An essay towards a real character, and a philosophical language by John Wilkins ...

The Second Part, Conteining a regular enumeration and description of all those things and notions to which names are to be assigned. (Book 2)

CHAP. I. I. The Scheme of Genus's. II. Concerning the more general notions of things, the difficulty of establishing these aright. III. Of Transcenden∣tals general. IV. Of Transcendental relations mixed. V. Of Tran∣scendental relations of Action. VI. Of the several notions belonging to Grammar or Logic.

HAVING dispatched the Prolegomena in the former part, I proceed (according to the method proposed) to that more difficult attempt of enumerating and describing all such things and notions as fall under di∣scourse.

In treating concerning this, I shall first lay down a Scheme or Analysis of all the Genus's or more common heads of things belonging to this design; And then shew how each of these may be subdivided by its peculiar Dif∣ferences; which for the better convenience of this institution, I take leave to determine (for the most part) to the number of six. Unless it be in those numerous tribes, of Herbs, Trees, Exanguious Animals, Fishes and Birds; which are of too great variety to be comprehended in so narrow a compass. After which I shall proceed to enumerate the several Species belonging to each of these Differences, according to such an order and dependance amongst them, as may contribute to the defining of them, and determining their primary significations These Species are com∣monly joyned together by pairs, for the better helping of the Memory, (and so likewise are some of the Genus's and Differences.) Those things which naturally have Opposites, are joyned with them, according to such Opposition, whether Single or Double. Those things that have no Oppo∣sites, are paired together with respect to some Affinity which they have one to another. Tho it must be acknowledged that these Affinities are sometimes less proper and more remote, there being several things shifted into these places, because I knew not how to provide for them better.

All kinds of things and notions, to which names are to be assigned, may be di∣stributed into such as are either more

• General; namely those Universal notions, whether belonging more properly to
  • Things; called TRANSCENDENTAL
    • GENERAL. I
    • RELATION MIXED. II
    • RELATION OF ACTION. III
  • Words; DISCOURSE. IV
• Special; denoting either
  • CREATOR. V
  • Creature; namely such things as were either created or concreated by God, not excluding several of those notions, which are framed by the minds of men, considered either
    • Collectively; WORLD. VI
    • Distributively; according to the several kinds of Beings, whether such as do belong to
      • ...Substance;
        • Inanimate; ELEMENT. VII
        • Animate; considered according to their several
          • Species; whether
            • ...Vegetative
              • Imperfect; as Minerals,
                • STONE. VIII
                • METAL. IX
              • Perfect; as Plant,
                • HERB consid. accord. to the
                  • LEAF. X
                  • FLOWER. XI
                  • SEED-VESSEL. XII
                • SHRUB. XIII
                • TREE. XIV
            • ...Sensitive;
              • EXANGUIOUS. XV
              • ...Sanguineous;
                • FISH. XVI
                • BIRD. XVII
                • BEAST. XVIII
          • ...Parts;
            • PECULIAR. XIX
            • GENERAL. XX
      • ...Accident;
        • ...Quantity;
          • MAGNITUDE. XXI
          • SPACE. XXII
          • MEASURE. XXIII
        • Quality; whether
          • NATURAL POWER. XXIV
          • HABIT. XXV
          • MANNERS. XXVI
          • SENSIBLE QUALITY. XXVII
          • SICKNESS. XXVIII
        • ...Action
          • SPIRITUAL. XXIX
          • CORPOREAL. XXX
          • MOTION. XXXI
          • OPERATION. XXXII
        • Relation; whether more
          • ...Private.
            • OECONOMICAL. XXXIII
            • POSSESSIONS. XXXIV
            • PROVISIONS. XXXV
          • ...Publick.
            • CIVIL. XXXVI.
            • JUDICIAL. XXXVII
            • MILITARY. XXXVIII
            • NAVAL. XXXIX
            • ECCLESIASTICAL. XL.

In this precedent Scheme, all the several things or notions, to which names are to be assigned, are reduced to forty Genus's. The first six of which do comprehend such matters, as by reason of their Generalness, or in some other respect, are above all those common heads of things called Predicaments; The rest belonging to the several Predicaments, of which I reckon only five. Amongst these, Substance doth take in fourteen Genus's, Quantity three, Quality five, Action four, and Rela∣tion eight.

This being supposed to be a sufficient general Scheme of things, that which is next to be enquired after, is how each of those Genus's may be subdivided into its proper differences and species. In order to which I shall offer that which follows.

In the enumeration of all such things and notions as fall under di∣scourse, those are first to be considered which are more general or com∣prehensive, belonging either to Metaphysic, or to Grammar and Logic.

Tho particulars are first in the order of Being, yet Generals are first in the order of Knowing, because by these, such things and notions as are less general, are to be distinguished and defined.

Now the proper end and design of Metaphysic should be to enume∣rate and explain those more general terms, which by reason of their Universality and Comprehensiveness, are either above all those Heads of things stiled Predicaments, or else common to several of them. And if this Science had been so ordered, as to have conteined a plain regular enumeration and description of these general terms, without the mixture of nice and subtle disputes about them; It might have been proper e∣nough for learners to have begun with. But men having purposely strained their Wits to frame and discuss so many intricate questions, as are commonly treated of in it: 'Tis no wonder that it should hereby be rendred, not onely less fit for young beginners, but liable also to the pre∣judice and neglect of those of riper judgments. That which I aim at in treating concerning these things, is to offer some brief and plain de∣scription of them, as being conscious that such matters as are prim•• nota, and most obvious, are most hard to be defined. And the multiplying of words, about things that are plain enough of themselves, doth but con∣tribute to the making of them more obscure.

The right ordering of these Transcendentals is a business of no small difficulty; because there is so little assistance or help to be had for it in the Common Systems, according to which this part of Philosophy (as it seems to me) is rendred the most rude and imperfect in the whole bo∣dy of Sciences; as if the compilers of it had taken no other care for those General notions, which did not fall within the ordinary series of things, and were not explicable in other particular Sciences, but only to tum∣ble them together in several confused heaps, which they stiled the Sci∣ence of Metaphysic. And this is one reason why the usual enumeration of such Terms is very short and deficient in respect of what it ought to be, many of those things being left out, which do properly belong to this number; which defects are here intended to be in some measure suppli∣ed. Tho it must be granted, that by reason of the exceeding compre∣hensiveness of some notions, and the extreme subtilty of others, as like∣wise because of the streightness of that method which I am bound up to

by these Tables it will so fall out, that several things cannot be disposed of so accurately as they ought to be.

The several things belonging to Metaphysical or Transcendental no∣tions may be comprehended under these three Heads, namely such as are either more

• Absolute; conteining the Kinds, Causes, Differences and Modes of things, which I take the liberty to call TRANSCENDENTAL GENERAL.
• Relative; whether
• Mixed; and common both to Quantity, Quality, Whole and Part, stiled TRANSCENDENTAL MIXED.
• Simple; and proper to Action, viz. TRANSCENDENTAL re∣lation of ACTION.

The most Universal conceptions of Things are usually stiled TRAN∣SCENDENTAL, Metaphysic-all.

To which may be annexed by way of affinity, that general name which denotes those highest and most common heads, under which the several kinds of things may be reduced in an orderly series: viz. PRE∣DICAMENT, Category.

Transcendentals general may be distributed into such as do concern the nature of things according to their

• KINDS. I.
• CAUSES. II.
• Differences; ••ore
  • ABSOLUTE and Common. III.
  • Relative to Action; considering
    • THE END. IV.
    • THE MEANS. V.
• MODES. VI.

* 1.1I. That common Essence wherein things of different natures do agree, is called GENUS, general, common Kind.

That common nature which is communicable to several Individuals, is called SPECIES, Sort or special kind, specifie, specifical. Breed.

These common kinds may be distinguished into such as are either more properly

• Transcendental; namely, those most universal and comprehensive Terms which fall under Discourse; relating to
  • The first and most general Conception, of which the Vnderstanding takes notice, as most known.
    1.
    • BEING, Entity, Essence, Existence, subsist, am, is, extant.
    • ...NOTHING, Nought, null, none, annul, disannul, annihilate, abrogate, abolish, void, undoe, cancel, evacuate, Ciphre.
  • Those Beings which ‖ are truly such, or those which our Senses mistake for Beings.
    2.
    • THING, Affair, Matter, Business, Case, real-ly, indeed.
    • ...APPARENCE, Apparition, Phantasm, Shew, Vision, Elusion and vanish.
  • Similitudes of Beings; formed in our Minds either ‖ by apprehension of things that are, or imagination of things that are not.
    3.
    • NOTION, Conception.
    • ...FICTION, Figment, make, feign, frame, devise, counterfet, forge, coin, mint, Fa∣ble, Apologue, Romance, Tale, Legend, Mythology, Fairy, Nymph, Centaur, Griffin, Bugbear, Goblin, Chymera, Atlantis, Vtopia.
  • The words assigned for the signifying of several Things and Notions: to which that common name for the signifying of particular rational Beings may be an∣nexed, though less properly.
    4
    • NAME, Style, Title, Titular, Compellation, Appellation, nominate, denominate, Sirname, Inscription, Nomenclator, anonymous, call, Nown, Term.
    • ...PERSON, Age, Party, No-body, Wight.
• Predicamental; those chief Heads, under which other Terms may be reduced; denoting either
  • Such things as ‖ subsist by themselves, or which (according to the old Logical definition) require a subject of inhesion: Though they are indeed nothing but the modes of Substance.
    5.
    • SUBSTANCE, subsist.
    • ...ACCIDENT-all.
  • That habitude of things whereby they may be said to have parts distinct and ca∣pable of division, or the general disposition of things either to Action or Passion.
    6.
    • QUANTITY, Much, Deale, Mathematick.
    • ...QVALITY, Disposition, Endowment, indue, parts, qualification, manner, con∣dition, estate.
  • The application of the Agent to the Patient, or the reception of the force of the Agent.
    7.
    • ACTION, doe, perform, commit, practise▪ proceeding, function, exercise, at∣chieve, dealing, Act, Fact, Deed, Feat, Exploit, Passage, Prank, Trick, play the Part.
    • ...PASSION, abide, ail, bear, endure, suffer, undergo, sustain, feel, capable.
  • Such things as ‖ cannot be, or cannot be known, without a respect to something else; or which may be, or may be understood of themselves, without any such refe∣rence.
    8.
    • RELATION, refer, Regard, Respect, Habitude, correlative.
    • ...ABSOLVTENESS, irrespective, peremptory, flat, positive.

II. That which any way contributes to the producing of an effect,* 1.2 is styled CAUSE, Reason, Ground, Principle, proceed from, procure, produce, make, constitute, In∣fluence, raise, put, set, bring to pass.

That which proceeds from, or depends upon the Cause, is styled EFFECT, Event, Issue, Fruit, accrue, Success, spring from, become, grow, come of it, impression, Product.

Causes are commonly distributed into

• External, such as are without the Effect.
  • By which things are done; whether
    • More immediate and absolute; either ‖ more principal, of which the first Acti∣on is, or less principal, and subservient to the chief Agent.
      1.
      • EFFICIENT, Author, Maker, Efficacy, effectual, Energy, Virtue, Validity, Force, Vigour, Operation, Influence, frame, constitute, beget, effect, do, make, cause, work, render, create, bring to pass.
      • INSTRUMENT, Tool▪ Organ-ical, Implement:
    • More remote and relative; being either in
      • The Agent; serving either to
        • Excite, or restrain it.
          2.
          • IMPULSIVE, Incentive, Motive, Reason, Ground, Concitation, Instiga∣tion, Inducement, impell, stimulate, stir up, prick forward, spur on, rouse, quicken, irritate▪ provoke, excite, egging, incite, Instinct, Conside∣ration, put on, set at or on, move, urge, draw in.
          • COHIBITIVE, restrain, check, curb, with-hold, keep short or back, in∣hibit, repress, hold in, bridling, stint, coerce, confine, limit, no ho, stay, staunch, moderate, master, controle.
        • Direct and regulate its Action; either ‖ by that Idea which the Agent hath in his mind of some like case, or by some Pattern before his eyes.
          3.
          • EXEMPLAR, Example, Instance, Idea, Precedent, Cause.
          • TYPE, Pattern, Platform, Model, Last, Mold, Prototype, Antitype, Extract, Original, Copy, Counterpart, Draught, Sampler, Proof, Duplicate, exem∣plifie, prefigure.
      • The Patient; relating to ‖ some peculiar capacity in the thing, or some fitness in respect of time.
        4.
        • CONDITION, Proviso▪ Salvo, in case, Term, Case, State, liking, Habit, Qua∣lification.
        • OCCASION-al, Exigence, Emergence, Advantage, Opportunity, draw, provoke, scandal.
      • Some third thing, by which the force of the Efficient is either ‖ increased or abated,
        5.
        • ADJUVANT, Help, Aid, Assistance, Succour, Relief, Support, Advantage, auxiliary, subsidiary, avail, conduce, promote, farther, stand in stead, supply, accommodate, serve, Co-adjutor, abet, take ones part, stand by, a stay to one, forward, minister, relief, back one.
        • ...IMPEDIENT, hinder, Obstacle, Remora, Clog, Bar, debar, obstruct, cum∣ber, Rub, Check, Dam, Luggage, Lumber, Baggage, Prejudice, Disadvantage, foreslow, lett, stop, Disservice, stay, stand in the way, trigg, keep back, re∣strain, with-hold, interfere.
  • For whose sake a thing is: to which may be annexed the general name of such things as have any tendency to the promoting of it.
    6.
    • END, Aim, Mark, Goal, Drift, Intent, Effect, Purpose, Design, Scope, sake, Reach, Reason, final, tend.
    • MEANS, Way▪ Shift, Expedient, accommodate.
• Internal, such as are within the Effect as its chief constituent parts; ‖ out of which a thing is made, and of which it consists; or by which a thing is constitu∣ted in its being, and distinguished from all other things.
  7.
  • MATTER-ial, Stuff, Substance, Argument, Subject, Boot as fire-boot, &c.
  • FORM-al, Essence.

* 1.3III. Those general Names which may be styled Differences, are too numerous to be placed under one common Head according to the method designed in these Ta∣bles, and therefore are they here reduced unto three Heads: whereof the first con∣tains such as do not immediately imply any relation to Action, and are therefore sty∣led more abso••ute and common; namely, those more universal Affections of Entity whereby several things are differenced, so as to make them DIVERS from one ano∣ther▪ (another, several, sundry, vary••ety dissonant, to and fro▪ up and down, multiplicity, choice, different others Heterogeneous;) to which the notion of IDENTITY, Very, sameness▪ all one, unvaried, may be properly opposed, importing an Unity or Agree∣ment in the same ••ssence.

These are distinguishable into such Differences of things as imply a respect unto

• ...Something without the things themselves.
  • The Vnderstanding; in regard of the ‖ congruity, or incongruity of things to our ap∣prehensions of them.
    1.
    • TRUTH, true, Verity, verifie, very, Right, Sooth, irrefragably, likely, probable.
    • ...FALSHOOD, false-ifie, Error, erroneous, untrue.
  • The Will; as to the ‖ agreement, or disagreement of things with that Faculty, so as to be rendred desirable or avoidable.
    2.
    • GOODNESS, Weal, Welfare, right, regular, well, rectifie, better, best.
    • ...EVILNESS, ill, bad, naught, wrong, amiss, shrewd, scurvy, lewd, horrid, horrible, corrupt, Pravity, deprave, Sin, Fault, Trespass, Transgress-ion, Peccadillo, worse.
• The nature of things in themselves; as to ‖
  • Their naked being, or not being.
    3.
    • POSITIVENESS, Thesis.
    • PRIVATIVENESS, Privation, bereave deprive, depose, put out, or forth, take away, strip, devest, disseise, dispossess, disfurnish.
  • Their being▪ or not being what they are pretended to be.
    4.
    • GENUINENESS, right, arrant, rank, very, native, legitimate, true, currant.
    • ...S••VRIOVSNESS, mongrel, bastard, false, illegitimate, improper, adulterine, base, misbegot, sophisticated.
  • Their degrees of being; whether ‖ present, or future and in possibility.
    5.
    • ACTUALNESS, Existence, extant.
    • ...POTENTIALNESS, Reversion, may▪ can.
  • Their Extension; being ‖ circumscribed by bounds, or not so circumscribed,
    6.
    • FINITENESS, definite determined, limited, bounded, Term, Confine, Stint, conclu∣ded.
    • ...INFINITENESS, endless, indefinite, unbounded, immense, indeterminate, unli∣mited, unmeasurable, inexhaustible.
• ...Their Causes.
  • Efficient; whether ‖ the order of common Providence, or the skill of some in∣feriour Agent.
    7.
    • NATURALNESS, right, native, wild, carnal, praeternatural, supernatural.
    • ...FACTITIOVSNESS, artificial, technical, made.
  • Material; being either ‖ without all parts and composition, or being such, to the fra∣ming of which several parts and ingredients do concurr.
    8.
    • SIMPLICITY, mere, sheer, clear, fine, plain, right, pure, unmixed, Ingre∣dient, single, uncompounded.
    • ...MIXEDNESS, mingle, compound, blend▪ shuffle, Medly, Miscellany, promiscuous, temper, Commixtion, complex, complicate, confound, intermingle, Hodg-podge, Gallimaufry, Rhapsody, Centon, dash, brew.
  • Formal; ‖ being in such a state to which nothing is wanting, or else wanting some∣thing of what they may and should have.
    9.
    • PERFECTION, absolute, intire, full, accurate, exact, exquisite, punctual, precise, complete, consummate, accomplish. strict, plenary, throughly, mature, up at the top.
    • ...IMPERFECTION, incomplete, lame.

IV. That kind of Difference betwixt things,* 1.4 which relates to Acti∣ons considering the End, may be stiled DISAGREABLENESS, unsuta∣ble, discrepant.

To which may be opposed the Notion of CONVENIENCY, agree∣ment, agreable, sutable, serving, c••mmodious.

These may be distinguished into such as are

• More Simple; denoting their
  • Fitness to ‖ promote, or hinder our well-being.
    1.
    • PROFITABLENESS, Advantage, Benefit, Emolument, Interest, Concern, Boot, Fruit, Vtility, Commodious, Edifie, stand insted, good for. avail.
    • ...HVRTFVLNESS, Harm, Prejudice, Disadvantage, Dammage, Disprofit, Nusance, Mischief. discommodious, nocent. shrewd turn, pernitious, noxious, noisom, damnifie, endammage, impair, an∣noy, displeasure, naught for, vermin, weed.
  • Sutableness or unsutableness to our appetites.
    2.
    • PLEASANTN••SS, Delight, Complacence, injoyment, satisfaction, sweet, taking, delicious, Paradise.
    • ...VNPLEASANTNESS, Regret, displeasing, offensive, trouble, grievous, uneasie▪ painful.
  • Agreableness or Disagreableness of things to Right reason.
    3.
    • DUENESS, Duty, ought, should, Honest, owe, part, incumbent on.
    • ...VNDVENESS, ought not, dishonest.
• More mixed implying a respect to the nature of the end, as to its
  • Capacity or Incapacity of existing.
    4.
    • POSSIBILITY, Feasible, may, can.
    • ...IMPOSSIBILITY, cannot be.
  • Degrees of goodness; whether such as are like to answer the desires, by proving very great and considerable or such as are like to disappoint the desires▪ by proving to be very little or none.
    5.
    • IMPORTANCE, of Moment, Consequence, Strength, Force, Weight, material, considerable, pithy, pregnant, essential, it mattereth.
    • ...VANITY, Trifle, trivial, frivolous, Foppery, Gewgaw, Knack, Toy, sleeveless, slight, light, fruitless, fidling, void, Trumpery, Bauble, Quillet, Quirk, Gambol, to no boot, to no purpose,
  • Esteem amongst good men; whether such as they are like to think well of, as deserving praise and reward, or to think ill of, as deserving shame and punishment.
    6.
    • WORTHINESS, Merit, Desert, Value, demerit, cheap, dear, price, precious, depreciate.
    • ...VNWORTHINESS, Vile, Mean, Poor, undeserving, indign.

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* 1.5V. DIFFERENCES of things relating to the MEANS, may be di∣stributed into such as are

• More Simple, denoting the being of things
  • Good; as good is determined by
    • Law; whether according to Law, or not against it.
      1.
      • LAWFULNESS, legitimate, right, legal, canonical, orderly.
      • INDIFFERENCE, adiaphorous.
    • Custom or opinion; whether such as the generality of men do think well of and practise, or dislike and avoid.
      2.
      • DECENCY, Decorum, meet, fit, seemly, handsome, becoming, comely, goodly.
      • ...INDECENCY, Indecorum, unmeet, unfit, unseemly, unhandsome, uncomely, misbeseeming, ugly.
  • Free from evil; whether of
    • ...Hurt;
      3.
      • SAFETY, Security, sure, tutelary, innoxious, save, protect, in∣sure, indemnifie, warrant, Sanctuary, Shelter, Refuge.
      • ...DANGER, Hazard, Peril, Ieopardy, unsafe, risk, venture, ad∣venture, endanger, expose, incur.
    • Labor and Pain; in the
      • Agent; the Doing of things with little or much labor.
        4.
        • EASINESS, Facil-ity-itate, clear, gentle, light,
        • ...DIFFICVLTY, Hard, uneasie, crabbed, intricate, laborious, streight, Perplexity, rub, knot, graveling, hard put to it.
      • Patient; The suffering of things with little or no labor, or with much.
        5.
        • GENTLENESS, Easiness, softness, still, tenderly, gingerly.
        • ...VIOLENCE, boisterous, rough, harsh, blustering, impetuous, force, ravish.
• Comparative; of the
  • Nature of the means to one another; whether mutually agreeing as ha∣ving the same kind of affections, or disagreeing as having such kind of affections as are apt to exclude one another out of the same subject.
    6.
    • CONGRUITY, Sutableness, Agreableness, Sympathy, consonant, compatible, right, apposite, fit, meet, apt, adapt, consistent, accord, conform, accommodate, comply.
    • ...CONTRARIETY, Repugnance, withstand, against, unsutable, Anti∣peristasis, counter, cross, incongruous, inconsistent, incompatible, interfere.
  • Vsefulness or Vnusefulness of means to an end, whether in
    • Lower degrees; when there is a fair probability that a means may either promote or hinder the end.
      7.
      • EXPEDIENCE, Convenience, behoovful, meet, fit, perquisite, requisite.
      • ...INCONVENIENCE, Inexpedience, unmeet, unfit, incommodious.
    • Higher degree; when there is a certain dependance betwixt the means and the end.

To which may be opposed that kind of nexus betwixt means and end, which is altogether uncertain and doubtful.

8.

• NECESSITY, needful, requisite, essential, should, must, streight, exigent, force, perquisite, pressing.
• ...CONTINGENCE, Venture, adventure, may, Accident, peradventure, adventitious, fortuitous, incident, happen, perhaps.

VI. Those more general respects and habitudes which several things or notions have to one another, are stiled by the name of MODE,* 1.6 man∣ner, way, sort, fashion, guise, wise, garb, course, form-ality, kind.

These may be distinguished into such as are

• Internal; denoting that
  • In which another thing exists, or the thing so existing in another
    1.
    • SUBJECT, liable, obnoxious, exposed, matter, Text, Theme, under∣goe, capable.
    • ...ADIVNCT, Epithete, inherent.
  • ...About which a thing is imployed.
    2.
    • OBJECT, mark, scope, butt, treat, handle, meddle with, have to do with.
• ...External;
  • With which things are accompanied or done; according to the
    • Kinds of them, either in General, or specially of such things, as are remarkable for Extraordinariness and Greatness.
      3.
      • CIRCUMSTANCE, Rite, Ceremony.
      • SOLEMNITY, Grandeur, state, Pomp, Port, celebrate, solemnize, Rite.
    • Consequence of them; or that habitude resulting to any thing from the consideration of all its circumstances together.
      4.
      • STATE, Estate, Condition, Case, Iuncture, Liking, manner, pass, pickle, plight, point, in good repair.
  • ...By which any thing is known.
    5.
    • SIGN, Badge, Token, Mark, Note, Symptome, Symbol, Index, Indica∣tion, Cue, Print, Scarr, Track, Signature, signifie, Beacon, becken, Boad, foretoken, presage, Prodigie, portentous, ominous, auspicious.
  • According to which any thing is, or is done; relating either to the
    • Order observed in the being or doing of things; whether by
      • One person or thing after another who hath left his place, or for ano∣ther who is onely absent from his place.
        6.
        • ROOM, as Successor, Caliph, supply, place.
        • STEAD, as substitute, subdititious, serve for, succedaneous, De∣puty, Surrogate, Vicar, Delegate, Vice-gerent, Attourney, Broaker, Factor, in lieu, Lievtenant, Proctor, Proxy.
      • Two persons or things either one after another, or one with another.
        7.
        • TURN, Course, alternate, second, bout.
        • RECIPROCATION, mutual, interchangeable, intercourse, correspond.
    • Measures of Being; whether the more General name for such mea∣sures, differenced according to more and less, or that special kind which denotes the sodain and short Being or Doing of any thing according to a greater measure.
      8.
      • DEGREE, gradual▪ a spice, a strein, gradation, leasurely, by little and little.
      • IMPETUS, Fit, Paroxysm, brunt, crash, effort, pang.
    • Affections of Being; with reference either to some common agree∣ment and mutual dependance, or to some inconsistency betwixt them.
      9.
      • COGNATION, Affinity, Nearness.
      • ...OPPOSITION, Disagreableness, contrary, counter, repugnant, with∣stand, against, cross, thwart, other side, adverse, Antagonist, An∣tithesis, confront, impugn, oppugn.

TRANSCENDENTAL Relations MIXED, may be distributed into such as do belong either to

• QUANTITY, as considered
  • More GENERALLY. I
  • More restrainedly, to
    • CONTINUED QUANTITY. II
    • DISCONTINUED QUANTITY. III
• QUALITY, as considered more
  • LARGELY IV
  • STRICTLY. V
• WHOLE and PART. VI

* 1.7I. TRANSCENDENTAL mixed Relations belonging to QUANTITY considered MORE GENERALLY, may be distributed into such as do concern the measure of things compared ei∣ther with

• Other things of the same kind or company
  • Indefinitely; as to
    • Being or Substance, namely when the things compared are considered
      • Singly and intire, Being either of an ordinary size, or more or less then ordinary.
        1.
        • INDIFFERENCE, Pretty big, passable, reasonable, so so.
          • GREATNESS, Magnitude, ample, large, vast, huge, immense, grand, monstrous, pro∣digious, sound, swinging, whisker, main, much, magnifie, aggravate, exaggerate, a filthy deal, a foul deal, Gyant.
          • ...LITTLENESS, Smalness, Petty, Minute, Modicum, Scautling, diminutive, less, least, poor, abate, allay, extenuate, Elf, Dwarf, Shrimp, Tit, Dandiprat, Pigmy.
      • Conjunctly; as consisting of several individuals or parts, whereof there are together an ordinary number, or more or less then ordinary.
        2.
        • MEDIOCRITY, a pretty deal, an indifferent quantity, mean, reasonable.
          • ...ABOVNDANCE, a great deal, much, a world, affluence, plenty, store, copious, flush, satiate, flow, fluent, luxuriant, enough and to spare.
          • ...SCARCITY, Little, want, dearth, pinching, scant, bare, jejune, lack.
    • Vse, with respect to the quantity of it, whether such as may by its just proportion promote the end, or such as may hinder it, by being too much, or too little.
      3.
      • SUFFICIENCY, enough, big or much enough, competency, moderate, satisfie, serve, well, full.
        • ...EXCESS, Redundance, superfluity, needless, exuberance, too much, overmuch, over∣charge, cloy, glutt, surfet, satiety, extreme, immoderate, luxuriant, rank, out of reason, wast, fly out, lash out.
        • ...DEFECT, Not enough, lack, need, penury, indigent, necessitous, destitute, want, fail, fall short of, slender, jejune, incompetent, insufficient.
    • Quality of it, denoting the being of a thing of an ordinary goodness, or more or less then ordinary.
      4.
      • INDIFFERENCY, Pretty well, tolerable, not amiss.
        • ...EXCELLENCY, extraordinary good, eminence, preheminence, egregious, eximious, incom∣parable, superlative, soveraign, transcendent, singular, heroic, high, noble, gallant, choice, passing, rare, remarkable, notable, Paragon, Mirrour.
        • ...SORRINESS, mean, poor, vile, trivial, contemptible, despicable, frippery, Trash, Trum∣pery, Raff, Scum, Drugg, silly, slight, paultry, scurvy, poor, course, flat, pedling, cheap, worthless, Fellow, Sirrah, Companion, Rascal, Varlet, Wretch, Scoundril, Skip-jack, Scrub, Vrchin, Flirt, Gill, Iade.
  • Definitely; as to
    • Being; either of the same degree, or more or less.
      5.
      • EQUALITY, Evenness, parity, peer, match, fellow, adaequate, aequipollent, adjust, halves with, as many, all one.
      • ...INEQVALITY, unequal, odds.
        • ...SVPERIORITY, above, upper, advantage, odds, preheminence, surmount, overpass, surpass, exceed, go beyond, out-go, get the start, top, excell, prevail, predominant.
        • ...INFERIORITY, under -ling, disadvantage, allay, come short of, low.
    • Vse; as means to an end, when one thing hath the same degrees of fitness for an end as another, or more or less.
      6.
      • EQUIVALENCE, countervail.
        • ...BETTERNESS.
        • ...WORSENESS.
• Thems••lves; in respect of their
  • Being or substance, either continued the same, or changed to more or less.
    7.
    • AT A STAND.
      • ...INCREASE, Augmentation, progress, increment, enlarge, magnifie, amplifie, aggravate, im∣prove, rise, grow, gain, come forward, crescent.
      • ...DIMINVTION, Abate, Bate, swage, asswage, decrease, extenuate, mince, mitigate, allay, retrench, rebate, shrink.
  • QUALITY in general, either continuing in an ordinary degree, or being changed to more or less.
    8.
    • JUST TEMPER.
      • ...INTENTION, heighten, strein, raise, aggravate, exaggerate, exasperate, enhaunce, acute, cutting, keen, sore, piercing, vehement, urgent, eager, earnest, deep sleep, amain, greatly, much.
      • ...REMISSION, Abate, allay, slake, slacken, swage, asswage, diminish, mitigate, slight, cold, slender, weak, dead, dilute, dull, faint, gentle, light.
  • Vse; when things either continue as they were, or else become more or less good.
    9.
    • KEEPING AT A STAY.
      • ...MENDING, emendation, bettering, Reparation, Reformation, Restauration, correct, redress, Improve, Edifie, botch, cobble, clout, patch, Progress, advance.
      • ...MARRING, Spoiling, Deprave, Impair, spill, taint, alloy, wear, corrupt, vitiate, wast.

II. Transcendental Mixed ••elations belonging to CONTINUED QUANTITY,* 1.8 may be distinguished into those various measures of di∣stance according to the difference of more or less, with respect ei∣ther to

• Line; from END to End.
  1.
  • LENGTH, -en, Longitude, prolong, protract, eeke out, extend, te∣dious, prolixness.
  • ...SHORTNESS, Brevity, Conciseness, abbreviate, curtal, abridge, restrain, compendious, succinct.
• Superficies; from side to side.
  2.
  • BREDTH, Wideness, Latitude, Largeness, Ampleness, spacious, di∣late, enlarge, extend.
  • ...NARROWNESS, Streightness, Scantness, close, compressed, pink-eyed, restrain.
• Body; reckoning from
  • ...Top to Bottom.
    3.
    • DEEPNESS, profound, Abyss, farr into, high.
    • ...SHALLOWNESS, Ford, Scoure, Depression, low, flat.
  • ...Bottom to Top.
    4.
    • HIGHNESS, Altitude, exalt, elevate, Soar, sublime, tall, lofty, proper, towring, advance, raise, aloft.
    • ...LOWNESS, abase, bring down, depress, demiss, nether
  • ...Any Superficies to the opposite.
    5.
    • THICKNESS, Crassitude, gross, deep, incrassate, roun∣cival.
    • ...THINNESS, slender, fine, slim, lank, slank, slight, tenuity, gaunt, rare, subtle, attenuate.

* 1.9III. Transcendental Relations of DISCONTINUED QUANTITY or Number, may be distributed into such as are either

• Comparative; denoting either a greater or lesser number then ordi∣nary.
  1.
  • MULTITUDE, many, numerous, a world of, multiply, increase, propagate, store, swarm, thick, press, crowd throng, rout.
  • ...FEWNESS, Paucity, decrease, small number, thin, diminish∣ing.
• Positive; concerning the
  • Number of things, whether
    • One, or more then one.
      2.
      • SINGULARITY, Individual, numerical, single.
      • ...PLVRALITY, more
    • Some or All.
      3.
      • PARTICULARITY, special, peculiar.
      • ...VNIVERSALITY, Generality, Catholick, Oecumenical, utmost.
  • Kinds of things, whether One kind, or All kinds.
    4.
    • SPECIALNESS, peculiar, particular.
    • ...GENERALNESS, All.
  • Parts of which number consists, whether Equal or Vnequal Units.
    5.
    • EVENNESS, Parity.
    • ...ODNESS, Imparity, uneven.
  • Position of things numbred, denoting their
    • Being in a state of separation from others, or in a state of conjun∣ction with several others.
      6.
      • SEGREGATENESS, sever, set apart or aside, Analysis, Ana∣tomy, piece-meal, by retail, dispence, distribute, one by one, Parcels, by pole.
      • ...AGGREGATENESS, Train, Troop, Company, Party, Scull, Swarm, Team, Flock, Heard, Pack, Covy, Sheaf, Bale, Bundle, Fardle, Bunch, Cluster, Gross, by the great.
    • Order, belonging either to Things, or to Words.
      7.
      • SERIES, Rank, Row, Class, successive, Chain, Course, Race, col∣lateral, Concatenation, Alphabet.
      • ...CATALOGVE, Index, Table, List, Role, Bill, Scrole, Terrier, a particular, Cargo, Inventory, Muster, impannel, Genealogy, Pe∣digree, Vocabulary, Dictionary, Lexicon, Nomenclator, Alma∣nack, Calendar.
    • Parts of an aggregate being all together.
      8.
      • SUIT, Pack, Set, Mess, a Ring.

IV. Transcendental Relations belonging to QUALITY,* 1.10 as considered MORE LARGELY, may be distributed into such kind of Relations as are either

• Single; containing a respect to the
  • Cause of a thing, whether none or any, The being of a thing, the first of its kind, or not.
    1.
    • PRIMITIVENESS, Root, original, simple, underived.
    • ...DERIVATIVENESS, conjugate, Notation, Etymology, transmission.
  • Distance of a thing, whether without or with any other between.
    2.
    • IMMEDIATENESS, Next.
    • ...MEDIATENESS.
  • Manner of being, whether intirely of it self, or by virtue of something else.
    3.
    • ABSOLUTENESS, Independent, Freehold.
    • ...DEPENDENCY, Vnder.
  • Degrees of Being or Causality, whether superior and before all others, or inferior, and after some others.
    4.
    • PRINCIPALNESS, Chief, Special, Ring-leader, soveraign, supreme, paramount, first, main, arch, prime, primary, capital, cardinal fundamental, Top, Head, Master.
    • ...ACCESSORINESS, Abet, adherent, second, Companion, Party, Copart∣ner, Complice, Appendage, Label, Appurtenance, adventitious, col∣lateral, conscious, privy, side with, back, partake, participate, by the way, by the by.
• Mutual; whether more
  • Positive; signifying one thing either to have or not to have Relation to some other.
    5.
    • PERTINENCY, belong, appertain, apposite, to the purpose, touching, concern, material, relate to, serve for, incumbent on.
    • ...IMPERTINENCY, not to the purpose, extravagant, sleeveless, wide from the matter, wild, idle, improper.
  • Comparative, denoting such relation to belong onely to one or few, or to many.
    6.
    • PROPERNESS, incommunicable, owner, peculiar, concern.
    • ...COMMONNESS, usual, vulgar, currant, general, prostitute.

* 1.11V. Transcendental Relations of QUALITY considered MORE STRICTLY, may be distributed into such as do concern either their

• Being; The same or divers.
  1.
  • LIKENESS, Similitude, similar, assimilate, resemble, representation Species, Idea, Image, Effigies, Portraiture.
  • ...VNLIKENESS, Dissimilitude, dissimilar, degenerous.
• Circumstances; whether
  • Special, relating to their
    • Place, either the being of things in their due positions, or out of their due places.
      2.
      • ORDER, Regular, Method, array, imbattle, marshal, rally, in frame, dispose, digest, range.
      • CONFVSION, Disorder, Rhapsody, Chaos, Gallimaufry, tumult, rout, coyl, disheveled, disranked, out of frame or order, promiscuous, Preposterous, Ruffle, Shuffle, scamble, clutter, blunder, jumble, hurry, hurly burly, pell mell.
    • Time, either the being of things as usually they are, or their being otherwise then commonly they use to be.
      3.
      • ORDINARINESS, common, usual, trivial, currant.
      • ...EXTRAORDINARINESS, strange, uncouth, unusual, unwonted, of note, notable, notorious, Odness, Paradox.
  • General, The being of things according to certain rules or not so.
    4.
    • REGULARNESS, right, rectifie, rule.
    • ...EXORBITANCY, Irregularness, Enormity, Disorder, extravagant, li∣centious, wild, faulty, wrong, loose, immoderate, unruly, unbridled, out of square, lash out, Heteroclyte, Anomalous.
• Being known; either to many or few.
  5.
  • PUBLICKNESS, Notorious, famous, common, extant, open, being out, or abroad, Declaration, Manifesto, Remonstrance, Edition, Promul∣gation, set forth or out, shew, spread, blazon, publish, proclaim, di∣vulge, denounce, produ••e, post up, come to light, high way.
  • ...PRIVATENESS, underhand, clancular, clandestine, retire, between themselves.
• Mixture with or addition of other things; when they are
  • Better for such mixture, or Worse for being without it.
    6.
    • ORNATENESS, adorn, set out, Deck, beautifie, embellish, trimm, trick, tire, garnish, flourish, dress, prank, Ornament, Grace, flo∣rid, neat, smug, spruce, elegant, quaint, fine, polite, gay, gaudy, gor∣geous, flaring, garish, flaunting, Gallant, Spark, Bracelet, Plume, Garland, Ouch, &c.
    • ...HOMELINESS, simple, rough, rude, untrimmed, plain, bald.
  • Better for being without such mixture, or worse for it.
    7.
    • PURITY, Cleanness, undefiled, defecate, fine, refine, try, furbush, scoure▪ purge, purifie, clarifie, depuration, neat, abstersive.
    • ...DEFILEMENT, Filthiness, Impurity, unclean, fowl, squalid, bedawb, besmear, bewray, contaminate, slabber, slubber, smear, soil, sully, pollute, daggle, slurry, smutch, smutt, stain, alloy, em∣base, dash.

VI. That thing which is made up of several lesser things united toge∣ther is called by the name of WHOLE, Total, Integral, Intire, Summ,* 1.12 All, Vtterly▪ Quite and clean, full, plenary.

Those lesser things, by the union of which another greater thing is made up, are stiled by the common name of PARTS. Particle, Parcel, partial, Divide, share, distribute, driblet, portion, piece, pittance.

The transcendental relations of whole and part are such as denote a respect to Quantity

• Continued; in regard of the
  • Quality; of Goodness or Badness of such parts.
    1.
    • BEST PART, Quintessence, Cream, Flower, the heart, Top.
    • ...WORST PART, Refuse, Scumm, Dreggs, Raff, draft, dross, rubbish, tare, bran, chaff, recrement, trash, garbage, offal.
  • Time; either that which is first taken, whereby the goodness of the whole is to be measured, or that which is superadded after the whole.
    2.
    • SAY, taste, touch, scantling.
    • ...VANTAGE, surplus, overplus, to boot, over and above, over-weight, corollary, supplement, vails.
  • Place; specially in liquids, either that part which in separation doth rise to the top, or that which falls to the bottom.
    3.
    • SCUM, Sandever, Mother.
    • ...SEDIMENT, setling, caput mort, grounds, lees, dregs, feculent, rack, defecate.
  • Figure; specially in solids; whether
    • Roundish; in greater parts, or in lesser parts.
      4.
      • LUMP, Bole, Morsel, Bit, Cantle, Luncheon, Gobbet, Mammock, Stub, stump, grumous, clotted, clod, turfe, sod.
      • ...POWDER, Mote, Dust, Corn, Grain, Crum, Grate, moulder.
    • Oblong; made ‖ either by Cutting, or by Breaking,
      5.
      • CHIP, Lamin, Scale, Flake, Flaw, Flitter, shive, shiver, splinter.
      • ...FRAGMENT, Piece, Scrap, Sheard, tatter, Flitter, rag, shread, snip, slive, slice, collop, cut.
• Discontinued; denoting the respect of
  • A Part put to another, or the whole as being made up of such parts.
    6.
    • ADDITUM, item, put to, insert, eke out.
    • SVMM, lay or couch together, cast up, count, draw to a head, come to, amount, result, total, in the whole.
  • A Part taken out from others, or the whole remaining after such taking out.
    7.
    • ABLATUM, abate, defalk, retrench, deduct, subduct, substract, take away.
    • ...RESIDVE, overplus, surplussage, arrear, remainer, remnant, left be∣hind, the other, the rest, relicks, orts, scraps, reversions, gleaning, offal, odd-ends, stubs, stumps, stubble.
  • A Part repeated a certain number of times, so as to equal the whole, or the whole considered as it is so made up.
    8.
    • MULTIPLIER, Side.
    • ...PRODVCT, rectangle.
  • A Part taken out such a certain number of times as leaves nothing of the whole, or that number of times which is the correspondent part.
    9.
    • DIVISOR.
    • ...QVOTIENT.

TRANSCENDENTAL RELATIONS OF ACTION, may be distributed into such as are more

• General.—
  • SIMPLE. I
  • COMPARATE. II
• Special; denoting either
  • ...Kinds of Action.
    • Solitary; wherein more then one person is not necessarily supposed. BUSINESS. III.
    • Social; wherein more then one person is necessarily supposed. COMMERCE. IV
  • EVENTS. V
  • ITION. VI

* 1.13I. Transcendental respects of ACTION SIMPLE or relating to single things, are such as do concern

• The General condition of a thing, denoting the making of it ‖ to be so, or to be otherwise.
  1.
  • PUTTING, Set, Lay, Make.
  • ...ALTERING, Change, Vary, Mutation, shift, Revolution, Vicissitude, Catastrophe, Metamorphosis.
• Ones right in a thing; whether
  • Making it ‖ to be his, or not to be his.
    2.
    • APPROPRIATING, own, set apart, engross, monopolize.
    • ...ALIENATING, transferr, estrange, pass away ones right.
  • Declaring it to be his, or not to be his.
    3.
    • CLAIMING, Owning, Challenging, Demand, arrogate, assume, profess, attribute ascribe, take upon him, declare for.
    • ...ABDICATING, disclaim, disown, renounce, relinquish, refuse, reject, repudiate, desert, forsake, disavow, disherit, execrate, forswear, de∣stitute, cast off, lay aside, put away.
• Ones Possession; with respect to the
  • Causing of a thing to be in ones Possession or not.
    4.
    • TAKING, Seising, Apprehending, resume, surprize, assume, intercept.
    • ...LEAVING, Relinquish, Residue, forsake, spare.
  • Being of a thing in ones possession, or the not being of such a thing in ones possession as he ought to have.
    5.
    • HAVING, in hand, hold, possess.
    • ...WANTING, indigent, lack, miss, necessity, need, penury.
  • Continuing a thing in ones Possession or not.
    6.
    • HOLDING, Detain, Retain, Keep.
    • ...LETTING GO, Dismiss surrender, give up, Shed, Cast, mew, resign.
• The Knowledge of things, with respect to the
  • Endeavour of knowing, or the good success of such endeavour.
    7.
    • SEEKING, search, feel for, grope, ransack, rummage, Quest.
    • ...FINDING, retrive, sift out, smell out, Foundling.
  • Causing a thing to be known, or hindring it from being known.
    8.
    • SHEWING, disclose, detect, betray, reveal, discover, declare, de∣monstrate, remonstrate, render.
    • ...CONCEALING, Hide, Shelter, Suppress, Sculk, lurk, Secret, Private, Latent, occult, underhand, close, clancular, clandestine in a corner, in hugger mugger, recess, retire, slink, mich, sneak, slip, or steal away, cloke, veil, hoodwink, mask, muffle.
  • Causing others to be perfectly known, or to be thought so.
    9.
    • MANIFESTING, Apparent, Evident, plain, flat, open, conspicuous, perspicuous, obvious, certain, clear, palpable, shew, declare, certifie set forth, come to light.
    • ...SEEMING, Semblance, Shew, Pretence, Pretext, Vmbrage, Colour, a shew, a blind, Formal, Appear, palliate, fain, bear in hand, make ••s if, make shew of, specious, disguise, Ey-service.

II. Transcendental Relations of Action COMPARATE, are such as do concern.* 1.14

• Divers things at the same time; whether such kind of Actions as from the nature of the Agents or Patients, may be called
  • Corporeal; denoting the
    • Causing of things to be together or asunder.
      1.
      • JOINING, annex, Connexion, couple, link, copulation, concatenation, conjun∣ction, Coalition, coherent, copulative, conglutinate, combine, compact, set or put together.
      • ...SEPARATING, Segregate, sunder, sever, dissever, divide, disjoin, disunite, dis∣sect, dissolve, part, take in pieces, disjunctive.
    • Continuing them together or asunder.
      2.
      • ADHEARING, Cleave, stick to, cling to, hang together, coherent, inseparable.
      • ABANDONING, Forsake, Desert, Relinquish, Leave, Forgo, Flinch, Quit, Dereli∣ction, forlorn, destitute, shake or cast off, start back, give over.
  • Mental; Putting of things together or asunder
    3.
    • APPLYING, lay or put to.
    • ...ABSTRACTING.
  • Both Corporeal and Mental; with respect to the
    • Taking in of several things, or the leaving out of some.
      4.
      • COMPREHENDING, Contain, Comprize, Imply, Involve, Inclose, Include, inclusive, hold, Complication.
      • ...EXEMPTING, Except, restrain, seclude, exclude, save, salvo, set aside.
    • Putting of things together, the better to judge of their likeness or unlikeness, or examining of them for the distinguishing of that which is right and true.
      5.
      • COMPARING, Conferr, Collation, resemble.
      • TRY, Prove, Search, Temptation, Experiment, test, touch, examin, gage poise, pose, probe.
• The same things at divers times, whether the same as to
  • Substance; signifying either the doing of the same thing several times, or the making of a thing to be different at one time from what it was before.
    6.
    • REPEATING, Iterate, reiterate, recite, render, rehearse, redouble, reduplicate, inculcate, ingeminate, recapitulate, renew, afresh, again, Tautology, the burden.
    • CHANGING, Mutation, Vary, Alter, Shift.
  • Quantity; The giving back of the very same thing, or of something else equal to it.
    7.
    • RESTORING, Give back, Restitution, refund, return, Restauration.
    • COMPENSATING, Recompense, award, make amends, remunerate, quit, re∣quite, retaliate, retribute, reparation, paying, fit, being even with, meet with, make good, cry quittance, like for like, one for another.
  • Quality; endeavouring to shew how another thing is, or to do the like.
    8.
    • REPRESENTING, declare, shew, exhibit, present.
    • IMITATING, Mimick, personate, take forth, follow.
  • Vse; as means to an end, The making of a thing more fit or less fit for its end.
    9.
    • REPAIRING, Mending, Bettering, Improving, correct, rectifie, renew, reedifie, Emendation, Instauration, Redress, set to right, make good, make up, patch up, piece up.
    • SPOILING, Marring, corrupting, deprave, impaire, raze, scrape or cross out, sleight works.

* 1.15III. Those kind of Actions about which men bestow their time and labour, are called by the general name of BUSINESS, Affair, Task, Chare, Transaction, Matter, Fa∣ctor, Agent, negotiate, occupie, stickle, meddle, intermeddle, dealing, imployment, active.

To which may be opposed the Negation or being free from such Actions stiled LEASVRE, Vacation vacant, idle or spare time, unoccupied, respite.

Transcendental relations of BUSINESS, may be distributed into such as are

• ...Previous to it.
  • Mental or Verbal.
    1.
    • DESIGNING, allot, appoint, plot, preordein, project.
    • UNDERTAKING, enterprize, take in hand set upon, task.
  • Real; either more general or more special, with respect to the providing of requi∣site materials.
    2.
    • PREPARING, Parade, previous, ready, make way, fitting, Tuning, Harbinger.
    • FURNISHING, Aequipage, fitting, ready.
• Parts of it; whether
  • Initial; with respect to the
    • First entrance upon a business; either Real or Seeming.
      3.
      • BEGIINNING, Inchoate, initiate, commence, Inceptor, Spring, Rise, Origi∣nal, first, set about, set forth, set a foot, go in hand with, enter upon.
      • OFFERING, Propose profer, tender, bid, propound, overture.
    • Application of the labor, either to the doing of any thing, or to know whether it can be done.
      4.
      • ENDEAVOURING, Devoir, bestir, adoo, coyl, stickle, strein, strive, struggle, effort, make a stir, do ones best, reach after, lay out for.
      • ESSAYING, Trying, say, attempt, prove, tempt-ation, Test, Experience, enter∣prize, venture, sound, tast, touch, run the risk or adventure.
  • Medial; with respect to the time bestow'd in the doing of it, whether shorter or longer time.
    5.
    • DISPATCHING, Hasten, quick, high, forward, hurry, precipitate, speed, C••le∣rity, Expedition, sodain, apace, out of hand, cut short.
    • ...PROTRACTING, Delay, desert, retard, slacken, respite, tarry, foreslow, linger, prolong, lengthen, prorogue, procrastinate, dally, lagg, stand about, whiling about▪ shift off, put off▪ post off, spin out time.
  • Final; with respect to the
    • End of the Action; ‖ either the effecting of what we undertake and profess, or our failing in it.
      6.
      • PERFORMING, Accomplishing, Atchieve, fu••fil, verifie, discharge, execute, keep, observe, exploit, make good bring to pass.
      • ...VIOLATING, infringe, break, trespass, transgress.
    • Action it self; whether Perfect or Imperfect.
      7.
      • FINISHING, Concluding, ending, accomplishing, fulfil, performing, cease, give over, Period, Term, ultimate, last, consummate, determine, dispatched, done, Catastrophe, clap up, shut up, wind up, close up, draw to an issue, go through with, run his course.
      • ...MISCARRYING, Failing.
• Hinderances of it; either not rightly using the means, or not using some of them.
  • ERRING, Swerve, slip, stray, astray, mistake, oversight, deviate, falter, fallible. heterodox, Fallacy, wrong, amiss, awry, being out, beside the mark.
  • OMITTING, Pretermit, Wave, decline, default, escape, lapse, leave, miss, forbear, balk, supersede, overlook, overpass, preterition, overslip, overskip, let pass, pass by or over, lay aside, hold ones hand.
• Helps of it; denoting either avoiding mistakes at the beginning, or rectifying mi∣stakes afterwards.
  9.
  • PREVENTING, Anticipate, Previous, aforehand, forestal, Foregame.
  • REMEDYING, Redress, Shift, Aftergame, Help.

IV. Transcendental relations of Action concerning such things as are alienated from one Person to another,* 1.16 are usually called by the General Name of COMMERCE, Entercourse, Traffick, Prattick, have to do with.

These may be distributed into such as are

• Free; and not upon consideration
  • Passive; Not hindring one to take or to do.
    1.
    • YIELDING, Suffering, permitting, give way, give place.
    • SUBMITTING to.
  • ...Active;
    • Imperfect; denoting a willingness to part with, or a desire to have a thing.
      2.
      • OFFERING, Proffer, tender, exhibit, present, recommend, Oblation.
      • DEMANDING, Require, Challenge.
    • Perfect; with respect to the
      • Possession of a thing; the Parting with it, or Taking of it.
        2.
        • DELIVERING, Surrender, transferr, resign.
        • RECEIVING, Take, entertain, capable, reception, receptacle.
      • Right of a thing; the Parting with it, or Taking of it.
        4.
        • GIVING, Bestow, confer, render, grant, contribute, endow, con∣sign, Gift, Boon, Largess, Collation, Donation, Donative, Gratis.
        • ACCEPTING, Receiving, administer, dispense, distribute, To∣ken, Fairing, take in good part.
• Conditional; and upon consideration, whether such as concern the
  • Causing of Relations by Actions that are
    • Real; The Parting with something of ones own for the use and in the stead of another, or the restoring what another hath so parted with.
      5.
      • DISBURSING, Bestow, defray, extend, lay out, Bursar, Principal.
      • REFUNDING, Repay, return, reimburse.
    • Verbal; the Comparing and measuring of particulars, or reducing them to an equality.
      6.
      • RECKONING, Compute-ation, count, account, cast account, Cal∣culate, Audit, Score, Tally.
      • BALLANCING, Evening of Accounts, Quitting scores, Adjust.
  • Relations themselves ensuing upon such Actions, whether as having somewhat of ones own in anothers possession, or something of anothers in ones own possession.
    7.
    • BEING CREDITOR, Lending, Loan.
    • BEING DEBTOR, Owing, Debt, upon score, in ones books, behind hand, Arrear.
  • Ceasing or dissolution of such relations by some Act of the
    • Debitor; either by restoring what is due, or by being rendred unable for it.
      8.
      • PAYING, Defray, discharge, satisfie, reimburse, Annuity, Poun∣dage, Shot, responsible.
      • FAILING, Break, Bankrout.
    • Creditor; Acknowledging restitution, or Giving away his right to it.
      9.
      • ACQUITTING, Discharge, Quittance, Receipt, clear accounts.
      • FORGIVING, Remitting, pardoning, put up,

* 1.17V. The General name for that which follows upon Actions, especially as it relates to the end for which Actions are done, is EVENT, Vpshot, issue, result, emergence, accrue, occurr, come to pass, fall out, befall, betide, en∣sue, prove, redound, happen, light, succede, Luck, Fortune, End, Sequel, Suc∣cess, incident, coincident, intervene, supervene, take effect, how fares, goes, speeds it, come of it, come to good or to naught.

Transcendental relations of Action belonging to Event, may be distri∣buted into such as do concern the

• Existing or not existing of the End designed.
  1.
  • OBTEINING, Acquire, get, procure, attain, reach, gain, compass, re∣cover, take, win, catch, come by, pick up.
  • ...FRVSTRATING, Fail, disappoint miss, defeat, deceive, elude, cross, come short of, shift off, put by, of no effect, to no purpose, vain, void, nullity.
• Good or Evil accrewing to us by it, with respect to the
  • Increasing or Diminishing of our Possessions.
    2.
    • GAINING, Lucre, Advantage, Profit, Emolument, Stock, the proceed, acquire, get, win, recover, extort.
    • ...LOOSING, Dammage, decrement, detriment, disadvantage, disprofit, wrack, spoil hurt, hinderance, out of ones way.
  • Diminishing or Increasing of our Want.
    3.
    • SAVING, Sparing, take up.
    • ...SPENDING, Lay out, bestow, expend, dispend, expence, charges, cost, sumptuary, run out.
  • Continuing, or not Continuing of a thing in our Possession.
    • Imperfect; denoting the Endeavour and care we use about it, whe∣ther any or none.
      4.
      • LAYING UP, Treasuring, Preserving, Stow, Hoord, Store, Re∣pository.
      • ...SQANDRING, Lavish, profuse, careless, mispend, embezel, wast, unthrifty, ill husbandry, spendthrift, flying out.
    • Perfect; Consisting in the Good or Ill success of such Endeavour.
      5.
      • KEEPING, Preserve, retain, Custody, holding, promptuary, Cellar.
      • ...LOOSING, Perdition, loss, wrack, shed, spil.
• Applying of a thing; whether more
  • Simply; denoting the applying of a thing to its proper end, or the not applying of it so.
    6.
    • USING, Imploy, improve, exercise, occupy, manage, treat, handle, entertain, useful, serviceable, stand in good stead.
    • ...ABSTEINING, Forbear, refrain, spare, withdraw, wean, hold ones hand.
  • Relatively; as to that satisfaction or dissatisfaction of mind which we have in the use of a thing.
    7.
    • INJOYING, Fruition.
    • ...BEING SICK OF, Nauseate, loath, tedious, surfet, weary of.
• Result of such application, in the diminishing or increasing of our
  • ...Pain.
    8.
    • REFRESHING, Recreate, relieve, recruit, relaxation, refection, Bait.
    • ...WEARYING, Lassitude, tyring, tedious, faint, fatigue.
  • ...Hinderances.
    9.
    • QUIETING, Tranquillity, rest, compose, sedate, serene, still, calm, set or be at rest.
    • ...TROVBLING, Molest, disturb, annoy, disquiet, incumber, infest, in∣terrupt, pester, cumber, turbulent, stirs, coil, broil, turmoil, garboil, perturbation.

VI. The General name denoting Transcendental Motion or rest,* 1.18 is ITION, Going, Passing, Remove, betake, repair, transmission, Penetrate, Flitt.

STAYING, Abide, remain, tarry, continue, reside, rest, stop, stick, damm, detain, hold at a bay, Mansion, Stage, Remora.

The Relations belonging to this motion, may be distinguished into such as are

• Solitary, supposing but one Person or Thing, with respect to its
  • Moving towards or from the Speaker.
    1.
    • COMING, Arrive, Access, Resort, repair to, frequent, recourse, concourse, confluence, return.
    • GOING, Depart, recede, return, regress, ingress, egress, be packing, be jogging, retire, retrograde, withdraw, dislodge, avant, void, slip away, slink or sneak away, fling away, fall off, get gone, set forth, rub along.
  • Continuing of Motion; whether
    • Simply; Towards the same term, or changing of the Term.
      2.
      • PROCEEDING, Persist, prosecute, persevere, progress, pass, ad∣vance, hold or go on, set forward or on.
      • TURNING, Winding, Veare, Double, tack, about, face about, wheel about.
    • With Design; either to some certain place, or to no certain place.
      3.
      • TRAVAILING, Expedition, Voyage, Iourney, Progress, Peregrinati∣on, Itinerant, Passenger, Wayfaring, March, set out, Palmer, Pilgrim, Pass, Pasport.
      • WANDRING, Stray, astray, range, rove, straggle, err-ant, Vagrant, Vagabond, random, ramble, rome, prole, gad, Gypsie, Rogue, Land∣loper, Labyrinth, Ambages.
• Social; supposing several persons or things.
  • Causing another
    • To go or to come,
      4.
      • SENDING, Mission, missive, Token, convey, dismiss, Remit, dispatch, Messenger, Embassador, Legat, Envoy, Lieger, Emissa∣ry, Currier, Arrant.
      • FETCHING, Bring, reduce, forth-coming.
    • To come after, or to go before.
      5.
      • LEADING, Guide, Conduct, bring, convey, draw, Manudu∣ction.
      • DRIVING, Chase, drift, expel, repel, repulse, goad, beat back, Ferret out.
  • Coming after another thing in motion, or coming up equal to it.
    6.
    • FOLLOWING, Ensue, come after, pursue, dogging, trace.
    • OVERTAKING, Reach, Top, Catch, fetch up.
  • Coming of things together from several terms, or the Preterition of something in our way.
    7.
    • MEETING, Obviate, obvious, encounter, occurr, Randevouze.
    • AVOIDING, Decline, Fly, shun, eschew, Wave, beware, escape, evade, shift off, out of the way.

Of DISCOURSE, Or the several notions belonging to Grammar or Logick.

THE most general name for those external expressions, whereby men do make known their thoughts to one another,* 1.19 is DI∣SCOURSE, Commune, Communication, Parly, Talk, Colloquie, Tract, Treatise, handle, Stile.

To which may be annexed that particular way of discourse, most in use, namely by articulate voice and words, called LANGUAGE, Tongue, Speech, Linguist, dialect.

The several things and notions belonging to discourse, may be distribu∣ted into such as do concern either the

• Parts of it; or those primary ingredients of which it consists, whether
  • More Simple; stiled ELEMENTS. I
  • Less Simple; WORDS. II
• Kinds of it; or those secondary parts belonging to it, whether such as are
  • Proper, to
    • GRAMMAR. III.
    • LOGIC. IV.
  • COMMON TO BOTH. V
• MODES of it. VI

I. The first and more simple ingredients required to the framing of Discourse or Language, are stiled ELEMENTS. Abedarian.* 1.20

These may be distinguished into such as do concern either the

• Sounds made by the Organs of speech, according to the
  • General name; denoting either ‖ that which is spoken, or the picture of it in writing.
    1.
    • LETTER, literal.
    • CHARACTER, Figure, Note, Letter, Cyphre, Orthography.
  • Particular kinds; relating to such as are
    • More primary and simple; whether ‖ such apert sounds as are fra∣med by a free emission of the breath through the organs of speech, or such closed sounds in the pronouncing of which the breath is intercepted by some collision or closure amongst the in∣struments of speech.
      2.
      • VOWEL.
      • CONSONANT.
    • Less primary and mixed; either that which (for the most part) doth consist of several letters, pronounced in one continued motion, or of more Vowels coalescing in one sound.
      3.
      • SYLLABLE.
      • DIPHTHONG.
• Time or pause to be observed in the pronouncing of several words or sentences, according to the
  • General name; denoting that mark which serves, either ‖ for sepa∣rating such words as belong to several clauses or sentences, or for uniting those words which are to be pronounced as one.
    4.
    • INTERPUNCTION, Period, Point.
    • HYPHEN, Maccaph.
  • Particular kinds;
    • Lesser; according to the degrees of Less or More
      5.
      • COMMA.
      • SEMICOLON.
    • Greater; according to the degrees of Less or More.
      6.
      • COLON.
      • PERIOD, full point, stop, pause, rest.
• Manner of Pronouncing; with reference to
  • Distinction of such words or clauses as are
    • Less material; denoting that such a passage, either ‖ is not necessary to make the sense perfect, or is added by way of Explication of some∣thing preceding.
      7.
      • PARENTHESIS.
      • PARATHESIS, Exposition.
    • More material; either that which serves to distinguish such words, wherein the force of the sense doth more peculiarly consist, or that which denotes the words to be intended to a contrary sense, to what they naturally signifie.
      8.
      • EMPHASIS.
      • IRONY—call.
  • Prolongation of Vowels, or Elevation of voice in the pronouncing of any syllable.
    9.
    • ACCENT.
    • ACCENT, elevate.

* 1.21II. Those particular sounds or Characters, which are agreed upon to signifie any one thing or notion, are called by the general name of WORD, Verbal, verbatim, term, endite.

That which is intended by any such sound or Character, is called MEAN∣ING, Sense, Signification, Purport, Acception, Import, tenor, denote, moral

Words may be distinguished according to the

• General name; given to the chief kinds of them, whether ‖ the more Principal such as signifie some intire thing or notion, or the Less Princi∣pal, such as consignifie and serve to circumstantiate other words with which they are joyned.
  1.
  • INTEGRAL.
  • PARTICLE.
• Particular kinds; whether of
  • Integrals; considered according to their
    • Natures; being either more
      • Absolute; denoting either ‖ the naked Essence of a thing, or the Ens and thing it self.
        2.
        • ABSTRACT, separate.
        • CONCRETE, complex.
      • Relative; to the
        • Names of things; whether such as signifie more simply and of them∣selves, or such whose signification doth import their being ad∣joyned to something else.
          3.
          • SUBSTANTIVE.
          • ADJECTIVE.
        • Actions or Passions of things; (which is here taken notice of in compliance with instituted Grammar, tho it be not properly one simple part of speech, but rather a mixture of two, namely the Predicate and Copula.) To which may be annexed that which is commonly adjoyned unto this, to signifie the Quality or affe∣ction of the Action or Passion.
          4.
          • VERBE.
          • ADVERBE DERIVED.
    • Place and Order in a proposition, whether that which according to natural construction doth precede the Copula, or that which doth follow it.
      5.
      • SUBJECT.
      • PREDICATE, Attribute, asscribe, impute.
  • Particles; whether the
    • Most necessary and essential to every proposition.
      6.
      • COPULA.
    • ...Less necessary;
      • Substitutive; in the room either of some Integral word, or of some sentence or complex part of it.
        7.
        • PRONOUN.
        • INTERJECTION.
      • Connexive or declarative; whether such as are more
        • Proper to Substantives; being usually prefixed before them, ei∣ther ‖ that whose office it is to join integral with integral on the same side of the Copula, or that which serves for the more full and distinct expression of Substantives.
          8.
          • PREPOSITION.
          • ARTICLE.
        • Common to other words; either that kind of particle which is usually adjoined to Verbs, to signifie some kind of Mode or Cir∣cumstance belonging to them, or that which serves chiefly for the joyning of clauses or sentences.
          9.
          • ADVERBE UNDERIVED.
          • CONJUNCTION.

III. COMPLEX GRAMMATICAL NOTIONS of Speech,* 1.22 may be distinguished into such as concern the

• Portions into which a discourse may be divided, whether more
  • ...Imperfect;
    • Absolute; either that which denotes onely some part of the sense, or that which signifies some complete sense.
      1.
      • CLAUSE, Passage.
      • SENTENCE, Period, Text, Aphorism, Apophthegm, Axiom, Im∣press, Motto, Posie, Phrase, Stile.
    • Relative; to the number and order of such parts, either the less, consisting of one or more sentences, or the Greater being an Aggre∣gate of these.
      2.
      • VERSE, Staffe, Stanza.
      • SECTION, Paragraff, Article, Scene.
  • Perfect; conteining either a Principal part, or an Intire discourse.
    3.
    • CHAPTER, Act.
    • BOOK, Tract, Treatise.
• Kinds of such discourse; with respect to the
  • Matter or Words, according to the
    • General name; denoting either a more loose and free way of putting the words together, or that which is bound up to measure.
      4.
      • PROSE.
      • VERSE, Lyrick, Pindarick, Ode.
    • Particular kinds of Verse; either that which depends only upon some stated measure of words, or that which doth likewise sup∣pose a similitude in the sound of the ending Syllables.
      5.
      • MEETRE-ical.
      • RIME.
  • Form or signification of words, whether
    • Natural and according to the first intention of them, or Artificial and borrowed, containing a reference to something else of near affinity and similitude.
      6.
      • PROPER.
      • TRALATITIOUS, Metaphor, Trope, Parable, Simile,
    • Homely, or Ornate.
      7.
      • SIMPLE.
      • FIGURATE. Allegory, Improper, Riddle, Aenigmatical.
    • Full, or Defective; having something left out.
      8.
      • EXPRESS, Plain, open, flat, explicite, Hint, Inkling, mention, set form.
      • UNDERSTOOD, Implied, implicite, tacit, intimated.
    • Easie, or Difficult to be understood.
      9.
      • PLAIN, Evident, Perspicuous, clear, express, obvious, easie, facil, explain, explicate, unfold, illustrate, open, make out.
      • OBSCURE, Dark, abstruse, riddle, aenigmatical, deep, profound, hard, difficult, mysterious, intrigue.

* 1.23IV. COMPLEX LOGICAL NOTIONS of discourse, may be di∣stributed into such as are

• Positive; concerning
  • Words; with respect to their
    • Ambiguity; Shewing the different senses which they are capable of, or using them in a fallacious sense.
      1.
      • DISTINCTION, discriminate.
      • AEQUIVOCATION, Ambiguous, Amphibole.
    • Vniversality; Restraining a word unto some more proper and peculiar sense, or enlarging of it as there may be occasion, to its full scope and comprehensiveness.
      2.
      • LIMITATION, Restriction, stint, bound, terminate, determine.
      • AMPLIATION, Inlarge, dilate, expatiate.
  • Things; declaring either their
    • Natures; more or less perfectly.
      3.
      • DEFINITION.
      • DESCRIPTION, Character, delineate, pourtray, plot, platform, model.
    • Kinds; more or less perfectly.
      4.
      • DIVISION, Parting, Dichotomy.
      • PARTITION, Distribution, parting.
    • Affections; namely such common principles of knowledge whereby men are to be directed in their judging. To which may be op∣posed the excluding of such particulars as do not properly belong to those generals.
      5.
      • RULE, Maxim, Axiom, Principle, Theorem, Canon, Rubric, A∣phorism, regulate.
      • EXCEPTION, Exempt, reservation, restrain, exclude, seclude, salvo, save, set aside.
• Comparate or disputative,
  • General; when from somethings already known and granted, we en∣deavour to prove some other thing, or the taking of that other thing as being so proved
    6.
    • ARGUMENTATION, Reason, argue, dispute, debate, discuss, dissertation, ratiocination, demonstration, sophistry, captious, cavil, polemic, mooting, Problem, chop Logic.
    • ILLATION, Inference, consequence, consectary, deduction, sequel, Conclusion, Corollary, result, follow, imply.
  • Special; as respecting the
    • Forms most Artificial, whether that which is most full, or that which is defective.
      7.
      • SYLLOGISM.
      • ENTHYMEM.
    • ...Matter;
      • Intrinsic from the nature of the things themselves, signifying the proving of a General, whether ‖ from many or all the particu∣lars, or from some one or few particulars.
        8.
        • INDUCTION, Particularize.
        • EXAMPLE, Instance, exemplifie, specifie, leading case.
      • Extrinsic; from the Authority of some other person, or a resem∣blance to some other thing.
        9.
        • CITATION, Quotation, testimonies, alledge.
        • ALLUSION, Glance.

V. MIXED NOTIONS OF DISCOURSE belonging both to Grammar and Logic may be distributed into such as are

• Less complex; denoting such a compleat sentence,* 1.24 wherein something is either affirmed or denied, To which may be adjoyned such kind of sentences, as by common use and long experience have obtained to be of authority amongst men.
  1.
  • PROPOSITION, Thesis, Assertion, Point, Doctrine, Observation, Position, Problem.
  • ADAGE, Proverb, Old-say or saw, By-word.
• More complex; whether
  • ...Kinds of discourse;
    • ...Positive;
      • More general; denoting something to be spoken in presence, or written to be sent to others.
        2.
        • ORATION, Speech, Harangue, Declamation, Oratory, Panegyric.
        • EPISTLE, Letter.
      • More special; relating to matters of Fact, ‖ either the more usual name, or that which denotes what is commonly said by many.
        3.
        • NARRATION, Relate, Story, History, Tale, tell, Tidings, Report, recite, recount, rehearse, impart, inform, Tradition, Annunciati∣on, Commemoration, Diary, Diurnal, Gazet, Chronicle, Legend, bring word, give notice, or intelligence.
        • RUMOR, Brute, Hear-say, Report, common Fame, Noise, Vogue.
    • Explicative; according to the
      • ...General name;
        4.
        • INTERPRETATION, Exposition, construction, explain, expli∣cate, unfold, Trouchman.
      • Particular kinds; whereby the words are
        • Altered; by putting them into another language, or into other words of the same language.
          5.
          • TRANSLATION, Construe, version, interpret, turn, render.
          • PARAPHRASE, Descant, Metaphrase, Circumlocution.
        • Enlarged; by adding several other words for further explication, or Contracted; into fewer words.
          6.
          • COMMENTARY, Gloss, Note, Annotation, Stricture, Scholiast, Expositor.
          • EPITOME, Compendium, Brief, abbreviate, breviate, a∣bridge, Breviary, succinct, concise, Abstract, Synopsis, Sy∣stem, couch, contract, Summary, extract, recapitulate.
  • Appendages of discourse, whether the
    • Extreme; either the Beginning or the End.
      7.
      • PROLOGUE, Exordium, Preamble, Proem, Introduction, Pre∣face, Prelude.
      • EPILOGUE, Conclusion.
    • Intermediate; either that which is more necessary, whereby one part is to be connected to another, or such additional part as is less necessary to the main scope of the discourse.
      8.
      • TRANSITION, Pass-age.
      • DIGRESSION, On the by, by the way, Diversion, Excursion, Ex∣travagant, glance.

* 1.25VI. MODES OF DISCOURSE▪ may be distributed into such as con∣cern the business of proving or perswading, either

• Antecedently; denoting such forms of speech as imply
  • Doubting, or a desire of being informed by others, to which may be op∣posed the general name for those returns which others make to such forms of speech.
    1.
    • QUESTION, Ask, Interrogate, demand, examin, expostulate, Inquisition.
    • ANSWER, Responsal, Reply, Rejoinder, Return.
  • Knowing or acknowledging, whether
    • Positive; saying a thing to be so, or not to be so.
      2.
      • AFFIRMATION, Assert, averr, avouch, prof••ss, Asseveration, Position.
      • NEGATION, Deny, renounce, refuse, Recusant, disavow, gainsay, repulse, say nay.
    • Conditional; allowing a thing to be so for the prese••t, that we may thereby the better judge of the consequences from it, or owning the truth asserted by another.
      3.
      • SUPPOSITION, Admit, premise, presuppose, Condition, Proviso, Hypothesis, put case.
      • CONCESSION, Grant, yield, allow, acknowledge, admit, agree.
• Concomitantly; as the Acts or parts of it.
  • More general;
    • Saying something against what another affirms, or saying what is most contrary to it.
      4.
      • OPPOSITION, Gainsay, thwart.
      • CONTRADICTION.
    • Arguing against another, to which is opposed, The shewing an insuffi∣ciency in such arguments.
      5.
      • OBJECTION, Impugn, Cavil.
      • ...SOLVTION, Solve, Answer, Resolve, Subterfuge, Evasion, Casuist.
  • More special; relating to
    • Our own arguments or opinions, by shewing the truth of them, or se∣conding such proof, by further evidence.
      6.
      • PROBATION, Prove, demonstrate, evince, Evidence, verifie, Reason, Presumption.
      • CONFIRMATION, Stablish, establish, ratifie.
    • Our adversaries arguments, by shewing the weakness of them, or turn∣ing the force of them against himself.
      7.
      • CONFUTATION, Refell, refute, disprove, reason against.
      • RETORTION, Invert, recriminate.
• Subsequently,; whether
  • Reall; by rendring an adversary unable to defend his own opinion, or making him to submit to ours.
    8
    • POSING, Puzzle, nonplus, baffle, confound, gravel, run down.
    • CONVICTION, Satisfie, evince.
  • Verbal; acknowledging the truth of our opinion, or renouncing the error of his own.
    9.
    • CONFESSION, Acknowledge, own, yield, grant, profess, cry mercy.
    • RECANTATION, Renounce, retract, recal, revoke, unsay, bite in.

CHAP. II. I. Concerning GOD. II. Of the several things and notions reducible under that collective Genus of WORLD.

THose more special kinds of beings to be treated of Antecedane∣ously to the Predicaments,* 1.26 because they are not (as Predicaments are) capable of any subordinate species, are GOD and WORLD.

That which the Heathen Philosophers stile the first Mover, the first and supreme cause of all things, and suppose to be a Being of all possible perfections, is GOD, Lord, Iehovah, Deity, Divine-ity, Deifie.

And because of that absolute Simplicity and Purity of the Divine na∣ture, whereby 'tis distinguished from all other things, and therefore inca∣pable of being divided by Parts, or by Differences and Species as the rest are; hereupon, under this Head there is onely provision to be made for that great Mystery of Christianity, the Sacred Persons of the Blessed Trinity

• FATHER.
• SON, Christ, Iesus.
• HOLY GHOST, Holy Spirit.

To the name of God that of IDOL may be opposed, by which is meant any False God; according to the Acception of the word in that Scripture, All the Gods of the Heathen are Idols.

To the Second Person the name ANTICHRIST may be adjoyned by way of Opposition; the true Notion and Importance of the word so requiring.

By WORLD, Vniverse, is meant the Compages or Frame of the whole Creation,* 1.27 with more especial reference to those Principal and more Gene∣ral parts of which it consists; whether

• SPIRITUAL and immaterial. I.
• Corporeal, considered according to the
  • Parts into which it is divided, whether
  • CELESTIAL. II.
  • Terrestrial: either
    • Inanimate.—
      • LAND. III.
      • WATER. IV.
    • ANIMATE. V.
  • CIRCLES by which it is divided. VI.

I. By SPIRIT is meant Immaterial Substance:* 1.28 to which may be ad∣joyned, as its proper Opposite, the word BODY, Corporeal, Matter-ial, Car∣cass, Corps, corpulent.

A Created Spirit is either such as

• Doth not relate to a Body; and that considered according to its
  • General Name, as being a ministring Spirit.
    1.
    • ANGEL-ical, Daemon.
  • Special kinds, as Good or Evil.
    2.
    • GOOD ANGEL, Cherub, Seraphim, Good Genius.
    • ...DEVIL, Satan, Fiend, Diabolical, Daemon, Fury, Goblin, bad Genius.
• Doth relate to a Body; and that considered according to its
  • General Name, as being designed for the enlivening and quickning of a Body.
    3.
    • SOUL, Animate, Spirit, Mind.
  • Special kinds, as rendring its Body capable of
    • ...Nutrition and Growth;
      4.
      • VEGETATIVE, grow.
    • ...Sense;
      5.
      • SENSITIVE.
    • Discourse and Religion, together with a sense of moral good and evil.
      6.
      • RATIONAL, reasonable.

* 1.29II. Amongst Corporeal Substances, that which is esteemed most Simple and most Perfect, whose general name is therefore frequently used to signifie a place or a state of the greatest Perfection and Happiness, together with that which in both these respects is opposite, are commonly styled

• HEAVEN, Celestial, Firmament, Skie.
• ...HELL, Infernal, Stygian.

Those parts of Heaven which fall under our Senses may be considered ac∣cording to their.

• General Name; denoting such parts as are more Solid and Luminous.
  1.
  • STARR, Stellate.
• Particular kinds; either
  • Fixed, that is to say, which do alwayes keep the same distance from one another. And these, for the better distinction and remembrance of them, are usually distributed into divers parcels or little Aggregates, called Constellations: the received names of which are, according to their imaginary Resemblances, either the proper names of Per∣sons, as Perseus, Andromeda, Orion, &c. or the names of brute Ani∣mals, as Bear, Lion, Ram, &c. or the names of Inanimate things, as Balance, Arrow, &c. which may each of them be sufficiently expres∣sed, as the things themselves are to which they are resembled, with∣out being particularly provided for in the Table. And because that great Luminary which rules the Day, with us in this System is, by the most received Hypothesis, thought to belong to this number; there∣fore may it be adjoyned, as the most considerable Particular be∣longing to this General.
    2.
    • FIXED STARR, Constellation.
    • SUN, Solar.
  • Wandring, viz. which do not alwaies keep the same distance from one a∣nother; to which may be adjoyned that other kind of Luminous Body, which is now by sufficient observation and experiment discovered to be above the Atmosphere; according to the
    • General names.
      3.
      • PLANET, Wandring starr.
      • COMET, Blazing starr.
    • Particular kinds of Planets, being either
      • ...Primary;
        • Seen by us at a distance, either more
          • ...Frequently,
            • Higher pair
              4.
              • SATURN-ine.
              • JUPITER, Iovial.
            • Lower pair,
              5.
              • MARS.
              • VENUS, Morning star, Evening star, Day starr.
          • Rarely, as being near the Sun,
            6.
            • MERCURY-ial.
        • ...Inhabited by us,
          7.
          • The GLOBE OF SEA AND LAND, Earth, World, Oecu∣menical, Terrestrial, Terrene, Vniverse, Geography.
      • Secondary; whether moving ‖ about the Earth, or about any other Planet,
        8.
        • MOON, Lunar.
        • SATELLES.

III. By EARTH, Land, World,* 1.30 is meant the habitable parts of this Globe; to which may be adjoyned the more general name of the Greater parts of the Earth, denoted by the word COUNTRY, Region, Land, Tract, Quarter, Coast.

The most considerable Notions belonging to Discourse, which refer to this, may be distinguished with respect to its

• Figure, ‖ whether equal or unequal, Convex or Concave.
  1.
  • PLAIN, Champion, Level, Flat, Even.
    • ...MOVNTAIN, Hill, Ascent, Rising, Vpland, Downs, Knoll.
    • ...VALLEY, Vale, Dale, Bottom.
• Boundaries, or adjacent Waters; which are either
  • On all sides, whether
    • Great, ‖ more great, or less great.
      2.
      • CONTINENT, Firm-land, Main-land.
      • ...ISLAND, Isle, Insular.
    • Less, ‖ whether roundish and high, or oblong.
      3.
      • ROCK, Cragg.
      • CLIFF.
  • On three sides, which, according to a higher or lower situation, as it is conspicuous ‖ more or less, is called
    4.
    • PROMONTORY, Cape, Fore-land, Head-land, Point,
    • PENE-ISLE.
  • On two sides, conspicuous, ‖ more or less.
    5.
    • ISTHMUS, Streight, Neck of land.
    • BANK, Shelf, Flat, Ridge, Shallow, Shole,
  • On one side, either according to the more general name, or that parti∣cular kind which is sometimes covered with Sea.
    6.
    • SHORE, Strand, Sea-coast, Bank-side.
    • WASHES, Sands.
• Motion or Rest.
  7.
  • QUICKSANDS, Drift, Syrtis.
  • OAZ.

* 1.31IV To the word WATER, as it denotes the watry part of this Terre∣strial Globe, may be adjoyned the word SEA, Marine, Maritim; which de∣notes the more general name of the greater parts of Water, as Country or Region does of Land.

The more considerable Notions under this Head may be distinguished as the other, with respect to its

• Figure, ‖ whether equal or unequal, Convex or Concave.
  1.
  • AEQUOR, Calm Sea, Smooth Sea.
    • ...WAVE, Billow, Surge, Vndulation, Rough.
    • ...WHIRL-POOL, Vorago, Gulf, Swallow.
• Boundaries, or adjacent Land; which is either
  • On all sides, whether
    • Great, ‖ more great, or less great.
      2.
      • OCEAN, Main-sea.
      • LAKE, Meer, Pond, Plash.
    • Less, ‖ whether obround and deep, or oblong.
      3.
      • WELL, Head.
      • SPRING, Fountain, Source, Rivulet.
  • On three sides, ‖ greater, or less.
    4.
    • BAY, Gulf, Creek, Arm of the Sea, Harbour, Port, Key.
    • PENE-LAKE, Haven, Harbour, Port, Key.
  • On two sides, ‖ greater, or less
    5.
    • FRETUM, Streight, Narrow sea, Sound.
    • CHANNEL.
  • On one side, either according to the more general name, or that parti∣cular kind which is sometimes higher, and sometimes lower upon the Land.
    6.
    • SHORE, Margo aquea.
    • TIDE, Ebb, Flow, High-water, Low-water, Neap-tide, Spring-tide.
• Motion or Rest; whether constantly moving, or generally at rest
  7.
  • STREAM, River, Brook, Current, flow, pour, gush, Bourn, Rill, Rivulet, Eddy, Gullet, Flood, Deluge, Inundation, Torrent, Ca∣taract, Water-course, Running-water.
  • STAGNUM, Pool, Puddle, Pond, stagnate, standing-water, Dead-water.

* 1.32V. The ANIMATE PARTS of the World do comprehend such Bodies as are endowed with Life or Spirit; whether

• Vegetative, more
  • Imperfect; such Bodies as grow in Veins of the Earth, which though they are not commonly owned and reckoned under this Rank, yet several Learned men have heretofore reduced them hither, as being a more imperfect kind of Vegetable; because when Mines have seem∣ed to be totally exhausted of them, yet there hath remained behind some kind of Seminal or Spermatic parts, whereby they have in pro∣cess of time been renewed again, and continued to propagate their kinds.
    1.
    • MINERAL.
  • Perfect; whether according to the
    • ...General name;
      2.
      • PLANT, Vegetable.
    • Special kinds; denoting either, that tribe of Plants that are most small, tender and numerous; Or those kinds, amongst these, which are com∣monly fed upon by beasts, &c.
      3.
      • HERB, Wort, Weed, Botanic.
      • GRASS, Grase, Greensword.
• ...Sensitive,
  4.
  • ANIMAL, Brute-ish.
• ...Rational,
  5.
  • MAN, Woman, Human-ity, Folk.

VI. Besides those General parts into which the World may be divided,* 1.33 there is likewise consideration to be had of those Imaginary CIRCLES by which men have agreed to divide both the Celestial and Terrestrial Globe, for the better explaining of the Distances and Motions of the Starrs, and the several Climates of the Earth; to which may be adjoyned for Affinity the Notion of ORBE, Sphere.

These Circles are either

• Greater, dividing the Sphere into two equal parts;
  • Indeterminately; namely that which separates the upper and visible part of the Globe, from that which by reason of its being below us, we cannot see, terminating our vision.
    1.
    • HORIZON-tall.
  • Determinately; as to
    • Northern and Southern parts; whether
      • Directly; wherein the Sun makes every-where equal day and night:
        2.
        • AEQUATOR, Aequinoctial, the Line.
      • Obliquely, namely, that Line wherein the Sun is supposed constant∣ly to move in its Annual course: to which may be adjoyned that Circular superficies, on each side of this, which terminates the motion of the Planets;
        3.
        • ECLIPTIC.
        • ZODIAC.
    • Eastern and Western parts; wherein the Sun makes mid-day or mid-night: to which those other Circles correspond which pass through the Poles of the Horizon, as the former do through the Poles of the World;
      4.
      • MERIDIAN, Colure.
      • AZIMUTH.
• Lesser, dividing the Sphere into two unequal parts; whether
  • Polar described by the supposed motion of the Poles of the Ecliptic; ‖ ei∣ther Northern or Southern.
    5.
    • ARTIC.
    • ...ANTARTIC.
  • Tropic, terminating the motion of the Sun in its greatest Declination; ‖ Northern, or Southern.
    6.
    • TROPIC of ♋ Summer Solstice.
    • ...TROPIC of ♑ Winter Solstice.
  • Parallels, relating ‖ either to the Aequator, or to the Horizon.
    7.
    • PARALLEL.
    • ALMACANTAR.

CHAP. III. I. Of Elements and Meteors. II. Of Stones. III. Of Metals.

* 1.34WHereas men do now begin to doubt, whether those that are called the Four ELEMENTS be really the Primordia rerum, First Principles, of which all mixed Bodies are compounded; therefore may they here be taken notice of and enumerated, without particular restriction to that Notion of them, as being onely the great Masses of na∣tural Bodies, which are of a more simple Fabric then the rest: For which reason the word METEOR may be annexed to Element, for its affinity in this respect, signifying the several kinds of Bodies which are of a more imperfect mixture. These are, according to the common Theory, distin∣guishable into

• More simple; whether
  • Real, such as do actually exist.
    • ...Lighter;
      • FIRE. I.
      • AIR. II.
    • ...Heavier;
      • WATER. III.
      • EARTH. IV.
  • APPARENT. V.
• More mixed; denoting various modes of Air.
  • WEATHER. VI.

I. The hottest and lightest kind of those that are counted Elements,* 1.35 is called FIRE: Burn, Scald, Singe, Kindle, Tind, Light.

The several Notions referring to the Parts or Kinds of it, are distin∣guishable by their Magnitude, Place, Duration, Shape, &c.

• The General parts or kinds of Fire, are ‖ either greater, which seem to be enkindled Air; or less, being a small separated portion of Fire.
  1.
  • FLAME, Blaze, Coruscation, Flash, Leam, Light fire.
  • SPARK, Strike fire.
• The Special sorts of Fiery Bodies, to which custom hath given particu∣lar names, are such as are either
  • More considerable; in respect of their
    • Lastingness, continuing for some time in the same place; and then ‖ va∣nishing, or falling.
      2.
      • COMET, Standing, Blazing starr.
      • FALLING STARR.
    • Suddenness; being ‖ either the Shining and flash of inflamed Exha∣lations, or the Sound made by such Inflammations,
      3.
      • LIGHTNING, Flash, Coruscation.
      • THUNDER, Fulminate.
  • ...Less considerable;
    • More high in the Air;
      • Of Coherent parts, in the shape of ‖ a standing perpendicular Co∣lumn, or of a Dart in motion.
        4.
        • BEAM, Trabs.
        • DART, Iaculum.
      • Of Disjoyned parts, of a shape ‖ bigger, or lesser.
        5.
        • CAPRA SALTANS.
        • SCINTILLAE VOLANTES.
    • More low in the Air, loose, wandring; ‖ as that which appears often to Mariners at Sea: and if single, it is called St. Hermo, Helena, and is thought to portend Storms; if double, 'tis styled Castor and Pollux, signifying good weather: Or that which adheres to, and encompasses several Animals, without hurting them, being probably an Inflammation of their Effluvia.
      6.
      • IGNIS FATUUS, Will with a Wisp, Iack with a Lanthorn.
      • IGNIS LAMBENS.
    • ...Within the Earth;
      7.
      • DAMP.

