. 8. p. 548, 549.
• * 1.468

  Fulgos. l. 4. c. 8. p. 554, 555.
• * 1.469

  H••wels Ep. vol. 1. § 2. ep. 36. p. 59.
• * 1.470

  Cambd. Re∣mains. p. 21••. Spe••ds hist. p. 592.
• * 1.471

  Cambd. Re∣mains. p. 209. Graf••on. vol. 2. p. 299.
• * 1.472

  Speeds hist. p. 402.
• * 1.473

  Fabian. hist. p. 151.
• * 1.474

  Plut. moral. l. de dec••m orator. p. 924.
• * 1.475

  Camer. oper. subcis. cent. 1. c. 4. p. 49.
• * 1.476

  Bak. Chron. p. 236, 237.
• * 1.477

  Bak. Chron. p. 311.
• * 1.478

  Bak. Chron. p. 576.
• * 1.479

  Full. Ch. hi∣story. l. 10. cent. 17. p. 65, 66. ••••llets sy∣nops. papism. p. 1221. et p. 1231. Stows Ann. p. 1016, 1017.
• * 1.480

  Will••ts sy∣nops. papism. p. 1220.
• * 1.481

  Willet in sy∣nops. papism. p. 1222.
• * 1.482

  Willets Sy∣nops. papism. p. 1222.
• * 1.483

  Willets Sy∣nops. papism. p. 1223.
• * 1.484

  Willets Sy∣nops. papism. p. 1226.
• * 1.485

  Will••ts Sy∣nops. papism. p. 1226.
• * 1.486

  Willets Sy∣nops. papism. p. 1224.
• * 1.487

  Willets Sy∣nops. papism. p. 1228.
• * 1.488

  Willets Sy∣nops. papism. p. 1228.
• * 1.489

  Willets Sy∣nops. papism. p. 1229.
• * 1.490

  Willets Sy∣nops. papism. p. 1229.
• * 1.491

  Willets Sy∣nops. papism. p. 1230.
• * 1.492

  Willets Sy∣nops. papism. p. 1230.
• * 1.493

  Willets Sy∣nops. papism. p. 1231.
• * 1.494

  Willets Sy∣nops. papism. p. 1231.
• * 1.495

  Willets Sy∣nops. papism. p. 1230.
• * 1.496

  Willets Sy∣nops. papism. p. 1232.
• * 1.497

  Willets Sy∣nops. papism. p. 1239.
• * 1.498

  Willets Sy∣nops. papism. p. 1240.
• * 1.499

  Willets Sy∣nops. papism. p. 1228.
• * 1.500

  Caus. H.C. tom. 1. l. 3. p. 90.
• * 1.501

  Caus. H.C. tom. 1. l. 3. p. 90.
• * 1.502

  Herod. l. 5. p. 298. Val. Max. l. 6. c. 3. p. 169. Raleigh l. 3. c. 4. §. 3. p. 37.
• * 1.503

  Camer. oper. subcis. cent. 1. c. 76. p. 348.
• * 1.504

  ••••k. Chron. p. 464.
• * 1.505

  Bak. Chron. p. 599.
• * 1.506

  Lips. Monit. l. 2. c. 7. p. 239.240. Fulgos. l. 6. c. 5. p. 769.
• * 1.507

  Camer. oper. subcis. Cent. 1. c. 100. p. 472. Bod. Meth. hist. c. 6.
• * 1.508

  Camer. oper. subcis. Cent. 1. cap. 100. p. 472. Bod. Meth. hist. c. 6.
• * 1.509

  Zuing. Then. vol. 1. l. 2. p. 216.
• * 1.510

  Lips. Monit. l. 2. c. 9. p. 245, 246. K••owl. Tur. hist. p. 411.
• * 1.511

  Carnerar. oper. subcis. Cent. 1. c. 100. p. 468.
• * 1.512

  Lon. T••eatr. p. 475.
• * 1.513

  Lon. Theatr. p. 475.
• * 1.514

  R••leigos Hist. World. lib. 5. cap. 3. §. 19. p. 471
• * 1.515

  Lips. Monit. lib. 2. c. 9. p. 250, 251.
• * 1.516

  Lips. Monit. lib. 2. cap. 1. pag. 250.
• * 1.517

  Lips. Monit. iib. 2. cap. 9. p. 240, 241.
• * 1.518

  Full. Holy State, l. 4. c. 8. p. 263, 264.
• * 1.519

  Hieron. in∣vit. Pauli Eremit. Falgos. l. 4. c. 3. p. 489. Lon. Theatr. p. 451. Clarks mirr. c. 20. p. 69. Sabell. Ex∣empl. l. 5. c. 6. p. 285. Burtons me∣lanch. part. 3. §. 2. p. 451, 452.
• * 1.520

  Plut. in De∣m••tr. p. 899. Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 17. p. 377.
• * 1.521

  Polyd. Virg. l. 1. c. 30. Bak. Chron. p. 60. Lon. Theatr. p. 455.
• * 1.522

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 17. p. 378.
• * 1.523

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 17. p. 377. Val. Max. l. 4. c. 5. p. 113.
• * 1.524

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 17. p. 374.
• * 1.525

  Laert. vit. Phil. l. 4. p. 97. M. Hurault c. 12. p. 320. Lon. Theatr.
• * 1.526

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 17. p. 369.
• * 1.527

  〈…〉〈…〉. l. 2. ••. 1••. ••. 372, ••••••. Val. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. l. 4. c. 3. p. 103.
• * 1.528

  Fulgos. l. 4. c. 3. p. 482.
• * 1.529

  Camer. hor. s••bcis. cen••. 1. c. 7. p. 39. Haenig. pro∣p••g. castitat. l. 1. p. 117.
• * 1.530