* 1.36II. The General name for that kind of Body, which, for its Levity and Warmth, is counted the next Element to that of Fire, is AER-eal, Wind, Breath.

It is distinguishable by its

• Purity; being ‖ either more remote from the Earth and its Exhalations; or adjoyning to the Terrestrial Globe, and impregnated by the Steams and Efflluvia that proceed from it.
  1.
  • AETHER, or aethereal Air, Firmament, Skie, Welkin.
  • ...ATMOSPHERE.
• Kinds of mixture, according to the more
  • General name, or that particular kind which signifies a mixture of Watry parts.
    2
    • EXHALATION, Steam, Reek, Effluvium, volatile.
    • VAPOR, Evaporate, Breathe.
  • Particular kinds in respect of its mixture with ‖ Earthy, or Fiery parts.
    3.
    • FUME.
    • SMOKE, Suffumigation, bloting, fume.
• ...Motion,
  • Above ground; ‖ Direct, or Circular.
    4.
    • WIND, Blow, Gale, Breath, Blast, Puff, Gust, Flaw, Monsoon, Trade∣wind, Bellows, Eolipile, Fan, Ventiduct.
    • WHIRLWIND, He••ricano, Tornado.
  • Vnder ground; ‖ Violent, or Gentle.
    5.
    • EARTHQUAKE.
    • DAMP.

III. The third of those greater Masses of Body, considerable for its Gra∣vity and Moisture,* 1.37 is styled WATER: Aqueous, Dip, padle, Drein.

The names belonging to this are such as concern either

• The smaller Particles of it; ‖ whether Solid, or Hollow.
  1.
  • DROP, Drip, drible, drizle, trickle, sprinkle, run, shed, instil.
  • BUBBLE, Froth, Spume, Fome, Mantle, Ebullition.
• The Mixture of it with Air, ‖ Vpper, or Lower.
  2.
  • CLOUD, Overcast, gloomy.
  • MIST, Fogg, nebulous.
• The Condensation of it, ‖ from a Cloud, or from a Mist.
  3.
  • RAIN, Drizie.
  • DEW.
• The Congelation of it, according to its more
  • General acception, or according to that special kind of it relating to the smaller particles of a Cloud, styled
    4
    • FROST, Freeze, Ice, congele, Isicle.
    • SNOW.
  • Particular restriction to the Drops ‖ of Rain, or of Dew.
    5▪
    • HAIL.
    • RIME, Hoar••frost.
• The Kinds of Dew:
  • More Concrete; of a sweet tast: to which may be adjoyned that pe∣culiar kind of physical Dew mixed with the Exudations of the Plant Ladanum.
    6.
    • MANNA.
    • LADANUM.
  • More Liquid; gathered from Plants by Bees: to which may be ad∣joyned for its affinity, that other natural Body gathered likewise by Bees, and of a clammy consistence.
    7.
    • HONY.
    • WAX.

IV. That which is commonly described to be the Coldest, Thickest,* 1.38 Heaviest, of any of those Bodies counted Elements, is called EARTH, Land, Mold.

This is distinguishable by its

• Smaller Particles;
  • Alone and without mixture.
    1.
    • DUST.
  • ...Mixed with Water.
    2.
    • DURT, Mud, Mire, daggle, puddle:
  • Separated by Fire, ‖ descending, or ascending.
    3.
    • ASHES, Embers, Cinders.
    • SOOT, Fuliginous.
• Bigger Masses of it, serviceable for building, and of a
  • Cold, clammy consistence, to which that common mixture which is made of this may be adjoyned for its affinity.
    4.
    • CLAY.
    • MORTAR, Lome.
  • Hot and dry consistence, usually made of burnt Stone; to which, for the same reason, may be adjoyned that other common mixture made of this.
    5.
    • LIME.
    • PLASTER, Parget, Tarras, daube.

The placing of that Pair, Flame, Spark under the first Difference;* 1.39 and that other Pair, Drop, Bubble, under the third Difference; with those other Species under the fourth Difference, must be granted to be besides the common Theory; But there is this account to be given of it, That there seems to be the like kind of resemblance and affinity in these to their Genus'es, as there is in some of the other Species, which are com∣monly received.

V. APPEARING METEORS are such as onely seem to be, and have not any real existence.* 1.40

These are either of a

• ...Determined Shape;
  • ...Part of a round.
    1.
    • RAINBOW, Iris.
  • ...Round wholly;
    • Encompassing any of the Planets or bigger Starrs.
      2.
      • HALO.
    • Representing ‖ the Sun, or the Moon.
      3.
      • PARELIUS.
      • PARASELENE.
  • ...Straight.
    4.
    • VIRGAE, Streaks, Rays of Light.
• Vndetermined Shape, being a seeming Hollowness or Opening in the Heavens
  5.
  • CHASM, Gaping.

* 1.41VI. By WEATHER is meant the state and condition of the Air; the several kinds of which, not sufficiently expressible by any words in the precedent Table, are considered either as to

• The Air's ‖ Transparency, or Opacity.
  1.
  • CLEARNESS, Open, serene.
  • ...HAZINESS.
• The various Meteors wherewith it may be affected; whether
  • ...Rain,
    • Simply and by it self; either
      • Drops, ‖ little, or great.
        2.
        • MIZLING, Drizzle.
        • SHOWR.
      • ...Stream.
        3.
        • SPOUT.
    • Mixed, ‖ with violent Winds, or with Snow.
      4.
      • STORM.
      • SLEET.
  • Winde, considered according to its
    • Quality; whether excessively cold, or mixed with noxious va∣pours.
      5.
      • BLASTING.
    • Quantity; being either
      • Little, or not sufficient to ruffle the waters.
        6.
        • GENTLE GALE, Breez.
        • CALM, Still, Halcyon.
      • Much; whether equal, or unequal.
        7.
        • STIFF GALE, High wind.
        • TEMPEST, Storm, Flaw, blustering, boisterous.

OF STONES.

SUch kind of Minerals as are hard and friable are called STONES,* 1.42 Petrifie, Quarry: to which EARTHY CONCRETIONS may be annexed by way of affinity, being more soft and brittle, and of a middle nature betwixt Stones and Metals.

• Stones may be distinguished into such as are
  • VULGAR, and of no price. I.
  • MIDDLE-prized. II.
  • PRECIOUS; either
    • LESS TRANSPARENT. III.
    • MORE TRANSPARENT. IV.
• Earthy Concretions are either
  • DISSOLVIBLE. V.
  • NOT DISSOLVIBLE. VI.

I. VULGAR STONES, or such as are of little or no price, are distin∣guishable from their different Magnitudes, Uses, Consistences,* 1.43 into the

• Greater Magnitudes of Stone; used either about
  • Buildings; whether of
    • Walls; chiefly, being of a
      • Softer consistence; ‖ whether natural, or factitious.
        1.
        • FREE-STONE.
        • BRICK.
      • Harder consistence; not easily yielding to the Tool of the Work∣man, growing ‖ either in
        • Greater masses;
          2.
          • RAGG.
        • Lesser masses; whether such as are for their figure
          • More knobbed and unequal; used for the striking of fire, ‖ ei∣ther the more common which is less heavy, or the less common which is more heavy, as having something in it of a metalline mixture.
            3.
            • FLINT.
            • MARCHASITE, Fire-stone.
          • More round and even;
            4.
            • PIBBLE, Thunderbolt.
    • Roof or Pavement; being of a laminated figure, ‖ either natural, or factitious.
      5.
      • SLATE.
      • TILE.
  • Metals, either for the
    • Sharpning or trying of them.
      6.
      • WHET-STONE.
      • TOUCH-STONE.
    • Polishing or cutting of them; ‖ being either of a more spungy and soft, or of a more hard consistence.
      7.
      • PUMICE.
      • EMRY.
• Lesser Magnitudes; ‖ either more, or less minute.
  8.
  • SAND, Grit.
  • GRAVEL.

* 1.44II. MIDDLE-PRIZED STONES are either of a

• Shining Politure, or capable of it; whether of a
  • Simple white colour, and more soft consistence.
    1.
    • ALABASTER.
  • Sometime white, sometime black or green, and sometime variegated with veins; growing in ‖ greater, or lesser Masses.
    2.
    • MARBLE, Porphyrie.
    • AGAT.
  • Spotted; ‖ with Red upon a Greenish colour, or with spots of Gold-colour upon Blew.
    3.
    • JASPIS, Heliotrope.
    • LAZUL, Azure-stone.
• Transparency: either
  • Brittle; ‖ whether natural, or factitious.
    4.
    • CRYSTAL-ine.
    • GLASS, Vitrifie.
  • Fissil, into Flakes, ‖ either greater, or lesser.
    5.
    • SELENITE, Muscovia glass, Isingglass, Sparr.
    • TALC.
• Relation to Metals; ‖ attracting of Iron, or making of Brass.
  6.
  • LOAD-STONE, Magnet-ical, Compass.
  • CADMIA, Calaminaris.
• ...Incombustible nature.
  7.
  • AMIANTUS, Asbestus.
• Strange Original; not being properly Minerals, though usually rec∣koned amongst them; but either a sub-marine Plant; or supposed to proceed from a liquid Bitumen.
  8.
  • CORAL-ine.
  • AMBER.

There are several other kinds of Stony Consistences mentioned in the Authors who write de Lapidibus. Some that are found in the Bodies of Animals, their Stomachs, Guts, Bladders, Kidneys, &c. several of which are denominated from the Animals in which they are found; as Alectorius, Chelidonius, Bezoar, &c. Others have peculiar names from their shapes; as Astroides, Glossopetra, &c. Others made of Animals or parts of Animals petrified, which may be sufficiently expressed, without being particularly provided for in the Tables.

III. PRECIOUS STONES, Gemms, Iewels, are such as,* 1.45 for their rarity and beauty, are every where more esteemed: amongst which some are LESS TRANSPARENT, which are distinguishable chiefly by their Colours: either

• Representing variety of Colours with dimness, ‖ less, or more.
  1.
  • OPAL.
  • CATS-EYES.
• ...Of particular Colours.
  • Whitish and shining; though this be not properly a Mineral, but a part of a testaceous Fish.
    2.
    • PEARL.
  • ...Red.
    3.
    • SARDIUS, Cornelian, Bloud-stone.
  • Pale Fleshy colour, like that of a man's nail.
    4.
    • ONYX.
  • ...Blewish.
    5.
    • TURCOIS.
  • ...Pale Purple.
    6.
    • CHALCEDONY.

As for that which is commonly styled a Toadstone; this is properly a tooth of the Fish called Lupus marinus, as hath been made evident to the Royal Society by that Learned and inquisitive person D^r Merit.

IV. MORE TRANSPARENT Gemms;* 1.46 may be distinguished into such as are either

• Colourless: ‖ either most hard and bright; or that which is very like to this in other respects, but onely less hard and bright.
  1.
  • DIAMOND, Adamant.
  • SAPHIRE WHITE.
• Coloured; to be ranged according to the order of the colours in the Rainbow.
  • Red; of a lustre ‖ greater, or less.
    2.
    • RUBY, Carbuncle.
    • RANATE.
  • Yellow▪ whether paler, or deeper.
    3.
    • CHRYSOLITE.
    • TOPAZ.
  • Green; ‖ either most bright and pleasant, or of a darker kind of Sea-green.
    4.
    • EMERALD, Smaragd.
    • BERYL.
  • ...Blewish.
    5.
    • SAPHIRE.
  • Purple or Violaceous; more inclining ‖ to Blew, or to Yellow.
    6.
    • AMETHYST.
    • HYACINTH.

* 1.47V. Such EARTHY CONCRETIONS as commonly grow in Mines, together with such other factitious Substances as have some analo∣gy to these, and are DISSOLVIBLE by Fire or Water, may be distin∣guished by their being

• ...Not inflammable:
  • More simple; being several kinds of Salt, ‖ whether of the
    • Sea-water, the most necessary Condiment for Meat; or of the Air, used as a chief ingredient in the making of Gunpowder.
      1.
      • SALT, Brine.
      • NITRE, Salt-peter.
    • Earth; ‖ of a styptic quality and abstersive, proper for the drying of Wounds, commonly boiled up into a consistence from a mine∣ral water; or that other kind of Earthy Salt dug up in great lumps.
      2.
      • ALUME.
      • SAL GEMMAE.
    • Metals of all kinds, sometimes called Sugars and Crystals; but a∣greeing in the common nature with that which is styled
      3.
      • VITRIOL, Chalchanthus, Copperas.
    • Vegetables; made ‖ either by fermentation, or by burning.
      4.
      • TARTAR.
      • ALCALI.
    • Animal Substances, made by Distillation, called
      5.
      • URINOUS SALT.
  • More mixed of other Salts; ‖ more volatile, or fixed.
    6.
    • SAL AMMONIAC.
    • CHRYSOCOLLA, Borax.
• Inflammable; of a more
  • Dry consistence, and Yellowish colour.
    7.
    • SULPHUR, Brimstone.
  • Clammy and tenacious consistence
    • Not sweet-sented; ‖ more solid, or more liquid.
      8.
      • BITUMEN-inous.
      • NAPHTHA.
    • Sweet-sented.
      9.
      • AMBERGRIS,

* 1.48VI. EARTHY CONCRETIONS NOT DISSOLVIBLE may be distinguished by their various Colours; being either

• White and soft according to degrees, ‖ more, or less.
  1.
  • CHALK.
  • MARLE.
• Yellowish red, whether more yellow, or more red
  2.
  • OKER, Yellow oker.
  • RED OKER, Ruddie.
• Black; of a finer or courser grain.
  3.
  • JETT.
  • PIT-COAL, Sea-coal.
• Gold-colour, of a poisonous nature, ‖ either as it is dug out of the Earth, or as it is sublimed.
  4.
  • ORPIMENT, Auripigmentum.
  • ARSENIC, Rats-bane.
• Reddish; often found in the same Mines with Orpiment.
  5.
  • SANDARACH.

OF METALS.

METAL is a Mineral, for the most part, of a hard consistence, close, ductil, and fusil:* 1.49 It is distinguishable into

• ...Perfect▪
  • NATURAL. I.
  • FACTITIOUS. II.
• Imperfect, with reference to
  • METALLINE KINDS. III.
  • RECREMENTITIOUS PARTS. IV.

I. By NATURAL METALS are meant such as of themselves grow in the Earth, without any kind of mixture, or other help by the Art of men.* 1.50 These are either

• More rare and precious; of a
  • Yellowish colour, most heavy, not growing in any particular Mines, where 'tis imbased with any drossy mixture: but found pure, either in small sands, or rocky branches.
    1.
    • GOLD, Gilt, Or.
  • Whitish, and next in value to Gold, not subject to rust, and of a plea∣sant sound.
    2.
    • SILVER, Argent.
• Of a middle value; of a
  • Whitish colour, and more soft consistence.
    3.
    • TINN, Stannery.
  • Reddish colour, the first material of Mony.
    4.
    • COPPER.
• Most base and common:
  • Of a softer consistence, and a darkish colour, not sonorous.
    5.
    • LEAD, Plummer.
  • Of a harder consistence, being the common matter for Weapons and Tools.
    6.
    • IRON.

II. By FACTITIOUS METALS are meant such as are made by the Art of men.* 1.51 These may be distinguished into such as are made of

• Copper and Lapis calaminaris.
  1.
  • BRASS, Brasier.
• Tinn, Lead, and Tin-glass.
  2.
  • PEWTER-er.
• Iron depurated by frequent heating, and beating, and boiling with Salts.
  3.
  • STEEL.

III. IMPERFECT kinds of METAL, are either

• ...Fluid.
  1.
  • MERCURY, Quick-silver.
• Solid and consistent; used for
  • Purging, and chiefly for Vomiting.
    2.
    • ANTIMONY-al.
  • Making of Pewter, being of shining brittle substance.
    3.
    • BISMUTE, Tin glass.
  • Making of Soder, being like Tinn, but more hard and brittle.
    4.
    • SPELTER, Zink, Spalt.
  • Painting; ‖ considered according to its natural state, being the Oar of Quick-silver, and of a Dark red: or else as it is prepared by grinding, which renders it of a Bright red.
    5.
    • CINNABAR, Rudle.
    • VERMILION.
  • Writing; not known to the Ancients, and therefore without any Latin or Greek name.
    6.
    • BLACK-LEAD.

IV. RECREMENTITIOUS PARTS OF METAL, are such as are cast off; either in the

• Preparation of them, by
  • Melting; being of parts
    • More large and united; a kind of scum arising from the separation of impurer mixtures in the fusion of Metals, chiefly in the pur∣ging of Silver from Lead.
      1.
      • LITHARGE.
    • More minute and separate; being a concretion of the lesser parts of Copper, which fly out when that Metal is in fusion; ‖ either the heavier parts, which by their gravity descend to the floor: or the more light and volatile parts, which adhere to the roof or walls.
      2.
      • SPODIUM.
      • POMPHOLYX.
  • Beating or hammering.
    3.
    • SCORIA, Scales.
• Corruption of them; according to the
  • General name.
    4.
    • RUST, Canker.
  • Particular kinds; proceeding either of Copper and Brass, or of Lead.
    5.
    • VERDIGREECE, Aerugo.
    • CERUSE, White lead.

CHAP. IV. I. Of Plants, The difficulty of enumerating and describing these. II. The more general distribution of them. III. Of Herbs considered accor∣ding to their Leaves. IV. Of Herbs considered according to their Flowers. V. Of Herbs considered according to their Seed-vessels. VI. Of Shrubs. VII. Of Trees.

THe more perfect kind of Vegetables are called by the name of Plants,* 1.52 the several kinds of which are so exceeding numerous, as must needs render it a very difficult task for any man who is most versed in the study of them, either to enumerate them so fully or to order them so acu∣rately, as will not be liable to many exceptions; especially considering the streining and force that must sometimes be used, to make things com∣ply with the institution of these tables into which they are to be re∣duced.

Gaspar Bauhinus doth in his Pinax reckon up about six thousand seve∣ral plants, the particular names of which do amount to almost twice the number of words here intended for the whole body of language. And there is reason enough to believe, that there are many more besides those he mentions, since we find by daily experience, in sowing the seeds of Flowers and of Trees, and the different wayes of culture used about them, that new kinds of Flowers and of Fruits are continually produ∣ced, such as were not before described by any Author, and such as do afterwards propagate their kinds; insomuch that it may well be doubted whether there be any determinate number of these subordinate Species.

I design in these following tables to take notice only of the chief fa∣milies of Plants, to which the others are to be reduced. In the descripti∣ons of which, there will be no small difficulty, by reason of their great number, and the want of proper words to express the more minute dif∣ferences betwixt them, in respect of shape, colour, tast, smell, &c. to which instituted languages have not assigned particular names. I men∣tion this by way of Apology for the several defects, which I am sensible of in the following tables.

In the description of those Plants which are heads of numerous fami∣lies, I take notice only of that Communis ratio, which belongs to all the subordinate varieties of them, unless it be when there is no such common agreement belonging to them all: or where several things are reduced under the same head, some for their agreement in one Accident, and o∣thers for their agreement in some other Accident; in which cases the de∣scriptions here mentioned, are to be understood of the chief and most common Plants of that name.

As for the various particulars contained under each family, as suppose Tulips, Roses, Apples, Pears, Plums, &c. These need not be particularly provided for, both because the just number of them is not yet stated, every year producing new ones: And because they may as well be expressed Periphrastically here as in all other Languages; either by their

• Seasons; whether Early or Late, Vernal, Autumnal, Hyemal.
• Lastingness; being either Annual or Perennial.
• Bigness or Littleness, Talness or Lowness.
• Manner of growth; whether Erect, Trailing, Creeping, Climbing, Twisting.
• Place of growth; either Terrestrial, Hilly, Sandy, Stony, Clay▪ &c. Aquatic, belonging either to Sea or Rivers, Marish, Moorish, Fenny grounds.
• Several parts; whether in respect of the
  • Root; being either Fibrous, of bigger or lesser strings, more or less numerous, spreading sidewise or tending more directly down∣wards: Or Bulbous, of one single bulb or several, whether Ob∣round, Compressed, Oblong, Coated or Scaly: Or Tuberous, having its thicker parts contiguous, or hanging more at a distance by small strings.
  • Stemm or stalk; whether Solid or Hollow, Smooth or Rugged, Round or Angular, Knotted or Jointed more or less frequently, being free from leaves, or having leaves.
  • Leaves; whether as to their
    • Superficies; being Smooth, Unctuous, Shining, Rough, Prickly, Hairy, Woolly, &c.
    • Shape and figure; Round Angular, Broad Narrow, Long Short, of smooth or of indented, jagged, waved, curled edges, being either sharp or round pointed.
    • Substance or Bulk; Thick Succulent, or Thin Dry, being inter∣spersed with nerves either direct or transverse.
    • Colour; whether the same on both sides or different, clear or spotted, of a brighter or darker green.
    • Number; One, Two, Three, &c.
    • Manner of growth; whether singly, or in pairs opposite to each other: or having more then two encompassing the stalk, Win∣ged, Fingered, &c.
  • Flowers; as to their
    • Shapes; consisting of one single undivided leaf, either divided at the edge or not: or having several leaves, three, four, five or more.
    • Colour; whether simple, as Red, Yellow, Purple, &c. or Mixed, Striped, Speckled, Edged.
    • Number; Bearing either One or Many, and these either single or double.
    • Manner of growth; whether of single flowers, being Erect, Hang∣ing, Reversed, &c. or of several flowers, Verticillate, Spicate, Umbelliferous.
  • Seed-vessels; whether Oblong, Closed or Open, Round, Hollow▪ So∣lid, Smooth, Rugged, Prickly, Scaly, conteining few or many seeds.
  • Seeds themselves; Round, square, flat, oblong, downy, &c. smooth, Echinate, black, white, shining, &c.
  • Fruits; Apples, Berries, &c.
  • Iuice; Waterish, Gummy, Milky, Yellow.

To all which may be added their different smells and tasts, and the several uses they are commonly applyed unto; by some of which Acci∣dents all other Plants may be sufficiently described.

I had formerly distributed the kinds of Herbs, according to those se∣veral ends and purposes for which they are commonly used, into these three heads; 1. Such as are for pleasure, being usually cherished in Gardens, for their flowers, or beauty, or sweet sent. 2. Such as are Alimentary, being used by men for food, either in respect of their Roots, their Leaves or Stalks, their Fruit or their Seed. 3. Such as are Medici∣nal, being either Hot and biting, or Cold and Stupefying, Purgative, Al∣terative, Vulnerary. But upon further consideration I am satisfied, that though these heads may seem more facil and vulgar; yet are they not so truly Philosophical, but depend too much upon the Opinions and customs of several times and Countries.

As for the usual distinction betwixt Shrubbs and Trees▪ it doth not seem (at least so farr as these things have been hitherto described) to have any such distinct limits in nature, as were to be desired, and as is to be found betwixt other things, there being several under each head, which seem to be of a doubtful condition. Some that are reckoned for Shrubbs, which have a fair pretence to be placed amongst Trees: and others ac∣counted Trees, which without any injury might be reduced to the Genus of Shrubbs. I do in the following tables comply with that opinion, which seems most common and probable.

The reason why the two last differences of Trees, is not from their fruit (as the others are) but from their Woods and Rines, or from their Rosins and Gumms, is because these are the only things that we yet know of them, their natures in other respects being not yet (for ought I know) described by any Authors.

As for any new species of Plants that shall hereafter be discovered, 'tis probable they may by analogie be reduced either to some of the fami∣lies here mentioned, or at least to some of the Tribes.

I have added to the several species of Plants and Animals, their Latin names in the Margin, because many of them are as well, if not better, known by such compellations; and because they are most frequently treated of by the Authors who write in that Language.

Plants may be distinguished into such as are more* 1.53

• Minute and tender, called Herbs, to be considered according to their
  • ...Leaves.
  • ...Flowers.
  • ...Seed-vessels.
• Large and hard being wooddy plants, whether the
  • Lesser, which commonly grow up from the root in several stemms called Shrubbs.
  • Larger, which of themselves do grow up in one single stemm, called Trees.

* 1.54HERBS CONSIDERED ACCORDING TO THEIR LEAVES, may be distinguished into such as are

• Imperfect; which either do want, or seem to want some of the more es∣sential parts of Plants, viz. either Root, Stalk or Seed. I.
• Perfect; having all the essential parts belonging to a Plant, to be distin∣guished by the
  • Fashion of the leaf; whether
    • Long; as all Gramineous herbs, having a long narrow leaf without any foot-stalk.
      • Not flowring; (i.) not having any foliaceous flower.
        • FRUMENTACEOUS; Such whose seed is used by men for food, either Bread, Pudding, Broth, or Drink. II.
        • NOT FRUMENTACEOUS; III.
      • Flowring; Being of
        • BULBOUS ROOTS; Having no fibers from the side, but only from the Bottom or the Top; whose leaves are more thick, undivided, smooth-edged, and generally deciduous. IV.
        • AFFINITY TO BULBOUS ROOTS; V.
    • ROUND; VI.
  • Texture of the Leaf; being either
    • NERVOUS; having several prominent Fibers. VII.
    • SUCCULENT; having thick juicie leaves, covered with a close membrane, through which the moisture cannot easily transpire, which makes them continue in dry places. VIII.
  • SUPERFICIES of the Leaf, or MANNER of Growing. IX.

* 1.55I. IMPERFECT HERBS may be distinguished into

• Terrestrial; whether
  • Most imperfect; which seem to be of a spontaneous generation.
    • ...Having no leaf,
      • With a Stemm and Head; the Greater or the Less. The later of which hath by Mr. Hook been first discovered to consist of small stemms with little balls at the top, which flitter out when ripe.
        1.
        • * 1.56MUSHROOM, Toadstool, Fungus, Touchwood, Spunke.
        • MOULD, Horiness, Vinnewd.
      • Without a Stem, of a roundish figure ‖ growing either in the ground, being esculent, & counted a great delicate: or on the ground▪ being (when dry) full of an unsavory hurtful dust.
        2.
        • * 1.57TRUBS, Trufle.
        • FUZBALL, Puchfist.
    • Having a leaf; being generally deeper then other plants and curled, growing in such barren places where no other plants will thrive, ‖ either that which grows, both on the ground, and on walls and trees, of which there are great varieties: or that which grows only in moist grounds and shady places.
      3.
      • MOSS.
      • * 1.58LIVER WORT.
  • Less Imperfect; being counted Insoecund, whose seed and flower (if there be any) is scarce discernable, commonly called Capillary Plants, whether such as
    • ...Have several leaves;
      • ...Divided;
        • Doubly; or subdivided,
          • Greater; of a brighter or a darker green, the latter being less and more finely cut.
            4.
            • FEARN, Brake.
            • * 1.59OAK-FEARN.
          • Lesser; either that which grows commonly on walls and dry pla∣ces,

• ...
  • ...
    • ...
      • ...
        • ...
          • somewhat resembling Rue both in the colour and figure of the leaf: or that which grows in moist shady places, having small slender black stalks.
            5.
            • WHITE MAIDENHAIR, Wall-rue,* 1.60 Tentwort
            • BLACK MAIDENHAIR.
        • Singly; or not subdivided,
          • Greater; of a broader leaf, and purgative root: or of a narrower and longer leaf.
            6.
            • POLYPODI.
            • ROUGH SPLEENWORT.* 1.61
          • Lesser; either that which hath a black stalk and winged leaves like those of a Vetch: or that which hath a thicker shorter leaf, not divided to the middle ribb.
            7.
            • ENGLISH BLACK MAIDENHAIR.* 1.62
            • SPLEENWORT, Miltwast.
      • Vndivided; either that whose leaves are somewhat broader towards the bottom, where they encompass the stalk like a half moon: Or that whose leaf is more equal.
        8.
        • MULE FEARN.
        • HARTSTONGUE.* 1.63
    • Have but one leaf; either that whose leaf is like the others of this tribe, with a tuft of very small flowers: or that which hath an undivi∣ded succulent leaf, with a small spike standing off from it.
      9.
      • MOON WORT.* 1.64
      • ADDERS TONGUE.
• Aquatic; belonging to
  • Fresh water; either that which consists of small round leaves, floting on the top or immersed in the water, having little strings shooting down from them: Or that which consists of long small sl••my fila∣ments, resembling green raw silk.
    10▪
    • DUCKWEED.* 1.65
    • HAIRY RIVER WEED.
  • Salt water; being either of a
    • Softer consistence; having some resemblance to
      • Mushrooms; either the Greater, being more round and thick, with pores every way: or the Less, having long slender stalks with round leaves growing at the top of them.
        11.
        • SPUNGE.* 1.66
        • SEA NAVELWORT.
      • Moss, or ground Liverwort, having green curled leaves spreading on the ground.
        12.
        • SEA-LETTICE.* 1.67
      • Mushrooms and Moss; either that which is flat and roundish, hard and tough, with several lines parallel to the circumference: or that whose leaves grow out of one another without any stemm.
        13.
        • SEA-EAR.* 1.68
        • ROUND LEAVED OYSTER WEED.
      • Capillary Plants; having a soft membranaceous tough leaf, growing commonly upon Stones and Rocks in the Sea.
        14.
        • WRACK.* 1.69
    • Harder consistence; being tough, with many filres or ribbs elegantly distributed somewhat like the Mashes of a Net, growing to a great bredth.* 1.70
      15.
      • SEA FANN.

* 1.71II. GRAMINEOUS FRUMENTACEOUS HERBS, may be di∣stinguished into such, whose seeds are

• Greater; being covered either with a
  • Thin membrane; without any husk adhering, of a figure.
    • Oblong; either that of a more turgid grain and brighter colour, every seed in the ear being covered with three loose husks: Or that which bears a more black, lank, oblong seed, having always a beard adhering to the husk of each grain in the growth.
      1.
      • * 1.72WHEAT.
      • RY.
    • Roundish and somewhat compressed; being the biggest of this tribe, the ears growing out of the sides of the stalk, the top of it ha∣ving a chaffy panicle without any seed.
      2.
      • * 1.73MAIZE, Indian-wheat.
  • Husk; growing in a
    • Spike; either that whose grains in the growth of them are bearded, their husks adhering close to them, being the lowest: Or that whose grains are more turgid and round, growing at a greater di∣stance in a kind of compounded ear, which seems to consist of se∣veral lesser spikes.
      3.
      • BARLY, Malt.
      • * 1.74RICE.
    • Panicle; or dispersed tuft, at a distance from each other, upon long weak-stemms, not above two together, hanging down.
      4.
      • * 1.75OAT.
• Lesser; growing either in a
  • Spike; or ear, having short beards, the grain being of a yellowish colour.
    5.
    • * 1.76PANIC.
  • Panicle or tuft; having a roundish shining seed, ‖ either that which is a more tall large Plant, whose panicle stands upright: or that which is a less Plant, whose panicle hangs down.
    6.
    • * 1.77INDIAN MILLET.
    • MILLET.

III. GRAMINEOUS PLANTS NOT used by men FOR FOOD,* 1.78 may be distributed into such as are

• More properly called Grasses; (i.) such as have a hollow jointed, and not branched stalk, and a ••tamineous flo••er, whether such as are
  • Spicate; considerable for the
    • Largeness of the seed; being nearest to those of the frumentaceous kind; either ‖ that of a short spike, squamous and shining seed: or that res••mbling Panic.
      1.
      • CANARY-GRASS.* 1.79
      • PANIC-GRASS.
    • Figure of the spike; whether
      • Full, compact and round; either that whose spike is more soft and downy, resembling a fox-tail: or that which is like this but more rough.
        2.
        • FOX-TAIL.* 1.80
        • CATS-TAIL.
      • Not full, but lank; resembling either
        • ...Wheat;
          3.
          • WHEAT-GRASS.* 1.81
        • Ry; either ‖ the greater used for the making of frails: or the lesser.
          4.
          • MATWEED.* 1.82
          • WILD BARLY.
      • Not compact, but loose, in which the parts are not close set together; ‖ e••ther that whose spike is more flat and long, the seeds growing only on two ••ides alternately, having an inebriating quality: or that whose spike hath some resemblance to wheat, the plant being apt to spread it self by the root.
        5
        • DARNELL, Tares.* 1.83
        • DOGS-GRASS, Quitch, Couch.
      • Not round; but having the husks inclining one way, being divided into many parts, each whereof resembles the comb of a Cock.
        6.
        • CR••STED-GRASS.* 1.84
  • Paniculate; considerable for the
    • Largeness of the Leaves; having jointed stalks; either ‖ that whose stalks is commonly bigger and taller then other Grasses: or that which bears a large perforate shining seed of an ash colour.
      7.
      • REED.* 1.85
      • JOB'S-TEARS.
    • Figure of the Panicle; comprehending such kind of plants as are
      • Less common; whether such as have
        • Some resemblance to the panicle of Oats, or to the claws of a bird.
          8.
          • OAT-GRASS.* 1.86
          • FINGER-GRASS.
        • Many squamous shining hollow heads hanging upon slender stalks: or having hairy leaves, with long woolly strings on the sides of them, the seed being conteined in a close seed-vessel.
          9.
          • PEARL-GRASS, Quaking-grass.
          • HAIRY-GRASS.* 1.87
      • Most common; both in Pastures and Meadows, yielding the best food for Cattel, both when growing, and when made into hay.
        10.
        • MEADOW-GRASS.
• Less properly called Grasses; considerable either for the
  • Sent of the plant being sweet; either that which grows in watery places,* 1.88 having a leaf like a flag, bearing a Iulus hard and close: or that whose stalks have a spongy pith, bearing flowers like those of Reeds.
    11.
    • SWEET SMELLING REED.
    • CAMELS HAY.* 1.89
  • Stalk; being
    • Lesser; either that which is triangular: or that which is round, being full of a spongy pith
      12.
      • GALINGAL••.
      • RUSH.* 1.90
    • Greater; of a woody substance, porous, used for walking staves.
      13.
      • CANE.
  • Head or spike;* 1.91 whether more
    • Loose; having a soft downy substance; ‖ either on each side of the spike, making it to re∣semble a feather: or intermixed with the panicle.
      14.
      • FEATHER GRASS.
      • COTTON GRASS.* 1.92
    • Close; whether
      • Greater; either that which hath a round cylindrical head, being a tall plant, whose sp••ke is blackish and soft like velvet; or that which bears several spherical burrs.
        15.
        • REED MACE.
        • BURR REED.* 1.93
      • Lesser; having a naked stalk, bearing a small spike resembling the tail of a Mouse.
        16.
        • MOUSE-TAIL.* 1.94

* 1.95IV GRAMINEOUS HERBS of BULBOUS ROOTS, may be distinguished into such as are considerable for their

• Flowers; which are generally made up of six leaves, or divided into six lascinia: either these whose fibres grow from the
  • Bottom of the bulb; having the Roots
    • Scaly; divided into many squamous laminae.
      • The Greater; whose root hath a strong sent like that of a Fox, the flowers hanging down round the top of the stalk, with a tuft of green leaves above them.
        1.
        • CROWN IMPERIAL.
      • * 1.96The Lesser; having the stalk set with leaves, ‖ either that whose flower is more large and hollow: or that whose flowers are smaller, having the leaves reversed backwards.
        2.
        • * 1.97LILLY.
        • MARTAGON, Turks-cap.
    • Coated; made up of several coats encompassing one another.
      • Bearing the flower upon a stem; to be further distinguished by the
        • Shape of the flower; whether
          • Large and Hollow; resembling a cup, ‖ either that which doth generally bear but one flower upon a stalk, standing upright, having an esculent root: or that which doth sometime•• bear two flowers upon a stalk, with checkered streaks, hanging down their heads, the root consisting of two lobes.
            3.
            • * 1.98TULIP.
            • FRITILLARY.
          • Having a cup in the middle of the flower, which comes out of a skinny husk: or that which hath many small flowers together upon the same stalk.
            4.
            • * 1.99DAFFODILL.
            • HYACINTH.
        • Colour of the flower; being generally white and marked with green, ‖ either that with a starr-like flower, marked with a streak of green on the back of the leaf: or that which hath a hanging pendulous flower, whose leaves are tipt with green.
          5.
          • * 1.100STARR OF BETHLEHEM.
          • BULBOUS VIOLET, Snow-drop.
        • Figure of the leaf; resembling the blade of a sword, ‖ either that which bears a Flower de luce, having nine leaves, three of which stand up: or that whose flow∣ers grow in a row under one another.
          6.
          • * 1.101BULBOUS IRIS, Flower de luce.
          • CORNFLAGG.
      • Having naked flowers, without any stem; whether that of a larger flower and broader leaf: or that of a lesser flower and narrower leaf.
        7.
        • M••DOW SAFFRON, Naked Lady.
        • * 1.102CROCUS, Saffron.
  • Top of the Bulb; whose root doth usually consist of two bulbs, the flowers growing in a kind of spike, of great variety of colours and shapes.
    8.
    • * 1.103ORCHIS, Satyrion.
• Strong sent; whether such whose leaves are more.
  • Long; their sent being
    • Less strong; the
      • Greater; whose roots grow single, ‖ either that with hollow tubulous leaves, the st••lk swelling out in the middle: or that of a broader leaf, rising higher in the stalk and continuing green all winter.
        9.
        • ONYON.
        • * 1.104LEEK.
      • Lesser; whose roots grow commonly in clusters, ‖ either that which bears no seed: or that which doth bear seed, having very small tubulous leaves.
        10.
        • * 1.105SHALOT, Echalole.
        • CIVES.
    • More strong; either that whose root is divided into Cloves: or that of an entire root, and in some esteem for the flower.
      11.
      • * 1.106GARLICK.
      • MOLY.
  • Broad; having the root either
    • * 1.107Oblong and small▪ either that which is lower with an Vmbell of large flowers: or that which is taller, having a round head.
      12.
      • RAMSON.
      • MOUNTAIN RAMSON.
    • Round and great; growing upon the Sea-coasts.
      13.
      • * 1.108SQUILL, Sea-onyon.

V. HERBS OF AFFINITY TO BULBOUS PLANTS,* 1.109 upon account of their leaves or flowers, may be distinguished into such as are either

• Esteemed for their flowers; growing in
  • Dryer places; whether such Plants as are more properly
    • Europaean; whose flowers are
      • Lesser; bearing
        1.
        • Many flowers; Starr-like, ‖ either that of a Tuberous root, whose flowers grow in a spike: or that of a Fibrous root.
          1.
          • KINGS SPEAR.
          • SPIDER WORT.* 1.110
        • One single flower; hanging the head, having a tuberous root, bearing two long spotted leaves.
          2.
          • DOGSTOOTH.
      • Larger; of a tuberous root,* 1.111 ‖ either that of a fading flower re∣sembling a Lilly: or that whose leaf is like the blade of a sword.
        3.
        • DAY-LILLY.
        • TUBEROUS FLOWER DE LUCE.* 1.112
    • American; of a tuberous root, ‖ whose flowers are either
      • Less sweet; either that of broad leaves, bearing a scarlet flower like that of Corn-flagg, with a geniculate stalk: or that which hath long thick dry leaves, sharp pointed, growing immediately from the root, bearing a stem of large flowers, hanging down their heads.
        4.
        • FLOWRING REED.
        • JUCCA, Indian bread.* 1.113
      • More sweet; growing in a spike, resembling the flowers of a Hyacinth.
        5.
        • INDIAN HYACINTH.* 1.114
  • Watery places; the flowers coming forth in an Umbell, being of a pur∣plish colour, having six leaves; the leaves of the Plant being long and triangular.
    6.
    • FLOWRING RUSH.* 1.115
• Not esteemed for their flowers; being distinguishable by their
  • Having no perfect leaves; but some little scaly substances resembling leaves, whether of
    • Fibrous roots; matted together, resembling a birds nest.
      7.
      • BIRDS NEST.* 1.116
    • Scaly roots; with little protuberances somewhat resembling teeth, ‖ ei∣ther that whose root is more Round or more Branched.
      8.
      • BROOMRAPE.
      • TOOTHWORT.* 1.117
  • Having a naked stile or pestle instead of a flower, whether the
    • Greater; of a Tuberous root, ‖ either that which hath a spotted thick stalk like a Snake, with a jagged leaf: or that of a Triangu∣lar undivided leaf.
      9.
      • DRAGON.* 1.118
      • WAKE ROBIN, Cuckoo-pintle.* 1.119
    • Lesser; having either Broad or Narrow leaves.
      10.
      • BROAD LEAVED FRIARS COWLE.* 1.120
      • NARROW LEAVED FRIARS-COWLE.

* 1.121VI. HERBS OF ROUND LEAVES, may be distinguished into such whose leaves are

• ...Larger;
  • ...Terrestrial;
    • Lying on the ground; the flower coming up before the leaf and soon fading, ‖ either that whose leaf is white underneath, of a yellow flower, growing one upon a stalk: or that which hath a spike of purplish flowers, being the larger plant.
      1.
      • * 1.122COLTSFOOT.
      • BUTTERBURR.
    • Standing from the ground; bearing Burrs, the Greater or the Lesser.
      2.
      • * 1.123GREAT BURDOCK.
      • LITTLE BURDOCK.
    • Growing upon mountainous places; having a purplish flower, and a pappous seed.
      3.
      • * 1.124HORSEFOOT, Mountain-Coltsfoot.
  • Aquatic; of smooth shining leaves, ‖ either that whose leaves are of a light green and not serrate: or of a dark green and serrate, bearing yellow flowers.
    4.
    • * 1.125WATER-LILLY.
    • MARSH-MARIGOLD.
• Lesser; whose flowers do stand either
  • Singly; on long foot-stalks, growing in
    • Dryer places; distinguishable by the
      • Flower; having a bending head and a short heel, ‖ either that of a bigger leaf and the flower of a more simple colour: or that of a lesser oblong leaf and the flower of several colours.
        5.
        • * 1.126VIOLET.
        • PANSY, Hearts-ease
      • Leaf; being more thick, somewhat resembling Ivy, ‖ either that whose leaves are of a strong purgative quality, the flowers small, of a dirty purple: or that which is esteemed for the flower, having a great tuberous root, the leaf for the most part spotted.
        6.
        • * 1.127ASARABACCA.
        • SOWBREAD.
    • Fenny and boggy places; either that of pale yellowish leaves, which feel unctuously, the flower like a Violet: or that which hath a large white flower, the leaves being like those of a Violet, but less.
      7.
      • * 1.128BUTTERWORT, York-shire Sanicle.
      • GRASS OF PARNASSUS.
  • ...Many together;
    • Terrestrial; distinguishable by
      • The flowers; growing in a Spike, being white, ‖ either that which is bigger, having green leaves like those of a Pear-tree: or that which is less, with red hairs upon the leaves retaining the Dew, growing in moist places:
        8.
        • * 1.129WINTERGREEN.
        • SUN DEW.
      • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • ...
      • ...The leaves;
        • Indented; and divided into several Angles, ‖ either that which hath smooth shining leaves and seeds like small burrs: or that whose leaves are somewhat hairy, being of an elegant stru∣cture, bearing yellowish green flowers.
          9.
          • SANICLE.* 1.130
          • LADIES MANTLE.
        • Scolloped about the edges; ‖ either that which is taller, of a white flower, the root consisting of many small reddish kernels: or that which is lower, of a yellow flower and fibrous root, grow∣ing in moist places.
          10.
          • WHITE SAXIFRAGE.* 1.131
          • GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE.
      • The manner of growing; whether
        • Creeping on the ground; either that with a hairy leaf, of an ill sent; bearing a blew hooded flower: or that of a small leaf, bearing a yellow flower.
          11,
          • GROUND IVY, Alehoof, Tunnhoof.* 1.132
          • MONYWORT, Herb twopence.
        • Climbing; of a hot biting tast, and an elegant flower with a long heel.
          12,
          • INDIAN CRESS.* 1.133
    • Marine; growing in salt places near the Sea, ‖ either that of a salt juicy leaf, bearing a spike of small white flowers: or that which hath a large bell flower, the plant running upon the ground, being Purgative.
      13.
      • SCURVY-GRASS.* 1.134
      • SEA-BINDWEED.

* 1.135VII. HERBS OF NERVOUS LEAVES, may be distributed into such as are

• Terrestrial; growing in dryer places, which are distinguishable accor∣ding to the
  • Fashion of their leaves; whether
    • More broad; to be further considered according to their
      • Manner of growth; having
        • Leavy stalks; viz. the leaves embracing the stalk, ‖ either that which hath pleited leaves, whose root is a vehement purgative: or that other, having a spike of flowers like those of Orchis.
          1.
          • * 1.136WHITE HELLEBORE, Neezwort.
          • HELLEBORINE, Bastard white Hellebore.
        • Naked stalks; and flowers in a spike, ‖ either that whose leaves are undivided: or that whose leaves are so divided into jaggs, as to represent a Staggs horn.
          2.
          • * 1.137PLANTAIN.
          • BUCKSHORN.
      • Colour of the leaves; whether that whose leaves are of a dark green above and ash-coloured underneath, bearing a spike of flow∣ers: or that whose leaves are of a paler green, bearing the flow∣ers in a kind of Vmbel.
        3.
        • * 1.138SNAKEWEED, Bistort.
        • SOPEWORT.
    • More narrow; either that whose spike is round and more long: or that whose spike is more short, conteining seeds resembling fleas.
      4.
      • * 1.139SEA-PLANTAIN.
      • FLEAWORT.
  • Number of their leaves; either that which hath only one leaf: or that which hath only two leaves.
    5.
    • * 1.140ONE-BLADE.
    • TWAY-BLADE.
  • Flower; of one leaf, whether
    • Greater; in the fashion of a Bell, the plant having a bitter tast, ‖ ei∣ther the Taller and larger: or the Lower and smaller.
      6.
      • * 1.141GENTIAN, Fellwort.
      • DWARF-GENTIAN.
    • Lesser; having small one leaved flowers, hanging down their heads and bearing berries; ‖ either the Higher or the Lower.
      7.
      • * 1.142SOLOMONS-SEAL.
      • LILLY OF THE VALLEY.
• Aquatic; growing in the water, bearing spikes of flowers from the joynts of the stalk; ‖ either that of smooth edged leaves: or that whose leaves are either curled or waved about the edges.
  8
  • * 1.143PONDWEED.
  • WATER-CALTROPE.

VIII. SUCCULENT HERBS may be distributed into such as are

• Biggest, either that whose leaf is more broad and not indented:* 1.144 or that whose leaf is long, sharp and indented.
  1.
  • HOUSELEEK, Sengreen.* 1.145
  • ALOE.
• ...Lesser;
  • Terrestrial; considerable for having
    • Broad and commonly crenated leaves, a round stalk, the flowers growing in the fashion of an Umbell, ‖ either that whose leaves are more blunt pointed: or that whose leaves are more sharp pointed, the root having a sent like that of Roses.
      2.
      • ORPINE,* 1.146
      • ROSEWORT.
    • Round pointed leaves not indented, ‖ either that which is greater, having reddish stalks, bearing yellowish flowers, being esculent: or that which is less, bearing small white flowers of five leaves.
      3.
      • PURSLAIN.* 1.147
      • GARDEN BROOKLIME.
    • White flowers, speckled with red, the leaves serrate, ‖ either that which hath a more round leaf, and larger flower: or that whose leaf is more oblong and flower less.
      4.
      • SPOTTED SANICLE.* 1.148
      • INDENTED SENGREEN.
    • Narrow leaves; growing in dry places: the Greater or the Lesser.
      5.
      • STONE CROPP.* 1.149
      • WALL PEPPER.
    • Small round leaves; the stalk proceeding from the middle or Center of it, bearing a spike of small flowers.
      6.
      • NAVELWORT, Wall-pennywort,* 1.150
  • Marine; growing in salt places, whose leaf is cylindrical, the ashes of it being used in making of Glass.
    7.
    • GLASSWORT.* 1.151

* 1.152IX, HERBS considered according to the SUPERFICIES of their Leaves, or their MANNER OF GROWING, may be distinguished in∣to such as are

• Rough leaved; whether
  • More rough; having
    • Blew flowers; either ‖ that whose leaves are broader, having black streaked seed: or that whose leaves are longer, the Segments of the flower being not so sharp pointed as the other.
      1.
      • * 1.153BURRAGE.
      • BUGLOSS.
    • Long narrow leaves; either ‖ that which hath a red root commonly used in Dying: or that which bears larger flowers, which before they are explicated, do turn like a Scorpions tail.
      2.
      • * 1.154ALKANET.
      • VIPERS BUGLOSS.
  • Less rough; distinguishable by their having
    • Spotted leaves; bearing one entire flower of different colours, viz. White and Purple on the same root: or that whose flower is a round tube, hanging downwards, the leaves embracing the stalk.
      3.
      • * 1.155SAGE OF JERUSALEM, Ladies-glove.
      • HONYWORT.
    • Broad leaves, sharp pointed, being large plants; either ‖ that whose flower is long, hollow, and of one leaf, divided into five segments: or that which is of an offensive sent, the flower of a dirty red, the flower succeeded by 4 seeds in the shape of little burrs.
      4.
      • * 1.156COMFREY.
      • DOGS-TONGUE, Hounds-tongue.
    • Small leaves; either ‖ that whose seed is of an ash colour, hard and shi∣ning, like a polished stone: or that the spike of whose flowers is crooked and supposed to turn towards the Sun.
      5.
      • * 1.157GRUMMELL.
      • HELIOTROPE.
• Stellate; so stiled from the manner of the growth of their leaves, which encompass the stalk at intervals, like the rays of a Starr; distin∣guishable by bearing.
  • ...Lesser flowers;
    • Erect; having slender long leaves; of
      • Solid stalks; either ‖ the taller bearing red berries, the shoots of w^ch are used for food: or the lower of an ill sent, bearing yellow flow∣ers, used in some places to coagulate Milk.
        6.
        • * 1.158ASPARAGUS.
        • LADIES-BEDSTRAW, Cheeserunning.
      • Hollow stalks; jointed without any leavy flowers, either ‖that whose leaves are like bristles: or that whose leaves are branched like the horns of a Stagg.
        7.
        • * 1.159HORSE-TAIL.
        • HORNED WATER-MILFOIL.
    • Ramping; of
      • Broader leaves; either ‖ that which hath a red root used for Dying: or that whose leaf is more hairy, having four leaves opposite to one another at a joint, bearing yellow flowers.
        8.
        • * 1.160MADDER.
        • CROSSWORT.
      • Narrower leaves; either ‖that which is like Madder: or that common weed, whose stalks and little burrs are apt to stick to a man's clothes.
        9.
        • * 1.161BASTARD MADDER.
        • GOOSE-GRASS, Cleavers.
  • Larger flowers; growing on the top of the branches; either ‖ that of broader leaves, growing commonly in woods, having a tuft of white four-leaved flowers of a sweet sent: or that of narrower leaves, the flower consisting of five leaves.
    10.
    • WOODROF.
    • * 1.162SPURRY.

Of Herbs considered according to their Flowers.

HErbs considered according to their flower,* 1.163 having no seed-vessel be∣sides the Cup which covers the flower, may be distinguished into

• STAMINEOUS; whose flower doth consist of threddy Filaments or Stamina, having no leaves besides the Perianthium: or those herbace∣ous leaves encompassing these stamina, which do not wither or fall away before the seed is ripe. I.
• Foliaceous; which besides the Stamina have leaves, being either of
  • Compound flowers; consisting of many leaves: or a circle of Leaves, and a Thrumm of short stamina, close set together; whether
    • NOT PAPPOUS. II.
    • PAPPOUS, whose seeds do either ly in down: or have some downy parts. III.
  • Simple flowers; which besides a circle or border of leaves, have only some fewer longer stamina more sparsedly set together, like threds or strings, to be distinguished by the manner of the growing of the
    • Flower; into
      • Vmbelliferous; such as grow in the fashion of an Umbel on seve∣ral little stalks, proceeding from the top of a bigger stalk, which all together represent the figure of an inverted Cone, the flowers being the Basis, which have generally two seeds growing together, and a compound leaf, whether of
        • BROADER LEAVES; under which are comprehended all such whose leaves are about the same bredth, or broader then Parsly. IV.
        • FINER LEAVES; under which are comprehended all such, whose leaves are divided into narrower segments then those of Parsley. V.
      • Verticillate; by which those kinds of Plants are meant, whose flowers grow in rundles or whirles about the stalk, being of the shape of a Hood or Helmet; as likewise those whose flow∣ers are of the like shape, namely Galeated, having the like o∣pen seed-vessel, but their leaves growing by pairs, whether
        • FRUTICOSE; having stalks of a hard woody consistence. VI.
        • NOT FRUTICOSE. VII.
      • SPICATE. VIII.
    • SEED; growing MANY TOGETHER IN A Cluster or BUT∣TON. IX.

* 1.164I. HERBS OF STAMINEOUS FLOWERS, and not of grassy leaves, may be distributed into such whose seeds are

• Triangular; the plants to which they belong being either
  • ...Perennial;
    • Bigger; having a great leaf not jagged about the edges; ‖ either that whose leaf is more large, and the root used for purging: or that whose leaf is more oblong.
      1.
      • * 1.165RUBARB.
      • DOCK.
    • Lesser; having a grateful acidity in the tast of the leaf; ‖ either that whose leaf is oblong: or roundish.
      2.
      • * 1.166SORREL.
      • FRENCH SORREL.
  • Annual; having leaves.
    • Triangular; and black seed; ‖ either that which is Erect, whose seed is Esculent: or that which is Climbing.
      3.
      • BUCK-WHEAT, Brank.
      • * 1.167BLACK BINDWEED.
    • Not Angular; being short and slender, upon week procumbent stalks, full of joynts.
      4.
      • * 1.168KNOT-GRASS.
• ...Round;
  • Distinguishable by Sex; of male and female; because from the same seed some plants are produced, which bear flowers and no seeds, and others which bear seeds and no flowers.
    • The bigger; having a divided leaf; ‖ either that which hath a large hollow stalk, and a compound or fingered leaf, of the rine of which Linnen is made: or that which is a climbing Plant twisting about such things as are next to it, from the right hand towards the left, contrary to the manner of other twining Plants, of a rough roundish leaf, divided into many segments, with a head of scaly tufts growing in a cluster or bunch, commonly used to preserve drink from sowring.
      5.
      • HEMP, Tow, Canvas.
      • * 1.169HOPP.
    • The Lesser; whose leaves are
      • Shorter; either that which hath smooth leaves and is annual: or that which hath hoary leaves being perennial.
        6.
        • MERCURY.
        • * 1.170CHILDING MERCURY.
      • Longer; of serrate edges, the root being perennial.
        7.
        • * 1.171DOGS MERCURY.
  • Not distinguishable by Sex; but either by their
    • Leaf; being
      • Triangular; considerable for
        • Being of an unctuous touch, and used for Sallets: ‖ either that which hath a bigger and echinate seed: or that which hath a less and smooth seed.
          7.
          • * 1.172SPINAGE.
          • ENGLISH MERCURY.
        • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • ...
      • ...
        • Having a seed vessel made up of two leaves closing together: or having the leaf sinuate about the edges.
          9.
          • ORRAGE·* 1.173
          • GOOS-FOOT.
      • Broad; with smooth edges of a dull insipid tast, with a large long root, the seed-vessel being round, rugged and hard, contein∣ing two or three seeds.
        10.
        • BEET.* 1.174
      • Narrow and long, having a spicate head; ‖ either that used by Dy∣ers, having undivided leaves, and longer spikes: or that which hath divided leaves, and shorter spikes.
        11.
        • DYERS-WEED.* 1.175
        • BASE ROCKET.
      • Winged leaves; with a stiffe stalk, growing to a good stature, and bearing Triangular Cods.
        12.
        • MEADOW-RUE.* 1.176
    • Sent or smell.
      • Pleasant; either that whose leaves resemble those of an Oak, with red veins: or that whose leaves resemble those of Wormwood, bearing the flowers in a long spike, and having a rough seed-vessel.
        13.
        • OAK OF HIERUSALEM.* 1.177
        • OAK OF CAPPADOCIA.
      • Vnpleasant; having a serrate leaf with stinging prickles.
        14.
        • NETTLE.* 1.178
    • Seed-vessel; bearing chaffy tufts, ‖ either that which hath a roundish leaf: or that whose leaf is more oblong and pointed.
      14.
      • BLITE.* 1.179
      • PRINCES FEATHER, Amaranthus.
    • Place of Growth; being usually upon walls, having red stalks; and a rough seed.
      16.
      • PELLITORY OF THE WALL.* 1.180
    • Littleness; being the least of this kind; ‖ either that which hath weak stalks, leaning on the ground, with leaves like those of Time but smaller, bearing the seeds in clusters about the joynts: or that which is of a woody stalk, bearing the flowers and seeds at the top of the branches.
      17.
      • RUPTUREWORT.* 1.181
      • STINKING GROUND-PINE.

* 1.182II. HERBS having a COMPOUND FLOWER NOT PAPPOUS, may be distinguished into such whose flowers are compounded either of

• Short hollow stamina thick set together in a thrumm, with a circle of leaves: or without such a circle, commonly called Corimbiferous, being either of
  • Vndivided leaves; having a
    • Radiate flower; whose limb is
      • Yellow; either the
        • Greater; and tallest, ‖ either that which is the biggest of flowers: or that which hath a tuberous esculent root.
          1.
          • * 1.183SUN-FLOWER.
          • HIERUSALEM-HARTICHOKE.
        • Lesser; having a crooked seed.
          2.
          • MARIGOLD.
      • * 1.184White; either the greater and taller, having a ramous leavy stalk: or the lesser and lower, having a naked stalk.
        3.
        • * 1.185GREAT DAISY.
        • DAISY.
    • Naked Flower; considerable for having
      • A strong pleasant smell; either that which is the bigger plant, of a broad leaf: or that which is the lesser plant, of more narrow leaves more deeply indented, whose flowers grow in an Um∣bell.
        4.
        • * 1.186ALECOST, Costmary.
        • MAUDLIN TANSY.
      • Long hoary leaves; either that which is Odorate, having a yellowish flower, of a dry strawy consistence, preserving the colour for se∣veral years after its being gathered: or that which bears a white flower, the more common sort of which is not Odorate.
        5.
        • * 1.187GOLDEN STAECHAS.
        • CUDWEED, Cottonweed.
  • Divided leaves; having a
    • Radiate flower; whose limb is
      • Yellow; considerable for the leaves; being
        • More finely divided; either that which grows usually amongst Corn: or that which doth commonly grow in mountainous places, having leaves like those of Fennel.
          6.
          • * 1.188CORN MARIGOLD.
          • OX-EY.
        • Winged leaves; like those of Tansy.
          7.
          • * 1.189AFRICAN MARIGOLD.
      • White; whose leaves are
        • More finely divided; either that of a pleasant: or that of an unpleasant sent.
          8.
          • * 1.190CAMOMIL.
          • STINKING MAYWEED.
        • ••ess finely divided; being of a strong sent.
          9.
          • * 1.191FEAVERFEW.
        • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • ...
      • ...
        • Vndivided; being long and narrow; ‖ either that whose leaves are indented about the edges: or that whose leaves are smooth, being of a hot tast.
          10.
          • SNEEZEWORT.
          • TARRAGON.* 1.192
    • Naked flower; whose stalks are
      • More woody; either that whose leaves are more green: or that whose leaves are generally hoary and white.
        11
        • SOUTHERNWOOD.* 1.193
        • LAVENDER COTTON.
      • Less woody; either that of a bitter tast, and more pleasant smell: or that whose sent is not so pleasant, whose leaves are green above and hoary underneath.
        12.
        • WORMWOOD.* 1.194
        • MUGWORT.
    • Bearing their flowers in the fashion of an Vmbel, having winged leaves, ‖ either that which is of a strong and not unpleasant sent: or that which is less odorate.
      13.
      • TANSY.* 1.195
      • MILFOIL.
• Oblong tubulous leaves; the
  • Greater; bearing many flowers upon a stalk, ‖ either that whose leaves upon breaking have several little hairy strings, the flower made up of tubulous leaves lasciniated at the top: or that of a more globular flower, the root seeming to have a piece bitten off.
    14.
    • SCABIOUS* 1.196
    • DIVELS BIT.
  • Lesser; bearing but one flower upon a stalk, like that of Scabious, ‖ either that of a round blew flower, having a leaf like that of the lesser daisy: or that of grassy leaves and a naked stalk
    15
    • BLEW DAISY.* 1.197
    • THRIFT, Sea Gilly-flower.
• Oblong flat leaves; without any thrumm in the middle, bearing blew flowers, ‖ either that which is smaller and annual: or that which is larger and perennial.
  16.
  • ENDIVE.* 1.198
  • SUCCORY.

* 1.199III. PAPPOUS HERBS, may be distributed into such whose heads are either

• Round and Squamous, considerable upon Account of their
  • Leaves; whether
    • Prickly; either that of a lesser: or that of a bigger head used for food.
      1.
      • THISTLE.
      • * 1.200HARTICHOKE.
    • Hoary; either that whose flower is commonly blew, of tubulous jag∣ged leaves: or that which bears a purple flower of flat leaves.
      2.
      • * 1.201BLEWBOTTLE.
      • AUSTRIAN SNEEZEWORT.
    • Serrate; commonly winged, ‖ the Lesser: or the Greater used in Physick.
      3.
      • SAW-WORT.
      • * 1.202GREAT CENTORY.
  • Stalks; being dry and hard, bearing usually a purple flower; ‖ either that of a more dark: or that of a lighter colour.
    4.
    • * 1.203KNAPWEED.
    • SILVER KNAPWEED.
  • Seeds; being more large; either that of White: or that of Black seeds
    5.
    • * 1.204BASTARD SAFFRON.
    • BEARDED CREEPER.
• Plain or flat; whose flower is either
  • Radiate, or naked.
    • Terrestrial; considerable upon account of their
      • Roots; being more large, bearing yellow flowers; ‖ either that of a lesser leaf, the root of which is counted poysonous to beasts: or that of a larger and longer leaf, the root of which is odorate and bitter, and counted wholsome to men.
        6.
        • * 1.205LEOPARDS-BANE.
        • ELECAMPANE.
      • Leaves; being thick, fatty and jagged, bearing yellow flowers; ‖ either that which bears a thrummy flower: or that which bears a radiate flower.
        7.
        • * 1.206GROUNDSIL.
        • RAGWORT.
      • Flowers; as to their
        • Manner of growth; in a kind of Vmbel, or Tuft; ‖ either that whose flowers are naked and purplish: or that whose flowers are radiate and yellow.
          8.
          • * 1.207DUTCH AGRIMONY.
          • GOLDEN ROD.
        • Colour; either that which bears flowers of different colours, the leaves whereof somewhat resemble the rays of a Starr: or that whose flowers are generally yellow, the leaves of the plant being Odorate.
          9.
          • STARWORT.
          • * 1.208FLEABANE.
    • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • Marine; having long thick leaves; ‖ either that the border of whose flower is Purple and the middle of it Yellow: or that of a Yellow flower and hard stalks, the leaves being narrow and cut in at the ends.
      10.
      • SEA-STARWORT.* 1.209
      • GOLDEN FLOWER'D SAMPHIRE.
  • Double; the plants having a milky juice, distinguishable by their
    • Heads; being smaller; either that of a more rugged leaf used for Sallads: or that of a smoother leaf, said to sweat out a gumm at the joints.
      11.
      • LETTICE.* 1.210
      • GUMM SUCCORY.
    • Leaves; whether
      • Iagged; either that of a solid stalk: or that of a hollow smooth stalk, the seed of which being ripe, doth with the down upon it, spread it self into a Sphaerical figure.
        12.
        • HAWKWEED.* 1.211
        • DANDELION.
      • Vndivided; ‖ either that whose leaves are long and grassy, the flow∣er of which being closed, doth represent a goats beard, whose root is esculent: or that whose leaves are round pointed, and hairy.
        13.
        • GOATS-BEARD.* 1.212
        • MOUSE-EAR.
      • Resembling thistles; but not prickly; either that which bears larger: or that which bears lesser flowers.
        14.
        • SOWTHISTLE.* 1.213
        • NIPPLEWORT.

* 1.214IV. UMBELLIFEROUS HERBS whose LEAVES are MORE BROAD and less finely cut, may be distinguished into such as are,

• Odorate; and of a strong sent; whether such as is
  • More pleasant; in such kind of plants as are
    • More properly belonging to this tribe; to be distinguished upon Ac∣count of
      • Leaves; as to their
        • Shapes; whether such are are
          • Of Different shapes in the same plant, the lower leaves towards the bottom of the stalk being rounder and broader, and those upon the stalk more finely cut having Aromatic seeds; ‖ either that of a smaller seed: or that of a more large seed, being round and hollow, the leaves of the plant being of less pleasant sent then the seed
            1.
            • * 1.215ANNIS.
            • CORIANDER.
          • Winged leaves; resembling those of
            • Parsnip; having the like smell and tast.
              2.
              • * 1.216BASTARD STONE PARSLEY.
            • Fearn; either that which hath a large black furrowed seed: or that whose seed is less, and more slender, resembling an Oat.
              3.
              • * 1.217SWEET CICELY.
              • WILD CICELY.
          • Not winged; resembling Parsley, but being much broader; either that which hath a large black streaked seed: or that which is a taller plant, having less leaves and a stronger sent.
            4.
            • * 1.218ALEXANDERS
            • LOVAGE.
        • Colour; whether
          • Pale green; having large and broad leaves; ‖ either that which hath a yellow juice, the Vmbel of whose flowers is somewhat spherical, which dies after bearing seed: or that which is of very near affinity to this in shape and sent, but not so large, and more perennial.
            5.
            • ANGELICA.
            • * 1.219MASTERWORT.
          • Dark green; being indented; either that whose seed is broad: or angular.
            6.
            • * 1.220LASERWORT.
            • HERB FRANKINCENSE OF THEOPHRASTUS.
      • ...Hairy tuft, encompassing the bottom of the stalk.
        7.
        • * 1.221SERMOUNTAIN.
    • Less properly belonging to this tribe; having winged leaves; ‖ either that whose flowers are tubulous: or that which bears a great tuft of white flowers of a sweet sent.
      8.
      • * 1.222VALERIAN.
      • MEDOW SWEET.
  • ...

• ...
  • ...Less pleasant;
    • Lesser; ‖ either that of a weaker sent, but esculent and of a grateful tast: or that of a stronger sent, growing naturally in moist pla∣ces.
      9.
      • PARSLEY.* 1.223
      • SMALLAGE.
    • Larger; of a rough stalk, and winged leaves.
      10.
      • HERCULES ALL-HEAL.* 1.224
• Not odorate; distinguishable by their
  • Roots; being esculent; ‖ either that of a bigger root growing single: or that of a less root growing in clusters.
    11.
    • PARSNIP.
    • SKIRRET.* 1.225
  • Leaves; whether
    • Whole, and somewhat nervous; ‖ either that whose leaves are more round, the stalks growing through them: or that whose leaves are more long.
      14.
      • THOROUGH WAX.* 1.226
      • HARES EAR.
    • Winged, and indented; ‖ either that whose root is of a hot biting tast: or that whose leaf is divided into three, five, or more segments, being long and narrow.
      12.
      • BURNET SAXIFRAGE.* 1.227
      • UMBELLIFEROUS ERINGO.
    • Of different shapes in the same plant; the lower leaves being divi∣ded like Parsley, the leaves upon the stalk being undivided, and encompassing it. bearing a great, black, round seed.
      13.
      • CANDY ALEXANDER.* 1.228
  • Place of growth; being proper to wet grounds; ‖ either that whose leaves are hairy, and of a deep green, bearing a white flower: or that whose leaves are not hairy.
    15.
    • COW-PARSNIP.* 1.229
    • WATER-PARSNIP.

V. UMBELLIFEROUS HERBS whose LEAVES are more FINE∣LY CUT into narrow segments,* 1.230 may be distinguished into such as are

• Odorate; having their leaves divided into
  • More long narrow segments; considerable upon account of their
    • Leaves; being
      • Of a dark green; and small seeds; ‖ either that which is perennial, of slender seeds: or that which is annual, of flat seeds
        1.
        • * 1.231FENNEL.
        • DILL.
      • Commonly divided into three segments at the ends; ‖ either that whose leaves are more thin and dry: or more thick and succu∣lent, used for sallade.
        2.
        • HOGS FENNEL.
        • * 1.232SAMPHIRE.
    • Seed; being either
      • Large and broad; ‖ either that of a tall stature, the segments of whose leaves are somewhat shorter then those of Fennel: or that whose root smells like Frankincense.
        3.
        • * 1.233GIANT FENNEL.
        • HERB FRANKINCENSE OF GALEN.
      • Long and more slender; whether the Bigger or the Less, of an Ar••matick sent.
        4.
        • * 1.234SPIGNEL.
        • BISHOPSWEED.
    • Stalk; being crooked, bending several wayes,
      5.
      • * 1.235HARTWORT.
  • More short segments; having
    • Rough seeds; ‖ either that whose root is large and esculent: or that of a smaller root, the Umbels when the flower is faded, resem∣bling a Birds nest by closing or bending inwards towards the top.
      6.
      • * 1.236CARRET.
      • WILD CARRET, Birds-nest.
    • Long streaked seeds; ‖ either that which is the taller plant, bearing the lesser seeds: or that which is the lower plant bearing the larger seeds.
      7.
      • * 1.237CARROWEY.
      • CUMMIN
    • Broad large seeds; or having a leaf hairy on the backside, and reddish.
      8.
      • * 1.238ALLHEAL.
      • CHERVIL.
    • Large hollow stalk; ‖ either that of an offensive smell and counted poisonous: or that which resembles this, growing in watery places.
      9.
      • * 1.239HEMLOCK.
      • WATER HEMLOCK.
• Not odorate; growing in
  • Dryer places; distinguishable by their
    • Roots; having
      • Tuberous roots; consisting of one single tuber, or of several.
        10.
        • * 1.240EARTHNUT
        • DROPWORT.
      • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • ...
      • Roots of a hot biting tast; ‖ either that of a round dark coloured seed: or that of a broad flat seed, the root of which hath a yel∣low purgative juice.
        11.
        • PELLITORY OF SPAIN.
        • SCORCHING FENNEL.* 1.241
    • Stalks of the Vmbel, being strong and white, used for the picking of Teeth: to which may be adjoined that other plant, if this fail, whose seeds are prickly.
      12.
      • SPANISH PICKTOOTH.* 1.242
      • BASTARD PARSLEY.
  • Watery places; of
    • Fibrous roots; ‖ either that whose leaves have segments like Fennel, but somewhat broader: or that whose segments are like those of Carret, but smooth, and with a milky juice.
      13.
      • WATER-MILFOIL.* 1.243
      • MILKY-PARSLEY.
    • ...Tuberous root;
      14.
      • WATER DROPWORT.* 1.244

VI. VERTICILLATE FRUTICOSE HERBS, being all of them odorate,* 1.245 may be distinguished into such whose leaves are either

• Larger; whether
  • Hoary and rough; of a pleasant tast and smell.
    1.
    • SAGE.* 1.246
  • Smooth; and of a dark green; ‖ either that whose leaves are cut in like those of an Oak, more long and narrow: or that whose leaves are only indented about the edges, being more short and broad.
    2.
    • GERMANDER.* 1.247
    • TREE GERMANDER.
• Lesser; whose leaves are either
  • Short and roundish; the sent being
    • More quick and pungent; either the larger, having a woolly head: or the lesser.
      3.
      • MASTICK.
      • GOATS MARJORAM.* 1.248
    • More wild and gentle; having smaller leaves, which grow thicker on the stalk.
      4.
      • THYME.* 1.249
  • Long and narrow; whether
    • Hoary; the
      • Greater; bearing spikes; ‖ either that of longer spikes, being the larger plant: or that of shorter thicker spikes.
        5.
        • LAVENDER.* 1.250
        • CASSIDONY, French Lavender, Stickadove.
      • Lesser; whose leaves are indented, being of a more dull sent, bear∣ing small flowers.
        6.
        • POLIMOUNTAIN* 1.251
    • Smooth; ‖ either that whose leaves are softer and larger: or that whose leaves are harder and less.
      7.
      • HYSSOP.* 1.252
      • WINTER-SAVORY.

VII. VERTICILLATE NOT FRUTICOSE HERBS, may be di∣stinguished into such as are

• Odorate;* 1.253 considerable for their sent, whether
  • ...Pleasant;
    • The greater kind; distinguishable by the
      • Flowers; growing
        • More close and thick together; ‖ either that which is apt to creep and spread under ground by the roots: or that whose leaf hath some resemblance to the leaf of a Nettle.
          1.
          • * 1.254MINT.
          • CAT-MINT.
        • More dispersedly; at the setting on of the leaves, having shorter and broader leaves; ‖ the former of a darker green, and stronger sent.
          2.
          • * 1.255BALM.
          • CALAMINT.
      • Seeds; growing in a large hollow Cup like an inverted Bell, having leaves like Balm.
        3.
        • * 1.256ASSYRIAN BALM.
      • Scaly heads; the former a more grateful smell, and lesser leaves.
        4.
        • * 1.257MARJORAM.
        • WILD MARJORAM, Organy.
      • ...Leaves;
        • Not hoary; ‖ either that whose leaves are, like those of Marjoram, indented, the flowers growing in looser spikes: or that whose leaves are like those of Thyme, but of a different sent.
          5.
          • * 1.258BASIL.
          • STONE-BASIL.
        • Hoary; having leaves
          • Broader; ‖ either that which hath several scaly heads, being the lesser plant: or that which is the bigger plant, whose flowers grow in close rundels, of a stronger sent.
            6.
            • * 1.259DITTANY.
            • WHITE HOREHOUND.
          • Narrower; a low plant bearing a yellow flower.
            7.
            • * 1.260GROUND-PINE.
    • The least; a small creeping plant growing in watery places, being of a pungent sent.
      8.
      • * 1.261PENNYROYAL.
  • Not pleasant; distinguishable by the
    • Sent; being like that of Garlick; ‖ either that whose leaves are like those of Germander, growing in watery places: or that whose leaves are like those of Sage, growing in wooddy places.
      9.
      • * 1.262WATER GERMANDER.
      • WOOD-SAGE.
    • Leaf; whether
      • ...Rough;
        • Broad leaf; the bigger or the Lesser.
          10.
          • CLARY.
          • * 1.263WILD CLARY.
        • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • ...
      • ...
        • Resembling those of Nettle; the one narrower: the other broader and rounder pointed.
          11
          • DEAD NETTLE, Archangel.
          • BLACK HOREHOUND.* 1.264
        • Long; ‖ either the taller larger plant: or the lesser plant having not so thick a down upon the leaves.
          12.
          • BASE HOREHOUND.
          • IRONWORT.* 1.265
      • Smooth; with a round jagged leaf, of a dark green, having a stiffe stalk.
        13.
        • MOTHER WORT.
• Not odorate;* 1.266 considerable for having
  • Long narrow leaves; the flowers coming out more dispersedly, growing in watery places; ‖ either that whose leaves are more narrow, and green like those of Hyssop: or that whose leaves are less narrow, the flowers standing commonly two together at the joynts.
    14.
    • HEDGE HYSSOP.* 1.267
    • HOODED LOOSE STRIFE.
  • ...Spicate flowers;
    • The greater; ‖ either that of oblong green notched leaves and short spikes: or that which is the fatter plant, having longer spikes, growing in watery places, bearing sometimes three leaves at a joint.
      15
      • BETONY.* 1.268
      • PURPLE LOOSE STRIFE.
    • The lesser; bearing generally blew flowers; ‖ either that whose leaves resemble those of wild Marjoram: or that whose leaves are like those of the lesser Daisy, creeping by strings.
      16.
      • SELF-HEAL.
      • BUGLE.* 1.269
  • No leaves; but only strings or wires, growing upon other plants, from whom (when it is arrived to any bigness) it receives its nourish∣ment, the root in the ground dying.
    17.
    • DODDER.* 1.270

* 1.271VIII. SPICATE HERBS, may be distinguished into such as are

• Spinous; having prickly leaves, whether those whose head is
  • Oblong; ‖ either that whose leaves do so encompass the stalks as to hold the rain water: or that of a jagged leaf, whose roots are often Can∣died for sweet-meats.
    1.
    • * 1.272TEASEL.
    • ERINGO.
  • Round; ‖ either which hath a resemblance to Thistles: or to Teasels.
    2.
    • * 1.273GLOBE THISTLE.
    • SHEPHEARDS ROD.
• Not spinous; distinguishable by their
  • Seeds; being little burrs; ‖ either that of a winged leaf and yellow flower: or that of an undivided leaf, bearing a white flower.
    3.
    • * 1.274AGRIMONY.
    • ENCHANTERS NIGHT-SHADE.
  • ...Winged leaf.
    4.
    • * 1.275BURNET.
  • Trefoil; ‖ either that which hath a woolly spike: or that whose seed-vessel doth in the top of it expend it self into five rays.
    5.
    • * 1.276HARES-FOOT.
    • STARR-HEADED TREFOIL.
  • Long leaves; growing in wet places; ‖ either that of a hot biting tast: or that which hath a fairer spike of flowers, being of an acid tast.
    6.
    • * 1.277ARSMART.
    • NARROW-LEAVED PONDWEED.

IX. HERBS bearing MANY SEEDS together IN A cluster or BUTTON,* 1.278 may be distinguished according to the

• Leaf; into such as have
  • Winged leaves; ‖ either that whose leaf is underneath hoary and of a silver colour: or that whose leaves are broad at the end, having lit∣tle pinnulae towards the bottom of them, bearing a burr.
    1.
    • WILD TANSY.* 1.279
    • AVENS.
  • Fingered leaves; growing from the same point of the foot-stalk; ‖ either five, having a flower consisting of five leaves: or seven, the flower consisting of four leaves.
    2.
    • CINQUEFOIL.* 1.280
    • TORMENTIL.
  • But one leaf upon the foot-stalk of the flower, and but one flower; ‖ either that whose leaves and stalks are generally more Smooth: or more Hairy, the head after the flower is faded, being covered with long woolly locks.
    3.
    • ANEMONY, Wind-flower.* 1.281
    • PASCH FLOWER.
• Flowers; whether most commonly
  • Yellow; shining as if varnished, bearing their seed in a rough head; ‖ either that whose flower doth generally consist of five round point∣ed leaves: or that whose flower hath eight or nine leaves blowing early▪
    4.
    • CROW-FOOT.* 1.282
    • PILEWORT.
  • Red; having leaves like those of Camomil.
    5.
    • ADONIS FLOWER.
• Seed; in a head of a round flat cheese-like figure;* 1.283 ‖ either that which is
  • Of rounder leaves; the Less or the Greater.
    6.
    • MALLOW.* 1.284
    • HOLYHOK.
  • Of hoary soft leaves; ‖ either the less growing in Marshes: or the great∣er by the Sea.
    7.
    • MARSH MALLOWS.* 1.285
    • TREE MALLOW.
  • Of jagged leaves;
    8.
    • VERVAIN MALLOW.* 1.286

Of Herbs considered according to their Seed-vessel.

HERBS of Perfect flowers considered according to their Seed-vessels, may be distinguished into such as have

• A divided Seed-vessel;* 1.287 into several distinct cases, which may be called CORNICULATE. I.
• An ent••re Seed-vessel; whether
  • Siliquous; containing their seeds in long pods, distinguishable accor∣ding to their flowers, into
    • Papillionaceous; the flower having some resemblance to a Butter∣fly, as the blooms of Pease or Beans, &c. whether
      • CLIMBERS; such as are generally furnished with Tendrils or Claspers. II.
      • NOT CLIMBERS; being without such Tendrils. III.
    • Not papillionaceous; such whose FLOWERS do generally CON∣SIST OF FOUR LEAVES. IV.
  • Capsulate; having shorter seed-vessels, distinguishable into
    • Pentapetala; such as bear FLOWERS OF FIVE LEAVES V.
    • Tripetala, and Tetrapetala; such as bear FLOWERS OF THREE or FOUR LEAVES VI.
    • Monopetala; such as bear a flower of one intire leaf, whether
      • Campanulate; such whose flowers have some resemblance to the figure of a Bell VII.
      • Not campanulate; the limbs of whose flowers are divided into several segments, representing so many distinct leaves. VIII.
  • BACCIFEROUS; whose seeds are included in a juicy pulpe. IX.

* 1.288I. HERBS OF A CORNICULATE or Horned SEED-VESSEL, may be distinguished into such as are

• More esteemed for the flower; having
  • Bigger seeds; ‖ either that with a compound broad leaf, bearing the lar∣gest flower of any low herb: or that with a winged leaf like Ash, ha∣ving black shining seeds, and a sent like Hops.
    1.
    • * 1.289PIONY.
    • FRAXINELLA, Bastard Dittany
  • Lesser seeds; ‖ either that of a divided slender leaf, the flower having a long heel: or that which hath a compound leaf, the flower bending downwards, consisting of tubulous parts.
    2.
    • * 1.290LARKS HEEL.
    • COLUMBINE.
• Less esteemed for the flower; having
  • Hooded flowers; and roundish jagged leaves; ‖ either that which is counted Poison: or that which is counted an Antidote.
    • * 1.291WOLVES BANE.
    • WHOLSOM WOLVES BANE.
  • Not hooded flower; ‖ either that of a tuberous root, the flower coming cut of the middle of the leaf, blowing in Winter: or that with a Tri∣angular seed of a biting tast.
    4.
    • * 1.292WINTER WOLF-BANE.
    • STA••ES-ACRE.
  • Seed-vessel; like the long bill of a bird; ‖ either that which bears larger flowers, more sparsedly set: or that which bears lesser flowers in the fashion of an Umbel.
    5.
    • * 1.293RANES-BILL.
    • VENUS COMB, Shepheards needle.

II. PAPILIONACEOUS CLIMBING HERBS,* 1.294 may be distributed into such as do climb; either by

• Twisting; having long flat cods, their leaves being set by threes.
  1.
  • KIDNEY BEAN, French bean, Ginny bean.
• Tendrils; or Claspers,* 1.295 to befurther distinguished by their
  • Seed; whether
    • Round; and esculent; ‖ either that whose seed is black, the leaves and flowers like those of the common Bean: or that whose seed is not black, the leaves of a lighter green.
      2.
      • BEAN OF THE ANTIENTS.* 1.296
      • PEASE.
    • Flat; and esculent, having hairy winged leaves; ‖ the Greater: or the Less.
      3.
      • VETCH.
      • LENTIL.* 1.297
  • Cods; being knotted, otherwise resembling a Vetch.
    4.
    • BITTER VETCH.
  • Stalks; being Angular;* 1.298 ‖ either that which bears one pair of smooth leaves upon a foot-stalk: or that whose leaf is undivided, only to∣wards the top, having two or three segments, bearing a white flower.
    5.
    • CHICKLING.* 1.299
    • WINGED WILD PEASE.
  • Leaves; by pairs encompassing the stalk, being more broad at bottom, and sharp pointed, bearing a yellow flower, having black shining seeds.
    6.
    • YELLOW WILD VETCH.* 1.300
  • Manner of bearing the esculent part under ground; ‖ either that which bears its seed both under ground, and above ground: or that of small tuberous esculent roots, bearing bright purple flowers, many together upon a foot-stalk.
    7.
    • UNDERGROUND CHICKLING.* 1.301
    • PEASE EARTH-NUTS.

* 1.302III. PAPILIONACEOUS HERBS NOT CLIMBING, may be distinguished into such as have; either

• More leaves then three;
  • Esculent; whether the
    • Larger; of a flat seed; ‖ either that of a great hollow stalk, broad leaves of a dark green, the cod lined with a woolly substance, the blossoms being black and white: or that which hath a fin∣gered leaf, being from one foot-stalk divided into many segments, bearing a spike of flowers.
      1.
      • * 1.303BEAN.
      • LUPIN.
    • Lesser; of a round seed, having small winged leaves indented, the cods round and turgid.* 1.304
      2.
      • CHICH PEASE.
  • Not esculent; to be further distinguished by their
    • Flowers; growing in thick spikes or tufts. The
      • Greater; ‖ either that whose leaves grow like those of Vetch, smooth, and of a sweet tast, a short crooked cod furrowed on the out∣side, conteining a double row of seeds: or that whose leaves are hairy.* 1.305
        3.
        • WILD LICCORICE.
        • MILK VETCH.
      • Lesser; ‖ either that whose flowers grow in a tuft, the utmost segment of the leaf being broader then any of the other: or that whose flowers grow in a spike, having a leaf divided like Rue.* 1.306
        4.
        • LADIES FINGER.
        • FUMITORY.
    • Seed vessel; whether
      • Rough; having winged leaves; ‖ either that whose flowers grow in thicker spikes, of a shining red colour, with prickly seeds growing at the end of one another: or that whose flow∣ers grow in more slender spikes from the sides of the stalk, ha∣ving a long thick root.* 1.307
        5.
        • FRENCH HONNYSUCKLE.
        • COCKS-HEAD, Sanfoin.
      • Smooth; whether such as bear
      • Crooked cods; and yellow flowers, many together: or crooked seeds in the shape of a Horsshooe, the seed vessel being indent∣ed on one side.* 1.308
        6.
        • HATHCET VETCH.
        • HORSSHOOE.
      • Streight; being long and slender, of grassy leaves, and a bright red flower.* 1.309
        7.
        • CRIMSON GRASS VETCH.
    • Stalk; being hairy, stiff and erect, with leaves consisting of many pairs of Wings; ‖ the latter of which will contract it self upon the touch,* 1.310 as if it had sense.
      8.
      • GOATS RUE.
      • SENSITIVE PLANT.
    • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • Leaves; which are long and winged, being small plants; ‖ either that whose cods grow together like the claws of a bird: or that with a spinous seed-vessel.
      9.
      • BIRDS FOOT.* 1.311
      • LAND CALTROPS.
• Not more then three leaves, distinguishable by their
  • Flowers; growing in spikes.
    • Trefoil; ‖ either that which bears long spikes of yellow flowers, to which succeed round seed-vessels, conteining generally but one seed in each: or that of a shorter spike.
      10.
      • MELILOT.* 1.312
      • TREFOIL HONNYSUCKLE.
    • Not Trefoil; having a grassy leaf.
      11.
      • MILKWORT.
  • ...Seed-vessels;* 1.313
    • ...Long;
      • Crooked; ‖ either that whose leaves have same resemblance to those of Purslain, growing by threes, of more slender cods: or that which hath long smooth undivided leaves, the seed-vessel being like a Caterpiller.
        12.
        • SCORPION GRASS.* 1.314
        • CATERPILLER.
      • Streight; whether
        • More long and slender; ‖ either that which hath little wings or ears at the bottoms of the leaves: or that which hath long: flat cods.
          13.
          • LOTUS.
          • FOEN GREEK.* 1.315
        • Less long and thicker; having prickly stalks, bearing a large flower in proportion to the plant.
          14.
          • CAMOCK, Rest-harrow.
    • Round; and Spiral; ‖ either that which is smooth:* 1.316 or that which is prickly.
      15.
      • SNAIL TREFOIL.* 1.317
      • HEDGHOG TREFOIL.

* 1.318IV. SILIQUOUS HERBS NOT PAPILIONACEOUS, whose flowers consist generally of four leaves, may be distinguished by their

• Being esteemed for the flower, having
  • Shrubby sta••ks; and being of a pleasant sent, of a round flat seed; ‖ either that of hoary leaves: or that whose leaves are smooth, of a deep green.
    1.
    • * 1.319STOCK GILLY-FLOWER.
    • WALL FLOWER.
  • Oblong seeds; ‖ either that which hath a more broad jagged leaf: or that which hath a sharp indented leaf, compounded of several toge∣ther upon one foot-stalk.
    2.
    • * 1.320DAMES VIOLET, Double Rocket.
    • TOOTHWORT.
  • Seeds wrapt up in down; ‖ either that whose flower grows out from the top of the cod, which makes it to be called filius ante patrem: or that which hath a broad nervous leaf with a milkie juice, bearing the flowers in a tuft, having a large cod filled with a silkie substance.
    3.
    • * 1.321CODDED WILLOW HERB, Codded loose strife.
    • UPRIGHT DOGS-BANE, Silk-grass.
• Being used as Esculent; either their
  • Roots; whether such as are commonly eaten
    • Boyled; ‖ either that whose leaves are more rough, the root com∣monly roundish: or that whose leaves are more smooth, the root oblong, and of a more firm substance.
      4.
      • TURNIP.
      • * 1.322NAVEW.
    • Raw; of a biting tast, bearing purplish flowers, and long knotted cods.
      5.
      • RADISH.
  • * 1.323Leaves; having
    • Succulent leaves; of a blewish grey; ‖ either that of a jagged leaf, yellow flower: or that of an undivided-leaf, bearing a white flower.
      6.
      • * 1.324CABBIDGE, Colewort, Colly-flower.
      • CODDED THOROUGH WAX.
    • Iagged smooth leaves; ‖ either that which bears larger flowers grow∣ing more sparsedly: or that which bears less flowers growing more close together.
      7.
      • ROCKET.
      • * 1.325WINTER-CRESS.
    • The smell and tast of Garlick: or a hot biting tast, bearing large cods, which being ripe are of a red colour.
      8.
      • * 1.326SAUCE ALONE, Iack by the Hedge.
      • GINNY PEPPER.
  • Seeds; ‖ either that of short square cods: or that of long round cods.
    9.
    • MUSTARD.
    • * 1.327CHARLOCK.
• ...