  Camer. oper. subcis. cent. 1. c. 60. p. 224. Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 17. p. 383. Lon. Theatr. p. 464. Zuing. The∣atr. vol. 2. l. 7. p. 483.
• * 1.531

  Camer. o••er. subcis. cent. 1. c. 51. p. 225. Fulgos. l. 4. c. 3. p. 485.
• * 1.532

  Caus. H. C. part. 1. l. 3. p. 166.
• * 1.533

  Ludov. V••∣ves de Christ sen ••••. instit l. 1. Lon Theatr. p. 457. Hieronym.
• * 1.534

  ••enoph. Cyropaid. L••nicer. T••••at. p. 467. Burt. Mel. par. 3. §. 3. p. 563.
• * 1.535

  Nicephor. Eccles. hist. l. 7. c. 13. p. 105. Strad. prol. Acad. l. 1. prolus. 5. p. 117.
• * 1.536

  Plut. parr••l. p. 670. in Alexandr. Lon. Theat. p. 457. Zon. An. tom. 1. ••ol. 32. S••bel. Exem. l. 5. c. 6. p. 290. P••z. Mellis. ••••. 1. p. 316.
• * 1.537

  Ra••. in Viridario. Caus. holy Co••r. par. 1. l. § 38. p. 106.
• * 1.538

  Val. Max. l. 6. c. 1.9.561 Sab. Ex. l. 10. c. 6. p. 570.
• * 1.539

  Drex. Nicet. l. 2. c. 5. § 3. p. 346.
• * 1.540

  Caus. Treat. of the passi∣ons. p. 119.
• * 1.541

  Bak. Chron. p. 287.
• * 1.542

  Caus. H. C. tom. 1. l. 3. p. 94.
• * 1.543

  Plut. in Per. p. 154 Lips. monit. l. 2. p. 398. Wier. oper. p. 480. l. de irâ. Sab. Ex. l. 9. c. 1. p. 475.
• * 1.544

  Pl••t. Lips. Min l. 2. c. 12. p. 292.
• * 1.545

  Lips. mon. l. 2. c. 12. p••
• * 1.546

  Wier. op. p. 870. l. de irâ.
• * 1.547

  Clarks Mi••. 65. p. 298.
• * 1.548

  Laert. l. 3. p. 79.
• * 1.549

  Plut. moral. lib. de irâ cohib. p. 130
• * 1.550

  Plut. Moral. lib. de irâ cohibend. p. 130.
• * 1.551

  Plut. Moral. lib. de irâ cohib. p. 124
• * 1.552

  Plut. Moral. lib. de irâ cohib. p. 125
• * 1.553

  P••ll••••s War∣th••••, p. 258.
• * 1.554

  Zuing. Th••∣atr. vol. 1. l. 2. p. 174.
• * 1.555

  Zuinger. Theatr. v. 1. l. 2. p. 174.
• * 1.556

  Camerar. o∣pe••. subci••i••. cent. 2. cap. 27. p. 111.
• * 1.557

  L••n Theatr. p. 7.7.
• * 1.558

  Zuin. Theat. vol. 3. l. 2. p. 663. Val. Max. l. 5. c. 10. p. 156.
• * 1.559

  Val. Max. l. 3. c. 7. p. 87.
• * 1.560

  ••oel. Rhod. l. 19. c. 28. p. 918.
• * 1.561

  Aelian. var. hist. l. 4. p. 154.
• * 1.562

  Aelian. var. hist. l. 3. c. 3. p. 92. Laert. l. 2. p. 46.
• * 1.563

  Plut. Apoth. p. 410.
• * 1.564

  Aelian. var. hist. l. 4. c. 15. p. 155
• * 1.565

  Aelian. var. hist. lib. 4. c. 15. p. 156
• * 1.566

  Plut. Moral in lib. de Apotheg. Reg. &c. p. 408.
• * 1.567

  Plut. Moral in lib. de Apotheg. Reg. p. 414.
• * 1.568

  Plut. Moral lib. de Tran. Animi. p. 148.
• * 1.569

  Plut. lib. de Tranquil. a∣nimi. p 148.
• * 1.570

  Plut. Apoth Reg. p. 416.
• * 1.571

  Bak. Chron. p. 36, 37.
• * 1.572

  Cla••ks mirr. c. 92. p. 410.
• * 1.573

  Wi••ri oper. l. de irâ p. 834. Lon. Theatr. p. 372. Sabell. ex. l. 5. c. 3. p. 262.
• * 1.574

  P••ut. i•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉. p. 45.
• * 1.575

  Fulgos. ex. l. 4. c. 1. p. 443.
• * 1.576

  Clarks mirr. c. 92. p. 412.
• * 1.577

  Plut. in Ti∣moleon. p. 254, 255.
• * 1.578

  Wi••ri. oper. l. de irâ p. 834.
• * 1.579

  Iustin. hist. l. 7. p. 68.
• * 1.580

  Wi••ri oper. l. de ira p. 842.
• * 1.581

  Lips. ex. po∣lit. l. 1. ••. ••. p. 91.
• * 1.582

  Camer. oper. subcis. cent. 2. c. 44. p. 187.
• * 1.583

  Zuing. The∣atr. vol. 2. l. 2. p. 305.
• * 1.584

  Plin. nat. hist. l. 7. c. 44. p. Zuing. The∣atr. vol. 2. l. 3. p. 314.
• * 1.585

  Full. hist. of the Univers. of Cambridg p. 97.
• * 1.586

  Niphil. in Augusto. p. 59. Dio Cassi••s. l. 55. p. 632.
• * 1.587

  Zuing. The. vol. 3. l. 3. p. ••98. Plut. Mor. in l. Apoth. Reg. Er. p. 409, 410.
• * 1.588

  Stow. Ann. p. 344.
• * 1.589

  Z••ing. Th••. vol. 7. l. 2. p. 1701. H••id. i•• Sphing. c. 10. p. 281. Poly. f. 223.
• * 1.590

  Chetw•• hist. Coll. Cent. 1. p. 12.
• * 1.591

  Speed. h p. 275. ist.
• * 1.592

  Polychron. ••. 147.
• * 1.593

  Paraei. Med. hist. tom. 1. p. 380. Lat, comp. hist. c. 11. p. 45. Pez. Mell. tom. 2.
• * 1.594

  Plut. Mor. l. de Apoth. Reg. &c. p. 409, 410
• * 1.595

  Plut. Mor. l. de Apoth. Reg. p. 415.
• * 1.596

  B••sb. Ep. 4. p. 226.
• * 1.597

  Nicet. Ch••••. Ann. l. 2 de i••••. Andr••o. p 40.41. Caus. H. C. in Treat. of pass. p. 38. Knowl. Tark. hist. p. 53. Sabel. Ex. l. 8. c. 4. p. 436.
• * 1.598

  Barth. hist. Anat. Cent. 3. hist. 15. p. 36, 37.
• * 1.599

  Plut. in Publ. p. 108
• * 1.600

  Plut. pa••al. p. 906. Camer ••p. subcis. Cent. 1. c. 3. p. 221. Fulg. l. 3. c. 3. p. 347.
• * 1.601

  Lips. monit. l. 1. c. 7. p. 110.
• * 1.602

  Verul hist. life and death Art. 15. tit. 32. p. 364.
• * 1.603

  Purch. pilg. tom. l. 8. c. 12. § 2. p. 989.
• * 1.604

  Marsham 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 ad Monast. Angl. f. 9.
• * 1.605

  Verul. de Augm. s••i••••t. l. 4. c. 4. p. 25••.
• * 1.606

  Val. Max. l. 3. c. 3. p. ••6.
• * 1.607

  Val. Max. l. 3. c. 3. p. 77, 78.
• * 1.608

  Fab. Chron. p. 519. Chet. hist. coll. Cent. 12. p. 321.
• * 1.609

  Val. Max. l. 3. c. 3. p. 78.
• * 1.610

  Fulg. Ex. l. 3. c. 3. p. 365, 366
• * 1.611

  Fulgos. Ex. lib. 3. cap. 3. p. 352. Sabell. Ex. lib. 5. cap. 8. p. 301.
• * 1.612

  Fulgos. Ex. lib. 3. cap. 3. p. 348.
• * 1.613

  Caus. H. C. tom. 1. lib. 1. p. 7.
• * 1.614

  Di••oth. m••∣mor. lib. 3. p. 239. Zonar. An∣nal. tom. 2.
• * 1.615

  Fulgos. Ex. lib. 3. cap. 2. p. 301.
• * 1.616

  Plin. nat. hist. lib. 7. cap. 28. p. 170. Solin. cap. 6. p. 191.
• * 1.617

  Dinoth. m••∣morab. lib. 3. p. 235. Fulgos. Ex. lib. 3. cap. 2. p. 304.
• * 1.618

  Iustin. hist. lib. 2. p. 41. Sabell. Ex. lib. 4. cap. 6. p. 206.
• * 1.619

  Fulgos. Ex. lib. 3. cap. 2. p. 302.
• * 1.620

  Fulgos. lib. 3. cap. 2. p. 305.
• * 1.621

  Zonar. An∣nal. tom. 3. p. 162. Dinoth. memorab. 239. lib. 3. p. 239.
• * 1.622

  Plin. hist. lib. 7. cap. 28. p. 170. Solin. cap. 6. p. 191. Sab••llic. Ex. lib. 4. cap. 6. p. 208. Bruson. sa∣c••t. & Ex. lib. 2. cap. 43. p. 152.
• * 1.623

  Plin. hist. lib. 7. cap. 28. p. 170. Soli••. cap. 6. p. 192. Sab••l••ic. Ex. li••. 4. cap. 6. p. 2••••. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Ex. lib. 3. cap. 2. p. 3••1.
• * 1.624

  Plut in Po∣plic. p. 105. Val. Max. lib. 3. c. 7. p. Sabell. Ex. lib. 4. cap. 6. p. 207. Lonicer. Theatr. p. 311. Liv. hist. l. 2. p. 25.
• * 1.625

  Plut. in Ca∣io. p. 7.15. Sueton. in Iulio. p. 41. H••yl. Cos∣mogr. p. 599. Sabell. Ex. lib. 4. cap. 6. p. 206.
• * 1.626

  Plut. in Aemylio. p. 266. Iustin. hist. lib. 33. p. 285. Dinoth. me∣mor. lib. 3. p. 236.
• * 1.627

  Diodor. Si∣cul. lib. 17. p. 570, 571. Oros. hist. lib. 3. cap. 19. p. 94. Dinoth. me∣mor. lib. 3. p. 234. Iustin. hist. lib. 12. p. 145.
• * 1.628

  Baker's Chron. p. 45. Dinoth. lib. 3. p. 240. Polyd. Virg. lib. 8.
• * 1.629

  Oros. hist. lib. 6. cap. 16. p. 262. Vell. Pater∣cul. lib. 2. p. 31. Dinoth. lib. 7. p. 237. Appian. bell. civil. lib. 2. p. 75.
• * 1.630