• Leaf; whether
  • Divided; or jagged.
    • Less finely; being of a whitish blew, and bearing commonly a yel∣low flower; ‖ either that which is a maritim plant, having a lar∣ger flower, and longer cods: or that which hath a yellow juice.
      10.
      • HORNED POPPY.* 1.328
      • GREAT CELENDINE.
    • More finely; having slender cods.
      11.
      • FLIXWEED.* 1.329
  • Vndivided; whose leaves are
    • Smooth towards the top of the stalk, and rough towards the bot∣tom, bearing white flowers; ‖ either the greater, having many slender long cods growing thick together on the top of the branches: or the less, bearing the cods more dispersedly.
      12.
      • TOWER MUSTARD.* 1.330
      • CODDED MOUSE-EAR.
    • Long; bearing yellow flowers, being tall plants; ‖ either that which hath narrow dark green leaves, not serrate: or that whose leaves are more broad, of a pale green and serrate.
      13.
      • TREACLE WORMSEED.* 1.331
      • YELLOW ARABIAN MUSTARD.
• Seed wrapt up in down; having five leaves in the flower; ‖ either that which is counted a Poyson: or that which is counted an Antidote.
  14.
  • DOGS-BANE.
  • SWALLOW-WORT.* 1.332
• Growing in watery places; having winged leaves; ‖ either that which is esculent of a biting tast, a short thick cod: or that which is in some esteem for the flower, bearing more long and slender cods, and whitish flowers.
  15.
  • WATER CRESS.* 1.333
  • CUCKOE FLOWER, Lady-smock.

* 1.334V. CAPSULATE HERBS bearing FLOWERS OF FIVE LEAVES, may be distinguished into such whose leaves are

• ...Vndivided;
  • Esteemed for the flower; whether such whose flowers grow
    • Sparsedly; being either of
      • Sweet sent; and elegant structure, their flowers standing in small cups; ‖ either that of a larger leaf and flower: or that whose leaf and flower is smaller.
        1.
        • GILLYFLOWER.
        • * 1.335PINK.
      • ...No considerable sent;
        • Growing in a cup; ‖ either the larger, the leaves of whose flow∣ers are more round pointed: or the lesser, having a clammy juice, whereby little Flyes are caught.
          2.
          • CAMPION.
          • * 1.336 CATCHFLY.
        • Not growing in a cup; a low plant, bearing shining purple flowers.
          3.
          • VENUS LOOKING-GLASS.
    • * 1.337In an Vmbel or Tuft;
      • Perennial whether that w^ch bears flowers of various colours on the same tuft: or that whose flowers are commonly of a bright scarlet.
        4.
        • LONDON TUFT, Sweet Iohn, Sweet William.
        • * 1.338BRISTOW NONSUCH.
      • Annual; whose leaves are of a bitter tast.
        5.
        • * 1.339LESSER CENTAURY.
  • Not esteemed for the flower; considerable either for their
    • Manner of growth; whether
      • Erect; bearing
        • Red flowers; growing commonly amongst Corn; ‖ either that which bears small flowers, of smooth leaves, round seed, an an∣gular cup: or that which bears larger flowers, of a deep red, hoary leaves, and angular seed.
          6.
          • * 1.340COW-BASIL.
          • COCKLE.
        • Yellow flowers; of a red juice when bruised, whether such whose leaves are
          • Lesser; ‖ either that of a round stalk: or that of an angular stalk.
            7.
            • St. JOHNS-WORT.
            • * 1.341St. PETERS-WORT.
          • Larger; having a round seed-vessel, like a berry.
            8.
            • * 1.342TUTSAN, Park-leaves.
      • Procumbent; bearing
        • White flowers; whose leaves are cut in about the middle; ‖ either that which bears a more large flower: or that which bears a little flower having hairy leaves.
          9.
          • * 1.343STICHWORT.
          • COMMON CHICKWEED.
        • Coloured flowers; the latter being spotted on the backside of the leaves.
          10.
          • BASTARD CHICKWEED.
          • * 1.344PIMPERNEL.
    • Milkie juice; bitter and caustick, of a triangular seed-vessel.
      11.
      • * 1.345SPURGE, Tithymal.
    • Large flowers; ‖ either that w^ch is used for the making of fine linnen, ha¦ving long narrow leaves, & a round seed vessel, conteining oblong shining seeds: or that with a stiff stalk, having leaves like those of Sallow, sometimes 3 or 4 at one setting on.
      12.
      • * 1.346FLAX, Linseed.
      • YELLOW LOOSE STRIFE.
• Divided leaves; ‖ either that which hath a strong sent, a round seed-vessel, the leaves of a whitish blew colour: or that which bears a large flower of a pale blew, with a circle of leaves under it, having a large seed-vessel, horned at the top.
  13.
  • RUE, Herb of grace.
  • * 1.347FENNEL FLOWER.

VI. CAPSULATE HERBS, whose flowers consist of three or four leaves, may be distinguished into such as are;* 1.348 either of

• Three leaves; in the flower, being water plants; ‖ either that which hath long leaves like Aloes, with sharp serrate edges: or that whose leaf doth in the figure of it resemble a barbed Arrow.
  1.
  • FRESH WATER SOULDIER.* 1.349
  • ARROW-HEAD.
• Four leaves; in the flower, to be further distinguished by the
  • Seed-vessel; whether
    • ...Compressed;
      • Larger; and more broad; ‖ either that whose leaf is like the leaf of a Nettle, the seed-vessel shining like Sattin: or that of hoary stalks and leaves, being the lesser.* 1.350
        2.
        • BULBONACH, Honesty, Sattin.
        • MADWORT OF DIOSCORIDES.
      • Lesser; the former of a biting tast.
        3.
        • THLASPI.* 1.351
        • SHEPHEARDS PURSE.
    • Round; of
      • Larger heads; and flowers being narcotic; ‖ either that of a bitter white juice of which Opium is made, with a star-like covering on the top of the seed-vessel: or that whose leaf is more finely jagged, having a rough seed-vessel.* 1.352
        4.
        • POPPY.
        • BASTARD POPPY.
      • Lesser heads; and flowers, being of a hot biting tast; ‖ either that w^ch bears a white flower & reddish seed: or that which bears long nar∣row leaves upon the stalk, and others that are broader, and jagged towards the bottom of the stalk.* 1.353
        5.
        • GARDEN CRESS.
        • SCIATICA CRESS.
  • Leaf; as to the
    • Biting tast; ‖ either that which is a large plant of a juicy serrate leaf, of a light blewish green: or that which is a low small plant, of jagged leaves, and rough seed-vessel, growing many together, each con∣teining one seed.* 1.354
      6.
      • PEPPER-WORT.
      • SWINES CRESS.
    • Shape; being like those of Ivy, the stalks being divided into three, and so subdivided, one side of the lower part of the leaf standing out more then the other.* 1.355
      7.
      • BARRENWORT.
  • Flower; in respect of the
    • Colour; being yellow, large plants; ‖ either that whose leaves are of a blewish green, long and smooth, used in dying: or that whose leaves are more narrow and indented.* 1.356
      8.
      • WOAD.
      • GOLD OF PLEASURE.
    • Manner of growth; in spikes.
      • Vpon the top of the stalks; bearing small blew flowers; ‖ either that of lesser leaves indented: or that of a naked stalk, growing by the sea side.* 1.357
        9.
        • VERVAIN.
        • SEA-LAVENDER.
      • From the sides of the stalks; whether the
        • Larger; having a flat seed-vessel.
          10.
          • BROOKLIME.* 1.358
        • Lesser; being small plants, having compressed seed-vessels like those of Shepheards-purse: the latter bearing the bigger flower of a bright blew.* 1.359
          11.
          • SPEEDWELL.
          • WILD GERMANDER.

* 1.360VII. CAMPANULATE HERBS, may be distinguished into such as are

• ...Climbing;
  • Pomiferous; bearing
    • Bigger esculent fruit; ••i••her such as have
      • Softer skins or c••••ts; ‖ either that which is the largest, of a waterish tast, having a large seed with a welt about the edges: or that which is of a more rich pleasant tast, with a plain seed not mark∣ed in the limb of it.
        1.
        • * 1.361POMPEON, Quash.
        • MELON, Musk-melon.
      • Shelly coats; growing to such a hardness as renders them fit to make bottles, &c. ‖ either that which bears commonly a white flower: or that of a yellow flower.
        2.
        • * 1.362GOURD.
        • CITRUL.
    • ...Lesser;
      • Esculent; of a whitish pulp, and waterish tast.
        3.
        • * 1.363COWCUMBER.
      • Purgative; ‖ either that of a figure like a Pear, of a bitter juice: or that like a Cowcumber, but smaller and rough, the seeds spirting out upon breaking off the stalk.
        4.
        • * 1.364COLOQUINTIDA.
        • WILD COWCUMBER.
      • Neither esculent nor purgative; having a leaf like that of a Vine, but less, the fruit oblong but very small.
        5.
        • * 1.365MALE BALSOM.
  • Capsulate; having a short round seed-vessel, and angular seeds, climb∣ing by twining about other plants; ‖ either that which is not pur∣gative: or that which hath a milky juice in the root. A violent pur∣gative,
    6.
    • * 1.366BINDWEED.
    • SCAMMONY.
• Erect; considerable for the flower, being either
  • Greater; ‖ either that whose flower is bigger at the bottom: or that which is less at the bottom.
    • ...Europaean;
      7.
      • * 1.367COVENTRY BELLS.
      • THROATWORT.
    • Exotic; ‖ either that which hath flowers of several colours, leaves like those of Nightshade, growing by pairs, the branches alterna∣tim: or that whose leaves are jagged, having a large thorny seed-vessel.
      8.
      • * 1.368MERVAIL OF PERU.
      • THORN APPLE.
  • Lesser, ‖ either that which hath
    • An Esculent root; a long leaf, a blew flower, the edge divided into five points: or that whose root is not esculent.
      9.
      • * 1.369RAMPION.
      • BELL-FLOWER.
    • A hollow flower; somewhat like the finger of a Glove: the second being of a purgative quality.
      10.
      • * 1.370FOXGLOVE.
      • OYLY PURGING PULSE
    • A Narcotic quality; ‖ either that which hath large smooth unctu∣ous leaves, but very small seed: or that which hath soft woolly leaves jagged.
      11
      • * 1.371TOBACCO.
      • HENBANE.

VIII. CAPSULATE HERBS NOT CAMPANULATE, having their leaves divided into several segments,* 1.372 may be distinguished into such as have

• ...Naked stalks;
  • Of a rough nervous leaf; ‖ either that which bears one flower upon a stalk which is bigger, being divided into five laciniae: or that which bears a less flower, many together at the top of the stalk.
    1.
    • PRIMROSE.
    • PAIGLE, Cowslip.* 1.373
  • Of a thicker smoother leaf; the flowers growing many together, stand∣ing in a shorter cup; ‖ either that which bears the bigger: or the smaller flower, the leaves being hoary underneath.
    2.
    • BEARS EAR.* 1.374
    • BIRDS EY.
  • ...Of a round indented leaf;
    3.
    • BEARS EAR SANICLE.* 1.375
• Leavy stalks; whether
  • Taller plants; considerable for
    • Bearing their flowers in spikes; the limb of the flower being divided into five segments, with very little hose; ‖ either that whose leaves and stalks are hoary: or that which hath less leaves, being green.
      4.
      • MULLEIN.
      • MOTH MULLEIN.* 1.376
    • Having small duskie flowers; ‖ either that of a roundish leaf, and weak stalk, the flower being a kind of Tube, with a lip on one side: or having a stiff stalk, a leaf like a Nettle, a small purplish flower, and a round seed-vessel.
      5.
      • BIRTHWORT.* 1.377
      • FIGWORT.
  • Lesser plants; whether such as are
    • Deciduous; to be further distinguished by their different flowers.
      • Resembling a head with a gaping mouth; having long narrow leaves, the second having a heel.
        6.
        • SNAPDRAGON.
        • TOAD-FLAX.* 1.378
      • Resembling a helmet or hood;
        • Having creased indented leaves; ‖ either that with turgid husks: or that with smaller husks.
          7.
          • COCKSCOMB.* 1.379
          • EYBRIGHT.
        • Having broad jagged leaves; with a spike of gaping flowers, be∣ing a larger plant: or having long leaves jagged about the set∣ting on, with large seed.
          8.
          • BRANK URSIN, Bears-breech.
          • COW WHEAT.* 1.380
      • With heels; ‖ either that whose seed when ripe will spirt out of the cod, bearing yellow flowers: or that of a pale downy leaf, weak stalks, trailing on the ground.
        9.
        • CODDED ARSMART.
        • FEMALE FLUELLIN, Female Speedwell.* 1.381
    • Ever green; having weak stalks creeping on the ground.
      10.
      • PERIWINKLE.* 1.382

* 1.383IX. BACCIFEROUS HERBS, may be distinguished according to their

• Qualities; into such as are
  • Esculent; either in respect of the
    • Fruit; being
      • Most pleasant; a Trefoil propagating by strings or wires.
        1.
        • * 1.384STRAWBERRY.
      • Less pleasant; ‖ either that of a leaf like Agrimony, bearing round fruit of a bright red: or that of a broad hairy rough leaf, bear∣ing a large fruit almost as big as a Cowcumber.
        2.
        • * 1.385APPLE OF LOVE.
        • MAD APPLE.
    • Root; bearing winged leaves, and a bell flower.
      3.
      • * 1.386POTATO OF VIRGINIA.
  • Malignant; whether such whose leaves are more
    • Simple and undivided; ‖ either that which hath a broad leaf, bear∣ing black berries: or that which hath a more long, broad, dark co∣loured leaf, a great root, bearing great berries on single stalks.
      4.
      • * 1.387NIGHTSHADE.
      • MANDRAKE.
    • Compound; or made up of many segments; ‖ either that which bears light green berries in a cluster: or that which bears but one leaf divided into four or five parts, and but one black berry.
      5.
      • * 1.388HERB CHRISTOPHER, Berry bearing Wolves-bane.
      • HERB TRUE LOVE, One Berry.
• Manner of growth; of the
  • Plants themselves; being Climbers, whether such as are considerable for
    • Purgativeness; bearing red berries; ‖ either that of a great white root, having leaves like a Vine, but more rough: or that of a great black root, with leaves like those of Ivy.
      6.
      • * 1.389WHITE BRIONY.
      • BLACK BRIONY, Wild Vine, Ladies-seal
    • Being full of crooked prickles; having a long triangular leaf.
      7.
      • * 1.390PRICKLY BINDWEED.
  • Berries; whether in a
    • Bladder; ‖ either that which is a low plant, which bears a red berry in a large bladder: or that whose leaves are like Chickweed, ramping upon other plants.
      8.
      • * 1.391WINTER CHERRY.
      • BERRY BEARING CHICKWEED.
    • Vmbel; having winged leaves, like Elder, both for shape and sent.
      9.
      • * 1.392DANEWORT.

Of Shrubs.

SHRUBS may be distributed into such as are

• ...Bacciferous;* 1.393
  • ...Deciduous;
    • SPINOUS, or thorny. I.
    • NOT SPINOUS. II.
  • EVERGREEN. III.
• SILIQUOUS; such as bear their seeds in PODS. IV.
• Graniferous; bearing smaller seeds, whether such as are
  • DECIDUOUS. V.
  • EVERGREEN. VI.

1. BACCIFEROUS SPINOUS shrubs of DECIDUOUS leaves, may be distinguished into such as have either

• Compound leaves; whether such as may be called
  • Fingered; viz. when several proceed from one point, bearing an escu∣lent berry consisting of many little pulpy grains aggregated toge∣ther in one head; ‖ either that whose branches are erect, bearing the more pleasant fruit: or that whose branches are procumbent and trail∣ing
    1.
    • RASBERRY, Raspis.* 1.394
    • BRAMBLE, Blackberry.
  • Winged; viz. growing by pairs against one another upon a middle rib; ‖ either that which bears the more beautiful and sweet flower: or that whose flower is less beautiful and sweet.
    2.
    • ROSE.* 1.395
    • BRIER.
• ...Simple leaves;
  • Divided into several segments; ‖ either that which bears a more juicy esculent berry, being the lesser plant: or that which bears a drier red berry, being the taller plant.
    3.
    • GOOSBERRY.* 1.396
    • WHITE THORN, Haw-thorn.
  • Vndivided; whether
    • Roundish; whose fruit is
      • Esculent; ‖ either that which produces a fruit like a small Plum, black, round, of an acid austere tast, the blossoms coming out before the leaves: or that which bears its fruits in clusters, being long slender reddish, of an acid tast.
        4.
        • SLOE-TREE, Black-thorn.* 1.397
        • BARBERRY.
      • Not esculent; whether
        • Purgative; having leaves like those of a Plum-tree, bearing black berries used in dying.
          5.
          • PURGING THORN.* 1.398
        • Not purgative; ‖ either that which hath long, stiffe, slender, sharp thorns, bearing a fruit resembling a hat: or that whose berries contein a long streaked seed.
          6.
          • CHRISTS THORN.* 1.399
          • BOXTHORN.
    • Long; and somewhat hoary.
      7.
      • BUCKS THORN.* 1.400

II. BACCIFEROUS Shrubs of DECIDUOUS leaves, NOT SPI∣NOUS,* 1.401 may be distributed into such whose berries are; either

• Esculent; bearing their fruit
  • In clusters; ‖ either that of a rich juice, spungy wood, trailing branches: or that whose leaves are like those of Goosberry, but larger, and erect branches.
    1.
    • * 1.402VINE, Grape, Raisin.
    • CURRAN.
  • Singly; being a low plant, of dark green leaves, hollow flowers, small fruit.
    2.
    • * 1.403BILBERRY, Whortle-berry.
• Not esculent; to be further distinguished with respect to the Leaf.
  • ...Vndivided;
    • Round; considerable for the
      • Manner of bearing their fruit; whether
        • In Vmbels; whose leaves are
          • Hoary; underneath; ‖ either that which bears black berries, containing one flat seed: or that which bears red berries.
            3.
            • * 1.404WAYFARING TREE.
            • WHITE BEAM TREE, Cumberland Hawthorn.
          • Green; having red twigs, and a black fruit, conteining one ker∣nel.
            4.
            • * 1.405DOGBERRY TREE.
        • In clusters; having but one grain in a black berry; ‖ either that whose leaves are larger: or lesser.
          5.
          • BIRDS CHERRY.
          • * 1.406WILD ROCK CHERRY OF AUSTRIA.
        • Sparsedly; having several grains in a berry; whether such whose leaves are
          • Hoary underneath, and less; ‖ either that of a thicker leaf, bear∣ing a red berry, covered with a kind of down: or that other bearing a black berry.
            6.
            • * 1.407DWARF MEDLER.
            • SWEET WHORT.
          • Green and larger; like those of Alder, but smoother, bearing a black berry, the inward bark being a violent purgative.
            7.
            • * 1.408BERRY BEARING ALDER.
      • Flowers; being tubulous and odorate; ‖ either that which is climb∣ing: or that which is erect.
        8.
        • * 1.409WOODBINE, Honysuckle.
        • UPRIGHT WOODBINE.
      • Tast of the fruit; being hot, biting, aromatic, growing in clusters, each cluster coming out on the side of the stalk, opposite to a leaf on the other side, being a Climber.
        9.
        • * 1.410PEPPER.
    • ...Long;
      • Purgative; bearing red berries; ‖ either that which sends out its blossoms in winter before the leaves, being of a sweet sent: or that whose younger branches and berries are quadrangular.
        10.
        • MEZEREON.
        • * 1.411SPINDLE TREE.
      • Not purgative; having slender flexile twigs; ‖ either that which bears black berries in clusters: or that which bears red berries more sparsedly.
        11.
        • * 1.412PRIVET.
        • SHRUB CASSIA.
  • Iagged; ‖ either that which bears a great round cluster of white flowers: or that which bears its flowers in an Vmbel. berries.
    12.
    • * 1.413GELDER ROSE.
    • WATER ELDER.
  • Compound; bearing a flower like Iessamine with round black shining stalks.
    13.
    • * 1.414YELLOW JESSAMINE.
  • Having no leaf; the flowers and berries coming out at the joynts of the
    14.
    • * 1.415SEA-GRAPE.

III. BACCIFEROUS SEMPERVIRENT SHRUBS,* 1.416 may be distribu∣ted into such whose leaves are; either

• Compound; whether
  • Winged; ‖ either that which is of a fragrant smell, bearing yellow seeds in black berries: or that which bears small berries like Mulberries.
    1.
    • TRUE BALSOM, Balm.* 1.417
    • THORNY BURNET.
  • Fingered; having several leaves growing from one foot-stalk, bearing the fruit in clusters.* 1.418
    2.
    • DWARF PALM.
• Intire; whether of
  • Indented edges; bearing
    • Black berries; ‖ either that whose leaves grow against one another: or that whose leaves grow alternately.
      3.
      • PHYLLYRAEA, Mock-privet.* 1.419
      • EVERGREEN PRIVET.
    • Red berries; ‖ either that of oblong shining serrate leaves, bearing fruit like Strawberries, but bigger: or that which bears berries of a more pale yellowish red.* 1.420
      4.
      • STRAWBERRY TREE.
      • EVERGREEN THORN.
  • Smooth edges; to be further distinguished by the
    • Tast; hot and biting, being violent purgers; whether such whose leaves are
      • Broader; of a tough stalk, the leaves towards the bottom being more long then those of Bays, bearing greenish flowers, and black berries, of a very hot tast.* 1.421
        5.
        • SPURGE LAUREL.
      • Narrower; ‖ either that which bears long pale leaves and red ber∣ries: or that which bears dark green leaves, the berries growing by threes.* 1.422
        6.
        • SPURGE OLIVE.
        • WIDOW WAIL.
    • Flower; as to the manner of its growth, as likewise of the berries; either
      • In the midst of the leaf; whether having
        • Larger leaves; not spinous: the latter of which hath a small leaf growing out of the middle of another leaf, betwixt which two, the blossoms and berries do grow.
          7.
          • LAUREL OF ALEXANDRIA.* 1.423
          • HORSE-TONGUE.
        • Lesser leaves; spinous, bearing large red berries.
          8.
          • BUTCHERS BROOM.* 1.424
      • In an Vmbel; having a thick, broad, dark coloured leaf, bearing early flowers, and said to blossom twice in one year.
        9.
        • WILD BAY.
    • Leaf;* 1.425 whether
      • Small, slender, and prickly at the ends, being odorate; ‖ either that whose leaves and wood, are of a more pleasant sent, producing blewish berries: or that whose sent is less pleasant, bearing black berries.* 1.426
        10.
        • JUNIPER.
        • SAVIN.
      • Roundish and broad; ‖ either that which is odorate: or that whose flowers grow in clusters, bearing pentagonal fruit about the big∣ness of a Pease.* 1.427
        11.
        • MYRTLE
        • MYRTLE SYMACH.
    • Manner of growing; upon other plants; ‖ either that which hath weak branches, angular shining leaves, black berries in clusters, growing commonly upon other trees or walls: or that which never grows on the ground, of a paler colour and transparent berries.* 1.428
      12.
      • IVY.
      • MISSELTO.

* 1.429IV. SILIQUOUS SHRUBS, may be distinguished into such as are

• Deciduous; whether having
  • Intire leaves; the
    • Greater; being a tall plant, approaching nearer to the magnitude of a Tree, bearing beautiful spikes of blew flowers.
      1.
      • * 1.430LILACH, Pipe-tree.
    • Lesser; ‖ either that of a round leaf, being a low plant, the bud of whose flower, when pickled, is an esculent sauce, bearing large white flowers: or that which is taller, bearing yellow flowers.
      2.
      • * 1.431CAPAR.
      • THORNY BROOM.
  • ...Compound leaves;
    • Trefoils; bearing yellow flowers; the Greater, or the lesser.
      3.
      • BEAN TREFOIL.
      • * 1.432SHRUB TREFOIL.
    • ...Winged leaves;
      • Europaean; considerable for having
        • A purgative quality; ‖ either that which hath no od leaf at the end: or that which bears its seeds in hollow pods or bladders.
          4.
          • * 1.433SENA.
          • BASTARD SENA.
        • An esculent root; of a sweet juice.
          5.
          • * 1.434LICCORICE.
      • ...Exotic;
        • The Greater; being thorny, bearing yellow flowers; ‖ either that whose leaves are smaller, the flowers growing in a sphae∣rical cluster, being odorate: or that whose leaves are much larger.
          6.
          • * 1.435BINDING BEAN TREE.
          • LOCUST TREE.
        • The Lesser; considerable for the falling down of the branches, and closing of the leaves upon a touch, as if the plant had sense.
          7.
          • * 1.436HUMBLE PLANT
• Sempervirent; having
  • Green twigs; bearing yellow flowers; ‖ either that which hath long slender, square, flexile twigs, and long thin cods: or that whose twigs are more short, and stiffe, and prickly, bearing shorter cods more full and thick.
    8.
    • BROOM.
    • * 1.437FURRS.
  • Hoary leaves; ‖ either that which hath long thorns, standing thick, bearing white flowers shaped like those of Broom, having winged leaves: or that which is a Cinquefoil.
    9.
    • GOATS THORN.
    • * 1.438DORYCNIUM.

V. GRANIFEROUS DECIDUOUS SHRUBS,* 1.439 may be distinguish∣ed into such as are

• Erect; to be considered according to their
  • Flowers; whether such as have
    • Smaller flowers; in spikes; bearing
      • Round fruit; like berries; ‖ either that which bears five leaves upon a foot-stalk: or whose seed-vessels are pentagonal, contein∣ing small yellow seed.
        1.
        • CHAST TREE.* 1.440
        • SPIKED WILLOW OF THEOPHRASTUS.
      • Seed wrapt up in Down; having very small leaves like those of Ci∣pres, and an odorate wood.
        2.
        • TAMARISK.* 1.441
    • Larger flowers; whether
      • Odorate; ‖ either that which hath weak branches, whose flowers are of a more pleasant smell: or that whose flowers are of a strong and less pleasant smell.
        3.
        • JESSAMINE.
        • WHITE PIPE TREE.* 1.442
      • Not odorate; having leaves like those of Marsh mallow, being soft and hoary.
        4.
        • SHRUB MALLOW.* 1.443
  • Odorateness of the leaves; ‖ either that which grows in fenny places, bearing long leaves, and small squamous Catkins: or that which is a lower plant, having roundish nervous leaves, upon long foot-stalks, bearing woolly tufts, and seeds like Lentils.
    5.
    • GALLS.* 1.444
    • RED SUMACH.
  • Milkiness of the juice; being a violent purger, having long leaves of a pale green colour.
    6.
    • TREE SPURGE.
• Climbers;* 1.445 either by
  • Twisting; ‖ either that which is a Trefoil: or that which hath winged leaves, bearing the flowers in a cluster, having feathery tufts.
    7.
    • CLEMATIS, Virgins-bower.
    • TRAVELLERS JOY.* 1.446
  • Laying hold on walls or trees by small tendrils; like clawes or fingers.
    8.
    • VIRGINIAN CLIMBERS, Virginian Ivy.* 1.447

VI. GRANIFEROUS EVERGREEN SHRUBS, may be distinguish∣ed into such as are

• Europaean;* 1.448 considerable for
  • Bearing large flowers; whether that which hath hoary leaves, the flow∣er consisting of five leaves: or that which bears long stiffe leaves of a dark green.
    1.
    • * 1.449HOLY ROSE.
    • OLEANDER, Rose-bay.
  • Having a purging quality; whether such as have
    • Hoary leaves; ‖ either that which hath small leaves, thick set upon the stalk, being hoary underneath: or that whose leaves are bigger, and hoary all over, bearing small flowers in tufts.
      2.
      • * 1.450SANA MUNDA.
      • GUTTWORT, Trouble-belly.
    • Smooth hard dry leaves; bearing a blew flower like that of Scabious.
      3.
      • * 1.451HERB TERRIBLE.
  • Being odorate; whether such as have
    • Hoary leaves; verticillate, having hooded flowers; ‖ either that which hath narrow long leaves hoary underneath: or that which hath broader leaves hoary all over, bearing yellow gaping flowers.
      4.
      • * 1.452ROSEMARY.
      • SAGE MULLEIN.
    • Green leaves; whether that which bears small flowers in an Vmbel: or that which bears a large flower like that of Oleander, yellow and spotted.
      5.
      • * 1.453HARTWORT.
      • SWEET MOUNTAIN ROSE.
  • The place of their growth; whether
    • Near the Sea; being of a pale colour; ‖ either that whose leaves are smooth, bearing mossy flowers, and a small compressed seed: or that of winged hoary shining leaves, bearing yellow flowers in clusters.
      6.
      • SEA PURSLAIN.
      • * 1.454SILVER BUSH.
    • In barren places; being a low plant, having small hollow flowers, and little leaves.
      7.
      • HEATH.
• * 1.455Exotic; a low shrub, the branches spreading and growing thick toge∣ther, which after being dried and shrunk up, will upon being put into warm water dilate and expend themselves.
  8.
  • * 1.456ROSE OF JERICO.

Of Trees.

Trees may be distinguished according to their

• * 1.457Fruit or Seed; being conteined either in a
  • Fleshy pulp; whether
    • POMIFEROUS. I.
    • PRUNIFEROUS. II.
    • BACCIFEROUS. III.
  • ...Hard shell;
    • NUCIFEROUS. IV.
    • GLANDIFEROUS, or CONIFEROUS. V.
  • SINGLE TEGUMENTS, or Coverings. VI.
• WOODS OR BARKS. VII.
• GUMMS OR ROSINS. VIII.

I. POMIFEROUS TREES,* 1.458 may be distinguished into such as are

• More properly called Trees; whether
  • Deciduous; having
    • ...Visible Blossoms;
      • ...Esculent when ripe;
        • More round; the tree spreading more in breadth, both as to the branches and roots of it, the fruits having an outward cavity at each end, in the place of the blossom and the stalk, and five in∣ward cavities lined with stiffe membranes, each of which doth commonly contein two kernels.* 1.459
          1.
          • APPLE.
        • Less round; that part of the fruit where the stalk grows, being more prominent; ‖ either that which rises more in height: or that which spreads more in breadth, being a lower and more crooked tree, whose fruit is covered with a Down, being when raw, of an unpleasant tast and sent.* 1.460
          2.
          • PEAR.
          • QUINCE.
      • Not esculent, till rotten;
        • The greater; ‖ either that smaller tree, having long leaves, dark green above and white beneath, the fruit having a wide aperture in the place of the blossom: or that thorny tree, whose leaf and fruit is like a Hawthorn, but the fruit bigger, and of a pleasant acidity.
          3.
          • MEDLAR.* 1.461
          • LAZAROLE.
        • The lesser; being tall trees; ‖ either that of winged serrate leaves, bearing a fruit like a small Pear: or that of jagged leaves, bearing a lesser fruit in clusters upon long foot-stalks.
          4.
          • TRUE SERVICE.* 1.462
          • COMMON SERVICE.
    • No visible blossoms; unless (as JOHN BAUHINUS observes) within the fruit, being a weak tree, of smooth bark, large leaves, divided commonly into five jags, whose fruit is of an oblong Pear-like fi∣gure, of a more soft consistence, full of little grains.
      5.
      • FIGG.* 1.463
  • Sempervirent; or evergreen; whose fruit is either
    • Round; of a
      • Hard, crustaceous, brittle rine; a thorny tree, bearing large beauti∣ful blossoms, the fruit full of grains in a red pulp, with a kind of Coronet on the top of the fruit, at the place of the blossom.
        6.
        • POMEGRANATE.* 1.464
      • Softer rine; the fruit as to its colour being of a deep yellow; ‖ either that which hath a quick juice of a grateful acidity: or that whose juice is of a more dull and flat tast.* 1.465
        7.
        • ORANGE.
        • ADAMS APPLE.
    • Oblong; and oval; being of a pale yellow; ‖ either the bigger, whose rine is more thick, and whose juice is less acid: or the less, whose rine is more thin, and whose juice is more acid.* 1.466
      8.
      • CITRON.
      • LEMMON.
• Less properly called Trees; bearing fruits of some resemblance to Figgs; ‖ either that which grows to a great bigness, bearing a pleasant fruit, many in a cluster, being Annual: or that whose leaves grow out of one another, of which those in Northern Countries are commonly so small as to be reckoned amongst Herbs.* 1.467
  9.
  • PLANTAIN TREE.
  • INDIAN FIGG.

* 1.468II. PRUNIFEROUS TREES, may be distinguished into such as are

• ...Not Purgative;
  • Deciduous; whose fruits are
    • Greater; whose stones are
      • Rough; having many deep crooked furrows; ‖ either that whose fruit is covered with a Down: or that whose skin is not downy.
        1.
        • * 1.469PEACH. Malacotoon.
        • NECTARINE.
      • Smooth; ‖ either that which is sooner ripe, of a more dry, solid, yellow pulp: or that of a more succulent pulp.
        2.
        • * 1.470APRICOCK.
        • PLUMM.
    • Lesser; putting out blossoms before leaves; ‖ either that which bears a more round fruit upon a long foot-stalk: or that which bears a more oblong fruit upon a shorter foot-stalk.
      3.
      • * 1.471CHERRY.
      • CORNELION.
  • Sempervirent: having stones with very small kernels: ‖ either that which hath long narrow leaves, hoary underneath, the fruit not escu∣lent till pickled: or that which hath very long leaves, like those of Reed, the fruit growing in clusters, of a pleasant tast.
    4.
    • * 1.472OLIVE.
    • DATE.
• Purgative; being sold in Apothecaries shops.
  • Vsed sometimes for food; ‖ either that whose fruit is bigger: or that which bears a small black turbinate fruit, standing in a little cup, of a black, sweet, viscid pulp, adhering to the stone, which conteins three seeds.
    5.
    • * 1.473MIROBALANE.
    • SEBESTEN.
  • Not used for food; ‖ either that whose fruit hath some resemblance to an Olive: or that which bears a red fruit, the leaf short, round, ser∣rate, of a deep green.
    6.
    • * 1.474WHITE JUJUBS
    • COMMON JUJUBS.

III. BACCIFEROUS TREES,* 1.475 may be distinguished into such as are either.

• ...Europaean;
  • Deciduous; whose fruit is
    • Esculent; having broad, roundish, serrate, rough leaves, bearing a fruit like that of a Rasberry, but bigger.
      1.
      • MULBERRY.* 1.476
    • Not esculent; having
      • Winged leaves; the wood more
        • Soft and spungy; ‖ either that, the younger branches of which are full of Pith, bearing the berries in an Vmbel, being of an ill sent: or that which bears its berries in a close tuft, the wood being used for giving a black tincture to Leather.
          2.
          • ELDER.
          • SUMACH.* 1.477
        • Hard; ‖ either that which bears its berries in an Vmbel, being of a red colour and an acid tast: or that which bears a small, round, oblong fruit, in long clusters, having many hollow excrescences like Bladders.* 1.478
          3.
          • QUICKEN TREE.
          • TURPENTINE TREE.
      • Single leaves; bearing a small black fruit upon a long foot-stalk, like that of a Cherry, the leaves resembling those of Nettle.
        4.
        • NETTLE TREE.* 1.479
  • Evergreen; considerable for their
    • Berries; whether such as bear
      • Black berries; ‖ either that whose leaves are more short, odorate, of a deep green, each berry conteining two seeds: or that whose leaves are more pale, long, shining and serrate.
        5.
        • BAY.* 1.480
        • LAUREL.
      • Red berries; ‖ either that which hath small narrow leaves of a dark green: or that which hath large shining prickly leaves.
        6.
        • YEW.* 1.481
        • HOLLY.
    • Whitish berries; having small round leaves of an ill sent, a hard close wood of a yellowish colour.
      7.
      • BOX.* 1.482
    • Gumms; ‖ either that which hath winged leaves, without an od leaf at the end: or that which hath long narrow leaves, like those of Iris, producing a red Gum called Sanguis draconis.
      8.
      • MASTIC TREE.* 1.483
      • DRAGON TREE.
• ...Exotic;
  • Deciduous; ‖ either that whose fruit is Aromatical, being the bottom of the flower, which when ripe, grows turgid in the middle where the seeds are conteined: or that of winged leaves, serrate, of a deep green, bearing white berries in clusters.
    9.
    • LOVE TREE.* 1.484
    • BEDE TREE.
  • Evergreen; ‖ either that of an Aromatic wood used in Physick, having leaves like those of a Fig-tree, but less: or that of winged leaves, long, narrow, sharp pointed, bearing berries like those of Asparagus, in clu∣sters.
    10.
    • SASSAFRAS.
    • INDIAN MOLLE.* 1.485

* 1.486IV. NUCIFEROUS TREES, may be distinguished into such as are

• Europaean; conteining in one common husk
  • One Nut; having a covering that is either
    • Thick and pulpy; having oyly kernels; ‖ either that which is the larger tree of winged leaves, odorate, having a rugged kernel, divi∣ded into several lobes: or that which is a lesser tree, having long narrow serrate leaves, and a smooth kernel.
      1.
      • * 1.487WALNUT.
      • ALMOND.
    • Thin husks; either such as are
      • Wholly encompassed; and covered by their husks; whether that of winged leaves, having a white thin shell, upon which there is ano∣ther rugged covering: or that whose leaf is like that of a Quince, green above and white underneath, the fruit covered with a downy husk, the kernel of a bad tast.
        2.
        • * 1.488PISTACIE, Fistic-nut.
        • STORAX.
      • * 1.489Open at one end; being smaller Trees, of broad indented leaves, bearing Catkins; ‖ either that of a larger kernel and thinner shell, whose husk is longer: or that of a lesser kernel and thicker shell, whose husk is shorter.
        3.
        • * 1.490FILBERT.
        • SMALL NUT.
  • Several Nuts; whose outward husk is
    • Echinate and prickly; ‖ either that which hath long, smooth, deeply indented leaves, the husk conteining three or four Nuts: or that which bears a short, roundish, shining leaf, having a smooth bark, and Nuts of a triangular figure.
      4.
      • * 1.491CHESNUT.
      • BEECH.
    • Smooth; and thin, in the form of a Bladder; being a small tree of winged leaves.
      5.
      • * 1.492BLADDER NUT.
• Exotic; conteining in one common husk
  • One Nut; ‖ either that which is a large tree, bearing the largest Nut of all that are known, covered with a thick rine upon the shell: or that which hath a hard Aromatic kernel, covered immediately with a yel∣lowish Aromatic husk, called Mace, upon which there is a thin shell, and upon that a pulpy coat.
    6.
    • COCO.
    • * 1.493NUTMEG.
  • Several Nuts; having a covering
    • More thin; whose kernels are used for the making of drinks, being but small trees; ‖ either that which grows in shady moist places, having many kernels together in a husk: or that which is less properly called a Nut, bearing a double kernel in a husk, each of them being flat on one side, and gibbous on the other.
      7.
      • CHOCOLATE.
      • * 1.494COFFI.
    • Covered with a woolly substance: or that which besides the outward tegument hath likewise an inward pulp, wherein the fruit lies, of the shape of a Heart, and the bigness of a Bean, used in Physick.
      8.
      • * 1.495COTTON TREE.
      • ANACARDIUM.

V. GLANDIFEROUS, and CONIFEROUS TREES,* 1.496 may be di∣stinguished into such as are

• ...Glandiferous.
  • Deciduous; ‖ either that which is a large tree, of a hard lasting wood, a rugged bark, the leaves waved at the edges: or that whose leaves are more deeply divided, bearing a larger fruit, standing in great thick rugged cups, used for tanning.
    1.
    • OAK.
    • BITTER OAK.* 1.497
  • Evergreen; ‖ either that whose leaves resemble those of Holly, being of a dark green above, and white underneath: or that which is very like to this, having a very, thick, light, porous, deciduous bark.
    2.
    • HOLM OAK.
    • CORK TREE.* 1.498
• ...Coniferous;
  • Deciduous; bearing small Cones; ‖ either that which grows in wate∣ry places, having leaves of a dark green, shaped like those of the Nut-tree: or that whose leaves are very slender, growing in tufts, more thin at distances, of a paler colour.
    3.
    • ALDER.
    • LARICH TREE.* 1.499
  • Evergreen; whose Cones are
    • Bigger; ‖ either that which is a large tall tree, bearing great roundish Cones of smooth scales, standing upwards, the leaves being small, narrow, and thick set together: or that which bears long slender leaves, two growing out together from one socket, the Cones consisting of hard wooddy scales.
      4.
      • CEDAR.
      • PINE.* 1.500
    • Lesser; having
      • Long leaves; ‖ either that whose leaves encompass and cover the branches; bearing long Cones hanging downwards: or that whose leaves grow from each side of the stalk, being more flat, like those of Yew, green on the upper side, and whitish underneath, furcated at the end, bearing Cones shorter and thicker, growing erect.
        5.
        • MALE FIRR TREE, Pitch-tree.
        • FEMALE FIRR TREE.* 1.501
      • Short leaves; ‖ either that which grows in a conical figure, bear∣ing small roundish Cones: or that which hath compressed branches of a strong resinous sent, bearing small Cones encompassed with six scales.
        6.
        • CYPRESS.* 1.502
        • TREE OF LIFE.

* 1.503VI. TREES bearing their Seeds in SINGLE TEGUMENTS or Co∣verings, may be distinguished into such whose seeds are conteined in

• Pods; called Siliquous trees; whether such whose Pods are
  • Larger; being
    • Esculent; having winged leaves, and very broad Pods.
      1.
      • * 1.504CAROB, St Iohn's bread.
    • Purgative; ‖ either that which bears a round, black, and very long Pod, whose pulp is used as a benign purgative: or that which bears a thick Pod, having winged leaves, and a purgative pulp.
      2.
      • * 1.505CASSIA.
      • TAMARIND.
  • Lesser; having a round leaf, bearing elegant purple blossoms, and a thin Pod.
    3.
    • * 1.506JUDAS TREE.
• Membranaceous coverings; whether
  • Foliaceous husks; ‖ either that whose leaves are rough and indented, having a rugged bark:: or that whose leaf is somewhat longer and smoother, having a more even bark.
    4.
    • * 1.507ELM.
    • HORNBEAM.
  • Alate seed-vessels; or Keys; whether such as do generall bear
    • Single Keys; having winged leaves, a smooth bark, and a tough wood.
      5.
      • * 1.508ASH.
    • Double Keys; ‖ either that which hath smaller leaves, divided into five segments, being a brittle wood: or that which hath broader leaves, more deeply divided, being a soft wood.
      6.
      • * 1.509MAPLE.
      • SYCAMORE.
• Catkins; called Iuliferous trees; whether such as are of
  • Lesser leaves; ‖ either that which hath slender reddish twigs, smooth and white branches: or that which bears a roundish crenate leaf, up∣on very slender foot-stalks, which makes them apt to shake upon every little breath of wind.
    7.
    • BIRCH.
    • * 1.510ASPIN.
  • Larger leaves; ‖ either that whose leaves are of a dark green, like those of Ivy, having a whitish bark, and growing in watery places: or that whose leaves are laciniated, being of a dark green above, and hoary white underneath.
    8.
    • BLACK POPLAR.
    • * 1.511WHITE POPLAR.
  • Longer leaves; of a soft wood, growing most naturally in moist places; ‖ either that whose leaves are more dense and compact, being the larger tree: or that which is a lesse tree, having a broader leaf, and bearing larger Cat-kins.
    9.
    • * 1.512WILLOW.
    • SALLOW.
• Round Buttons; ‖ either that which hath broad leaves ending in a point, being smoother above then underneath, bearing a sweet blossom, and a round fruit about the bigness of a Pease, conteining one seed: or that which hath a divided leaf, whose fruit is echinate or prickly, contein∣ing several seeds
  10.
  • LIME TREE.
  • * 1.513PLANE TREE.

VII. TREES considered according to their WOODS or BARKS,* 1.514 may be distinguished into such as are principally known and taken no∣tice of for their

• Woods; according to their uses in
  • Physick; whether such as are esteemed
    • Cordial; being a hard, heavy, unctuous, Aromatic wood, the grain like that of Oak.
      1.
      • ALOE TREE.
    • Diaphoretic; of a hot biting tast;* 1.515 ‖ either that which is used against the Pox: or that which is commended as an Antidote against the biting of Serpents.
      2.
      • GUAIACUM, Pockwood.* 1.516
      • SNAKEWOOD.
    • Cooling and Astringent; whether that of a deep red, being hard, heavy, and of a finer grain, having a dull tast and no sent: or that which is yellowish, of a strait course grain, and fragrant smell like Musk.
      3.
      • RED SAUNDERS.* 1.517
      • YELLOW SAUNDERS.
    • Vseful against the Stone and diseases of the Kidneys; ‖ either that which tinges Water so, as to make it in several lights to appear of two co∣lours, blewish and yellow, not considerable for tast or smell: or that which is yellowish in the middle, and white on the outside, having a hottish tast, and a sent like that of a white Rose.
      4.
      • LIGNUM NEPHRITICUM.* 1.518
      • ROSEWOOD.
  • Mechanics; whether for
    • Dying a red colour; the former being a hard heavy wood of a strait grain, with streaks of black.
      5.
      • BRASIL WOOD.* 1.519
      • LOG WOOD.
    • Fabrile uses; whether the making of
      • Cabinets; being capable of a shining politure; ‖ either that of a black colour, a close grain, being very heavy: or that which is variegated with red and white.
        6.
        • EBONY.
        • PRINCES WOOD.* 1.520
      • Tubes; for the conveiance of Water, being streight slender trees, growing to a very great height, having a tuft of branches only at the top, the greatest part of them being pith, inclosed in a shell of very hard wood, somewhat resembling a Rush,
        7.
        • CABBIDGE TREE, Palmetto Royal.
• Barks; or Rines; either that which is
  • Esculent; being Aromatic, and of a sweet tast.
    8.
    • CINNAMON.
  • Medicinal;* 1.521 ‖ either that which is so soveraign a remedy for the cure of Agues, being of a dark colour, no considerable tast: or that which is of an Ash colour, and a hot biting tast, good against the Scurvy.
    9.
    • CORTEX FEBRIFUGUS PERUVIANUS, Iesuits powder.* 1.522
    • CORTEX WINTERANUS.

* 1.523VIII. TREES considered according to their GUMMS or ROSINS, may be distinguished; either according to their

• Gums; whether
  • Odorate; being of a bitter tast, proceeding from an exotic thorny Tree.
    1.
    • * 1.524MYRRHE.
  • Not odorate; ‖ either that which proceeds from an Egyptian thorny tree: or that which is of a yellowish colour and bitter tast, lea∣ving behind it a kind of sweet rellish, somewhat like Liccorice▪
    2.
    • * 1.525GUMM ARABICK.
    • SARCOCOLLA
• Rosins; whose consistence is more
  • Solid; and hard
    • Odorate; having a
      • More pleasant sent; used for
        • Suffumigations; being transparent; having
          • Lesser grains; ‖ either that which proceeds from an Arabian tree: or that which is of near resemblance to this, proceed∣ing from an Aethiopian Olive, of a whitish-colour mixed with yellow particles.
            3.
            • FRANKINCENSE, Olibanum.
            • * 1.526GUM ELEMI.
          • Bigger grains; proceeding from an American tree, the latter of which is more clear and transparent.
            4.
            • * 1.527GUMMI ANIMAE.
            • COPAL.
        • Perfumes; ‖ either that which is of a more hard consistence, and more tenacious: or that which is more easily dissolved.
          5.
          • CARANNA.
          • * 1.528BENJAMIN.
      • Less pleasant sent; either that which is
        • More volatile; white and transparent from several trees.
          6.
          • * 1.529CAMPHIRE.
        • Less volatile; ‖ either that which is unctuous and bitterish, easily growing soft, proceeding from an exotic thorny tree: or that which proceeds from a tall tree like Poplar.
          7.
          • * 1.530BDELLIUM.
          • TACA MAHACA.
    • Not odorate; of a red tincture, used in painting and varnishing.
      8
      • * 1.531LAKE.
  • Liquid; being of a sweet sent; ‖ either that which is of a more strong smell: or that which is of a reddish colour, used for stopping defluxi∣ons.
    9.
    • LIQUIDAMBRA.
    • * 1.532BALSAMUM PERUVIANUM.

CHAP. V. I. Concerning Animals, the general distribution of them. II. Of exan∣guious Animals. III. Of Fish. IV. Of Birds. V. Of Beasts. VI. A Digression concerning Noah's Ark.

SEnsitive creatures may be distinguished into such as are counted more

• Imperfect; which have something analogous to blood,* 1.533 but are destitute of that red juice commonly so called, being therefore stiled EX∣ANGUIOUS, having either no leggs, or more legs then four,
• Perfect; whether
  • FISHES, which have no legs, but fins answerable to them, being co∣vered with a naked skin, or with scales, whose proper motion is swimming.
  • BIRDS, which have two leggs and two wings, whose bodies are co∣vered with feathers, being oviparous, whose proper motion is fly∣ing.
  • BEASTS, which are for the most part, four-footed, hairy, and vivipa∣rous, excepting only some few which are without feet or hair, and are oviparous.

It may be observed to be amongst these (as it is amongst the other ranks of Beings,) that the more perfect kinds are the least numerous. Upon which account, Insects being the most minute and imperfect, and some of them (perhaps) of a spontaneous generation, are of the great∣est variety, tho by reason of their littleness, the several Species of them, have not hitherto been sufficiently enumerated or described, by those Authors who have particularly applyed themselves to this study.

There are sundry of these, as likewise of other Animals, which have no Latin names, as being unknown to the Romans, & there are sundry which have no English names, as being strangers to us. And amongst those that have English names, some are here described by their usual Appellations in Latin, because I knew not at present how to render them properly in Eng∣lish: And some there are peculiar to some coasts and rivers, and not commonly known elsewhere, which are hard to be enumerated.

As for fictitious Animals, as Syren, or Mermaid, Phoenix, Griffin, Harpy, Ruck, Centaur, Satyr, &c. there is no provision made for them in these tables, because they may be infinite; and besides, being but bare names, and no more, they may be expressed as Individuals are.

Of Exanguious Animals.

THose kinds of more imperfect Animals, which are destitute of that red juice,* 1.534 commonly called blood, are stiled Exanguious; to which may be annexed that general name given to the least kinds of these, viz. Insect, from that incisure or resemblance of cutting what is common to most of them in some part of their bodies.

These EXANGUIOUS ANIMALS may be distinguished into

• Lesser; usually called Insects; whether such whose generation is
  • Analogous to that of other Animals; which breed young like them∣selves, growing from a lesser to a greater magnitude, not being transmutable into any other Insect; whether such as have.
    • NO FEET OR BUT SIX feet, being WITHOUT WINGS. I.
    • SIX FEET and WINGS, or MORE feet THEN SIX. II.
  • Anomalous; whether such as
    • ARE DESIGNED TO A FURTHER TRASMUTATION. III.
    • Have in their production undergone severall mutations; being first Eggs, then Maggots or Caterpillars, then Aureliae, and then flying Insects, which after their first production do not increase in mag∣nitude; whether such as have
      • NAKED WINGS. IV.
      • SHEATHED WINGS. V.
• Greater; whether
  • Hard; whose bones are on their outside; being either
    • CRUSTACEOUS; namely such as are wholly covered with a tough flexile substance, having generally eight legs, besides a pair of claws, and two or more annulated horns or feelers. VI.
    • TESTACEOUS; of a more hard and brittle substance
      • TURBINATED; consisting of a cone-like cavity, rouled up in a spiral, which beginning at the Aperture or mouth of them, doth generally proceed from the left hand to the right. VII
      • NOT TURBINATED. VIII.
  • SOFT. IX.

I. INSECTS of an Analogous generation, having no feet,* 1.535 or but six feet, being without wings, may be distributed into those that are

• Apoda; without feet.
  • More oblong and round;
    • ...Larger;
      • More slender; of a reddish colour, with very little distinction of parts; ‖ either that which breeds in the earth: or that which breeds in the bodies of children.
        1.
        • EARTH WORM.* 1.536
        • BELLY WORM.
      • More thick; ‖ either that which breeds in watery places, being used for the drawing of blood: or that which is covered with a slimy moisture, having four little horns like prominencies, or feelers.
        2.
        • LEECH.* 1.537
        • SNAIL.
    • Lesser; breeding in Animals; ‖ either the more minute, being small white Worms, breeding in the lower guts of Men: or the bigger, stick∣ing their heads in the inward membranes of Horses stomachs or guts.
      3.
      • ASCARIDES.
      • BOTTS.
  • More short and flat; ‖ either that whose shape doth somewhat resemble a Flounder, found both in waters, and in the branches of the Porus bilearis, and the liver of several of the Ruminant kind: or that of a Quadrate body, with a little trunk standing out betwixt two Anten∣nae, and six stringy substances behind, living in the Sea.
    4.
    • FLUKE.
    • ASILUS.
• Hexapoda; having six feet.
  • ...Terrestrial;
    • ...Greater;
      • More slender; ‖ either that whose body is somewhat compressed, sending out a light from her tail: or that which is of a whitish co∣lour, more oblong, breeding in Meal.
        5.
        • GLOW-WORM.* 1.538
        • MEAL-WORM, Gentle.
      • Less slender; ‖ either of a
        • Darker colour; being like a Beetle without wings, but seeming to have some little rudiments of wings, noted for being apt upon a touch to send out a yellowish oyly substance from his joynts.
          6.
          • PROSCARAB.* 1.539
        • Lighter colour; whether that which resembles a Locust without wings: or that which is of a Chesnut colour, flat, broad, soft, avoiding light places.
          7.
          • FIELD CRICKET.* 1.540
          • COCK ROCHES.
    • Lesser; troublesome to other Animals; ‖ whether that of a paler co∣lour: or that of a dark red, being salient.
      8
      • LOUSE.* 1.541
      • FLEA.
  • Aquatic; having a compressed body, with an oblique decussation upon the back, and a long tail.
    9.
    • WATER SCORPION.* 1.542

* 1.543II. INSECTS of an Analogous generation, having either wings or more legs then six, may be distributed into such as are

• Winged; whether
  • Terrestrial; whose bodies are
    • ...More oblong;
      • Living in open fields; and feeding on plants; ‖ either that kind, by the swarms of which whole Countries have been sometimes destroy∣ed, having long hinder legs for leaping, making a noise by rubbing their legs against their wings: or that of a long slender breast, often holding up the two fore-legs, which are longer then the other.
        1.
        • * 1.544LOCUST, Grashopper.
        • MANTIS.
      • Living in holes of the ground, and houses; ‖ either that which affects to reside near Hearths and Ovens, making a noise like a Locust, by the affriction of the wings, having the wings lying more close to the body: or that whose fore-legs are broad and strong, divided into fin∣gers like those of a Mole, whereby it is inabled in a very short space to dig a hole in the ground.
        2.
        • * 1.545CRICKET.
        • FEN-CRICKET, Evechurr, Churr-worm.
    • More compressed and broad; ‖ whether that which hath broad angular shoulders, being marked with an oblique decussation on the back, ha∣ving the proboscis reversed under the belly: or that which is of a Chesnut colour, having large stiff wings, avoiding the light.
      3.
      • * 1.546CIMEX SILVESTRIS.
      • WINGED COCKROCH.
  • Aquatic; having a decussation or kind of Lozenge-mark on the back; ‖ either that which runs upon the top of the water, having long legs like those of a Spider: or that which hath two long swimming legs behind, whereby he swims in the water.
    4.
    • * 1.547WATER SPIDER.
    • CICADA AQUATICA.
• ...Not winged;
  • Terrestrial; having
    • Eight legs; being hurtful to
      • Animals; either the
        • Larger; whether that which by drawing out from the belly a slimy substance, and working it with the feet, doth frame a small Web to catch Flies: or that which hath an oval body, two forcipate claws, a knotty tail, with a crooked sting at the end of it.
          5.
          • * 1.548SPIDER.
          • SCORPION.
        • Middle kind; ‖ either that of a round body, the legs fixed to the neck, sticking to Animals by thrusting the head into their skin: or that which is of a dark red colour, a tender skin, causing a very offen∣sive stink, when crushed.
          6.
          • TICK, Sheep-tick.
          • * 1.549PUNICE, Wall-louse.
        • Least kind; ‖ either that which breeds in corrupted Cheese, fruit, &c. or that which doth work it self into the skin of children.
          7.
          • * 1.550MITE.
          • WHEAL WORM.
      • Clothes; being of a silver colour, mealy, oblong, of swift motion.
        8.
        • * 1.551MOTH.
    • Fourteen legs; covered with a scaly armature, having a flat belly, and a gibbous back, being apt to roul it self up when touched.
      9.
      • * 1.552SOW, Ch••eselip, Hog-louse, Wood-louse.
    • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • More then fourteen feet; ‖ whether that whose body is of a more com∣pressed: or a more round figure.* 1.553
      10.
      • SCOLOPENDER.
      • JULUS.
  • Aquatick; ‖ whether that which sticks to Fish, not much differing from an Asellus, but only in respect of the tail, which is somewhat broad: or that whose back is more gibbous, being apt to skip.* 1.554
    11.
    • SEA LOUSE,
    • SEA FLEA, Sugg, River Shrimp.

III. INSECTS of an ANOMALOUS generation, designed for a fur∣ther transmutation,* 1.555 may be distinguished into such as are

• Apoda; those that are without feet, considered according to the
  • ...General name;
    1.
    • MAGGOT.* 1.556
  • Particular kinds; whether such as are.
    • Sharp at both ends; ‖ either the bigger, producing the favificous kind: or the lesser, breeding in the exorescies of Oaks, and the tufts of Bri∣ars, and sometimes creeping out of the sides of Caterpillars, produ∣cing a smaller sort of shining Fly, many of which are Seticaudes.
      2.
      • BEE MAGGOT, Grub.
      • SHINING FLY MAGGOT.
    • Broad and flat at their tails; ‖ either the greater, having two black spots on the tail, the fore-part being more slender, with two little black hooks upon the head, by fixing of which, this Insect doth draw his body forward, from whence Flesh-flies proceed: or the lesser, with a short erect tail, producing Flies of the Wasp kind.
      3.
      • GENTILE.
      • WASP-LIKE FLY MAGGOT.
• Pedata; having legs, whether
  • Hexapoda; such as have six legs.
    • Aquatic; living in the water; ‖ whether that which is naked, producing Dragon-flies: or that which is in a case with little straws or sticks ad∣hering to it, producing May flies.
      4.
      • LIBELLA WORM.
      • CADEW, Straw-worm.* 1.557
    • Terrestrial; breeding several sorts of Scarabs; ‖ whether that which is of a strait figure: or that whose tail is inverted under the belly.
      5.
      • STRAIT BEETLE PRODUCING HEXAPOD.
      • WHIRL WORM.* 1.558
  • More then six legs; considerable according to the
    • General name; comprehending all such, as besides three pair of slen∣der crooked legs, on the three first annuli next the head, have two or more short thick legs behind, and two appendages at the tail. To which may be adjoyned the most principal of those.
      6.
      • CATERPILLAR.
      • SILK WORM.* 1.559
    • Particular kinds; whether having
      • Eight feet; that which in its progressive motion doth first gather its body up into a loop, resting it upon his hinder feet and the ap∣pendages of the tail, and then thrusting himself forward, or else skipping forward.
        7.
        • GEOMETRA.
        • SKIPPING WORM.
      • Many feet; amongst which the most common and numerous kind have fourteen feet; ‖ whether those that are smooth: or those that are hirsute.
        8.
        • SMOOTH CATERPILLAR.
        • PALMER WORM, Bear worm.

* 1.560IV. NAKED WINGED INSECTS, which in their production do under∣go several notations, may be distributed into such, whose wings are either

• Membranaceous; consisting of a thin transparent film, being bred of Maggots or Worms that are
  • Apoda; without feet
    • ...Bigger;
      • Favificous; or making of Combs, in which multitudes of them do co-habit and breed, having four wings; whether such as are
        • Beneficial; by their gathering of Hony and Wax from Plants; ‖ ei∣ther that which is of a more oblong figure, the males of which (called Drones) are without stings, being commonly preserved in Gardens: or that which is more short, thick and hairy, living more wildly in lesser swarms.
          1.
          • * 1.561BEE, Drone, Hive, Comb.
          • HUMBLE-BEE.
        • Hurtful; by their destroying of fruits, Bees, &c. being of an oblong figure, and a yellow colour; ‖ either the less, of a lighter yellow: or the greater, of a deeper yellow.
          2.
          • * 1.562WASP.
          • HORNET.
      • Not favificous; having
        • Four wings; whether such as in their shapes resemble Bees or Wasps.
          3.
          • BEE-LIKE FLY.
          • WASP-LIKE FLY.
        • Two wings; ‖ whether that of a short thick body, of various bignes∣ses and colours, proceeding from an oblong round Aurelia, feeding on flesh: or that of a yellowish colour, and longer legs, feeding on dung.
          4.
          • * 1.563FLESH FLY.
          • DUNG FLY.
    • Lesser; living gregarioussy; ‖ either that of an oblong body, with a deep incisure, having four wings, of which there are many that at some∣times are without wings: or that of a more slender body, a tuft on the head, living near watery places, having but two wings.
      5.
      • * 1.564ANT, Emmet, Pismire.
      • GNAT.
  • Pedata; having six feet; whether those of
    • Broad wings; ‖ either that which hath a great head, a long strait pro∣boscis lying under the belly, making a loud noise, by the help of two stiffe membranes that are upon his breast: or that which hath a near resemblance to a Butterfly, in respect of the largeness of the wings, but only they are not farinaceous or erect.
      6.
      • * 1.565CICADA.
      • PAPILIONACEOUS FLY.
    • Narrow wings; being bred out of the water; ‖ either of a naked hex∣apod Worm: or of one that lives in a case, to which little sticks and straws do adhere.
      7.
      • * 1.566DRAGON FLY, Bolts-head.
      • MAY FLY.
    • Long legs; having but two wings.
      8.
      • CRANE FLY. Shepheards fly.
• Farinaceous wings; being covered with a mealy substance easily coming off upon a touch, which in the Microscope appears to consist of small downy feathers, as the most ingenuous Mr. Hook hath first discovered; whether such whose wings in the usual posture are
  • Erected; standing upright upon their backs being of great variety for colours and magnitudes, distinguishable into these two common kinds, such as appear by day, or by night.
    9.
    • BUTTERFLY.
    • * 1.567MOTH.
  • Compressed; lying more flat on the body, the wings being more short and strong, and the tail more broad.
    10.
    • * 1.568HAWK BUTTERFLY.

V. SHEATHED WINGED INSECTS,* 1.569 commonly called Beetles or Scarabs, may be distributed into such, whose coverings are more

• Thick, strong and horny; whether those that are accounted
  • Horned; having either
    • One horn; the greater, the biggest of this tribe, the horn turning down∣wards: or the lesser, being one of the smallest of this tribe, having Antennae on each side of his snout or horn, which together represent the Greek letter ψ, breeding amongst and devouring Corn.
      1.
      • RHINOCEROTE.* 1.570
      • WEEVILL.
    • ...Two horns;
      • Stiffe, without joynts; whether branched like those of a Stagg: or not branched like those of a Bull.* 1.571
        2.
        • STAG BEETLE.
        • BULL FLY BEETLE.
      • Limber, and with joints; improperly called horns, being Antennae or feelers; ‖ either that whose Antennae are very long and re∣versed over his back: or that which hath knobbed feelers not so long.
        3.
        • GOAT-CHAFER.* 1.572
        • KNOBBED HORN'D BEETLE.
  • ...Not horned;
    • Terrestrial; having
      • Longer coverings for their wings;
        • The greater;
          • Of a dark blackish colour; whether that which is most common: or that other of near resemblance to this, having serrate legs, using to roul Dung into little balls, by working backwards with his hinder feet.* 1.573
            4.
            • COMMON BEETLE.
            • DUNG BEETLE.
          • Of a lighter colour; ‖ either that of a russet colour, living in Trees, having a long sharp tail, extended beyond the wings: or that of a shining green, feeding on Roses.* 1.574
            5.
            • DORR, Grey Beetle.
            • GREEN CHAFER.
        • The lesser; ‖ either that of a long slender body, frequent about houses, making a noise like the minute of a Watch, by striking the bottom of his breast against his belly: or that of a more short round figure, living in the fields, being either wholly red, or sometimes spotted with black
          6.
          • DEATH WATCH.* 1.575
          • LADY-COW.
      • Shorter coverings; not reaching half the length of their bodies, which are long and slender, having forked tails, which they turn up in their defence; ‖ the greater which is black: or the less which is of a reddish colour
        7.
        • STAPHILINUS.* 1.576
        • EARWIGG.
    • Aquatic; ‖ either the greater, living under water, having the hinder pair of legs longer for swimming, being said to fly out of the water sometimes in the night: or the less of a gibbous round shining back, playing on the top of the water.* 1.577
      8.
      • GREAT WATER SCARAB.
      • LE••S WATER SCARAB
• Thin, weak and flexile; of more oblong bodies; ‖ either that which is of a green, gilded, shining colour, used for Causticks: or that which shines in the night.* 1.578
  9.
  • CANTHARIS.
  • GLOW WORM FLY.

VI. The greater sort of EXANGUIOUS ANIMALS being CRU∣STACEOUS,* 1.579 may be distributed into such whose figure is more

• ...Oblong;
  • The greater; having
    • Naked shells; of a dark brown colour; ‖ either that which hath four pair of legs, and two great claws: or that which hath no claws, but five pair of legs, the feelers somewhat compressed, being thorny on the back.
      1.
      • * 1.580LOBSTER.
      • LONG OISTER.
    • Downy shell; having a broad head, with two short, broad, laminate prominencies from it, five pair of legs, and no claws.
      2.
      • * 1.581SEA BEAR.
  • The lesser; living in
    • Fresh water; resembling a Lobster, but much less, of a hard shell.
      3.
      • * 1.582CRAYFISH, Crevice.
    • Salt water; having a thinner shell, being of a pale flesh colour; ‖ either that of a sharper tail, the two fore-legs being hooked and not forcipate: or that which hath a broader longer tail, with two purple spots upon it, being the greater.
      4.
      • * 1.583SHRIMP, Prawn.
      • SQUILLA MANTIS.
    • Shells of other Sea Fishes; having besides two claws, and two pair of legs hanging out of the shell, two other pair of soft hairy legs with∣in the shell.
      5.
      • * 1.584HERMIT FISH, Souldier Fish.
• Roundish; comprehending the Crab-kind, whose bodies are somewhat compressed, having generally shorter tails folded to their bellies.
  • The Greater; having
    • Thick, strong, short claws; the latter of which hath serrate promi∣nencies on the side of the claws, somewhat resembling the Comb of a Cock.
      6
      • * 1.585COMMON CRABB.
      • SEA-COCK
    • Slender claws; ‖ either that of a longer body, having two horns be∣tween his eyes, being rough on the back and red when alive: or that whose upper shell doth extend beyond his body, having a long stiffe tail.
      7.
      • * 1.586CANCER MAJUS.
      • MOLUCCA CRAB.
  • The Lesser; resembling
    • A Common Crab; but being much less.
      8.
      • * 1.587LITTLE CRABB.
    • A Spider; whether that which is somewhat more oblong in the body, having a long snout: or that whose body is round.
      9.
      • * 1.588SEA SPIDER.
      • CRUSTACEOUS SPIDER.

VII. TESTACEOUS TURBINATED exanguious ANIMALS,* 1.589 may be distributed into such as are

• More properly so called; whether such whose spiral convolutions
  • Do appear on the outside; being either
    • Not produced; but equal on both sides; ‖ either the Greater, having several Diaphragms perforated, the Animal within somewhat re∣sembling a Polypus: or the Less, being of a dark red colour, and found in fresh water.
      1.
      • NAUTILUS.
      • WATER-SNAIL.
    • Produced; whether
      • More short in the spiral production, considerable for having a
        • Purple juice; heretofore used in Dying, the shells being either knobbed or thorny; ‖ either that whose shell is very large and thick, being the strongest and heaviest of this kind, having a long aperture: or that which hath a roundish aperture, with a neb or beak at one side of it.
          2.
          • MUREX.
          • PURPURA.
        • Long aperture; ‖ either that whose turbinated part is almost plain, and the part not turbinated, much produced, somewhat like a Cy∣linder: or that which is of a great bigness, having seven strong furrowed prominencies from one side of the aperture.
          3.
          • CYLINDROIDES.
          • APORRHAIS.
        • Roundish aperture; ‖ either that which is more prominent, having more revolutions: or that which is more compressed, having few∣er revolutions, many of them having a knob by the aperture.
          4.
          • SEA SNAIL.* 1.590
          • NERITES.
      • More oblong▪ always ending in a sharp point, having either a more
        • Prominent base; ‖ either the Greater: or the Lesser.
          5.
          • PUCCINUM.
          • TURBO.
        • Flat base; broad and round, being nearer to the figure of a Cone; the greater: or the lesser, whose base is less flat.
          6.
          • TROCHUS
          • PERIWINKLE, Welke.
  • Do not appear on the outside; but are within the shell, having long aper∣tures; ‖ either that whose aperture is more narrow, being furrowed on either side: or that whose aperture is somewhat wider, not furrowed on the sides of it.
    7
    • VENUS SHELL.* 1.591
    • PERSIAN SHELL.
• Less properly so called; being of near affinity to the Vnivalvs, the inside having a pearl-like shining colour, with several holes on one side, being at one end on the outside somewhat turbinated.
  8.
  • SEA EAR.* 1.592

* 1.593VIII. EXANGUIOUS TESTACEOUS ANIMALS NOT TURBI∣NATED, may be distributed into such as are

• Vnivalvs; having but one shell; whether being
  • Vnmoved; sticking fast to Rocks or other things; ‖ whether that whose convexity doth somewhat resemble a short obtuse angled cone, having no hole at the top: or that which is of an oblong figure, somewhat Cy∣lindrical, fixed at the bottom to the place where first it was bred, with an aperture at the top.
    1.
    • LIMPET.
    • * 1.594CENTER FISH.
  • Moveable; ‖ either that of a Spherical figure somewhat compressed, full of prickles, having one large round aperture at the bottom, and ano∣ther small aperture opposite to it: or that which is of a more oblong figure, a tender shell, having two apertures on the same side.
    2.
    • * 1.595BUTTON-FISH.
    • MERMAIDS HEAD.
• Bivalvs; having two shells; whether more
  • Roundish; such whose outsides are
    • Smooth; ‖ whether that of a larger thicker shell, of a pearl-like shining, whose inward part towards the joynt, doth end in a narrow sinus or cavity: or that which is whitish on the outside.
      3.
      • * 1.596MOTHER OF PEARL.
      • GALADES.
    • Rough; ‖ either that whose joynt is more narrow, having no promi∣nences in the inside of it: or that whose joynt is more broad, with two prominencies and two correspondent cavities in each shell.
      4.
      • OYSTER.
      • * 1.597SPONDYL.
    • Furrowed; ‖ either the bigger; having one or two ear-like prominen∣cies on the outside towards the joynt: or the less, having no such pro∣minencies.
      5.
      • * 1.598SCOLLOP.
      • COCKLE.
  • Oblong; considerable for being
    • Less long; and nearest to the round kind, being smooth, and having thin shells; ‖ either the greater, of a flattish and compressed figure: or the lesser, being somewhat of a triangular figure, having the edges of the shell indented.
      6.
      • CHAMA.
      • * 1.599TELLINA.
    • More long; whether such as are
      • Of a dark blackish colour on the outside; ‖ either the greater, which from a joynt at one end more acute and slender, doth grow out to a great length, becoming broad at the other end, having a silk-like substance within the shell: or the less, of which one kind hath the joynt at the end, and is commonly eaten, the other hath the joynt on the side.
        7.
        • * 1.600PINNA.
        • MUSCLE.
      • Not closed exactly in all parts of their shells; ‖ either that which lyes in holes in a kind of marle at the bottom of the Sea, having an a∣perture near the joynt, and a little hook in the inside: or that which is open at both ends, being the longest of all the rest, in proportion to its bigness.
        8.
        • PHOLAS.
        • * 1.601SHEATH-FISH, Razor-fish
      • Growing by a neck to other things; whose shell consists of five parts, commonly (though falsly) said to produce a Bird, being of a trian∣gular figure.
        9.
        • * 1.602BARNICLE.

IX. SOFT EXANGUIOUS ANIMALS, may be distributed into such as are

• More Perfect; having mouthes like the beaks of Birds,* 1.603 with eight strin∣gy substances about them serving instead of legs, their bodies contein∣ing a black liquor like Ink; whether those whose bodies are more
  • Obround; having
    • No Antennae; or feelers, and being without any bone; ‖ either the greatest, growing to a vast magnitude: or the less, whose legs are longer in proportion, being of a sweet sent.
      1.
      • POUR CONTREL, Preke, Polypus.* 1.604
      • SWEET POLYPUS.
    • Antennae; ‖ either the greater, with a great, thick, soft, not pellucid bone in the body: or the lesser, which is without such a bone, having small roundish flapps on either side of the body.
      2.
      • CUTTLE FISH.
      • LESSER CUTTLE.* 1.605
  • Oblong; ‖ either that of longer Antennae with triangular flaps, having a long pellucid bone resembling a Sword: or that of shorter Antennae, having the triangular flaps nearer the tail, being of a reddish colour.
    3.
    • SLEVE.
    • REDDISH SLEVE.* 1.606
• Less perfect; counted Zoophytes, as being betwixt Plants and Animals; whether such as have
  • More distinction of parts; ‖ either that which hath some resemblance to a Hare: or that which hath some resemblance to a naked black Snail, without horns.
    4.
    • SEA HARE.
    • HOLOTHURIUS.* 1.607
  • ...Less distinction of parts;
    • Pellucid; being a kind Of Gelly, roundish at the top, marked with reddish lines in the form of a Starr, or Rose, having several kinds of rays like legs, proceeding from the middle of it.
      5.
      • BLUBBER.* 1.608
    • Not pellucid; usually sticking to other things; ‖ either that which is of various figures, being covered with a hard callous skin, contein∣ing an esculent pulpy substance: or that which is of a fleshy con∣sistence, having no hard skin, being of various shapes and bignes∣ses, some of them stinging the hand upon the touch.
      6.
      • TETHYA.* 1.609
      • SEA NETTLE.

Of Fish.

* 1.610FISH may be distributed into such as are

• Viviparous; and skinned; whose figure is either
  • OBLONG and roundish. I.
  • FLAT or thick. II.
• Oviparous; whether such as do generally belong to
  • Salt water; to be further distinguished by their
    • Finns on the back; whether such, the rays of whose finns are
      • Wholly soft and flexile. III.
      • Partly soft, and partly spinous; having
        • TWO FINNS on the back. IV.
        • But ONE FINN. V.
    • Figure; whether
      • OBLONG. VI.
      • FLAT. VII.
    • CRUSTACEOUS COVERING. VIII.
  • Fresh water; being scaly. IX.

* 1.611I. VIVIPAROUS OBLONG FISH, may be distributed into such as are

• Cetaceous; breeding their young within them, having lungs and no gills, and but one pair of finns; ‖ either the greatest of all living Creatures, of which there are several species, one without teeth or a tube to cast water, another with teeth and such a tube, and another with a large long horn: or that other Fish of a less magnitude, which is gregarious, often appearing above water.
  1.
  • * 1.612WHALE.
  • PORPOIS, Dolphin.
• Cartilagineous; said to hatch their young ones within their bellies, whose mouths are placed under their noses; whether such as are more
  • Proper to the Sea; having generally a double Penis, wide mouths, and five apertures on each side instead of Gills; to be further distin∣guished by their having
    • Long snouts or prominencies; ‖ either in the fashion of a Saw: or in the figure of a Sword, being without those apertures on the side, common to the rest.
      2.
      • SAW-FISH.
      • * 1.613SWORD-FISH.
    • Rows of very sharp teeth; ‖ the Greater: or the Lesser.
      3.
      • * 1.614SHARKE.
      • GLAUCUS.
    • Lips rough like a File, but without teeth; ‖ the Greater: or the Lesser.
      4.
      • * 1.615HOUND-FISH.
      • SPOTTED HOUND-FISH.
    • Thorns on their backs; ‖ either joyning to the former part of the Finns: or obliquely crossing the rays of the finn.
      5.
      • * 1.616THORNBACK DOG.
      • HOG-FISH.
    • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • The aperture of their mouths, nearer to their noses then any of the other sorts of Dog-fish; and being spotted; ‖ either with large black spots: or with smaller spots.
      6.
      • GREATER DOG-FISH.* 1.617
      • LESSER DOG-FISH.
    • A head like the head of a Crutch, with the eyes at the ends of the transverse, growing to a vast bigness: or having a very long slen∣der tail.
      7.
      • ZYGAENA.
      • FOX.* 1.618
  • Common to salt and fresh water; having gills, but no teeth, their mouths being placed under their noses; ‖ either that whose body is penta∣gonous, having five rows of bonny lamins, not properly scales, four strings hanging before the mouth: or that which is more round.
    8.
    • STURGEON.* 1.619
    • HUSO.

II. VIVIPAROUS CARTILAGINEOUS FISH,* 1.620 whose bodies are not long and round, may be distributed into such as are

• Flat and broad; distinguishable by some peculiarity in their parts, as to
  • Length; of the
    • Tail; being either
      • Spinous; having a sharp serrated thorn on the tail counted vene∣mous; ‖ either that whose snout is less or more prominent.
        1.
        • PASTINACA.* 1.621
        • AQUILA.
      • Not spinous; ‖ either that whose back is smooth: or thorny.
        2.
        • FLARE.* 1.622
        • THORNBACK.
    • Snout; being sharp; ‖ either that whose body is shorter in propor∣tion to the breadth: or that whose body is longer.
      3.
      • RAIA OXYZYNCHOS, Maid.
      • SQUATINO-RAIA.
  • Breadth of the head; having a thick short tail in the fashion of a Bat∣tledore; ‖ either that which hath five purple spots on the back: or that which hath one round aperture for each gill, a vast mouth, with stringy substances on his head and back.
    4.
    • CRAMP-FISH
    • TOAD-FISH, Sea-divel.* 1.623
  • Situation of the mouth; which opens at the end of the snout, and not underneath, as the rest of this tribe, having a more oblong body, and a very rough skin, with finny substances, standing out from each side like wings.
    5.
    • SCATE, Angel-fish.* 1.624
• Thick and short; ‖ either that which hath no tail, but resembles the head of a Fish cut off, with one tooth in each jaw, and one hole for each gill: or that which is of a reddish colour and spinous.
  6.
  • MOLE.* 1.625
  • LUMP.

* 1.626III. OVIPAROUS FISH, whose back FINNS are wholly soft and flexile, may be distinguished into such as have

• Three such soft finns on their backs; namely the Cod-kind, which use to be preserved for humane food by salting; either the
  • Shorter and thicker; whether
    • Larger; ‖ either that which hath a kind of beard: or that of a black coloured back.
      1.
      • * 1.627COD FISH, Keeling.
      • COLE-FISH.
    • Lesser; ‖ either that which hath a black spot on either side: or that which is of a softer body, having very small scales, being the least of this kind.
      2.
      • * 1.628HADDOCK.
      • WHITING.
  • Longer and more slender; ‖ either that whose flesh when salted, looks yellow, and is more brittle: or that other of near resemblance to this, whose hinder finn seems to be two, by reason of its rising up higher in the further part, tho it be properly but one.
    3.
    • * 1.629LING.
    • HAAK, Poor Iohn.
• Two soft flexile finns; either the
  • Bigger; whether the
    • Tunny kind; having very small scales, scarce discernable, with seve∣ral pinnulae both above and below, besides their finns, being of a shining blew on the back, and a silver colour on the belly and sides; the
      • Larger; ‖ either that which hath no streaks on the sides: or that which hath oblique transverse streaks from head to tail.
        4.
        • TUNNY.
        • * 1.630PELAMIS.
      • Lesser; having oblique transverse streaks more undulated.
        5.
        • MACKEREL.
    • * 1.631Flying fish; having large spotted finns like wings, with two long strong thorns behind the head: to which may be adjoined for its affinity in flying, that other Fish, which hath but one soft finn on the back, with large scales near his tail.
      6.
      • * 1.632KITE-FISH.
      • SWALLOW-FISH.
  • Least kind; distinguishable by their having
    • The lower pair of finns connected; ‖ latter having a shorter head, and more tumid jaws.
      7.
      • * 1.633SEA GUDGEON.
      • PAGANELLUS.
    • The rays of the former finn on the back, rising up much higher then the membrane which connects them; ‖ either that whose former pair of finns are connected: or that which hath a hole instead of gills, whose eyes stand more close together.
      8.
      • JOTO.
      • DRACUNCULUS.
    • ...Little black spots in the figure of Lozenges.
      9.
      • APHUA GOBITES.
• ...

• One soft flexile finn; distinguishable by their
  • Being of the Herring kind; namely scaly, without teeth, of a bright silver colour on the belly, and a dark shining colour on the back, pre∣sently dying when taken out of the water, having generally a row of sharp prickles under the belly; whether the
    • ...Larger;
      • More common; being gregarious, swimming together in great multitudes; ‖ the greater: or the lesser.
        10.
        • HERRING, Sprat.* 1.634
        • PILCHARD.
      • Less common; being somewhat bigger and flatter then a Herring, with several black spots on the sides, coming up into Rivers.
        11.
        • SHAD.* 1.635
    • Lesser; ‖ either that which is more proper to salt water, being long and roundish, having the upper mandible much more produced then the other: or that which lives in Lakes, being of a broader figure then the former.
      12.
      • ANCHOVY.
      • CHALCIS Sarda.* 1.636
  • Being of the Horn-fish kind; having a longer slender body and a long snout; ‖ either that which is more known and common in Europe, ha∣ving one finn from the anus to the tail, and another opposite on the back, the vertebra or back-bone being of a green colour: or that which is here less common, belonging to the West-Indies, having no finn upon his tail.
    13.
    • NEEDLE FISH.
    • TOBACCO-PIPE-FISH.* 1.637
  • Having between the eyes two finn-like substances; and but two or three rays in the lower pair of finns, with a row of small teeth, and a fang at each end; ‖ either that which hath upon his back-finn a beautiful spot variegated with rundles; or that whose finn is of an unequal al∣titude.
    14.
    • BLENNUS.
    • SCORPIOIDES.
  • Wanting the lower pair of finns; ‖ of a deep figure, somewhat resembling that of a Turbut: or being of a red colour, with large scales, a great flat head, steep from the eyes to the snout.
    15.
    • STROMATEUS, Callicthys.
    • NOVACULA.
  • Having some sharp teeth; and several other round broad teeth in the palate, the tops of which are commonly sold for Toad-stones.
    16.
    • LUPUS MARINUS SCHONFELDII.
  • Breadth or depth downwards; ‖ either that which hath two long rays extending beyond the tail, one from the back, the other from the belly: or that which hath but one long ray, like a Bodkin, proceed∣ing from the fin on the back. Both exotic Fishes, described by Margravius.
    17.
    • PARU.
    • GUAPERUA.

* 1.638IV. OVIPAROUS FISH having two finns on the back, whereof the former is spinous and stiffe, and the other soft and flexile, may be di∣stinguished into the

• Bigger kind; whose figure is
  • Shorter; distinguishable by their
    • Having small scales; being square towards the tail, which is forked: or else being of a more deep figure, with the rays of the fore-finn very low, the former of them pointing towards the head.
      1.
      • AMIA, Leccia Salviani.
      • G••AUCUS.
    • Having the finns almost joyned; ‖ either that with a little short beard under the chin▪ being undulated obliquely from the back to the belly with blewish and yellow streaks: or that other of a near re∣semblance to this, only without a beard, and of a more black co∣lour.
      2.
      • CORACINUS.
      • UMBRA
  • Longer; having a large mouth, with sharp teeth; ‖ either that which is spotted when young, being very voracious: or that other of some resemblance to the former, having large scales, an obtuse angled mouth, with streaks of black and white from head to tail.
    3.
    • LUPUS.
    • * 1.639ENGLISH MULLET.
• Lesser kind; whether such as are considerable for
  • Having two or three long prominences like fingers before their lower finns; great bonny heads, large broad finns, called the Gournet-kind, to be further distinguished by their
    • Colour; Red, or Grey.
      4
      • * 1.640RED GOURNET, Rochet.
      • GREY GOURNET.
    • Forked snouts; by reason of two flat prominencies resembling horns; ‖ either that of shorter: or that of longer horns, the latter of which is covered with large bonny scales, with eight rows of thorns, the body octangular, having but two fingers.
      5.
      • * 1.641〈◊〉〈◊〉-FISH, Piper.
      • LYRA ALTERA RONDELETII.
  • Being of a reddish colour; with two long prominencies from the lower jaw, esteemed delicate food; ‖ either the bigger, whose scales are larger and stick faster to the skin: or the lesser, whose scales are less, and apt to come off upon a touch.
    6.
    • TRUE MULLET.
    • * 1.642LESSER MULLET.
  • The length of their bodies; whether
    • Having the lower mandible longer then the other, the finns on the back being at a greater distance: or having the second finn on the back very small, with a wide mouth like that of a Serpent.
      7.
      • SPHYRAENA.
      • SAURUS.
    • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • Being of a flattish figure; with oblique transverse yellowish streaks, from the back to the belly, having the eyes very near the mouth: or being more roundish, somewhat of the colour and figure of Mackerel, only a row of prickles on each side make it to appear quadrangular.
      8.
      • WEAVER, Dragon-fish.* 1.643
      • TRACHURUS.
  • Wanting the lower pair of finns; or being of a reddish colour, without teeth, having the scales edged with short hairy filaments, which makes it rough to the touch.
    9.
    • CAPRISCUS.
    • APER.
  • Having a long slender snout; with a strong movable serrated thorn, belonging to the former finn on the back, inclining towards the tail with bonny substances instead of the lower finns, the finns on the back being nearer to the tail then in other Fish: or having a strong serrated horn standing upright on the head.
    10.
    • TRUMPET-FISH.* 1.644
    • MONOCEROS CLUSII.
  • Having the mouth and eyes reversed, looking upwards: or having a great head, very wide gills, and but three rayes in the lower pair of finns, the body being spotted.
    11.
    • URANOSCOPUS.
    • SCORPAENA.
  • Being of a deep figure, without scales, having on each side a broad black spot, and long bristles rising up above the rays of the finns.
    12.
    • DOREE, St. Peters fish.* 1.645

* 1.646V. OVIPAROUS FISH having one finn on the back, the rays of which are partly stiffe and spinous, and partly soft and flexile, may be di∣stinguished into such whose figure is more

• Broad; or deep; whether
  • ...Europaean;
    • Bigger; distinguishable by their
      • COLOURS; whether
        • Gold colour between the eyes, having round sharp teeth, and for the most part a purple spot near the gills: or that which is of a like figure to the former, but only without this gold colour, being black about the tail.
          1.
          • * 1.647GILT-HEAD, Sea-bream.
          • SPARUS.
        • Streaked with yellow from head to tail; ‖ either that whose streaks are more obscure, being of a shorter body: or that whose streaks are more conspicuous, being of a longer body.
          2.
          • CANTHARUS.
          • SALPA.
        • Streaked with a dark colour, transverse the back; ‖ either that whose streaks are more obscure, being of a shorter broader fi∣gure, and having broad flat teeth: or that whose streaks are more conspicuous, being of a longer body.
          3.
          • SARGUS.
          • MORMYLUS.
        • Reddish; on the back and sides; ‖ either the greater, having a dark spot on each side near the head: or the lesser, being with∣out such a spot.
          4.
          • PAGRUS.
          • RUBELLIO.
      • Being somewhat more produced in their bodies then the others of this deep kind; ‖ either that which is black about the tail, having great eyes: or that of a reddish colour, with four re∣markable teeth in either jaw.
        5.
        • MELANURUS.
        • DENTEX.
      • Having the finn on the back so low in the middle, that it seems two, with great heads full of prickles, counted venemous; ‖ ei∣ther the greater, of a reddish colour: or the lesser.
        6.
        • * 1.648GREATER SCORPION-FISH.
        • LESSER SCORPION-FISH.
    • Least of these deep fishes, of a dark colour, with large scales, and long streaks from head to tail.
      7.
      • CHROMIS.
  • Indian; described by Margravius; ‖ either that of a forked tail, ha∣ving two prickles on the cover of each gill: or that which hath broad spots on either side.
    8.
    • JAGURACA.
    • ACARA.
• ...

• Long; distinguishable by
  • Variety and beauty of colours; ‖ either the Greater, of which there are several kinds, the most beautiful of which, is called Pavo, the more dark, Merula: or the Lesser.
    9.
    • SEA-THRUSH.* 1.649
    • JULIS.
  • Dark broad streaks; crossing the back; considerable for ha∣ving
    • Heads variegated with red and blew; ‖ either the Greater: or the Lesser, having a black spot in the middle of the finn on his back.
      10.
      • SEA PERCH.* 1.650
      • SACHETTUS.
    • The lower jaw longer then the upper; ‖ either that which is with∣out prickles: or that which hath two prickles on the cover of the gills.
      11.
      • PHYCIS.
      • CHAUNA.
    • A broad black spot on either side; or very great eyes in proportion to the body.
      12.
      • MAENAS.
      • BOOPS.

VI. OVIPAROUS FISH OF AN OBLONG FIGURE, being generally without scales,* 1.651 having slimy skins, apt to bend and twist with their bodies more then other Fish, may be distributed into such as are

• Europaean; being either
  • ...Proper to Sea-water;
    • ...Longer;
      • Round; whether
        • More thick; ‖ either that which hath but one pair of swimming finns, and two little horns: or that which hath no swimming finns, with four little horns, and a sharp snout, the skin varie∣gated with yellow.
          1.
          • * 1.652CONGER.
          • MURAENA.
        • More slender; ‖ either that which grows to a very great length, having a wider and longer mouth then an Eel, the finn not reaching the tail, which is round and not flat: or that which hath one continued finn as Eeles, with four stringy promi∣nencies from the lower mandible, less round and long then the former.
          2.
          • * 1.653SEA SERPENT.
          • OPHIDION PLINII.
      • Flat; like a Ribbon or Fillet; ‖ either the bigger of a reddish co∣lour, having two pair of finns: or the lesser, whose flesh is tran∣sparent, and the finn on the belly thrice as deep as that on the back, having but one pair of fins.
        3.
        • TAENIA MAJOR.
        • TAENIA MINOR.
    • Shorter; ‖ either that with two finns on the back, with a kind of beard, and instead of the lower pair of finns, having two long strin∣gy substances cleft at the ends: or that which is of a smaller mag∣nitude, having one pair of swimming finns, with a forked tail, to which the back finn is extended.
      4.
      • TINCA MARINA.
      • SAND-EELS.
  • Common to salt and fresh water; having a round aperture for the mouth, with which they suck their nourishment, and seven holes on each side instead of gills, being Cartilagineous, without swimming finns; ‖ either the Greater: or the Lesser.
    5.
    • * 1.654LAMPREY.
    • LAMPERN.
  • Proper to fresh water; considerable for having.
    • Two pair of finns; ‖ either that which is the biggest of this tribe, having two very long strings from the upper jaw, and four shorter from the lower jaw, onely one small finn upon the back, and a long one under the belly: or that which is shorter and thicker then an Eel, with a short beard from his lower mandible, having two finns on the back, the hinder finn on the back and that un∣der the belly, not being contiguous to the tail, variegated in the co∣lour.
      6.
      • * 1.655SHEAT FISH, River whale.
      • EEL POUT.
    • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • ...One pair of finns;
      7.
      • EEL.* 1.656
    • Indian; described by Imperatus; ‖ either that with two long horns reversed over the back: or that which hath a flatness on his head and part of his back, in which there are divers transverse rimulae or chinks.
      8.
      • SPADA MARINA.
      • REMORA IMPERATI.

VII. PLAIN or flat FISH, being oviparous and bonny,* 1.657 both whose eyes are on the same side of the flat, and the mouth transverse, swimming broadwise, are either

• Oblong; and squamous;
  • Greater; having the mouth on the right side of the eyes; ‖ either that which is not spotted: or that which is spotted.
    1.
    • COMMON SOLE.* 1.658
    • SPOTTED SOLE.
  • Lesser; having the mouth on the left side of the eyes, having bigger scales.
    2.
    • POLE.* 1.659
• ...Quadrate;
  • Greater; ‖ either that of a grey marble colour, spinous, having the eyes on the right side: or that which hath the eyes on the left side, being the biggest of this Tribe.
    3.
    • TURBUT.* 1.660
    • HALIBUT.
  • Middle kind; being of a dark grey, and full of small asperities.
    4.
    • BRETT.
  • Lesser kind; ‖ either that of a sandy reddish colour, without scales or asperities, having the eyes on the left side: or that which is reddish, squamous, and with black spots.
    5.
    • PLAIS.* 1.661
    • FLOUNDER, Fluke.

VIII. FISHES OF A HARD CRUSTACEOUS SKIN, may be di∣stributed into such as are for the figure of them,* 1.662 either

• Sphaerical; having two broad teeth like those of men; whether
  • Without thorns; ‖ either that which hath a more prominent mouth, and a bonny breast: or that which is encompassed with very short hairs, close set.
    1.
    • ORBIS SCUTATUS, Globe-fish.
    • ORBIS HIRSUTUS.
  • With thorns; or prickles; ‖ either streight: or hooked.
    2.
    • ORBIS MURICATUS.
    • ORBIS ECHINATUS.
• Angular; whether such as are more
  • Perfect; either
    • Triangular; being variegated with angular figures on the body; ‖ ei∣ther that which is without horns: or with horns.
      3.
      • * 1.663TRIANGULAR FISH.
      • TRIANGULAR FISH HORNED.
    • Pentagonal; or of a five angled figure, encompassed with pentagonal bonny scales.
      4.
      • HOLOSTEUS.
  • Imperfect; for which reason they are by some reckoned amongst In∣sects, having tubes, with a kind of valve, instead of mouths; ‖ either that which is more oblong, of an Hexangular figure to the end of the finn on the back, and after quadrangular: or that whose body is of an Heptan∣gular figure in the former part, and quadrangular in the hinder part, be∣ing spinous, the head having some resemblance to that of a Horse.
    5.
    • ACUS ARISTOTELIS.
    • HIPPOCAMPUS.
• RADIATE; in the form of the Rays of a Starr.
  6.
  • * 1.664STARR-FISH.

* 1.665IX. SQUAMOUS RIVER FISH, may be distributed into such as are either

• Bigger; whether
  • Voracious; whose scales are set together either
    • More loose; being generally bigger, such as have on their backs
      • One finn; placed near the tail, with wide mouths, and sharp long teeth, every other of which is moveable.
        1.
        • PIKE, Iack, Pickerel.
      • * 1.666Two finns; the hindermost of which is small, fleshy and without rays, having generally teeth, which may be stiled the Trout-kind, com∣prehending such as are
        • Common to fresh and salt water; ‖ either the biggest, of a reddish flesh: or the least, of a white flesh, and violaceous smell.
          2.
          • * 1.667SALMON.
          • SMELT.
        • Proper to fresh water; whether
          • Spotted; the Greater: or the Lesser, living in Lakes.
            3.
            • TROUT.
            • * 1.668CHARR.
          • Not spotted; considerable for being
            • More round; ‖ either that which is streaked from head to tail, having the finn on the back bigger and broader then in Trouts: or that having a long snout.
              4.
              • * 1.669GRAYLING.
              • UMBER.
            • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • ...
      • ...
        • ...
          • ...
            • More broad; and compressed, of a small mouth, without teeth; the Greater, somewhat like a Herring: or the Lesser.
              5.
              • FARRA.
              • LAVARETTUS.
    • More close; and compact; being generally less scales in proportion then the others, having a wide mouth, without teeth, but asperities analogous to teeth, comprehending the Perch-kind, of which in sundry Countries there are several varieties, distinguishable by their bigness or little∣ness, thickness or slenderness. But the two principal kinds to which the others may be reduced, are ‖ either such as have two finns on the back, the first spinous, and the other soft, with transverse black streaks on the side, being commonly the bigger: or but one finn, which is partly spinous, and partly soft, being of a yellowish colour, and commonly lesser.* 1.670
      6.
      • PERCH.
      • RUFFE.
  • Not voracious; comprehending the Carp-kind, w^ch have one finn on the back, no teeth in their mouth, but only in the orifice of their stomacks, o∣ver which teeth there is a kind of stone or bone, for the most part of a triangular figure, by affriction against which, they grind their food; whether the
    • Bigger; comprehending such as delight more in
      • Standing waters; ‖ either that whose scales are larger, and more loose, the first ray of the finn being strong and serrate, having four stringy prominencies from the upper lip: or that whose scales are less and more compact, being very slimy, of a greenish colour, the lower pair of finns in the male being more thick and fleshy.
        7.
        • CARPE.* 1.671
        • TENCH.
      • Running waters; whether such as are more
        • Thick and round; ‖ either that which hath four stringy prominen∣cies resembling a beard: or that which hath a great head.
          8.
          • BARBLE.* 1.672
          • CHUB, Chevin.
        • Broad and deep; ‖ either the most broad: or that which is less broad, having commonly red eyes and finns.
          9.
          • BREAM.* 1.673
          • ROCHE.
    • Lesser; floating usually towards the top of the water; ‖ either that which is more thick, of some resemblance to a little Chub: or that which is more compressed and thin,* 1.674
      10.
      • DARE, Dace.
      • BLEAK, Blea.
• Least kind of River Fishes; whether such as live more towards the
  • Lower parts of the water; near the ground; either such as have on the back
    • One finn; with a kind of beard on the mouth; ‖ the greater: or the lesser.
      11.
      • GUDGEON.* 1.675
      • LOACH, Groundling.
    • Two finns; with a large broad head.
      12.
      • BULL-HEAD, Millers-Thumb, Gull.* 1.676
  • Vpper parts of the water; or near banks; ‖ either that which hath but one finn on the back, being smooth: or that which hath two finns, be∣ing prickly, having three strong prickles on either side, and a kind of Armature consisting of four or five Laminae
    13.
    • MINNOW.* 1.677
    • BANSTICLE, Stickleback.

Of Birds.

BIRDS may be distinguished by their usual place of living, their food, bigness,* 1.678 shape, use and other qualities, into

• Terrestrial; living chiefly on dry land; whether
  • CARNIVOROUS; feeding chiefly on Flesh. I.
  • PHYTIVOROUS; feeding on Vegetables; whether
    • Of short round wings; less fit for flight. II.
    • Of long wings; and swifter flight; having their Bills; either more
      • LONG AND SLENDER; comprehending the Pidgeon and Thrush-kind. III.
      • SHORT AND THICK; comprehending the Bunting and Spar∣row-kind. IV.
  • Insectivorous; feeding chiefly on Insects; (tho several of them do likewise sometimes feed on Seeds) having slender streight bills to thrust into holes, for the pecking out of Insects; whether the
    • GREATER KIND. V.
    • LEAST KIND. VI.
• Aquatic; living either
  • About and NEAR WATERY PLACES. VII.
  • In waters; whether
    • FISSIPEDES; having the toes of their feet divided. VIII.
    • PALMIPEDES; having the toes of their feet united by a mem∣brane. IX.

* 1.679I. CARNIVOROUS BIRDS, may be distinguished into such as are either

• Rapacious; living upon the prey of other Animals, having hooked beaks and talons, amongst which the females are generally more large strong and fierce.
  • Diurnal; preying in the day time.
    • The bigger and stronger kind; noted either for quick Sight, or Sent; the latter of which is by Gesner distinguished from the former, that the beak of it, doth not grow crooked immediately from the root, but only at the end or tip of it.
      1.
      • EAGLE.
      • * 1.680VULTUR.
    • The middle kind; being either made use of and trained up by Men for the catching of other Birds, of which there are great varieties, distinguishable by their manner of flight, bigness, shape, the Birds they prey upon, &c. or such others as are of near affinity to these, but not commonly used to this purpose.
      2.
      • * 1.681HAWK.
      • KITE, Buzzard, Glede,
    • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • The least kind; the former having prominent nostrils, being well known by his voice: the other with a processus on the outside of the upper mandible.
      3.
      • CUCKOO.* 1.682
      • BUTCHER BIRD.
  • Nocturnal; preying in the night, having broad faces, and great eyes; ‖ of which, some have tufts of feathers standing out like long ears, or horns: others being without such tufts.
    4.
    • OWL HORNED.* 1.683
    • OWL NOT HORNED.
• Semirapacious; feeding commonly either on Carrion, or other things, and more seldome on living Animals.
  • The Crow-kind; having a bill somewhat large and strait; ‖ amongst which, those that are most common with us, are of a deep black co∣lour, in their bodies
    • The bigger kind; Greater: or Less.
      5.
      • RAVEN.* 1.684
      • CROW.
    • The lesser kind; having a mixture of dark brown with black: or be∣ing wholly black on the body, with red bill and legs.
      6.
      • DAW.
      • CHOUGH.* 1.685
  • The Parret-kind; of hooked bills, having two toes before, and two behind, considerable for the variety of beautiful colours, and the imitation of speech; ‖ the Greater: or the Less.
    7.
    • PARRET.* 1.686
    • PARAQUETO.
  • The Py-kind; of a chattering voice, having many notes; ‖ either pyed with black and white, with a long train: or having some of the smal∣ler feathers on each wing, variegated with blew and black.
    8.
    • MAGPY, Py.
    • JAY.* 1.687
  • The Woodpecker-kind; climbing upon trees and walls, in order to which they are furnished with strong feathers in their train, to sup∣port them in climbing and pecking; ‖ of which there are various species, reducible to these two kinds; such as have a very long tongue, with two claws behind and two before: or such as have shorter tongues, and but one toe behind.
    9.
    • WOODPECKER OF LONG TONGUES.
    • WOODPECKER OF SHORTER TONGUES.* 1.688

That kind of Eagle, which is

• Of a dark yellow colour, having legs feathered down to the foot called. Chrysaetos.
• Black all over, excepting a white spot between the shoulders on the back. called. Melanaetus.
• With a ring of white on his tail. called. Pygargus.
• * 1.689Feeding on Fish. called. Ossifragus.

That kind of Vulture noted for

• * 1.690Having his head and part of neck bare of feathers called Bald Vulture.
• * 1.691Being of a Chesnut colour, and feathered down to the toes. called Chesnut colou∣red Vulture.
• * 1.692Being of a yellowish colour, very great, having some of the feathers of the wing, three foot long. called Golden Vulture.

Hawks are usually distinguished into such are

• Short winged; having their wings considerably shorter then their trains, of which there are usually reckoned three kinds.
  • * 1.693The biggest of this kind called Fem. Goshawk, Male Tarcell.
  • The lesser of this kind; either ha∣ving
    • Transverse streaks of yellow.
    • ...Oblong streaks.
    called F. Sparrowhawk, M. Musket. Kestril.
• Long winged; having their wings equal to, if not longer then their trains, of which there are usually reckoned these six kinds, noted for
  • * 1.694A whitish colour, but spotted on the back with black spots. called F. Gerfalcon, M. Ierkin.
  • * 1.695Having a fastigiated or rising head, being of an ash colour. called Mountain Falcon.
  • * 1.696A thick head and flat, a short neck, and striking with the breast. called F. Falcon, M. Tarcel.
  • * 1.697Having a blewish bill and legs. called F. Lanner, M. Lanneret.
  • * 1.698Having a white spot behind his eyes on each side. called Hobby.
  • * 1.699Being the least of all Hawks. called F. Merlin, M. Iack-Merlin.

Kites may be distinguished into such as are noted for

• * 1.700Having a very forked Train. called Common Kite.
• * 1.701Being or seeming bald on the head, having a round train, feeding on young Rabbets. called Common Buzzard.
  • * 1.702Feeding on Fish. called Bald Buzzard.
• * 1.703Being of a white or ash colour, with a white streak on the Train. called Ring-tail.

Lanius or Butcher bird, is of three several kinds, noted either for being

• Of a reddish colour on the back, the most common somewhat bigger then a Spar∣row. called Lanius vulgaris.
• Particoloured, of the same bigness with the former. called
• Ash-coloured, about the bigness of a Black-bird. called Lanius cinereus major.

Owls horned are of three kinds, namely such as are noted for being

• Of the bigness of an Eagle, feathered down to the toes. called Bubo.
• Of the bigness of a tame Dove. called Otus, Asio.
• Of the bigness of a Missle bird, with a single feather on each side for a horn. called Scops.

Owls not horned, are of five kinds, namely such as are noted for

• Having a border of feathers about the face, the legs feathered and toes hairy, about the bigness of a Pidgeon. called Our common white
• Having a ring of white feathers about each eye, a white bill, hairy legs and feet.* 1.704 called Owl, living in Barns.* 1.705
• Being of a darker colour, living in Ivy-bushes. called Our common field Owl.* 1.706
• Being like a Cuckoo, having a short small bill, but a wide mouth. called Goat-sucker.
• Being the least of all, not bigger then a Black-bird. called Noctua.

Crows are usually distinguished into three kinds, namely that which is

• Carnivorous. called Crow.
• Frugivorous, of a black colour; gregarious, building their nests together. called Rook.* 1.707
• Frugivorous, party coloured; black and cinereous. called Roiston Crow.* 1.708

To the Py-kind, those other birds may be reduced which are noted for having

• The wings and head of a bright azure. called Roller Argentoratensis.
• A dark colour spotted with white. called Caryocatastes.
• A tuft of feathers on his head. called Garrulus Bohemicus.
• A bill bigger then his whole body. called Toucan.
• A large bill, with a kind of horn reversed upon the bill. called Rhinoceros.
• Two long strings like the small naked stemm of a feather reaching from the back beyond the train, and strong legs and claws. called Bird of Paradise.* 1.709

These three last exotic Birds are not perhaps so proper to this tribe, but I know not at present how to reduce them better.

To the first sort of the Woodpecker-kind, those Birds may be reduced which are noted for

• Being Greater; of a
  • Greenish colour, and a black spot on the head of the male. called Woodspite.* 1.710
  • Black colour, excepting a red spot upon the head of the Cock. called Hickwall.* 1.711
• Being of a lesser magnitude, about the bigness of a Black-bird, variegated with black and white, with a red spot on the head of the Cock. called Witwall, Hiho.* 1.712
• Holding the head on one side, somewhat bigger then a Sparrow, of a brownish colour. called Wry-neck.* 1.713

To the second sort of the Woodpecker-kind, those other Birds may be re∣duced, which are noted for

• An Ash colour, being about the bigness of a Sparrow. called Nuthatch.* 1.714
• A long slender bill, being about the bigness of a Sparrow. called Wall-creeper.* 1.715
• A long slender bill, being a little bigger then a Wren. called Ox-eye-creeper▪* 1.716
• Being about the same colour and bigness as a Lark, and noted for climbing upon Reeds. called Reed-Sparrow.* 1.717
• A greenish colour, and less. called Lesser Reed-Sparrow.* 1.718

* 1.719II. PHYTIVOROUS BIRDS OF SHORT WINGS, less fit for flight; may be distinguished into such as are

• Flying; such as can bear up their bodies (tho with some difficulty) by the motion of their wings, for some considerable time and space, ha∣ving generally shorter bills, being pulveratricious, of whitish flesh, most proper for food, having gizzards (i. e.) strong musculous stomacks, lay∣ing many Eggs, called the Poultry-kind.
  • ...Domestic;
    1.
    • The most common; having the train compressed upwards. COCK,* 1.720 Hen, Capon, Chicken, Pullet, Poultry.
    • Less common; having an elegant train, which is sometimes turned up and spread, and spurs on the legs; ‖ either that whose colours are more elegant and beautiful, having a tuft on the head: or that which is less beautiful.
      2.
      • * 1.721PEACOCK.
      • TURKY.
  • Wild; either the
    • ...Bigger kind;
      • Living chiefly in woods; the former being distinguishable by ha∣ving a long train wherein the feathers do gradually increase to∣wards the middle: the other, by being feathered on the legs.
        3.
        • PHEASANT.
        • * 1.722ATTAGEN
      • Living in open fields; having no heel or back-claw; ‖ either the greater, being about the bigness of a Turky: or the less, being about the bigness of a Pheasant.
        4.
        • * 1.723BUSTARD.
        • ANAS CAMPESTRIS BELLONII.
      • Being serrate on each side of the claws, and hairy to the toes; ‖ either the bigger, feeding usually on fine leaves: or the less, feeding on Heath, of a black colour, the feathers of the train reversed sidewayes.
        5.
        • * 1.724COCK OF THE WOOD.
        • HEATH COCK, Grous, Pout.
    • Middle kind; of a short train, to be further distinguished by their
      • Reddish Breasts; with the figure of a Horshooe: or having a red bill and legs.
        6.
        • * 1.725PARTRIDGE.
        • RED PARTRIDGE.
      • Hairy legs; ‖ either that which hath a black spot under the bill: or that which is wholly white excepting some black on the train, be∣ing hairy to the very nails or claws, living on the Alps.
        7.
        • * 1.726HAZLE HEN.
        • LAGOPUS.
    • Least poultry-kind; ‖ either that which hath a short train, a small back toe: or that which is of a deep body compressed upwards, ha∣ving longer legs, with a bill more like a Water-hen.
      8.
      • QUAILE.
      • * 1.727RAILE.
• Not flying; being the biggest of all Birds; the one having only two, and the other three claws.
  9.
  • * 1.728ESTRICH.
  • CASSAWARE, Emew.

III. PHYTIVOROUS BIRDS OF LONG WINGS,* 1.729 and swifter flight, having their bills more long and slender, may be distinguished into the

• Pidgeon-kind; laying but two Eggs. The
  • Bigger; whether the most common and domestic, of great variety of colours, living in houses: or that which lives in woods, of an ash co∣lour, having a ring of white about the neck
    1
    • PIDGEON, Dove.* 1.730
    • RING-DOVE, Queest.
  • Lesser; ‖ either that which hath a reddish breast: or that which is ge∣nerally marked on each side of the neck with azure and black, except some that are wholly white, being the least of this kind.
    2.
    • STOCK-DOVE.
    • TURTLE.* 1.731
• Thrush-kind; of a lesser magnitude then Pidgeons, and longer trains in pro∣portion to their wings, laying more Eggs then two, being generally bacci∣vorous.
  • ...Speckled on the breast;
    • Canorous; considerable for having the bill
      • More round; being of a dunnish green on the back, feeding on Missle berries; ‖ the Greater: or the Lesser.
        3.
        • MISSLE-BIRD, Shreight.
        • THRUSH, Throstle, Mavis, Song-Thrush.* 1.732
      • More flat; spotted either with whitish, or reddish spots: the latter of which hath likewise a reddish tail
        4.
        • STARE, Starling.
        • MERULA SAXATILIS, Ruticilla major.* 1.733
    • Not Canorous; being Birds of passage, coming only in Winter; the Greater: or the Lesser.
      5.
      • FELDEFARE.* 1.734
      • REDWING, Swinepipe.
  • ...Not speckled on the breast;
    • ...Less beautiful for their colours;
      • Canorous; ‖ either that which is more black, with yellow bills and legs: or less black, having some dark shining blew on the back, being somewhat waved on the breast.
        6.
        • BLACKBIRD.
        • PASSER SOLITARIUS.* 1.735
      • Not canorous; ‖ either that which hath on the breast an Area of white: or that which is of an ash colour.
        7.
        • MERULA TORQUATA.
        • MERULA MONTANA.
    • ...More beautiful for their colours;
      • The Greater; ‖ either that which hath a reddish bill, the wings and train black, the rest of the body bright yellow: or that which hath a long black bill, a long crest of feathers upon the head, tipped with black, with transverse streaks of black and white upon the wings.
        8.
        • GALBULA.
        • HOOP.
      • The Lesser;* 1.736 having the three foremost toes joyned together to the first joynt, without any membrane, the outmost and middle toe, to the second joynt; ‖ either the bigger, having a Bill somewhat crooked:* 1.737 the lesser, having a strait strong bill.
        9.
        • BEE-EATER.
        • KING-FISHER, Alcyon.

* 1.738IV. PHYTIVOROUS BIRDS OF SHORT, THICK, strong BILLS, being generally Granivorous, may be distinguished into such as do belong either to the

• Bunting-kind; having a hard knob in the pallate of the mouth.
  • The bigger; being Canorous.
    1.
    • * 1.739BUNTING.
  • The Lesser; not esteemed for singing; ‖ either that of a yellowish bo∣dy: or that which is yellow about the throat.
    2.
    • * 1.740YELLOW-HAMMER.
    • HORTULANE.
• Sparrow-kind; without such a knob in the mouth.
  • ...Not canorous;
    • The more common and lesser kind; living either about houses: or in mountains, having a reddish head.
      3.
      • * 1.741SPARROW.
      • MOUNTAIN SPARROW.
    • The less common and greater kind; with a bigger stronger bill then the other, to break the stones of fruits for their kernels; ‖ either that without a crest: or that with one.
      4.
      • COCOTHRAUSTES.
      • COCOTHRAUSTES CRISTATUS INDICUS.
  • ...Canorous;
    • Bigger; ‖ either that with a great head and a red breast: or that with a cross bill, the upper and lower part crossing each other towards the middle, said to sing in Winter
      5.
      • * 1.742BULL-FINCH, Alpe, Nope.
      • SHELL-APPLE, Cross-bill.
    • Lesser; considerable for their different colours; being either
      • Greenish; the Bigger: or Lesser.
        6.
        • * 1.743GREENFINCH.
        • CANARY BIRD.
      • ...Brownish;
        • The Bigger; ‖ either that whose breast is of a dilutered: or that which is variegated with black on the head.
          7.
          • * 1.744CHAFFINCH.
          • BRAMBLE, Brambling.
        • The Lesser; not red about the bill: or red about the bill.
          8.
          • * 1.745LINNET.
          • RED LINNET.

V. INSECTIVOROUS the GREATER,* 1.746 may be distinguished in∣to such as are of

• Swifter flight; comprehending the Swallow-kind, of long wings, fork∣ed trains, short legs, being much upon the wing, Birds of passage, coming in Summer.
  • The greater; building in Chymneys, variegated with black and white, having a red spot on the breast: or building in Churches, of a black∣ish colour, very short feet, the biggest of this kind.
    1.
    • SWALLOW.* 1.747
    • SWIFT, Martlet, Church-Martin.
  • The lesser; building about houses, of a white rump, and feathered down to the toes: or building in banks, with a broad spot on the breast.
    2.
    • MARTIN.* 1.748
    • SAND-MARTIN, Shore-bird.
• ...Slower flight;
  • Canorous; considerable for
    • Singing in the night; being of a dark reddish colour.
      3.
      • NIGHTINGALE.* 1.749
    • Having a long heel; the greater: or the less, living in watery places.
      4.
      • LARK.* 1.750
      • TIT-LARK.
    • Having a red breast; or a red train.
      5.
      • ROBIN REDBREAST, Ruddock.* 1.751
      • REDSTART.
  • Not Canorous; considerable for
    • The delicacy and fatness of their flesh; ‖ living either amongst Figs, of which there are several varieties, the most common and best known, being from his black head called Atricapilla: or living in holes of the ground, and having a white rump.
      3.
      • BECCAFIGO.* 1.752
      • WHEAT-EAR.
    • Having a long train, and frequently moving it; ‖ either the more common one, which is black and white: or that which is less com∣mon, of a yellow colour.
      7.
      • WAGTAIL.* 1.753
      • YELLOW WAGTAIL.
    • Living; ‖ either upon stony places or open Heaths: or that which creeps in hedges, having the back like that of a common Sparrow, the breast of a Lead colour, with a black bill.
      4.
      • STONE SMICH.* 1.754
      • HEDGE SPARROW.

* 1.755VI. The LEAST kind of INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS, may be di∣stributed into such as are

• Canorous; whether of a
  • Greenish colour in the body; to be further distinguished by the colour of the
    • Head; ‖ either that of a black: or that of a yellow head.
      1
      • LIGURINUS.
      • SERINUS.
    • Neck; being of an ash colour.
      2.
      • CITRINELLA.
  • Brownish colour; and spotted, the train more erect.
    3.
    • * 1.756WREN.
• Not Canorous; being either
  • Greenish; considerable for
    • Having a tuft of yellow, or red feathers upon the head: or being in other respects of the same shape with this, but only wanting such a tuft.
      4.
      • REGULUS CRISTATUS.
      • REGULUS NON CRISTATUS.
    • Making a humming noise; of which there are several varieties not yet sufficiently described.
      5.
      • HUMMING BIRD.
  • * 1.757Variegated with black and white;
    • The bigger; with a broad black spot down the breast;
      6.
      • * 1.758GREAT TITMOUSE.
    • The lesser; considerable for having
      • A blewish head: or a black head.
        7.
        • * 1.759TITMOUSE.
        • COLEMOUSE.
      • A long train: or a Tuft on the head.
        8.
        • * 1.760LONG TAILED TIT.
        • CRESTED TIT.

VII. AQUATIC BIRDS living about and NEAR WET PLACES,* 1.761 having longer legs, and long slender bills for their more convenient going and fetching up their food in such places, may be distinguished into

• The Plover-kind; whose bills are about one inch and a quarter long.
  • The bigger; having
    • A tuft on the head; being in the body and wings of a dark and white colour.
      1.
      • LAPWING, Puet.
    • No tuft; ‖ either that of a greenish colour, wanting a back claw:* 1.762 or that of a grey colour with a very small back claw.
      2.
      • GREEN PLOVER.* 1.763
      • GREY PLOVER.
  • The lesser; being without any back claw: ‖ either that of a greyish colour, caught by imitation: or that which hath a black fillet about the eyes, and a forked train.
    3.
    • DOTTEREL.
    • SEA LARK.* 1.764
• The Redshank-kind; whose bills are about two inches long.
  • The bigger; considerable for
    • Having a red bill and legs: or for having a kind of ruffe about the neck of the males, of great variety of colours, being pugnacious.
      4.
      • REDSHANK.* 1.765
      • RUFFE.
    • Being mixed of black and white; ‖ whether the greater, having transverse streaks of black and white on the train: or the lesser, ha∣ving only the exterior feathers of the train white.
      5.
      • TRINGA MAJOR.
      • TRINGA MINOR.
  • The lesser; having white bellies; ‖ either that whose back is grey: or that of a dark brown colour.
    6.
    • KNOT.
    • STINT.
• The Woodcock-kind; whose bills are about three inches long; whether having
  • ...Strait bills;
    • Frequenting fresh waters; of a fulvous colour spotted; ‖ the greater: or the less; the male of which latter is much less, and of a shorter bill then the female.
      7.
      • WOODCOCK.
      • SNIPE.* 1.766
    • Frequenting salt waters; ‖ either that of a black and white colour, with red bill and legs, wanting a Postica: or that of a grey colour, having a Postica.
      8.
      • SEA PY▪
      • GODWIT.* 1.767
  • Crooked bills; ‖ either that of a grey colour: or that whose feathers are of an elegant scarlet, excepting the wings, which are black.
    9.
    • CURLEW.
    • GUARA BRASILEANA.* 1.768

* 1.769VIII. AQUATIC BIRDS, living much in the water, being FISSI∣PEDES, ‖ may be distinguished into such as are,

• Not swimming; but wading; comprehending the Crane-kind, having long necks and legs, long and strong bills; whether
  • Sharp pointed bills; either such whose necks are
    • Longer; considerable for
      • Building in Fenny places; being hairy on the head, having the wind-pipe reversed in the form of the Letter S, and being Herbivo∣rous: or building on Houses and Chymneys, of a black and white colour, with red legs and bill, making a noise by the collision of the beak▪ being Piscivorous.
        1.
        • * 1.770CRANE.
        • * 1.771STORK.
      • Having a thicker bill; somewhat crooked and shorter then the o∣thers of this tribe, with scarlet coloured wings; or having a tuft of bristles on the head.
        2.
        • PHAENICOPTER.
        • GRUS BALEARICA.
      • Being of an ash colour, having a tuft of feathers standing out behind the head, building on trees; being Piscivorous, with one blind gut; ‖ either the greater: or the lesser.
        3.
        • HEARN.
        • * 1.772ARDEA CINEREA MINOR.
      • Being of a white colour; in other respects like the former; the greater: or the lesser.
        4.
        • * 1.773GREATER WHITE HEARN.
        • LESSER WHITE HEARN.
    • Shorter neck; ‖ either that which is fulvous and spotted, being Pisci∣vorous, having one blind gut: or that which is white with a red bill.
      5.
      • * 1.774BITTOUR.
      • BRASILEAN BITTOUR.
  • Broad and round pointed bill; like a Spoon, Piscivorous, of a white colour.
    6.
    • * 1.775SHOVELAR, Spoon-bill.
• Swimming; either
  • The Diving-kind; being much under water, and finn-footed, viz. with a membrane standing off on each side of the toes, having downy feathers, and wanting a train; ‖ either the greater, having a longer bill: or the lesser, having a shorter bill.
    7.
    • * 1.776GREAT DIDAPPER, Dabehick.
    • LITTLE DIDAPPER.
  • The More-hen-kind; whose bodies are somewhat compressed side∣wayes; whether
    • Finn-footed; having a membrane of Scollopt edges on each side of the toes, a bald head, being of a black colour.
      8.
      • * 1.777COOT.
    • Not finn-footed; ‖ either the greater, which hath a little red baldness: or the lesser, having a long red bill.
      9.
      • MOOR-HEN, Water-hen.
      • * 1.778GALLINULA SERICA,

IX. AQUATIC PALMIPEDE Birds,* 1.779 whose toes are joyned together with a membrane, may be distinguished into such whose bills are either

• Flat and blunt; being Herbivorous.
  • The greater; ‖ either the biggest of a white colour, having black legs: or the lesser, the males of which are commonly white.
    1.
    • SWAN, Cygnet.
    • GOOSE, Gander, Gosling.* 1.780
  • The middle kind; ‖ either the bigger, of a beautiful colour, the head of a dark green, the body white, with large spots of orange colour: or the lesser, having reddish legs.
    2.
    • SHELDRAKE.
    • DRAKE, Duck
  • The least kind; ‖ either the bigger,* 1.781 having the bill and legs of a lead colour: or the lesser, being from the eyes to the hinder part of the head of a greenish colour.
    3.
    • WIDGIN.
    • TEALE.* 1.782
• Sharp; being generally Piscivorous.
  • The Solan-goose kind; having the four toes joyned together; ‖ whether
    • White; ‖ either that which hath a long bill, hooked at the end, laying but one Egg: or having a great bag under the bill.
      4.
      • SOLAN-GOOSE.
      • PELLICAN.* 1.783
    • Black; the greater, used for catching of Fish: or the lesser.
      5.
      • CORMORANT.* 1.784
      • SHAGG.
  • The Puffin-kind; frequenting desart Islands, wanting a postica, going upright, laying but one Egg; whether such as build their nests
    • Within the ground; in holes; ‖ either that which is more common in Europe, having the top of the head, the back, wings and train of a black colour, the rest white, the bill somewhat compressed upwards, short, of a triangular figure, and red at the point: to which may be adjoyned that American Bird, of a like shape to this, but bigger.
      6.
      • PUFFIN.
      • PENGUIN.* 1.785
    • On the ground; chiefly rocky places, making their nests together; ‖ either that with a compressed black bill, hooked at the end, having a white line on either side: or that of a longer bill, less sharp, not hooked.
      7.
      • RAZOR-BILL.
      • GUILLAM.* 1.786
  • The Diving-kind; being much under water, having round serrate bills, hooked at the end; ‖ either that which is variegated with black and white: or that which is of a cinereous colour on the back, with a red head, and a tuft upon it.
    8.
    • DIVER.* 1.787
    • DUNN DIVER.
  • The Gull kind, being much upon the wing as Swallows, commonly of an ash colour; ‖ either the bigger: or the lesser, having red bill and legs, with a forked train.
    9.
    • GULL, Sea-mew.* 1.788
    • SEA SWALLOW, S••ray.

Besides the common sort of Swans, there is a wild kind, called Hooper, having the wind-pipe going down to the bottom of the breast-bone, and then reversed upwards in the figure of the Letter S.

Besides the common Goose, there are several sorts of wild ones, whereof one is black from the breast to the middle of the belly, called Brant Goose, Bernicla, or Brenta.

To the Widgeon-kind may be reduced that other fowl, about the same bigness, the two middle feathers of whose train do extend to a great length, called Sea-Pheasant, Anas cauda acuta.

To the Teal-kind should be reduced that other fowl, of the like shape and bigness, but being white where the other is green, called Gargane.

To the Gull-kind, doth belong that other Bird, of a long slender bill bending upwards, called Avogetta recurvi-rostra.

Of Beasts.

BEASTS, may be distinguished by their several shapes, properties, uses, food,* 1.789 their tameness or wildness, &c. into such as are either

• Viviparous; producing living young.
  • WHOLE FOOTED, the soles of whose feet are undivided, being used chiefly for Carriage. I.
  • CLOVEN FOOTED. II.
  • Clawed, or multifidous; the end of whose feet is branched out into toes; whether
    • NOT RAPACIOUS. III.
    • RAPACIOUS; living upon the prey of other Animals; having generally six short pointed incisores, or cutting teeth, and two long fangs to hold their prey; whether the
      • CAT-KIND; having a roundish head. IV.
      • DOG-KIND; whose heads are more oblong. V.
• OVIPAROUS; breeding Eggs. VI.

I. WHOLE FOOTED BEASTS,* 1.790 may be distinguished into such as are either of

• Solid hard hoofs; considerable for
  • Swiftness and comeliness; being used for riding.
    1.
    • HORSE, Mare, Gelding, Nag, Palfrey, Steed, Courser, Gennet, Stallion,* 1.791 Colt, Fole, Filly, Neigh, Groom, Ostler.
  • Slowness and strength in bearing burdens; having long ears; ‖ either the more simple kind: or that mungrel generation begotten on a Mare.
    2.
    • * 1.792ASSE, Bray.
    • MULE.
• Softer feet; having some resemblance to the
  • * 1.793Cloven footed-kind; by reason of the upper part of the hoof being divided, being ruminant, having a long slender neck, with one or two bunches on the back.
    3.
    • * 1.794CAMEL, Dromedary.
  • Multifidous kind; having little prominencies at the end of the feet, representing toes, being of the greatest magnitude amongst all other beasts, used for the carriage and draught of great weights, and more particularly esteemed for the tusks.
    4.
    • * 1.795ELEPHANT, Ivory.

II. CLOVEN FOOTED BEASTS,* 1.796 may be distributed into such as are

• Horned and Ruminant; having two horns.
  • Hollow; not branched nor deciduons, being common both to the males and females, useful to men both living and dead; whether the
    • Bigger; being useful both by their labour and flesh;
      1.
      • KINE, Bull, Cow, Ox, Calf, Heifer, Bullock, Steer, Beef, Veal,* 1.797 Runt, bellow, low, Heard, Cowheard.
    • Lesser; being useful either in respect of the Fleece and Flesh: or Hair and Flesh.
      2.
      • SHEEP, Ram, Ewe, Lamb, Weather, Mutton, Bleat, Fold, Flock,* 1.798 Shepheard.
      • GOAT, Kid.
  • Solid; branched, deciduous, being proper only to the males; whe∣ther the
    • Bigger kind; ‖ either that of the highest stature, having horns with∣out brow-antlers, of a short stemm, and then spreading out into breadth, branched at the edges: or that of a lower stature, ha∣ving round, long, branched horns.
      3.
      • ELKE.
      • STAGG, Hart, Hind, Red Deer, Venison.* 1.799
    • Middle kind; whose horns become broad towards the ends; ‖ ei∣ther that of lesser horns, not used for labour: or that which hath the largest horns in proportion to that body, of any other Deer, with a double branched brow-antler, being in the Northern Countries used for the drawing of Sleds.
      4.
      • BUCK, Doe, Fawn, Pricket, Sorel, Sore, Fallow Deer, Venison.* 1.800
      • REIN-DEER, Tarandu.
    • Least kind; having a short, round, branched horn.
      5.
      • ROE-BUCK, Roe.* 1.801
• Horned but not ruminant; having but one horn, placed on the nose, be∣ing a beast of great bigness, covered with a kind of Armature, and counted untamable.
  6.
  • RHINOCEROT.* 1.802
• Ruminant but not horned; being useful to men only, when living, for carriage of burdens, having the longest neck of any other Animal (if there be really any such Beast.)
  7.
  • CAMELOPARD, Giraffa.* 1.803
• Neither horned nor ruminant; useful only when dead, for its flesh.
  8.
  • HOG, Swine, Bore, Sow, Pig, Porket, Barrow, Shoot, Pork,* 1.804 Ba∣con, Brawn. Grunt.

Amongst those that belong to the Bovinum genus, there are several sorts described by Authors distinguished by their having either

• A Beard; stiled Vrus.
• A Bunch on the back; stiled Bisons.
• Horns reflected about the ears. stiled Bonasus.
• Broad, flat, rugged horns; stiled Buffalus.

Besides the more common kinds of Sheep, there are others mentioned by Authors, and described to have

• Streight wreathed horns. called Ovis Stepsiceros.
• Great thick tails. called Broad tailed Sheep.

Amongst those that belong to the Goat-kind, besides the more vulgar sort, there are others whose horns are either

• * 1.805Angular and knobbed. called Stone Buck.
• * 1.806Small and round; being hooked at the end. called Shamois.
• Streight and wreathed. called Antilope.

* 1.807III. CLAWED Beasts NOT RAPACIOUS, may be distinguished into such as are either

• Man-like; having faces and ears somewhat resembling those of Men, with only four broad incisores, or cutting teeth, and two short eye-teeth, not longer then the other, their fore-feet being generally like hands, with thumbs, going upon their heels; whether the
  • Bigger kind; ‖ either that which hath a short tail: or that which hath no tail.
    1.
    • BABOON, Drill.
    • * 1.808APE, Iackanapes.
  • Lesser kind; having a long tail, and being very nimble: to which may be adjoined, for its affinity to this kind in respect of the face, that beast which is the slowest of all others, having but three toes on each foot, feeding on leaves, having a blind gut joyned to the upper orifice of his stomack, being probably ruminant.
    2.
    • MONKEY, Marmosit.
    • * 1.809SLOTH, Haut, Ay.
• Hare-kind; having two long teeth in the lower jaw before, and two o∣thers opposite to those (tho not quite so long) in the upper jaw, most of which are counted ruminant, because when they have by the help of their incisores filled their mouths with meat, they after chew it over again with their Molares or grinders,* 1.810 but they are not properly rumi∣nant, because they have but one stomack, out of which they do not fetch up their food being once swallowed.

These may be distinguished into the

• Bigger kind; whether such as are covered with
  • Hair; living either
    • Above ground; being of all others the most fearful.
      3.
      • HARE, Leveret.
    • * 1.811Vnder ground; ‖ either that with long ears and a short tail: or that with short ears and a long tail, being said to sleep all the Winter.
      4.
      • CONNY, Rabbet.
      • * 1.812MARMOTTO.
  • Quills; ‖ either the bigger: or the lesser kind.
    5.
    • PORCUPINE.
    • * 1.813HEDGHOG.
• Middle kind; ‖ either that which lives in Trees, with a spreading bushy tail: or that which lives on the ground, with a short tail, and course hair, having only three toes on a foot.
  6.
  • SQUIRREL.
  • * 1.814GINNY PIG.
• Least kind; living commonly, either
  • In houses; being mischievous to Corn; ‖ the greater: or lesser kind
    7.
    • * 1.815RAT.
    • MOUSE.
  • Abroad, under ground; having small eyes, and broad feet like hands, be∣ing not so properly belonging to this tribe, but of near affinity to it.
    8.
    • * 1.816MOLE.

Besides the common Rat there are others having

• Flat tails, their hinder feet being palmipedes. called Water-rat, Musk-rat.
• Short tails, and spotted skins. called Leming.* 1.817

Besides the more common sort of Mice there are others

• Of long snouts, counted venemous. called Field-mouse, Sheew-mouse.* 1.818
• Of a sandy colour, a spreading tail, sleeping much. called Dormouse.* 1.819
• Having wings, upon which there are four claws instead of feet, the only flying beast. called Batt, Flittermouse.* 1.820

IV. RAPACIOUS Beasts of the CAT-KIND,* 1.821 may be distributed into such, whose bodies are in proportion to their legs, either

• Less long; having generally two Claviculae or canel-bones, by which they are inabled to strike or cuff with their fore-feet, and to climb, being able to sheath their claws; whether the
  • Bigger; considerable for
    • Boldness and courage; being the chief of all wild beasts: or for slow∣ness and slugginess, going upon the heels.
      1.
      • LION-ess, Whelp, roar.* 1.822
      • BEARE, Cub.
    • Spottedness; ‖ either with Rundles: or with Streaks.
      2.
      • TYGER.* 1.823
      • PARD, Panther, Leopard.
    • ...Quick sightedness;
      3.
      • OUNCE, Lynx.* 1.824
  • Lesser; ‖ either that Domestic Animal, the Enemy to Mice: or that wild fierce creature, of some resemblance to this, producing Civet.
    4.
    • CAT, Kitling, Kitten, Mew.
    • CIVET-CAT.* 1.825
• More long; namely such as by the length of their bodies, and shortness of their legs, are fitted to creep and wind themselves into holes, for the catching of their prey. The Verminous-kind; whether such as are
  • Terrestrial; of a
    • Courser furr; being noxious to Rabbets; ‖ either that which is fre∣quently trained up by Men for the catching of Connies: or that which is of a stinking savour.
      5.
      • FERRET.
      • POLECAT, Fitchew.* 1.826
    • Finer furr; whether the
      • Bigger; being commonly white under the throat.
        6.
        • MARTIN, Sable, Gennet.* 1.827
      • Lesser; ‖ either that which is wholly white, excepting a black spot on the tail: or that whose belly is white, the tip of the tail black, the back of a light dun.
        7.
        • STOAT, Ermine.
        • WEESLE.* 1.828
  • Amphibious; ‖ either that of a finer furr, having a broad, thick, scaly tail: or that of a courser furr.
    8.
    • CASTOR, Beaver.
    • OTTER.* 1.829

As for that mongrel generation, which many Authors describe, as being begotten betwixt a Pard and a Lioness, being therefore called Leopard, as likewise that other Beast, commonly described by the name of Gulo or Ierf, and that other named Hyaena. There is reason to doubt, whether there be any such species of Animals, distinct from those here enumerated. Tho the belief of these (as of several other fictitious things) hath been propagated by Orators, upon account of their fitness to be made use of in the way of similitude.

* 1.830V. RAPACIOUS Beasts of the DOG-Kind, may be distinguished into such as are either

• ...Europaean;
  • Terrestrial; whether
    • Bigger; ‖ either that which is noted for tameness and docility: or for wildness and enmity to Sheep▪
      1.
      • * 1.831DOG, Bitch, Puppy, Whelp▪ Bark, bay, yelp.
      • WOLF, Howle.
    • Lesser; living usually in holes within the ground; ‖ either that which is noted for subtilty, having a bushy tail: or that which is noted for tenacity in biting, being esteemed commonly (tho falsly) to have the legs on the left side shorter then the other.
      2.
      • * 1.832FOX.
      • BADGER, Grey, Brock.
  • Amphibious; whether the Bigger, Being less hairy, having great tusks: or the lesser, being more hairy.
    3.
    • MORSE, Sea-horse.
    • * 1.833SEAL, Sea-calf.
• Exotic; being noted for
  • Gregariousness; going in great troops, and being said to assist the Lion in hunting.
    4.
    • * 1.834JACKALL.
  • Long snout, and feeding on Ants, and sometimes on roots; ‖ either that of a hairy: or that of a crustaceous covering.
    5.
    • * 1.835ANT-BEARE.
    • ARMADILLO.
  • A bag under the belly; wherein the young ones are received, being apt to hang by the tail, having a mixed resemblance both to an Ape and a Fox.
    6.
    • * 1.836CARAGUYA.

Amongst the several species of Animals, there is not any of greater variety in respect of accidental differences, then that of Dogs, which be∣ing the most familiar and domestick Beast, hath therefore several names assigned to it according to these differences, which are derived either from the Countries in which they are originally bred, and from which they are brought to other places, as England, Ireland, Iceland, Ginny, &c. or their bigness or littleness, or from their shape, colour, hairiness, &c. But they are chiefly distinguishable from those uses which men imploy them about, either in respect of

• Delight; LAP-DOGS.
• Companying; when they serve only to follow us up and down. CURRS.
• Custody of places or things; MASTIFS.
• Hunting; either by
  • Sight; GASE-HOUNDS.
  • Smell; whether for
    • Birds; SPANIELS
      • Terrestrial; LAND SPANIELS.
      • Aquatic; WATER SPANIELS.
    • Beasts; of a
      • Greater kind; HOUNDS.
      • Lesser kind; BEAGLES.
  • Swiftness; and running after
    • Greater Beasts; GREYHOUNDS.
    • Lesser Beasts; LURCHERS.
  • Play; TUMBLERS.

VI. OVIPAROUS BEASTS;* 1.837 may be distinguished by their diffe∣rent ways of progressive motion; whether

• Gradient; having four feet, the figure of their bodies being either more
  • Broad; whose outward covering is
    • Crustaceous; ‖ belonging either to the Land: or to the Water.
      1.
      • TORTOISE, Land-tortoise.* 1.838
      • TURTLE, Sea-tortoise.
    • Skinny; ‖ either that which is not poisonous: or that which is counted poisonous.
      2.
      • FROG, Tadpole, croke.* 1.839
      • TOAD, Tadpole.
  • Oblong; whose bodies and tails are more produced; whether the
    • Greatest kind; being skinned and scaly; ‖ either the larger: or the lesser, the latter of which is described to have a dew-lap under the throat.
      3.
      • CROCODILE, Allegator, Cayman, Leviathan.* 1.840
      • SENEMBI, Iguana.
    • Middle kind; ‖ either that which is most common in other Countries, and of greatest varieties: or that which hath two toes behind in each foot, with prominencies upon the head like ears, being said (tho falsly) to feed only upon air.
      4.
      • LIZARD.* 1.841
      • CHAMELION.
    • Least kind; ‖ either that of a brownish colour with yellow spots: or that of a more dark colour, having a broad tail for swimming.
      5.
      • LAND SALAMANDER, Land Eft, Newt.* 1.842
      • WATER SALAMANDER, Eft, Newt.
• Creeping; being without feet, and of round oblong bodies; whether the
  • ...Bigger kind;
    6.
    • SERPENT, Hiss.* 1.843
  • Middle kind; ‖ either that which is not poisonous: or that which is counted poisonous, having two long, hollow, moveable teeth, hatch∣ing the Eggs within its body.
    7.
    • SNAKE, Hiss.* 1.844
    • VIPER, Adder, Aspe.
  • Least kind; commonly esteemed blind and poisonous.
    8.
    • SLOW WORM.* 1.845

That kind of Animal which is commonly called a Dragon, and descri∣bed to be a kind of Serpent with wings and feet (if there ever were any such thing) might possibly be some monstrous production, but there is reason to believe that there is no such standing species in nature.

Besides the common kind of Frogs, there is another distinct sort, called the Green frog, feeding on leaves, having blunt broad toes.

Besides the more usual sorts of Lizards, there are others described, as having some distinct peculiarity in respect of

• Bigger magnitude, and greenness of colour. called The green Lizard.
• Blunt broad toes. called The Facetane Li∣zard.
• Thicker body, having a tail annulated with scales. called Cordylus.
• Slender body and small feet, resembling a Slow worm. called Chalcidica, Lizard.
• Small head, and lesser scales. called Scinke.

* 1.846HAving now dispatched the enumeration and description of the se∣veral species of Animals, I shall here take leave for a short digressi∣on, wherein I would recommend this, as a thing worthy to be observed, namely, that great difference which there is betwixt those opinions and apprehensions which are occasioned by a more general and confused view of things, and those which proceed from a more distinct considera∣tion of them as they are reduced into order.

He that looks upon the Starrs, as they are confusedly scattered up and down in the Firmament, will think them to be (as they are sometimes stiled) innumerable, of so vast a multitude, as not to be determined to any set number: but when all these Starrs are distinctly reduced into particular constellations, and described by their several places, magni∣tudes and names, it appears, that of those that are visible to the naked eye, there are but few more then a thousand in the whole Firmament, and but a little more then half so many to be seen at once in any Hemi∣sphere, taking in the minuter kinds of them, even to six degrees of mag∣nitude. It is so likewise in other things: He that should put the Questi∣on, how many sorts of beasts, or birds, &c. there are in the world, would be answered, even by such as are otherwise knowing and learned men, that there are so many hundreds of them, as could not be enumerated; whereas upon a distinct inquiry into all such as are yet known, and have been described by credible Authors, it will appear that they are much fewer then is commonly imagined, not a hundred sorts of Beasts, nor two hundred of Birds.

From this prejudice it is, that some hereticks of old, and some Atheisti∣cal scoffers in these later times, having taken the advantage of raising ob∣jections, (such as they think unanswerable) against the truth and au∣thority of Scripture, particularly as to the description which is given by Moses, concerning Noah's Ark, Gen. 6.15. where the dimensions of it are set down to be three hundred cubits in length, fifty in breadth, and thirty in height, which being compared with the things it was to contein, it seemed to them upon a general view, (and they confidently affirmed accordingly) that it was utterly impossible for this Ark to hold so vast a multitude of Animals, with a whole years provision of food for each of them.

This objection seemed so considerable, both to some of the ancient Fathers, and of our later Divines, who were otherwise learned and ju∣dicious men, but less versed in Philosophy and Mathematicks, that they have been put to miserable shifts for the solving of it. Origen, and Saint Austin, and several other considerable Authors, do for the avoiding of this difficulty affirm, that Moses being skilled in all the learning of the Aegyptians, doth by the measure of cubits, here applyed to the Ark, un∣derstand the Aegyptian Geometrical cubit, each of which (say they) did contein six of the vulgar cubits, namely, nine foot. But this doth upon several accounts seem very unreasonable, because it doth not appear, that there was any such measure amongst the Aegyptians or Iews, styled the Geometrical cubit: And if there were, yet there is no particular reason, why this sense should be applyed to the word cubit here, rather then in other places. It is said of Goliah,* 1.847 that his height was six cubits and a span, which being understood of the Geometrical cubit, will make him fifty four foot high, and consequently his head must be about nine foot in the height or diameter of it, which must needs be too heavy for Da∣vid to carry.

Others not satisfied with this solution, think they have found a better answer, by asserting that the stature of mankind being considerably larger in the first ages of the world, therefore the measure of the cubit must be larger likewise, and perhaps double to now what it is, which will much inlarge the capacity of the Ark. But neither will this afford any reasonable satisfaction. For if they will suppose men to be of a much bigger stature then, 'tis but reasonable that the like should be supposed of other animals also; in which case this answer amounts to nothing.

Others will have the sacred cubit to be here intended, which is said to be a hands breadth longer then the civil cubit, Ezeck. 43.13. But there is not any reason or necessity for this. And 'tis generally believed, that the sacred cubit was used only in the measure of sacred Structures, as the Tabernacle and Temple.

This seeming difficulty is much better solved by Ioh. Buteo in the Tract de Arca Noe, wherein supposing the cubit to be the same with what we now call a foot and a half, he proves Mathematically that there was a sufficient capacity in the Ark, for the con••eining all those things it was designed for. But because there are some things liable to exception in the Philosophical part of that discourse, particularly in his enumeration of the species of Animals, several of which are fabulous, some not distinct species, others that are true species being left out; therefore I conceive it may not be improper in this place to offer another account of those things.

It is plain in the description which Moses gives of the Ark, that it was divided into three stories, each of them of ten cubits or fifteen foot high, besides one cubit allowed for the declivity of the roof in the upper sto∣ry. And 'tis agreed upon as most probable, that the lower story was assigned to contein all the species of beasts, the middle story for their food, and the upper story, in one part of it, for the birds and their food, and the other part for Noah, his family and utensils.

Now it may clearly be made out, that each of these stories was of a sufficient capacity for the conteining all those things to which they are assigned.

For the more distinct clearing up of this, I shall first lay down several tables of the divers species of beasts that were to be received into the Ark, according to the different kinds of food, wherewith they are usual∣ly nourished, conteining both the number appointed for each of them, namely, the clean by sevens, and the unclean by pairs, together with a conjecture (for the greater facility of the calculation) what proportion each of them may bear, either to a Beef, or a Sheep, or a Wolf; and then what kind of room may be allotted to the making of sufficient Stalls for their reception.

Beasts feeding on Hay.	Beasts feeding on Fruits, Roots and In∣sects.	Carnivorous Beasts
Number.	Name.	Proportion to Beeves.	Breadth of Stalls	Number.	Name	Proportion to Sheep.	Breadth of the Stalls.	Number.	Name	Proportion to Wolves.	Breadth of their Stalls.
			feet				feet				feet
2	Horse	3	20	2	Hog	4	20	2	Lion	4	10
2	Asse	2	12	2	Baboon	2	2	Beare	4	10
2	Camel	4	20	2	Ape	2	2	Tigre	3	8
2	Elephant	8	36	2	Monky	7	2	Pard	3	8
7	Bull	7	40	2	Sloth	2	Ounce	2	6
7	Urus	7	40	2	Porcupine	2	Cat	2	6
7	Bisons	7	40	2	Hedghog	2	Civet-cat
7	Bonasus	7	40	2	Squirril	2	Ferret	3	6
7	Buffalo	7	40	2	Ginny pig	2	Polecat
7	Sheep	1	30	2	Ant-bear	2	2	Martin
7	Stepciseros	1	2	Armadilla	2	2	Stoat
7	Broad-tail	1	2	Tortoise	2	2	Weesle
7	Goat	1	30					2	Castor
7	Stone-buck	1			21	20	2	Otter
7	Shamois	1					2	Dog	2	6
7	Antilope	1					2	Wolf	2	6
7	Elke	7	30					2	Fox	2	6
7	Hart	4	30					2	Badger
7	Buck	3	20					2	Jackall
7	Rein-deer	3	20					2	Caraguya
7	Roe	2	36
2	Rhinocerot	8
2	Camelopard	6	30
2	Hare	2 Sheep.
2	Rabbet
2	Marmotto
		92	514							27	72

In this enumeration I do not mention the Mule, because 'tis a mungrel production, and not to be rekoned as a distinct species. And tho it be most probable, that the several varieties of Beeves, namely that which is stiled Vrus, Bisons, Bonasus and Buffalo▪ and those other varieties reckon∣ed

under Sheep and Goats, be not distinct species from Bull, Sheep, and and Goat; There being much less difference betwixt these, then there is betwixt several Dogs: And it being known by experience, what vari∣ous changes are frequently occasioned in the same species by several countries, diets, and other accidents: Yet I have ex abundanti to pre∣vent all cavilling, allowed them to be distinct species, and each of them to be clean Beasts, and consequently such as were to be received in by sevens. As for the Morse, Seale, Turtle, or Sea-Tortoise, Crocodile, Senembi, These are usually described to be such kind of Animals as can abide in the water, and therefore I have not taken them into the Ark, tho if that were necessary, there would be room enough for them, as will shortly appear. The Serpentine-kind, Snake, Viper, Slow-worm, Lizard, Frog, Toad, might have sufficient space for their reception, and for their nou∣rishment, in the Drein or Sink of the Ark, which was probably three or four foot under the floor for the standings of the Beasts. As for those lesser Beasts, Rat Mouse, Mole, as likewise for the several species of Insects, there can be no reason to question, but that these may find sufficient room in several parts of the Ark, without having any particular Stalls appoint∣ed for them.

Tho it seem most probable, that before the Flood, both Men, Beasts and Birds did feed only upon Vegetables, as may appear from that place, Gen. 1.29, 30. And God said, Behold I have given you every herb bearing seed which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree in which is the fruit of a tree yelding seed, to you it shall be for meat. And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is life, I have given every green herb for meat, com∣pared with chap. 9.3. Where after the Flood, when the productions of the Earth were become of less efficacy and vigor, and consequently less fit for nourishment, God saith to Noah, Every moving thing that liveth, shall be meat for you, even as the green herb have I given you all things. Yet because this proof is not so very cogent to convince a captious Adversa∣ry, but that he may still be apt to question, whether the Rapacious kinds of Beasts and Birds, who in the natural frame of their parts are peculiar∣ly fitted for the catching and devouring of their prey, did ever feed up∣on herbs and fruits; Therefore to prevent such Cavils, I shall be content to suppose that those Animals which are now Praedatory were so from the begining: upon which, it will be necessary to enquire, what kind of food might be proper and sufficient for them, during their abode in the Ark. Now 'tis commonly known, that the ruminant kind are most usually the prey for the rapacious kind of beasts.

It appeares by the foregoing tables, that the beasts of the rapacious car∣nivorous kinds, to be brought into the Ark by pairs, were but forty in all, or twenty pairs, which upon a fair calculation are supposed equivalent, as to the bulk of their bodies and their food, unto twenty seven Wolves; but for greater certainty, let them be supposed equall to thirty Wolves: and let it be further supposed, that six Wolves will every day devour a whole Sheep, which all Men will readily grant to be more then sufficient for their necessary sustenance: According to this computation, five Sheep must be allotted to be devoured for food each day of the year, which amounts in the whole to 1825.

Upon these suppositions there must be convenient room in the lower

story of the Ark to contein the forementioned sorts of beasts which were to be preserved for the propagating of their kinds, besides 1825. Sheep, which were to be taken in as food for the rapacious Beasts.

And tho there might seem no just ground of exception, if these beasts should be stow'd close together, as is now usual in Ships, when they are to be transported for any long voyage; yet I shall not take any such advan∣tage, but afford them such fair Stalls or Cabins as may be abundantly suf∣ficient for them in any kind of posture, either standing, or lying, or turn∣ing themselves, as likewise to receive all the dung that should proceed from them for a whole year.

And that the Ark was of a sufficient capacity for these purposes, will appear from the following Diagram. In which there is a partition at each end of the Ark, marked AA, of fifteen foot wide, and the breadth of the Ark being seventy five foot; these partitions must contein in them five Areas of fifteen foot square, and an Area of five foot square, being sufficient to contein four Sheep, therefore one of fifteen foot square must be capable of thirty six Sheep; Allowing one of these Areas at each end for stairs, there will eight of them remain, (viz. four at each end) to be reckoned upon for the conteining of Sheep; which eight will be capable of receiving 288 Sheep.

Besides these partitions, at the end there are five several passages marked BB, of seven foot wide for the more convenient access to the se∣veral Stalls; the four Areas on the side marked CC, designed for Stalls, are each of them eighteen foot wide, and about two hundred foot long. And the two middle Areas marked DD, are each of them twenty five foot wide, and about two hundred foot long.

Supposing the two middle Areas to be designed for Sheep; an Area of twenty five foot square must be capable of a hundred, and there being sixteen of these, they must be capable of 1600 Sheep, which being added to the former number of 288 will make 1888. somewhat more then 1825 the number assigned for those that were to be taken in for food.

The four side Areas marked CC, being each of them eighteen foot wide, and two hundred foot long, will be more then sufficient to contein the several beasts which were to be preserved for the propagating of their kind; for which in the foregoing Tables their is allotted to the length of their Stalls only six hundred and six foot, besides the largeness of the Stalls allotted to each of them. So that there will be near upon two hundred foot overplus, for the reception of any other beasts, not yet enumerated or discovered.

As for that fashion of the Keel of Ships now in use, whereby they are fitted for passage through the Waters, and to endure the motion of the Waves: This would not have been convenient for the business here de∣signed; The Ark being intended only for a kind of Float to swim above water, the flatness of its bottom, did render it much more capacious for the reception of those many living Creatures, which were to be contein∣ed in it. And tho towards the end of the Flood when it began to abate, God is said to Make a wind to pass over the Earth, whereby the waters were asswaged, Gen. 8.1. Yet 'tis not likely that in the time of the deluge, when the whole Earth was overflowed, that there should be any such rough and boisterous winds as might endanger a Ves••el of this Figure; such winds usually proceeding from dry Land.

[illustration]

From hence it may be evident, that there was sufficient room in the lower story for the convenient reception of all the sorts of beasts that are yet known, and probably for those other kinds that are yet un∣known to these parts of the World,

The next thing to be cleared up, is the capacity of the second story for conteining a years provision of food. In order to which 'tis to be ob∣served, that the several beasts feeding on hay, were before upon a fair cal∣culation supposed equal to ninety two Beeves: but to prevent all kind of Cavils which may be made at the proportioning of them, let them be as a hundred, besides the 1825. Sheep taken in for food. But now because these are to be devoured by five per diem, therefore the years provision to be made for them, is to be reckoned but as for half that number, viz. 912. These being divided by seven to bring them unto a proportion with the Beeves, will amount to 180, which added to the former hundred make 280, suppose three hundred. So then according to this supposition, there must be sufficient provision of hay in the second story to sustein three hundred Beeves for a whole year.

Now 'tis observed (saith Buteo) by Columella, who was very well ver∣sed in the experiments of Husbandry, that thirty or forty pound of hay is ordinarily sufficient for an Ox for one day, reckoning twelve ounces in the pound. But we will suppose forty of our pounds. And 'tis asserted by Buteo upon his own tryal and experience, that a solid cubit of dryed hay, compressed, as it uses to be, when it hath lain any considerable time in Mows or Reeks, doth weigh about forty pound; so that for three hundred Beeves for a whole year there must be 109500. such cubits of hay, (i. e.) 365. multiplied by 300. Now the second story being ten cubits high, three hundred long, and fifty broad, must contein 150000. solid cubits, which is more by 40500. then what is necessary for so much compressed hay; and will allow space enough both for any kind of beams and pillars necessary for the fabric, as likewise for other reposito∣ries, for such fruits, roots, grain or seed, as may be proper for the nourish∣ment of any of the other Animals. And likewise for such convenient passages and apertures in the floor as might be necessary for the putting down of the hay to the Stalls in the lower story. From which it is mani∣fest that the second story was sufficiently capacious of all those things de∣signed for it·

And then as for the third story; there can be no colour of doubt, but that one half of it will be abundantly sufficient for all the species of birds, tho they should be twice as many as are enumerated in the foregoing tables, together with food sufficient for their sustenance, because they are generally but of small bulk, and may easily be kept in several partiti∣ons or Cages over one another. Nor is there any reason to question, but that the other half would afford space enough both for Noah's family and utensils.

Upon the whole matter, it doth of the two, appear more difficult to as∣sign a sufficient number and bulk of necessary things, to answer the capa∣city of the Ark, rather then to find sufficient room for those several species of Animals already known. But because it may be reasonably presumed, that there are several other species of beasts and birds, especially in the undiscovered parts of the world, besides those here enumerated, therefore 'tis but reasonable to suppose the Ark to be of a bigger capacity, then

what may be sufficient for the things already known, and upon this ac∣count it may be asserted, that if such persons who are most expert in Phi∣losophy or Mathematicks, were now to assign the proportions of a Vessel that might be sutable to the ends here proposed, they could not (all things considered) find out any more accommodate to these purposes, then those here mentioned.

From what hath been said it may appear, that the measure and capa∣city of the Ark, which some Atheistical irreligious men make use of, as an argument against the Scripture, ought rather to be esteemed a most rational confirmation of the truth and divine authority of it. Especially if it be well considered, that in those first and ruder ages of the World, when men were less versed in Arts and Philosophy, and therefore pro∣bably more obnoxious to vulgar prejudices then now they are, yet the capacity and proportions of the Ark are so well adjusted to the things it was to contein; whereas if it had been a meer humane invention, 'tis most probable, that it would have been contrived according to those wild apprehensions, which (as I said before) do naturally arise from a more confused and general view of things, as much too big, as now such men are apt to think it too little, for those ends and purposes to which it was designed.

CHAP. VI. The Parts of Animate Bodies; whether I. More Peculiar, or II. Mor•• General.

* 1.848UNder this Head of PECULIAR PARTS of Animate Bodies are comprehended all the Parts that belong to the whole kind of Plants:* 1.849 But as to Animals, it contains onely such as are peculiar to some of them, not common to all. And these are comprehended with the others under the same Head, because I could not otherwise place them conveniently to my purpose. They are distinguishable by their rela∣tion to

• Plants; as being
  • LASTING PARTS. I.
  • ANNUAL PARTS. II.
  • KINDS OF FRUIT. III.
• Animals; belonging chiefly unto
  • SWIMMING Animals. IV.
  • FLYING Animals. V.
  • GOING Animals. VI.

I. By LASTING PARTS of Plants are meant such as do usually con∣tinue during the life of the Plant, and are not renewed every year.* 1.850 And because the chief of these is styled WOOD, therefore may that be here adjoyned by way of affinity. These are distinguishable by their Fabric and Consistence, together with their Position and Shape; being either more

• Hard and Solid; considered according to the
  • ...Position; as to the
    • Earth, wherein Plants do grow; being either
      • Within it; to which may be adjoyned those parts in the body of the Plant which have some analogy to Roots.
        1.
        • ROOT, Radical, radicate, eradicate.
        • KNOT, Knurle, Knag.
      • Without it; the upright part above ground; ‖ either the greater, upon, and from which the branches do grow: or the lesser, growing up from the same root.
        2.
        • STOCK, Stem, Trunk, Body, Stalk, Stub, Stump.
        • SUCKER, Shoot.
    • Plant it self, shooting from the Stem of it; ‖ whether greater and spread: or less, and pointed, being common likewise to Fishes, &c.
      3.
      • BRANCH, Sprig, Sion, young Shoot, Graft, Bough, Arm of a Tree, Slip, Lop.
      • THORN, Prickle, spinous.
  • Shape and Figure; ‖ more cylindrical and stiff: or more taper and flexile.
    4.
    • STICK, Staff, Stake, Cudgel, Scepter, Mace, Cros••er, Virg, Leading-staff, Truncheon, Battoon, Rest, Scatch, Crutch, Helve, Perch, Tally.
    • WAND, Twig, Rod, Switch, Pole.
• ...Soft.
  • Not dissolvable; ‖ outward: or inward.
    5.
    • RINDE, Bark, Pill.
    • PITH.
  • Dissolvable, by Water, or by Fire; being ‖ either of an aqueous: or an unctuous nature.
    6.
    • GUM.
    • RESIN.
• Liquid; of a ‖ more watery: or more unctuous consistence.
  7.
  • JUICE, Sap, succulent.
  • BALSAM.

* 1.851II. By ANNUAL Parts are meant such as are renewed every year; which are either

• ...More principal; those parts whereby Plants do propagate their kinds.
  • Antecedent to the Seed; either that most tender part of a Plant, con∣siderable for its beauty and colour, adhering to the first rudiments of the Seed: or that which is answerable to this in Willows and Nut-trees, &c.
    1.
    • FLOWER, Blossom, Bloom, blown, Nosegay, Posey.
    • CATKIN, Palm.
  • The Seed it self; in respect of the
    • Parts belonging to it, and encompassing it; ‖ either the most
      • Soft and succulent; betwixt the outward Skin and the inward Seed vessel: or the most hard crustaceous part containing the Seed.
        2.
        • PULP.
        • STONE, Shell.
      • Thin part, for Covering: or Oblong, for Defence.
        3.
        • HUSK, Hull, Shell, Skin, Chaff, Boled.
        • BEARD.
    • Aggregate of Fruit or Seed; of a Figure ‖ more gross and confused: or more narrow, oblong, and taper.
      4.
      • CLUSTER, Bunch, Pannicle.
      • EAR, Spike, Spire, Bent.
• Less principal; to be further distinguished by the Figure, in respect of
  • Thickness or Thinness; either such as are more thick, namely the first little swellings in the growth of a Plant, or of the parts of it: or such as are more thin, namely those laminated parts, belonging either to Plants themselves, or to their flowers.
    5.
    • SPROUT, Bud, shoot, burgeon, pullutate, repullutate, germinate, put forth, spring forth.
    • LEAF, Foliags, Blade.
  • Length; whether such as are
    • Proper to the Flower; the greater, standing up singly in the middle of the flower: or the lesser, being small threddy filaments with∣in the flower, whereof there are usually many together.
      6.
      • STILE.
      • STAMEN, tuft.
    • Common to other parts of the plant; ‖ either those small stemms, up∣on which flowers and leaves do grow: or those kinds of threddy shoots, by which climbing Plants do take hold of and twist about the things that stand next to them
      7.
      • STALK, Footstalk, shank.
      • TENDREL, Clasper.
  • Hollowness; conteining within it, either ‖ the leaves of the flower: or the fruit.
    8.
    • CUP, Perianthium.
    • PERICARPIUM.

III. By FRUITS are meant those more Succulent parts of Plants, which are either the Receptacles of Seed, or else the Seeds themselves;* 1.852 to which may be adjoyned▪ by way of affinity, the general name denoting the EXCRESCENCES of Plants, as Galls are of Oken leaves, &c.

Fruits may be distinguished into such as are

• ...Receptacles of Seed.
  • Eaten commonly by men; whose eatable part is covered with a
    • ...Soft Skin.
      • Without Stones; being generally a larger fruit.
        1.
        • APPLE, Pomiferous.
      • With Stones; ‖ either the greater kind, conteining one single stone encompassed with an esculent pulp: or the less, growing either in Clusters, or dispersedly on Trees, Shrubs and Herbs, conteining generally several small seeds or stones in the pulp or husk of it.
        2.
        • PLUM, Pruin, Pruniferous.
        • BERRY, Bacciferous.
    • Hard Shell; namely that kind of fruit, whose only esculent part is inclosed in a hard covering.
      3.
      • NUT, Nuciferous.
  • Not eaten commonly by men, but by beasts.
    • Consisting of one only Seed, in a Seed-vessel; ‖ roundish: or flat-fi∣gured.
      4.
      • MAST, Acorn, Pannage.
      • KEY.
    • Conteining several Seeds; being ‖ more solid: or hollow.
      5.
      • CONE, Apple.
      • COD, Husk, Pod, Shell, shale, siliquous.
• Seed; ‖ being the most minute kind of Fruit, whereby Plants propa∣gate their Kinds; or the Inmost parts of Seeds.
  6.
  • GRAIN, Corn, Kern.
  • KERNEL.

The Peculiar parts of Animals here enumerated are said to be such as belong chiefly, not only, to the several kinds of Swimming, Flying, Going Animals; because there are some under each Head that belong also to other Animals. So Spawn and Crust belong to Insects, and some Beasts, as well as to Fish. So Trunk or Proboscis, and Egg do belong to some Going Animals, as well as to Flying. So doth Embroyo to a Bat and all Viviparous Fish, as well as to Going Animals. But these Parts are more commonly and generally found amongst those Kinds under which they are listed.

* 1.853IV. Those Parts peculiar chiefly to SWIMMING ANIMALS, to which Custom hath ascribed distinct names, do serve either for their

• Outward Covering; with respect to different Magnitudes.
  • Lesser; being a Thin lamin.
    1.
    • SCALE.
  • Greater; ‖ opening usually upon a Ioint, as in Oisters, &c. or an entire Armature, without such opening, as in Lobsters, &c.
    2.
    • SHELL, Testaceous.
    • CRUST-aceous, Shell.
• Respiration; those Opening parts on the sides of the Head, which are thought to supply the place of Lungs.
  3.
  • GILL.
• Progressive motion; serving either to
  • Direct this motion; by feeling such objects as lye in the way, being long prominencies, standing off from the head, common to several Insects.
    4.
    • FEELERS, Horns, Antennae.
  • Assist in this motion; whether of
    • Swimming; as in most kinds of skinned and scaly fish.
      • Internal; a thin membrane filled with air, by the help of which Fishes poise themselves in the water.
        5.
        • SWIMMING BLADDER.
      • External; ‖ either those thin broad substances, standing off from the body of the Fish: or those long slender parts belonging to these
        6.
        • FINN.
        • RAY, Radius, Pinnula.
    • Going; as in crustaceous exanguious Animals.
      7.
      • CLAW..
• Procreation; belonging either to the ‖ Males: or Females.
  8.
  • MILT, Soft row.
  • SPAWN, Hard row.

V. T••e Parts peculiar TO FLYING ANIMALS are either* 1.854

• Not fleshy; such as serve for
  • Outward covering, which is done by small oblong bodies, with hair-like branches growing from both sides of them, the bottom of which is a kind of a hollow Cylinder like a reed.
    1.
    • FEATHER, Plume, callow, fledge, pluck.
    • QUILL.
  • Progressive motion; which in such kind of Creatures is twofold.
    • Flying; which is done by those parts fastned on the shoulders, by the motion of which they strike the Air: These are generally an aggre∣gate of Feathers; but in Bats and Flies of a Skinny consistence. To which may be adjoyned that aggregate of hindermost Fea∣thers, whereby they steer themselves in their Flight.
      2.
      • WING.
      • TRAIN, Tail.
    • Going; by a Foot with several Toes ‖ divided: or united by some film for their better help in Swimming.
      3.
      • TALON, Pounce, Claw, Clutch.
      • FLAT FOOT, Palmipede.
  • Feeding and Fighting; ‖ the mouth of a Bird: or a kind of hollow tube through which some things suck their nourishment.
    4.
    • BEAK, Bill.
    • TRUNK, Proboscis, Snout.
  • Fighting onely; of a sharp figure; ‖ either on the side of the Leg: or in the Tail, counted poisonous.
    5.
    • SPUR.
    • STING, Prickle.
  • Procreation; ‖ a roundish body covered with a Shell: or a yellowish case. containing a Maggot, which is transmuted into a Moth or Butterfly.
    6.
    • EGG, Nit, Flyblow.
    • CHRYSALITE, Aurelia.
• ...Fleshy; belonging to the
  • Fore-part; and placed either ‖ on the top of the head: or under the Iaw.
    7.
    • COMB, Crest.
    • GILL, Wattle.
  • Hinder-part; ‖ either that Protuberance about the end of the Back-bone: or that Cavity or Glandule in it containing an unctuous substance for the suppling of the Feathers.
    8.
    • RUMP.
    • OIL-BOX.

* 1.855VI. The Parts peculiar belonging TO GOING ANIMAL•• are such as serve for

• Outward covering; considerable according to the
  • More general name; denoting a small oblong flexile body, growing Plant-like out of the skin: or Aggregates of these, growing thick to∣gether and curled.
    1.
    • HAIR.
    • WOOL.
  • Particular kinds; ‖ either a more big and stiff kind of hair: or the more small and softer kinds of hairy substances, sometimes ascribed to Feathers.
    2.
    • BRISTLE·
    • DOWN, Lint.
  • Aggregates; more proper to Hair: or to Wool.
    3.
    • FURR, Ermin, Minivor, &c. Timber.
    • FLEECE, Flu.
  • Hairy parts; ‖ on the Chin or Face: or on the Neck.
    4.
    • BEARD, Mustach, Whisker.
    • MANE, Crest.
• Progressive motion; whether ‖ in whole or cloven-footed Animals: or in multifidous or clawed Animals.
  5.
  • HOOF.
  • NAIL, Claw.
• Fighting; the foremost part serving for offence against greater Animals: or the hindermost part serving for defence against Insects.
  6.
  • HORN, Head, goring.
  • TAIL, Scut, Dock, Crupper, Single of Deer.
• Procreation; the young in the Womb before its birth: or the bag wherein it is contained.
  7.
  • EMBRYO, Child in the Womb.
  • SECUNDINE, After-birth.

Of GENERAL PARTS.

* 1.856BY GENERAL PARTS of Animals are meant such as are more com∣mon to the whole kind, or at least the more perfect kinds, as Beasts and Men; there being several parts enumerated under this head, as Milk, Marrow, Bone, Gristle, Tooth, Dug, Rib, Navel, all under the fifth Dif∣ference, and some under the sixth, which are not common to all sorts of In∣sects, Fishes, and Birds. These are distinguishable into

• ...Homogeneous.
  • CONTAINED. I.
  • CONTAINING. II.
• ...Heterogeneus.
  • ...External.
    • HEAD. III.
    • TRUNK. IV.
    • LIMM. V.
  • INTERNAL. VI.

I. CONTAINED HOMOGENEOUS PARTS are such kind of fluid Bodies as are distinguishable by their various Consistences and Uses,* 1.857 and not by any difference of Shape or Figure; because, being liquid, they have no Shape of their own, but must be contained termino alieno. They are either more

• ...Thin and Aerial.
  1.
  • SPIRIT-uous.
• Liquid and Fluid; being either
  • More limpid; and of an aqueous transparency, ‖ for diluting and at∣tenuating the Humors: or a prepared Juice for nourishing the se∣veral parts.
    2.
    • SERUM, Whey.
    • SUCCUS NUTRITIUS.
  • More opacous and thick.
    • Not generally diffused; being useful either for
      • Nutrition; ‖ a whitish humor in the Mesentery extracted from the food before Sanguification: or receiving a farther digestion in the breasts for the nourishment of the Foetus.
        3.
        • CHYLE.
        • MILK, Cream, Beestings, milch, Dairy.
      • Generation; ‖ common to both Sexes: to which may be adjoyned that excrementitious moisture proper to some Females.
        4.
        • SPERM, Seed, seminal.
        • MENSTRUA, Courses.
    • Diffused through the whole, and mixed together in one Mass; con∣sidered either according to the
      • General name; denoting that red juice in the bodies of the more perfect Animals
        5.
        • BLOUD, Crimson.
      • Particular kinds; of which this whole mass is said to consist, com∣monly stiled the four Humors, and according to the old Theo∣ry, esteemed to be either
        • Hot; and ‖ moist: or dry.
          6.
          • BLOUD, Sanguin.
          • CHOLER, Gall.
        • Cold; and ‖ moist: or dry.
          7.
          • PHLEGM, pituitous.
          • MELANCHOLY, Choler adust.
• More consistent; ‖ in the Head, the organ of the inward Senses: or in the Cavity of the Bones, for the moistning of them.
  8.
  • BRAIN.
  • MARROW, medullary.

II. CONTAINING HOMOGENEOUS PARTS are distinguishable by their Qualities of Hardness and Softness,* 1.858 or by their Figures and Uses; being either of a

• ...More hard Consistence;
  • For strengthning of the Fabric; ‖ either the most hard and dry: or less hard; both devoid of Sense
    1.
    • BONE, Skull.
    • GRISTLE, Cartilage.
  • For uniting of the Bones and Muscles; ‖ either oblong: or the extremity of the Muscle affixed to the part which is to be moved.
    2.
    • LIGAMENT.
    • TENDON.
• More soft Consistence; being either
  • Thin and broad; for covering of ‖ the outward parts: or the inward parts.
    3.
    • SKIN, Cuticle, Fell, Hide, Pelt, Slough, flay, excoriate, gall.
    • MEMBRANE, Film, Pannicle, Tunicle, Skin, Pericardium, Pe∣ricranium, Peritonaeum.
  • ...Oblong and narrow;
    • Hollow; for conveyance of the Bloud ‖ to the Heart: or from the Heart.
      4
      • VEIN, Venal.
      • ARTERY-all.
    • Solid; for conveyance of the Spirits, serving for Sense: or those small hair-like-bodies of which the Muscles consist.
      5.
      • NERVE, Sinew.
      • FIBRE, Grain, Filament.
  • Crass; of no determinate Figure; useful for
    • Motion; according to the name, ‖ more general: or particular.
      6.
      • FLESH, Parenchyma, carnal, Carnosity, incarnate.
      • MUSCLE, Brawn.
    • Preserving from Heat and Cold: or the Percolation of some humors.
      7.
      • FAT, Suet, Tallow.
      • GLANDULE, Kernel, Emunctory, Almond, Bur, Sweet-bread, Nut.

III. Amongst External containing Heterogeneous parts, that which is the chief, being the Seat and Residence of the Soul, is the HEAD:* 1.859 To which may be opposed the other part styled BODY, Carcass.

The parts of the Head are either

• More general; ‖ either the fore-part less hairy: or the hinder-part more hairy.
  1.
  • FACE, Visage, Aspect, Countenance, Favour, Look, Minc, Physi∣ognomy, Feature, Vizzard, Mask.
  • PATE, Scalp, Noddle, Sconce, Scull, Brain-pan.
• More particular parts of the Head and Face are either
  • ...More properly Organical; for
    • Sense; whether such parts as are
      • External; used for
        • Seeing, or Hearing.
          2.
          • EY, Ocular, optic, see, view, look, kenn, behold, gaze, pore.
          • EAR, Lug, hear, hearken, ••uricular.
        • Tasting, or Smelling: ‖ either that Scissure of the Face through which we breath and receive our nourishment: or that hol∣low prominence, through which we breath and smell.
          3.
          • MOUTH▪ Chaps, muzzle, oral, devour.
          • NOSE, Snowt, Nostril, smell.
      • Internal; used for
    • ...Tasting, Speaking, or Eating;
      • Convex; ‖ either that of a soft Fleshy substance, whereof there is but one: or that of a most hard and dry consistence, whereof there are many.
        4.
        • TONGUE, lick.
        • TOOTH, Fang, Tusk, bite, gnaw, nibble, Holders, Grinders.
      • Concave; either the upper inward part of the Mouth: or the open passage through the Neck into the middle region of the Body.
        5.
        • PALATE, Roof.
        • THROAT, guttural, jugular.
  • Less properly Organical; but contributing to the making up the Fabric of the Face; distinguishable by their various Positions into
    • Vpper and fore-right; ‖ Extremity of the Face: or Protuberance over the Eye.
      6.
      • FOREHEAD, Brow, Front.
      • EY-BROW.
    • Lateral; ‖ towards the middle: or towards the upper parts.
      7.
      • CHEEK, Iole.
      • TEMPLES.
    • ...Lower;
      • Fore-right; ‖ either the upper and lower Extremity of that Scis∣sure which makes the Mouth: or the Extremity of the Face.
        8.
        • LIP.
        • CHIN.
      • ...Lateral;
        9.
        • JAW, Chap, Mandible, Iole.
        • PLACE OF TONSILLAE.

* 1.860IV. By TRUNK is meant the middle part of the Body, considered abstractly from Head and Limms. The Parts of the Trunk are distinguish∣able by their various Positions, being either

• Vpper; towards the top of the Trunk.
  • Not determined to fore or hinder part, but common to both; ‖ the Stem-like of the Head: or the upper Convexity of Breast and Back.
    1.
    • NECK, Nape, Dulap.
    • SHOULDER, Scapulary.
  • Determined to the
    • Fore-part; ‖ more general: or more specially the glandulous part designed for milk in females.
      2.
      • BREAST, Pectoral, Bosom.
      • DUG, Vdder, Teat, Nipple, Pap, Breast.
    • Hinder part; more general: or more specially the Bones of it.
      3.
      • BACK.
      • VERTEBRA, Spondyl, spinal, Chine.
• ...Middle.
  • Hinder-part; ‖ the direct Muscles: or transverse Bones.
    4.
    • LOIN, Chine.
    • RIB.
  • Side-part; ‖ more general: or more specially the lower part of it.
    5.
    • SIDE, Lateral, collateral.
    • FLANK, Rand.
  • Fore-part; more general: or more specially the concave middle part of it.
    6.
    • BELLY, Paunch, Pannel, Peritenaeum.
    • NAVEL, Vmbilical.
• ...Lower;
  • Fore-part; the concave part ‖ between the belly and thighs: or seat of the Privities between the thighs.
    7.
    • GROIN.
    • SHARE, Twist.
  • Hinder-part; ‖ more general: or specially the Cavity.
    8.
    • BUTTOCK, Breech, Haunch, Ham.
    • FUNDAMENT, Dock.

V. By LIMM or Member is meant any special part designed for Action,* 1.861 moveable upon, and distinguishable by its Ioints: for which reason the word JOINT may be annexed to it by way of affinity, one being the thing moved, and the other the thing upon which the motion is made.