  Baker's Chron. p. 50.
• * 1.631

  Baker's Chron. p. 47, 48.
• * 1.632

  H••ro••ian. lib. 7. p. 324, 325.
• * 1.633

  Dinoth. me∣mor. lib. 3. p. 238.
• * 1.634

  Iustin. hist. lib. 25. p. 244. Dinoth. l••b. 3. p. 235, 236.
• * 1.635

  Patric. de regno. lib. 1. t••t. 11. p. 47.
• * 1.636

  Fuller's ho∣ly war. lib. 2. cap. 1. p. 44.
• * 1.637

  Plut. in Cae∣sare. p. 715.
• * 1.638

  Plut. in A∣gesil. p. 615.
• * 1.639

  Plut. in Marcello. p. 363.
• * 1.640

  Ios••ph. Iewi••h ••••rs, l. 7. c. 1. p. 728.
• * 1.641

  Ioseph. Iewish Wars, l. 7. c. 3. p. 729.
• * 1.642

  Mans••••'s Travels, l. 3. p. 280.
• * 1.643

  Raleigh's Hist. World, l. 2. c. 22. §. 9. p. 472.
• * 1.644

  H••yl. Cosm. p. 741.
• * 1.645

  De Serres hist. France, p. 447.
• * 1.646

  Lon. Theatr. p. 576.
• * 1.647

  Crantz. hist. Saxo••. l. 3. c. 24. p. 91.
• * 1.648

  Camerar. oper. subci∣siv. cent. 1. c. 22. p. 118
• * 1.649

  Crantz. hist. Saxon. l. 3. c. 24. p. 91.
• * 1.650

  Lon. Theatr p. 577.
• * 1.651

  Camerar. oper. subci∣civ. cent. 1. c. 22. p. 118
• * 1.652

  Plut. Paral. in Camillo, p. 141.
• * 1.653

  Liv. hist. l. 5. p. 102.
• * 1.654

  Zon. Annal•• tom. 2. p. 61
• * 1.655

  Alvarez. Semed. hist. China, part. 1. c. 22. p. 109, 110.
• * 1.656

  Lips. Monit. l. 1. c. 7. p. 96.
• * 1.657

  Bak. Ch••on. p. 144.
• * 1.658

  Dinoth. me∣morab. l. 3. p. 160.
• * 1.659

  Plut. in A∣lexandr. p. 675.
• * 1.660

  Val. Max. l. 3. c. 8. p. 92.
• * 1.661

  Q. Curtius libr.
• * 1.662

  Zon. Annal. tom. 1. f. 32.
• * 1.663

  Zuing. Theatr. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 119.
• * 1.664

  Lips. monit. l. 1. c. 7. p. 110, 111.
• * 1.665

  Bak. Chron. p. 133.
• * 1.666

  Sp••••a's hist, p. 440.
• * 1.667

  Olear. voya∣ges and Tra∣vels of Em∣bassadors. l. 3. p. 132, 133.
• * 1.668

  Plut. paral. i•• Paplicolâ p. 104.
• * 1.669

  Fulgos. ex. l. 3. c. 8. p. 420.
• * 1.670

  Val. Max. l. 3 c. 8. p. 91.
• * 1.671

  Aelian. va•• hist. l. 9. c. 7. p. 237.
• * 1.672

  Val. Max. l. 3. c. 8. p. 92.
• * 1.673

  B••. Cowp••rs Serm. p. 103.
• * 1.674

  Aelian. var. hist. l. 3. c. 4. p. 92.
• * 1.675

  Aelian. var. hist. l. 3. c. 5. p. 93.
• * 1.676

  F••••th. Re∣solves. cent. 2. c. 11. p. 182.
• * 1.677

  Ga••elter. tab. chron. p. 287.
• * 1.678

  Luth Colloq. mens. p. 248.
• * 1.679

  Val. Max ••. 3. c. 8. p. 9
• * 1.680

  Val. Max. l. 3. c. 7. p. 83.84.
• * 1.681

  Val. Max. lib. 3. cap. 7. p. 75.
• * 1.682

  Val. Max. lib. 3. cap. 7. p. 85.
• * 1.683

  Val. Max. lib. 3. cap. 7. p. 86.
• * 1.684

  Val. Max. lib. 3. cap. 7. p. 86.
• * 1.685

  Val. Max. lib. 3. cap. 7. p. 88.
• * 1.686

  Chetw. hist. collect. cent. 4. p. 97.
• * 1.687

  Melch. A∣dam. in vit. Germ. me∣dic. p. 35.
• * 1.688

  Fulgos. Ex. lib. 3. cap. 7. p. 401.
• * 1.689

  Fulgos. Ex. lib. 3. cap. 7. p. 402.
• * 1.690

  Fulgos. Ex. lib. 3. cap. 7. p. 405.
• * 1.691

  Fulgos. Ex. lib. 3. cap. 7. p. 406.
• * 1.692

  Fulgos. Exs lib. 3. cap. 7. p. 418.
• * 1.693

  Causs. holy C. tom. 1. l. 2. p. 59.
• * 1.694

  Martin. Martinii bel. Tartar. p. 284.
• * 1.695

  Lips. mon. lib. 1. cap. 8. p. 117. Plin. lib. 7. cap. 29. p. 171. Lonicer. Theat. p. 307. Sabell. Ex. lib. 7. cap. 5. p. 389. Lips. monit. lib. 2. p. 407.
• * 1.696

  Plin. lib. 7. cap. 30. p. 171. Solin. cap. 7. p. 197. Sabell. Ex. lib. 7. cap. 5. p. 388.
• * 1.697

  Plin. lib. 7. cap. 30. p. 171. Solin. cap. 7. p. 197. Sabell. Ex. lib. 7. cap. 5. p. 390.
• * 1.698