They are either

• ...Vpper Limm.
  • Innermost: or next to the Trunk, with its Ioint.
    1.
    • ARM.
    • SHOULDER.
  • ...Middlemost.
    2.
    • CUBIT.
    • ELBOW, Pinion.
  • ...Outermost.
    3.
    • HAND-le, wield, Manual, manage, Palm, Fist, Clutch, Grasp, Haft, Hilt, Glove.
    • WRIST.
• ...Lower Limm.
  • Innermost: or next to the Trunk.
    4.
    • THIGH, Hip, Ham, Haunch, Pestle.
    • HUCKLE.
  • ...Middlemost.
    5.
    • SHANK, Leg, Shin, Calf.
    • KNEE.
  • ...Outermost.
    6.
    • FOOT, Hock, Trotter, tread, trample, stamp, Instep.
    • HEEL, Calcitrate, kick, Pastern.
• Common both to upper and lower Limm; the Joints of which may be distinguished by the order of first, second, or third: or innermost, middlemost, or outermost.
  7.
  • FINGER, Toe, Thumb.
  • KNUCKLE.

* 1.862VI. Containing Heterogeneous Internal parts, called INWARDS, En∣trals, Bowels, Foy, Pluck, Purtenance, Vmbels, Hastlet, Garbage, Giblets, reckoning from the uppermost, may be distinguished by their Order, Shape and Uses, into

• Vpper; towards the Summity of the Body.
  • Hollow and oblong; for the conveyance of the ‖ Nourishment: or of the Breath.
    1.
    • GULLET.
    • WIND-PIPE, Rough Artery, Weasand.
  • Massie and more solid; within the Breast; for ‖ Bloud-making: or Breathing.
    2.
    • HEART, Cordial, Core, Pericardium.
    • LUNGS, Lights.
  • Thin and broad; for partition ‖ transverse, betwixt the upper and low∣er Belly: or direct, betwixt the Lobes of the Lungs.
    3.
    • DIA••HRAGM, Midriff.
    • M••DIASTINE.
• Lower; distinguishable
  • Both by their Shapes and Uses.
    • Hollow; ‖ wide, but not long, for containing▪ and digesting of Food: long, but not wide, for conveying of the Food and Excrement.
      4.
      • STOMACH, Maw, Paunch, Ventricle, Craw, Crop, Gorge, Pouch, Gizzard, Tripe.
      • GUT, Entrails, Bowels, Garbage, Chitterling, Colon.
    • Massie and solid; for separating of ‖ Choler: or of Melancholy.
      5.
      • LIVER, Hepatic.
      • SPLEEN, Milt.
    • Thin and broad; by which the Guts are ‖ connected: or covered.
      6.
      • MESENTERY.
      • CAUL, Kell.
  • By their Uses alone, as being for
    • Separating the Vrine: or containing the Vrine or the Gall.
      7.
      • KIDNEY, Reins.
      • BLADDER, Vesicle.
    • Generation; denoting ‖ the parts for Generation: or the Glandules for preparing the Sperm.
      8.
      • PRIVITIES, Genitals, Pizzle, Yard, Fore-skin, Prepuce.
      • TESTICLE, Stone, geld, spay, Eunuch.
    • Conception in Females, namely, the part containing the Faetus.
      9.
      • WOMB, Mother, Matrix, hysterical, uterine.

CHAP. VII. Concerning the Predicament of Quantity, viz. I. Magnitude. II. Space; and III. Measure.

THe chief notions belonging to the Predica∣ment of Quantity are reducible to these general Heads;

• MAGNITUDE.
• SPACE.
• MEASURE.

Of MAGNITUDE.

The word MAGNITUDE is intended to signifie all the notions of continued Quantity:* 1.863 to which may be adjoyned by way of affinity the word EXTENSION, by which is meant that kind of Quantity whereby a thing is said to have partem extra partem, one part out of another, being the same thing with the former under another Consideration.

Magnitudes are distinguishable according to their

• DIMENSIONS. I.
• MUTUAL RELATIONS to one another. II.
• AFFECTIONS, in respect of Figure; whether
  • SIMPLE. III.
  • Compound; either
    • LINEARY. IV.
    • PLANARY. V.
    • SOLIDARY. VI.

As for Oration, which is enumerated in the usual Systems as one of the Species of Quantity; that is now by common consent acknowledged to be very improperly stiled Quantity; and therefore it is left out here, and referred to another place.

I. That kind of Quantity whereby the Magnitude of Bodies is to be mea∣sured, is called DIMENSION.* 1.864 To which may be adjoined upon account of Affinity, That notion of Quantity, whereby a thing is capable of being se∣parated into several parts, DIVISION, distribute, part.

Dimensions are of a four-fold difference.

The least of Magnitudes, so styled by those who write de Indivisibilibus, as being in their account infinitely little.

1. POINT, Prick, Tittle, Punctilio, Ace, Iot, Whit.

The second kind, described by the flux of a point, or composed of infi∣nite such points, is styled.

2. LINE, delineate, rule.

The third, described by the draught of a line, or composed of infinite such lines.

3. SUPERFICIES, Plain, Surface. To which may be annexed, that more particular notion of Superficies, called AREA, Plot; Bed, Page.

The fourth, described by the lifting up a Superficies, or composed of infi∣nite Superficies.

4. SOLID, Body, Bulk.

By these may be express'd those Algebraical notions of Absolute, Line∣ary, Quadratic, Cubic; and so, continuing this Table, Quadrato-Quadratic, Quadrato-Cubic, Cubo-Cubic, Quadrato-Cubo-Cubic, &c. as far as one pleases.

II. The MUTUAL RELATIONS of one Dimension to another are either of* 1.865

• Point to line; as being either in ‖ the midst: or extremities of it.
  1.
  • CENTER.
  • POLE, Zenith, Nadyr.
• Point to Lines, or Line to Plains; which do mutually ‖ either meet: or intersect.
  2.
  • VERTEX.
  • INTERSECTION, Cut.
• Line to Plain; or Plain to Solid.
  • Angular; being ‖ either in the midst: or the extremities of it.
    3.
    • DIAGONAL.
    • SIDE.
  • Round; being either
    • Extern; ‖ touching: or cutting it.
      4.
      • TANGENT.
      • SECANT.
    • ...Intern;
      • Central; ‖ either more general, passing from side to side: or particularly that which passes from Pole to Pole.
        5.
        • DIAMETER, Ray.
        • AXIS.
      • Not central; ‖ either from Periphery to Diameter: or from Pe∣riphery to Periphery.
        6.
        • SINE.
        • CHORD.
• Line to Line, Plain to Plain, or Solid to Solid; having
  • ...Bare respect to one another in regard of
    • Distance; ‖ either being aequidistant: or else removing farther: or approaching nearer.
      7.
      • PARALLEL.
        • DIVERGING, Reclining.
        • CONVERGING, inclining.
    • Position; making an Angle, oblique: or right: or parallel.
      8.
      • OBLIQUE, a-skue, a-slope, awry, Declivity, shelving, slaunt, splay, skue, slope, wry, steep, incline, lean, glance, swagg, a∣squint, leer.
        • DIRECT, Erect, upright, perpendicular, advance, precipitate, headlong, down-right, up an end, set up, prick up.
        • TRANSVERSE, Cross, overthwart, thwart, traverse, point-blank.
  • Mutual Contact; ‖ either returning from the other: or cutting through the other..
    9.
    • REFLECTED, Bound, rebound, recoil, repercussion, rever∣berate▪ rebuff.
    • REFRACTED.

III. To the Affections of Magnitudes,* 1.866 in respect of more SIMPLE FIGURE, may be adjoyned the general notion of FIGURE, Shape, Fea∣ture, Fashion, Form, Frame, Scheme, Lineament, the Make, well set, or pro∣portioned, transform, transfigure, deface, disfigure.

These Affections may be distinguished in••o such as belong

• Onely to Lines drawn from point to point; ‖ the nearest way: or not the nearest way
  1.
  • STRAIGHTNESS, Right, direct, point-blank.
  • ...CROOKEDNESS, Curve, a-wry, hooked, bow, bend, wry, embow, winding, indirect, fetch a compass.
• To lines and Plains; whether considered
  • ...Absolutely; in
    • General; contained within ‖ one line, whose every part is equally distant from the same Center: or three or more lines, whose extre∣mities touch one another.
      2.
      • CIRCLE, Periphery, Circumference, environ, encircle, surround, Ring, Rund••e, Epicycle.
      • ...ANGLE, Corner, Coyn, Nook, Elbow, Polygon.
    • Special; of the Angular, ‖ whether of ninety degrees: or more: or less.
      3.
      • RIGHT ANGLE.
        • OBTUSE, blunt, dull,
        • ACUTE, sharp, keen, whet.
  • Respectively; in Bodies whose superficies is composed ‖ either all of straight lines: or of lines bending in the midst, outward: or inward.
    4.
    • PLAIN, level, flat, even.
      • CONVEX, prominent, gibbous, protuberant, turgid, embowed.
      • CONCAVE, Hollow, Cavity, Pit, Hole.
• To Plains or Solids, of
  • Simple Figure; whose superficies is ‖ Circular: or Angular of equal sides.
    5.
    • SPHERE, Orb, Globe, Ball, Bullet, Round, Bullet, Pomander, Pom∣mel, Bede
    • CUBE, Dy.
  • Mixed Figures; described either by the
    • Lifting up ‖ of a Circle: or of an Angular plain.
      6.
      • CYLINDER, Bar, Column, Cann, Cannon, Role.
      • ...PRISM, Bar, Wedge.
    • Laying on, in progression from a Point, infinite Plains ‖ circular: or angular.
      7.
      • CONE, Taper, Spire, Steeple, Shaft, Pinnacle.
      • ...PYRAMID, Spire, Steeple, Shaft, Pinnacle, Obelisk.
• To Lines, or Plains, or Solids; denoting either
  • The dif••erent Sections of a Cone, being cut ‖ either parallel to the sides of it: or besides the Parallel either way.
    8.
    • PARABOLA-icall.
      • HYPERBOLE.
      • ELLIPSIS, oval.
  • The revolution of a Line about ‖ a Cone: or Cylinder.
    9.
    • SPIRAL, Serpentine, turbinated, wreath, coyling, worn.
    • HELIX, Winding.

* 1.867IV. COMPOUND FIGURES of Magnitude LINEARY by unclo∣sed Lines, are either

• More Simple; by
  • One Line; whether ‖ solid: or hollow.
    1.
    • PIN, Gad. Nail, Peg, Tag, Tack, Tenter. Needle, Probe.
    • HOLE, Hollow, Pore, Vent, Meash, Orifice, Meuse, punch, perfo∣rate, run thorough.
  • ...Two lines;
    • The end of one meeting with the end of the other; ‖ either con∣vex: or concave.
      • ...Sharp;
        2.
        • TOOTH, Cusp, Point, Neb, Scrag, Tine, Tenon, Cog, ingrail, indented.
        • ...NOTCH, Nick, Nock, crenated, Gap, hatcht, inveck, indented.
      • ...Blunt.
        3.
        • PROTUBERANCE, Prominence, Process, Stud, Boss, Excrescence, Gibbous, ••rump, Bunch, Knob, Rub, jutting, rising, tuberous, standing out, stick out, goggle, copped, turgid, Brow, Hillock, Knob, Knot, Node, Cragg, Scrag, Lobe, gorbellied, heave, swell, strut.
        • ...DENT, Dimple, Sinking, Dock, Crease, indent, Hole, Pit.
    • The end of one with the midst of the other meeting: or the midst of one with the midst of the other cutting.
      4.
      • FIGURE of the letter T, Crutch.
      • CROSS, Decussation, athwart, Turn-stile.
  • Three Lines; at
    • Several points making Angles; either ‖ on the same side: or on di∣verse sides.
      5.
      • STAPLE.
      • WINDLE.
    • The same point ‖ meeting, or cutting; which is applicable likewise to more lines then three.
      6.
      • TUFT▪ Lock, Tassel, Tresses, Thrum, Hassock, Nap, Rug, Fringe.
      • ASTERISC.
• More Compounded;
  • ...Distinctly;
    • Pin ‖ with versatil Pin: or with versatil Lamin.
      7.
      • WHIP, Flail, Scourge.
      • FLAG, Fane, Banroll, Penon.
    • Pin ‖ with Tooth or Protuberance, &c. or with Notch or Dent.
      8.
      • HOOK, Crook, Clasp, Hasp, Tatches, Flook, Tenter, Cramp-iron.
      • FORK, Prong, horned.
  • Mixedly, with some kind of Alternation; ‖ either with Protuberance and Dent: or with Staple and its reverse.
    9.
    • UNDULATED, waved, winding.
    • CRENATED, Battlement.

V. Compound Figures of Magnitude PLANARY,* 1.868 expressible by clo∣sed Lines, may be distinguished into such as do either

• ...Comprehend Superficies.
  • Straight; either of three: or of four Angles.
    1.
    • TRIANGLE.
    • SQUARE, Quadrangle, Quadrate, Diamond figure, Rhomb-oid, Lozenge, Parallellogram.
  • Curve; either ‖ Round: or Oblong.
    2.
    • RING, Ferule, Hoop, Annulet, Collet, Rundle, Rowel.
    • LOOP, Button hole, Eye, Link, Noose, Halter.
  • Mixed; being either ‖ part of a Ring with one straight: or a whole Ring with several Diameters.
    3.
    • BOW.
    • WHEEL.
• Consist in being Superficies; as the precedent Figures fluxed into breadth. So the Flux of a
  • Pin: or a Hole, do make
    4.
    • LAMIN, Flake, Leaf, Board, Plank, Lath, Plate, Schedule, Scrole, Sheet, Wafer, Cake, Leant, Flap, Label, Coit.
    • CHINK, Crevise, Fissure, Cleft, Crack, Cranny, Chap, Flaw, Rift, Split, Slit, Loop-hole, cleave, spring a leak.
  • The FIGURE T or Cross and Asterisc, do make
    5.
    • TRESSEL, Table.
    • PINION, Nut.
  • Cusp: or Notch, do make.
    6.
    • EDG, Sharp.
    • ...GVTTER, Chamfer.
  • Protuberance: and Dent.
    7.
    • RIDGE, Bank, Dam, Bridg, Edg, Ledg.
    • ...FVRROW, Ditch, Dike, Kennel, Channel, Foss, Trench, Dock, Drein, Cut, Dimple, Rivel, Shrivel, Wrinkle, rumple, pucker, Pleit.
  • Staple and Windle
    8.
    • FORM.
    • STEP, Grees.
  • Square and Ring.
    9.
    • TUBE SQUARE.
    • TUBE ROUND, or Pipe, Spout, Trunck, Tunnel.

VI. Compound Figures of Magnitude Solidary,* 1.869 may be distinguished in∣to such as are either

• Intern; denoting the inner parts of a Magnitude to be ‖ either full of small Cavities: or to be one great Cavity: or to have no Cavity.
  1.
  • POROUSNESS, Spunginess, fungous, sinking, hollow.
    • HOLLOWNESS, Cavity, concave, Grot, Cave, Den.
    • MASSINESS, solid, Bulk.
• Extern; compounded either of
  • Sphere or Cube, with ‖ Cylinder: or with Cone.
    2.
    • BOTTLE, Button, Bolt-head.
    • PIN, headed.
  • Cylinder or Prism, with
    • Diverse Figures; whether ‖ Cube and Pyramid: or Cone and Pyramid.
      3.
      • PEDESTAL.
      • TURRET or Tent, Tower, Pinnacle.
    • Another of the same kind; either ‖ perpendicular: or transverse.
      4.
      • GUDGEON.
      • MALLET.
  • Cone with Cone; having ‖ Base to Base: or Vertex to Vertex.
    5.
    • BUOY FIGURE.
    • HOUR-GLASS FIGURE.
  • Elliptic; representing the figure of a Sphere crushed, ‖ either about the midst by a Hoop: or at the ends by two opposite Plains.
    6.
    • OVAL, Elliptical.
    • BOWL.
  • Spirals: or Helixes.
    7.
    • BOTTOM, Clue, glomerate, wind about.
    • SKEIN, Hanke, Reel.

Of SPACE.

THe word SPACE, Scope, Room, Compass, Interim, Interval, (accor∣ding to the common use of it) is a name importing the more ge∣neral notion of that wherein any thing is contained or done;* 1.870 Comprehending both

• ...Time.
• ...Place.
• ...Situation.

* 1.871I. By TIME, Tract, Tide, Process, Opportunity, Season, Continuance, is meant continued successive Quantity, having for its common term, IN∣STANT, Moment, Trice, Nick.

This is distinguishable according to the

• Simple differences of it.
  1.
  • PRESENT, at this time, now, immediately, instantly▪ current, ready.
    • ...PAST, expired, former, fore-going, ago, already, even now, hereto∣fore, gone, over, out, a-late, erewhile, long since.
    • ...FVTVRE, time to come, after-time, hereafter, presently, anon, by and by, shortly, straitway, ere long, henceforth, process of time, after a long while.

• ...
  [illustration]

• ...
• ...

• Mixed relations of it.
  • Comparative; betwixt
    • The Existings of several things; whether ‖ both together in the same time: or whether in diverse times, so that one is before or after the other.
      2.
      • SIMULTANEOUS, of the same time, Synchronism▪ contemporary, compatible, consist, together, concomitant.
      • ...DISTANT,
        • ...PRECEDING, antecedent, former, foregoing, previ∣ous, Priority, before, take place, get the start, Predeces∣sor, premise.
        • ...SVCCEEDING, latter, Posteriority, succedaneous, hinder, follow, go after, Successor.
    • The Considerations of the same thing at several times; whether
      • Past; ‖ little: or much.
        3.
        • NEWNESS, Renovation, innovate, renew, anew, Neoteric, Neo∣phyte, novel, Novice, Puny, modern, fresh, upstart, green, late, last, a little while ago.
        • ...OLDNESS, ancient, Antiquity, pristin, senior, stale, inveterate, of long standing, yore, obsolete, out of date, a long while ago.
      • Future; ‖ little: or much
        4.
        • SOONNESS, sudden, early, rath, betimes, forthwith, shortly, pre∣sently, eftsoon, quickly, in a trice, out of hand, imminent, immedi∣ate, incontinent, instant, ready, anticipate, accelerate, put on, rid way, in the turning of a hand, twinckling of an eye, timely, spee∣dily, in hast, after a little time.
        • ...LATENESS, tardy, last, adjourn, defer, delay, put off, out of date, di∣latory, procrastinate, prolong, prorogue, protract, respite, retard, after a long while, far in the day.
  • ...Absolute;
    • ...Particular;
      • Determinate; expressing ‖ at what time a thing was: or from whence it is to be reckoned.
        5.
        • DATE.
        • EPOCHA, Hegira.
      • Indeterminate; expressing only the
        • Continuing of it; ‖ a great: or little time.
          6.
          • PERMANENCY, lasting, abiding, continuing, durable, stay, remain, persevere, enduring, incessant, indelible, perennial, tedious, hold out, of standing.
          • ...TRANSITORINESS, fading, flitting, frail, glance, transient, temporary, short, for a spirt, for a little while, quickly gone.
        • Recurring of it; ‖ many: or few times.
          7.
          • FREQUENCY, often, ever and anon, thick, rife, common, recourse, resort.
          • ...SELDOMNESS, rare, scarce, strange, unusual, thin, desuetude.
    • ...Vniversal;
      • Collective; when a thing continues ‖ throughout the whole time: or only some intermediate parts of it.
        8.
        • PERPETUITY, continual, incessant, still, at all times, alwayes.
        • ...AT TIMES, temporary, by snatches, by fits, bout, ever and anon, now and then, respit, sometimes.
      • Distributive; when a thing exists ‖ in every part of time: or not in any part of it.
        9.
        • EVERNESS, Eternity, endless, for ever and ever, always.
        • ...NEVERNESS.

* 1.872II. The Space wherein any thing is contained, is called PLACE, Room, local, standing, station, precinct, set, put, position, lay, dispose, pitch, plant Guns, dislocate, Prospect.

It is distinguishable, as the former, according to the more

• Simple differences of it; denoting that place; ‖ wherein we are: or out of which we are.
  1.
  • PRESENCE, face to face, at hand, here, hand to hand, confront, rea∣dy, residence.
  • ...ABSENCE, Mich, away, non-residence.
• Mixed relations of it.
  • Comparative; betwixt the
    • Existence of several things; ‖ whether both together in the same place: or in divers places.
      2.
      • CONTIGUITY, touch, contact, hit, joyn, close, grazing.
      • ...DISTANCE, off, keep off, bear off, stave off, way off, set farther, stand away.
    • Consideration of Distance or Place interposed, according to the diffe∣rences of ‖ Little: or Much.
      3.
      • NEARNESS, Vicinity, Propinquity, Proximity, nigh, next close, ad∣jacent, adjoyn, neighbour, imminent, impendent, immediate, ready at hand, accost, draw on, approach, at, by, hard-by, besides, hithermost.
      • ...REMOTENESS, far, farther, aloof, wide of, distant, outmost, ulti∣mate, great way off.
  • ...Absolute;
    • ...Particular.
      • Determinate; expressing what is the particular place ‖ to which a thing belongs: or whence it began.
        4.
        • HOME, Scene.
        • RISE, Source, Country, Original, Spring, Root.
      • Indeterminate; ••xpressing only
        • The taking up of ‖ a great: or little place.
          5.
          • AMPLENESS, spacious, large, burly, wide, vast.
          • ...NARROWNESS, close, scantness, strictness, restrained.
        • The occurring in ‖ many: or few places.
          6.
          • OBVIOUSNESS, common, rise, thick.
          • ...RARENESS, seldom, scarce, thin.
    • ...Vniversal.
      • Collective; when a thing is continued ‖ throughout the whole place: or is only in some parts of it.
        7.
        • CONTINUANCE, produce, subsist, along, close.
        • DISCONTINUANCE, by coasts, sparsim, cease, pause, respit, break off, intermit, interrupt.
      • Distributive; when a thing is in ‖ every place: or none.
        8.
        • UBIQUITY, Omnipresence.
        • ...NVLLIBIETY.

III. The mixed Notion made up of Position and Place,* 1.873 or the Applica∣tion of the parts of a Body to the parts of Place, respectively, is styled SITUATION, Seat, set, site, lying, standing, pitch, plant, Position, placing; to which may be annexed, by way of affinity, that respect of the imagi∣nary face of a thing towards some other thing or place, called VER∣GENCY, tending, leaning, inclining, hanker, toward, upon that hand, Rhombe.

These are either more

• General; respecting ‖ the Vniverse: or the four chief terms of it.
  1.
  • EAST Orient.
  • ...WEST, Occidental.
  2.
  • NORTH, Septentrional, Arctic.
  • ...SOVTH, Meridional, Antarctic.
• Special; with relation to the several parts of any thing, consider'd as a
  • Line; the interjacent part: or those which are most remote from each other.
    3.
    • MIDDLE, Intermediate, Mean, Core, Heart, Wast, main body, Noon, between both, Interim, Interval.
    • ...EXTREME, Term, last, end, utter, utmost.
      • ...END, final, last, extremity, ultimate, surcease, terminate, expire, in fine.
      • ...BEGINNING, First.
  • Superficies; the outmost parts of which, being considered either with relation to the thing it self: or some other thing to which it is ad∣joyned, is commonly styled
    4.
    • SIDE, Flank, Wing, Cheek, lateral, collateral, Limb, Rim, Brim, Brink, Edge-wise, Hem, Ridg, Skirt, Lift, Selvage, Welt, Gard, Eaves, Battlement.
    • MARGIN, Limit, Marchess, Border, Verge, Meer, Bound, Term, Front-ier, Land-mark, adjacent, abutt, confine, Purliew.
  • ...Body;
    • In general; either as to such parts as are
      • Higher: or Lower.
        5
        • UPPER-SIDE, Ridge, above, vertical.
        • ...VNDER-SIDE, lower, neather, bottom.
      • Within: or Without.
        6.
        • IN-SIDE, internal, intrinsecal, inward, inner, inmost, intestine,
        • ...OVT-SIDE, external, extrinsecal, outward, outmost, utter, ut∣most, Surface, superficial, exterior, ambient.
    • Living Bodies; specially men, with relation either to
      • The Head: or Foot.
        7.
        • TOP, Tip, Head, Crown, Vpper end, Knap, Apex, Vertical, Chapiter.
        • ...BOTTOM, Base, Lower end, Pedestal, Foot, Sole.
      • The Face: or Back.
        8.
        • FORE-PART, Front, Frontispiece, Prow, Van-tguard, Van∣ward, foreward.
        • ...HINDER-PART, Back, Rere, rereward, endorse, last, Poop, Posterior,
      • The right hand: or left hand.
        9
        • RIGHT SIDE, Dexter, Starrbord.
        • ...LEFT SIDE, Sinister, Larrbord.

Of MEASURE.

* 1.874THose several relations of Quantity, whereby men use to judge of the Multitude or Greatness of things,* 1.875 are styled by the name of MEA∣SURE, Dimension, mete, survey, Rule; to which the relative term of PROPORTION, Portion, Rate, Tax, Size, Scantling, Pittance, Share, Dose, Mess, Symetry, Analogy, commensurate, dispense, allot, adapt, is of some Affinity, signifying an equality or similitude of the respects that several things or quantities have to one another. They are distinguishable into such as respect either

• MULTITUDE. I.
• MAGNITUDE. II.
• GRAVITY. III.
• VALOR. IV.
• ...Duration.
  • More GENERALLY CONSIDERED. V.
  • As RESTRAINED TO LIVING CREATURES. VI.

* 1.876I To the Measure whereby we judge of the MULTITUDE of things may be annexed NUMBER, enumerate, reckon, compute, muster, count, re-count, Tale, tell, Arithmetic, Cyphering. If the way of Numeration were now to be stated, it would seem more convenient to determine the first Period or Stand at the number Eight, and not at Ten; because the way of Dichotomy or Bipartition being the most natural and easie kind of Di∣vision, that Number is capable of this down to an Unite, and according to this should be the several denominations of all other kinds of Measures, whether of Capacity, Gravity, Valor, Duration. So eight Farthings would make a Peny, eight Pence a Shilling, eight Shillings an Angel, eight Angels a Pound. So eight Grains should make a Scruple, eight Scruples a Dram, eight Drams an Ounce, eight Ounces a Pound, &c. But because general custom hath already agreed upon the decimal way, therefore I shall not insist upon the change of it.

The different degrees of Number generally received, are these.

1

ONE, Ace, Vnite, Once, First, Imprimis, Single.

2

TWO, a Couple, a Brace, a Pair, a Yoke, Second-ly, Twice, Double, Twofold, Bipartite.

3

THREE, a Leash, Ternary, Trey, Third-ly, Tertian, Thrice, Treble, Threefold, Tripartite, Trine-ity.

4

FOUR, Fourth-ly, Quartan, Quaternion, Fourfold, Quadruple, Qua∣drupartite. Quartile.

5

FIVE, Fifth-ly, Quintuple, Fivefold.

6

SIX, Sixth-ly, Sixfold, Sextuple, Sextile, Senary.

7

SEVEN, Seventh-ly, Septuple, Sevenfold.

8

EIGHT, Eighth-ly, Octuple, Eightfold.

9

NINE, Ninth-ly, Ninefold.

How other numbers besides these here enumerated may be expressed both in writing and speech, see hereafter, Chap.

II. Measures of Magnitude do comprehend both those of Length,* 1.877 and of Superficies or Area, together with those of Solidity; both compre∣hended in that which is adjoyned, viz. the word CAPACITY, hold, contain. The several Nations of the World do not more differ in their Languages, then in the various kinds and proportions of these Mea∣sures. And it is not without great difficulty, that the Measures observed by all those different Nations who traffick together, are reduced to that which is commonly known and received by any one of them; which la∣bour would be much abbreviated, if they were all of them fixed to any one certain Standard. To which purpose, it were most desirable to find out some natural Standard, or universal Measure, which hath been esteem∣ed by Learned men as one of the desiderata in Philosophy. If this could be done in Longitude, the other Measures might be easily fixed from thence.

This was heretofore aimed at and endeavoured after in all those va∣rious Measures, derived from natural things, though none of them do sufficiently answer this end. As for that of a Barly corn, which is made the common ground and original of the rest, the magnitude and weight of it may be so various in several times and places, as will render it inca∣pable of serving for this purpose; which is true likewise of those other Measures, an Inch, Palm, Span, Cubit, Fathom, a Foot, Pace; &c. none of which can be determined to any sufficient certainty.

Some have conceived that this might be better done by subdividing a Degree upon the Earth: But there would be so much difficulty and uncer∣tainty in this way as would render it unpracticable. Others have thought, it might be derived from the Quick-silver experiment: But the unequal gravity and thickness of the Atmosphere, together with the various tem∣pers of Air in several places and seasons, would expose that also to much uncertainty.

The most probable way for the effecting of this, is that which was first suggested by Doctor Christopher Wren, namely, by Vibration of a Pendu∣lum: Time it self being a natural Measure, depending upon a revolution of the Heaven or the Earth, which is supposed to be every-where equal and uniform. If any way could be found out to make Longitude com∣mensurable to Time, this might be the foundation of a natural Standard. In order to which,

Let there be a solid Ball exactly round, of some of the heaviest metals: Let there be a String to hang it upon, the smallest, limberest, and least sub∣ject to retch: Let this Ball be suspended by this String, being extended to such a length, that the space of every Vibration may be equal to a second Minute of time, the String being, by frequent trials, either lengthned or shortned, till it attain to this equality: These Vibrations should be the smallest, that can last a sufficient space of time, to afford a considerable number of them, either 6, or 500 at least; for which end, its passing an arch of five or six degrees at the first, may be sufficient. The Pendulum being so ordered as to have every one of its Vibrations equal to a second minute of time, which is to be adjusted with much care and exactness; then measure the length of this String, from its place of suspension to the Centre of the Ball; which Measure must be taken as it hangs free in its perpendicular posture, and not otherwise, because of stretching: which being done, there are given these two Lengths, viz. of the String, and of the Radius of the Ball, to which a third Proportional must be found out;

which must be, as the length of the String from the point of Suspension to the Centre of the Ball is to the Radius of the Ball, so must the said Radius be to this third: which being so found, let two fifths of this third Pro∣portional be set off from the Centre downwards, and that will give the Measure desired. And this (according to the discovery and observation of those two excellent persons, the Lord Viscount Brouncker, President of the Royal Society, and Mon. Huygens, a worthy Member of it) will prove to be 38 Rhinland Inches, or (which is all one) 39 Inches and a quarter, according to our London Standard.

Let this Length therefore be called the Standard; let one Tenth of it be called a Foot; one Tenth of a Foot, an Inch; one Tenth of an Inch, a Line. And so upward, Ten Standards should be a Pearch; Ten Pearches, a Furlong; Ten Furlongs, a Mile; Ten Miles, a League, &c.

And so for Measures of Capacity: The cubical content of this Standard may be called the Bushel: the Tenth part of the Bushel, the Peck; the Tenth part of a Peck, a Quart; and the Tenth of that, a Pint, &c. And so for as many other Measures upwards as shall be thought expedient for use.

As for Measures of Weight; Let this cubical content of distilled Rain∣water be the Hundred; the Tenth part of that, a Stone; the Tenth part of a Stone, a Pound; the Tenth of a Pound, an Ounce; the Tenth of an Ounce, a Dram; the Tenth of a Dram, a Scruple; the Tenth of a Scruple, a Grain, &c. And so upwards; Ten of these cubical Measures may be called a Thousand, and Ten of these Thousand may be called a Tun, &c.

As for the Measures of Mony, 'tis requisite that they should be determi∣ned by the different Quantities of those two natural Metals which are the most usual materials of it, viz. Gold and Silver, considered in their Purity without any allay. A Cube of this Standard of either of these Metals may be styled a Thousand or a Talent of each; the Tenth part of this weight, a Hundred; the Tenth of a Hundred, a Pound; the Tenth of a Pound, an Angel; the Tenth of an Angel, a Shilling; the Tenth of a Shilling, a Peny; the Tenth of a Peny, a Farthing.

I mention these particulars, not out of any hope or expectation that the World will ever make use of them▪ but only to shew the possibility of reducing all Measures to one determined certainty.

These measures of MAGNITUDE (to which may be annexed the No∣tion of CONTENT) may be reduced to these Heads.

• 1 Line.
• 2 INCH.
• 3 FOOT.
• 4 STANDARD.
• 5 PEARCH.
• 6 FURLONG.
• 7 MILE.
• 8 LEAGUE.
• 9 DEGREE.

Each of which is applicable either to Longitude, Area, or Bulk: the last of which comprehends the Measures of Capacity.

* 1.878III. Measures of GRAVITY (to which may be annexed for affinity the thing by which Gravity is measured, styled WEIGHT, Poize, counter∣poise, Plummet,) may be distributed into these kinds.

• 1 GRAIN.
• 2 SCRUPLE.
• 3 DRAM.
• 4 OUNCE.
• 5 POUND.
• 6 STONE
• 7 HUNDRED.
• 8 THOUSAND.
• 9 TUN.

IV. The Gradual differences of that common Measure of the VA∣LUATION or worth of all vendible things (to which may be adjoyned that which is used as this common Measure, styled MONY, Cash, Coin,* 1.879 Bank, Treasure, pecuniary, Mint, Stamp, Medal, Counter, Purse,) may be di∣stinguished into

• 1 FARTHING, Dodkin.
• 2 PENY.
• 3 SHILLING.
• 4 ANGEL.
• 5 POUND.
• 6 HUNDRED.
• 7 THOUSAND.

V. Unto the Measure of TIME may be adjoyned for its affinity the word which signifies the Permanency of any thing in its existence,* 1.880 from its beginning to its end, DURATION, abide, continue, persist, endure, hold out, last long, persevere, everlasting, survive.

Time is usually distributed by the Revolution of the heavenly Bodies, or rather of the Earth and Moon, into such Spaces as are required to a revolution of the

• ...Earth in its Orb; according to the
  • ...Whole
    1.
    • YEAR, Twelvemonth, Anniversary, Annual, Biennial, &c.
  • Parts; considerable as being the proper seasons for the
    • Growth and ripening of Vegetables.
      2.
      • SPRING, Vernal.
      • SUMMER.
    • Decaying of Vegetables, according to ‖ a lesser: or greater degree.
      3.
      • AUTUMN, Fall of the Leaf, Harvest.
      • WINTER, Hybernal, hyemal.
• Moon in its own proper course about the Earth: to which may be ad∣joyned the usual name given to the fourth part of this.
  4.
  • MONTH, Menstrual.
  • WEEK, Sennight, Fortnight.
• ...Earth about its Axis; according to the
  • ...Whole
    5.
    • DAY NATURAL, Quotidian.
  • ...Parts;
    • ...Greater;
      • Time while the Sun continues ‖ above: or below the Horizon.
        6.
        • DAY ARTIFICIAL, Diurnal.
        • NIGHT, Nocturnal, Pernoctation, lodge.
      • Part of the day artificial, ‖ former: or later.
        7.
        • MORNING, Mattins, early, dawning, betimes.
        • AFTERNOON, Evening.
    • Lesser parts of time; being each of them ‖ the 24^th part of a natu∣ral day, called an Hour: or the 60^th part of an hour.
      8.
      • HOUR, Horary.
      • MINUTE.

VI. Life-time, or the AGE of LIVING Creatures, (as particularly applied to Men,* 1.881 to which there is something answerable in other Ani∣mals; to which may be adjoyned the word SECULUM, Age, Estate, Generation,) is, according to common use, distinguished by such Terms as do denote the gradual differences of it.

• The first and most imperfect State, when ‖ destitute of the use of reason: or having but little use of it▪ comprehending the two first ten years.
  1.
  • INFANCY, Babe, Child, Cub.
  • CHILDHOOD, Boy, Girl, Wench, green years·
• The less imperfect Age, subject to the sway of Passions; ‖ either more, or less, containing the third and fourth ten years.
  2.
  • ADOLESCENCY, adult, Lad, Springal, Stripling, Youth, Lass, Da∣mosel, Wench.
  • YOUTH, Iuvenile, Younker.
• The perfect Age as to the Body: or the declining Age of the Body, but most perfect for the Mind, styled vergens aetas, or the Age of Wisdom; the former comprehending the space betwixt the 40^th and the 50^th, and the latter containing the space betwixt the 50^th and the 60^th year.
  3.
  • MANHOOD, virile, middle age.
  • DECLINING AGE, elderly.
• The last and most imperfect Age, by reason of the decay of Vigor, which commonly happens both in Body and Mind, ‖ either according to the first and better part of it: or the last and worst part of this State, reaching from the 60^th to the 70^th, and from thence for the time after.
  4.
  • OLD AGE.
  • DECREPIDNESS, Crone.

CHAP. VIII. Concerning the Predicament of Quality; the several Genus's belonging to it, namely, I. Natural Power. II. Habit. III. Manners. IV. Sensible quality. V. Disease; with the various Differences and Species under each of these.

WHether many of those things now called Quality, be not reducible to Motion and Figure, and the Situation of the parts of Bodies, is a question which I shall not at present consider. 'Tis sufficient that the par∣ticulars here specified are most commonly known and apprehended un∣der that notion as they are here represented, and are still like to be called by the same names, whatever new Theory may be found out of the causes of them.

The several Genus's under this Predicament are such kinds of Quali∣ties as are either

• Internal; whether
  • Innate; NATURAL POWER.
  • Superinduced; considered more
    • Generally; styled by the common name of HABIT.
    • Specially; with respect to the customary Actions of men considered as voluntary MANNERS.
• External; denoting either
  • Those more general affections of bodies which are the objects of sense.
    • SENSIBLE QUALITY.
  • Those special impotencies of living bodies, whereby they are disabled for their natural functions.
    • SICKNESS.

As for Figure, which by the common Theory is reduced under this Pre∣dicament, that, being a Qualification or Modification of Quantity, may more properly be referred thither.

Of NATURAL POWER.

THose kinds of Natural innate Qualities,* 1.882 whereby things are rendred able or unable to act or resist, according to their peculiar natures, are styled

• NATURAL POWERS, Faculty, Capacity, Endowment, Talent, Gift, Abi∣lity, Strength, Energy, Force, Virtue, may, can.
• ...IMPOTENCIES, Disability, Incapacity, invalid, unable, weak, infirm, lame, dead.

These Natural Powers may be distributed into such as are

• More particular; viz. the Faculties that are
  • RATIONAL. I.
  • ...Sensitive.
    • INWARD. II.
    • OUTWARD. III.
• More general; being either
  • SPIRITUAL. IV.
  • Corporeal; relating to the good of the
    • INDIVIDUUM. V.
    • SPECIES. VI.

I. Those Faculties whereby we are inabled to apprehend and compare the general natures of things as to Truth and Falshood, Good and Evil,* 1.883 and to demean our selves accordingly towards them, are styled

• RATIONAL, Reasonable, Ratiocination.
• ...IRRATIONAL, Vnreasonable, brutish.

These may be distinguished into

• Apprehensive; whereby we are rendred able or unable to
  • Know and apprehend knowable things, Generals as well as Particu∣lars, respecting in them Truth and Falshood.
    1.
    • UNDERSTANDING, Intellect, Mind, mental, apprehend, compre∣hend, perceive, conceive, reach, resent, Sentiment.
    • IDIOTICALNESS, being as a natural Fool, Changeling, Innocent
  • Compound and compare Notions together, so as to make a right esti∣mate of things and consequences.
    2.
    • JUDGMENT, Iudicious.
    • ...INIUDICIOVSNESS, Simple, Silly.
  • Apply general Principles to particular cases, being a kind of practical Judgment or Memory relating to matters of Duty.
    3.
    • CONSCIENCE.
    • ...VNCONSCIONABLENESS, Searedness, Profligateness, moral, Insen∣sibility.
• Motive; whereby we do rationally follow any thing as good, or fly it as evil: or being without any such motion.
  4.
  • WILL, Desire, List, Option, Vote, Wish, Mind, Pleasure, covet, volun∣tary.
  • ...LISTLESNESS, no mind to.

II. INTERNAL SENSES are so styled, because they belong to the interiour parts,* 1.884 and are conversant about internal and absent as well as pre∣sent things. Whether there be any such real Faculties in the Soul as are mentioned under this and the preceding Head, is not here to be debated. 'Tis sufficient that common experience doth acquaint us with such various operations of the Mind, and that general custom hath agreed upon such names for the expressing of them.

These are likewise distinguishable into

• Apprehensive; whereby we are rendred able or unable for the
  • ...Receiving of impressions from the outward Senses.
    1.
    • COMMON SENSE, perceive, discern, apprehend, Senti••ent, resent, conceive, discover, find.
    • ...STV••OR, Numness, amaze, astonish, narcotic, amuze, asleep, set on edge.
  • Compounding and comparing what is communicated from the outward Senses.
    2.
    • PHANSIE, Imagination, Conceit, fantastical, capricious, Phantasm.
    • ...DOTAGE, Delirium, Dizzard, Sot, besot.
  • Retaining such impressions.
    3.
    • MEMORY, recollect, re-call, commemorate, remember, call or come to mind, put in mind▪ suggest, record, recount, con over, getting by heart, by rote, without book, at ones fingers end, memorable, memorial, Memorandum, mindful.
    • ...FORGETFVLNESS, Oblivion, Vnmindfulness, overslip.
• Motive; whereby, in order to our own Conservation, we follow or fly what is by the judgment of the Senses represented as good or evil.
  4.
  • APPETITE, Desire, Inclination, Concupiscence, Stomach, Longing, Lust, having a mind to.
  • ...LOATHING, fulsome, nauseate, glut, cloy, go against, queasie, squea∣mish, wambling, qualm, detest.

* 1.885III. EXTERNAL SENSES are so styled, because they reside in the exteriour parts of the body, and do apprehend only external present things; which common opinion hath determined to the number of Five: amongst which some are said to be

• ...Commodious
  • ...For Discipline; whereby we discern
    • ...Light and Colour.
      1.
      • SIGHT, Vision, View, ken, Optic, descry, discern, espie, spie, peep, prie, see, perceive, look upon, behold, Glimpse, Spectacle, Spectator, Inspe∣ction, Revise, Prospect, first blush, visible, conspicuous.
      • ...BLINDNESS, Dimness, dark, poreblind, put out ones eyes.
    • ...Sounds.
      2.
      • HEARING, attend, hearken, listen, give ear, audible.
      • ...DEAFNESS, surd.
  • For the trial of our Food at a distance.
    3.
    • SMELL, Odor, Savour, Sent, Pomander, Perfume.
• Necessary for the
  • Immediate trial of our Food.
    4.
    • TAST, Gust, Savour, Relish, Smack, Smatch, Tang, toothsom.
  • ...Perception of tangible things.
    5.
    • TOUCH, feel, contact, tactile, palpable, grope.
    • ...NVMNESS, Stupor, dead, torpid, asleep.

Though common Language have not affixed particular names to the impotencies of some of these, yet they ought to be provided for as well as the rest.

IV. Those natural Habitudes of the Soul or Spirit which render it fit or unfit for its proper functions,* 1.886 are styled by that general name of TEM∣PER -ature, -ament, Disposition, Spirit, Genius, Fancy, Humor, Vein, Qua∣lity, Condition, Constitution, Nature.

These may be distinguished into such as are more

• General; chiefly of moral disposition, denoting ‖ the goodness: or badness of it.
  1.
  • INGENUITY, Good nature, Candor, candid, free, liberal, clear.
  • ...DISINGENVITY, Ill nature, Perverseness, thwart, cross, froward, unto∣ward, wayward, awkward, refractory, untractable, wilful, stubborn, sul∣len, dogged, sturdy, stiff, restif.
• Particular; as to
  • Action; denoting
    • Ability, or disability; aptitude, or ineptitude for it.
      2.
      • SPRIGHTLINESS, Wit, Vivacity, ingenious, brisk, lively, quick, acute, sharp, debonair, Mercurial, pregnant, presentness of mind.
      • ...DVLNESS, Stupidity, gross witted, hard-headed, torpid, soft, thick, heavy, dazle, dolt, Block-head, Logger-head, Dunce, Sot, indocil, dreaming.
    • Attention: or levity of mind in it.
      3.
      • SERIOUSNESS, earnest, grave, sober, staid, sad, substantial, so∣lemn.
      • ...WANTONNESS, lightness, aiery, playward, gamesom, dallying sportful, trifling, lascivious, giddy, petulant, skittish, toying, Ramp, Gigg, Rigg, Gambol
    • Aptitude or Ineptitude to moderate the
      • ...Irascible appetite.
        4.
        • GENTLENESS, Tameness, Mildness, Meekness, Lenity, break, reclaim, tame, come to hand.
        • ...FIERCENESS, Wildness, Haggard, Savage, barbarous, curstness, surly, eager, furious, dire, fell, grim, rough, source, keen, un∣tamed.
      • ...Concupiscible appetite.
        5
        • OPPOSITE TO RAPACITY, not rapacious.
        • ...RAPACITY, ravenous, voracious, greedy, Harpy, devour, preying.
    • Ability or disability to attempt or resist difficulties.
      6.
      • STOUTNESS, Boldness, manful, redoubted, daring, sturdy, stre∣nuous.
      • ...LAZINESS, sluggish, lither, lurden, Drone, dull, soft.
  • Action and Passion, denoting an ability or disability to endure and hold out both in acting and suffering.
    7.
    • HARDINESS, Tolerance, strenuous, robust, stout, sturdy, indu∣strious, painful.
    • ...NICENESS, Softness, Tenderness, Delicateness, Curiosity, fine, squeamish, effeminate, finical, dainty.

* 1.887V. Those CORPOREAL HABITUDES, whereby things are ren∣dred able or unable to act or resist for the good of the INDIVIDUUM, are usually styled by those general names of Temper, Complexion, Frame, State, Constitution, Disposition, Nature.

These are distinguishable into such as concern,

• The just number of the parts; ‖ having all: or wanting some.
  1.
  • WHOLENESS, Intireness, perfect, safe and sound, tite, consolidate, of one piece.
  • ...MVTILOVSNESS, maimed, mangle, lame, lopped, crippled.
• The nature of the whole or parts; being either
  • Negative or Positive of
    • ...Corruption.
      2.
      • SOUNDNESS, Sanity, Healthiness, hail, heal, whole, clearness.
      • ...ROTTENNESS, Putridness, Corruption, purulent, tainted, unsound, moulder, festered, addle, Matter, rankle, suppurate▪ putrefie, Carrion
    • ...Trouble to the sense of Feeling.
      3.
      • INDOLENCE, Ease, lenitive, relaxation, clearness, lighten.
      • ...PAIN, Ach, smart, ail, anguish, grief, ill at ease, sore, pang, thro, tor∣ment, torture, ake, excruciate, twing, twitch, fret, gripe, gird, racking.
  • Positive or Negative;
    • General; relating to the state of the body, ‖ good: or ill.
      4.
      • VIGOR, Vivacity, thriving, vegetous, flourishing, lusty, lively, sprightly, florid, quick, fresh, in heart, in good plight, in proof, pert, smart, crank, sturdy, revive.
      • DECAYING, consume, wear, wast, drooping, fading, out of heart, flagging, languish, break, fail, going down, fall away, bring down or low, decline, impair, quail, abate, molder, pine, wither, perish, spend, corrupt.
    • Special; respecting the
      • Plight of the fleshy parts, ‖ full: or sparing.
        5.
        • FATNESS, plump▪ pampered, burly, corpulent, gross, foggy, pursie, battle.
        • ...LEANNESS, macilent, meagre, Starveling, flue, poor, bare, spare, thin, lank, gaunt, Rascal, scraggy, ghastly, pine, emaciate, fall away, Carrion, skin and bone.
      • Figure and colour of the external parts, ‖ right: or wrong.
        6.
        • BEAUTY -fulness, Handsomness, Pulchritude, Comeliness, Ele∣gance, Decency, fair, goodly, well-favoured, seemly, polite, quaint, pretty, graceful, lovely, personable.
        • ...DEFORMITY, unhandsome, ill-favoured, ugly, uncomely, misbe∣coming, Indecorum, absurd, unseemly, mishapen, foul, squalid, Hagg, deface, disfigure.
      • Ability, or disability for Action or Passion.
        7.
        • STRENGTH, Force, Might, Validity, Puissance, robust, strenuous, stout, sturdy, in heart, main, corroborate, fortifie, recruit.
        • WEAKNESS, Feebleness, Debility, Imbecillity, Infirmity, disa∣bled, faint, languid, dead, frail, out of heart, heartless, flag∣ging, invalid, small, bring down or low, enervate, decline, en∣feeble.
      • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • ...
      • Aptitude or ineptitude for Motion,
        • ...In a place.
          8.
          • AGILITY, Nimbleness, Activity, Lightness, Volubility, quick, dexterous, Mercurial, restive, handy, man of his hands.
          • ...LVMPISHNESS, Vnweildiness, dulness, gross, heavy, pursie▪ Lob, Lubber, Slugg, Lozel.
        • ...To a place.
          9.
          • SWIFTNESS, Fleetness, Celerity, Speed, fast, apace, sodain, quick, rapid, hurry, accelerate, hasten, cursory, hy, expedite, run, send, whisk, post.
          • ...SLOWNESS, Heaviness, slackness, dull, Slug, tardy, leisurely, softly, dilatory, retard, foreslow, delay, Lob, Lubber, lumpish, Lurdan, torpid, unwieldy, gingerly.

VI. Such corporeal Habitudes as do concern the Propagation of the Species,* 1.888 do refer either to the

• Kinds of things apt for Propagation, according to the
  • ...General name.
    • 1. SEX, Kind, Gender, Epicene, Hermaphrodite.
  • Particular distribution into ‖ more, or less noble.
    2.
    • MALE, masculine, Buck, Bore, Dog, Gib, Cock, Milter, He.
    • ...FEMALE, feminine, Doe, Sow, Bitch, Hen, Spawner, She.
• Disposition of things ‖ for, or against Propagation.
  3.
  • FRUITFULNESS, fertile-ity, foecund, prolifi•••••••• fructifie, rank, produce fruit.
  • ...BARRENNESS, Sterility, Vnfruitfulness, infertile, blasting, blite.
• State of things generated, when they ‖ have attained the perfection they ought to have: or else are in a state of imperfection, by reason of ex∣cess, or defect.
  4.
  • RIPENESS, Maturity, mellow, Precocity, stale, hatch.
    • ...OVER-RIPENESS, fading, decaying, withering.
    • ...VNRIPENESS, immature, green.

Of HABIT.

* 1.889SUch superinduced Qualities, whether infused or acquired, whereby the natural Faculties are perfected, and rendred more ready and vigorous in the exercise of their several Acts, according to the more or less perfect Degrees of them, are styled by the name of

• HABIT, Endowment, enure, qualifie, Gift, Talent.
• ...DISPOSITION, Propensity, Proclivity, Promptitude, Proneness, Inclination, readiness, given to, addiction, fitness, aptitude.

To the more general consideration of Habit may appertain

• Those States or Conditions of life which either reward or enable men for vertuous Actions; comprehending the
  • ENDS OR REWARD OF VERTUE. I.
  • INSTRUMENTS OF VERTUE. II.
• Those Qualifications, which, though they are not properly Vertues, yet do prepare for, and dispose unto, and, in other respects, circumstan∣tiate Vertue it self, both in the Habit and Operations of it, and are therefore styled AFFECTIONS OF VERTUE, either
  • INTELLECTUAL. III.
  • MORAL. IV.
• The Kinds of vertuous Habits, whether
  • INFUSED▪ ••••th Intellectual and Moral. V.
  • ACQUIR•••• INTELLECTUAL. VI.

* 1.890I. Those things which are due to the merit of ‖ Vertue or Vice, are styled

• REWARD, Guerdon, Meed, Prize, Recompence.
• ...PVNISHMENT, Penalty, Penance, Iudgment, Plague, Vengeance, inflict, suffer, impunity, scotfree.

These may be distinguished into such as are either more

• General; viz. that state wherein a thing injoys as much perfection as it is capable of.
  1.
  • HAPPINESS, Felicity, Bliss, Blessedness, Beatitude, good, weal, welfare.
  • ...MISERY, Vnhappiness, Infelicity, Extremity, Calamity, Woe, Distress, Disaster, Affliction, Tribulation, Trouble, Plague, Iudgment, Caitiff, Wretch, poor, pitiful, deplorable.
• Particular; relating to the reward of
  • Moral Vertue; in the enjoyment of those things that conduce to our bene esse.
    • ...External;
      3.
      • PROSPERITY, flourishing, thriving, auspicious, fortunate, hap∣py, good luck, success, speed.
      • ADVERSITY, Affliction, distress, tribulation, cross, disaster, infe∣licity, suffering, persecution, duress, fall, pressure, mischance, mishap, misadventure, misfortune, unfortunate, unluckie, un∣prosperous, inauspicious, sinister, dismal, ill luck or success.
    • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • Internal; ‖ quiet, or disquiet of the Affections.
      3.
      • CONTENTATION, Tranquillity, Contentment, Serenity, Hearts-ease, Equanimity, Sedateness, Rest, be satisfied, acquiesce.
      • ...ANXIETY, Discontent, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 taking, dump, trouble, anguish, dis∣quiet, vexation, perplexity, streight, pinch.
  • Christian Vertues and Graces; consisting in an everlasting Vision and Fruition of God.
    4.
    • SALVATION, Beatifical Vision, Heaven, Glory.
    • ...DAMNATION, Condemnation Hell, perdition.

II. The INSTRUMENTS OF VERTUE, commonly styled the Goods of Fortune,* 1.891 requisite to the due exercise of the Acts of many Ver∣tues, and one kind of Reward belonging to it, do concern either

• Our Persons, and the being at our own disposal.
  1.
  • LIBERTY, Freedom, at large, deliver, release, inlar••e, set free, rid, dis∣patch, ransom, redeem, manumise, emancipate, give one his head, scope, arbitrary, undetermin'd, unconfined, may, may chuse.
  • ...RESTRAINT, confine, streighten, repress.
• Our Possessions; being either ‖ sufficient, or insufficient, for our occasi∣ons and conveniencies, according to that rank and station wherein we are placed.
  2.
  • RICHES, Wealth, Opulence, Pelf, Means, Fortunes, Estate, thrive, Treasure, make, enrich, worth, well to pass.
  • ...POVERTY, Necessity, Penury, Indigence, Need, Want, poor, empoverish, ruine.
• The sutableness of the things which we have or do, and that satisfacti∣on which we receive by them.
  3.
  • PLEASURE, Delight, Delectation, Enjoyment.
  • ...VNPLEASANTNESS, Grief, Trouble, displeasing.
• Our Names, and the esteem we have amongst good men.
  4.
  • REPUTATION, Credit, Countenance, Applause, Name, Honour▪ Vogue, report, Fame, redoubted, of Note, Glory, Renown, well-sounding.
  • INFAMY, Disgrace, discredit, dishonour, disparage, defame, discounte∣nance, shame, ignominy, Stein, Blot, Blemish, Slur, inglorious, illiberal, ignoble, notorious, ill reflexion, or sound, or name.
• Our Degrees, and the quality of our Conditions in relation to others; being either considerably above them, or below them.
  5.
  • DIGNITY, Promotion, Preferment, Advancement, Honour, Worship, Greatness, State, Port, Title, preeminence, upper-hand, High place, raise, exalt, illustrious.
  • ...MEANNESS, Lowness, Obscurity, Baseness, Vileness, ignoble, plain, abase, debase, degrade, Abjectness.
• Our Ability to protect our selves and others from injury, which is the usu∣al result or consequent of the rest.
  6.
  • POWER-full, Potent-ate, Greatness, Interest, Strength, Might, Puis∣sance, Mastery, Prevalence, Predominance, over-sway, rule-the rost, bear a stroke.
  • ...IMPOTENCE, weak, inconsiderable.

* 1.892III. AFFECTIONS of INTELLECTUAL VERTUE, may be di∣stinguished by their reference to those two Faculties in the

• Rational Soul, imployed for the gaining of Knowledge, viz.
  • Invention; which is ‖ rightly, or ••••••ongly disposed by
    1.
    • SAGACITY, Perspicacity, Sha••pness, Subtilty, Dexterity Wit, clear, quick, acute, searching, piercing, docil, towardly, apt, prompt.
    • ...DVLNESS, Stupidity, Heaviness, gross-witted, indocil, dreaming, Dolt, Dunce, Blockhead.
  • Iudgment; which is ‖ well disposed, by such a temper of mind as doth incline a man to assent unto things upon such evidence as is in it self sufficient, or ill disposed, by such a temper as inclines a man either to assent unto things upon such evidence as is insufficient, or not to assent upon such ••s is sufficient.
    2.
    • FAITH, Docility, Teachableness, Towardliness, Aptness.
      • CREDVLITY, Easiness, light or rash of belief, facil.
      • ...INCREDVLITY, Vnteachableness, Vntowardliness, Sceptical∣ness, Scrupulousness, Vnbelief.
• Sensitive Soul, which are apt to hinder us from Knowledge.
  • Phancy; which is ‖ well, or ill disposed by
    3.
    • SOBRIETY, discreet, grave, serious, staid, steddy, settled, sage.
    • ...CONCEITEDNESS, Affectation, Singularity, fantastical, vagary, wild, light, aiery, giddy, freakish, whimsical, hair-brain'd, brain-sick, Humorist, Opiniaster.
  • App••tite; which is fitly regulated by our being concerned for any Truth according to a due measure; and not either more or less then the evidence and importance of it, doth require.
    4.
    • MODERATION, Temper, Measure, Gentle-ness, qualifie, reduce to reason.
      • ...SLIGHTNESS, Slackness, negligence, remissness, Neutrality, frigid, cold, indifferent, unconcerned, slatering, superficial, cur∣sory, overly, perfunctory, faint.
      • ...FIERCENESS, Fanaticalness, vehemence, violence, eagerness, earnest, furious, heady, immoderate, dogmatical, Opiniaster, boisterous, rough, sour, keen.

IV. The Affections of MORAL and HOMILETICAL Vertues,* 1.893 do concern either

• The Temper and Frame of our Minds, as to their due
  • ...Attention;
    • For any kind of Advantage, or Expedient.
      1.
      • CONSIDERATION, Advisedness, deliberate, ruminate, fore∣cast, of or on purpose.
        • ...CVNCTATION, Loitering, Delay, slack, trifling, linger, lag, while off, drive off, put off.
        • ...RASHNESS, Hastiness, Temerity, heady, hair-brain'd, fool-hardy, cursory, headlong, precipitate, unadvised, incogitancy, inconsi∣derateness, presumption.
    • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • Against any kind of Evil, Danger or Impediment.
      2.
      • HEEDFULNESS, Wariness, Care, Cantelousness, Watchfulness, At∣tention, Intention, Caution, minding, circumspection, chary, vigi∣lant, cautious▪ shie, advised, aware, beware, intend, look to or about, see to, take heed, be thoughtful, take thought, take warning, narrow∣ly.
        • ...CARKING, Solicitude, Anxiety, over-thoughtful.
        • ...CARELESNESS, Heedlesness, incogitancie, negligence▪ slatering, slightness, lightness, supineness, inconsiderate, oscitation, overly, perfunctory, superficial, secure, unwary, retchless, cursory, idle, slothful, sluggardly, slubbering, dissolute, uncircumspect, hand over head, not regard, overslip.
  • Freedom and Readiness of our Faculties about any thing.
    3.
    • ALACRITY, Chearfulness, readiness, forwardness, with all ones heart, with a good will, free, glad, promptness, propensity, rather.
    • ...GRVDGING, maunder, murmure, mutter, repine, regret, querulous, go against, with an ill will.
  • Reality of our Intentions, sutable to our outward Pretences.
    4.
    • SINCERITY, Vprightness, reality, cordialness, heartiness, downright, honest, plain, simple, unfeigned, sound, clear, uncorrupt.
    • HYPOCRISIE, Dissimulation, double tongue or heart, hollow-hearted, feigning, false, counterfeit, sophistical, pretend.
• The Vigorousness of our Endeavours in the prosecution of fitting means.
  5.
  • DILIGENCE, Assiduity, Sedulity, Industry, Attention, Care, Labour, Study, instant, elaborate, ply, bestir, stickle, lay about him, earnest, in∣defatigable, take pains.
    • ...DOVBLE-DILIGENCE, overdoing, busie▪ pragmatical, fain, medling.
    • ...SLOTH, Idleness, laziness, carelessness, lither, loose, retchless, dreaming, Drone, Sluggard, Truant, loiter.
• The Vniversality required to vertuous Actions, in respect of the
  • ...Object.
    6.
    • INTEGRITY, Honesty, intire, equal, impartial, incorrupt, upright.
    • ...PARTIALITY, unequal, making a difference, accepting of persons.
  • Time of continuance▪
    7.
    • CONSTANCY, ••erseverance, Stability, Steadiness, stedfast, firm, fixed, sure, certain, resolute, inflexible, unchangeable, abide, persist, hold out, stand out, stay by, stick to, unwearied, indefatigable.
      • ...PERTINACY, Obstinacy, Contumacy, pervicacious, peremptory, stiff, wilful, inexorable, inflexible.
      • ...LIGHTNESS, Inconstancy, fickleness, levity, instability, mutabi∣lity, uncertain, unsteddy, unstable, unstedfast, unsettled, unstaid, wavering, divers, dodging, shittle, shuttle, slippery, variable, mu∣table, changeable, trifling, giddy, freakish, paltring, fast and loose.

* 1.894V. Those are styled INFUSED HABITS, to which the Divine favour and assistance is required after a more especial manner; which are there∣fore styled by the general name of GRACE, Gift.

To which may be opposed UNGRACIOUSNESS, Impiety, graceless, ungodly, carnal, wicked, sinful.

These are either

• General; consisting in
  • A change of mind from evil to good.
    1.
    • REPENTANCE, Penitence, compunction, relent, remorse, contri∣tion, rue, return, reclaim, renew, regeneration, penance.
    • ...IMPENITENCE, Obdurateness, Hard-heartedness.
  • An habitual frame of mind, whereby we are fitted for vertuous acti∣ons, and more especially for the Duties of Religion.
    2.
    • HOLINESS, Sanctity, Godliness, Piety, Devotion, Righteousness, Sanctification, sacred, Pureness.
    • ...VNHOLINESS, Wickedness, Iniquity, Impiety, Vngodliness, Pro∣phaneness, Corruption, Sin, Miscreant, graceless, Caitiffe.
  • An inlargement of Soul, to desire and endeavour public general good, and taking it off from being immersed in narrow selfish designs.
    3.
    • SELF-DENIAL, Christian Magnanimity, Generosity, Public-spi∣ritedness, Greatness of mind, Resignation.
    • ...SELFISHNESS, Narrowness, Pedanticalness, Littleness of mind, Worldling.
• Particular; styled Theological Vertues; respecting
  • Truth and Falshood; a readiness to yield an effectual assent unto re∣vealed Truths upon such grounds as their natures are capable of, and such as are sufficient to prevail with any such prudent teacha∣ble man as is free from any affected Captiousness.
    4.
    • FAITH, Belief, Believer, Creed.
    • ...INFIDELITY, Vnbelief, Miscreant.
  • ...Good and Evil.
    • Future; being an acquiescence of the mind in the expectation of such Promises as are revealed.
      5.
      • HOPE, Trust, Affiance, Reliance, Re••••mbency.
      • ...DESPAIR, Despondency, out of heart, forlorn, hopeless, past hope, deadness of heart.
    • General; wishing well, and endeavouring to be helpful and ser∣viceable unto all, according to the due proportion we are obli∣ged to by natural or revealed Light.
      6.
      • CHARITY, Love.
      • ...VNCHARITABLENESS, Maliciousness.

VI. Those are styled ACQUIRED INTELLECTUAL HABITS which may be gotten by Industry,* 1.895 and tend to the perfecting of the Mind or Understanding. They are distinguishable by their

• Objects; being either
  • Speculative; furnishing the mind with due Notions and conceptions concerning the Nature of things, their Causes, Differences, Rela∣tions and Dependencies.
    1.
    • SCIENCE, Knowledge, Skill, Theory, Learning, Insight.
      • ...CVRIOSITY.
      • ...IGNORANCE, rude, untaught.
  • Active; denoting Skill in men and business, whereby we are inabled to judge what is fit and convenient, according to various cases and circumstances.
    2.
    • WISDOM, Prudence, Discretion, Sapience, wise, sage, politic.
      • ...CRAFT, Cunning, Subtilty, Shiness, Policy, Device, Quirk, Sleight, Fetch, Wile, Trick, sly, shrewd, Knave, Shark, Shift, come over one, over reach.
      • ...FOLLY, Fool-ishness, Simplicity, Silly-ness, Imprudence, Indiscretion, witless, unwise, absurd, shallow, Noddy, Ninny, Sot, infatuate, Foppery.
  • Effective; implying Skill in those several Operations and Works which concern Humane life.
    3.
    • ART, Skill, Dexterity, Craft, Cunning, Insight, Knack, expert, well-seen in, good at, artificial, Workman, Artist.
    • ...VNSKILFVLNESS, bungling, blundering, botching, fumbling, cob∣ling, slubber, smatter, ignorant, silly, rude, gross, jejune, inexpert, inartificial, awkward, Freshman, Novice.
• The manner of acquiring them; whether by
  • Our own Observation, and repeated Trials.
    4.
    • EXPERIENCE, Practice, Exercise, Knowledge, conversant, versed, expert, Experiment, Empyric.
    • ...INEXPERIENCE, inexpert, raw, to seek, Puny, Novice, Freshman, unverst.
  • The Teaching of others, either ‖ vivâ voce, or ex scriptis.
    5.
    • LEARNING, Literature, Scholarship, scholastic, Liberal Science, Skill, indoctinate▪
    • ...VNLEARNEDNESS, illiterate, unlettered, rude, simple.

Of MANNERS.

* 1.896THe Customary and habitual Actions of men considered as voluntary, and as they are capable of Good or Evil, Reward or Punishment, are styled by the name of MANNERS, Ethic, Moral-ity.

To which may be adjoyned the general name of such customary Acti∣ons as are mutual betwixt man and man, styled CONVERSATION, Carriage, Demeanour, Comportment, homiletical, Communication, lead, life, living, sociable, behave.

The Vertues belonging to these do comprehend all those Habits which concern the regulating both of our Wills and Affections, and of our Con∣versations. They are distinguishable by the Faculties which they mode∣rate, and the Objects they are conversant about, into such as do more im∣mediately concern the regulating of our

• Wills and Affections, and that Rectitude of mind which we are obliged unto with reference to our selves, considered more separately, accord∣ing to those principal parts of which we consist, viz. Soul and Body, Reason and sense, together with the things we possess, being either
  • More GENERAL. I.
  • More Particular, relating to
    • Our BODIES. II.
    • Our ESTATES or DIGNITIES. III.
• Conversations, or the right Demeanour of our selves considered as Mem∣bers of Society, in our converse with others; the due managing of the common Affairs and Businesses of life, according to the relations wherein we stand towards those whom we are to deal with. These are commonly called Homiletical Vertues, being either
  • More GENERAL and Common. IV.
  • More Particular, towards
    • SUPERIORS. V.
    • INFERIORS. VI.

* 1.897I. Those kind of Moral habits which serve for the regulating of our Wills and Affections more General, are commonly styled by the name of VER∣TUE, Honesty, Probity, Righteousness, brave; denoting such Habits whereby we are inclined and inabled to observe a due Mediocrity in our Actions. To this is properly opposed the notion of VICE, Sin, Crime, Dishonesty, Trespass, Transgression, Fault, Failing, Infirmity, Oversight, wicked, Improbity, Turpitude, unrighteous, unjust, bad, naught, vile, base, loose, evil, ill, corrupt, venial, heinous, debauched, lewd, lawless, licencious, foul, flagitious, enormous, profligate, Miscreant, Ruffian, Caitiff, Villain, Rakehell, Libertine, defile, pollute. These may be distinguished into such as relate to the Inclination of our Minds, either

• In Debitis; in such things as are due from us
  • ...By Law;
    1.
    • JUSTICE, Righteous-ness, right, square dealing, upright dealing.
    • ...INIVSTICE, Vnrighteousness, Wrong.
      • ...RIGOVR, rigid, extreme, severity, overstrict.
      • ...REMISSION, Over-sparing.
  • ...

• ...
  • ...Right Reason.
    • More general; respecting our Actions towards others, in such cases as the Law-giver (could he have foreseen) would have provided for; whereby a man is willing to recede from his own strict right, & the utmost extremities of things, and to take the most amicable way in the accommodating of Differences, supplying that by right Rea∣son which is not provided for in the words of the written Law.
      2.
      • EQUITY, Moderation, reasonable, conscionable, Chancery, fair dealing, in reason.
      • ...SVMMVM IVS, Rigidness, sourness, unreasonableness, iniquity, unequal.
    • More particular; in our Thoughts concerning other mens words or a∣ctions, being ready to interpret every thing in the best sense, when there is no evident reason to the contrary.
      3.
      • CANDOR, fair, ingenuous, candid, fair dealing.
      • ...CENSORIOVSNESS, Sinister suspicion, captiousness, controling, carping▪ find fault.
• In Gratuitis; respecting chiefly the
  • Benefactor; being either
    • More general; denoting ‖ a propension of mind to do good to other••, together with external actions sutable thereto.
      4.
      • GOODNESS, Benignity, benevolence, benificence, kindness, good turn, beholding gratifie.
      • ...MISCHIEVOVSNESS, Maleficence, ill turn.
    • More particular; respecting such as are in a state of misery.
      5.
      • MERCY, tender-hearted, pitiful, propitious, soft.
      • ...CRVELTY, Immanity, inhumane, hard-hearted, pittiless, savage, dire, tr••culent, barbarous.
  • Beneficiary; namely, a propension of mind to put a just esteem upon the Favours we receive, and to take all occasions of acknowledging and requiting them.
    6.
    • GRATITUDE, Thank-fulness, give or render thanks.
    • ...INGRATITVDE, Vnthankfulness, ingrateful.
• In arduis; whether things
  • Hard to be done; whereby we are made duly resolute against all such difficulties either of Fear or Discouragement as may hinder us in our duty.
    7.
    • FORTITUDE, Valour, Courage, Manhood, Prowess, Puissance, stout, redoubted, undaunted, bold, daring, valiant, resolute, in heart, of spirit, manly, manful, sturdy.
      • ...RASHNESS, Temerity, fool-hardiness, audacity, desperate, heady, hair-brain'd, boisterous, precipitate.
      • ...COWARDISE, timorous; faint-hearted, fearful, soft, Craven, Da∣stard, Poltron, Recreant, out of heart, to flinch, to cow.
  • Hard to be suffered; in respect of
    • ...Pain.
      8.
      • PATIENCE, Long-suffering, forbearance, abide, bear, brook, en∣dure, sustein, tolerate, weather it out.
        • ...OBSTINACY, stubborn, sturdy, peremptory.
        • ...SOFTNESS, Tenderness; Impatience, relent, mollifie.
    • Provocation to Anger and Revenge, in which we are to observe a due Mediocrity.
      9.
      • MEEKNESS, Mildness, long-suffering, gentleness, clemency, lenity, calm, put up.
        • ...LENTITVDE, Stupor, Insensibility.
        • ...RASH ANGER, curst, hasty, pettish, peevish, snappish, testy.

* 1.898II. The more special Vertues for the regulating of our Wills and Af∣fections in things relating to our BODIES, whose Object is Iucundum or Vtile, are either.

• Of a more large extent; denoting an Ability to withstand all such tem∣ptations of allurement whereby we may be hindred in our Duty.
  1.
  • TEMPERANCE.
  • ...SENSVALITY, Voluptuousness, Intemperance, debauched, dissolute, effeminate, Epicure.
• Of a lesser extent; concerning the Moderating of our natural Appetites towards things which concern the Preservation of the
  • Individuum; either
    • More necessary; as in
      • ...Meats.
        2.
        • ABSTINENCE, abstemious, fasting.
          • ...MACERATION.
          • ...GLVTTONY, Surfeit, voracity, gormandizing, pampering, raven∣ous, sated, Gully-gut.
      • ...Drinks.
        3.
        • SOBRIETY, Abstemiousness.
        • ...DRVNKENNESS, Sot, besot, inebriate, heady, intoxicate, fox, ca••rouse, overtaken, whittled, fuddled, tipsie, Tipler, Soaker, Pot-com∣panion, Toss-pot.
      • ...Sleep.
        4.
        • VIGILANCE, Watchfulness.
        • ...SLVGGARDLINESS, Sloth, Drowziness, Sleepiness.
    • Less necessary; which concern
      • Refreshments from Labour.
        5.
        • MODERATENESS IN RECREATION.
        • ...IMMODERATENESS IN RECREATION.
      • External Decorum and Ornament.
        6.
        • CLEANLINESS, Neatness, smugg, terse.
          • ...NICENESS, Finicalness, Delicateness, Daintiness, Curiosity, dapper.
          • ...SLOVENLINESS, Vncleanness, Nastiness, sordid, filthy, squa∣lid, foul, Sloven, Slut, slubber.
  • Species; as Venery.
    7.
    • CHASTITY, Continence, Honesty.
    • ...VNCHASTITY, Incontinence, Wantonness, lascivious, unclean, obscene, ribaldry, bawdy, lewd, light, dishonest, corrupt, defile, deflowr, incest, rape, ravish, viciate.

III. Vertues relating to the due moderating of our Affections towards the things which concern our ESTATES and DIGNITIES,* 1.899 whose Object is Pro∣fit or Esteem, may be distinguished into such as do more particularly concern our

• Estates and Possessions; being either
  • More general; denoting a Mediocrity about getting, or keeping, or spending.
    1.
    • LIBERALITY, Bounty, Munificence, open-handed, free, generous, frank, large.
      • ...PRODIGALITY, Prof••seness, wastful, lavish, riotous, embezil, lash out Ha∣vock, run out.
      • ...COVETOVSNESS, Avarice, Worldliness.
  • More special; in
    • ...Getting.
      2.
      • PROVIDENCE.
        • ...SCRAPING, Rapacity, greedy, craving, griping, ravenous.
        • ...SLATERING, Improvidence.
    • ...Keeping.
      3.
      • FRUGALITY, Parcimony, thriftiness, good-husbandry, saving, spa∣ring, near.
        • ...PENVRIOVSNESS, crib, hard, close-fisted, hide-bound▪ over-thrifty, tenacity, pinching, pinch••peny, Churle, Niggard, Miser, close, near.
        • ...SQVANDRING, flying-out, ill-husbandry▪ unthriftiness, spend-thrift, wast, embezzil, mis••spend.
    • Spending; distinguished by its Objects; either
      • The Public.
        4.
        • GENEROSITY, Magnificence, Bounty, Grandeur, stately, pompous, sumptuous, brave, noble, heroic.
          • ...RIOTOVSNESS, Profuseness, Luxuriousness, blade-it, debauch, Roi∣ster.
          • ...SORDIDNESS, Baseness, unworthy, penurious.
      • The Poor; relieving the wants of others.
        5.
        • ALMSGIVING, Charity, Dole, Alms, relieve, Pensioner, Bedes-man, Eleemosynary, Hospital.
        • ...CHVRLISHNESS, uncharitable, rough, Niggard.
      • ...Strangers.
        6.
        • HOSPITALITY, harbour, entertain, treat, open-house.
        • ...INHOSPITABLENESS.
• Dignities and Esteem; in respect of the
  • Avoiding or suffering of Disgrace.
    7.
    • MODESTY, Bashfulness.
      • ...SHEEPISHNESS, Shamefacedness, over-bashful, sneaking, softness.
      • ...IMPVDENCE, Shamelesness, Audacity, saucy, immodest.
  • Seeking or bearing of Honour; as putting a just value upon things, (having but a little esteem for little things,) as likewise upon himself, and his own merits; and not either
    • ...Less then he ought.
      8.
      • MAGNANIMITY, brave, noble, heroic, generous, greatness of mind.
        • ...INSOLENCE, arrogance, haughtines, presumption, vaunting, vaporing.
        • ...PVSILLANIMITY, Baseness, sordid, pedantical.
    • ...More then he ought.
      9.
      • MODESTY.
        • ABIECTNESS, Sneaking, narrowness and littleness of mind, base,
        • ...AMBITION, Presumption, High-mindedness, Vain-glory, Arrogance, aspire, overweening, Rodomontade, affectation of Empire.

* 1.900IV. HOMILETICAL Vertues more COMMON, are such vertuous habits as are required in men of all degrees and conditions for the regu∣lating of their mutual Conversations. Not that the other Vertues before specified, are not likewise necessary to this end: but that they do not so di∣rectly and immediately tend to it as these others do which are styled HO∣MILETICAL. To which may be opposed INSOCIABLENESS, Barbarism.

These are distinguishable into such as render our Conversation; either

• Profitable to each other: which may be considered according to the
  • Matter; such as tend to the preservation of
    • Truth; either in our
      • Declarations or Assertions.
        1.
        • VERACITY, Truth.
        • ...LYING, Leasing, forge, fib, flam, false, perjury.
          • ...OVER-SAYING, Hyperbole, Boasting, Ostenta∣tion, vapor, crack, brag, vaunt, swagger, ••o∣domontade.
          • ...VNDER-SAYING, Detraction, Diminution, disparage, traduce, depreciate.
      • Obligations or Promises.
        2.
        • FIDELITY, trusty, true, loyal.
        • ...VNFAITH∣FVLNESS.
          • ...OFFICIOVSNESS, Fawning.
          • ...TREACHERY, perfidious, false, faithless, unfaithful, untrusty, disloyal, Recreant, Traitor, Ambodex••er, betray, falter, undermine, prevaricate.
    • ...Peace.
      3.
      • PEACEABLENESS, Quietness, Concord Accord▪ Agreement, Vni∣on, appease, atone, pacifie, reconcile, compose, take up, compromize, still, calm, set at peace, part a fray.
      • ...VNPEACEA∣BLENESS.
        • ...TAMENESS.
        • ...CONTENTIOVSNESS, Strife, Dissension, Discord, Variance, Controversie, Difference, Broils, Contest, Combustion, Debate, Division, Bickering, litigious, quarrel, wrangle, clash, jarr, brabble, jangle, Gar∣boil, Odds, Brangling, Conflict, Squabble, Brawling, Cavilling, captious, Incendiary, Barreter, Bonte∣few, Shrew, Scold.
  • Manner; such as regulate our Carriage with a due respect of
    • Things; in
      • ...Saying what is fit to be said.
        4.
        • FRANKNESS, Freeness, plain, open-hearted.
          • ...TOO MVCH OPENNESS, Tell-tale, Blab,
          • ...RESERVEDNESS, shy, nice, coy, demure, staunch, wary, close.
      • ...Concealing what is fit to be concealed.
        5.
        • TACITURNITY, staunch, close, still, counsel-keeping, secrecy, silence.
        • ...LOQVACITY, Babbling, Garrulity, talkative, babble, blab, chat∣ter, gabbling, tattle, prate-ttle.
    • Persons; in observing a just Decorum.
      6.
      • GRAVITY, Seriousness, sober, demure, sage▪ stayed, earnest, settled, solid.
      • ...VANITY,
        • ...FORMALNESS, Coxcomb, fond, foppish.
        • ...LIGHTNESS, flashy, Freak, Levity, Petulance.
• ...

• Pleasant to each other; serving to regulate
  • Our Outward carriage towards others, both Actions and Speeches, as to a Facility for Converse, together with our desires and endea∣vours by all honest wayes to please others, and care, not to offend them.
    7.
    • COURTESY, Comity, mannerliness, civility, affability, kindness, hu∣manity, gentle, fair, humane, benign, tractable, smooth.
      • ...FAWNING, Assentation, Adulation, obsequious, smooth, glavering, gloze, cogg, cajole, curry favour, collogue, wheedle, crouch, creep∣ing, scraping, flatter, sooth, clawing, Blandishment, Parasite, Sy∣cophant, Claw-back.
      • ...MOROSENESS, curst, crabbed, cynical, froward, churlish, uncivil, boisterous, rude, sullen, surly, unmannerly, hard to please, humor∣some, rough, harsh, sour, testy, snappish, dogged, currish, waspish, tetchy, wayward, peevish, pettish.
  • Our Words and Speeches; either in
    • More serious debates; making due allowances to others, affording them just liberty.
      8.
      • COMPLACENCY, Civility, smooth, soft, popular,
        • ...ASSENTATION, Flattery, glozing, soothing, fawning, mealy-mouth'd, trencher-friend.
        • ...MAGISTERIALNESS, Arrogance, Imperiousness, Lordliness, masterly, pedantical, rough, over-bear, Roister.
    • Less serious matters; by such honest mirth whereby Conversation is to be sweetned.
      9.
      • URBANITY, Facetiousness, Raillery, Drollery, jocular, jocund, merry, Conceit, Iest, Squib, Clinch, Quibble, Wagg.
        • ...SCVRRILITY, Buffoonry, Abusiveness, Pasquil, Zany, Vice.
        • ...RVSTICITY, Clownishness, boisterous, blunt, barbarous, rough, rude, Kerne, home-bred, Slouch, uncivil, unmannerly, dirty.

* 1.901V. HOMILETICAL VERTUES whereby we are to regulate our Demeanour towards our SUPERIOURS, may be distinguished into such as are

• More general; denoting the Habit of behaving our selves as we ought towards all in a superiour relation.
  1.
  • DUTIFULNESS, submissive.
  • ...VNDVTIFVLNESS, Sturdiness, stiff, untoward, untractable.
• ...More special; ex parte
  • Subjecti; as Inferiours, and at a distance from them.
    2.
    • HUMILITY, Lowliness, abase, humble, gentle, submission, demisness.
    • ...PRIDE, Haughtiness, Loftiness, high-minded, Lordly, elate, stately, perk, self-conceit, arrogance, magisterialness, presumption, overween, puff up, look big.
  • Objecti; as to Superiours in
    • ...Place.
      3.
      • REVERENCE, Honour, regard, respect, veneration, awe, dread, Worship.
      • ...IRREVERENCE, Petulance, Sauciness, malapert, perk, presumptuous.
    • ...Gifts.
      4.
      • RESPECT, Grace, Honour, deference, civility, esteem, observe, veil to.
      • ...DISREPECT, Dishonour, neglect, slighting, undervaluing, dis∣regard, vilifie.
    • ...Authority;
      • ...General.
        5.
        • SUBJECTION, Homage, Loyalty, Allegiance, at ones command, serve under.
        • ...REBELLION.
      • Special; as
        • ...Governing.
          6.
          • LOYALTY, Allegiance, Fealty, Homage.
          • ...TREACHERY, betray, Traitor, disloyal.
        • ...Commanding.
          7.
          • OBEDIENCE, obsequious, observant, pliable, submissive, tra∣ctable, towardly, Conformity, follow, serve, be subject to.
          • ...DISOBEDIENCE, Contumacy, Obstinacy, refractory, self-willed, unruly, untoward, transgress, trespass, break, violate, take head, stiff-necked, wilful, masterless, restive.
        • Punishing; submitting to Justice, and suing for Mercy, or contr••.
          8.
          • SUBMISSION, give place to, give way, yield, resign, surren∣der, at discretion of.
          • ...CONTVMACY, Obstinacy, Self-will, stubborn, sullen, stiff, un∣tractable, wayward, stout, stiff-necked, refractory.

VI. HOMILETICAL VERTUES whereby we are to regulate our Demeanour towards our INFERIORS,* 1.902 may be distinguished into such as are

• ...More general.
  1.
  • GRACIOUSNESS, Favour, Indulgence, gentle, kind, mild, serene, soft, benign, propitious.
  • ...HARSHNESS, Ruggedness, sourness, roughness.
• ...More particular; ex parte
  • Subjecti; in respect of our Superiority, from which we are ready upon occasion to yield and stoop down.
    2.
    • CONDESCENSION, deign, vouchsafe, bear with, suffer.
    • ...INSOLENCE, Magisterialness, imperiousness, roughness, strictness, stately, domineer, insult, swagger, Roister, Ruffian.
  • Objecti; as to Inferiors, in
    • ...Place or Gifts.
      3.
      • AFFABILITY, Courtesie, gentleness, facil, fair, demeanour.
      • ...SVPERCILIOVSNESS, roughness, stern, sour, scornful, stately, surly, arrogant.
    • Authority; in
      • General; ‖ preserving such in their just rights, or invading of them.
        4.
        • PROTECTION, Shelter, defence, guard, patronage, refuge.
        • ...TYRANNY.
      • Special; as
        • ...Governing.
          5.
          • GOOD GOVERNANCE, Discipline, Regiment.
          • ...MALE-ADMINISTRATION, misgoverning, ill governance.
        • ...Commanding.
          6.
          • REASONABLENESS.
          • ...VNREASONABLENESS.
        • Punishing when one ought.
          7.
          • SEVERITY, strict.
          • ...FONDNESS, Indulgence, cocker, do••e, make much of, tender, chary.
        • Remitting, when there is just occasion.
          8.
          • CLEMENCY, Gentleness, favourableness, lenity, mildness.
          • ...AVSTERITY, stern, strict, inflexible, asperity, rigor, stiff, ri∣gid, harsh, sharp, tart, rough, crabbed.

Though several of the Vertues and Vices enumerated under this and the former Head, may be ascribed sometimes to persons in other capacities; yet they do primarily and originally appertain to the Relations of Supe∣riours and Inferiours.

Of SENSIBLE QUALITY.

* 1.903BY SENSIBLE QUALITY is meant such kind of Quality as falls un∣der our outward Senses, or the Affections of Bodies considered as they are the Objects of Sense: To which may be opposed the Notion of OCCULT QUALITY. These do relate either to the

• Eye and things visible.
  • Primary, LIGHT. I.
  • Secondary, COLOUR. II.
• Ear, SOUND. III.
• TAST and SMELL. IV.
• Touch; viz. such Qualities as are more
  • ACTIVE. V.
  • PASSIVE. VI.

In this distribution of Sensible Qualities, those that are Visible and Tan∣gible are, both because of their Number and Variety, each of them redu∣ced under double Differences. Whereas those that belong to the Senses of Tast and Smell are, for the contrary reason, contracted under one. The gradual Differences belonging to every one of these are so very nu∣merous, that no Language doth, or indeed can, provide for them; but we are fain to denominate each of them from that subject in which it is most commonly found and known. And, for the farther help of the common defect of Languages as to such things, I have in the following Tables (where it could conveniently be done) reduced things to double Op∣posites, which, with the addition of the transcendental points of Augmen∣tative and Diminutive, will much facilitate the expression of the several degrees of these things.

* 1.904I. That is styled PRIMARY VISIBLE, by the help of which we are inabled to see other things; being inherent chiefly either in

• The Air; according to the more
  • General Nature of it; denoting the intermediate or extremes, the lat∣ter of which is properly a total Privation.
    1.
    • TWILIGHT, Dawning.
      • ...LIGHT, Lux, lightsome, illuminate, enlighten, glimmer, glimpse, flash.
      • ...DARKNESS, gloomy, close, dim, duskie, Eclipse, obscure, sad, swart, brown.
  • Particular Kind or Degree; the Opposite to which doth suppose some secondary Light.
    2.
    • LIGHT, Lumen, lucid, Luminary, irradiate, Sunshine.
    • ...SHADOW, Shade, Vmbrage, adumbrate, Screen, Canopy, Curtain.
• The Superficies of solid Bodies; from which a strong or weak reflexion is styled.
  3.
  • BRIGHTNESS, Lustre, splendor, refulgence, glister, glitter, dazling, shine, coruscation, clear, fair, orient, polite, gloss, respl••ndent, illu∣strious, furbish, polish, burnish, irradiate.
  • ...DIMNESS, gloomy, cloudy, blink.
• ...

• The Bulk and Solidity of Bodies; according to their ‖ capacity, or inca∣pacity of conveying Light.
  4.
  • TRANSPARENCY, Perspicuity, pellucid, diaphanous, clear, thin:
  • ...OPACIIY, Thick.
• Both the Superficies and Bulk of Bodies; signifying ‖ a freedom from: or liableness unto, any single or interspersed impediment.
  5.
  • CLEARNESS, fair, immaculate, unspotted, clarifie.
  • ...SPOTTEDNESS, Blemish, Blot, Blur, Mote, Mole, Freckle, Speck, Stain, Soil.

II. Secondary Visible Qualities,* 1.905 are by a general name styled CO∣LOURS, Tincture, Hue, Complexion, Stain, Tinge; by which are meant those various Appearances in the Superficies of Bodies which do more im∣mediately affect the Eye.

They are distinguishable into those that are more

• Simple; and counted either
  • Primary; whether ‖ the intermediate, or the two extremes.
    1.
    • GRAYNESS, Freez, grisly, hoary, russet.
      • ...WHITENESS, blank, blanch, bleach.
      • ...BLACKNESS, sable, sad, swart, brown, Negro.
  • Secondary; most considerable according to their order in the Rain∣bow: the usual Colour of
    • Bloud: or of Gold.
      2.
      • REDNESS, Crimson, Vermilion, Scarlet, Stammel, ruddy, M••r∣rey, Gules.
      • YELLOWNESS, Sallow, Tawny.
    • Vegetables: or the appearing Colour of the Heavens.
      3.
      • GREENNESS, Verdure.
      • BLEWNESS, Azure, Watchet.
    • Iuice of the Fish Murex.
      4.
      • PURPLE.
• Mixed; according to the more
  • ...General names.
    5.
    • VARIEGATEDNESS, motly, pyed, particoloured, divers colours, embroider, inlay.
    • CHANGEABLENESS.
  • Particular kinds; being made either by
    • Points: or Lines▪
      6.
      • SPECKLEDNESS, Freckled.
      • STRIATEDNESS, brindled, streaked, striped.
    • Roundles, or Squares,
      7.
      • DAPPLEDNESS.
      • CHECQUEREDNESS.

* 1.906III. Sensible Quality perceptible by the Ear, together with the Priva∣tion of it, is styled by the name of

• SOUND, Noise, resound, Report, Coil, Rout, Racket, blow, loud, dinn, quetch, Echo, Euphony. To which may be adjoyned those natural words (fictitia à sono) bounce, buz, chatter, chink, clack▪ clap, clash, clatter, click, clink, crash, crush, ferk, hum, hiss, jar, jingle, jerk▪ knock, rattle, ruffle, rumble, russle, clutter, lash, pipe, ring, scream, shriek, snap, squeak, squall, roar, thump, toot, twang, thwack, tinkle, wheez, whimper, whip, whine, whistle, yell.
• ...SILENCE, Stilness, hush, hold ones peace, muni, tacit, quash, quiet, whist, 'st.

The several Notions belonging to this Head, to which different names are assigned, do concern either the

• Causes of it; considered
  • Formally; according to which several Sounds are made; either by an intermediate, or a stronger and quicker: or weaker and slower per∣cussion of the Air.
    1.
    • MEAN, Tenor, Counter tenor.
      • ...ACVTE, shrill, Treble, Canto.
      • ...GRAVE, low, Base, deep
  • Materially; when it is made by things
    • Metalline, or other solid brittle bodies; either ‖ clear: 〈◊〉〈◊〉 interrupt∣ed by some discontinuity of the parts.
      2.
      • RINGING, jingle, tinkle, Bell, tole, chime, Peal, Knell.
      • JARRING, Clattering.
    • Animal; being either.
      • More general to the more perfect Animals: or to Man.
        3.
        • VOICE, vocal, call, cry, invocate, Tone.
        • ARTICULATE▪ Voice, speak, eloquution, pronounce,
      • More special, and peculiar to some brute Creatures; which may likewise be imitated with artificial Instruments, by the forcible compression of Air through a rimule: or through an equable concavity.
        4.
        • HISSING, Whizzing.
        • WHISTLING.
• Relations; as a
  • Single perfect Sound: or near half more or less then such a Sound.
    5.
    • NOTE, Tone, Key.
      • ...SHARP.
      • ...FLAT.
  • Perfect Series of Notes: or aggregate of such Series.
    6.
    • TUNE, Lesson, Chime, Ayre, Strain.
    • CONSORT.
• Affections; either of
  • Single Notes; being either ‖ full and perfect: or impedite and imperfect.
    7.
    • CLEARNESS, shrill.
    • ...HOARSNESS, Harshness.
  • Notes together; in respect of their ‖ agreement: or disagreement.
    8.
    • CONCORD, Symphony.
    • ...DISCORD, Dissonance, untunable
  • Tunes together; in respect of their ‖ agreement: or disagreement.
    9.
    • HARMONY, Melody, Music.
    • ...IANGLING, Tintamar.

IV. The Sensible Qualities belonging to the TAST and SMELL,* 1.907 are of so near affinity, that several Languages do assign to them the same names.

They are distinguishable into the

• More general and extreme, as to the ‖ agreeableness: or disagreeableness of them to the Palate or Nose.
  1.
  • SWEETNESS, Pleasant, luscious, toothsom, fragrant, odoriferous, Perfume.
  • ...VNSAVOVRINESS, Stink, Stench, foetid, noisom, fulsom, rank.
• More special and middle; from
  • Thin and warm matter, like that of Oil or Butter: or that of Pep∣per.
    2.
    • FATTINESS, Oily, unctuous, gross, greasie.
    • ACRIMONIOUSNESS, biting, keen, cutting.
  • Cooling and constringing matter, like that in Green fruit: or in Galls.
    3.
    • AUSTERENESS, Harshness, sowr, tart.
    • ACERBITY, Astringency, styptic.
  • Penetrating vellicating matter, like that of Vinegar and Limons: or that of Aloes and Wormwood.
    4.
    • ACIDITY, Sharpness, eager, hard.
    • BITTERNESS.
  • Matter of a moderate consistency: apt to corrode by its siccity.
    5.
    • SALTISHNESS, saline, brackish, briny, seasoned.
    • FRESHNESS, unsalted, flashy.
  • The vividness: or decay of the Spirits in any thing.
    6.
    • FRESHNESS, Smartness, brisk, quick, lively, spirituous.
    • DEADNESS, vapid, decayed, insipid, wearish, flashy.
  • The beginning: or farther degree of Putrefaction.
    7.
    • MUSTINESS, Moldiness, vinewed, fusty.
    • ROTTENNESS, addle, putrid.

* 1.908V. Tactile Qualities more ACTIVE are commonly distinguished by their being

• Primary, from whence the others proceed; being either ‖ the interme∣diate: or the extremes of that Quality, whereby
  • Homogeneous or Heterogeneous things are congregated, or separated.
    1.
    • TEMPERATENESS, Warmness, Tepidness, lukewarm.
      • ...HEAT, hot, soultry, ardent, torrid, fervent, swelter, inflame, scald, Parch, Scorch.
      • ...COLDNSSS, bleak, piercing, biting, chill, cool, frigid, refrigerate.
  • A Body is easily ‖ bounded by it self: or conformed to any other Bo∣dy, wherein it may be contained.
    2
    • MOISTNESS, dank, damp.
      • ...WETNESS, Humidity, liquid, mash, slabber, daggle.
      • ...DRINESS, Siccity, exsic••ate, arid, sear, parch.
• Secondary, such as are derived from the first; referring either to
  • The Texture of parts, as to ‖ nearer: or farther distance.
    3.
    • CLOSENESS, shrink, Constipation, consolidate, compact.
      • ...DENSITY, Crassitude, Thickness, Condense-ation, thronged, pressed.
      • ...RARITY, Thinness, attenuate, rare-ifie.
  • Inclination to Motion ‖ downwards: or upwards.
    4.
    • WEIGHTINESS, massie.
      • ...GRAVITY, Ponderousness, Heaviness, lumpish, weighing, pressing down.
      • ...LEVITY, Lightness.
  • Aptitude or Ineptitude to Motion.
    • Common to Liquids and Solids.
      5.
      • CONSISTENCY, congeal, stand.
        • ...HARDNESS, indurate, callous, brawny.
        • ...FLVIDITY, liquid, flow, dissolve.
    • ...Proper to Solids.
      6.
      • FLEXIBLENESS, Pliableness, pliant, bend, bow, stoop.
        • ...LIMBERNESS, supple, lank, lith, ling, gentle, pliant, plia∣ble, slack, flagging.
        • ...STIFNESS, stark, tite, rigid, harsh, inflexible.

VI. Tactile Qualities more PASSIVE, are distinguishable by their de∣noting either the

• Giving way to: or resisting of the Touch.
  1.
  • YIELDINGNESS, give place.
    • ...SOFTNESS, Tenderness, mollifie, relent, give.
    • ...HARDNESS, obdurate, indurate, callous.
• Fabric of Bodies, as to their
  • Superficies; being ‖ more: or less plain.
    2.
    • EVENNESS, plain, level.
      • ...SMOOTHNESS, Sleekness, glibbery, slippery, terse, polite, polish, burnish, Calender.
      • ...ROVGHNESS, Asperity, Ruggedness, uneven, harsh, ruffle, rumple, puckered, cragged.
  • ...

• ...
  • Bulk, being in its self, or in its parts, of ‖ an indifferent: or of a great∣er or smaller magnitude.
    3.
    • ORDINARINESS, of the most usual and common size:
      • ...COVRSNESS, gross, thick.
      • ...FINENESS, Tenuity, Subtilty, thin, attenuate.
• Adhesion of parts, in
  • ...Fluids.
    4.
    • SLIMINESS, mucilaginous, roping.
      • ...CLAMMINESS, viscous, adhering, stick to, cling, cleaving, glu∣tinous, Bird-lime.
      • ...VNCTVOVSNESS, Slipperiness, Lubricity, glib.
  • ...Solids.
    5.
    • FIRMNESS, Fastness.
      • ...TOVGHNESS, ductile, malleable.
      • ...BRITTLENESS, Friableness, crisp, short, frail, fragil.
• Ineptitude or aptitude to Local motion, chiefly in Solids.
  6.
  • STEDDINESS, establish, Stability,
    • ...FASTNESS, Fixedness, Firmness, stedfast, wistly, set, settle, clenching, Rivet, stick in.
    • ...LOOSENESS, sleasie, Slackness, unfastned, unfixed, unsteddy, unstedfast, unsettled, Luxation.

Of SICKNESS.

THose kind of Impotencies of the Body, as to its natural Functions, which are usually accompanied with Pain,* 1.909 are styled by the com∣mon name of SICKNESS, Disease, ill, Malady, Relapse, unhealthy, unwhol∣som, crazy, Distemper, Indisposition, ail, Fit, mortality, taken with, Spittle.

To which is opposed HEALTH, Sanity, Soundness, heal, incurable, wholsom, recover, safe and sound, well, clear, how do you.

The principal Notions referring to this Head may be distinguished in∣to such as signifie either

• The more general CAUSES OF DISEASE. I.
• The Diseases themselves; whether
  • Common to the whole Body, and the various parts of it, in respect of
    • DISTEMPERS. II.
    • TUMORS. III.
  • Peculiar to some parts; either the
    • HEAD, or ARISING THENCE. IV.
    • MIDDLE REGION, the Breast, or its parts. V.
    • LOWER BELLY or Bowels. VI.

Besides the Diseases enumerated in the following Tables, there are di∣vers others not here provided for, because they may be otherwise suffici∣ently expressed: As for instance, those that belong to the Appetite, may be exprest by the notes of Excess, Defect, Depravation.

And thus likewise may it be with those other Functions of Concoction, Sanguification, Nutrition, Augmentation, &c.

Those that belong to the Organical parts, in respect of any Imperfe∣ction as to their just Number, Magnitude, Conformation, Site, Connexion, &c. may also be otherwise sufficiently expressed.

* 1.910I. The GENERAL CAUSES OF DISEASE, may be distinguished into such as are either

• Extrinsecal, and without the body; whether from
  • Other bodies of a malignant dangerous quality, ‖ either spreading their efficacy by insensible Effluvia: or such as being taken in a small quantity, prove destructive to life.
    1.
    • CONTAGION, Infection, taint, catching, run, spread, diffuse.
    • POISON, Venom, envenom, virulent.
  • Violent motion; causing either ‖ a dissolution of continuity: or too great a pressure upon the parts, when the skin is not cut.
    2.
    • WOUND, Hurt▪ Sore, vulnerary, cut, break ones head, Scarr.
    • BRUISE, Contusion, crush, batter, shatter.
• Intrinsecal; with relation to the
  • Humors; whether ‖ as to the error of Excess: or bad disposition.
    3.
    • PLETHORA, Fulness.
    • CACOCHYMIA, Ill humors.
  • Qualities; ‖ according to the general name, denoting Excess or Defect: or that particular Indisposition which is most frequent, name∣ly, too much Heat.
    4.
    • DISTEMPER.
    • INFLAMMATION.
  • Parts and Vessels; with respect to the
    • Stopping, or blowing of them up.
      5.
      • OBSTRUCTION, Oppilation.
      • INFLATION, puffed up, flatulent, windy.
    • Putrefying, of them; considered according to the usual
      • Antecedent, or Cause; ‖ a Collection of putrid matter.
        6.
        • ABSCESSUS, Aposteme.
      • Consequent, or Effect; in relation to the
        • Aperture or Cavity made by the Corrosion of this putrid mat∣ter; being either ‖ roundish, or oblong.
          7.
          • ULCER, Sore, Botch, Canker.
          • FISTULA.
        • Defect of animal spirits, whereby Sense and Motion is to be com∣municated, so as a part becomes cadaverous and mortified, ac∣cording to a ‖ lesser: or greater degree.
          8
          • GANGRENE.
          • SPHACELUS.

II. Diseases belonging to the whole Body, or the various parts of it,* 1.911 in respect of DISTEMPER, are distinguishable into such as do arise either

• From some putrid matter, causing a preternatural heat; being either
  • Not infectious; seated in the
    • Humors; whether ‖ continuing: or intermitting, according to cer∣tain seasons.
      1.
      • FEVER, Calenture.
      • AGUE, quotidian, tertian, quartan.
    • Habit of the Body, which is usually accompanied by a wasting away of the parts.
      2.
      • HECTIC.
      • CONSUMPTION, tabid.
  • Infectious; by
    • Effluvia; being usually accompanied with
      • Spots in the skin, ‖ according to a lesser: or greater degree of dan∣ger.
        3.
        • MALIGNANT FEVER, Spotted fever, Purples.
        • PLAGUE, Pestilence, Pest, pestiferous, pestilential, the Sickness, Murrain.
      • ...Breakings out in the skin.
        • More dangerous; according to degrees greater: or lesser.
          4.
          • POX.
          • MEASLES.
        • Less dangerous; accompanied with pain of itching and burning, from bilious matter; ‖ either that which doth usually over∣spread the whole body: or that which is commonly only in some parts, being apt to diffuse it self gradually, being accompani∣ed with redness and scurfiness.
          5.
          • ITCH, Mange.
          • TETTER, Ring-worm, Shingles.
      • ...Roughness in the skin.
        6.
        • LEPROSIE, Lazer, Leper.
        • SCURF, Morphew, Scald.
    • ...Contact in Venery.
      7.
      • LUES VENEREA, French-pox.
• From some humor not in it self corrupted, but by its superfluity distending the inward membranes of the Bones, the Muscles or Nerves: or dis∣colouring by Redness, and heating the outward skin; being a thin light matter that may be easily discussed.
  8.
  • GOUT, Arthritis.
  • ERYSIPELAS, St. Anthony's fire.

* 1.912III. Those Diseases by which the parts are swelled and distended be∣yond their due proportion, are styled TUMORS, Rising, swell, turgid, node.

These may be distinguished into such Tumors as are either in the

• Cuticle, or upper skin, with little or no pain; being ‖ small collections of watery matter hindered from transpiring: to which may be ad∣joyned that which is subsequent upon the drying of this and such other putrid matter, causing a roughness upon the skin with little exulce∣ration.
  1.
  • PUSTULE, Wheal, Whelk, Pimple, Push, Sty.
  • SCAB.
• Skin it self and Flesh.
  • ...With purulent matter.
    • Not poisonous: either ‖ of a bigger magnitude, and apt to pass from one part to another, of more difficult cure: or of a lesser magni∣tude, more frequent, and less dangerous.
      2.
      • KING'S EVIL, Scrophula, Struma.
      • BOIL, Blain, Sore, Whitlow, Ancome.
    • Poisonous and corroding; being either ‖ hard and unequal, disco∣louring the skin by paleness or blackness, with Veins about it re∣sembling the Leg of a Crab, and exceeding difficult in the Cure: or else a collection of thick putrid bloud violently hot, with fret∣ting and malignity.
      3.
      • CANCER, Wolf.
      • CARBUNCLE, Sore, Plaegue-sore.
  • ...Without purulent matter.
    • Not discolouring the skin; whether of a
      • Bigger magnitude; either ‖soft: or hard.
        4.
        • WEN.
        • SCIRRHUS.
      • Lesser magnitude; being kinds of Plants rooted ‖ in the skin: or below it.
        5.
        • WART
        • CORN.
    • Discolouring the skin with redness, and occasioned by Cold.
      6.
      • CHILDBLANE. Kibe.
• Veins or Arteries immoderately distended.
  7.
  • VARIX.
  • ANEURISMA.
• ...Tendons.
  8.
  • GANGLION, Spavin.

IV. The DISEASES belonging to the HEAD, or NERVES,* 1.913 or a∣rising thence, may be distinguished into such as relate more

• Immediately to the Brain it self, the seat and organ of the principal Fa∣culties; either in regard of its
  • Substance; when it is indisposed for the
    • More principal and noble Faculties; either by ‖ some hot Vapour or Humour diffused: or from some particular Hurt or Inflammati∣on, causing a depravation of the Intellectuals, Fancy and Memo∣ry; either ‖ with a Fever, or without.
      1.
      • FRENSY, Delirium, frantic, light-headed, phrenetic.
      • MADNESS, out of ones wits, raving, distraction, besides ones self, wood, brain-sick, crack-brained, crazed, lunatic.
    • Less principal Faculties; by the
      • Superfluity of cold pituitous matter, causing ‖ excessive drowsiness: or by crass crude vapours rising from the stomach, working a kind of Suffocation in sleeping by a sense of weight upon the Breast.
        2.
        • VETERNUS, Sopor.
        • EPHIALTES, Night-mare, Incubus.
      • Corruption of some crass phlegmatic humor, either ‖ in the Brain, causing much drowsiness and deliration: or in the Arteries which should convey the spirits to the Brain, causing first a giddiness, and then an abolition of Sense and Motion.
        3.
        • LETHARGY.
        • APOPLEXY.
      • Defluxion of Humours (which are sometimes salt or sharp) ei∣ther ‖ on the Lungs: or other parts of the Body, Limms, or Ioynts.
        4.
        • CATARRH, Distillation, Rheum, Defluxion.
        • RHEUMATISM.
  • Ventricles; ‖ when any hot Vapour doth agitate and disturb the motion of the spirits, so as objects seem to turn round: or when any cold phlegmatic humour doth obstruct their motion, causing a privation of Sense, with convulsive motions in several parts.
    5.
    • VERTIGO, Giddiness, Swimming in the head, Dizziness, Scotomy.
    • EPILEPSY, Falling-sickness.
• Mediately to the
  • Nerves; which may be either
    • Obstructed; whether ‖ the greater-Nerves, and for a longer continu∣ance: or the lesser Branches, for a shorter space, whereby Sense and Motion is hindered.
      6.
      • PALSIE, paralytic.
      • NUMNESS, Stupor, asleep.
    • Contracted more generally: or distended in some particular part.
      7.
      • CONVULSION.
      • CRAMP, Stitch.
    • Oppressed with superfluous moisture, causing an unequal growth of the parts, specially the Head and Joints.
      8.
      • RICKETS, Rachitis.
  • Throat; by such an inward Swelling and Inflammation as doth hinder Swallowing and Respiration.
    9.
    • SQUINANCY, Quinsie.

* 1.914V. The Diseases belonging to the MIDDLE REGION and its parts, may refer either to the

• Lungs; in their being
  • Obstructed by some crass phlegmatic matter adhering to the sides of the Pipes, from whence follows
    • ...Too frequent Respiration.
      1.
      • SHORTNESS OF BREATH, Anhelatio, Panting, Pursiness.
    • Difficulty of Breathing, according to ‖ a lesser, or greater degree: by the latter of which men cannot fetch their breath, unless in an upright posture.
      2.
      • ASTHMA, Tissick, broken-winded, wheeze.
      • ORTHOPNOEA.
  • Vlcerated, and by degrees putrefying; from whence sometimes doth proceed much purulent matter to fill up the cavity of the Thorax.
    3.
    • CONSUMPTION, Phthisis.
    • EMPYEMA.
• Heart; by some noxious vapours or humours, which do either
  • Provoke to too frequent and vehement motion for the freeing it self from them.
    4.
    • PALPITATION.
  • Hinder the motion of it; according to ‖ a lesser: or greater degree.
    5.
    • FAINTING, Failing, languish, Qualm.
    • SWOUNING, Swound, Leipothymia.
• Side; from some Inflammation within the Membranes covering the in∣side of the Ribs, causing difficulty of breathing, and provocation to coughing, upon which great pain follows, accompanied with a Fever.
  6.
  • PLEURISIE.

* 1.915VI. Diseases belonging to the LOWER BELLY or Bowels, may be distinguished into such as do concern the

• Stomach; by sharp humors corroding the mouth of it, causing sometimes Fainting and cold Sweats.
  1.
  • CARDIALGIA, Heart-burning.
• Liver and Gall; being caused by some impotence in them for the doing of their Functions, in not digesting & distributing the humors belong∣ing to them; causing either ‖ Paleness of colour, Faintness, Indisposition to stir: or Yellowness and Swarthiness of colour, accompanied with faintness and nauseousness.
  2.
  • GREEN-SICKNESS, Cachexie.
  • JAUNDISE, Yellow-jaundise, Black-jaundise.
• Stomach and Liver, and other Bowels jointly; which, being defective in the works of Concoction and Distribution, do occasion a superfluity of serous matter distending the skin of the belly and other parts of the body, accompanied with some wind: and sometimes a windy vapour, accompanied with some watery humors, stretching the belly.
  3.
  • DROPSY, hydropical.
  • TYMPANY.
• Spleen; by its dispersing sour and feculent humors: or noxious vapors, into other parts of the body; the former of which is usually accompanied with faintness, weariness, loosness of teeth, spots on the body, and spe∣cially on the legs.
  4.
  • SCURVY, Scorbute.
  • HYPOCHONDRIACAL VAPOURS, Spleneti••.
• ...

• Guts; ‖ from some sharp humor that corrodes, or vapor that distends the Co∣lon: or from some hardned excrement, or some other like matter, stopping the Ilia or smaller Guts.
  5.
  • COLIC, Belly-ach.
  • ILIAC PASSION.
• Faculties of excretion; whether by
  • Stool; either as to the excess of this: or the voiding of bloud.
    6.
    • DIARRHAEA, Lax, Looseness, Flux.
    • DISENTERY, Bloody-flix.
  • Vrine; either by some stony concretion in the Kidneys or Bladder: or a continual involuntary urining by drops.
    7.
    • STONE.
    • STRANGURY.
• Lower part of the belly or Scrotum; ‖ by a breach of the internal Mem∣branes, or too much distention of it, or by superfluity of waterish or windy matter: or in the Veins about the Fundament.
  8.
  • RUPTURE, Hernia, Burst, Broken-belly.
  • HAEMORROIDS, Piles.
• Mother or Womb; by ‖ causing convulsive motions: or stopping of the Breath.
  9.
  • HYSTERICAL PASSION, Mother.
  • SUFFOCATION.

CHAP. IX. Concerning the Predicament of Action; the several kinds of it. I. Spiritual. II. Corporeal. III. Motion. IV. Operation.

NExt to the Predicament of Quality may succeed that of Action; the several kinds of which may be distributed into such as have for their Agent a

• Spirit, or spiritual faculty, called SPIRITUAL ACTION.
• Body, or material substance, respecting chiefly either the
  • Actions of Animate bodies, called here CORPOREAL ACTION.
  • Passage of bodies from one place to another, styled MOTION.
  • Sundry kinds of works, about which men of several callings use to imploy themselves, styled OPERATION.

SPIRITUAL ACTION.

THe Genus of SPIRITUAL ACTIONS,* 1.916 may be distributed into such as do belong either to

• GOD. I.
• The Soul, with reference to the
  • ...Vnderstanding.
    • SPECULATIVE. II.
    • PRACTICAL. III.
  • WILL. IV.
  • Fancy or Appetite; the Actions of which are styled Affections or Passions, and may be distinguished into such as are either more
    • SIMPLE. V.
    • MIXED. VI.

* 1.917I. By ACTIONS OF GOD in this place, are meant only his transi∣ent Actions, which are terminated in the Creatures. As for his immanent Actions, because we can frame no other conceptions of these but such as are sutable to the acts of our own minds, therefore may they be sufficient∣ly expressed by those that follow in the next Differences. These transient Acts here enumerated, do primarily belong to the Divine Nature; though some of them may in a secondary manner, and by way of allusion and participa∣tion, be sometimes ascribed to other things: To which may be annexed upon the account of Affinity the general name of those Actions which do exceed all Natural power, MIRACLE, Wonder, supernatural.

These are distinguishable into such as do concern either the

• Putting of things into their first being: or reducing them to nothing.
  1.
  • CREATION, Making, Creator, Creature,
  • ...ANNIHILATION, Annul, disannul, abolish, extinguish, bring to nought, call-in, cancel, put out.
• Government or disposal of things;
  • More general; whereby he doth most freely and wisely take care of, and provide for all things: To which may be opposed by some Ana∣logy such a necessary Concatenation and unalterable order amongst things as doth not admit of any liberty: or such a blind contingency of things as excludes all wisdom, expressed usually by the word••,
    2.
    • PROVIDENCE, Fore-sight, Fore-cast.
      • ...FATE, Destiny.
      • ...FORTVNE, Chance, Accident, Venture, Adventure, casual, ••ap, Luck, Hazard, fortuitous, a Hit, peradventure, perhaps.
  • More special; belonging either to
    • Animate Creatures; by
      • Contributing to their ‖ well: or ill being.
        3.
        • BLESSING, Beatitude, Benediction.
        • ...CVRSING, accurse, ban; Malediction, Execration.
      • Continuing them in their particular kinds of Being: or depriving them of it.
        4.
        • PRESERVATION, Conservation, Protection, Keeping, main∣tain, save, Saviour, shelter, guard, keep, cherish.
        • ...DESTRVCTION, Perdition, Confusion, Bane, Devastation, Loss, pernicious, subvert, undoe, ruine, confound, extirpate, abolish, bring to naught, stroy, destroy, cast away, perish, cut off, wast, con∣sume, dissolve, exterminate, extinguish, fall, gone.
      • Keeping or taking them from any evil felt or feared: or leaving them to it.
        5.
        • DELIVERANCE, Rescue, Save-iour, Salvation, free, quit, rid, clear, exempt.
        • ...DERELICTION, destitute, forlorn, deserting, give vp, relinquish, cast off, deliver up, forsake, leave, forgo.
    • Rational Creatures; as to their
      • Minds; by discovering to them, or impressing upon them, in an extraordinary way, such Truths or Inclinations as humane in∣dustry could not of it self attain to.
        6.
        • REVELATION, open, disclose, discover, Vision, Enthusiasm, Fa∣natic, Oracle.
        • ...INSPIRATION, infuse.
      • States by delivering them from a condition of servitude & misery.
        7.
        • REDEMPTION, deliver, save, ransom, rescue.

II. ACTIONS of the UNDERSTANDING and Judgment SPECULA∣TIVE, Contemplation, Theory,* 1.918 are such as do concern the various exercise of our Vnderstandings about the Truth and Falshood of things, with respect either to the

• Vnderstanding; being either
  • Preparative; in the first Objectization of a thing: or the reflexive Thought about it, together with what else one knows of that kind.
    1.
    • THINKING, Cogitation, bethink, deem, imagin, esteem, Conceit, Notion, Thought-ful, pensive, mind it, suggest, put in ones head,
    • MEDITATING, Study, considering, cast about in ones mind, muse, con∣template, Elucubration, think, fore think, premeditate, ponder, extempore.
  • Operative; in ‖ the comparing of things to find out what is Truth: or the Thought resulting from such comparison.
    2.
    • INQUISITION, Examination, Search, Scrutiny▪ exploration, investigate, Disquisition, seek, discuss, hunt, canvase, cast water, Quest, Inquest.
    • DISCOVERY, detect, find, perceive, lift out▪ pick out, Invention, excogi∣tate, Author, Inventor, tell, inkling, 'tis out.
• ...Iudgment;
  • Primary; in judging such discovery ‖ agreeable to Truth: or disagreeable.
    • More general.
      3.
      • ASSENT, Consent, accord, agree, concurr, allow, acknowledge, yield, suf∣frage, Voice, Vote, of the same mind, think good.
      • ...DISSENT, differ, disagree, of another mind, Discord.
    • More special; according to its arguments; as
      • ...Proceeding from Causes
        • Extrinsecal; Testimony ‖ sufficient: or insufficient.
          4.
          • BELIEVING, Credit, credible, Faith, Trust.
          • ...DISBELIEVING, Discredit, incredible, Distrust.
        • Intrinsecal in the thing it self; that it is ‖ conclusive: or not so conclu∣sive but that it may be otherwise.
          5.
          • KNOWING, Cognition, conscious, wist, witting, aware, privy, Intel∣ligence, learn, inform, acquaint, cognizance, notice, inkling pre∣science, omniscient.
          • ...DOVBTING, misdoubt, mistrust, distrust, suspence, hanging stagger∣ing, hesitate, pendulous, dubious, ambiguous, at a stand, stick at, Quandary, Scruple, Sceptic, uncertain, Apocryphal, 'tis a question.
      • Productive of these Effects in ‖ higher, or lower degrees.
        6
        • CERTAINTY, Assurance, sure, evince, convince, demonstrate, evi∣dence, undoubted, out of doubt, without doubt, doubtless, infallible.
        • ...OPINION, Conceit, Iudgment, Sentiment, Mind, Tenet, think, suppose, surmise, ween, overween, unanimous, likely, probable, prejudice, appre∣hend, fancy, repute, deem, Verdict, Sentence, shoot ones bolt.
  • Secondary; judging of Truth found, as to the
    • Consequence of it, in respect of other things to be concluded from it, or to follow upon it; in Thesi: or in Hypothesi
      7.
      • REASONING, Discussing, Arguing, Ratiocination, Logic.
      • CONJECTURING, Guessing, surmise, divine, mind gives, conceit, Pre∣sumption, probable.
    • Importance: or frivolousness of it.
      8.
      • ESTEEMING, accounting, prizing, valuing, rating, regard, respect, re∣pute, count of, care for, think well of, set by, stand upon, credit, prefer.
      • ...CONTEMNING, despising, slighting, undervaluing, disregarding, set at nought, scorn, disdain, abjectness, despicable, vilifie, disesteem, neglect, set light by, make nothing of, I pass not for it, Nickname, pish.

III. ACTIONS of the UNDERSTANDING and Judgment PRACTI∣CAL,* 1.919 do concern the enquiry after and taking notice of the Nature of things, with reference to their Goodness or Fitness to any purpose. They are distinguish∣able, as the former, by their respect to the

• Vnderstanding; being either
  • Preparative, in the first Objectization of a business: or the reflexive Thought about it, together with what else one knows of that kind.
    1.
    • DELIBERATING, ponder, weigh, forecast.
    • OBSERVING, advert, animadvert, give ear, attend to, heed, regard, give ones mind to, look to, mark, note, mind, pry, peep, watch, take no∣tice, notable, remarkable, oversee, overlook.
  • Operative, in ‖ the comparing of means to find which is expedient: or the Thought resulting from such comparison.
    2.
    • CONSIDERATION, revolve, scan, advise, forecast, recognize, premedi∣tate ponder, peruse, study, recount, reflect, review, revise, weigh, bethink, consult, cast in ones mind, retrospection, ruminate.
    • INVENTION, devising, excogitate, find out, make, Author.
• ...Iudgment;
  • Primary; in judging the thing found to be ‖ agreeable to its end: or disagree∣able.
    • More general.
      3.
      • APPROVING, liking, allowing, think good, take well, fancy him, find a Bill, currant.
      • ...DISAPPROVING, disliking, disallowing, disavow, mislike, condemn, explode, reprobate.
    • More special; according to its motives; as
      • ...Proceeding from Causes
        • Extrinsecal; Warranty ‖ sufficient: or insufficient.
          4.
          • TRUST, Confidence, betrust, entrust, rely, repose, enfeoff, recom∣mend, credit, charge, rest upon.
          • ...DISTRVST, Mistrust, Diffidence, Suspicion, Surmize, Iealousie, Vmbrage, call in question, misgive.
        • Intrinsecal in the means it self; ‖ conclusive that it is so: or not so con∣clusive but that it may be otherwise.
          5.
          • SATISFACTION, Content, acquiesce, resolve.
          • ...SCRVPLE, Doubt, dissatisfie.
      • Productive of these Effects; in ‖ higher: or lower degrees.
        6.
        • ASSURANCE, Confidence, sure, certain, resolved, secure, confirm.
        • PERSWASION, think, believe.
  • Secondary; in judging of expedients found, ‖ as to the use of them, how they are to be ordered and managed: or what is like to be the event of them.
    7.
    • CONTRIVING, projecting frame, machinate, plot, forecast, cast about, or in ones mind, find a way, devise, Conveyance.
    • EXPECTING, look for, wait, gaping after, mind gives me, make account, stay for, watch for.

* 1.920IV. ACTIONS OF THE WILL. Under this Head are to be considered the

• Kinds of such Actions; belonging either to the
  • End as future; comprehending Acts more
    • ...Simple;
      • Imperfect and diminute; ‖ for: or against one thing rather then another.
        1.
        • INCLINATION, Propensity, Proclivity, Proneness, Forwardness, hankering, having a mind to, Prejudice for, bent, addicted.
        • ...AVERSION, Prejudice against, unwillingness, coyness, stand off.
      • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • ...
      • Impedite and conditional; ‖ for: or against a thing, if left to it self.
        2.
        • VELLEITY, Woulding, Wishing, Desire, List, Vote, Will, Mind, Option, rather.
        • ...NOLLEITY, Backwardness, go against, grudge, loth, Regret, Relu∣ctancy, think much, rather not, unwilling, with an ill will.
      • Perfect; denoting ‖ the determining of it self to do, or not to do: or the taking of farther time to consider.
        3.
        • PURPOSING, Intention, Decree, destine, determine, appoint, de∣sign, resolve, ordain, mean, nonce, bent, minded, set himself, set ones mind, predestinate, preordain.
        • DEMURRING, hesitating, hanging, suspence, stick at, Quandary.
    • Complicate; towards an object considered as difficult, signifying ‖ the purpose of doing it notwithstanding such Difficulties: or doubt∣ing because of such Difficulties.
      4.
      • RESOLUTION, Fixedness, determined.
      • WAVERING, fluctuate, hanging, suspence, irresolute, staggering.
  • ...Means;
    • Antecedently; determining what to ‖ take: or leave.
      5.
      • ELECTION, chusing, select, Choice, cull, picking, prefer, set aside, Option, Pre-election, predestinate, rather.
      • ...REIECTION, refuse, Preterition, pass by, cast off, cast aside, cast away, reprobate, repudiate, renounce, explode, out-cast:
    • Consequently; ‖ continuing in the purpose of using such means: or ceasing such purpose.
      6.
      • PROSECUTING, persevere, persist, hold on.
      • DESISTING, giving off, leaving, cease, surcease, end, terminate, de∣termin, stay, rest, pause, forbear, withdraw, falter, supersede, break off, go out, give over, lay aside, or down.
  • End obtained; as to the ‖ resting: or not resting of the Will in it as good.
    • DELECTATION, Fruition, Rejoycing, Ioy, Gladness, Delight, Com∣fort, Complacence, Pleasure, Solace, Satisfaction, Content, placid, please, affect, acceptable, delicious, sweet, welcome.
    • ...DISPLACENCE, Sorrow, Grief, Discomfort, unpleasant, irksom, grie∣vous, Offence-ive, Disgust, Dislike, Distast, stomach, unacceptable gra∣ting, malecontent.
• Affections; either of the
  • Will it self in its actings; consisting in ‖ its having a power of applying it self to the doing or not doing this or that: or not having such power.
    8
    • LIBERTY, arbitrary, free, may, may chuse.
    • ...DETERMINATION TO ONE, must, cannot chuse but, limit, Ne∣cessity.
  • Actions of the Will; denoting ‖ the doing of things according to the free inclinations of our own minds: or the being necessitated by some external impediments to do any thing against such inclinations.
    9.
    • SPONTANEITY, of ones own accord, freely, willing, voluntary, with a good will, unbidden, gratis, ready.
    • ...CO ACTION, Compu••sion, Constraint, Force, enforce, Violence, unwil∣lingness, maugre, perforce, extort, wrench, wrest, in spight, will or nill, driving, pressing, bear down, over-awe.

* 1.921V. Acts of the Sensitive part, namely of the Fancy, and chiefly of the Appetite, whereby the mind is moved and disturbed with the apprehen∣sions of things, are styled PASSIONS, Affection, Perturbation, pathetic.

Those amongst these are called more SIMPLE which consist onely of one single Act. They are distinguishable into such as concern things under the notion of

• New unexpected surprizing: or else things over-common and too much repeated; without respect to the good or evil of them, being chiefly a disturbance of the Fancy; styled
  1.
  • ADMIRATION, marvel, wonder, amaze, astonish.
  • ...TAEDIVM, glut, loathing, cloy, dawl, nauseate.
• Good or Evil which we
  • Wish to happen to them.
    2.
    • FAVOUR, Benevolence, Benignity, Grace, Good will, kind propiti∣ous, ingratiate, Favorite, Dilling, Well-wisher, make much of.
    • ...MALIGNITY, Malice, Spite, Pique, Grudge, Prejudice, Despite, Discourtesie, Disfavour, sinister, virulent, malevolent, ill will, ill minded.
  • Apprehend to be in them; whether
    • Absolute; flowing from ‖ our general apprehensions of the Worth of things, and our need of them: or the Evil, and our being hurt by them.
      3.
      • LOVE, Affection, inamour, dote on smitten, amiable, besotted, amorous, dear, endear, Darling, Minion, Paramour, well-belo∣ved, Likings, Fancy, Philtre.
      • ...HATRED, Malice, Rancour, Spite, Virulence, odious, abhor, abo∣minate, detest, cannot endure, Grudge, Pique, Heart-burning, can∣kered, exulcerate.
    • Relative to different notions concerning
      • Both Good and Evil; considered as
        • ...Present.
          4.
          • MIRTH, Glee, Solace, Chearfulness, Sport, blithe, blissom, buxom, frolick, jolly, jocund, jovial, merry, exhilarate, glad, crank, debonair, comical, pleasant, sanguin, Iubile.
          • ...GRIEF, Sadness, Sorrow, Melancholy, Heaviness, doleful, de∣plorable, disconsolate, bitter, pensive, dejected, tragical, ruful, amort, moan, bemoan, wail, bewail, lament, Dump, cast down, vex, trouble, cut, take on, whimper, pule, woe, agony, anguish, mourn, Plaint, Cry, take heavily.
        • Absent and possible.
          5.
          • DESIRE, Affection, covet, crave, fain, long for, lust, greedy, Inclination to, hankering, wish, Concupiscence, eager, earn∣est, importunate, thirst after, have a mind to.
          • AVERSATION, Antipathy, Regret, Reluctancy, Distast, irksom, eschew▪ shun, avoid, abhor, loath, execrate, cannot endure, or abide,
        • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • ...
      • ...
        • Absent and probable; as to
          • ...The nature of the Act.
            6.
            • HOPE, Trust, Recumbency, Affiance, Rely.
            • ...FEAR, Awe, Dread, Terrour, Horrour, Consternation, hide∣ous, dismal, afraid, agast, formidable, horrible, terrible, fright, fray, terrifie, scare, startle, daunt, deterr, dismay, a∣mate, appale, dare not, terrible, Bugbear, Hobgoblin.
          • The greater: or lesser degree of this Probability.
            7.
            • CONFIDENCE, Affiance, Trust, build upon, rest upon, rely, repose, secure, pert, in heart, dare, presume, take to.
            • ...DIFFIDENCE, Suspicion, Iealousie, Mistrust, Distrust, out of heart, faint-hearted, cast down, heartless, misdoubt, mis∣give.
          • The issue and event; which as it is represented to have Diffi∣culties in it ‖ either superable: or insuperable; so it excites.
            8.
            • BOLDNESS, Courage, Audacity, daring, sturdy, hardy, stout, venturous, pert, malapert, embolden, presume.
            • ...DESPAIR, Despondency, forlorn, hopeless, dash, cast down, deadness of heart, heartless, past hope.
      • Evil alone, or opposition from others, wherein there is contempt: to which may be annexed by way of affinity (though it be not properly a simple Passion) that particular desire of making such actions whereby others have been injurious to us, to be∣come hurtful to themselves, so as they may be sensible of it.
        9.
        • ANGER, Ire, Passion-ate, Wrath, Sharpness, Rage, Out∣rage, Pett, Choler, Gall, fume, storm, fret, pelt, chafe, vex, take on, inflame, kindle, irritate, inrage, exasperate, in∣cense, provoke, move, sullen, hasty, furious, outragious, mad, look big, placable, appease, stomack, Animosity, heart-burning, irascible, rough, hot, curst, snappish, snarle, snuffle.
        • REVENGE, avenge, Vengeance, vindictive, wreak.

VI. MIXED PASSIONS, are such as do not consist of any single Act, but are made up of more then one,* 1.922 to be distinguished by the Object they are conversant about, and by the Simple Passions of which they consist, into such as are

• Determined either to Good or Evil; with respect to
  • The particular interest of Repute; being conversant about
    • Good, which we apprehend to be in it self honourable and worthy, im∣plying ‖ Confidence and Love in the promoting of it: or Confidence and Ioy in the owning of it.
      1.
      • ZEAL, ardent, Devotion, earnest, fervent, hot, warm▪ intent, eager, Zel••t.
      • GLORYING, Triumph, Exultation, boast brag, Eravado, Rodomonta∣do, Thrasonical, crack, crow, vapor, vaunt, Ostentation swagger, vain∣glory, flourishing, take a pride.
    • Evil, which we apprehend to be in it self dishonourable and unworthy; implying ‖ a mixture of Hatred and Aversation against the commit∣ting of it: or Sorrow and Diffidence for the committing of it.
      2.
      • SCORN, set light by, slight, despise, contemn.
      • SHAME-faced-full-less, abash, bashful, ashamed, out of countenance▪ con∣found, quash, dash, Impudence, Turpitude, put to shame.
  • The more general interests belonging to
    • Our selves; respecting either
      • Good that is dear to us, implying a ‖ mixture of Love, Anger, and Hope, that we may excel others in it: or a mixture of Love, Anger, and Fear, lest we should by others be deprived of it.
        3.
        • EMULATION, vy, strive, struggle.
        • JEALOUSIE, Suspicion, surmize.
      • Evil; whether as done
        • By our selves; being either ‖ a mixture of Sorrow and Fear upon dis∣satisfaction in having committed it: or Sorrow and Desire, as wish∣ing it had not been committed.
          4.
          • REMORSE, Compunction, Contrition, relent, beshrew, trouble of mind.
          • REPENTANCE, Penitence, rue.
        • By others; ‖ either a vile thing by any person, or any evil by a vile person; implying a mixture of Anger and Hatred: or of Anger and Aversa∣tion.
          5.
          • INDIGNATION, Scorn, dudgeon, fume, murmure.
          • DISDAIN, Scorn.
    • Others; in respect of the
      • Good befalling them, (as we think) ‖ worthily, or unworthily; imply∣ing a mixture of Love and Ioy: or Hate and Grief.
        6.
        • JOY FOR THE GOOD OF OTHERS, Gratulation, congra∣tulate, Sympathy.
        • ENVY, Spite-full, invidious, grudge, repine, malign.
      • Evil befalling them, (as we think) ‖ worthily, or unworthily; imply∣ing a mixture of Hate and Ioy: or of Love and Grief.
        7.
        • ...〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Ioy for the evil of others.
        • PITTY, Compassion, commiserate, condole, relent, ruthful, tender, woful, yearn, Bowels▪ bemoan, bewail, lament, deplore, Sympathy, fellow-feeling.
• Indetermined either as to Good or Evil, but concerning both consisting in a distraction of the Mind by a conflict of any two contrary Passions: to which may be opposed (though not so proper to this place) the transport of the Mind, being wholly possess'd with one Passion: styled
  8.
  • AGONY.
  • EXTASIE, Transport, Amazement, Consternation, Maze, Traunce, Ru∣pture, ravish, astonish, extatical.

CORPOREAL ACTION.

BY CORPOREAL ACTIONS are meant such Actions whose Agent is a Body or Material substance.* 1.923 They are distinguishable into such as are

• More peculiar to Living creatures; either more
  • Absolute; belonging to
    • VEGETATIVES. I.
    • SENSITIVES. II.
    • RATIONALS. III.
  • Relative to the
    • Outward SIGNS OF PASSION. IV.
    • GENERAL Notions belonging to DEMEANOUR. V.
• Common with them to other things, to which by Analogy they are ascribed, the different kinds of GESTURE. VI.

I. Corporeal ACTIONS belonging chiefly to VEGETATIVE Bodies,* 1.924 may be distinguished into such as are either.

• Primary and more general; denoting the making: or unmaking of a thing; the motion towards a new form: or from the precedent form; styled
  1.
  • GENERATION, get, beget, procreate, propagate, breeding, engender, Gene∣sis.
  • ...CORRVPTION, Dissolution, consume••tion.
• Secondary and more particular; relating unto the
  • Conveying, or receiving in that first matter which is to be formed into an a∣nimate Body.
    2.
    • IMPREGNATION, beget, pregnant, breeding, teeming, conceived, get with child, big, great with child, or egg.
    • ...CONCEPTION, with child, Superfetation.
  • Bringing forth what hath been thus conceived; either in due time: or too soon.
    3.
    • PARTURITION, Bearing, Birth, Nativity, bringing forth, travail, groning, in labour, lying in, Child-birth, ea••ing, farrowing, kindling, foling, whelping, deliver, Midwife, brought to bed, cry out, lay egg.
    • ...ABORTION, miscarry, Mischance, cast young, Castling, untimely birth, Slink, still-born.
  • Improvement of what is thus brought forth; either
    • Peculiar to the Young; implying that more then ordinary tenderness to be used towards things in that state, ‖ whether more general: or that which is proper to viviparous Animals.
      4.
      • FOTION, cherishing, foster, foment, brood, Incubation, hatching.
      • LACTATION, giving suck, suckle,
    • ...Common to Young and Old;
      • Antecedent; ‖ the taking in of sutable and sufficient aliment: or the fit∣ting of this aliment by fermentation.
        5.
        • FEEDING, living upon, Aliment, Food.
        • DIGESTING, Concoction, put over.
      • Consequent from the
        • Vnion of the Aliment to the body: and its improving thereby.
          6.
          • NOURISHING, Nutrition, maintain, Nutriment.
          • GROWING, come up, increase, improve, thrive, Spring, Proficient
        • Vnion: or disunion, of the Body and Soul.
          7.
          • LIVING, Life, quick, alive, enliven, vivifie, revive, survive. vital, Resurrection.
          • ...DYING, Death, dead-ly, mortal, fatal, dy, decease, depart, expire, give up the ghost, defunct, kill, slay, mortifie, dispatch, Slaughter, Mortality, capital.

* 1.925II. Corporeal ACTIONS belonging to SENSITIVE Bodies, may be di∣stinguished into such as are either

• More principal and natural; denoting the kinds of natural Appetite, toge∣ther with such Actions as tend to the satisfying of them; relating to the
  • Preservation of the Individuum, as to the desire of
    • Nourishment, for the supply of Decays; and that either by
      • Food: or Meat.
        1.
        • HUNGER, Appetite, Stomach, eager, greedy, ravenous, Famine, sharp-set.
        • EATING, devour, gorging, fall to, Meal, Repast, Refection, Food, Meat, Aliment, edible, Viands, Victuals, fall to ones Meat.
      • ...Liquor.
        2.
        • THIRST, dry.
        • DRINKING, Potion, potulent, potable, quaff, soop, soaking, lap, swill, carouse, sip, tipple, bibble, guzzle, Draught, Drench, Water, Butler, Buttery, Cellar.
    • Rest and refreshment after labour and weariness; comprehending the
      • Appetite or inclination after this: or the Satisfaction of such Appetite, consisting in a cessation from all Actions of the outward Senses, by a relaxation of the Nerves.
        3.
        • DROWSINESS, Heaviness.
        • SLEEPING, asleep, dormant, a Nap, lull, Slumber, narcotic, roost.
      • State supposed, belonging to this Appetite, or the Satisfaction of it, de∣noting the general Action of the Senses: or the working of the Fancy in sleep.
        4.
        • WAKING, awake, watch, Reveiles, raise from sleep.
        • DREAMING.
  • ...Propagation of the Species.
    5.
    • LUST, Salacity, Lechery, Venery, Concupiscence, libidinous, carnal, fleshly, blissom, clicket, proud.
    • COITION, coupling, gendring, lie with, know carnally, Copulation, rutting, tread, venery
• Less principal and preternatural; referring to several affections of the Touch, and different kinds of Pain; being either
  • Proper to the Skin and outward parts; caused by an agitation of some thin Vapours stopped in their expiration, which is remedied by such a kind of affriction with an edge as doth open the Pores, that the Vapors may transpire.
    6.
    • ITCHING.
    • SCRATCHING, Scraping, clawing, Scalping-iron.
  • Common to other parts; and caused by
    • Distention or compression of the parts: or sharpness of humours.
      7.
      • AKING, Ach.
      • PRICKING, Crick, pungent, sharp, Stitch.
    • Diss••pation of the Spirits in the softer parts by a light touch: or corro∣sion of the membranous parts.
      8.
      • TICKLING, Titillation.
      • SMARTING, piercing.
    • Obstruction either in the Nerves or Muscles; causing ‖ some vellications in the Nerves: or a hot pungent pain in the Muscles.
      9.
      • TWITCHING, Vellication, Pinching.
      • TINGLING.

III. The Corporeal ACTIONS peculiar to Men,* 1.926 or the several wayes of expressing their mental Conceptions, are either by

• Articulate sounds; considered according to
  • The general name, together with the privation of it.
    1.
    • SPEAKING, talk, utter-ance, mentioning, Elocution, pronounce, express, deliver, Prolation, Spokes-man, effable, voluble, fluent, say, tell, mutter, mumble, jabber, jargon, vein, Grammar, Rhetoric, Ora∣tory, Eloquence, Prolocutor, nuncupative, by word of mouth.
    • ...MVTENESS, dumb, speechless, silent, blank, tongue-tied.
  • The defects of speaking, as to ‖ the continuity of speech: or the prolati∣on of some particular letters.
    2.
    • STUTTERING, Stammering, falter, hammer.
    • LISPING.
  • The degrees of loudness in speaking; either ‖ without any vocal sound: or with much noise.
    3.
    • WHISPERING, mutter, round in the ear.
    • ...EXCLAMATION, Acclamation, hollow, hoot, hoop, shout, baul, cla∣mor, cry, Lure, Out-cry, roar, screech, scream, squeak, squeal, loud, lift up ones voice, set out ones throat.
  • The particular kinds of speaking; referring
    • To such words as we see before us; either ‖ more perfect: or imperfect.
      4.
      • READING, Lecture, Lesson, legible, peruse.
      • SPELLING.
    • To the manner of ordering our voice according to musical Tunes; ei∣ther ‖ the more perfect: or the more imperfect attempt.
      5.
      • SINGING, Song, Ditty, Ballad, Carol, Canticle, Lay, Ode, Madrigal, Eclogue, canorous, Modulation, chant, Chorister, Quire:
      • CHIRPING, questing, quittle.
  • The several relations of speaking; when we say that to another which we expect should be ‖ repeated: or written by him.
    6.
    • DICTATING, prompting, suggest.
    • ENDITING.
• Figures representing either words or things, and made either ‖ immedi∣ately by mens hands: or by the impression of Types.
  7.
  • WRITING, penning, drawing, engrossing, Hand, Manuscript, subscribe, superscribe, inscribe, transcribe, Postscript, interline, indorse, scrawle, scrible, rude draught, Pen-man, Scribe, Writer, Scrivener, Secretary, Clerk, Note, Ticket, Docket, Short-hand, Tachygraphy, Brachygraphy, Cryptography, set ones hand, set down, take or put in writing, en∣ter into book, write out fair.
  • PRINTING, Imprint, Impression, typographical, Type, Press, put in Print.

* 1.927IV. The OUTWARD SIGNS OF our inward PASSIONS, are ei∣ther

• More peculiar to some single Passions; as to
  • Admiration: or Sating; Straining the ‖ eyes: or the brows.
    1.
    • STARING.
    • MOVING THE BROWS.
  • Love: or Hate; expansion: or contraction of the Muscles of the Face.
    2.
    • SMILING, sm••rking, snearing, simper:
    • ...LOWRING, powting, scowling, frowning, grinning, look sowre.
  • Mirth: or Sorrow.
    3.
    • LAUGHING, deride, ridiculous, giggle, chuckle, tihi, flicker.
    • ...WEEPING, mourn, cry, Tears, wailing, Plaint, bemoan, bewail, la∣ment, blubber, shed tears, whining.
  • Desire: or Aversation; scruing the body: or wagging the head.
    4.
    • WRIGLING.
    • MOVING THE HEAD, Nodd.
  • Hope: or Fear; expressed either by the
    • Body or parts of it; being ‖ moved once and quick: or oft and con∣tinuedly: or deprived of motion.
      5.
      • STARTING, flinching.
        • ...TREMBLING, quaking, shaking, shudering, Trepidation, qui∣vering, shiver, quaver, chatter.
        • ...RIGOR, Horrour, Stifness.
    • Breath; ‖ emitted short and quick: or emitted slow and long: or sucked up suddenly.
      6.
      • HUFFING, snuff, puff.
        • ...SIGHING, Sobbing.
        • ...SVCKING up the breath, sniff.
  • Confidence and Diffidence: or Boldness and Despair; setting the hands against the sides: or heaving up the shoulders.
    7.
    • KEMBOING.
    • SPANISH SHRUG.
• Anger: or Revenge; by emission of the breath; either ‖ vocal, but not articulate: or articulate, but not distinctly intelligible.
  8.
  • GRONING.
  • GRUMBLING.
• More common to several Passions; by discolouring the countenance ‖ with a greater degree of Redness then doth belong to the natural hue; appertaining either to Joy, Love, Desire, but chiefly to Shame: or else with Whiteness; belonging to those more violent perturbations of Grief, Anger, &c. but chiefly to Fear.
  9.
  • BLUSHING, flush.
  • ...PALENESS, wan, ghastly, pallid, appale.

V. The general notions belonging to DEMEANOUR, Carriage,* 1.928 Comportment, Deportment, Garb, behave, or the manner of our conversing towards one another in respect of such Corporeal Actions as either custom or common opinion hath put a decency and fitness upon, are con∣siderable; either according to the

• More general kinds; denoting
  • The endeavour to express our respect to others, by ‖ going to them: or staying by them or for them.
    1.
    • VISITING, go to see.
    • WAITING, Attend-ance, serve, Retinue, Train, Valet, Page, Lac∣quey, stay for, tarry for, tend.
  • The congress or meeting of others, in respect of ‖ our applying our selves to them: or their receiving or using of us.
    2.
    • ADDRESSING, accost.
    • ENTERTAINING, treat, entreat, usage, reception, welcome.
  • The kinds of gesture, or words, signifying respect.
    3.
    • SALUTATION, caressing, accost, greet, hail, commendations.
• More special kinds; consisting in
  • ...Gestures.
    • At a distance; by bowing of the ‖ Body: or Knees.
      4.
      • CONGEEING, cringe, duck, make a leg, crouch.
      • CURCHEEING, Genuflexion.
    • Near; either more▪
      • ...Rustic.
        5.
        • CLAPPING.
        • SHAKING HANDS.
      • Gentile; by joyning of the ‖ Body: or Face.
        6.
        • EMBRACING, clasping, clip, coll, grasp, hug, twine.
        • KISSING, Smack.
  • Words; whereby we express
    • Our ‖ esteem of others: or our business with them.
      7.
      • COMPLEMENTING, Courtliness, Caressing.
      • CONFERRING, commune, parley, talk, treat, speak with, Dia∣logue.
    • Our good wishes to others; either at our ‖ first meeting: or parting.
      8.
      • SALVEDICTION, accost, greet, hail.
      • ...VALEDICTION, adieu, farwell, take leave.

* 1.929VI. GESTURE, Action, Behaviour, Gesticulation, Mimic, doth denote such an Animal action or motion as alters the situation of the whole or parts of the body: To which the word POSTURE, Position, may be annexed by way of affinity; signifying the situation in which such moti∣on is determined. The several kinds of these Gestures and Postures (which are applicable likewise to inanimate things) do refer either to the weights being incumbent upon something.

• Below it: And these are distinguished according to the imaginary pro∣gress of that body or the parts of it,
  • Vpward; either more
    • ...Direct.
      1.
      • RISING, arise, raise, rouse, ly up, sit up, stand up, rear, elevate, lift up, erect, exalt, Resurrection
      • STANDING, Station-ary, Footing, Perch, Rampant,
    • ...Oblique.
      • Keeping the height, and
        • ...Inlarging the terms.
          2.
          • STRETCHING, retching, extending, Distention, Expansion, produce, sprein, strein, draw out.
          • SPREAD, square.
        • ...Narrowing the terms.
          3.
          • SHRINKING, contracting, Coar••tation, couch, gather up.
          • CRUMPLE, snudge.
      • ...Altering the height, by motion of the
        • ...Trunk.
          4.
          • STOOPING, crouch, bow, bend, couring.
          • LEANING, lolling, Recumbency, stay or rest upon▪
        • ...Lower Limms.
          • ...Hipps.
            5.
            • SITTING, set, sedentary, seat
            • SATE, squat.
          • ...Knees.
            6.
            • KNEELING, Genuflexion, fall on knees.
            • ON KNEES.
  • Downward; either more
    • ...Direct.
      7.
      • FALLING, fell, cast down, sink.
      • LYING, Prostration, groveling, lay, along, all along, flat, level, couch.
    • ...Oblique.
      8.
      • TURNING.
      • REVERSE, inverted.
• Above it; whether ‖ partly: or wholly; each of which is either motion or rest.
  9.
  • CLINGING.
  • HANGING, pendent, suspended, dangling.

MOTION.

THat Action whereby things do pass from one place to another is styled MOTION, move, remove, stir,, wag, shake, quetch, shog, jog, start, jerk,* 1.930 budge, dislodge, flitting, shuffle, shuttle, rummage, agitation, going, passing, transferr, place, make a stirr.

REST, Quiet, still, unmoved, repose, sedate, settle, stand, stay, stand or ly still, Requiem, ease, Pause, acquiesce, settle, sit, lodge, lull, Sabbath, dead of the night, take rest.

By the word Motion here is meant Local Motion, which doth alwayes ac∣company Corporeal Action, upon which account many of the Species under this Head might, if there were convenient room for them, be reckoned under the former; but their places here may serve sufficiently to express and distin∣guish them. This Local Motion of bodies may be distinguished into

• ...Natural.
  • Of the whole; more
  • General, respecting the Kinds of Animal PROGRESSIVE MOTION. I.
  • Particular, referring to the VARIOUS NOTIONS OF GOING. II.
  • Of the parts; considered
    • More largely; as belonging to ANIMAL ACTION IN COMMON. III
    • As restrained to the Acts of
      • PURGATION. IV.
      • EXERCISE. V.
• VIOLENT MOTION according to the several kinds of it. VI.

I. Kinds of ANIMAL PROGRESSION,* 1.931 may refer either to

• Beasts; more ‖ perfect: or imperfect.
  1.
  • GOING, gressive, a Step, Pace, Gate.
  • HALTING, Cripple, lame, limp, hobble, foundred.
• Birds; in the
  • Air; by the motion of the wings: to which may be annexed that other kind of Motion of the wings whereby Birds use to keep themselves up in the same place with little or no Progression.
    2.
    • FLYING, fluttering, soar, volatile, toure.
    • HOVERING.
  • Water; either ‖ upon it: or into and under it.
    3.
    • FLOTING.
    • DIVING, duck, plunge.
• Fish; either ‖ more generally within the water: or more specially down∣wards into it.
  4.
  • SWIMMING, launch.
  • SINKING.
• Insects; as
  • Grashoppers and Fleas, &c. the more ‖ perfect: or imperfect.
    5.
    • LEAPING, skipping, jump, frisk, spring, caper, curvet, bound.
    • HOPPING.
  • Ants▪ or Worms, &c.
    6.
    • CREEPING, crawl, sprawl, reptile.
    • WRIGLING, insinuate, scrue or wind himself in.

Though each of these Motions do principally belong to such kinds of li∣ving Creatures, yet are they not so to be restrained to them but that they may be truly ascribed to others.

* 1.932II. The several MODES OF GOING; may be distinguished into

• ...The Self-motion or Ition of Animals;
  • On an ordinary Plain or declivity; according to the
    • Lesser: or greater degrees of Velocity.
      1.
      • WALKING, Ambulation, Procession, Perambulation, go, wade, Ford, waddle, Lacquey, Path, foot it, trip along.
      • RUNNING, galloping, Career, Course, Race, start, Goal, outstrip, Foot∣man.
    • Different Motion of the four legs; ‖ when either those of one side move together: or when they move cross and diagonally.
      2.
      • AMBLING, pacing, thorough-paced.
      • TROTTING, prancing.
    • Different Extensions ‖ of the body according to height: or of the legs ac∣cording to wideness.
      3.
      • STALKING, jetting▪ strutt, portly going.
      • STRADLING, stride, a-stride, div••ricate.
    • Different Modes, whether more ‖ regular: or irregular.
      4.
      • STEDDY.
      • ...STAGGERING, reeling, Vacillation, Tottering.
  • On a very smooth Plain.
    5.
    • SLIDING, glide, slipping.
    • STUMBLING, Titubation, blunder, falter, lapse, slip, trip.
  • On a difficult Declivity, ‖ upwards: or downwards.
    6.
    • CLIMBING, clambering, foaling.
    • TUMBLING.
• The being carried by something else; on ‖ the Land: or Water.
  7.
  • RIDING, being horsed or mounted, taking horse, Post-ilion.
  • SAILING, Navigation, Voiage, launch, take water or ship, embark, wast

III. Animal MOTIONS belonging to the various parts,* 1.933 are either

• ...More principal;
  • Of the Heart originally, and from thence of the Bloud in the Arteries: to which may be adjoyned the Motion of the Guts.
    1.
    • PULSE, throb, beat.
    • PERISTALTIC.
  • Of the Lungs, ‖ more general, or the Sound made by some impediment of breathing through the Nose.
    2.
    • RESPIRATION, breathing, fetch wind, draw breath, take breath.
    • SNORTING, snoring.
• Less principal; of the
  • Mouth and Thorax; by the forcible ‖ emission, or attraction of Breath.
    3.
    • BLOWING, puffing, blast.
    • ...SVCTION, supping▪ sip, soop, drawing, emulgent, snuff up.
  • Diaphragm or Stomach; agitated by a convulsive Motion ‖ upwards, or downwards.
    4.
    • SOBBING.
    • HICCOUGH, Yex.
  • Iaws; by a
    • Repeated Motion in the ‖ first, or second preparation of Food.
      5.
      • MASTICATION, chewing, champ, gnawing, browzing, mumble.
      • RUMINATION, chewing the cud.
    • Single Motion; to which may be annexed that Motion of the musculous parts of the body, caused by some flatulent vapours.
      6▪
      • YAWNING, gape, Oscitation, gasp.
      • PANDICULATION, retching, stretching.
  • ...

• ...
  • Tongue, or Throat.
    7.
    • LICKING, lap, slap.
    • SWALLOWING, gulp, ingurgitate, devour, pouch, gobble.

IV. Those kinds of Actions whereby several Animals do cast off such excrementitious parts as are offensive to nature are styled PURGATION, voiding, evacuating, Excrement, fluxing:* 1.934 to which may be opposed the Notion of BINDING, costive, styptic, restringent, astringent.

These Motions may be distinguished by the kinds of parts so amoved; either the more

• Vaporous and windy; from the
  • ...Head.
    1.
    • SNEEZING, neeze, Sternutation.
  • Stomach upwards, or Guts downwards.
    2.
    • BELCHING, parbreak, breaking wind upwards.
    • ...FARTING, breaking wind downwards, Scape.
• Serous and watry; from the
  • Whole habit of the body.
    3.
    • SWEATING, Exudation, diaphoretic, sudorific, all in a water.
    • TRANSPIRATION, breathing, Evaporation, Effluvium, Perspiration.
  • ...Head.
    4.
    • SPITTING, Salivate••ion, Spittle, bespit, spawl, bespawl, slaver, drivel, Flux.
    • BLOWING THE NOSE, mucous, Snivel, Snot.
  • ...Lungs and Chest.
    5.
    • COUGHING.
    • EXCREATION, haking, hemming.
  • ...Greater or lesser Veins.
    6.
    • BLEEDING, opening a Vein, Phlebotomy, let bloud, draw blood, Lancet.
    • SCARIFYING, lance.
  • ...Skin.
    7.
    • BLISTERING, Vesication, caustic.
    • CUPPING.
  • ...Bladder.
    8.
    • URINING, piss, make water, hold ones water, stale, diuretic, Diabetes, Dysury.
• Consistent and gross parts; from the ‖ Stomach upwards, or the Guts downwards.
  • VOMITING, spewing, casting, disgorging, puke, regurgitate, retching.
  • DUNGING, purging by siege, going to stool, scour, Draught, Lask, laxative, Loosness, muting, soluble, solutive, Muck, Ordure, Siege, Stool, Sir-reverence, excrement, easment, ease the belly, Iakes, Privy, House of office..

V. By RECREATION, Diversion, Pastime, Sport, Exercise,* 1.935 are meant those several kinds of Actions which are used for divertisement or Exercise: to which may be annexed the word GAME, Play, Prize, signifying such kind of Exercises, wherein there is an en∣deavour for Mastery. These are either of the

• ...Mind; depending upon
  • Chance onely; according to ‖ the more general name: or that particular kind which is most frequent by marked Cubes.
    1.
    • LOT, Sortition, Cuts, Ballot, cast or draw Lots.
    • DICE, a Dy, cock-all, rifle.
  • ...Chance and Skill.
    2.
    • CHARTS.
    • TABLES.
  • ...Skill onely.
    3.
    • CHESS.
    • DRAUGHTS.
• Body; in respect of
  • ...The whole; requiring
    • ...Strength and Skill.
      4.
      • BOWLING.
      • BALLING, Tennis, Foot ball, Stool-ball, Sto-Ball. Pel-mel.
    • ...Agility and Skill.
      5.
      • DANCING, Masking, Revels, a Ball, Morice, Mumming.
      • VAULTING.
    • ...Strength Agility and Skill.
      6.
      • WRESTLING, grapling, strugling, striving, handy gripes, strike up ones heels.
      • FENCING, Gladiator, Tilting, Tournament, justling, play at weapon or foils.
  • ...The Eye, or the Ear.
    7.
    • SIGHTS, Shews, Theatre, Amphitheatre, Pageants, Spectacle.
    • MUSIC, Serenade, strein, aer, tune, prelude, Waits, Crowd, Fiddle-er, Minstrel, play on an Instrument.

VI. The general kinds of VIOLENT MOTION, may be distributed according to the effects upon the thing moved,* 1.936 into such as denote

• Translation into a new place; comprehending
  • Motion together; when the Mover sustains the thing moved: to which may be annexed by way of affinity that other Action, by which one thing sustains, or hinders the falling of another.
    1.
    • CARRYING, bring, convey, bear, serve, import, waft, weare about one, portable, portage, porter, baggage, vehicle, fare, beer, packhorse.
    • BEARING, supporting, sustain, hold up, prop, shore up, stay up, up∣hold, carry, stand under, shoulder up, bolster up.
  • Amotion, when the Mover and Moved do at the beginning cease to be contiguous: or Admotion, when the thing moved doth end in a contiguity of something else.
    2.
    • CASTING, throwing, fling, hurl, project, inject, eject, ding, pelt, toss, coit, sling.
    • CATCHING, apprehend, lay hold, snatch, lay hands on, grapple, graspe, scamble.
• Often returns into the same place; according to ‖ greater or less degrees.
  3.
  • SWINGING, Vibration, waving, brandish, agitate, exagitate, to and fro, flourish, rock, sway, dangling, pendulous, wield.
  • SHAKING, Quassation, Concussion, jogging, agitate, dandle, wag, swag, sway, jolt, totter, flutter, shatter, waving.
• Some impression from the Mover; according to the more
  • General name: or that which is from an obtuse hard body.
    4.
    • STRIKING, Percussion, smite, bang, beat, bast, buffet, cuff, dash, hit, swinge, thump, thwack, Blow, Stripe, slap, flap, rap, tap, kick, wince, spurn, bob, box, fillip, whirret, yerke, pummel, punch, rebuff, repercus∣sion, collision, gnash, skittish, interfere, let fly at,
    • KNOCKING, beating, Blow, butt, Mallet, battering, jobbing, Ramm.
  • Particular kind; by the end of a thing, more ‖ obtuse, or acute.
    5
    • POUNDING, braying, Contusion, stamp.
    • PECKING, Mattock, Pick-ax.
• Dissolution of Vnion in the same body; according to
  • The Stiffness, or Limberness of the body wherein it is made.
    6.
    • BREAKING, Fracture, Rupture, burst, Crack, Crash, Squash, Dash, Flaw, Shatter, shiver, crumble.
    • TEARING▪ torn, dilacerate, rend, rent, ragged, tattered, flittered, jagged, pull in pieces.
  • The Figure of the body by which it is made; either ‖ an edge, or a point.
    7.
    • CUTTING, Incision gash, slash, hack, hew, chop, rip, chip, snip, slice, section, segment, carve, dissect, whittle, barb, pare, top, lop, curtail, dock, sharpe, keen, Hatchet, Pole-ax.
    • PRICKING, stabbing, Goad, pungent, runn in thrust in, goar.

OPERATION.

THe sundry kinds of works about which men of several Callings use to imploy themselves,* 1.937 are usually styled by the name of

• OPERATION, Labor-ious, Pains, Travail, Toil, moil, Turmoile, drudg, droil, work, handy-work, Ply, cooperate, take pains, lay about him.
• ...PLAY, Sport, lusory, dally.

These are either

• More Common and general; relating to
  • MECHANICAL FACULTIES. I.
  • MIXED MECHANICAL Operations. II.
• More Particular; belonging to the providing of
  • Food, AGRICULTURE. III.
  • Houses, or Utensils, FABRILE Arts IV.
  • Clothing, SARTORIAN Trades V.
  • Physic, CHYMICAL, Pharmaceutical Operations. VI.

I. OPERATIONS belonging to the MECHANICAL Faculties,* 1.938 are ei∣ther such as do refer to the

• Lever; for the forcible motion of a thing ‖ upwards, or downwards.
  1.
  • LIFTING, heave, hoise, advance, elevate, exalt, Lever, Crow, Crane.
  • ...DEPRESSING, strein, stress, weigh down.
• Balance; for ‖ trial of the weight of things, or the preponderating of one side.
  2.
  • LIBRATING, balancing.
  • BIASSING, preponderate.
• Wedge; for the dividing of hard tough bodies; to which may be op∣posed the thrusting of them close together.
  3.
  • CLEAVING, rive, slit, sp••it, Cle••t, Chink, Chap, Crevise.
  • ...COMPRESSING, crib, gripe, pinching, press, squeezing, straining, wring, nip, twing throng, crowd, crush, Constipation, bulge.
• Pully; when the mover and moved continue their Contiguity in ‖ ad∣motion, or amotion.
  4.
  • PULLING, pluck, tow, tug, lugg, twing, twitch, draw, drag, Draught, hale, Revulsion, vellication, distract.
  • ...THRVSTING, push, shove, drive, rush, justle, repell, extrude, intrude, press, throng, crowd, cramm. farce, wedge in, vennue, run at, foin at.
• Wheel; by ‖ continued turning about, or rolling backward or forward.
  5.
  • VERTIGINATING, turning round, Revolution, wheeling, Rotation, twirl, whirl, spinn, role round.
  • VOLUTATION, tumbling, rolling, wallow, welter, rock, trundle, waddle.
• Screw; to which may be adjoyned for some affinity the action of that concave Instrument used for the projection of water.
  6.
  • SCREWING, Winch.
  • SYRINGING, squirting, spirt, spouting.
• Spring; wherein there is a motion of restitution: to which may be annexed for its affinity the forcible putting a thing out of its natural tension and posture.
  7.
  • SPRINGING, elastical, fillip.
  • BENDING, bow, warp, crooke.

II. Those are styled MIXED MECHANICAL OPERATIONS, which are not appropriate to any one kind of Art,* 1.939 but are general and common to many. These do concern the.

• Vniting or seperating of several bodies; considered more
  • ...Simply.
    1.
    • BINDING, gird, Band, Bond, Bundle, Packet, Fardle, sheafe, faggot, tack, lace, swaddle, swa••hing, trussing, girt, surcingle.
    • ...LOOSENING, unbind, undoe, solve, lax, slack▪ relaxation.
  • Relatively to the affections of binding; viz. fastning of the bond ‖ by a knot, or confused kinds of knots.
    2.
    • TYING, Knot, Node, bracing, buckling, coupling fastning, knit, furling.
    • TANGLING, entangle, hamper, ravel, perplex, snarled, felter, in∣tricate, involved, Intrigues, extricate, complicate, insnare, Laby∣rinth.
• Concealing, or manifesting; either more
  • ...Common.
    3.
    • COVERING, heal, Veil, shroud, hide, whelm, stop, Canopy, Hood, Lid, palliate, cloake, overlay, overrun, overshadow.
    • ...VNCOVERING, open, expose, discover, shew, reveal, naked, unmask, unveil.
  • Special; relating to Containing bodies.
    4.
    • SHUTTING, stop, close, inclosing, immure, exclude, seclude, recluse, obstruct, Wink, fold up, pinn vp, sowe up, seal up, corke up, lute up, lock up, put to the door.
    • OPENING, breaking up, disclose, display, Expansion, gap, Slade, Aper∣ture, unstop, expose, lay or set open.
• Putting of things ‖ nearer together, or farther asunder; either
  • ...More general.
    5.
    • GATHERING, Collect-ion, assemble, convene, compile, levy, raise men or money, Receiver, rake or scrape together, rally, glean, pick up.
    • ...SCATTERING, discuss, disperse, dissipate, sprinkle, strew, inspersion.
  • More particular; with reference to the
    • ...Capacity of
      • Consistent bodies, and such as are not supposed to be contained.
        6.
        • HEAPING, accumulate, amass, lay up, stow, pile, Stack, Mow, Cock, Rick, Shock, Drift, Dunghill, mixen.
        • ...SPREADING, diffuse, Expansion, display, Suffusion, strew, run, plash, lay cloth.
      • Fluid Bodies, and such as are supposed to be contained in some∣thing.
        7.
        • FILLING, replenish, Repletion, full, plenary, sated, stow, cram, stuff, farse, recruit.
        • ...EMPTYING, evacuate, vacant, Vacuity, rid, void, exhaust, Chasm, clear, lanke, lave, draw dry.
    • Motion of bodies, chiefly fluids; according to ‖ the more general name: or that which is involuntary, and besides intention.
      8.
      • POURING, Effusion, Infusion, gush, guggling, yewer, Tunnel.
      • SPILLING, shedding, run out, s••eth over.

III. OPERATIONS belonging to AGRICULTURE,* 1.940 do concern either

• The Ground, or Land; in respect of
  • Loosning it; either ‖ by single persons: or by the help of drawing Beasts.
    1.
    • DIGGING, delve, break up, spit, spade.
    • PLOWING, tilling, breaking up, coulter, share.
  • ...Breaking the clods, and smoothing the surface.
    2.
    • HARROWING.
    • ROLLING.
  • Helping or directing the Fertility of the ground, by ‖ adding some new matter▪ or removing the impediments of noxious Plants.
    3.
    • MANURING, cultivate, dunging, marling, soiling, Tilth, culture.
    • WEEDING.
• The Grane or Seed, chiefly of Herbs; in respect of
  • Putting it into the ground, or taking it off from the ground upon its ma∣turity.
    4.
    • SOWING, seminate.
    • REAPING, mowing, Crop, Harvest, Sithe, Sickle, stubble, swarth.
  • Separating of it from ‖ the straw, or lesser husks.
    5.
    • THRESHING, Flail.
    • WINNOWING, Fan, Ventilation.
• The Propagation of Trees or Shrubs chiefly, by
  • Putting the Root of the Plant in the ground; to which may be adjoyned the putting of Grain segregately into the ground, which is sometimes u∣sed for Pulse.
    6.
    • PLANTING, implant.
    • SETTING.
  • Ioyning a part of one Plant to another; either ‖ to the top of the body, or some branch being cut, or to the sides of the body.
    7.
    • GRAFTING, ingraft, Imp.
    • INOCOLATING.
  • Cutting off superfluous Branches; to which may be adjoyned the cutting down of the whole.
    8.
    • PRUNING, dressing, cutting, coping.
    • FELLING, grubb, wood-fall.

IV. By FABRILE OPERATIONS, (Smith, Carpenter, Mason, &c.) are meant all such kind of works as do primarily concern our Houses or Utensils,* 1.941 whether for necessity, or ornament: to which may be adjoyn∣ed those Operations which concern the making of Earthen ware, styled FIGULATORY, Potter. These are distinguishable into such as denote

• Dissolution of Continuity; either by
  • Seperating of some thin parts from the surface of a body by rubbing with an edge: or breaking the body it self into minute parts by percus∣sion with some obtuse body.
    1.
    • SHAVING, scraping, raze, razour.
    • CONTUSION, bruising, pounding, stamping, braying, morter, pestle,
  • Dividing from a body some small parts; either ‖ by affriction upon a stone, or with an iron instrument.
    2.
    • GRINDING, attrition, Grist, Querne, Mill.
    • FILING, Raspe.
  • Dividing the parts of a body, by cutting it, either ‖ in roundish cavities, or in oblong scissures.
    3.
    • BORING, perforate, foraminate, pierce, Bodkin, Dril, Awle, Gimlet, Wimble, Trepann, Awgre.
    • SAWING, Saw, whipsaw, &c.
• Vniting either of metalline or other bodies by some third body adhering.
  4.
  • SODERING, Cement, luting.
  • GLUING, cementing, glutinous, conglutinate.
• Shaping of bodies into particular figures; either by
  • Hammering, or melting.
    5.
    • FORGING.
    • CASTING, melt, founding, fusile, molde.
  • Cutting, either ‖ a solid and bulky, or a flat figure.
    6.
    • CARVING, Sculpture.
    • GRAVING, ingrave, etching.
  • Compressing of a soft body; or circumagitating either a soft: or hard body.
    7.
    • KNEADING, moulding, plastic.
    • TURNING, Lath.
• Adorning the surface of the body; either by ‖ variety of colours: or ad∣ding an external lustre to it.
  8.
  • PAINTING, limn, draw, enamel, fucus, pensil.
  • VARNISHING, size.

V. SARTORIAN OPERATIONS do concern either the* 1.942

• Preparation of stuffs; by
  • Making several vegetable or animal substances into Thred.
    1.
    • TWISTING, tortion, wreath, writhing, twine, winding.
    • SPINNING, Spinster, Rock, Distaff.
  • ...Ioyning such Threds together into Cloth.
    2.
    • WEAVING, Texture, Contexture, Loom, Web, braid, woven, Hur∣dle, Shuttle, Wicker, Matt.
    • KNITTING.
  • Thickning and colouring such Cloth.
    3.
    • FULLING, milling, Fuller.
    • DYING, stain, Tincture, tinge, in grain.
• Making of Stuffs into Vests; either by
  • Vniting necessary, and cutting off unnecessary parts.
    4.
    • SOWING, Stitch, Seam-ster, Suture, Welt, Needle, dearn, quilt, draw cloth, rip.
    • CLIPPING, Scissors, shear, shorn, cut.
  • Placing together the parts in ‖ greater, or lesser plicatures.
    5.
    • FOLDING, wrap, lap, pleit, clinching, clutching, doubling, invelop.
    • CURLING, crisping, frizling, furling.
• Preserving of such Stuffs or Vests clean; common likewise to other things.
  • By the help of Water or liquor; either when
    • Things are put into, and agitated in the water; to which may be op∣posed the putting upon them other bodies of a more gross consistence; styled
      6.
      • WASHING, scouring, Lotion, rince, Laver, Laundress, gargling.
      • SMEARING, daubing, anoint, ointment, Vnction, greaze, chrism; and many with [be] as bespaul, spit, spue, sprinkle.
    • Water is imbibed and communicated to the thing; to which may be adjoyned, for its affinity, the putting of things into liquor, in order to the communicating of some new quality to such liquor.
      7.
      • SOAKING, steeping, embrewing, macerating, watering Land, &c. bathing, imbibe, sinke, sop, brewis, embrew.
      • INFUSION, watering Fish, &c. macerate, Decoction, impregnate.
  • By external Motion of or upon them, ‖ more, or less violent.
    8.
    • RUBBING, scrape, Friction, Frication, scrub, chafe, Attrition, fret, gall, scowr, taw, grate.
    • WIPING, stroke, terse, handkerchief, towel, napkin.
  • By Instruments to seperate those minuter bodies which adhere to the superficies.
    9.
    • BRUSHING, sweeping, Beesom, Whisk, Brush, Broom, Maukin.
    • COMBING, carding, currying.

VI. By CHYMICAL OPERATIONS are meant such kind of works as tend to the changing of bodies,* 1.943 with respect to the Position and Figure of their minuter parts. By this, amongst other ends, Medicaments are u∣sually prepared; for which reason, those kind of Operations styled PHARMACEUTICAL, belonging to the Apothecary, may be hereunto annexed.

The Operations belonging to this Head, do concern the changing and preparing of Bodies; either by

• Instruments, for the reduction of them into minute parts; ‖ by compres∣sion and affriction betwixt two hard bodies: or by separating the parts so reduced, through a porous Plain.
  1.
  • GRINDING.
  • SIFTING, bolting, Sieve, siercing, ranging.
• Liquors; either
  • Changing the Consistence of bodies; by reducing them into ‖ a more liquid: or a more dry consistence.
    2.
    • DISSOLUTION, melt, liquefie dissolve, thaw, fusil, flux, run about.
    • ...COAGVLATION, congealing, Clod, Curd, Gelly, Clot-tered, Gore, Concretion, grumous.
  • Dividing hard bodies into minute parts; ‖ by an acid liquor, through which such parts are dispersed: or the sinking down of such parts to the bottom, by the mixture of some other liquor.
    3.
    • CORROSION, eating, fretting, gnawing, caustic.
    • PRECIPITATION, settling.
  • Separating of these parts from the liquor; by passing them through a po∣rous body; either ‖ downward: or both upward and downward.
    4.
    • STRAINING, Percolation, squeeze, Colender.
    • FILTRATION, filtre.
• Heat; applicable chiefly either to
  • Liquid bodies; which being kept for some considerable time in a gen∣tle heat, upon this usually follows; either the
    • Loosning the inward parts of such bodies, so as by agitation they work one upon another; styled
      5.
      • DIGESTION.
      • FERMENTATION, work, fret, Leven, Yeast, Barm, Rennet.
    • Separating of the finer parts▪ by raising them up in the form of a Liquor: or the farther separating of the more spirituous from the watery parts of this liquor.
      6.
      • DISTILLATION, Still, Limbeck, cohobation.
      • RECTIFYING.
  • Hard and solid bodies; either by
    • Driving away the more watery and volatil parts, and leaving the more solid: or raising the volatil parts in the form of a Salt.
      7.
      • CHARRING, chark, Tinder.
      • SUBLIMING, Sublimation.
    • Burning away the combustible parts of a body: or turning the parts re∣maining after such burning into a liquor.
      8.
      • CALCINATION.
      • LIXIVIATION, deliquiate, Lye, Buck.

CHAP. X. Concerning Relation more private, namely, I. Oeconomical or Family Relation, together with the several kinds of things relating to those in that capacity, either as, II. Possessions; or, III. Provisions.

THE Species of Relation are the most numerous amongst the Tables of Accidents, by reason of their mixed natures, comprehending both Substances, Qualities and Actions, as they are circumstantiated by some pe∣culiar respects, according to which they are here considered.

More private Relation may be distinguished into such as denote; either

• Those Personal respects or Actions, which belong to the first kind of Asso∣ciation of Men into Families; called OECONOMICAL RELATION.
• Those things which are necessary to the well being of Families, either as
  • POSSESSIONS.
  • PROVISIONS.

OECONOMICAL RELATION.

THat respect wherein one man may stand to another, according to the first and most natural kind of association of men into Families,* 1.944 is styled OECONOMICAL RELATION, Family, Houshold, domestic, menial, House, Home.

The Notions belonging to this Head, may be distinguished into such as sig∣nifie; either

• Personal Relations, of
  • CONSANGUINITY. I.
  • AFFINITY. II.
  • SUPERIORITY, or Inferiority. III.
  • EQUALITY. IV.
• Oeconomical Duties referring to Education; consisting either in
  • WORDS. V.
  • DEEDS. VI.

I. Those who partake of the same Bloud,* 1.945 are styled Relations of CON∣SANGUINITY, Kin, kindred, Bloud, House, Stem, Stock.

These are distinguishable into such as are; either more

• General; denoting such as have ‖ preceded, or succeeded.
  1.
  • PROGENITOR, Ancestor, Forefather, Extraction, Parentage, Elders, Pedegree, Genealogy.
  • ...DESCENDANT, Lineage, Off-spring, Race, Issue, Progeny, Generation, Po∣sterity, Stock, Breed, Kind, Extraction, Stem, spring from.
• Special; whether
  • Direct; ‖ ascending, or Descending.
    2.
    • PARENT, Sire, Father, Mother, Dam, paternal, maternal, Grandsire, &c. Orphan.
    • ...CHILD, Issue, Son, Daughter, Brood, Litter, filial, adopt, Posthume.
  • Lateral; either ‖
    • Ascending, or descending.
      3.
      • UNCLE, Aunt.
      • ...NEPHEW, Niece.
    • ...Equal.
      • Immediate; whether ‖ by both Parents, or by one
        4.
        • BROTHER, Sister-hood.
        • HALF BROTHER.
      • Mediate; either ‖ Brothers Children, or their Descendants.
        5.
        • FIRST COSIN, -German.
        • COSIN.

II. Those respects which do either refer unto or arise from a state of Marriage,* 1.946 whereby persons are mutually ingaged to Fidelity and Con∣stancy, are styled Relations of AFFINITY, Alliance, Kindred.

These are distinguishable into such as do concern either

• That state preceding whereby persons are rendred capable of it as to their ‖ not being married: or not having coupled with any other person.
  1.
  • COELEBS, Single life, Bachelour, Damosel, Maid.
  • VIRGIN, Maid.
• The endeavour after Marriage; wherein, if several persons stand in com∣petition, there doth thence arise this double Relation.
  2.
  • SUTER, Paramor, Sweet-heart, Mistress, Servant, woo, canvase court, make love▪
  • RIVAL, Corrival, Competitor.
• The first beginning of this Affiance, by a mutual Promise in order to the consummating of it.
  3.
  • BETROTHED, contracted, Spouse, espouse, Affiance, sure.
• The full completing of it by all its Solemnities.
  4.
  • MARRIED, Matrimony, Wed-ding, Match, Mate, nuptial, conjugal, Husband, Wife, Yoke-fellow, Spouse, Bride-groom, Bains, Dower, Bygamy, Polygamy, Hymen, Epithalamium.
• The state resulting from a dissolution of it by Death.
  5.
  • WIDOWER, Dowager, Relict, Iointer.

* 1.947III. Relations of SUPERIORITY, Betters, and INFERIORITY, Vnderlings, do originally belong to Families, in which was the first kind of Government, and from thence are derived all the secondary Relati∣ons which follow; respecting either

• Minors; as to their
  • ...Souls and Religion.
    1.
    • GODFATHER, Godmother, Gossip, stand for.
    • ...GODCHILD.
  • Bodies; in respect of ‖ nourishing: or being nourished.
    2.
    • FOSTERER, Nurse, educate.
    • ...NVRSLING.
  • Minds; ‖ instructing: or being instructed in any Science or Art.
    3.
    • TEACHER, Master, Tutor, institute, instruct, inform, indoctrinate, Doctrine, Document, docil, Lecture, Lesson, train, discipline, enter, read to, Rabbi.
    • ...LEARNER, Apprentice, Disciple, Pupil, Scholar, Puny, Neophyte, young beginner, Student.
  • ...Estates.
    4.
    • GUARDIAN, Tutor, Tuition.
    • ...PUPIL, Minority, Ward-ship, under-age, non-age.
• Majors or Minors; in respect of
  • Habitation; as supreme: or subordinate; whether in a relation
    • ...More fixed.
      5.
      • MASTER OF THE FAMILY, House-wife, Good man of the house.
      • DOMESTIC, of the houshold, menial.
    • ...More occasional.
      6.
      • HOST, Landlord, boord, tabling, sojourn, entertain, Inn, Hospi∣tality, Inholder.
      • ...GVEST, Boorder, Sojourner, quarter, lodge, lie, tabling, at livery.
  • ...