  Plin. l. 7. c. 30. p. 172
• * 1.699

  Plin. l. 7. c. 30. p. 172
• * 1.700

  Zuing. Theat. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 39.
• * 1.701

  Zuing. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 39.
• * 1.702

  Lips. monit. l. 1. c. 8. p. 115.
• * 1.703

  Lips. monit. l. 1. c. 8. p. 121.
• * 1.704

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 18. p. 411.
• * 1.705

  Lips. mon••t. l. 1. c. 8. p. 123, 124.
• * 1.706

  Lips. monit. l. 1. c. 8. p. 127.
• * 1.707

  Burt. Mei. par. 3. § 1. p. 392. Heids. in Sphin. c. 15. p. 534, 535.
• * 1.708

  Chetw. hist. coll. Cent. 3. p. 82.
• * 1.709

  Chetw. hist. collect. Cent. 3. p. 83.
• * 1.710

  Speed. hist. p. 250.
• * 1.711

  Clarks mirr. c. 77. p. 349.
• * 1.712

  Clarks mirr. c. 82. p. 358.
• * 1.713

  Zuing. The∣atr. vol. 4. l. 3. p. 682.
• * 1.714

  Zuing. The∣atr. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 23. Fulgos. l. 8. c. 7. p. 1044.
• * 1.715

  Zuing. The∣atr. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 23.
• * 1.716

  V••l. Max. l. 8. c. 7. p. 226. Zuing. The∣atr. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 24.
• * 1.717

  Heinsii orat. orat. 1. p. 4.
• * 1.718

  Sabell. Ex. l. 2. c. 6. p. 86.
• * 1.719

  Sabell. Ex. l. 2. ••. 7. p. 91.
• * 1.720

  Vid. his life and death, prefix'd to Gregorii Po∣sthuma. p. 3.
• * 1.721

  Lloyds state worthies. p. 223.
• * 1.722

  Laert. l. 5. p. 117, 118.
• * 1.723

  Plat. de vi∣tis pontif. p. 320, 321
• * 1.724

  Melch. A∣dam in vit. Germ. Med. p. 96.
• * 1.725

  Melch. A∣dam in vit. Germ. Med. p. 295.
• * 1.726

  M. Adam, Germ. Med. p. 304.
• * 1.727

  Hakew. A∣pol. l. 3. c. 6. §. 1. p. 226.
• * 1.728

  Vives in l. 2. de civit. Dei, c. 17. p.
• * 1.729

  Hakew. A∣pol. l. 3. c. 6. §. 1. p. 227.
• * 1.730

  Leig••s Re∣lig. and Learn. l. 5. c. 12. p. 317, 318. Lips. ep. cent. 2. e p. 44. Iano Do••sae filio.
• * 1.731

  Hakew. A∣pol. adver∣tisement. 3. p. 6, 7. H••ins. Ora∣tion. orat. 1. in funere Ios. Scalig. per totum.
• * 1.732

  H••kew. A∣pol. ••. 3. c. 6. § 1. p. 228.
• * 1.733

  Full••rs Ch. hist. l 2. cent. 8. p. 98, 99. Camb. Brit. p. 743.
• * 1.734

  Leigh. on Relig. and Learn. l. 3. c. 5. p. 125. Selden de diis Syris. Syntag. 1. c. 2. p. 104.
• * 1.735

  Leigh. on Relig. and Learn. l. 3. c. 10. p. 278.
• * 1.736

  Leigh. o•• Re∣lig. and Learn. l. 4. c. 8. p. 140. Polit. misc. cent. 1. c. 1. p Hereboord. ep. ded ad disp. ex. phi∣losoph. s••l.
• * 1.737

  Zuing. The∣a••r. vol. 1. l. 1. p. 34.
• * 1.738

  Plut. in Lu∣cullo. p. Plin. nat. ••. l. 7. c. 24. p. 168. Sabell. ex. l. 10. c. 9. p. 582. G••ll. l. 17. c. 17.
• * 1.739

  L••igh Rel. and Learn. l. 4. c. 3. p. 215.
• * 1.740

  Leigh's Rel. & Learn. lib. 5. cap. 11. p. 313.
• * 1.741

  Zuing. The∣at••. vol. 1. lib. 1. p. 34.
• * 1.742

  Leigh's Rel. & Learn. lib. 4. cap. 11. p. 258.
• * 1.743

  Leig'h Rel. & Learn. lib. 3. cap. 12. p. 166.
• * 1.744

  Leigh's R••l. & Learn. lib. 3. cap. 9. p. 152.
• * 1.745

  Full. Ch. hist. lib. 11. c••nt. 17. p. 126.
• * 1.746

  Leigh's Rel. & Learn. lib 6. cap. 6. p. 358.
• * 1.747

  Leigh's Rel. & Learn. lib. 3. cap. 10. p. 156.
• * 1.748

  Leigh's Rel. & Learn. lib. 6. cap. 6. p. 359.
• * 1.749

  Leigh's Rel. & Learn. lib. 5. cap. 13. p. 322.
• * 1.750

  Fuller's Worthies. p. 136, 137. Vid. Ac∣count of his Life and Death, pre∣fixed to Gregorii postb••mae.
• * 1.751

  Ch••tw. hist. ••ollect. cent. 3. p. 86.
• * 1.752

  H••kw. A∣pol. lib. 3. cap. 10 §. 2. p. 276, 277.
• * 1.753

  Ram. Scho••. Mat••e••. lib. 2. p.
• * 1.754

  Stow's An∣nals. p. 404.
• * 1.755

  Ga••lb••••t. Tab. Chron. p. 719.
• * 1.756

  Fulgos. Ex. lib. 8. cap. 11. p. 1082.
• * 1.757

  Belg. Com∣monwealth. p. 57. H••rlen's Cosmog. p. 384. Hist. Man. A••ts. cap. 5. p. 65.
• * 1.758

  Back. Chron. p. 284.
• * 1.759

  Hakew. A∣pol. l. 3. ••. 10.9.3. p. 278.279.280. Ral••ighs Hist. world. l. 1. c. 7.4. p. Heyl. Cosm. p. 399. Bak. Chron. p. 222. Lo••icer. The∣atr. p. 361. Stows. An∣nal. p. 571. & p. 584.
• * 1.760