• ...
  • Power to command: or Duty to obey.
    7.
    • MASTER, Lord, Sir, Mistress, Dame, Madam, Lady▪
    • ...SERVANT, Servitor, Minister, Man, Maid, Handmaid, servile, ad∣minister, Hind, Iourneyman, Prentice, Waiter, Lacquey, Footman, Page, Livery.
  • Benefits ‖ conferred: or received.
    8.
    • BENEFACTOR, Courtesie, Kindness, Favour, Service, Good turn, Pleasure, gratifie, oblige, ingage, good office, Patron.
    • ...BENEFICIARY, beholding, bound, obliged, ingaged humble Servant.
  • General obligation of ‖ protecting others: or being under such Protection.
    9
    • PATRON-age, support, dedicate.
    • ...DEPENDANT, Retainer, Cadet, Client, Follower, Retinue, wait.

IV. Relations of EQUALITY or Fellowship (as was said concerning those of the former Difference) do originally belong to persons in an Oeconomical capacity;* 1.948 though they are not in the strictest sense to be so confined, but they are likewise applicable to persons upon other con∣siderations.

These are founded; either upon

• Mutual Love: or Hatred, which should be chiefly upon the account of Vertue: or Vice.
  1.
  • FRIEND-ship, Confident, Privado, intimate, all one, being in with, Amity, amicable, befriend, great with, strike in with, kind▪ attone.
  • ...ENEMY, Adversary, Foe, Antagonist, Opposite, Opponent, Feud, Hostility, Odds, Spite, Enmity, being out with, fall out with, adverse party.
• Conversation with others, chiefly upon the account of Pleasure; or Se∣gregation from others.
  2.
  • COMPANION, Compeer, Associate, Fellow, Match, Mate, Consort, So∣ciety, Sociable-ness, Comrade, Collegue, Complice, Concomitant, Gossip, associate, accompany, Crew, Gang, keep company with.
  • ...SOLITARY, lonesom, alone, onely, recluse, sole, single, Solitude, by it self, retired, desolate, several, aside.
• Near: or remote Habitation.
  3.
  • NEIGHBOUR, adjacent, vicinity.
  • ...FOREINER, Alien, exotic, extraneous, peregrine, outlandish.
• Particular Knowledge: or Ignorance of others.
  4.
  • ACQUAINTANCE, Familiar-ity, conversant.
  • ...STRANGER, strange, alienate, unacquainted, uncouth, alien.
• ...Dealings with others.
  • Iointly; as one party.
    5.
    • PARTNER, Copartner, Partizan, Sharer, impart, joyn, commu∣nicate, Communion, halves, joynt-stock, partake.
  • Mutually; as party and party.
    6.
    • CUSTOMER.

V. The chief Oeconomical Duties (which are likewise applicable to other Relations) are those which concern the due Government of per∣sons in this capacity,* 1.949 chiefly of the inferiour and younger sort, styled by the general name of EDUCATION, institute, train, breed, bring up, semi∣nary.

Education Duties consisting in WORDS do respect either

• A thing to be done, or forborn; expressing to others our Desires, or their Duties.
  • Simply; to persons
    • Inferior; ‖ for it: or against it.
      1.
      • COMMAND, require, bid, impose, charge, injoyn, exact, appoint, prescribe, Mandate, Precept, Injunction, Commandment, Impe∣rative, Warrant, will.
      • ...FORBID, Prohibit-ion, interdict, inhibit, barr, contraband, coun∣termand.
    • Equal; ‖ for it: or against it.
      2.
      • PERSUADE, exhort, suasory, move, press, win, cajole, Motive, Inducement, ductile, exorable, pliable, flexible, draw in, Elo∣quence.
      • ...DISSVADE, dehort.
    • Superior; ‖ for it: or against it.
      3.
      • INTREAT, beseech, pray, desire, crave, ask, petition, supplicate, Postulation, invite, implore, Obtestation, Obsecration, request, sue, supplicate, solicit, press, urge, instant, Importunity, conjure, exorable, inexorable.
      • ...DEPRECATE.
  • Argumentatively; (i.) with reasons representing it chiefly as
    • Honest: or dishonest.
      4.
      • ADVISE, counsel, consult, wish one.
      • ...WARN, admonish, Monition, advertise, Caution, Item, Precaution, premonish, notifie, Proviso, Caveat, forewarn.
    • Pleasant: or unpleasant.
      5.
      • ALLURE, tempt, tice, entice, till, drill, inveigle, move, draw, lull, lure, lead, tole, train, egg on, win, trepan, bait, stale.
      • ...DETERR, dishearten, fright.
    • Profitable: or hurtful.
      6.
      • PROMISE.
      • THREATEN, Commination, menace, denounce▪
• A thing already done; expressing our ‖ liking: or dislike of it; whether
  • To themselves, in their presence.
    7.
    • COMMEND, applaud, extoll, magnifie, hem, recommend.
    • ...REPREHEND, reprove, rebuke, chide, blame, check, snib, quip, rate, rattle, controll, take up, shent, find fault, shrive, Redarguti∣on, culpable, Satyr, scold.
  • To others, in their absence.
    8.
    • PRAISE, Fame, Glory, Renown, Encomium, extol, exalt, laudable, plausible, applaud, commend, Doxology, Panegyric.
    • ...DISPRAISE, discommend.

VI. Oeconomical Duties of EDUCATION consisting chiefly in DEEDS,* 1.950 may be distinguished into such as are either

• Precedent; signifying the ‖ assisting: or hindring another in the
  • ...Way of doing
    1.
    • DIRECT, steer, guide, lead, govern.
    • ...SEDVCE, tempt, err-or, astray, mislead, deceive, delude, pervert, be∣guile, debauch, inveigle, Mistake, Oversight, Fallacy, Sophistry, draw in, lead aside, Fools Paradice.
  • ...Will of doing.
    2.
    • INCOURAGE, animate, hearten, comfort, solace, abett, back, cheer, cherish, countenance, set on, stand by, patronize, quicken, excite.
    • ...DISCOVRAGE, dishearten, disanimate, weaken, discomfort, baulk, daunt, droop, quail, out of heart, crest-faln, exanimate.
• ...Concomitant; supporting against Evil.
  • Past: or present.
    3.
    • COMFORT, Consolation, solace.
    • ...DISCOMFORT, disconsolate, uncomfortable.
  • Present, or future; whether of
    • Want; either ‖ in whole: or in part.
      4.
      • MAINTAIN, sustain, support, find, keep, provide for, Subsistence, Livelihood.
      • STIPENDATE, Allowance, Exhibition, Pension, Annuity, Scho∣larship.
    • ...Danger.
      5.
      • DEFENDING, standing to or by one, guard, ward, preserve, shelter, protect, save, fence, keep, tutelary.
      • DESERTING, leave, destitute, forsake, quit, flinch, relinquish.
• Consequent; relating to the
  • Persons; ‖ endeavouring to better them by punishments while there is hope: or ceasing to punish them as being past hope.
    6.
    • CORRECTING, chastising, discipline, inflict.
    • GIVING OVER, leave.
  • Event of such dealings; by making them ‖ better: or worse.
    7.
    • REFORM, reclaiming, mend, convert, correct.
    • HARDEN, incorrigible, indurate, obdurate, seared.

OECONOMICAL POSSESSIONS.

* 1.951BY OECONOMICAL POSSESSIONS. Estate, Goods, Substance, Stock, Ability, Chattels, hold, injoy, seized of, occupy, indow, in hand enter upon, are intended such kinds of things as are necessary upon several accounts for the use, preservation, and well-being of a Family. And though divers of these things, as Land, Buildings, &c. be common as well to Political and Ecclesiastical Bodies, yet do they (as was said before) originally belong to Families, to which all other Associations were subsequent, and in which they were founded. To this may be adjoyned that other Notion signify∣ing the benefit accruing to us by our Possessions, styled REVENUE, In∣come, Intrado, Patrimony, Rent, Profit, Endowment, Steward, Fee, Vails, Perqui∣sites, the proceed.

These Possessions do refer either to things

• Natural, as LAND. I.
• Artificial; whether
  • Buildings, considered according to their
    • KINDS. II.
    • ...Parts.
      • GREATER. III.
      • LESSER. IV.
  • ...Things serviceable for
    • CARRIAGE. V.
    • FURNITURE, Vtensils. VI.

* 1.952I. That part of the Earth wherein any man hath a propriety, is styled LAND, Earth. And if he commonly resides upon it, 'tis called his DWEL∣LING, Habitation, Mansion, Home, inhabit, reside, Inmate, Desert, Wilderness, Solitude, abide, settle, stay.

The several Notions belonging to this, may be distinguished into such as signifie

• Both Land and Habitation, ‖ sufficient for one Family: or a small aggre∣gate of such.
  1.
  • FARM, Grange, Mesuage, Tenement, Tenant, Copyhold.
  • MANOR, Lordship, Village, Thorp, Homage, Tithing, Liberty.
• Land alone; according to the
  • General name: or the name denoting a larger extent of it.
    2.
    • FIELD, Grounds, Croft.
    • FORREST, Chase, Verderer, Purliew.
  • Particular kinds; distinguishable according to their
    • Vses; either for ‖
      • Herbs: or Fruit-Trees.
        3.
        • GARDEN.
        • ORCHARD, Nursery.
      • Corn: or Hay.
        4.
        • ARABLE, tilled Land, ear Land, Fallow▪ Lay Land.
        • MEDOW, Mead.
      • Tame Beasts: or wild Beasts.
        5.
        • PASTURE, Down, Lawn, Herbage, Hayward, Lease, Panage.
        • PARK, Warren, Paddock, Keeper.
      • Fish: or Fowl.
        6
        • POND▪ Stew.
        • DECOY.
      • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • ...
      • Fewel; ‖ greater: or less.
        7.
        • WOODS, Sylvan, Thicket, Cops, Grove.
        • HEATH.
    • Qualities; being either of
      • Equal wetness; ‖ from fresh: or from salt Water.
        8.
        • FEN.
        • MARSH.
      • Vnequal wetness; whereof the excess is either ‖ on the surface: or under the surface, within the Land.
        9.
        • MOOR, plashy, slabb.
        • BOGG, Quagmire, Slough, Fastness.

II. Those kinds of Helps or Contrivances whereby men preserve the Pla∣ces of their abode from the Injuries of Weather,* 1.953 and other Inconvenien∣cies, are styled by the common name of BUILDINGS, Edifice, Structure, Fabric, erect, Architecture, Superstructure, Substruction.

To which may be opposed the Notion of buildings decayed, called RUINS, dilapidate, demolish, raze, Dissolution, Wrack, Rubble, Rubbish, fall, break, subvert, throw down, lay wast.

These may be distinguished, according to their Uses, into such as are for

• Ordinary habitation; whether ‖ immoveable: or moveable.
  1.
  • HOUSE, Mansion, Mesuage, Cote, Cottage, Hut, Shed, Hovel, Lodge, Place, domestic, Ining.
  • TENT, Tabernacle, Pavilion, Booth, Bowre.
• Grandeur: or Strength.
  2.
  • PALACE, Seraglio.
  • CASTLE, Cittadel.
• Height and beauty; either with ‖ a flat: or sharp top.
  3.
  • TOWER, Turret.
  • STEEPLE, Pinnacle, Shaft, Spire.
• Religious worship; for Invocation or Preaching: or for Sacrifice.
  4.
  • TEMPLE, Church, Chappel, Sanctuary, Synagogue, Mosque, Cathe∣dral, Chancel, Quire.
  • ALTAR.
• Warmth, Cleanliness or Health; whether by ‖ warm Air: or Water.
  5.
  • STOVE, Hot house.
  • BATH, Stew, Bain, drencht.
• Passage; either
  • Above ground; ‖ over the Water: or over dry Land.
    6.
    • BRIDGE, Pontage.
    • SCAFFOLD, Stage.
  • Vpon the ground; denoting ‖ a paved passage betwixt Buildings: to which may be annexed the more general term of the passage place.
    7.
    • STREET, Piazza, Lane, Ally.
    • WAY, Rode, Causway, Course, Avenue, convey, egress, Ally, Path, Pass∣age.
  • ...Vnder ground.
    • ...For Persons.
      8.
      • VAULT, Grott.
    • For Water; ‖ useful: or superfluous.
      9.
      • AQUAEDUCT, Conduit, Water-course.
      • SINK, Sewer, Kennel.

* 1.954III. To the GREATER PARTS OF which BUILDINGS do con∣sist, and into which they may be distributed, may be adjoyned that usu∣al kind of division styled BAY.

These are either

• More general; concerning the
  • Main design of the Timber-work: or the dividing part.
    1.
    • FRAME, Compages, Skeleton.
    • PARTITION, Wall.
  • Principal places; whether ‖ segregate: or aggregate.
    2.
    • ROOM, Chamber, Cabbin, Cell, Hall, Parlour, &c. Kennel, Sty, Stable, &c. Lobby, Loft, &c.
    • APARTMENT.
  • Vacancies or Passages; ‖ without: or within.
    3.
    • COURT, Yard, Back-side.
    • ENTRY, Passage, enter.
• More particular; distinguished according to their Uses and Situations; being either for
  • ...Support.
    • ...Intern.
      • Lower; whether ‖ erect: or transverse.
        4.
        • FOUNDATION, Ground-work, Substruction, Base, Bottom, fundamental, underpinning, ground-pinning.
        • FLOOR, Ground, Deck, Contignation.
      • Higher; ‖ erect: or transverse.
        • ...Oblong and narrow.
          5.
          • PILLAR, Column, Post, Iambe, Pile, Pillester.
          • BEAM, Sparr, Rafter, Mantle, Transom, Summer.
        • Flat: or Curve.
          6.
          • WALL, Sepiment, immure, countermure, mural
          • ARCH, Vault, embowed.
    • Extern; ‖ put to: or built to the part which it supports.
      7.
      • PROP, till, support, uphold, stay up, shore up, shoulder up, under-prop, under-set.
      • BUTTRESS.
  • Covering; whether ‖ highest: or subordinate.
    8.
    • ROOF, Covering, Tilt, Penthouse, Leads, Thatch, Tiling, Slate, Shingles.
    • SIELING.
  • Warmth▪ either ‖ Simple: or with a Tube to it for passage of the Smoke.
    9.
    • HEARTH.
    • CHIMNEY, Tunnel, Mantle.

* 1.955IV. LESSER PARTS OF BUILDINGS are distinguishable into such as are serviceable; either for

• Passage upwards and downwards; being either ‖ immoveable: or moveable.
  1.
  • STAIRS.
  • LADDER, Scale.
• Passage in and out; either of ‖ Persons: or fresh Air; considered according to the
  • ...Whole.
    2.
    • DOOR▪ Gate, Port-er, Wicket, Postern, Hatch, Porch, Portal.
    • WINDOW, Casement, Balcony.
  • Parts relating to a Door chiefly, or Window.
    • Without it; ‖ above: or below.
      3.
      • THRESHOLD, Sill, Groundsill.
      • LINTEL.
    • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • Vpon it; for the
      • Opening and shutting of it.
        • More artificial; ‖ the fixed: or loose part.
          4.
          • LOCK, Padlock.
          • KEY.
        • More simple; to open ‖ from within onely: or both wayes.
          5.
          • BOLT, Barr, Sparr.
          • LATCH.
      • Motion of it; ‖ concave: or convex.
        6.
        • HINGE.
        • STAPLE, Hook.

V. By CARRIAGE is meant the Conveyance of things from one place to another:* 1.956 to which may be annexed by way of affinity the Notion of the Heavy thing to be carried, BURTHEN, (Load, lade, ouerate, Far••, Fraight, charge, surcharge, Luggage, Lumber, disburthen, exonerate, overcharge,

The provisions of this kind do relate to things considered as (overload.)

• Whole; being used for the Carriage either of Persons or Goods, and moving either
  • ...With Wheels;
    • Four Wheels; either ‖ the more elegant: or the more plain.
      1.
      • COACH, Chariot.
      • WAIN, Waggon.
    • Two Wheels; either ‖ the more elegant: or the more plain.
      2.
      • CHARIOT.
      • CART; Carr, Dray, Tumbrel.
  • Without Wheels; being either to be
    • Carried between the Movers; either ‖ the more elegant: or the more plain.
      3.
      • SEDAN, Litter.
      • BARROW.
    • ...Drawn along after them.
      4.
      • SLED.
      • WELSH CART.
• Parts of the thing upon which the weight is drawn or carried; serving either for
  • Fastning to the Animals which draw or carry; used either ‖ double: or single.
    5.
    • SHAFT, Thills.
    • POLE.
  • Motion; being for figure and situation ‖
    • Round and erect: or oblong and transverse.
      6.
      • WHEEL, Truckle, Trundle.
      • AXIS, Spindle.
    • The central: or semidiametral parts of the Wheel.
      7.
      • NAVE.
      • SPOKE, Fellow.
• Furniture of the Animals which draw or carry; either for
  • Supporting of ‖ the Trunc: or the Feet of the burthen.
    8.
    • SADDLE, Pack-saddle, Pad, Pannel, Pillion.
    • STIRRUP.
  • Directing the Motion; by the ‖ Head: or Sides.
    9.
    • BRIDLE, Rein, Headstall, Curb, Snaffle, Bit.
    • TRACE.

VI. By FURNI∣TURE (Vtensils, Implements, Houshold-stuff, Moveables, Goods,* 1.957 furnish, fit▪ provide, procure, ready,) is meant those moveable things of various kinds requisite to the several uses of a Family. These are either

• More simple, intended chiefly for Action, according to
  • The general name.
    1.
    • INSTRUMENT, Implement, Tool.
  • Some special kinds of Instruments; ‖ for cutting: or for knocking.
    2.
    • KNIFE, Razor.
    • HAMMER, Sledge, Mallet, malleable, ductile, Beetle, Poleax.
• Less simple, being made up of several parts joyned together; according to
  • The general name: or that kind used for the drawing vp of water.
    3.
    • JUGAMENT, Frame.
    • PUMP.
  • Some special kinds; being used for
    • Putting things upon; being either ‖ moveable: or fixed.
      4.
      • TABLE, Stall, Dresser, Bord, Cupbord.
      • SHELF.
    • Sitting upon onely; to which may be annexed by way of affinity, that other Utensil intended for the ease and softness of sitting or lying.
      5.
      • STOOL, Seat, Fourm, Bench.
      • CUSHION, Pillow, Boulster, Pillion.
    • Sitting and leaning: or sitting and lying upon.
      6.
      • CHAIR, Throne, Settle.
      • COUCH.
    • Lying and sleeping upon; to which that may be annexed of the same affinity as in the Fifth.
      7.
      • BEDSTED, Settle, Cradle, Testor.
      • BED, Pallet, Hammock, Mattress, Nest, Kennel, Litter, Vpholster.
• More complicate, by reason of the mixture with Wheels or Screws, &c. according to
  • The general name: or that particular kind used for the taking of Animals.
    8.
    • MACHIN, Engine, Frame, Gin.
    • TRAP, Gin, Springe, Pitfal, Toyle, Weare, Weele, Buck, Net, In∣s••are.
  • Some special kinds; for ‖ grinding of Corn, &c. or distinguishing of Hours.
    9.
    • MILL, Querne.
    • CLOCK, Watch.

PROVISIONS.

* 1.958UNder this Head of PROVISIONS (Accommodations, Equipage, fur∣nish, provide, procure, purvey,) are comprehended some of the same kinds of things as under the former, with this peculiar Difference, That several of the particulars under this are more occasional and transient,

and not of such continual usefulness as those under the other. These are distinguishable into such as

• Have particular references, either to
  • Food, as to
    • ...The kinds of it.
      • ORDINARY. I.
      • EXTRAORDINARY. II.
    • The manner of PREPARING it. III.
  • CLOTHING. IV.
  • VESSELS. V.
• Are of a COMMON MIXED Nature. VI.

I. By SUSTENTATION ORDINARY (Commons, Fare, Cheer, Diet, Meat, Viands, sustenance, Victuals, Manciple, Caterer, Pantry,* 1.959) is intended such kind of Food as is usual for ordinary persons, and ordinary times; either according to the

• General name; whether ‖ greater, more stated, constant and usual: or less, and more occasional.
  1.
  • MEAL, Dinner, Supper, Refectory.
  • REFECTION, Bait, Bever, Break-fast, Collation, Repast, Nunchion.
• Particular kinds; distinguishable according to the matter; whether
  • Solid and consistent; being made either of
    • Grain or some Vegetable, ‖ baked in a drier substance without any consi∣derable mixture, of all other the most common and necessary: or else being made up and mixed with some other eatable substance.
      2.
      • BREAD, Loaf, Manchet, Cake, Dough, Bisket, Past, Batch, Pantry, Pantler.
      • PUDDING, Haggis, Sausage, Dumpling, Link.
    • Milk ‖ condensed in the finer part: or of Milk coagulated and pressed.
      3.
      • BUTTER.
      • CHEESE.
    • Animal musculary substance; either ‖ alone: or put into some bready substance, which is likewise capable of some other ingredients.
      4.
      • FLESH.
      • PIE, Pasty, Tart, Custard, Flawn, Past, Pastry, Pastler.
  • Liquid; either for
    • Eating; consisting of
      • Water boiled with some other ingredients, ‖ for the strengthening of it for Food: or for the coagulating of it.
        5.
        • BROTH, Pottage, Porridge, Caudle, Cullice, Grout, Gruel, Pana∣do, Posset, Ptisane, Frumenty, Hogwash, Potherbe.
        • GELLY, congeal.
      • Fatty juice of several Vegetables, and sometimes of Animals, eaten with other things, and useful for Medicine; to which may be adjoyned the watery juice of dressed Flesh.
        6.
        • OIL.
        • GRAVY, Iuice.
    • Drinking; the infusion of Burly or some other Grain first macerated; either ‖ without Hopps: or with Hopps.
      7.
      • ALE, Whort, Brew.
      • BEER, Drink, Whort, Brew.

II. SUSTENTATION EXTRAORDINARY (Cates, Delicates, Dain∣ties,* 1.960 Liccorous,) may be considered according to the

• General name; signifying abundance, variety and delicacy; either of ‖ more substantial Meats: or of Sweet-meats.
  1.
  • FEAST, Gaudy.
  • BANQUET, Iuncket, Sweet-meat, Desert.
• Particular kinds; used for
  • Eating; comprehending
    • Common requisites, for the better relishing of other Food; to which may be adjoyned the various mixtures of things, to render them grateful to the Palate.
      2.
      • SAUCE, Sallet.
      • CONFECTION, Conserve, Comfit, Sucket.
    • Vsual ingredients of Sauce; being either for the Tast
      • Sweet; viz. the juice of the sweet Cane, ‖ concreted: or deliquiated or dissolved into a liquor of a thick consistence.
        3.
        • SUGAR.
        • SYRUP.
      • ...Of hot and savory Gust and Smell.
        4.
        • SPICE, Aromatic, Grocery.
      • Sour; ‖ the juice of Grapes, or infusion of Barly being eager: or the juice of Crabs.
        5.
        • VINEGAR.
        • VERJUICE.
  • Drinking; whether more
    • Natural; being either ‖ more simple: or the juice of Fruits, chiefly Grapes: or other drinks made by mixture.
      6.
      • WINE, Sider, Perry, Stum, Must, Vintage, Vintner, Sack, Claret, &c.
      • BEVERAGE, Syllabub, Mede, Wassal.
    • Artificial, by distillation with fire; according to ‖ the more general name: or that particular kind most in use.
      7.
      • SPIRITS.
      • BRANDY.

III. Actions relating to the PREPARATION OF FOOD (dressing, crude,* 1.961 raw,) are either

• General and antecedaneous; signifying either ‖ the killing and dividing of Beasts for Food: or the more common notion of fitting both Flesh and other proper Materials, in order to their being eaten.
  1.
  • BUTCHERING, Shambles, Slaughterhouse.
  • COOKING, dressing, Kitchin, Scullion, dress Meat.
• Special and subsequent; denoting the several kinds of Cookery; either
  • ...More principal; the preparing and dressing things.
    • Wet; in a ‖ wider, or closer vessel; in a greater, or lesser quantity.
      2.
      • BOILING, Decoction, Seething, sod, Ebullition, parboil, poach.
      • STEWING.
    • Dry; ‖ by holding it to, or turning it about near the Fire: or by laying it on a hot Hearth, or in some close heated Cavity.
      3.
      • ROASTING, Tosting, Spit, Broach, Iack.
      • BAKING, Baker, Oven, Pastry, Batch.
    • Mixed, part being wet and part dry; either ‖ in an open broad vessel: or by laying it on the Fire.
      4.
      • FRYING▪ Fricace, Fritter, Steak.
      • BROILING, Carbonadoing, Grilliade, Gridiron, Rasher.
  • Less principal; relating to the
    • Preparing of it; by
      • ...Cutting,
        • Into; punctim or caesim, pointwise or edgewise.
          5.
          • PINKING, Pouncing, Pricking.
          • SLASHING, gashing, hashing, carbonado, jagg.
        • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • ...
      • ...
        • Through; either in ‖ laminated: or more minute particles.
          6.
          • SLICING, Collop, Hash.
          • MINCING, shred, chop, cut small.
      • Application of other things; either ‖ wet: or dry.
        7.
        • BASTING, Dripping, sprinkle, Inspersion.
        • FLOWRING, powdering, corning, spicing.
      • Mixed, (i.) both cutting and application.
        8.
        • STRATIFY, Lair, interlacing, interlard, lay in.
        • LARD, prick in, stick in, interlarding.
    • Preserving; either ‖ in wet: or in dry.
      9.
      • PICKLING, soucing.
      • CONDITING, preserving, embalming, candying, seasoning, Mummy.

IV. Such things as are requisite for the covering of our nakedness,* 1.962 and the preserving of us from the injuries of weather, are styled by the name of CLOTHING, Vest, Apparel, attire, Array, Garment, Raiment, Habit, Garb, Stole, Robe, Weed, accoutred, clad, dight, dressing, make ready, wear, invest, Livery, put on or off, naked, stript, bare, Taylour, Wardrope.

To which may be adjoyned, for its affinity, the usual name of those other things of the like use amongst men upon particular occasions, and more generally required for labouring beasts; ARMAMENT, Harness, Tackle, Array, Habiliment, Trappings, accoutred, Furniture, Traces.

The several particulars under this Head may refer; either to

• The matter of which Vests are made; which is either
  • Some Animal substance; either of
    • ...Beasts.
      • ...The hairy parts.
        1.
        • WOLLEN, Cloth.
        • HAIRY, Stuff, Sackcloth.
      • The Skins of Beasts prepared.
        2.
        • LEATHER, Buff, Cheverel, &c. Tann, Curry.
    • Insects, viz. the Silk-worm.
      3.
      • SILK, Mercer, Sattin, Velvet, Plush, Taffety, &c.
  • Some Vegetable substance; either ‖ the Rind of Plants, as Hemp, Flax, Nettle, &c. or growing upon Trees.
    4.
    • LINEN, Canvase, Lawn, Damask, Diaper, &c.
    • COTTON, Bombast, Fustian.
• The use and fashion; either for
  • Ornament onely; being elegantly distinguished with Apertures and Intercisions.
    5.
    • LACE, garded, galloon, &c.
    • PURLE.
  • Ornament and binding; being a
    • Long Lamin; ‖ narrower: or broader.
      6.
      • RIBBAND, Fillet, Tape, Favor, Knot, Hairlace.
      • SCARF, Garter.
    • Long Pin; ‖ slenderer: or thicker.
      7.
      • THRED, Line, Wire, Yarn, Packthred.
      • CORD, String, Halter, Rope, Slip, Line, Rein,
    • Lamin; specially of Leather: or Loop and Pin.
      8.
      • THONG, Latchet, Strap.
      • BUCKLE.
  • Ornament and covering of ‖ the outside: or the inside.
    9.
    • FACING.
    • LINING.

* 1.963V. Such kind of Vtensils as serve to contain other things, are usually cal∣led VESSELS, Cask, Receptacle, Pan, Plate, &c.

These are distinguishable by their Matter, Shapes and Uses, into such as serve for the

• Keeping and carriage of things; being either
  • Pliable to the things they contain; whether ‖ more loose: or more close.
    1.
    • BAG, Sack, Budget, Pocket, Pouch, Purse, Sachel, Scrip, Wallet, Poke, Male, Knapsack, Portmantue, Cloak-bag.
    • CASE, Sheath, Scabbard, Shrine, Covering, Quiver, Tike, Pillowbear.
  • Stiff; for
    • Arid; being made either of ‖ bords: or twigs.
      2.
      • BOX, Chest, Trunk, Ark, Coffer, Cabinet, Casket, Bin, Clapper, Cupbord, Hutch, Locker, Safe, Spence, Press, Pyx, Coffin, Sumpter, Desk, Flash, Till, Drawer, Cap-case.
      • BASKET, Flasket, Maund, Frail, Hamper, Pannier, Scuttle, Weel, Dorser.
    • ...Liquids; in
      • Greater quantities; either ‖ closed at both ends: or open at one.
        3.
        • BARREL, Cask, Fat, Firkin, Keg, Hogshead, Kilderkin, Pipe, Tun, Butt, Rundlet, Cooper.
        • TUB, Bucket, Coul, Vate, Cistern, Pale, Piggin.
      • Less quantities; whether
        • Shallow; being made either of ‖ Metal: or other materials, Wood, Earth, &c.
          4.
          • DISH, Platter, Pan, Charger, Voider, Bason, Laver, Patin, Plate, Por∣ringer, Saucer.
          • TRAY, Pan, Boul, Trough.
        • Deep; of ‖ a bigger: or lesser aperture.
          5.
          • POT, Flagon, Tankard, Iack, Iar, Pitcher, Iugg, Mugg, Noggin, Postnet, Vrne.
          • BOTTLE, Crewet, Iugg, Cruse.
• Dressing or boiling of Meat; either ‖ without: or with feet.
  6.
  • KETTLE, Caldron, Copper, Furnace.
  • SKILLET, Pipkin.
• Spending; either by
  • Taking out, the Tube of effusion: to which may be adjoyned the instrument for stopping it.
    7.
    • FAUCET, Spout.
    • TAP, Spiggot, Stopple.
  • Receiving in; whether ‖ of a roundish: or oblong Cavity.
    8.
    • SPOON, Ladle, Scummer.
    • SCOOP, Shovel, laving.
  • Laying on of Meat: or pouring out of Drink.
    9.
    • TRENCHER, Plate.
    • CUP, Boul, Goblet, Beaker, Cann, Chalice, Mazer, Glass.

VI. The last Head of COMMON MIXED Materials, must be acknow∣ledged to be a very Heterogeneous heap.* 1.964 But the several particulars under it being very necessary in their kinds, and not reducible to any of the other Heads, I am forced to put them together here, not knowing at present how to reduce them more properly. They are distinguishable by their Ends or Uses; being such Provisions as concern

• Food for Cattel; either ‖ of dried Grass: or dried stems of Grain.
  1.
  • HAY, Fodder.
  • STRAW, Fodder, Halm, Litter, Thatch.
• Warmth, and preparing of Food for men.
  2.
  • FEWEL, Firing, Logg, Collier, Woodmonger.
• Giving of Light; being made either ‖ of the dried Fat of Animals: or of Oil.
  3.
  • CANDLE, Link, Taper, Torch, Light, Lanthorn.
  • LAMP.
• ...

• Curing of Wounds or Sores by outward application, being a Confection of Medicaments, which is sometimes spread upon some Vest matter.
  4.
  • SALVE, Vnguent, Ointment.
  • PLASTER, Cataplasm, Serecloth, Poultis.
• ...Cleansing or stiffening of Clothes.
  5.
  • SOPE.
  • STARCH.
• Communication by Writing; denoting either the
  • Instrument: or Liquor to write with.
    6.
    • PEN.
    • INK.
  • Matter to write on; considered either ‖ simply in its nature: or as it is com∣pacted in Aggregates.
    7.
    • PAPER, Parchment, Vellum, Schedule, Bill-et, Ticket, Stationer.
    • BOOK, Volume, Tome, Treatise, Manuel, compile, compose, Library, Tract, Pamphlet, Manuscript, Stationer.
• Ornament; by representation of the likeness of things ‖ in plain: or in solid.
  8.
  • PICTURE, Pourtraiture, Effigies, Draught, Map, Chart, Landscap, Em∣blem, Image, Projection, Scheme, Diagram, Analem, Arras, Enammel.
  • IMAGE, Statue, Puppet, Idol, Coloss, Crucifix.

CHAP. XI. Concerning Relation more public, whether I. Civil. II. Judiciary. III. Military. IV. Naval. V. Ecclesiastical.

MOre publick relation may be distributed into such as do concern those several respects, Actions and Things; belonging either to

• Several Families associated under Government, CIVIL RELATION.
• Courts of Judicature, and matters of Law, JUDICIAL RELATION.
• A state of Warr, MILITARY RELATION.
• Mens Affairs and Traffique on the Water, NAVAL RELATION.
• Matters of Religion and Worship, ECCLESIASTICAL RELATION.

CIVIL RELATION.

THat Relation arising from the associating of Families under Government for mutual benefit and defence, is styled Political or CIVIL, Republic,* 1.965 Commonwealth, State, political, secular.

To which may be opposed ANARCHY, Confusion.

The Notions belonging to this do refer either to

• Persons in a political capacity, considered according to their
  • DEGREES. I.
  • PROFESSIONS or Vocations. II.
  • CONVENTIONS. III.
• Things or businesses, relating to
  • RIGHTS. IV.
  • CONTRACTS for the Alienation of our Rights. V.
  • OBLIGATIONS for the Confirmation of Contracts. VI.

I. Those differences whereby men under a Political Relation, are di∣stinguished from one another,* 1.966 according to their several ranks, are styled, DEGREES, Place, Quality, Rank, Order, Scutcheon, Coat of Arms, Herald.

To which may be opposed the word PARITY, Levelling.

These are either

• More general; according to the first common Difference of ‖ govern∣ing, namely such to whom doth belong the power and care of direct∣ing others in their duty, and rewarding or punishing them accord∣ingly: or governed, namely such as are under this Power.
  1.
  • MAGISTRATE, Rector, Governour, Regent, Rule-er, Dominion, Sway, Consul, President, Provost, Warden, Head, Territory, Seigniory, Ma∣jor, Baylif, Syndic, States, Iurisdiction.
  • SUBJECT-ion, Vassal, submit, Homage, Liegeman, Private person, truckle, Vnderling.
• More particular; relating to
  • Kinds of principal Magistrates; which have great variety of Titles in several Countries, not necessary to be distinctly provided for here, excepting onely such as are either; ‖ Sovereign: or Homagers to some other.
    2.
    • KING, Sovereign, Emperor, Imperial, Monarch, Queen, regal, royal, Majesty, reign, Kingdom, Lord, Dynasty, Sultan, Cham, Liege Lord, Regent, Realm, Diadem, Crown, Coronation, Scepter, Throne, en∣throne, Viceroy.
    • PRINCE, Potentate.
  • ...Orders of Subjects.
    • ...Higher.
      • More general; comprehending the ‖ greater: or lesser Nobility.
        3.
        • LORD, Peer, Nobleman, honourable, Patrician, Duke, Mar∣quess, Earl, Count, Viscount, Baron.
        • GENTLEMAN, Gentry, Knight, Esquire, Sir, Madam, Wor∣ship-ful, Gentil-ity, Wellborn.
      • More special; with relation to the Degrees in liberal Professions; either ‖ perfect: or inchoate.
        4.
        • GRADUATE, commence, Degree, Doctor, Master, Rabbi.
        • CANDIDATE, Batchelor, Inceptor, canvas, sue, stand for.
    • Middle; considered
      • ...Aggregately.
        5.
        • PEOPLE, Folk, Commonalty, Community, mean, obscure, igno∣ble, Plebeian, Populacie, popular, populous.
      • Segregately; as they are Inhabitants either in ‖ Cities: or the Countrey
        6.
        • CITIZEN, Free-man, enfranchise, Denizon, Townsman.
        • YEOMAN.
    • Lower sort; considered
      • ...Aggregately.
        7.
        • RABBLE, Vulgus, Tag-rag, base.
      • Segregately; according to their want of ‖ Dignity: or Wealth.
        8.
        • VILLAIN, Varlet, Rascal, Peasant, Boor, servile, Sirrah, Vassal, base.
        • BEGGAR, Rogue, Mendicant, Shake-ragg.
  • Conditions of men; as having ‖ a right to dispose of themselves: or not.
    9.
    • FREE-MAN, liberal, enfranchise, Burgess,
    • ...SLAVE, emancipate, manumit, servile, illiberal, Bondman, Bon∣dage, Thraldom, enthrall, enslave, serve, Droyl, Drudge.

II. That course of life about which one is usually employed,* 1.967 and to which he applies himself for the getting of a Subsistence, is styled his PROFESSION, Vocation, Calling, Trade, Function, Occupation, Course of life, Craft, Mystery.

To which may be adjoyned the word denoting the actual Use of such Callings, PRACTICE, Exercise, Vse, follow, put in ure.

These may be distinguished, into such as are either

• More necessary and beneficial to humane life; whether
  • Liberal Professions, such as become free and generous men; relating ei∣ther to
    • ...Things.
      • Sacred; as ‖ discovered by revelation: or as the knowledge of them is▪ attainable by nature.
        1.
        • DIVINE, Theology, Clerk, Schoolman.
        • PHILOSOPHER.
      • Civil and political; namely, ‖ the more generally received Laws and Constitutions: or those belonging to a particular Nation.
        2.
        • CIVIL LAWYER.
        • COMMON LAWYER, Pettifogger.
      • Natural; with particular reference to the diseases of mens bodies and their cure; either ‖ by direction: or by manual operation.
        3.
        • PHYSICIAN, Medicine, Patient, Empiric, Mountebank, Quack salver, Farrier, Leach, Receipt.
        • CHIRURGION, dress a wound.
    • Words or Language: or the ornaments of discourse.
      4.
      • PHILOLOGER, Critic.
      • POET-ry, Poem, Bard, Muse.
  • Illiberal; belonging more peculiarly
    • To a Town; consisting of Trades of ‖ exchange: or manufacture.
      5.
      • MERCHANT, Market, Pedler, Huckster, Bodger, Hawker, Regra∣ter, Shopkeeper, Traffic, Dealing, Merchandize, Fair, Mart.
      • MECHANIC, Handicraft, Artificer, Manufacture; Artizan, Work house.
    • To the Country; relating to the most ancient Professions of
      • Tilling the ground: or feeding of Cattel.
        6.
        • HUSBANDMAN, georgic, Hinde, Agriculture, Tillage, Bayliffe.
        • HERDSMAN, Shepherd, Pastor, Cow-herd, Hog-herd.
      • ...Catching of wild Animals.
        7.
        • HUNTSMAN, Hunt-er, Fowler, Fisher, chase, trace, course, Ve∣nison, Game, Pocher.
    • Both to Town and Country; for the carriage of things by ‖ Water: or Land.
      8.
      • MARINER.
      • CARRIER, Ripier, Cargo.
• Not necessary; comprehending those several Professions which tend to the diversion of others; ‖ by acting or personating some particular Story or Fiction: or by amusing of men by the Agility of body or hand.
  9.
  • PLAYER, Actor, Comedian, Tragedian, Play, Stage, Theatre, Enterlude, Personate.
  • PRESTIGIATOR, Shewer of tricks, juggle, Legerdemain, Hocas pocas, Tumbler, Dancer on the ropes, &c. Mountebank.

III. The several Aggregates of men under Political Government, are usually styled either by that more general:* 1.968 or special name.

• CONVENTION, Assembly, Meeting, Congregation, Convocation, Company, Rendezvouz, Concourse, Confluence, Quire, Chapter, Committee, Club, Hall, convene, Conventicle, Sessions, Assize, flock or gather together.
• SOCIETY, Gyld, Gang, Tribe, Clan, Fraternity, Club, Knot, Crew, Fellow∣ship, Company·

These are either such as have the same

• General inducements; in respect of
  • Language and supreme Government; whether ‖ primitively: or de∣rivatively.
    1.
    • NATION-al, epidemical, naturalize, People, Country, vernacu∣lar, Patriot.
    • COLONY, Plantation.
  • Place of Habitation; considered according to the
    • General name; denoting such as inhabit ‖ more dispersedly in the open fields: or more close together, usually within fenced places.
      2.
      • COUNTRY, rural, rustic, Peasant, Boor, Hinde, Kern, Swain, Clown, Tike.
      • TOWN, Burrough.
    • Special kinds; signifying all that part of a Nation under the same
      • Subordinate Government; ‖ dwelling more at large: or such as dwell close together, with peculiar Liberties and Priviledges in common amongst them.
        3.
        • PROVINCE, Circuit.
        • CITY, Suburbs, Metropolis, See, Borough, municipal.
      • Lowest Government; whether ‖ with: or without Iurisdiction.
        4.
        • SHIRE, County, Tribe, District, Riding.
        • PARISH, parochial, Parson, Vicar, Thorpe, Village.
• Special inducements; for ‖
  • Attendance on Governours: or advice in the Government.
    5.
    • COURT-ier, aulical.
    • COUNCIL, Senate, Parliament, Diet, Conclave, Consistory, San∣hedrim, Synod, Committee.
  • Education in Learning; either ‖ of the Adult, with a power to license them for the Liberal professions: or onely of Children or young be∣ginners.
    6.
    • UNIVERSITY, Academy, School.
    • SCHOOL.
  • Regulating the affairs of some ‖ Trade: or Profession; especially if they cohabit for those ends in a kind of Political family.
    7.
    • CORPORATION, Gyld, Brotherhood, Fraternity, Company, So∣ciety, community, municipal, incorporate.
    • COLLEGE-iate, Fellow.
  • Driving on of some design; ‖ in general: or with particular reference to the opposing of what is legally established.
    8.
    • LEAGUE, Confederacy, Combination, Alliance, Complice, Parti∣san, Party, side with, joyn, hold together, Pack, compact.
    • FACTION, Sect, Iuncto, Gang, conspire, side with, combine, Par∣ty-zan, Oligarchy.

IV. The things which in Iustice or Equity▪ do belong to persons,* 1.969 are called RIGHTS, Title, Interest, Estate, Tenure▪ Holding, Freehold, Gift, Col∣lation, Reversion, Landlord, Paramount, endow, enfeoff. To which may be adjoyned the word LIBERTIES, denoting whatsoever is permitted, or not forbidden to them.

These are considerable according to their

• Original; being either
  • ...Primary and unwritten.
    • Not voluntary; but according to ‖ the condition of its first being: or common practice and continuance.
      1.
      • NATURE.
      • CUSTOM, accustom, Vse, Wont, Guise, Fashion, Rite, Vsage, usual, currant, common, ordinary, ure, enure, Habit, Practice, Haunt, pre∣scribe, unusual, obsolete, familiar, received, conversant, Habit, manner, course, Hank, Exercise, Prescription, Desuetude.
    • Voluntary; according to the ‖ choice of the Will: or a determined order.
      2.
      • ELECTION, Choice.
      • SUCCESSION, devolve, follow, Place.
  • ...Secondary and written.
    • General; whether ‖ perpetual: or temporal.
      3.
      • LAW, Act, Statute, Decree, Sanction, Constitution, Canon, Rule, legal, legitimate, enact, ordain, order, abrogate, repeal, prescribe, Legislator.
      • EDICT, Ordinance, Proclamation, Order, Breve, Bull, Act, Rule, Sanction, Rescript.
    • Special; conferring ‖ Right to have: or Right to do.
      4.
      • PATENT, Charter, Brief, Letters Patents, Placard.
      • COMMISSION, Brief.
• parts; consisting in▪
  • ...Power over that which is
    • One's own; either ‖ totally: or as to the use of it.
      5.
      • PROPRIETY, Concern, Owner, Proprietary.
      • USUS-FRUCTUS.
    • Another's; either as to ‖ his person: or his affairs.
      6.
      • AUTHORITY, Power, Dominion, Prefect, President, Head, Pro∣vost, Master, Plenipotentiary, authentic, classic, govern, ratifie, Rule, sway, inspection, dispose, Precinct, Territory.
      • OFFICE, Place, Cure, overlook, officiate, superintend, surveigh, oversight, charge, conduct, Commissary, Prefect, Collegue, Groom.
  • Liberty; with respect to
    • Advantages by special Law; either ‖ of the supreme Magistrate: or of some particular rank of Subjects.
      7.
      • PREROGATIVE, Royalty.
      • PRIVILEGE, Franchise, enfranchise, freedom, Grace, preeminence.
    • Remission or exemption from the rigour of a general Law, in its ‖
      • Commanding: or prohibiting.
        8.
        • DISPENSATION.
        • LICENCE, Permission, Sufferance, Leave, allowance, Faculty, Connivence, Placard, Prattick, let, may, suffer, admit, dispence, Pass-port, Safe conduct, Letters of Mart.
      • Punishing: or imposing burthens.
        9.
        • TOLERATION, Connivence, suffer, let alone, Quarter.
        • IMMUNITY, free, Discharge, Exemption, Quarter, scot-free.

V. The mutual negotiating betwixt men in their ordinary converse with one another is styled CONTRACT,* 1.970 Commerce, Entercourse, Traffic, Trade, Negotiation: to which may be annexed for affinity the most general occasion for such Intercourse, namely, the parting with one thing for the getting of ano∣ther, called EXCHANGE, barter, chaffer, cope, swap, truck, chop, Commutation, Scoursing, Bargain, Match.

The principal matters belonging to this Head do either refer to

• ...Actions;
  • General; whether
    • Absolute; transferring a thing from one to another; whether ‖ for his use to whom it is transferred: or for his use that transfers.
      1.
      • ASSIGNING, consigning, conveying, resigning, deliver, put over.
      • DEPOSITING, Trustee, Feoffee, enfeoff, charge, commend, recommend, entrust, commit, Fiduciary, Sequestration.
    • Conditional▪ ‖ giving: or having right to an Estate after the death of him who disposeth of it.
      2.
      • BEQUEATHING, devising, Legacy, Testament, Will, Executor, Intestate.
      • INHERITING, Heir, hereditary, Heritage, Patrimony, Fee-simple, En∣tail, disherit, Hereditament, Portion, Primogeniture.
  • Special; either by
    • Parting with: or procuring propriety in any thing, upon the consideration for something else to be taken or given in exchange.
      3.
      • SELLING, vent, utter, Ware, Commodity, Sale-able, venal, vendible, sta∣ple, put off, retail, afford, handsel, monopoly, make mony of, serve one with.
      • BUYING, purchase, Cater, Chapman, Customer, engrossing, ransom, re∣deem, regrate, forestal, interlope, preemption, the refusing.
    • Parting with: or procuring the temporary use of something belonging to another; according to
      • The more general name.
        4.
        • LENDING, Loan, Creditor, prostitute, trust.
        • BORROWING, take up.
      • The particular kind▪ relating to some temporary reward to be ‖ taken, and given.
        5.
        • DEMISING, let, let out, let to farm, lease, Lessor, Landlord, Broker, Rent, Principal, Interest, put to use.
        • HIRING, farming, backney, mercenary, prostitute, Tenant, Lessee, Lease, Rent, Interest, Vse, at livery, Gratis.
    • Bestowing skill or labour about any business: or compensating of it.
      6.
      • EARNING, Merit, Desert, Meed, Demerit, supererogate.
      • WAGES, Fee, Salary, Pension, Stipend, Vails, fare, freight, gratis.
• Things; whether more
  • Private; to be exhibited by the
    • Buyer; either ‖ the whole value: or a part of it, for assurance of the rest.
      7.
      • PRICE, Rate, Value, Worth, Ransom, stand in, cost, cheap, dear, preci∣ous, sumptuous, rich, inhaunce, depreciate.
      • EARNEST, Gage, Pledge.
    • Seller; either ‖ the thing bought: or some part, for security of the whole.
      8.
      • BARGAIN, Ware, Commodity.
      • SEISIN, Livery, install, admit, Entry, inthrone, inaugurate, invest.
  • Public; towards defraying the charge of Government; whether ‖ ordinary: or occasional.
    9.
    • TRIBUTE, Custom; Annates, Gabel, Excise, Toll, Impost, Publicane.
    • TAX, Rate, Contribution, Collection, assess, Publicane, Subsidy, Tun∣nage, pontage, pannage, Pole, Collector, Scot, Sesment.

VI. Those several kinds of Assurances which men offer concerning what they intend to give or do, are styled, OBLIGATIONS, plight,* 1.971 en∣gage, Deed, bind, Bond, Bill, evidence, &c. undertake for.

And when such Obligations are reciprocal, they are then called PA∣CTIONS, Agreement, Compact, Covenant, Bargain, Condition, indent, Match, Stipulation, Sponsion, Warranty, Article, strike up a bargain.

These are either

• Imperfect; or degrees towards Contracts more
  • Remote; in the first overtures of a Contract; whether ‖ as begun by one: or mutual betwixt both.
    1.
    • BESPEAKING, Retain.
    • TREATING, driving a Bargain, capitulate, chaffer, parley, cheapen, huck, haggle.
  • Near; in proposal of those terms according to which one obliges himself to ‖ buy: or sell.
    2.
    • BID, offer, huck, haggle.
    • DEMAND, cheapen, ask, exact.
• Perfect; either in
  • ...Words;
    • ...Spoken.
      • Common; ‖ ingaging our Veracity, sometimes with the addition of such solemn expressions as may testifie our reality.
        3.
        • PROMISE, Word, Parol, plight, Covenant, League, undertake for, pass ones word.
        • PROTESTATION, Asseveration, averr, vouch, stand in, Atte∣station.
      • Sacred; ingaging our Religion, and appealing to God as ‖ a Witness, and as a Iudge, to punish us upon our falshood.
        4.
        • SWEARING, Oath, deposing, abjure, Perjury, adjure, purge upon Oath.
        • IMPRECATION, Execration, Malediction, Cursing.
    • Written; attested with ‖ our peculiar name, or Mark: or Impressing some figure in Wax, or some like matter
      5.
      • SIGNING, Obligation, Deed, Evidence, Bill, Indenture, Instru∣ment, Writing, Muniment, Conveyance, Policy, subscribe, under ones hand, set ones hand.
      • SEALING, Seal, Signet, Sigil, Bond, specialty.
  • ...Security;
    • Personal: whether ‖ express, by promising for another, and making himself liable to the same Penalty upon the other's failing: or impli∣cit, by speaking in one's behalf.
      6.
      • SPONSION, Stipulation, Bail, vouch, undertake for, Surety-ship, Hostage, Security, Warrant, Caution, engage, responsible for.
      • INTERCESSION, Mediate or, interpose, speak for.
    • Real, of ones Goods; either
      • Absolute; by ingaging for the truth of a Promise either ‖ the Goods in specie, or only his right to them.
        7.
        • PAWN, Pledge, gage, engage.
        • MORGAGE, Security, Statute, Caution, engage.
      • Relative; by ingaging them for the success of a thing contingent, ‖ either as Principal, or as Accessory.
        8.
        • WAGER, Stake, vy, lay, prize.
        • BET, Stake, vy, revy.

JUDICIAL RELATION.

THe several Notions referring to matters of Law and Courts of Judicature,* 1.972 are comprehended under that which is styled JUDI∣CIAL RELATION, forensical, Court, Hall, extrajudicial.

These are distinguishable into such as concern

• PERSONS. I.
• CAUSES and Actions. II.
• ...Faults.
  • CAPITAL. III.
  • NOT CAPITAL. IV.
• ...Punishments,
  • CAPITAL. V.
  • NOT CAPITAL. VI.

* 1.973I. PERSONS considerable under this Head of Judicial Relation, may be distinguished into such as are either

• ...More principal.
  • ...Persons judging.
    • Legally constituted; ‖ Principal: or Accessory.
      1.
      • JUDGE, Chancellour, Commissary, Censor, Moderator, Official, Iury, Inquest, Doom, Sentence, decide, determine, censure, Iudi∣catory, judicial, Court, Bench, Tribunal.
      • ASSESSOR, Syndic, Bencher, Alderman, Canons, ••rebends, Chapter, Fellows, assist, Sides-men.
    • Voluntarily consented to by the parties; ‖ to determin the Suit: or cease the Enmity between them.
      2.
      • ARBITRATOR, Vmpire, Days-man, comprimize, Referree, award
      • MEDIATOR, Incercessor, deal-between, intermediate, Mean.
  • Persons judged; whether ‖ active: or passive; in
    • ...Criminals.
      3.
      • ACCUSER, Informer, challenge, Endite-ment, charge, attaint, peach, empeach▪ arraign, tax, lay to ones charge, call in question, Presentment, Bill, prosecute, Promooter.
      • PRISONER, or reputed Criminal, Delinquent, Malefactor, Defen∣dant.
    • ...Iudicials.
      4.
      • PLAINTIF, Accuser, complain, blame.
      • ...DEFENDANT, Apology, excuse, vindicate.
• Less principal; relating either to the
  • Iudges; for ‖
    • Writing: or saying publicly.
      5.
      • NOTARY, Register, Remembrancer, Secretary, Clerk, Scribe, Protonotary, Rolls, en••oll.
      • CRIER.
    • Fetching: or keeping.
      6.
      • PURSEVANT, Messenger, Catchpole, Serjeant.
      • MARSHAL, Keeper, Iailour.
  • Parties; ‖ to advise and speak in behalf of either party: or to declare the truth indifferently betwixt both of them.
    7.
    • ADVOCATE, Counsel, Pleader, maintain, defend, vindicate, Lawyer, Barresier, Proctor, Clyent.
    • WITNESS, Evidence, attest, testifie, Testimony, Affidavit.

II. To the more general words of Actions or PROCEEDINGS,* 1.974 Cau∣ses, in Judicial Affairs, may be annexed those less general words of SUIT, Controversie, implead, commence, Case, Cause, Action, go to law, wage law, pre∣ferr a Bill, Barrester, Brabble.

These are either

• Antecedent; on the part of the
  • Plaintiff; in ‖ giving legal notice: or seizing on the person or goods of his Adversary.
    1.
    • CITATION, Subpoena, Process, call, warn, summon, Sumner, Appa∣ritor, Bailiff, Beadle.
    • ARREST, attach, apprehend, distrein, seize, lay hold on, Embargo, Serjeant, Baily, Catchpole, Beadle, Replevy.
  • Defendant; ‖ giving assurance of answering in Court: or coming him∣self, or by his Substitute, to answer it accordingly.
    2.
    • BAIL.
    • APPEARANCE, forth-coming.
• ...Concomitant.
  • Preparatory; by the
    • Parties; ‖ active: or passive.
      3.
      • ACTION, Endictment, Bill, Process, arraign, implead, sue, com∣mence suit, wage law, Barretor.
      • PLEA, Apology.
    • Iudges; in their ‖ taking notice of and hearing the Cause: or making search into the merits of it.
      4.
      • COGNIZANCE, Hearing.
      • EXAMINATION, Trial, sift out, Hearing Inquisition, interrogate, Scrutiny, scann, view, review, revise, canvase, gage, pumpe out.
  • ...Decisive.
    • Common; ‖ agreeing upon the state of the Question: or determining what the merit is.
      5.
      • JOYNING ISSUE▪
      • SENTENCING, Doom, Iudgment, Verdict, Censure, Decree, Or∣der, adjudge, decide, determin, award, definitive.
    • Passive, in the parties; as they are found ‖ not to have transgressed the Law: or having transgressed it.
      6.
      • INNOCENT, clear, blameless, harmless, justifie-cation, vindicate, discharge, cleanse, purge, compurgation.
      • ...GVI••TY, nocent, delinquent, peccant, convict, culpable, faulty, tardy, Offender, Transgressor, propitiate, expiate.
    • Active, in the Iudge; pronouncing the party either ‖ free from: or obnoxious to Punishment.
      7.
      • ACQUITTING, absolving, assoil, clear, discharge, loosing▪ purging, quit, release.
      • ...CONDEMNING, cast, damn.
• Consequent; in the
  • Parties; ‖ expresly declining the Iudgment: or referring the Cause to some higher Iudicature.
    8.
    • PROTESTING.
    • APPEALING.
  • Iudges; by ‖ inflicting the Punishment: or freeing from it.
    9.
    • EXECUTING, inflict, suffer, Executioner, Hangman.
    • ...PARDONING, forgiving, remit, release, venial, Indulgence, put up.

* 1.975III CRIMES CAPITAL, (Enormity, facinorous, criminal, Malefa∣ctor.) such as are or ought to be punished with Death, may be distinguish∣ed into such Offences as are more immediately against

• God and Religion; namely, the ‖ confederating with evil spirits; to which may be adjoyned for affinity (though not counted capital) the pre∣tending to discover secret, and foretel future things by foolish forbidden Arts.
  1.
  • WITCHCRAFT, Conjuring, Necromancy, Sorcery, Black-art, Magic, enchant, fascinate, fore speak, Charm Spell, Cunning-man.
  • WIZARDING, Manteia, Divining, Gypsie, Fortune-telling, Sooth∣saying, Sorcery, Augury, Astrology, Geomancy, Pyromancy, Physiognomy, Cheiromancy, Palmistry, Sigil, Talisman.
• Man; whether
  • A public person, or Magistrate.
    • More general; implying ‖ declared hostility against him: or exposing him to his enemies.
      2.
      • TREASON, Traitor, betray.
      • CONSPIRACY, betraying.
    • More particular; ‖ a forcible opposing of him by Arms: or occasion∣ing some illegal tumultuous dissension in the Multitude.
      3.
      • REBELLION, Rising, Insurrection, Defection, Revolt, take head.
      • SEDITION, Commotion, Combustion, Riot, Vproar, Mutiny, Tu∣mult, Hurly-burly, Scuffle, Stirrs▪ Quoil, Racket, Boute-feu, Incen∣diary, turbulent.
  • Any private person; according to the
    • General name; by which it is called in our English Laws.
      4.
      • FELONY.
    • Particular kinds; distinguishable by their Objects, as being against
      • ...Life; by taking it away illegally.
        5.
        • MURTHER, Assassin-ate, Homicide, Manslaughter, Massacre, Parricide, cut-throat, blood-thirsty.
      • Chastity; by unnatural coition, either ‖ with Beasts: or Males.
        6.
        • BESTIALITY, Buggery.
        • SODOMY, Buggery, Catamite.
      • ...Estate; with respect to another's.
        • Goods; taking them away either ‖ openly and forcibly: or secret∣ly and by craft.
          7.
          • ROBBERY, Rapine, Sacrilege, Thief, Bandito, Pyrate, Picke∣roon, pillage, take a purse.
          • THEFT, steal, purloin, lurch, fi••ch, pilser, nim, surreptitious, Plagiary, Sacrilege, Cut-purse, Pick-pocket, light-fingered, Larceny.
        • Habitation; ‖ by burning it: or breaking into it.
          8.
          • HOUSE-BURNING, Incendiary.
          • BURGLARY, House-breaking.

IV. Crimes or FAULTS NOT CAPITAL,* 1.976 may be distinguished into such as are

• General; any action against ones Right, especially with contempt of the Per∣son.
  1.
  • INJURY, Wrong, Harm, Trespass, Hurt, Grievance, Abuse, Dammage.
  • AFFRONT, Contumely, Outrage, Slur, Despite, Indignity, put a trick on.
• ...Special; against.
  • Chastity; whether ‖ by a single: or a married person.
    2.
    • FORNICATION, Whore••dom, Courtesan, Concubine, Harlot, Trull. Punk, Leman, Quean, Drab, Strumpet, prostitute, deflour, stuprate, vitiate, wenching, Brothel, Stews, Bawd, Pander.
    • ADULTERY, Concubine.
  • ...Estate;
    • General; ‖ by unjust getting: or keeping of another's Right.
      3.
      • USURPATION, incroach, intrench, grow upon, invade, intrude, thrust in.
      • DETENTION, with-holding, keep back.
    • ...Particular, as to the manner of it; by abusing
      • Skill; in ‖ taking advantage of another man's ignorance, especially in actions of Commerce: or misusing his own skill in the falsi∣fying of a thing.
        4.
        • FRAUD, Deceit, Guile, Cozening, Delusion, Collusion, Illusion, dodge, trepan, over-reach, prevaricate, circumvent, go-beyond, impose, gull, beguile, defraud, Imposture, Knave, Rook, Cheat, Shift, Shark, cog, slur, wheedle, come over one, supplant.
        • FORGERY, counterfeit, false, adulterate, sophisticate, coin, de∣vise, forge, falsifie, foisting, Interpolation, Impostor, supposititi∣ous, surreptitious.
      • Power; by ‖ taking advantage of another man's necessity or impo∣tence: or exceeding the allowance of the Law.
        5.
        • OPPRESSION, Force, Violence, exact, overcharge▪
        • EXTORTION, Exaction, Rapine, Rapacity, wresting, wring, griping, ravin, poling, pilling.
      • Course of Law; by endeavouring to corrupt ‖ the Officers of Iustice: or the Witnesses.
        6.
        • BRIBERY, Corruption, dawbing.
        • SUBORNATION.
  • ...Good name; endeavouring to render another
    • Criminal; by accusations ‖ not true: or made unlawfully against an absent person.
      7.
      • CALUMNY, Obloquy, Slander, Aspersion, opprobrious, Detraction, False accusation, carping, belie, defame, disparage, traduce.
      • BACKBITING, Libel, Tale-bearer, Tell-tale, Whispering, Pick-thank.
    • Infamous; by objecting ‖ another's failings: or our own favours.
      8.
      • REPROCHING, nip, taunt, scoff, twit, Opprobry, obloquy, tax, traduce.
      • UPBRAIDING, cast in one's teeth, exprobrate, twit.
    • Odious: or ridiculous.
      9.
      • REVILING, rail, scold, brawl, Contumely, inveigh, invective, foul-mouthed, Cucking-stool.
      • MOCKING, deride, flout, jeer, scoff, twit, gibe, quip, gird, frump, bob, taunt, wipe, jerk, Sarcasm, Pasquil, Irrision, Illu∣sion, Satyr, Burlesque, play upon.

* 1.977V. By Punishment is meant the evil of Suffering, inflicted for the evil of Doing; to which may be adjoyned the loss or ••••••••inction of a man's Right in a thing which he formerly injoyed, styled FORFEITURE.

PUNISHMENTS CAPITAL are the various manners of putting men to death in a judicial way, which in several Nations are or have been either

• Simple; by
  • ...Separation of the parts; ‖ Head from Body: or Member from Mem∣ber.
    1.
    • BEHEADING, strike of ones head.
    • QUARTERING, Dissecting.
  • ...Wound.
    • At distance; whether ‖ from Hand: or from Instrument, as Gun, Bow, &c.
      2.
      • STONING, Pelting.
      • SHOOTING.
    • At hand; either by
      • Weight; ‖ of something else: or one's own.
        3.
        • PRESSING.
        • PRECIPITATING, throwing or casting headlong.
      • Weapon; ‖ any way: or direct upwards.
        4.
        • STABBING.
        • EMPALING.
  • Taking away necessary Diet: or giving that which is noxious.
    5.
    • STARVING, famishing.
    • POISONING, Venom, envenom, virulent.
  • Interception of the Air; at the
    • Mouth; distinguished according to the place of the party, ‖ in the
      • Air: or in the Earth
        6.
        • STIFLING, smoother, suffocate.
        • BURYING ALIVE.
      • Water: or Fire,
        7.
        • DROWNING.
        • BURNING ALIVE.
    • ...Throat; ‖ by weight of a man's own body: ••r the strength of others.
      8.
      • HANGING.
      • STRANGLING, throttle, choke, suffocate.
• Mixed of wounding and starving; the body being ‖ erect: or lying on a Wheel.
  9.
  • CRUCIFYING, Cross.
  • BREAKING ON THE WHEEL.

VI. PUNISHMENTS NOT CAPITAL are distinguished by the things or subjects receiving detriment by them,* 1.978 as being either of the

• Body; according to the
  • ...General name; signifying great pain.
    1.
    • TORTURE, Torment, excruciate.
  • Special kinds; by
    • Striking; with ‖ a limber: or a stiff Instrument.
      2.
      • WHIPPING, lashing, scourging, leashing, jerk, Rod, slash, Switch, stripe, Beadle.
      • CUDGELLING, bastinado, baste, swinge, swaddle, shrubb, slapp, thwack.
    • Stretching of the limms violently; the body being ‖ laid along for that purpose: or listed up into the Air.
      3.
      • RACK.
      • STRAPPADO.
• Liberty; of which one is deprived by Restraint ‖
  • Into ‖ a place: or instrument for custody.
    4.
    • IMPRISONMENT, Incarceration, Durance, Custody, Ward, clap up, commit, confine, mue, Pound, Pinfold, Gaol our, Counter, Cage, Coop, Toleboth, Dungeon, Marshal, release, secure, set fast.
    • BONDS, Fetters, Gyves, Shackles, Manicles, Pinnion, Chains.
  • Out of a place or country; whether ‖ with allowance of any other: or con∣finement to one other.
    5.
    • EXILE, Banish-ment, exterminate, prescribe, eject, expel, out-lawed.
    • RELEGATION.
• Repute; whether ‖ more gently: or more severely by burning marks in one's flesh.
  6.
  • INFAMATION, Ignominy, Pillory.
  • STIGMATIZATION, Branding, Cauterizing, burning in the hand, Mark.
• Estate; whether ‖ in part: or in whole.
  7.
  • MULCT, Fine, amerce, sconce.
  • CONFISCATION, Forfeiture.
• Dignity and power; by depriving one of ‖ his Degree: or his capacity to bear Office.
  8.
  • DEGRADING, deposing, depriving.
  • INCAPACITATING, cashier, disable, discard, depose, disfranchize.

MILITARY RELATION.

THis Head of MILITARY RELATION, is intended to contain such Notions as concern the various respects and capacities belonging to a state of War.* 1.979 The using of the united Force and Arms of many against others, is styled WAR-fare, martial, polemical, Militia, Chivalry.

And the being without mutual opposition is called Peace.

The Notions appertaining to this Head, do relate either to Military

• ACTIONS. I.
• EVENTS. II.
• ...Persons.
  • SEGREGATE. III.
  • AGGREGATE. IV.
• Instruments necessary to War, AMMUNITION. V.
• PLACES. VI.

* 1.980I. Military ACTIONS may be distinguished according to the

• General name; denoting the endeavour of ‖ doing hurt: or preserving from hurt.
  1.
  • OFFENDING, Offence-ive, Annoy-ance.
  • ...DEFENDING protect, guard, shelter▪ shrowd ward▪ preserve, keep, maintain, make good, tutelary.
• Particular kinds or degrees; whether such as are
  • ...Opposite and in several.
    • Declaring enmity on the ‖ offensive: or defensive side.
      2.
      • PROVOKING, challenge, irritate, invite, bait, stir up, dare, vy.
      • DEFYING, dare
    • Beginning of actual ‖ offence: or defence.
      3.
      • ASSAULTING, assail, attaque, invade, encounter, Onset, set upon, charge, Inrode, Rencounter, Incursion▪ fall on, run upon.
      • ...RESISTING, withstand, stand against, bear up against, turn head, strug∣gle with, Antiperistatis.
    • Endeavouring ‖ to dispossess one of his place: or to frustrate such endeavours; either by ‖
      • Keeping from necessaries: or supplying with necessaries.
        4.
        • BESIEGING, Siege, beleaguer, beset, block up, hem in, lay siege.
        • ...RELIEVING, succour, supply, help, recruit, reinforce, subsidiary, Ayd.
      • Vnderdigging the Sepiment; either ‖ to make a breach in it: or to hinder the making of such a breach.
        5.
        • MINING, undermine, Sapping.
        • COUNTERMINING.
      • Entring forcibly to assault the besieged: or going out to assault the besiegers.
        6.
        • STORMING, assaulting, boarding, attaque, scaling, on-slaught.
        • SALLYING, issue out
  • Reciprocal and in common; whether by wayes of
    • Force; viz. the mutual endeavours of corporeal mischief to one another; according to the ‖
      • General name: or that which is betwixt two.
        7.
        • FIGHTING, Combat, Conflict, encounter, cope, bicker, Fray, impugn, scuffle, List.
        • DUELLING, Single combat, Champion, List.
      • Special kinds, betwixt numerous parties, according to set order and ap∣pointment; either of ‖ some part of the Army: or the whole
        8.
        • SKIRMISHING, Fray, Velitation▪ pickeer.
        • BATTELLING, Set fight, Set battel, joyn battel, Shock.
    • Skill, or some secret art to deceive an Enemy; according to the ‖ general name: or by concealing Souldiers for the sudden surprisal of others.
      9.
      • STRATAGEM, ensnare, Device, Trick, Train, surprize.
      • AMBUSH, Ambuscado, insidiate, lay wait, lurk, way lay, surprize.

* 1.981II. Military EVENTS may be distinguished into such as are either

• Of Importance; when ‖ one keeps as before: or gains from the other: or loses his own; relating to the
  • Condition usually befalling such as are ‖ equal: or stronger: or weaker.
    1.
    • COMING OFF UPON EQUAL TERMS.
      • ...VICTOR, overcome, defeat, discomfit, beat, win, vanquish, get the day, -the better, -the upper hand, quell, predominant, prevail, subdue, suppress, over-bear, -master.
      • ...OVERTHROWN, subdued, foiled, suppressed, routed, worsted, beaten, defeated, discomfited, brought under.
  • ...Place of fighting.
    2.
    • STAND HIS GROUND.
      • ...ADVANCE, get ground.
      • ...RETIRE, retreat, give back, shrink, recede, recoyle.
  • ...Country of fighting.
    3.
    • KEEP THE FIELD.
      • ...PVRSVE, chas, course, follow, pros••cute, Hue and Cry.
      • ...FLY, run away rout, fugitive, take ones heels, put to flight.
  • ...

• ...
  • ...Town assaulted.
    4.
    • HOLD OUT, make good, maintain, stand out, hold tack.
      • ...TAKE, win.
      • ...LOSE, yield, surrender, Rendition.
  • ...Goods of those that fight.
    5.
    • SAVE ONE'S OWN.
      • ...BOOTIES, Forage, Plunder, Pillage, Quarry, Prey, Prize, Free-booter, Letters of Mart, Letters of Reprize.
      • ...SPOILS, harras, havock, ravage, rifle, sack, ransack, Wreck, Devastation, Ruin, Wast, depopulate.
  • ...Persons concerned.
    6.
    • ESCAPE, evade, scape eschew, get rid, get quit off, get off, shift away, get clear.
      • ...CAPTIVATE, take prisoner.
      • ...YIELD, give up, render, surrender, resign, deliver.
  • ...Final issue of the War.
    7.
    • SAVE.
      • ...CONQUER, bring under, master, mate, quel, vanquish, repress, suppress, tame subdue, win.
      • ...SVBMIT, give up, humble, yield, surrender, come in.
• Of Shew on the Victor's side, (for the conquered makes none;) either by some ‖ solemn Actions to be publicly performed: or Things and Structures to remain in memory of the Victory.
  8.
  • TRIUMPH, exult, crow, exultation, Bonfire.
  • TROPHEE.

III. Military PERSONS (Souldier, Warrier, Reformado, serve, press,* 1.982) se∣gregate, may be distinguished by those several imployments for which they are designed; being either for

• Fighting; ‖ on foot: or on horse-back
  1
  • FOOTMAN, Infantry, Lance-knight.
  • HORSMAN, Cavalry, Light-horse, Curasier, Dragoons, Trooper, Reister, Rider
• Signs to the Army; belonging either to ‖ Foot: or Horse.
  • ...Visible.
    2.
    • ENSIGN, Ancient, Colours, Standard, Pennon, Banner.
    • CORNET, Banner, Colours.
  • ...Audible.
    3.
    • DRUMMER, Drum, Tabor, Tabret.
    • TRUMPETER, Trumpet.
• Distributing Orders; ‖ ordinary, belonging to each aggregate part: or extraor∣dinary, belonging to the Army.
  4.
  • SERJEANT.
  • ADJUTANT.
• Discovery; either ‖ of the Country in general: or amongst the Enemies.
  5.
  • SCOUT, crusing, descry.
  • SPY, Emissary, Setter, Intelligence.
• Prevention of danger that might happen either to ‖ Persons: or Places.
  6.
  • GUARD, Convoy, custody, keep, ward, keep guard, relieve the guard, Corps du guard
  • WATCH, Ward, Corporal.
• Both Discovery and Prevention; denoting such a one as ‖ stands and examines: or lies on the ground to listen and observe
  7.
  • SENTINEL, Sentry.
  • PERDUE.
• Digging: or other servil works; denoting such Servants of the Army as fol∣low the Baggage.
  8.
  • PIONER.
  • CALO, Pedec, Black guard.

* 1.983IV. Military PERSONS AGGREGATE (Party of Souldiers, Forces, disband) may be distributed according to such different names as do denote either the

• Whole; being an armed Multitude fit to assault or resist, consisting of many subordinate divisions.
  1
  • ARMY, Host, Forces, Battalia.
• Parts; according to
  • The first: or the second greatest subdivisions.
    2.
    • BRIGADE, Battalion, Terce.
    • REGIMENT, Legion, Tribune, Colonel.
  • The third: or fourth subdivision, belonging both to Horse and Foot.
    3.
    • COMPANY, Troop, Band, Captain, Centurion.
    • SQUADRON.
• Order and Situation; whether with ‖ the side of every one towards the side of the next: or the face of every one towards the back of the next,
  4.
  • RANK.
  • FILE, Roe.
• Vses and Services for which such persons are designed; whether
  • To march before the Army, for clearing of the way: or to follow after, for help and supply in case of necessity.
    5.
    • VANCURRIER.
    • RESERVE.
  • To begin the Fight: or to ingage in the most difficult services, being usually a selected Company.
    6.
    • FORLORN HOPE.
    • COMMANDED PARTY.
  • To take care of and defend the Baggage.
    7.
    • TRAIN.

* 1.984V. The Provisions necessary for Offence and Defence are styled by the general name of AMMUNITION, Magazin, charge, discharge, Arcenal.

To which may be adjoyned the word BAGGAGE, Impediments, Lug∣gage, Lumber.

They are distinguishable according to their Shapes, and those several Uses for which they are designed, into such as are more

• General; denoting the common names belonging to things of this nature; whe∣ther such as are ‖ offensive: or defensive.
  1.
  • WEAPON, Arms offensive.
  • ARMOUR, defensive Arms, Mail, Headpiece, Helmet, Scull, Gorget, Gaunt∣l••t, Habergeon, &c. Armorer, Armory.
• ...Special; for
  • ...Offence.
    • Comminus, near hand; being either for
      • Striking chiefly; whether ‖ bruising: or cutting.
        2.
        • CLUB, Bat, Batoon, Battle-ax, Mace, Pole-ax, Cudgel.
        • SWORD, Scimitar, Hanger, Rapier, Tuck, Ponyard, Stilletto, Dag∣ger, Fauchion, Glave, Cutler.
      • Thrusting chiefly; of which the latter is sometimes used for striking.
        3.
        • PIKE, Spear, Launce, Iavelin, run at tilt.
        • HALBERT, Partizan, Trident.
    • Eminus, at a distance; whether
      • Ancient and less artificial; denoting either the
        • Instrument giving the force, being of a curved figure and elastical power; to be held in the hand, either ‖ immediately: or by the stock to which it is fixed.
          4.
          • BOW, shoot, Archer, Fletcher.
          • CROSS-BOW, shoot.
        • Instrument or Weapon projected; whether ‖ immediately out of the hand: or mediately from something else.
          5.
          • DART, Iavelin, Harping-iron.
          • ARROW, Shaft, Bolt.
      • Modern and more artificial, (i.) fire-Arms; denoting either the
        • Vessels giving the force; according to the name of ‖ the whole kind: or of the bigger kind.

• ...
  • ...
    • ...
      • ...
        • ...
          6.
          • GUN, shoot, Snaphance, Fire-lock, Musket, Carbine, Blunderbuss, Piece, Arquebus, Petronel, Pistol, Dagg, Potgun, play upon.
          • ORDNANCE, Cannon, Artillery, Saker, Minion, Basilisk, Drake, &c. shoot.
        • Vtensils; signifying the thing ‖ enkindling: or enkindled.
          7.
          • MATCH, Tinder, Touchwood, Spunk.
          • POWDER, Gunpowder.
        • Things discharged; either ‖ so••••d: or hollow.
          8.
          • BULLET, Ball, Pellet, Shot.
          • GRANADO, Petard.
  • ...Defence:
    9.
    • BUCKLER, Shield, Target.

VI. Such kind of Places, together with such kind of Contrivances belong∣ing to them, as relate to a state of War,* 1.985 may be styled MILITARY PLACES or Works, (Munitions, Fortifications, fenced, Hold, dismantle.)

To which may be adjoyned for its affinity the common notion of such things as are used for the fencing of Places; SEPIMENT, Wall, Pale, Fence, Enclosure, Fold, Mound.

These may be distinguished into such as are

• ...More principal;
  • ...Comprehending the Area contained within them.
    • Greater; in ‖ Country: or Town.
      1.
      • CAMP, encamp, quarter.
      • GARRISON.
    • Less; more ‖ independent: or dependent.
      2.
      • SCONCE, Fortress, Platform, Fort.
      • BLOCK-HOUSE, Fort, Bastion, Strong-hold.
  • ...Not comprehending the Area contained within them.
    • General; denoting a Sepiment ‖ Ridge-like of Earth: or Furrow-like in the Earth.
      3.
      • RAMPIER, Wall, Bulwark, Line, Counterscarf, Mound, Out-work.
      • DITCH, Dike, Foss, Trench, Mote.
    • Special; signifying the ‖ outward: or inward Wall.
      4.
      • VAUMURE.
      • LINING.
• Less principal; whether
  • ...Parts.
    • G••eater; either of ‖ a round: or many-angled figure.
      5.
      • HALF-MOON.
      • HORN-WORK.
    • Lesser; either ‖ angular to defend the sides of a place: or the straight sides to be so defended.
      6.
      • REDOUBT.
      • FLANKER.
  • Accessions; belonging to the
    • Out-parts▪ being a series of ‖ great Pins erected: or Holes dug in the earth.
      7.
      • PALLISADO.
      • FURNACE-HOLE.
    • Entrance; Military Doors ‖ to shut transverse: or to let down direct.
      8.
      • TURNPIKE.
      • PORTCULLIS.
    • Walls; signifying an erect crenated Margo upon the Walls; ‖ either built upon them: or made by setting on Baskets filled with earth.
      9.
      • PARAPET.
      • GABION.

NAVAL RELATION.

* 1.986THe Head of Naval Relation is intended to comprehend the various Notions and Expressions, belonging to mens affairs and traffick on the Waters; respecting either

• ...Things.
  • KINDS OF VESSELS used for Passage. I.
  • Parts of Vessels; relating to such as serve for
    • Containing; HULL. II.
    • PROGRESSIVE MOTION OR STAYING. III.
    • RIGGING. IV.
• PERSONS. V.
• ACTIONS. VI.

* 1.987I. The KINDS OF VESSELS which are used for passage on the Waters, are in several Countries of so great variety and names, by reason of their being distinguished by some little accidental Differences, that it will be very difficult for the most expert person to give a sufficient enumeration of them: and therefore I shall in this place distribute them onely according to their various Magnitudes, and the Vses for which they are designed: according to which they may be distinguished into such as are denoted under the

• General name; belonging to the ‖ lesser, or greater kind.
  1.
  • BOAT, Oars, Wherry, Sculler, Canoe, Cockboat, Waterman.
  • SHIP, Pink, Pinnace, Shallop, Sail, Vessel, Navy, Fleet, naval.
• Particular kinds; either
  • Lesser for the Sea, or greater for Rivers.
    2.
    • KETCH, Bark, Flyboat..
    • BARGE, Lighter, Gallyfoist, Brigandine, &c.
  • Greater; being moved either by
    • ...Sails and Oars.
      3.
      • GALLY.
    • Sails onely; and used chiefly for
      • ...Burthen.
        4.
        • GALEOT, Caramosil, Carrack, Caravel.
      • Traffick and Merchandize.
        5.
        • MERCHANT-MAN, Bottom.
      • ...Fighting.
        6.
        • MAN OF WAR, Frigot, Caper, Armada, Privateer.
      • ...Passage.
        7.
        • PACQUET-BOAT.

II. By HULL is meant the main Bulk or Body of the Ship, considered abstractly from its Masts and Rigging.* 1.988 The parts of which may be distin∣guished into such as relate to

• ...Timbers.
  • ...Fixed at the
    • Bottom of the Ship; lying either ‖ direct, or transverse.
      1.
      • KEEL.
      • RUNG.
    • End; either the ‖ former, or hinder part.
      2.
      • STEM, Prow.
      • STERN, Poop.
  • Movable upon a Centre or Hindge; ‖ for lifting up the Anchor or any great weight: or for stearing the Ship.
    3.
    • CAPSTAIN.
    • RUDDER, Helm, Steer.
• ...

• Places or rooms; relating to the
  • Former, or hinder part above.
    4.
    • FORE-CASTLE.
    • ROUND-HOUSE.
  • Middle space; ‖ betwixt the Main mast and Fore-castle, or the rooms built above this towards the Stem.
    5.
    • WAST.
    • HALF-DECK.
• Apertures; in the
  • Floor or Deck, supplying the office of Doors and Windows; ‖ greater, or lesser.
    6.
    • HATCHES.
    • SCUTTLE, Gratings.
  • Sides; ‖ for putting out the Ordnance, or for passage of Water from the Deck,
    7.
    • PORTHOLE.
    • SCUPPER.
• Interstices; betwixt ‖ the edges of the planks, or the side-timbers of the Ship.
  8.
  • SEAM.
  • SPURKET.
• Shape or figure of the Hull; with respect to ‖ the gathering or joyning together of the planks upon the Ship's quarter under water, or so much of the Hull as hangs over both ends of the Keel; styled
  9.
  • RAKE OF POST, Tuck.
  • RAKE OF STEM.

III. Parts of Vessels serving chiefly for the PROGRESSIVE MOTION or Stay∣ing of them, may be distinguished, by the matter of which they consist,* 1.989 into such as are of

• Wood; according to the more
  • General names; denoting such woody parts as are either
    • Fixed and upright; or the upper parts of these, round and prominent.
      1.
      • MAST.
      • TOP, Boul.
    • Moveable and transverse; applyed either to the ‖ top, or bottom of the Sail.
      2.
      • YARD.
      • BOOM.
    • Separate; serving for thrusting against ‖ the Water, or the Earth.
      3.
      • OAR, row.
      • POLE.
  • Particular kinds of Masts; (applicable likewise to Top, Yard, and Sails,) being placed either in the
    • Fore-part; whether ‖ leaning, or upright.
      4.
      • BOUL-SPRIT.
      • FORE-MAST.
    • Middle, or hinder-part.
      5.
      • MAIN-MAST.
      • MIZZEN-MAST.
• Cloth; serving for the
  • Catching and opposing the Wind; either ‖ principally, or additionally.
    6.
    • SAIL, Course.
    • BONNET, Drabler.
  • Distinction of Nations, or the several Officers of a Navy; set up either ‖ above, on the Masts, or below, at the Stern.
    7.
    • FLAG.
    • ANCIENT.
  • Ornament and shew, or used to mark out the Wind's quarter.
    8.
    • STREAMER.
    • JACK.
• Iron; for ‖ staying and holding the Ship, or the fastning of it to other Ships.
  9.
  • ANCHOR, Kedger.
  • GRAPPLE.

* 1.990IV. By RIGGING is meant the several kinds of Cordage belonging to a Ship; in respect of the

• Masts; serving either for the
  • Keeping them upright; namely, ‖ that are more declive on either side of the Masts: or those that are more transverse.
    1.
    • SHROUDS, Puttocks.
    • STAYES.
  • Ascent up to them; those smaller ropes which cross the Shrouds as the rounds of a Ladder.
    2.
    • RATLINGS.
• ...Yards; serving for the
  • Tying of them: or the pulling of them to and fro.
    3.
    • PARREL.
    • JEARS.
  • Squaring or transversing: or making them to hang higher or lower.
    4.
    • BRACES.
    • LIFTS.
• Sails; serving for the
  • Tying of them to the Yards: or the pulling them to and fro.
    5.
    • ROBINS.
    • SHEATS.
  • Furling them across: or to raise up the bunt or protuberant part of the Sail.
    6.
    • BRALE.
    • BUNT-LINE.
  • Making of them to stand closer by a wind; being fastned either to ‖ the Clew or corner of the Sail: or the middle part of it.
    7.
    • TACKS.
    • BOWLINE.
• Anchor; according to ‖ the more general name: or the name belonging to the lesser kind of such ropes.
  8.
  • CABLE.
  • HAWSER, Halser.

* 1.991V. PERSONS belonging to the management of NAVAL Affairs, Mari∣ners, Seafaring-men, may be distributed into such whose Charge doth con∣cern the

• Defence of the Ship by fighting; either
  • More principal; the Chief, who in Fight is to make good the Half-deck: or his Deputy, whose place in Fight is the Fore-castle.
    1.
    • CAPTAIN.
    • LIEUTENANT.
  • Less principal; having the charge of the ‖
    • Squadrons for the Watch: or being to take care for the setting and re∣lieving of the Watch, and that the Souldiers keep their Arms clean.
      2.
      • QUARTER-MASTER.
      • CORPORAL.
    • Ordnance, Shot, Powder, &c.
      3.
      • GUNNER.
• Sailing of the Ship, and the care of its parts and Lading; either
  • More principal; whose charge it is to
    • Direct the course, and command all the Sailors: or to bring the Ship safe to harbour.
      4.
      • MASTER.
      • PILOT.
    • Keep account of the Goods, what is received and delivered.
      5.
      • CAPE-MERCHANT.
      • PURSER.
    • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • Preserve the Rigging and Tackle and the Long-boat: or to attend the Skiff with a peculiar gang to go to and fro upon occasion.
      6.
      • BOATSWAIN.
      • COCKSWAIN.
  • Less principal; serving to
    • ...Keep the Decks clean.
      7.
      • SWABBER.
    • Manage the Sails below: or to ascend for taking in the Top-sails, &c.
      8.
      • SAILERS, Mid-ship-men, Skipper.
      • YONKERS, Fore-mast-men.

VI. NAVAL ACTIONS may be distinguished into such as are done* 1.992

• To the Ship; for the
  • Securing of the Seams betwixt the Planks; either by ‖ beating in of Okum, (i.) pieces of old Ropes or hards of Flax: or putting a list of Canvas along the Seam, and then pouring hot Pitch upon it.
    1.
    • CALKING.
    • PARSLING.
  • Smoothing the outside; by ‖ washing or burning off all the filth with REEDS or Broom; or smearing over so much of the Ship as is to be in the water with a mixture of Tallow, Sope and Brimstone, boiled together, to preserve the Calking, and to make the Vessel mor•• slippery for passage.
    2.
    • BROMING, Breaming.
    • GRAVING.
  • Defending it against Worms; by ‖ casing that part of the Hull within wa∣ter with Tar and Hair, and then nailing over thin Boards: or inlar∣ging the Breadth, by ripping off some of the Planks; and then, having added other Timbers, to put on the Planks again, styled
    3.
    • SHEATHING.
    • FURRING.
  • Varying the Position of a Ship; either ‖ for the mending of it, by ma∣king it to lie on one side, the better to come at its lower parts: or for the motion of it, by so ordering the Lading and Rigging that it may be in the best condition for sailing.
    4.
    • CAREENING.
    • TRIMMING.
• By the Ship; either
  • Resting; when 'tis ‖ staid by the Anchor: or laid leaning to one side.
    5.
    • RIDING AT ANCHOR.
    • HULLING.
  • In motion; either more
    • Direct; when it ‖ goes as it should: or runs its head in the wind more or less then it should.
      6.
      • KEEPING A WIND.
        • ...GRIPING.
        • ...FALLING TO THE LEEWARD.
    • Lateral; when it ‖ doth lean too much on one side: or doth turn too much on each side.
      7.
      • HEELING, seeling.
      • ROLLING.

ECCLESIASTICAL RELATION.