  Hakew. A∣pol. l. 3. c. 10 §. 4. p. 281. Stowes An∣nall. p. 811. V••rstg. Resti¦tut. of Intel∣lig. c. 2 p. 33. H••yl. Cosm. p. 71. &. p. 1015.
• * 1.761

  H••kew. A∣pol. Adver∣tisment. 3. p. 19.
• * 1.762

  Id. Ibid. Gassend. in∣vitâ Peires∣kiil. 2. p. 55 Histor. Ma∣nual Arts c. 3. p. 29 Petr. Serv. dis∣sert. de angu. Armario. p. 68.
• * 1.763

  H••••l. Casm. p. 630. Gault. tab. Chron. p. 533.
• * 1.764

  H••rod l. 1. p. 40.41.
• * 1.765

  Heyl. Cosm. p. 101••.
• * 1.766

  H••yl. Cosm. p. 83.
• * 1.767

  H••yl. Cosm. p. 691.
• * 1.768

  Ful. Ch. Hist l. 3. Cent. 7. p. 84.
• * 1.769

  H••yl. C••sm. p. 671.
• * 1.770

  Camd. Brit. p Wil••∣shire. Ful••ch Hist. l. 2. cent. 8. p. 94.95.
• * 1.771

  Heyl. Cosm. p. 361.
• * 1.772

  Heyl. Cosm. l. 4. p. 921.
• * 1.773

  H••yl. Cosm. p. 1••03.
• * 1.774

  Heyl. Cosm. p. 925.
• * 1.775

  Hist of Ma∣nual Arts. c. 4. p. 57.
• * 1.776

  Hist. of Ma∣nual Arts. c. 4. p. 46, 47.
• * 1.777

  Heyl. Cosm. p. 84.
• * 1.778

  Claud. ep. p. 369.
• * 1.779

  Pet. Ram. Schol. Mat••. l. 2. Hak••w. Ap. l. 3. c. 10. § 1. p. 233. Versteg. res••. of decayed intellig. c. 2. p. 53. H••yl. Cosm. p. 399. Petr. serv. de ung. Arm. p. 64. Keck∣erm. in Phy∣sic. l. c. 4. p. 1368. Du Bart••s in 6th day of the first week. p.
• * 1.780

  Hakew. A∣pol. l. 3. c. 10. § 1. p. 274. Versteg. c. 2. p. 52. Knowls.. Turk. hist. p. 713.
• * 1.781

  Du Bartas ibid.
• * 1.782

  Fayth. Ann. p. 128.
• * 1.783

  Plin. l. 7. c. 21. p. 167. Aelian. var. ••••st. l. 1. c. 17. p. 13.
• * 1.784

  Plin. l. 7. c. 21. p. 167. A••lian. var. hist. l. 1. c. 17. p. 13. Servius de ••••ng. Armor. p. 56.
• * 1.785

  Plin. l. 7. c. 38. p. 175.
• * 1.786

  Citesi. opus. Med. p. 63.64.
• * 1.787

  Hak••. Apol. l. 2. c. 3. § 3. p. Cam. Brit. p. in Yorks. L••d. Viv. in l. de Civ. Dei. l. 21. c. 6. p.
• * 1.788

  Full. Worth. p. 234. in Dorsetshire.
• * 1.789

  Hist. Ma••. Arts. c. 3. p. 33.
• * 1.790

  Fortes•• feriae Aca. p. 150
• * 1.791

  Olea••ius. in his Tra∣vels. p. 339.
• * 1.792

  Gass. in vit. Paeiresk. l. 5. p. 185. Hist. Man. Arts. c. 1. p. 10, 11.
• * 1.793

  Fortes. seriae A••. p. 123.
• * 1.794

  Fortes. seriae Ac. p. 143.
• * 1.795

  Hist. of Man. Arts. c. 2. p. 22. Habi••g obs. o•• hist. p. 157, 158.
• * 1.796

  Scal. de sub. in Card. Exer. 333. p. 1061.
• * 1.797

  Petr. Saty. p. 68, 69. Plin. l. 36, c. 26. Sutton. in Tiberio. p. Xiph. in Tib. p. 56.
• * 1.798

  Knowl. Tur bis. p. 1273
• * 1.799

  Hist. Man. Arts. ch. 3. p. 33.
• * 1.800

  Sir Ke••el••. Digby's bodies. ch. 23 p. 207.
• * 1.801

  Petr. Servi••. dissert. de ••ng. arma∣rio.. p. 66, 67.
• * 1.802

  Servii dis∣sert. de ung. Armar. p. 67, 68.
• * 1.803

  Hist. man. Arts. cap. 12. p. 148.
• * 1.804

  Fortes. ••eriae Acade••. p. 150, 151.
• * 1.805

  Dr. Heylen's life of King Charles. p. 1.
• * 1.806

  Hist. Man. Arts. cap. 3. p. 43.
• * 1.807

  Hist. Man. Ar••ts. cap. 3. p. 34.
• * 1.808

  Gassar. Cu∣rlos. cap. 7. p. 236.
• * 1.809

  Fortes. seri∣ae. Ac idem. p. 58, 59, 60.
• * 1.810

  Morrison's Itinerary. part. 1. cap. 3. p. 31.
• * 1.811

  Morrison's Itin••rary. p. 602. Hist. Man. Arts cap. 3. p. 36, 37.
• * 1.812

  Hist. Man. Arts. cap. 3. p. 37.
• * 1.813

  Hist. Mam. Arts. cap. 7. p. 85.
• * 1.814

  Hist. Man. Arts. cap. 3. p. 43.
• * 1.815

  Hist. Man. Arts. cap. 7. p. 99.
• * 1.816

  Delvio. disq. magic. lib. 1. cap. 3. qu. 4. p. 40.
• * 1.817

  Zuing. The∣atr. vol. 2. lib. 7. p. 625.
• * 1.818

  Peach. Com. Gent. c. 9. p. 79.
• * 1.819

  Zonar. Ann. tom. 3. p. 126.
• * 1.820

  Caus. H.C. in the treat. of passions. § 6. p. 15. Plin. nat. h. l. 18. c. 6. p. 556.
• * 1.821

  Aelian. var. hist. l. 1. c. 33. p. 29.
• * 1.822

  Lips. ep. cent. 4. ep. 31. p. 880.
• * 1.823

  Val. Max. l. 8. c. 7. p 227. Zuing. The∣atr. vol. 3. l. 2. p. 670. Laert. vit. Phil.
• * 1.824

  Sabell. ex••l•• 1. c. 7. p. 45.
• * 1.825

  Val. Max••l. 8. c. 7. p. 225
• * 1.826

  Fulgos. ix. l. 8. c. 7. p. 1041.
• * 1.827

  Bak. Chron. p. 332. Clerks mirr. c. 74. p. 322.
• * 1.828

  Full. h. state. l. 2. c. 9. p. 7••.
• * 1.829

  Ch••tw. hist collect. cent. 3. p 79. Tr••nchfield's counsel to his Son. p. 133.
• * 1.830

  Parti. me∣dul. tom. 2. p. 380.
• * 1.831

  Meleh. A∣dam. in. vit. Germ. m••∣dic. p. 287.
• * 1.832

  Melch. A∣dam. in Vit. Germ. me∣dic. p. 155. Thuan. l. 36.
• * 1.833

  Plut. moral. p. 394.
• * 1.834

  Plut. moral. p. 394.
• * 1.835

  Aist. of Ma∣nual Arts. c. 11. p. 167. 168. Marhal. Ep. l. 15. Ep. 96
• * 1.836

  Moris. Itine∣rary. p. Hist. Man. Arts. c. 11. p. 169
• * 1.837

  Senec. de. ira. l. 2.
• * 1.838

  Scalig. Exercit. 232. p. 728 Sandys. T••avels. Senec. Epist. Ep. 85. p. 192. Hist. Man. Arts. cap. 11 p. 172.
• * 1.839

  Hist. Man. Arts. c. 11. p. 173.
• * 1.840

  Hist. Man. Arts. c. 11. p. 174.
• * 1.841

  Hist. Man. Arts. c. 11. p. 194.
• * 1.842

  Lips. Epist. Cent. 1. Ep. 50. p. 102. Suet. l. 7. c. 6. p. 273. Aelian. de. Animal. l. 2. c. 11. p. 84.
• * 1.843

  Heidseld in Sphing••. c. 6. p. 141.
• * 1.844

  Camerar. oper. subsi∣civ. Cent. 1. c. 25. p. 131.
• * 1.845

  P••zel. melle∣fic. Hist. tom. 2. p. 328.
• * 1.846

  Plut. moral. l. de. Comp. terrestr. p. 967.
• * 1.847

  Treasury of ancient and modern times, l. 1. c. 17. p. 39.
• * 1.848

  Val. Max. l. 2. c. 2. p. 36.
• * 1.849

  Aelian. var. hist. l. 7. c. 18. p. 209.
• * 1.850

  A Gell. noct. Attic. l. 1. c. 23. p. 40. Sabellic. Exempl. l. 1▪ c. 3. p. 17. Bruson. face∣tiar. l. 4. c. 1. p. 257.
• * 1.851

  Plut. de garrulit••t. p. 506.
• * 1.852

  Plut. de Garrulit. p. 194.
• * 1.853

  Plut. de garrulit. p. 506.
• * 1.854

  Plin. l. 34. c. 8. p. 500. Fulgos. Ex. l. 3. c. 3. p. 353.
• * 1.855

  Parch. Pilgr. tom. 1. l. 6. c. 14. p. 807.
• * 1.856

  Mariana hist. de Esp. p. 147.
• * 1.857

  Val. Max. l. 3. c. 3. p. 77. Lon. Theatr. p. 586.
• * 1.858

  Val. Max. l. 3. c. 3. p. 78. Lon. Theatr. p. 587.
• * 1.859

  Drex. oper. l. 3. c. 8. §. 4. p. 425. Causi••. Holy Court. tom. 1 l. 3. §. 31. p. 95.
• * 1.860

  Alvar. Sem. hist. China, par. 1. c. 23. p. 120.
• * 1.861

  C••mir. ••••. sub••is ••v. cent. 2. p. 230.
• * 1.862

  Cam••r. op. subcisc••v. cent. 2. c. 54. p. 232.
• * 1.863

  Camer. op. subcisiv. cent. 2. c. 54 p. 232.
• * 1.864

  Cumer. op. subcisiv. cent. 2. c. 54 p. 133.
• * 1.865

  Clarks Mir. c. 64. p. 280
• * 1.866

  Clarks mar∣row of Eccl. hist. part. 2. l. 2. p. 46.
• * 1.867

  Clark's Marrow of Eccles. hist. part. 2. p. 471.
• * 1.868

  Burton's Melanch. part. 2. §. 3. p. 305.
• * 1.869

  Thuan. hist. tom. 1. l. 16. p. 310. Leighs Bel. and Leara. c. 3. p. 214.
• * 1.870

  Camerar. o∣per. subcisiv. cent. 1. cap. 78. p. 359.
• * 1.871

  Camerar. o∣per. subcisiv. cent. 1. cap. 78. p. 358.
• * 1.872

  Camerar. o∣per. subcisiv. cent. 1. cap. 78. p. 358.
• * 1.873

  Cael. Rhod. lib. 13. cap. 66. p. 608.
• * 1.874

  Laert. vit. Philosoph. lib. 6. p. 158 l B••rtons me∣lanch. part. 2. §. 3. p, 297.
• * 1.875

  Iustin. hist. lib. 6. p. 62. Aelian. var. hist. lib. 5. cap. 5. p. 172. Cael. Rhod. lib. 19. cap. 31. p. 920.
• * 1.876

  Plut. in vi∣ta Aristid. p. 337.
• * 1.877

  Feltham's Resolves. cent. 2. cap. 35. p. 230.
• * 1.878

  Inper. hist. p. 208.
• * 1.879

  Plut. in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 p. 749.
• * 1.880

  Clark's mirror. cap. 15. p. 59.
• * 1.881

  Sabell. Ex. lib. 2. cap. 1. p. 59.
• * 1.882

  Val. Max. lib. 4. cap. 4. p. 130. Clark's mirr. cap. 113. p. 556.
• * 1.883

  Clark's mirr. cap. 113. p. 556.
• * 1.884

  Plut. in Catone, p. 765, 766. Clark's mirr. cap. 113. p. 557.
• * 1.885

  Strigel. in Iustin. com∣ment. p. 300.
• * 1.886

  Val. Max. lib. 4. p. 110.
• * 1.887

  Val. Max. lib. 4. p. 111.
• * 1.888

  Cl. mirr. cap. 78. p. 352.
• * 1.889

  Pezel. mel∣lific. hist. tom. 2. p. 219.
• * 1.890

  Ioseph. de ••illo Iuda∣ico, lib. 7. cap. 28. p. 761.
• * 1.891

  Purch. Pil∣gr. vol. 2. p. 878. Clark's mirr. cap. 78. p. 852.
• * 1.892

  Diodor. Si∣cul. Bibli∣oth. lib. 17. p. 590, 591.
• * 1.893

  Diador. Si∣cul. Bibli∣oth. lib. 20. p. 666.
• * 1.894

  Clarks mirr. c. 78. p. 351.
• * 1.895

  Polyb. l. 16. p. 338, 339.
• * 1.896

  Oros. hist. l. ••. c. 7. p. 192 Clarks mir. c. 78. p. 351.
• * 1.897

  Clarks mir. c. 78. p. 351.
• * 1.898

  Iustin l. 13. p. 159.
• * 1.899

  Strigel. comment. in Iustin. p. 28.
• * 1.900

  Vaugh. flor. Solut. p. 162.
• * 1.901

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 14. p. 339. Paroeti. hist. prof medul∣la tom. 2. p. 116.
• * 1.902

  Iovii Elog. p. 30. San∣dys. relat. l. 2. p. 107. Polyd. Virg. Ang. hist. l. 14. p. 251. Platin. de vituspontif. p. 211. Camerar. oper. subcism cent. 1. c. 12. p. 75.76.
• * 1.903

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 14. p. 338.
• * 1.904

  Lips. monit. l. 2. c. 14. p. 338.
• * 1.905

  Luth. Colloq. mensal. p. 471.
• * 1.906

  Plut. moral. l. de Apoth. ••••g. p. 414.
• * 1.907

  Pet. Gregor, de Repub. l. 6. c. 3. p. 183. Plut in So∣lon. p. 93.94.
• * 1.908

  Polyb. hist. l. 8. p. 527. petr. Gregor. de Repub. l. 6. c. 3. p. 183.
• * 1.909

  Peter. Gre∣gor, de Re∣pub. l. 6. c. 3. p. 183.
• * 1.910

  Steph. in voc. p. 2092. Camer. oper. subcisiv. cent. 1. c. 12. p. 79. 80.
• * 1.911

  Godw. Rom. antiq. l. 2 § 2. p. 52, 53. Sabell•• ex. l. 7. c. 8. p. 409, 410. Plin. nat. li. l. 7. c. 43 p. 177.
• * 1.912

  Val. Max. l. 7. c. 1. p. 187. Sabell. Ex. l. 7. c. 8. p. 409, 410. Plin. nat. hist. l. 7. c. 44. p. 178.
• * 1.913

  Iust. hist. l. 12.••
• * 1.914

  Fall. Holy War.
• * 1.915

  H••ro••••ot. l. 2 p. 178.
• * 1.916

  〈◊〉〈◊〉. op. p••••i••ie. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. 2. c. 57 p. 242.
• * 1.917

  ••••ll. Wor∣••••. l. •• p. 370
• * 1.918

  M. Huraults Polit. Max. l. 2. c. 1. p. p. 159, 161
• * 1.919

  Val. Max. l. 1. c. 8. p. 314.
• * 1.920

  Fulgos. ex. l. 4. c. 1. p. 437.
• * 1.921

  Zuing. The∣atr. vol. 3. l. 1. p. 605.
• * 1.922

  Zuing. The∣atr. vol. 3. l. 1. p. 605.
• * 1.923

  Ioh. Textor offici••. l. 2. c. 23. p. 97.
• * 1.924

  Coel. Rhod. l. 19. c. 29. p. 919.
• * 1.925

  Plut. p. 672. in Alexand▪
• * 1.926

  Chet. h. col•• cent. 2. p. 32
• * 1.927

  Ia••••. h. l. 12. p. 151.
• * 1.928

  Fulg. ex. l. 6. c. 11. p. 832.
• * 1.929

  Raleighs h. world. l. 5. c. 3. § 18. p. 484.
• * 1.930

  Diod. Sicul. 17. p. 575▪
• * 1.931

  H••yw. hier. l. 4. p. 233.
• * 1.932

  Bak. chron▪ p. 408.
• * 1.933

  Bak. Chron. p. 458.
• * 1.934

  H••••w. hi••••. l. 4. p. 241.
• * 1.935

  Burt. melan. part. 2. § 3. p. 318. Kornman. de mir. mort. l. 8. c. 3. p. 2.
• * 1.936

  Burt. melan. part. 3. § 3. p. 320.
• * 1.937

  Coel. Rhod. l. 21. c. 11. p. 977.