* 1.993UNder this Head of ECCLESIASTICAL RELATION (Clergy, Spiritual, Church,) are comprehended the several Notions and respects belonging to a Church-state. By Church is meant a Society of men as agreeing in the same kind of inward apprehensions of, and ex∣ternal demeanour towards, the Divine Nature: to which may be oppo∣sed the word TEMPORAL, Civil, Humane, Secular, Lay, Prophane.

Notions of this kind, may be distinguished into such as do denote

• KINDS OF RELIGION. I.
  • Persons; in regard of their
    • ECCLESIASTICAL CALLINGS. II.
    • STATES OF RELIGION. III.
  • Actions; belonging to
    • WORSHIP. IV.
    • DISCIPLINE. V.
• INSTITUTIONS. VI.

* 1.994I. That habit of reverence towards the Divine nature, whereby we are inabled and inclined to serve and worship him after such a manner as we conceive most acceptable to him, is called RELIGION, Piety, God∣liness. The Privation of which is styled ATHEISM, Irreligion, Impiety.

Men are distinguished by their kinds of Religion into such as

• Are wholly without any revelation of the true God and his Worship; but that knowledge which they have is either
  • Simple, from the dictates of mere Reason.
    1.
    • NATURAL RELIGION.
  • Mixed, and corrupted with the worship of false gods.
    2.
    • PAGANISM, Heathenism, Ethnic, Infidel, Gentil, Painim.
• Have revelations: or pretend to them; whether by
  • Moses, in which they rest.
    3.
    • JUDAISM, Iudaical, Iew.
  • Christ and his Apostles, added to Moses.
    4
    • CHRISTIANITY.
  • Mahomet, superadded to the rest.
    5.
    • MAHOMETISM, Turcism.

II. Those who apply themselves to the businesses of Religion as their particular Calling, may be stiled ECCLESIASTICAL PERSONS,* 1.995 Cler∣gy, Churchman, spiritual, Hierarchy.

To which may be opposed, TEMPORAL, Lay-ic, civil, secular, pro∣phane.

These may be distinguished into such as are

• Injoyned; being set apart to some peculiar function in the Church, and by way of office devoted to assist in the duties of Religion, whether such as were in use
  • Before the Law; being ‖ the chief Administrators of religious Services, as Masters of Families: or such others as then and since were extraor∣dinarily called and gifted to foretell future things.
    1.
    • PATRIARCH.
    • PROPHET-ical, divine, prophesie, foretell, presage, prognosticate, Prediction, Seer, Sibyl.
  • Vnder the Law; ‖ appointed for the principal works of divine Service: or such as were subordinate and assistant to them.
    2.
    • PRIEST.
    • LEVITE-ical.
  • Vnder the Gospel; being either
    • Temporary; ‖ who were first indued with the power of Miracles, of whom there were onely twelve: or such others as these took in for their help, to travel up and down for the spreading of Christianity.
      3.
      • APOSTLES-ical.
      • EVANGELISTS-ical, Gospel.
    • Permanent, and to be continued; whether
      • More principal; denoting the chief Ecclesiastical Officer ‖ of a Pro∣vince, with several Cities: or some particular City and the Terri∣tory adjoyning.
        4.
        • PRIMATE, Arch bishop, Metropolitan, Mufty, Patriarch, Pro∣vince.
        • BISHOP, Prelate, Ordinary, Episcopal-acy, Suffragan, Superin∣tendent, Pontificial, Diocess, See, Cathedral, Mitre, Crosyer, Hie∣rarchy.
      • Less principal; such as are ‖ the chief Officers of particular Parish-churches: or others subordinate and assistant to these.
        5.
        • PRESBYTER, Priest, Elder, Minister, Incumbent, Curate, Chaplain, Parson.
        • DEACON, Minister.
• Not injoyned; but voluntary, to be further distinguished, according to the
  • General name; denoting those that are under a vow of Poverty, Coe∣libate, and obedience to their Superiours, to whom may be adjoyn∣ed for affinity, such others as oblige themselves to certain offices with them.
    6.
    • REGULAR, Religious Person, order, rule.
    • PENITENTS, Confraternity, Convert.
  • Particular kinds; such as live either ‖ together in Society: or alone by themselves.
    7.
    • MONK, Frier-ry, Nunn-ery, Novice, Abbot, Abbess, Abby, Prior-ry, Ge∣neral, Provincial, Gardian, Monastic, Monastery, Minster, Cloister, Covent, Society, Cowle, Father.
    • HERMIT, Anchorite, Cell, Recluse.

* 1.996III. Persons considered according to their several STATES and Conditions in respect OF RELIGION, may be distinguished either by their

• Faith and Iudgments; whether ‖ true, or false, as to the essential points of Religion.
  1.
  • ORTHODOX, Believer.
  • HERETIC-al, Heresie, Miscreant.
• Charity to and communion with the body of those that agreee in the same Profession: or being the faulty cause of the breach of such Communion.
  2.
  • CATHOLIC, Communicant, Communion, Son of the Church.
  • SCHISMATIC, Schism-atical, Sect-ary, Recusant, Separate.
• Suffering upon the account of Religion; being either Great, but not unto Death.
  3.
  • CONFESSOR.
• Great unto Death. To which may be opposed the inflicter of suffer∣ings upon account of Religion.
  4.
  • MARTYR-dom.
  • PERSEQUUTOR:
• Eminent degrees of ‖ Religiousness: or Irreligiousness.
  5.
  • SAINT, Hero-ical, canonize.
  • SCANDAL-ous, profligate, Offence.
• Former state, in respect of the several terms from which and to which men are changed; either ‖ from bad to good: or from good to bad.
  6.
  • CONVERT, Proselyte, regenerate, reclaim, turn, come over.
  • APOSTATE, Back-slider, Renegado, Defection, revolt, draw back, turn, forsake, fall away, relapse, Fugitive, Tergiversation.

IV. That inward and outward reverence whereby we acknowledge the Esteem due to the Superiority and Excellency of another,* 1.997 together with the two extremes of this, viz. Redundant, when men give this to such things as they ought not for the Matter, or in such a degree as they ought not for the Measure; and Deficient, when men do either contemn or neg∣lect sacred things and duties, are styled

• WORSHIP, Adoration, Veneration, Devotion, devout, Liturgy, Divine service, Mattins, Vespers, Even-song.
  • SUPERSTITION, Bigot.
  • PROPHANENESS, Impiety, impious, ungodly.

The more special acts of Worship may be distinguished into such as are more

• Ordinary and constant; whereby we
  • Apply our selves to God; whether more
    • General; whereby we ‖ address to him for relief in all our wants and fears, upon the belief of his infinite Goodness and Power: or making solemn and religious promises to him.
      1.
      • PRAYER, Invocation, Collect, Orizon, Oratory, Ejaculation, call upon.
      • VOW, Votary, devoted.
    • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • Special; whereby we do either ‖
      • Acknowledge our own faults and deserts: or intreat his favour and help.
        2.
        • CONFESSION, acknowledge, Shreeve.
        • PETITION, supplicate, sue, beg, Litany, crave, request, Supply∣ant, Bedes-man, Boon.
      • Return our acknowledgements to him for the good things we enjoy; either ‖ more general: or by Singing.
        3.
        • THANKSGIVING, praise, magnifie, extol, Grace.
        • PSALM, Hymn, Anthem.
  • Instruct others publicly, or excite them to religious duties; either ‖ in a more continued solemn Discourse: or by the asking and answering of Questions in the plainest manner about the most necessary points of Religion.
    4.
    • PREACHING, Homily, Sermon, Postil, Pulpit.
    • CATECHISING, Catechism.
• Occasional; relating unto
  • Solemnities of ‖ joy: or sadness.
    5.
    • FESTIVITY, Festival, Holy-day, High-day, Sabbath, Iubilee, Wake, genial, good time.
    • FASTING, Humiliation, Ember-week, Lent, Vigil, Eve.
  • Ritual Offices observed amongst Christians; pertaining to
    • Entrance into the state of Wedlock: or dissolving of that state.
      6.
      • MARRIAGE, Wedd-ing, Matrimony, nuptial, Bride-groom, Hymen.
      • ...DIVORCE.
    • ...Return into the Congregation after Parturition.
      7.
      • CHURCHING.
    • ...Actual taking upon themselves the Obligation made by their Sponsors in Baptism.
      8.
      • CONFIRMATION.
    • Performing the Rites due to the Dead by putting their bodies ‖ into the ground: or under some Monument, to preserve the memorial of them.
      9.
      • BURYING, interr, Grave, Funeral, Obit, Obsequies, Herse, Se∣pulture, Church-yard, Charnel-house.
      • ENTOMBING, Tomb, Sepulchre, Monument, Epitaph.

* 1.998V. Actions relating to Ecclesiastical Authority or DISCIPLINE, do concern the due ordering of the circumstances of Ecclesiastical or Sa∣cred things to the best convenience. The Notions belonging to this Head, do refer either to the work of,

• ...Setting things aside to a peculiar use; according to the
  • More general Notion belonging to Things, and Times, and Places, as well as Persons; namely, the ‖ separating of them from common use: or abusing them as being but common.
    1.
    • CONSECRATION, sacred, sanctifie, hallow, devote, dedica••e, Holiness.
    • PROPHANATION, unhallowed, impious, common, Lustration.
  • More particular kind, appropriated to Persons.
    2.
    • ORDINATION, Consecration,
    • DEPRIVATION, depose.
• Regulating of abuses in Ecclesiastical matters; according to the more
  • ...General name.
    3.
    • CENSURE.
  • Particular kinds; consisting in a
    • ...Temporary privation of Church-priviledges.
      4.
      • SUSPENSION.
    • Permanent, being the highest Ecclesiastical punishment; by a ‖ cutting off from all Church-communion and privileges: or the re∣storing one so cut off.
      5.
      • EXCOMMUNICATION, Anathema, Curse, cut off, separate.
      • ...ABSOLVTION, loosing, discharge, assoile, purge, clear pardon, acquit.

* 1.999VI. By INSTITUTIONS or Ordinan••••s are properly meant such kinds of things or duties as we could not have known or been obliged unto without particular Revelation. These may be distinguished into

• Rules for our Instruction in Religion; which, according to the several manners of conveyance, were either ‖ written: or unwritten.
  1.
  • SCRIPTURE, Bible, Word of God, Holy Writ, Text, Testa∣ment.
  • TRADITION, Delivery, Cabala.
• Services to be done; according to the more
  • General name; consisting in our offering or giving things unto God.
    2.
    • OBLATION, Offering, Offertory.
  • Particular kind, proper to the times under the Law; which required the offering of such things by Fire as were either ‖ for Food: or for Perfume.
    3.
    • SACRIFICE, Victim, Holocaust, Host, Oblation, Hecatombe.
    • INCENSE, Censor.
• Certain external signs and means for the signifying and conveying of in∣ternal spiritual Grace; according to the more
  • ...General name.
    4.
    • SACRAMENT-al.
  • ...Particular kinds.
    • Vnder the Law; for the ‖ initiating: or confirming men in that Re∣ligion.
      5.
      • CIRCUMCISION, Cutting off the fore-skin.
      • PASSOVER. Paschal, Easter.
    • Vnder the Gospel; whether for ‖ initiating: or confirming.
      6.
      • BAPTISM, Christen, Font, Paedobaptism
      • EUCHARIST, Communion, the Lord's Supper, The Sacrament, Host, Mass, Missal.

CHAP. XII. I. A general Explication of the design of the foregoing Tables. II. Par∣ticular Instances in the six principal heads of it. III. Some things to be noted concerning Opposites and Synonyma. IV. An enume∣ration of what kinds of things are not to be particularly provided for in such tables.

THe principal design aimed at in these Tables, is to give a sufficient enumeration of all such things and notions,* 1.1000 as are to have names assigned to them, and withall so to contrive these as to their order, that the place of every thing may contribute to a description of the nature of it. Denoting both the General and the Particular head under which it is placed; and the Common difference whereby it is distinguished from other things of the same kind.

It would indeed be much more convenient and advantageous, if these Tables could be so contrived, that every difference amongst the Predica∣ments might have a transcendental denomination, and not depend at all upon a numerical institution. But I much doubt, whether that Theory of things already received, will admit of it; nor doth Language afford convenient terms, by which to express several differences.

It were likewise desirable to a perfect definition of each species, that the immediate form which gives the particular essence to every thing might be expressed; but this form being a thing which men do not know, it cannot be expected that it should be described. And therefore in the stead of it, there is reason why men should be content with such a description by properties and circumstances, as may be sufficien•• to deter∣mine the primary sense of the thing defined.

Of these descriptions I shall ••••re give an instance under each of the six Principal Heads.* 1.1001

The word Goodness is a transcendental,* 1.1002 one of the General differences of things, or affections of entity, implying a respect to something with∣out it self, namely, to the Will, by agreement to which things are ren∣dered lovely and desirable, as by their disagreement they are rendered hateful and avoidable, which is the opposite notion of Evil.

The word Diamond doth by its place in the Tables appear to be a Substance, a Stone, a pretious Stone, transparent, colourless,* 1.1003 most hard and bright.

The word Flower or blossom is one of the peculiar parts, belonging to Plants, an annual part, more principal, antecedent to the seed, considera∣ble for its beauty and colour.

The words Newness and Oldness do signifie notions belonging to Quan∣tity, to space, to time, and more particularly to time past,* 1.1004 according to the degrees of less or greater, as the next pair, soonness and lateness, doth relate to time future, according to the same degrees of Less or Greater.

The word Moderation is a Quality, a Habit,* 1.1005 an Affection of intel∣lectual

virtue, whereby we are concerned for any truth▪ according to a due measure, not more or less then the evidence and importance of it doth require, to which the notion of fierceness or fanaticalness is opposed as the d••ficient extreme.

* 1.1006The word Pitty, doth by its place denote an Action, spiritual, of the soul in respect of the Appetite, whose actions are commonly stiled Af∣fections or Passions: 'Tis a mixed Passion, consisting of Grief and Love, occasioned by some evil, which (as we think) doth unworthily befall others. As Envy doth of Grief and Hate upon account of some good befalling others (as we think) unworthily.

* 1.1007The word Parent by the place of it in the Tables, doth denote the thing thereby signified▪ to be a Relation, Oeconomical, of Consanguinity, direct ascending; as Child is direct descending.

And thus is it with all those other particulars, which are placed either directly or collaterally, either by way of Opposition or of Affinity.

Only 'tis here to be noted.

* 1.10081. That some of those which are placed as Opposites, do not alwayes fall out to be under the same Predicament or Genus with those things to which they are adjoyned; as it must be in such things as are privatively opposed, as Blindness, Deafness, Darkness, &c. And so likewise for some of those species which are put in for their affinity, as Point, Center, Pole, and such other things as are not directly, but reductively only under any predicament.

2. That some Radixes, besides the redundant and deficient extremes, have likewise an Opposite common; so to the word Iustice, there is oppo∣sed an Opposite common, Injustice, besides the excess Rigor, and the defect Remission. So to Veracity, the Opposite common is lying; which may be either by way of Excess, over-saying, boasting, flattering: or of Defect, under-saying, detraction. So to Equality, the Opposite common is Inequality, imparity, disparity; the excess of which is Superiority, and the defect In∣feriority. This is natural to all Radixes that have double Opposites, though instituted Languages have not provided words to express it.

3. Many of the Synonymous word•• put to the Radixes, are referred to more heads then one, upon account of their various equivocal accep∣tions. And besides such words or phrases as are more plainly Synony∣mous, there is likewise an addition of such other, as are either more im∣mediate derivations, whether Adjectives, Verbs, Adverbs: or more medi∣ate, being by composition to be made off from those Radixes to which they are adjoyned: Of which I shall give an instance or two, under each of the six general Heads.

* 1.1009In the Table of Transcendentals, T. III. 2. the Radical is GOOD∣NESS, to which these other words are adjoyned, Weal, welfare, right, re∣gular, well, rectifie, better, best. Amongst which, the words Weal, welfare, are mentioned as Synonoma, denoting such a state of being as is desira∣ble, and are supposed to be Substantives Neuter. Well-doing or Good action, is the Substan. Act. The words Good, right, regular, are the Positive adjectives from the root. Better, best, are the Comparative and Superlative adjectives. Well, right, &c. are the Adverbs. Rectifie is good make, and to be expressed by composition with the Transcendental particle of Cause.

So for the Opposite to this, EVI••NESS to which these words are ad∣joyned,

Ill, bad, naught, wrong, amiss, shrewd, scurvy, lewd, horrid, horrible, corrupt, pravity, deprave, sin, fault, trespass, transgress-ion, Peccadillo, worse. Amongst which, the words Badness, pravity, are Synonymous to the Ra∣dicals, and supposed to be Substantives newter. The words Sin, fault, trespass, trangression, will be Substan. Act. which being compounded with the Transcendental Particle, Diminutive or Augmentative, will denote a Peccadillo or small fault, or an Enormity or heinous crime. The words Evil ill, bad, naught, wrong, corrupt, are Adjectives of this root, and being compounded with the Transcendental Particle of Augmentative, will be of the same importance with those other words, Shrewd, scurvy, lewd, horrid, horrible, &c. The words Ill, amiss, wrong, badly, naughtily, are the Adverbs. The words denoting to sin, trespass, transgress, are the Verb. Act. which being compounded with the Transcendental Particle of Cause, will signifie Corrupt, deprave.

So in the Tables of Substance, Be. II. 1. the Radical is KINE,* 1.1010 signify∣ing the Bovinum genus; the other words reduced to it are, Bull, Cow, Ox, Calf, Heifer, Bullock, Steer, Beef, Veal, Runt, Bellow, Low, Heard, Cowheard. Some of which are to be made off from this root by compositions with the Transcendental Particles.

So the Root Kine with the Tran∣scendent. Part.

will signi∣fie

Male.

Bull, Bullock, Steere.

Female.

COW, Heifer, Steere.

Young.

Calf.

Voice

Bellow, Low.

Dimin.

Runt.

Aggregate

Heard.

Officer.

Cowheard.

The rest are to be made off by other Compositions: So Ox is untesticled or gelt Bull; Beef, Veal, is the flesh of Kine or Calf.

Be. II. 2 The Radical is SHEEP; to which are adjoyned the words, Ram, Yew, Lamb, Weather, Mutton, Bleat, Fold, Flock, Shepheard. Each of which words are to be made off from this radical, ••y some kind of compo∣sitions.

The word Sheep being compounded with the Transcend. Particle of

will signi∣fie

Male.

Ram.

Female.

Yew.

Young.

Lamb.

Voice.

Bleating.

Sepiment.

Fold, Sheepfold.

Aggregate.

Flock.

Officer.

Shepheard.

Gelt Ram is Weather, Flesh of Sheep is Mutton.

Mag. III. A. the Radical is FIGURE,* 1.1011 to which these other words are annexed, viz. Shape, Feature, Fashion, Form, Frame, Scheme, Lineament, the make, well set or proportioned, transform, transfigure, deface, disfigure. Amongst which the former words, Shape, Feature, Fashion, Form, Frame, Scheme, Lineament, the make, are, according to one of those senses wherein each of them is commonly used, the more mediate Synonyma, the rest are to be made off by composition, either with

• Transcendental particles of the word change, transform, transfigure.
  • Perfective, well-set or proportioned.
  • Corruptive, defaced, disfigured.

Sp. I. 1. The Radical is PRESENT, to which is adjoyned, at this time, now, immediately, instantly, current, ready. The more immediate Synony∣ma

are, This time or instant. The words Current, ready, are Adjectives. Now, immediately, instantly, are the Adverbs of this root.

One of the Opposites to this Radical, is PAST, or time past; to which these other words are put, Expired, former, foregone, ago, already, even now, heretofore gone, over, out, a-late, erewhile, long since, which are thus to be made off. The words Expired, former, foregone, over, out, are the Adje∣ctives of this root. The words already, heretofore, out, are the Adverbs, which being compounded with the Transcendental Particle.

• Augment. will sig∣nifie. A great while ago, long since.
• Dimin. will sig∣nifie. Even now, a-late, erewhile, a little while ago.

The other Opposite is FUTURE, to which these words are adjoyn∣ed, Time to come, after time, hereafter, presently, anon, by and by, shortly▪ strait∣way, ere long, henceforth, process of time, after a long while. Amongst which these words or phrases, Time to come, after time, process of time, are Syno∣nymous substantives. Hereafter, henceforth, are Adverbs, which being com∣pounded with the Transcendental Particle of

• Augment▪ will sig∣nifie After a long while.
• Diminut. will sig∣nifie Presently, by and by, anon, shortly, straitway, ere long.

Sp. II. 3. is the Radical NEARNESS, to which these other words are added, Vicinity, Propinquity, Proximity, nigh, next▪ close, adjacent, adjoyn, neighbouring, imminent, impendent, immediate, ready at hand, accost, draw on, approach, at, by, hard by, beside, hithermost. Amongst which, the words Vici∣nity, Propinquity, Proximity, are Synonymous substantives. Nigh, close, ad∣jacent, adjoyning, neighbouring, imminent, impendent, immediate, next, hi∣thermost, are Adjectives. By, hard by, at, at hand, besides, are Adverbs. Approach, accost, draw neer or on, are Verbs.

So for the Opposite to this, REMOTENESS, to which are adjoyned the words, farr, farther, aloof, wide of, distant, utmost, ultimate, great way off. Amongst which the words, far, farther, distant, utmost, ultimate, are Ad∣jectives. Aloof, wide of, a great way off, are Adverbs.

* 1.1012NP. II. 3. the radical word is MEMORY, to which these other words are adjoyned, Recollect, recal commemorate, remember, call or come to mind, put in mind, suggest, record, recount, con over, getting by heart, by rote, without book, at ones fingers ends, memorable, Memorial, Memorandum, mindful. Amongst which the words, Remember, commemorate, record, re∣count, are Verbs, which being compounded with the Transc. Particle.

• Cause, will signifie Suggest, put in mind, or cause to remember.
• Endea∣vour. will sig∣nifie. For the present, Recal, recollect, call to mind.
• Endea∣vour. will sig∣nifie. For the future, Con over, get by heart, by rote, &c.

Mindful is an Adject. Neut. Memorable is an Adj. Pass. Abstr. Memoran∣dum, Memorial, is to be compounded with the Transcend. Part. Sign, de∣noting a Sign for remembrance.

NP. V. 9. the Radical is SWIFTNESS, to which these other words are adjoyned, Fleetness, Celerity, Speed, fast, apace, quick, sudden, rapid, hur∣ry, accelerate, hasten, cursory, hye, expedite, run, scud, whisk, post. Amongst which the words, Fleetness, Celerity, Speed, are Synonymous subst. Quick, sudden, fast, rapid, expedite, cursory, are Adj. Apace, quickly-er, are Adverbs. Hye, hasten, run, post, hurry, scud, whisk, are Verbs. Accelerate, expedite, as also hasten, hurry, when they denote a Transitive efficiency, are to be expressed by composition with the Transc. ••article of Cause or make.

So for the Opposite to this, SLOWNESS; to which are adjoyned

the words, Heaviness, slackness, dull, slugg, tardy, leasurely, softly, dilatory, retard, foreslow, delay, Lob, Lubber, lumpish, Lurdan, torpid, unwieldy, gingerly. The words, Slackness, heaviness, are Synonymous substantives. Dull, slug∣gish, tardy, lumpish, torpid, unwieldy, dilatory, are the Adjectives of this root; which being compounded with the Transc. partic. of Person, will be of the same signification with those other words, Slugg, Lob, Lubber, Lurdan.

The words, Slowly, leasurely, softly, gingerly, are the Adverbs of this Radical. Retard, soreslow, delay, are the Verbs.

So Man. I. O. the Radical word is VICE; to which these other words are reduced, Sin, Crime, Dishonesty, Improbity, Trespass, Transgression, Fault, Failing, Infirmity, oversight, turpitude, unrighteous, unjust, vile, base, loose, evil, ill, bad, naught, corrupt, venial, wicked, heinous, debaucht, lewd, law∣less, licentious, fowl, flagitious, enormous, Profligate, Miscreant, Ruffian, Cai∣tiff, Villain, Rakehell, Libertine, defile, pollute, which are thus to be made off from this root.

The words

• Sin, Dishonesty, Improbity, are Subst. N. Trespass, Transgression, are Substant. Ad. which Substantives being com∣pounded with the Transcendental Particle.
  • Augment will sig∣nifie Crime, Enormity, Turpitude.
  • Dim will sig∣nifie Fault, Infirmity, Failing, Oversight.
• Evill, ill, bad, naught, corrupt, vicious, unrighteous, unjust, are the Ad∣ject. Neut. which being compounded with the Transcend. Particle, Augment. will be of the same importance with those other words, Base, Foul, Lewd, Filthy, debauched, flagitious, Enormious, profligate, heinous, mortall. If it be compounded with the Transcendental Par∣ticle Dim▪ it will signifie Venial. If with the Transc. Partic. for Per∣son, it signifies, Ruffian, Villain, Rake-hell, Libertine, Miscreant, Caitiffe.
• Corrupt, defile, pollute, debauch, are the Verb compounded with the Transcendental Particle of Cause, or Make.

In the Tables of Action. AS. V.4. O. The Radical is GRIEF;* 1.1013 to which are adjoyned the words, Sadness, Sorrow, Melancholy, Heaviness, dolefull, deplorable, disconsolate, bitter, pensive, dejected, tragical, rufull, amort, moan, bemoan, wail, bewail, lament, dump, cast down, vex, trouble, Cutt, take on, whimper, pule, woe, agony, anguish, mourn, cry, take heavily. Which are thus to be made off from the Root.

The Words.

• Sadness, sorrow, Heaviness, Melancholy, Trouble, are Synonymous Subst. which being compounded with the Transc. Particle Augmentative, will express those other words, Anguish, woe, Agony.
• Pensive, sad, Heavy, Melancholy, sorrowfull, dejected, disconsolate, cast down, are Adjectives; which being compounded as the former, will be of the same importance with those other words, Dolefull, rufull, bitter, tragical.
• Deplorable, dolefull, may be the Adject. P. Abst.
• Moan, bemoan, wail, bewail, lament, mourn, cry, plain, are the Verb of this Root, which in some Acceptions is to be compounded with the Transcendental Particle of Sign.
  • Take on, take heavily, Verbs to be compounded with the Transcendental Particle Augment.
  • whimper, pule, whine, Verbs to be compounded with the Transcendental Particle Dimin.
• Vex, Cut, cast down, are Verbs Active.
• Dump, all amort, to be compounded with the Transc. Partic. Impetus.

AC. I. 7. O. The Radical is DYING; to which these other words are adjoyned, Death, deadly, mortall, fatall, dye, decease, depart▪ expire▪ give up the ghost, defunct, kill, slay, mortifie, dispatch, slaughter, mortality, Capital; which are thus to be made off.

• Death is Subst. N. Mortality is Subst. N. Abst. Slaughter is the Subst. compounded with the Particle Cause.
• Dead, defunct, is Adj N. Deadly, fatall, mortall, capital, is Adj. A. Abst.
• Dye, decease, depart, expire, give up the Ghost, is the Verb; which being compounded with the Transcendental Particle Cause or make, will signifie to Kill, slay, dispatch, mortifie.

AC. III. 1. The Radical is SPEAKING; to which these words are ad∣joyned, Talke, utter-ance, mention, Elocution, pronounce, express, deliver, Pro∣lation, Spokesman, effable, voluble, fluent say, tell, mutter, mumble, jabber, jar∣gon, Vein, Grammar, Rhetoric, Oratory, Eloquence, Prolocutor, nuncupative, by word of mouth.

Talking, Telling, Saying, Expressing, Delivering, Mentioning, are Substant. Synonymous to the Radical; which being compounded with the Transc. Particle of Manner, will denote the sense of those other words which denote a respect to the mode of speaking, viz. Elocution, Pronunciation, Vtterance, Vien: And being compounded with the Particle Officer, it signifies, Proloquutor. If with the Particle Art, it may denote the seve∣ral Acts of speaking. So the Art of speaking congruously is Grammar; ornately is Rhetoric, Eloquence; Perswadingly is Oratory, Eloquence. If with the Particle Corruptive, it may signifie, Muttering, Mumbling, Iabber, Iargon. The words Fluency, Volubility, are the Subst. Abst. Act. with the Particle Perfective. Nuncupative-ly, by word of mouth, are the Adj. and Adv. of this root. Talk, tell, say, utter, are the Verbs. Spokesman, is the pro, or instead, speaking person.

AC. III. 7. The Radical is WRITING; to which these other words are annexed, Penning, Drawing, Engrossing, Hand, Manuscript, subscribe, su∣perscribe, inscribe, transcribe, postscript, interline, indorse, scrawle, scrible, Penman, Scribe, Scrivener, Secretary, Clerk, Note, Ticket, Docket, Shorthand, Tachygraphy, Brachygraphy, Cryptography, set ones hand, set down, take or put in writing, enter into book.

Which words are thus to be made off from this root. The words Pen∣ning, drawing, and the Phrases, set ones hand, take or put in writing, enter into book, are the more immediate Synonyma of the Radical. Hand, Ma∣nuscript, draught, are the Substantive Passive.

The Words

• Scribe, Penman, Writer Adj. Act.
• Secretary, Clerk, Scribe Adj. Act.
• Scrivener. Adj. Act.
• Note, Ticket, Docket Adject. Pas.
• Short-hand, Brachygra∣phy, Stenography Subst.
• Tachygraphy Subst.
• Cryptography Subst.
• Engr••ss, write out fair Verb
• Scrible, scrawl Verb
• Subscribe, superscribe, inscribe, &c. are the Verb, compounded with the Prepositions▪ Sub, super, in, &c.

with the Transc. Partic.

• Person
• Officer
• Mechanic
• Thing
• Art of
  • Short W
  • Speedy W
  • Secret W
• Perfective
• Corruptive

In the Tables of Relation. RO. I. 2. The Radical is PARENT;* 1.1014 to which are adjoyned the words Sire, Father, Mother, Damm, paternal, ma∣ternal, Grandsire, &c. Orphan, which are thus to be expressed,

• Sire, Father are Parent Male
• Mother, Damm are Parent Female
• Paternal, Maternal, are the Adjectives of Father, Mother; Grandsire

is Fathers Father, or second Father; Orphan is un-parented.

So for the Opposite Radical CHILD; to which these other words are adjoyned, Issue, Son, Daughter, Brood, Litter, filial, adopt, posthume, which are thus to be expressed.

• Issue, Brood, Litter By composition with the Transcendental Partic. Kind
• Son By composition with the Transcendental Partic. Male
• Daughter By composition with the Transcendental Partic. Female
• Adopt By composition with the Transcendental Partic. Cause

Filial is the Adj. Posthume is a Child born after the Parents Death.

RC. I. 2. The Radical is KING; to which these words are adjoyned, Soveraign, Emperor, Imperial, Monarch, Queen, regall, royal-ty, Majesty, Reign, Kingdom, Lord, Dynasty▪ Sultan, Cham, Liege Lord, Regent, Realm, Dia∣dem, Crown, Coronation, Scepter, Throne, inthrone, Viceroy.

Which are thus to be made off. The Radical being a Substantive of the Person, these other words must be Synonymous to it, viz. Soveraign, Monarch▪ Emperor, Lord, Liege Lord, Sultan, Cham, Regent. The word Emperor being sometimes used for such a one as hath other Kings under his Dominion, may according to this notion of it, be expressed by com∣position, with the Transc. Particle of Augmentative. Queen by the Par∣ticle Foem. Majesty, Royalty, are Subst. Abst. Regal, royal, Soveraign, Im∣perial, are the Adject. N. Realm, Kingdom, are the Adj. Pass. with the Particle, Thing. The Reign is the Subst. Act. To Reign is the Verb. Viceroy, Regent, is Adj Act. with Trans. Part. Person and the Preposition Pro, or instead. Crown, Diadem, is Head-Sign of Majesty. Scepter is Staff-Sign of Majesty. Throne is Royal Seat. Coronation, inthroning, is solem∣nity of King-making, or King-declaring.

By these Instances, it may appear, what course is to be taken, with that great variey of Words, adjoyned to other Radicals.

The things and notions provided for in these Tables,* 1.1015 are such only as are of a more simple nature; others that are of a more mixed and com∣plicated signification, are to be expressed periphrastically, as may be seen in the Dictionary. Such words only, are absolutely necessary for such a design, as are purely simple; which if they could be acurately distingui∣shed, would be much fewer then those here enumerated; But for the preventing of frequent and large periphrases, it may be convenient to take in some others that are not purely simple.

There are some kinds of things that are not capable of being provided for in a Character and Language, proposed for Universal use, as namely all such as are appropiated to particular Places or Times.

I. Such as are peculiar to some particular place or Nation, As

1. Titles of Honour, Duke, Marquess, Earl, Viscount, Baron, Baronet, Knight, Esquire, &c. Which are to be expressed by the several degrees which they belong to in the Nobilitas Major, or Minor.

2. Titles of Office and Pl••ce, as Sheriff, Maior, Bayliff, &c. Master,

Warden, President, Provost, Principal, Rector, &c. which are all to be expressed by the common notion of Prefecture.

3. Degrees in Professions, Doctor, Master, Bachelour, Serjeant at Law, Barrister, &c.

4. Law Terms of Tenures, Writ, &c. Copyhold, Freehold, Knights-service, &c. Habeas corpus, nisi prius, Defeasance, Certiorari, Replevin, supersedeas, Subpaena, &c.

5. To which may be added the several terms of Heraldry, as Fess, Che∣vron, &c. which are not common to all Nations.

II. Such as are continually altering, according to several ages and times, As

1. Vests and Garments, to which there are every day new names as∣signed, according as several fashions do arise.

2. Kinds of Stuffs, as Baise, Flannel, Serge, Kersey, Grograin, Tammy, Tabby, Sattin, Plush, Velvet, Tiffany, Lawn, Douless, Canvas, Buc∣krom, &c. Diaper, Damask, &c. which are to be periphrastically ex∣pressed by their matter and figure.

3. Games and Plays, of which the old ones do continually grow into disuse, and every age produceth new kinds.

4. Drinks, The Wines of several Countries, and Grapes, as Malmsey Muskadell, &c. And so for other made Drink, as Tei, Coffi, Chocolate, Rambuze, Syllabub, &c.

5. Meats, as several prepared Dishes, Cullace, Bisk, Oglia, &c. The variety of Breads, Bisket, Cracknel, Bunn, Simnel, &c. Several confe∣ctions, as Marmalade, Codigny, &c. Confections in Physick, as Diascor∣dium, Mithridate, &c.

6. Tunes for Musick, or Dauncing, as Coranto, Galliard, Sarabrand, Jig, Pavan, Almain, &c And so for the various kinds of Musical Instru∣struments, Sackbut, Hauboy, Cornet, Lute, Theorbo, Viol, Cittern, &c.

7. The names of several Tools belonging to Trades, which are not the same in all Nations, and are every day multiplyed.

8. To which may be added the names of divers sects, whether Phi∣losophical, Political, or Religious; which are various according to se∣veral places and Times, many of them being derived from the names of Persons, and therefore not to be provided for in such a Theory of things as is proposed for Universal use. But as any of these may be periphra∣stically expressed in the Latin, or in the Language of any other Nation, which has no one word for them; so may they likewise, with the same facility be described in a Philosophical Character or Language.

Notes

• * 1.1

  I. KIND.
• * 1.2

  II. CAUSE.
• * 1.3

  III. DIVER∣SITY.
• * 1.4

  IV. DIF∣FERENCE relating to the END of Action.
• * 1.5

  V. DIFFE∣RENCE re∣lating to the MEANS.
• * 1.6

  VI. MODE.
• * 1.7

  I. Transcend. Relations of QUANTITY MORE GE∣NERAL.
• * 1.8

  II. Transcend. Relations of CONTINU∣ED QUAN∣TITY.
• * 1.9

  III. Transcen. Relations of DISCON∣TINUED QUANTI∣TY.
• * 1.10

  IV. Transcen. Relations of QUALITY at large.
• * 1.11

  V. Transcend. Relations more strictly.
• * 1.12

  VI. Transcen. Relations of WHOLE and PART.
• * 1.13

  I. TRANS. RELAT. of ACTION SIMPLE.
• * 1.14

  II. Trans. Relat. of Actions COMPA∣RATE.
• * 1.15

  III. Trans. Relat. of BUSI∣NESS.
• * 1.16

  IV. Transcen. Relations of COM∣MERCE.
• * 1.17

  V. EVENT.
• * 1.18

  VI. ITION.
• * 1.19

  §. VI.
• * 1.20

  I••. ELE∣MENTS.
• * 1.21

  II. WORDS.
• * 1.22

  III. COM∣PLEX GRAMMA∣TICAL NO∣TIONS.
• * 1.23

  IV. COM∣PLEX LO∣GICAL NO∣TIONS.
• * 1.24

  V. MIXED NOTIONS OF DI∣SCOURSE.
• * 1.25

  VI. MODES OF DI∣SCOURSE.
• * 1.26

  §. I.
• * 1.27

  §. II.
• * 1.28

  I. SPIRIT.
• * 1.29

  II. HEAVEN.
• * 1.30

  III. EARTH.
• * 1.31

  IV. WATER.
• * 1.32

  V. ANI∣MATE PARTS OF THE WORLD.
• * 1.33

  VI. IMAGI∣NARY CIR∣CLES.
• * 1.34

  §. I.
• * 1.35

  I. FIRE.
• * 1.36

  II. AIR.
• * 1.37

  III. WATER.
• * 1.38

  IV. EARTH.
• * 1.39

  NOTE.
• * 1.40

  V. APPEAR∣ING METE∣ORS.
• * 1.41

  VI. WEA∣THER.
• * 1.42

  §. II.
• * 1.43

  I. VULGAR STONES.
• * 1.44

  II. MIDDLE PRIZED STONES.
• * 1.45

  III. PRECI∣OUS STONES LESS TRANSPA∣RENT.
• * 1.46

  IV. PRECI∣OUS STONES MORE TRANSPA∣RENT.
• * 1.47

  V. EARTHY CONCRETI∣ONS DIS∣SOLVIBLE.
• * 1.48

  VI. EARTHY CONCRE∣TIONS NOT DISSOLVI∣BLE.
• * 1.49

  §. III.
• * 1.50

  I. NATU∣RAL ME∣TALS.
• * 1.51

  II. FACTI∣TIOUS METALS.
• * 1.52

  §. I.
• * 1.53

  §. II.
• * 1.54

  §. III,
• * 1.55

  I. IMPER∣FECT HERBS.
• * 1.56

  Fungus. Mucor.
• * 1.57

  Tuber. Fungus p••lve∣rulentus.
• * 1.58

  Moschus. Lichen.
• * 1.59

  Filix. Diyopteris.
• * 1.60

  Adianthum album. Capillus Vene∣ris.
• * 1.61

  Polypodium. Lonchitis.
• * 1.62

  Trichema••••s. Asplenium.
• * 1.63

  Hemionitis. Phyllitis.
• * 1.64

  Lunaria. Ophioglossum.
• * 1.65

  Lens palustris. Conferva.
• * 1.66

  Spongia. Androsace.
• * 1.67

  Lactuca ma∣rina.
• * 1.68

  Auris marina. Opuntia ma∣rina.
• * 1.69

  Alga.
• * 1.70

  Corallina ma∣rina Reticu∣lata.
• * 1.71

  II. GRAMI∣NEOUS FRUMEN∣TACEOUS HERBS.
• * 1.72

  Triticum. Secale.
• * 1.73

  Frumentum Indicum.
• * 1.74

  Hordeum. Oriza.
• * 1.75

  Avena.
• * 1.76

  Panicum.
• * 1.77

  Sorgum. Milium.
• * 1.78

  III GRAMI∣NEOUS PLANTS NOT USED BY MEN FOR FOOD.
• * 1.79

  Phalaris. Gra. Pan••ce∣um.
• * 1.80

  Alopecuros. Gr. Typhinum.
• * 1.81

  Gr. Triticeum.
• * 1.82

  Spartum. Gr. Hordeace∣um.
• * 1.83

  Lolium. Gr. Caninum.
• * 1.84

  Gr. Cristatum.
• * 1.85

  Arundo. Lachrimae Iob
• * 1.86

  Gr. Avenace∣um. Dactyloides.
• * 1.87

  Gr. tremulum. Gr. hirsutum.
• * 1.88

  Gr. pratense paniculatum.
• * 1.89

  Calamus Aro∣maticus, Schoenanthus,
• * 1.90

  Cyperus. Iuncus.
• * 1.91

  Canna.
• * 1.92

  Gr. plumosum. Gr. tomento∣sum.
• * 1.93

  Typha. Sparganium.
• * 1.94

  Myosuros.
• * 1.95

  IV. GRAMI∣NEOUS HERBS of BULBOUS ROOTS.
• * 1.96

  Corona Impe∣rialis
• * 1.97

  L••lium. Martagon.
• * 1.98

  Tulipa. Fritiliaria.
• * 1.99

  Narcissus. Hyacinthus.
• * 1.100

  Ornithogalum. Viola bulbosa.
• * 1.101

  Iris bulbosa. Gladiolus si∣getum.
• * 1.102

  Colchicum. Crocus.
• * 1.103

  O••ch••s.
• * 1.104

  C••pa. Porrum.
• * 1.105

  Ascalonitis. Porrum sectile.
• * 1.106

  Allium sati∣vum. Moly.
• * 1.107

  Allium Vrsi∣num. Victorialis ••on∣ga.
• * 1.108

  Scylla.
• * 1.109

  V. HERBS OF AFFI∣NITY TO BULBOUS PLANTS.
• * 1.110

  Asphodelus. Phalangium.
• * 1.111

  Dens caninus▪
• * 1.112

  Liliasphodelus▪ Iris tuberosa.
• * 1.113

  Canna Indica. Iucca.
• * 1.114

  Hyacinthus. Indi••••••tu e∣rosu••.
• * 1.115

  Iuncus flori∣dus.
• * 1.116

  Nidus avis▪
• * 1.117

  Orobanche. Dentaria aphyllos.
• * 1.118

  Dracontium,
• * 1.119

  Arum.
• * 1.120

  Arisarum la∣t••sol. Arisarum an∣gus••ifol.
• * 1.121

  VI. ROUND LEAVED HERBS.
• * 1.122

  Tussilag••. Petasitis.
• * 1.123

  Bardana ma∣jor. Bardana mi∣nor.
• * 1.124

  Ca••aha.
• * 1.125

  Nymp••••ea. Caltha palu∣s••ris.
• * 1.126

  Viola. Herba Trinita∣••is.
• * 1.127

  Asarum. Cyclan••e••.
• * 1.128

  Pinguicula. Gramen Par∣nassi.
• * 1.129

  Pyrola. Ros solis.
• * 1.130

  Sanicula. Alchymilla.
• * 1.131

  Saxifraga alba. Saxifraga aurea.
• * 1.132

  Hedera terre∣stris. Nummularia.
• * 1.133

  Nasturtium. Indicum.
• * 1.134

  Cochlearia. Soldanella,
• * 1.135

  VII. HERBS OF NER∣VOUS LEAVES.
• * 1.136

  Helleborus al∣bus. Helleborine.
• * 1.137

  Plantago. Coronopus.
• * 1.138

  Bistorta. Saponaria.
• * 1.139

  Holosicum. Psyllium.
• * 1.140

  Monophylion. Bitolium.
• * 1.141

  Gentiana. Gentianella.
• * 1.142

  Sigillum Salo∣monis. Lilium conval∣lium.
• * 1.143

  Potamogeiton. Tribulus a∣quaticus.
• * 1.144

  VIII. SUC∣CULENT HERBS.
• * 1.145

  Sedum majus. Aloe.
• * 1.146

  Teleph••um. Rhodia radix.
• * 1.147

  Portulaca. Cepaa.
• * 1.148

  Sanicula gut∣tata. Sedum serra∣tum.
• * 1.149

  Sedum minus. Illecebra.
• * 1.150

  Vmbilicus Ve∣neris.
• * 1.151

  Cali.
• * 1.152

  IX. HERBS considered according to their SU∣PERFICIES, or MAN∣NER OF GROWING.
• * 1.153

  Borago. Buglossum.
• * 1.154

  Anchusa. Echium.
• * 1.155

  Pulmonaria. Corinthe.
• * 1.156

  Symph••tum. Cynoglossum.
• * 1.157

  Lithospermum. Heliotropium.
• * 1.158

  Asparagus. Gallium.
• * 1.159

  Equis tum Millefolium cornutum aquaticum.
• * 1.160

  Rubia ••inile∣rum. Cruciata.
• * 1.161

  M••llugo.Apar••••.
• * 1.162

  A〈…〉〈…〉la Spergula.
• * 1.163

  §. IV.
• * 1.164

  I. HERBS OF STAMI∣NEOUS FLOWERS.
• * 1.165

  Rhabarba∣rum. Lapathum.
• * 1.166

  Acetosa. Acetosa Ro∣mana.
• * 1.167

  Tragopyrum. Convolvulus niger.
• * 1.168

  Polygonum.
• * 1.169

  ••aunabis. Lupulus.
• * 1.170

  Mercurialis. Phyllon.
• * 1.171

  Cynocrambe.
• * 1.172

  Spinachia. Bonus Nenri∣••••••.
• * 1.173

  Atriplex. Pes Auserinus.
• * 1.174

  Beta.
• * 1.175

  Luteola. Reseda.
• * 1.176

  Thalictrum.
• * 1.177

  Botrys. Ambrosia.
• * 1.178

  Vrtica urens.
• * 1.179

  Blitum. Amaranthus.
• * 1.180

  Parietaria.
• * 1.181

  Herniaria. Camphorata.
• * 1.182

  II. HERBS OF A COM∣POUND FLOWER NOT PAP∣POUS.
• * 1.183

  Flos solis. Flos solis Pyra∣midalis.
• * 1.184

  Caltha.
• * 1.185

  Bellis major. Bellis minor.
• * 1.186

  Cosius horto∣rum. Ageratum.
• * 1.187

  Stoechas citri∣na. Guaphalium.
• * 1.188

  Chrysanthe∣mum segetum. Buphthalmum verum.
• * 1.189

  Flos Africanus.
• * 1.190

  Chamaeme∣lum. Cotula faetida.
• * 1.191

  Mal••••aria.
• * 1.192

  Ptarmica. Draco h••rba.
• * 1.193

  Abrotanum. mas. Abrotanum foemina.
• * 1.194

  Absinthium. Artemisia.
• * 1.195

  Tanacetum. Millefolium.
• * 1.196

  Scabiosa. Morsus Dia∣boli.
• * 1.197

  Globularia. Caryophyllus marinus.
• * 1.198

  Endivia. Cichoreum.
• * 1.199

  III. PAP∣POUS HERBS.
• * 1.200

  Carduus. Cinara.
• * 1.201

  Cyanus. Ptarmica Au∣striaca.
• * 1.202

  Serratula. Centaurium majus.
• * 1.203

  Iacea. Stabe.
• * 1.204

  Carthamus. Chondrilla crupina.
• * 1.205

  Doronicum. Helenium.
• * 1.206

  Senecio. Iacobaea.
• * 1.207

  Eupatorium cannabinum mas. Virga aurea.
• * 1.208

  As••er. ••oniza.
• * 1.209

  Tripolium. Crithmum chrysanthe∣mum.
• * 1.210

  Lactuca. Chondrilla.
• * 1.211

  Hieracium. Dens Leonis.
• * 1.212

  Tragopogon. Pilosella.
• * 1.213

  Sonch••••. Lampsana.
• * 1.214

  IV. UMBEL∣LIFEROUS HERBS OF BROADER LEAVES.
• * 1.215

  Anisum. Coriandrum.
• * 1.216

  Sison.
• * 1.217

  M••rrhis. Cicutaria vul∣garis.
• * 1.218

  Hipposel••num. Levisticum.
• * 1.219

  Angelica. Imperatoria.
• * 1.220

  Laserpitium. Libanotis Theophrasti.
• * 1.221

  Silermonta∣num.
• * 1.222

  Valeriana. Vlmaria.
• * 1.223

  Petroselinum. Apium palu∣sire.
• * 1.224

  Panax Hercu∣leum.
• * 1.225

  Pastinaca sa∣tiva latifol. Sisarum.
• * 1.226

  Persoliata. Bupleurum.
• * 1.227

  Pimpinella saxifraga. Eringium um∣belliferum.
• * 1.228

  Smyrnium Creticum.
• * 1.229

  Sphondilium. Sium.
• * 1.230

  V. UMBEL∣LIFEROUS HERBS OF FINER LEAVES.
• * 1.231

  Foeniculum. Anethum.
• * 1.232

  Peu••edanum. Crithmum.
• * 1.233

  Ferula. Libanotis Ga∣leni.
• * 1.234

  Meum. Ammi.
• * 1.235

  S••seli Massili∣••use.
• * 1.236

  Pastinaca sa∣tiva tenui fol. Daucus.
• * 1.237

  Carum. Cuminum.
• * 1.238

  Panax Ascl••∣pium. Cherephyllon.
• * 1.239

  Cicuta. Cicutaria a∣quatica.
• * 1.240

  Bulbocasta∣non. ••lipendula ••ul••a••is.
• * 1.241

  Pyrethrum. Thapsia.
• * 1.242

  Gingidium. Caucalis.
• * 1.243

  Millefolium aquaticum. Thyscelinum.
• * 1.244

  Oenanthe.
• * 1.245

  VI. VERTI∣CILLATE FRUTI∣COSE HERBS.
• * 1.246

  Salvia.
• * 1.247

  Chamaedris. Teucrium.
• * 1.248

  Marum. Tragoriganum.
• * 1.249

  Thymus.
• * 1.250

  Lavendula Staechas.
• * 1.251

  Polium mon∣tanum.
• * 1.252

  Hyssopus. Satureia.
• * 1.253

  VII. VER∣TICILLATE NOT FRU∣TICOSE. HERBS.
• * 1.254

  Mentha. Nepeta.
• * 1.255

  Melissa. Calamintha.
• * 1.256

  Molucca.
• * 1.257

  Majorana. Origanum.
• * 1.258

  Ocymum. Acinos▪
• * 1.259

  Dictamnus. Marrubium album.
• * 1.260

  Chamaepytis.
• * 1.261

  Pulegium.
• * 1.262

  Scordium. Scoredonia.
• * 1.263

  Sclarea. Ho••minum.
• * 1.264

  Vrtica iners. Marrubium nigrum.
• * 1.265

  Stachis. Sideritis.
• * 1.266

  Cardiaca.
• * 1.267

  Gratiola. Lysimachia galericulata.
• * 1.268

  Betonica. Lysimachia purpur••a.
• * 1.269

  Prunella. Bugala.
• * 1.270

  Cuscuta.
• * 1.271

  VIII. SPI∣CATE HERBS.
• * 1.272

  Dipsacus. Eryngium.
• * 1.273

  Carduus globo∣sus. Virga Pastoris.
• * 1.274

  Agrimonia. Circaea Lute∣tiana.
• * 1.275

  Pimpinella sanguisorba.
• * 1.276

  Lagopus. Trifolium stellatum.
• * 1.277

  Perficaria. Potamog••iton angustifolium.
• * 1.278

  IX. HERBS BEARING MANY SEEDS IN A BUT∣TON.
• * 1.279

  Argentina. Cariophyllatae.
• * 1.280

  Pentaphyllon. Tormentilla.
• * 1.281

  Anemone. Pulsatilla.
• * 1.282

  Ranunculus. Obelidonium minus.
• * 1.283

  Flos Adonis.
• * 1.284

  Malva. Malva hor∣tensis major.
• * 1.285

  Althaea. Malva arbo∣rea.
• * 1.286

  Alc••a.
• * 1.287

  §. V.
• * 1.288

  1. HERBS OF COR∣NICULATE SEED VES∣SELS.
• * 1.289

  Paeonia. Fraxinella.
• * 1.290

  Delpi••nium. Apud gia.
• * 1.291

  Acomtu••. Anthora.
• * 1.292

  Acomtum hy••∣male. Staphis ag••••a.
• * 1.293

  Geramum. 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.294

  II. PAPI∣LIONACE∣OUS CLIMBERS.
• * 1.295

  Phaseolus.
• * 1.296

  Faba vete∣rum. Pisum.
• * 1.297

  Vicia. Lens.
• * 1.298

  Orobus.
• * 1.299

  Lathyrus. Ochrus.
• * 1.300

  Aphaca.
• * 1.301

  Arachidua. Terrae glandes.
• * 1.302

  III PAPI∣LIONACE∣OUS NOT CLIMBING.
• * 1.303

  Faba. Lupinus.
• * 1.304

  C••rn.
• * 1.305

  Glaux vulga∣ris. Astragalus. sylvaticus
• * 1.306

  Anthyllis legu∣minosa. Fumaria.
• * 1.307

  Hedysarum clypeatum. Caput galli∣naceum.
• * 1.308

  Securidaca. Ferrum Equi∣num.
• * 1.309

  Catanance.
• * 1.310

  Galega. Herba viva.
• * 1.311

  Ornithopodi∣um. Tribulus terri∣stris.
• * 1.312

  Melilotus. Trifolium pra∣tense.
• * 1.313

  Polygala.
• * 1.314

  Telephium Scorpoides. Scorpoides buplurifolio.
• * 1.315

  Lotus. Foenum Gra∣cum.
• * 1.316

  Resta bovis.
• * 1.317

  Medica cochle∣ata. Medica Echi∣nata.
• * 1.318

  IV. SILI∣QUOUS NOT PAPI∣LIONACE∣OUS HERBS.
• * 1.319

  Leucoium Keiri.
• * 1.320

  Hesperis. Dentaria.
• * 1.321

  Lysimachia siliquosa Apocynum re∣ctum Syria∣cum.
• * 1.322

  Rapum. Napus.
• * 1.323

  Raphanus.
• * 1.324

  Brassica. Perfoliata sili∣quosa.
• * 1.325

  Eruca-Barbarea.
• * 1.326

  Alliaria. Capsicum.
• * 1.327

  Sinapi. Rapistrum.
• * 1.328

  Papaver cor∣niculatum. Chelidoni••m majus.
• * 1.329

  Sophia Chi∣rurgorum.
• * 1.330

  Turritis. Pilosella sili∣quosa.
• * 1.331

  Camelina myagrum. Draba lute••.
• * 1.332

  Apocynum. Asclepias.
• * 1.333

  Nassurtium aquaticum. Cardamine.
• * 1.334

  V. CAPSU∣LATE HERBS of FIVE LEA∣VED FLOW∣ERS.
• * 1.335

  Caryophillus. Caryophillus minor.
• * 1.336

  Lychnis. Muscipula.
• * 1.337

  Speculum Veneris.
• * 1.338

  Armeria. Lychnis Chalcedonica.
• * 1.339

  Centaurium minu••.
• * 1.340

  Vaccaria. Pseudo. me∣lanthium.
• * 1.341

  ••ypericum. Ascirum.
• * 1.342

  Androsaemum. vulgare.
• * 1.343

  Gramen Leu∣canthemum. Alsine myoso••is.
• * 1.344

  Alsine. Anagallis.
• * 1.345

  Tithymallus.
• * 1.346

  Linum. Lysimachia lutea.
• * 1.347

  Ruta. Nigella.
• * 1.348

  VI. CAP∣SULATE of three or four leaved flowers.
• * 1.349

  Militaris Aizoides. Sagittaria.
• * 1.350

  Viola lunaris. Alysson Diosco∣ridis.
• * 1.351

  Thlaspi. Bursa pastoris.
• * 1.352

  Papaver. Argemone.
• * 1.353

  Nasturtium. Iberis.
• * 1.354

  Lepidium. Coronopus Ruellii.
• * 1.355

  Epimedium.
• * 1.356

  Glastum, Myagrum.
• * 1.357

  Verbena. Limonium.
• * 1.358

  Anagallis aquatica.
• * 1.359

  Veronica. Chamadris spuria.
• * 1.360

  VII. CAM∣PANULATE
• * 1.361

  Pepo. Melo
• * 1.362

  Cucurbita. Citrullus.
• * 1.363

  Cucumis.
• * 1.364

  Colocynthis. Cucumis asi∣ninus.
• * 1.365

  Balsamina¦mas.
• * 1.366

  Convolv••lus. Scammonia Syriaca▪
• * 1.367

  Violae Maria∣nae. Trachelium.
• * 1.368

  Mirabile Pe∣ruvianum. Strammoni∣um.
• * 1.369

  Rapunculus. Campanula.
• * 1.370

  Digitalis. Sesamum.
• * 1.371

  Nicoti••na. Hyosciamus.
• * 1.372

  VIII. CAP∣SULATE HERBS NOT CAM∣PANULATE
• * 1.373

  Primula veris. Paralysis.
• * 1.374

  Auricula Vrsi. Paralysis mon∣tana.
• * 1.375

  Cortusa.
• * 1.376

  Verbascum. Blattaria.
• * 1.377

  Aristolochia. Scrophularia.
• * 1.378

  Antirrhinum. Linaria.
• * 1.379

  Crista galli. Euphrasia.
• * 1.380

  Branca Vrsi∣na. Melampyrum.
• * 1.381

  Noli me tan∣gere. Elatine.
• * 1.382

  Vinca pervin∣ca.
• * 1.383

  IX. BACCI∣FEROUS HERBS.
• * 1.384

  Fragaria.
• * 1.385

  Pomum amo∣ris. Malum insa∣••um.
• * 1.386

  ••attata.
• * 1.387

  Solanum. Mandragoras.
• * 1.388

  Aconitum ra∣cemosum. Herba Paris.
• * 1.389

  Bryonia alba. Bryonia nigra.
• * 1.390

  Smilax aspera·
• * 1.391

  Alkake••gi. Cacubalum. Plinii.
• * 1.392

  Eubulus.
• * 1.393

  §. VI.
• * 1.394

  Rubus Idaeus. Rubus vulga∣ris.
• * 1.395

  Rosa. Rosa canina.
• * 1.396

  Groscularia. Oxyacantha.
• * 1.397

  Prunus sylve∣stris. Berberis.
• * 1.398

  Rhamnus Catharticus.
• * 1.399

  Paliurus. Lycium.
• * 1.400

  Rhamnus,
• * 1.401

  II. BACCI∣FEROUS DECIDU∣OUS NOT SPINOUS.
• * 1.402

  Vitis. Ribes.
• * 1.403

  Vitis Idaea vulgaris.
• * 1.404

  Viburnum. Aria.
• * 1.405

  Cornus foemi∣na.
• * 1.406

  Padus Theo∣phrasti. Mahalab.
• * 1.407

  Chamaemespi∣lus. Diospyros.
• * 1.408

  Alnus nigra baccifera.
• * 1.409

  Periclymenum Periclymenum rectum.
• * 1.410

  Piper.
• * 1.411

  Mezereon. Enonymus.
• * 1.412

  Ligustrum. Cassia Po••ta∣rum.
• * 1.413

  Sambucus Rosea. Sambucus a∣quatica,
• * 1.414

  Polemonium.
• * 1.415

  ••••agus.
• * 1.416

  III. BACCI∣FEROUS SEMPERVI∣RENT SHRUBS.
• * 1.417

  Balsamum Iudaicum. Poterium.
• * 1.418

  Palma humi∣lis.
• * 1.419

  Philyrraea. Alaternus.
• * 1.420

  Arbutus. Pyrocantha.
• * 1.421

  Laureola.
• * 1.422

  Thymalaea. Chamaelaa tricoccos.
• * 1.423

  Laurus Alex∣andrina. Hypoglossum.
• * 1.424

  Ruscus.
• * 1.425

  Laurus tinus.
• * 1.426

  Iuniperus. Sabina.
• * 1.427

  Myrtus. Rhas myrti∣fol.
• * 1.428

  Hedera. Viscus.
• * 1.429

  IV. SILI∣QUOUS SHRUBS.
• * 1.430

  Syringa caeru∣lio ••lore.
• * 1.431

  Capparis. Aspalathus.
• * 1.432

  Laburnum. Cytisus.
• * 1.433

  Sena. Colutaea.
• * 1.434

  Glycyrrhiza.
• * 1.435

  Acacia. Acacia Ameri∣cana.
• * 1.436

  Planta humi∣lis.
• * 1.437

  Genista. Genista spi∣nosa.
• * 1.438

  Tragacantha. Dorycnium.
• * 1.439

  V. GRANI∣FEROUS DECIDU∣OUS SHRUBS.
• * 1.440

  Agnus castus. Spirae•• Theo∣phrasti.
• * 1.441

  Tamariscus.
• * 1.442

  Iasminum. Syringa alba.
• * 1.443

  Althan.
• * 1.444

  Elaeaguus cordi. Coccigrea.
• * 1.445

  Tithymallus arborescens
• * 1.446

  Clematis. Vi••rna valgi.
• * 1.447

  Hedera quin∣quefol. Cana∣d••••sis.
• * 1.448

  VI. GRANI∣FEROUS EVER∣GREEN SHRUBS.
• * 1.449

  Ci••••us. Nerium.
• * 1.450

  Sana munda. Tarton rair.
• * 1.451

  Alypum mon∣speliensium.
• * 1.452

  Rosmarinus. Salvia fruti∣c••sa.
• * 1.453

  Seseli Aethio∣picum. Ledum Alpi∣num.
• * 1.454

  Halimus. Iovis barba.
• * 1.455

  Erica.
• * 1.456

  Rose Hieri∣cuntina.
• * 1.457

  §. VII.
• * 1.458

  I. POMI∣FEROUS TREES.
• * 1.459

  Malus.
• * 1.460

  Pirus. Malus cydo∣nea.
• * 1.461

  Mespilus. Mespilus Aro∣nia.
• * 1.462

  Sorbus. Sorbus tormi∣nalis.
• * 1.463

  Ficus.
• * 1.464

  Malus Puni∣ca
• * 1.465

  Aurantia. Pomum Ada∣mi.
• * 1.466

  Malus medi∣ca. Limonia.
• * 1.467

  Musa arbor. Ficus Indica••.
• * 1.468

  II. PRUNI∣FEROUS TREES.
• * 1.469

  Malus Pers••ca. Nucipersica.
• * 1.470

  Malus Arme∣niaca. Prunus.
• * 1.471

  Cerasus. Cornus.
• * 1.472

  Olea. Palma.
• * 1.473

  Myrobalanus. Sebesten.
• * 1.474

  Zizyphus alba. Zizyphus sati∣va.
• * 1.475

  III. BACCI∣FEROUS TREES.
• * 1.476

  Morus.
• * 1.477

  Sambucus. Rhus Sumach.
• * 1.478

  Fraxinus bu∣bula. Terebinthus.
• * 1.479

  Lotus.
• * 1.480

  Laurus. Laurus cera∣sus.
• * 1.481

  Taxus. Agrifolium.
• * 1.482

  Buxus.
• * 1.483

  Lentiscus. Draco arbor.
• * 1.484

  Caryophyllus aromaticus. Azedarach.
• * 1.485

  Sassafras. Molle arbor.
• * 1.486

  IV. NUCI∣FEROUS TREES.
• * 1.487

  Iuglans. Amygdalus.
• * 1.488

  Pistacea.
• * 1.489

  Styrax.
• * 1.490

  Avellana. Corilus sylve∣stris.
• * 1.491

  Castanea. Fagus.
• * 1.492

  Staphylo-den∣dron.
• * 1.493

  Nux moscha∣ta.
• * 1.494

  Cacao. Buna arbor.
• * 1.495

  Gossipium. Anacardium.
• * 1.496

  V. GLAN∣DIFEROUS and CONI∣FEROUS TREES.
• * 1.497

  Quercus. Cerrus.
• * 1.498

  Ilex. Suber.
• * 1.499

  Alnus. Larix.
• * 1.500

  Cedrus. Pinus.
• * 1.501

  Abies mas. Abies foemina.
• * 1.502

  Cupressus. Arbor vitae.
• * 1.503

  VI. TREES whose Seeds are in SIN∣GLE-TEGU∣MENTS.
• * 1.504

  Siliqua arbor.
• * 1.505

  Cassia. Tamarindus.
• * 1.506

  Arbor Iuda.
• * 1.507

  Vlmus. Carpinus.
• * 1.508

  Fraxinus.
• * 1.509

  Acer minus. Acer majus.
• * 1.510

  Betula. Populus tre∣mula.
• * 1.511

  Populus nigra. Populus alba.
• * 1.512

  Salix angusti∣sol. Salix latifol.
• * 1.513

  T••lia. Platanus.
• * 1.514

  VII. TREES considered according to their WOODS or BARKS.
• * 1.515

  Lignum Aloes.
• * 1.516

  Lignum vitae. Lignum colu∣brinum.
• * 1.517

  Santalum ru∣brum. Santalum ci∣trinum.
• * 1.518

  Lignum ••e∣phriticum. Lignum Rh••∣dium.
• * 1.519

  Brasilium lig∣num.
• * 1.520

  Ebenum.
• * 1.521

  Cinnamomum.
• * 1.522

  Cortex febri∣fugus. Cortex Win∣teranus.
• * 1.523

  VIII. TREES considered according to their GUMS or ROSINS.
• * 1.524

  Myrrha.
• * 1.525

  Gummi Ara∣bicum Sarcocolla.
• * 1.526

  Thus. Gummi Ele∣mi.
• * 1.527

  Gummi Ani∣ma. Copal.
• * 1.528

  Caranna. Benzoin.
• * 1.529

  Camphora.
• * 1.530

  Bdellium. Taca mahaca.
• * 1.531

  Lacca.
• * 1.532

  Liquidambra. Balsamum Peruvianum.
• * 1.533

  §. I.
• * 1.534

  §. II.
• * 1.535

  I. INSECTS▪ having no feet, or but six, being without wings.
• * 1.536

  Vermis. Lumbricus Intestinorum.
• * 1.537

  Hirudo. Limax.
• * 1.538

  Cicindela. Farinaria.
• * 1.539

  Proscarabeus.
• * 1.540

  Brucus. Blatta non alata.
• * 1.541

  Pediculus. Pulex.
• * 1.542

  Scorpio aqua∣ticus.
• * 1.543

  II. INSECTS winged, or having above six legs.
• * 1.544

  Locusta. Mantis.
• * 1.545

  Gryllus. Gryllo-talpa.
• * 1.546

  Cimex. Blatta alata.
• * 1.547

  Tipula. Cicada aqua∣tica.
• * 1.548

  Aranea. Scorpius.
• * 1.549

  Ricinus. Cimex.
• * 1.550

  Syro. Acaris
• * 1.551

  Tinea.
• * 1.552

  As••llus.
• * 1.553

  Scolopendra. Iulus.
• * 1.554

  Pediculus ma∣rinus. Pulex mari∣nus.
• * 1.555

  III. ANO∣MALOUS INSECTS.
• * 1.556

  Eula.
• * 1.557

  Phryganeum.
• * 1.558

  Spondyle.
• * 1.559

  Eruca. Bombix.
• * 1.560

  IV. NAKED WINGED INSECTS.
• * 1.561

  Apis. Bombilius.
• * 1.562

  Vespa. Crabro.
• * 1.563

  Musca car∣nari••. Musca slerco∣raria.
• * 1.564

  Formica. Culex.
• * 1.565

  Cicada. Musca papilio∣nacea.
• * 1.566

  Libella. Se••icauda.
• * 1.567

  Papil••o. Phalaena.
• * 1.568

  Praedatrix.
• * 1.569

  V. SHEATH∣ED WING∣ED IN∣SECTS.
• * 1.570

  Rhinoceros. Scarabaeus nasi-cornis.
• * 1.571

  Cervus volans. Buceros.
• * 1.572

  Capricornus. Scarabaeus Antennis no∣do••s.
• * 1.573

  Scarabaeus vulgaris. Scarabaeus Pi∣lularis.
• * 1.574

  Scarabaeus Arboreus.
• * 1.575

  Scarabaeus dome••••icus. Scarabaeus punctatus.
• * 1.576

  Staphilinus. Forficula.
• * 1.577

  Scarabaeus aquat. major. Scarabaeus aquat. minor.
• * 1.578

  Cicindela.
• * 1.579

  VI. CRU∣STACEOUS EXANGUI∣OUS ANI¦MALS.
• * 1.580

  Astacus. Lo••nsta mari∣na.
• * 1.581

  Vrsus mari∣nus.
• * 1.582

  As••acus fluvi∣at••lis.
• * 1.583

  Squilla. Squilla Man∣tis.
• * 1.584

  Cancellus.
• * 1.585

  Cancer vulga∣ris. Cancer Hera∣cleoticus.
• * 1.586

  Cancer majus. Cancer molu∣censis.
• * 1.587

  Cancer minor.
• * 1.588

  Aranea ma∣rina. Aranea cru∣stacea.
• * 1.589

  VII. TESTA∣CEOUS TURBINA∣TED ANI∣MALS.
• * 1.590

  Cochlea.
• * 1.591

  Concha Vene∣ris. Concha Per∣sica.
• * 1.592

  Auris marina.
• * 1.593

  VIII. TE∣STACEOUS ANIMALS NOT TUR∣BINATED.
• * 1.594

  Patella. Balanus.
• * 1.595

  Echinus. Echinus spa∣tagus.
• * 1.596

  Concha mar∣garitifera. Galades.
• * 1.597

  Ostrea. Spondylus.
• * 1.598

  Pecten. Pectuncalus.
• * 1.599

  Chama. Tellina.
• * 1.600

  Pinna. Musculus.
• * 1.601

  Pholas. Solen.
• * 1.602

  Bernicla.
• * 1.603

  IX. SOFT EXANGUI∣OUS ANI∣MALS.
• * 1.604

  Polypus. Bolitaena.
• * 1.605

  Sepia. Sepiola Ron∣deletii.
• * 1.606

  Loligo. Loligo rubra.
• * 1.607

  Lepus. Holothurius.
• * 1.608

  Pulmo mari∣nus.
• * 1.609

  Tethya. Vrtica ma∣rina.
• * 1.610

  §. III.
• * 1.611

  I. VIVIPA∣ROUS OB∣LONG FISH.
• * 1.612

  Balana. Dolphinus.
• * 1.613

  Pristis. Xiphias.
• * 1.614

  Canis carcha∣rias. Glaucus.
• * 1.615

  Mustelus levis. Asterias.
• * 1.616

  Galeus spinax. Centrina.
• * 1.617

  Catulus ma∣jor. Catulus mi∣nor.
• * 1.618

  Zygaena. Vulpecula.
• * 1.619

  Acipenser. Huso.
• * 1.620

  II. VIVIPA∣ROUS FISH NOT LONG AND ROUND.
• * 1.621

  Pastinaca. Aquila.
• * 1.622

  Raia Lavis. Raia clavata.
• * 1.623

  Torpedo. Rana pisca∣trix.
• * 1.624

  Squatina.
• * 1.625

  Mola. Lumpus.
• * 1.626

  III. OVIPA∣ROUS FISH of FLEXILE FINNS.
• * 1.627

  Molva. Asellus n••ger.
• * 1.628

  Asinus ami∣quorum. Asellus mollis.
• * 1.629

  Asellus longus. Merlucius.
• * 1.630

  Thynnus. Pelamis.
• * 1.631

  Scombrus.
• * 1.632

  Milvus. Hirundo Pli∣nii.
• * 1.633

  Gobius mari∣nus.
• * 1.634

  Harengus ma∣jor. Harengus mi∣nor.
• * 1.635

  Clupea.
• * 1.636

  Encrasicholus.
• * 1.637

  Acus. Petimbuaba.
• * 1.638

  IV. OVIPA∣ROUS FISH having one finn SPI∣NOUS, and the other FLEXILE.
• * 1.639

  Mugil.
• * 1.640

  Cuculus. Hirundo.
• * 1.641

  Lyra prior Rondeletii.
• * 1.642

  Mullus major. Mullus minor.
• * 1.643

  Draco.
• * 1.644

  Scolopax. Monoceros Clusii.
• * 1.645

  Ea••••r.
• * 1.646

  V. OVIPA∣ROUS FISH of ONE FINN, part∣ly STIFF, and partly SOFT.
• * 1.647

  Aurata. Sparus.
• * 1.648

  Scorpius ma∣jor. Scorpius mi∣nor.
• * 1.649

  Turdus.
• * 1.650

  Perca marina.
• * 1.651

  VI. EEL-FIGURED FISH.
• * 1.652

  Congrus.
• * 1.653

  Serpens mari∣nus.
• * 1.654

  Lampetra major. Lampetra mi∣nor.
• * 1.655

  Silurus. Mustela.
• * 1.656

  Anguilla.
• * 1.657

  VII. OVI∣PAROUS PLAIN FISH.
• * 1.658

  Solea. Solea oculata.
• * 1.659

  Cynoglossus.
• * 1.660

  Rhombus.
• * 1.661

  Passer. Passer niger.
• * 1.662

  VIII. FISHES OF A HARD CRUSTA∣CEOUS SKIN.
• * 1.663

  Piscis triangu∣laris. Piscis triangu∣laris coruntus.
• * 1.664

  Stella piscis·
• * 1.665

  IX. SQA∣MOUS RI∣VER FISH.
• * 1.666

  Lucius.
• * 1.667

  Salmo. Violacea.
• * 1.668

  Trutt••. Carpio.
• * 1.669

  Thymallus, Oxyrynchos.
• * 1.670

  Perca. Perca aurata▪
• * 1.671

  Cyprinus. Tinca.
• * 1.672

  Barbus. Capito.
• * 1.673

  Abramis. Rubellio.
• * 1.674

  Luciscus. Alburnus.
• * 1.675

  Gobio. Gobites bar∣batus,
• * 1.676

  Gobio Capita∣tus.
• * 1.677

  Phoximus. Pungitius.
• * 1.678

  § IV.
• * 1.679

  I. CARNI∣VOROUS BIRDS.
• * 1.680

  Aquila. Vultur.
• * 1.681

  Accipiter. Milvus.
• * 1.682

  Cuculus. Lanius.
• * 1.683

  Bubo cornu∣tus. Bubo non cor∣nutus.
• * 1.684

  Corvus. Cornia.
• * 1.685

  Monedula. Coracius.
• * 1.686

  Psittacus. Psittacus mi∣nor.
• * 1.687

  Pica candata. Pica glanda∣ria.
• * 1.688

  Picus martius.
• * 1.689

  Osprey.
• * 1.690

  Percnopteros.
• * 1.691

  Vultur Boeti∣cus. Ald.
• * 1.692

  Vultur aureus.
• * 1.693

  Accipiter Pa∣lumbarius. Accipiter frin∣gillar••us. Tinnunculus.
• * 1.694

  Iersalco.
• * 1.695

  Falco monta∣nus.
• * 1.696

  Falco.
• * 1.697

  Lanarius.
• * 1.698

  Subbuteo.
• * 1.699

  Aesalon.
• * 1.700

  Nilvus.
• * 1.701

  Buteo Trior∣chis.
• * 1.702

  Anataria.
• * 1.703

  Pygargus mi∣nor.
• * 1.704

  Vlula Aldro∣vandi.
• * 1.705

  Aluco.
• * 1.706

  Strix Aldro∣vandi. Caprimulgus.
• * 1.707

  Cornix frugif▪
• * 1.708

  Cornix Ciner:
• * 1.709

  Manucodiata.
• * 1.710

  Picus Marti∣us viridis.
• * 1.711

  Picus maxi∣mus niger.
• * 1.712

  Picus varius.
• * 1.713

  Iynx, Torquil∣la.
• * 1.714

  Sitta.
• * 1.715

  Picus murari∣us.
• * 1.716

  Certhia.
• * 1.717

  Iunco.
• * 1.718

  Canus varola.
• * 1.719

  II. PHYTI∣VOROUS BIRDS OF SHORT WINGS.
• * 1.720

  Gallus.
• * 1.721

  Pavo. Gallo-pavo.
• * 1.722

  Phasianus.
• * 1.723

  Otis.
• * 1.724

  Vrogallus. Tetrao.
• * 1.725

  Perdix. Perdix rutta.
• * 1.726

  Galli••a Coryl∣lorum.
• * 1.727

  Coturnix. Rallus.
• * 1.728

  Struthio-ca∣melus. ••meu.
• * 1.729

  III. PHY∣TIVOROUS BIRDS OF LONG WINGS.
• * 1.730

  Columba. Palambus tor∣quatus.
• * 1.731

  Oenas, Vinago. Turtur.
• * 1.732

  Turdus visci∣vorus. Turdus.
• * 1.733

  Stur••••s,
• * 1.734

  Turdus pila∣ris. Turdus ilia∣cus.
• * 1.735

  Merula.
• * 1.736

  Vpupa.
• * 1.737

  Apiast••r, Me∣rops. 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.738

  IV. PHYTI∣VOROUS BIRDS OF SHORT THICK BILLS.
• * 1.739

  Emberiza alba Gesneri Alanda con∣gener.
• * 1.740

  Cenchryamus Belloni••. Citrinella Hortulanus.
• * 1.741

  Passer. Passer mon∣tanus.
• * 1.742

  R••bicilla. Loxia.
• * 1.743

  Chloris. Passer Cana∣rius.
• * 1.744

  Fringilla, Monte-frin∣gilla.
• * 1.745

  Linaria. Linaria rubra.
• * 1.746

  V. INSECTI∣VOROUS, GREATER.
• * 1.747

  Hirundo. Hirundo apes.
• * 1.748

  Martes. Hirundo ripa∣ria.
• * 1.749

  Luscinia.
• * 1.750

  Alauda. Alauda pra∣tenys.
• * 1.751

  Rubecula. Ruticilla.
• * 1.752

  Ficedula. Oena••ths.
• * 1.753

  Motacilla. Motacilla fla∣va.
• * 1.754

  Muscicapa tertia Aldre∣vandi. Curruca.
• * 1.755

  VI. LEAST INSECTI∣VOROUS BIRDS.
• * 1.756

  Passer Troglo∣d••••••.
• * 1.757

  Ton••nius.
• * 1.758

  Tringillago.
• * 1.759

  Parus C••ru∣l••us. Parus ater.
• * 1.760

  Parus cauda∣tus. Parus Crista∣tus.
• * 1.761

  VII. AQUA∣TIC BIRDS living NEAR WET PLA∣CES.
• * 1.762

  Vanellus.
• * 1.763

  Pluvialis viri∣dis. Pluvialis ci∣nereus.
• * 1.764

  Morin••llus. Charadrios.
• * 1.765

  Hamatopus. Avis pugnax.
• * 1.766

  Scolopax. Gallinago mi∣nor.
• * 1.767

  Haemantopus▪ Belloni••. Fedoa.
• * 1.768

  Arquata.
• * 1.769

  VIII. AQUA∣TIC FISSI∣PEDES.
• * 1.770

  Grus.
• * 1.771

  Ciconia.
• * 1.772

  Ardea.
• * 1.773

  Ardea alba major. Ardea alba minor.
• * 1.774

  Ardea stellaris. Ardea Brasi∣lica.
• * 1.775

  Platea.
• * 1.776

  Colymbus ma∣jor. Colymbus mi∣nor.
• * 1.777

  Fulica.
• * 1.778

  Gallinula.
• * 1.779

  IX. AQU••∣TIC PAL∣MIPEDES.
• * 1.780

  Cygnus. Anser.
• * 1.781

  Ana••.
• * 1.782

  Penelope. Querquedula.
• * 1.783

  Onocrotalos▪
• * 1.784

  Corvus mari∣nus. Graculus pal∣mipes.
• * 1.785

  Anas arctica Clusii. Penguin.
• * 1.786

  Alca Wormii. Iomavia.
• * 1.787

  Mergus. Mergus ••irra∣tus.
• * 1.788

  Larus. Hirundo ma∣rina,
• * 1.789

  §. V.
• * 1.790

  I. WHOLE FOOTED BEASTS.
• * 1.791

  Equus.
• * 1.792

  Asinus. Mulus.
• * 1.793

  Lev. 11.4.26.
• * 1.794

  Camelus.
• * 1.795

  Eliphas.
• * 1.796

  II. CLOVEN FOOTED BEASTS.
• * 1.797

  Bos.
• * 1.798

  Ovis. Caper.
• * 1.799

  Alcis. Cervus.
• * 1.800

  Dama. Rangifer.
• * 1.801

  Capreolus.
• * 1.802

  Rhinoceros.
• * 1.803

  Camelopardus.
• * 1.804

  Porcus.
• * 1.805

  Ibex.
• * 1.806

  Gimpse Rupi∣capra. Gazel.
• * 1.807

  III. CLAW∣ED NOT RAPACI∣OUS.
• * 1.808

  Papio. Simia.
• * 1.809

  C••rcopithecus. Ignavus.
• * 1.810

  Levit. 11.
• * 1.811

  Lepus.
• * 1.812

  Cuniculus. Mus Alpinus.
• * 1.813

  Histrix. Echinus.
• * 1.814

  Sciurus,
• * 1.815

  Sorex. Mus domes••i∣cus.
• * 1.816

  Talpa.
• * 1.817

  Mus Norva∣gicus.
• * 1.818

  Mus Araneus.
• * 1.819

  Mus Avella∣narum.
• * 1.820

  Vespertilio.
• * 1.821

  IV. RAPA∣CIOUS CAT-KIND.
• * 1.822

  Leo. Vrsus,
• * 1.823

  Tigris. Pardus.
• * 1.824

  Lynx.
• * 1.825

  Catus. Zibetta.
• * 1.826

  Viverra. Putorius.
• * 1.827

  Martes.
• * 1.828

  Mustela.
• * 1.829

  Castor. Lutra.
• * 1.830

  V. RAPA∣CIOUS DOG-KIND.
• * 1.831

  Canis. Lupus.
• * 1.832

  Vulpes. Taxus.
• * 1.833

  Phocas.
• * 1.834

  Lupus aureus.
• * 1.835

  Tamandua. Ta••u.
• * 1.836

  S••••ivulpes.
• * 1.837

  VI. OVIPA∣ROUS BEASTS.
• * 1.838

  Testudo. Testudo mari∣na.
• * 1.839

  Rana. Bufo.
• * 1.840

  Crocodilus.
• * 1.841

  Lacerta. Chamal••••.
• * 1.842

  Salamandra terrestris. Salamandra aquatica.
• * 1.843

  Serp••n••.
• * 1.844

  Katrin t••••∣quata. Vipera.
• * 1.845

  Ca••illa.
• * 1.846

  §. VI.
• * 1.847

  1 Sam. 17.4.
• * 1.848

  §. I.
• * 1.849

  PECULIAR PARTS of Animate Bo∣dies.
• * 1.850

  I. LASTING PARTS of Plants.
• * 1.851

  II. ANNU∣AL patts of Plants.
• * 1.852

  III. Kinds of FRUITS.
• * 1.853

  IV. Parts pe∣culiar To SWIMMING ANIMALS.
• * 1.854

  V. Parts pe∣culiar TO FLYING ANIMALS.
• * 1.855

  VI. Parts pe∣culiar TO GOING ANIMALS.
• * 1.856

  §. II.
• * 1.857

  I. CON∣TAINED HOMOGE∣NEOUS PARTS.
• * 1.858

  II. CON∣TAINING HOMOGE∣NEOUS PARTS.
• * 1.859

  III. Of the HEAD.
• * 1.860

  IV. Of the TRUNK.
• * 1.861

  V. Of the LIMMS.
• * 1.862

  VI. Of the INWARDS.
• * 1.863

  §. I▪
• * 1.864

  I. DIMEN∣SION.
• * 1.865

  II. MUTU∣AL RELA∣TIONS.
• * 1.866

  III. SIMPLE FIGURE.
• * 1.867

  IV. Com∣pound Fi∣gures LI∣NEARY.
• * 1.868

  V. Com∣pound Fi∣gures PLA∣NARY.
• * 1.869

  VI Com∣pound Fi∣gures SOLI∣DARY.
• * 1.870

  §. II.
• * 1.871

  I. TIME.
• * 1.872

  II. PLACE.
• * 1.873

  III. SITUA∣TION.
• * 1.874

  §. III.
• * 1.875

  MEASURE.
• * 1.876

  I. MULTI∣TUDE.
• * 1.877

  II. MAGNI∣TUDE.
• * 1.878

  III. GRAVI∣TY.
• * 1.879

  IV. VALOR▪
• * 1.880

  V. TIME:
• * 1.881

  VI. AGE.
• * 1.882

  §. I.
• * 1.883

  I. RATIO∣NAL FA∣CULTIES.
• * 1.884

  II. INTER∣NAL SEN∣SES.
• * 1.885

  III. EXTER∣NAL SEN∣SES.
• * 1.886

  IV. TEM∣PERS OF SPIRIT.
• * 1.887

  V. TEM∣PERS OF BODY FOR THE INDI∣VIDUUM.
• * 1.888

  VI. TEM∣PERS FOR PROPAGA∣TION OF THE SPE∣CIES.
• * 1.889

  §. II.
• * 1.890

  I. RE∣WARDS OF VER∣TUE.
• * 1.891

  II. INSTRU∣MENTS OF VERTUE.
• * 1.892

  III. AFFE∣CTIONS OF INTELLE∣CTUAL VERTUE.
• * 1.893

  IV. AFFE∣CTIONS OF MORAL AND HO∣MILETICAL VERTUE.
• * 1.894

  V. INFUSED HABITS.
• * 1.895

  VI. ACQUI∣RED IN∣TELLE∣CTUAL HABITS.
• * 1.896

  §. III.
• * 1.897

  I. VERTUE.
• * 1.898

  II. Vertues relating to our BODIES.
• * 1.899

  III. Ver∣tues rela∣ting to our E∣SATES and DIG∣NITIES.
• * 1.900

  IV. HOMI∣LETICAL COMMON ••ertues.
• * 1.901

  V. HOMIL. VERT. to∣wards SU∣PERIOURS.
• * 1.902

  VI. HOMIL. VERT. to∣ward IN∣FERIOURS.
• * 1.903

  §. IV.
• * 1.904

  I. LIGHT.
• * 1.905

  II. CO∣LOUR.
• * 1.906

  III. SOUND.
• * 1.907

  IV. TAST and SMELL.
• * 1.908

  V. ACTIVE TACTILE QUALI∣TIES.
• * 1.909

  §. V.
• * 1.910

  I. GENE∣RAL CAU∣SES OF DISEASE.
• * 1.911

  II. DISTEM∣PERS of Body.
• * 1.912

  III. TU∣MORS.
• * 1.913

  IV. DISEA∣SES of the HEAD and NERVES.
• * 1.914

  V. DISEA∣SE•• of the MIDDLE REGION.
• * 1.915

  VI. DISEA∣SES of the BOWELS.
• * 1.916

  §. I.
• * 1.917

  I. ACTIONS OF GOD.
• * 1.918

  II. SPE∣CULA∣TIVE A∣CTIONS of the Under∣standing.
• * 1.919

  III. PRA∣CTICAL ACTIONS of the Un∣derstand∣••ng.
• * 1.920

  IV. ACTI∣ONS OF THE WI••L.
• * 1.921

  V. SIMPLE PASSIONS.
• * 1.922

  VI. MI∣XED PASSI∣ONS.
• * 1.923

  §. II.
• * 1.924

  I. AC∣TIONS VEGE∣TA∣TIVE.
• * 1.925

  II. AC∣TIONS SENSI∣TIVE.
• * 1.926

  III. ACTI∣ONS PECU∣LIAR TO MEN.
• * 1.927

  IV. SIGNS OF PAS••I∣ONS.
• * 1.928

  V. DEMEA∣NOUR.
• * 1.929

  VI. GE∣STURE.
• * 1.930

  §. III.
• * 1.931

  I. ANI∣MAL PRO∣GRES∣SION.
• * 1.932

  II. MODES OF GO∣ING.
• * 1.933

  III. MO∣TIONS OF THE PARTS.
• * 1.934

  IV. PUR∣GATION.
• * 1.935

  V. RE∣CREATI∣ON.
• * 1.936

  VI. VIOLENT MOTION.
• * 1.937

  §. IV.
• * 1.938

  I. MECHA∣NICAL O∣PERATI∣ONS.
• * 1.939

  II. MIXED MECHANI∣CAL OPE∣RATIONS.
• * 1.940

  III. AGRI∣CULTURE.
• * 1.941

  IV. FA∣BRILE OPE∣RATIONS.
• * 1.942

  V. SARTO∣RIAN OPE∣RATIONS.
• * 1.943

  VI. CHYMI∣CAL OPE∣RATIONS.
• * 1.944

  §. I.
• * 1.945

  I. CON∣SANGUI∣NITY.
• * 1.946

  II. AFFINI∣TY.
• * 1.947

  III. SUPERI∣ORITY.
• * 1.948

  IV. EQUALI∣TY.
• * 1.949

  V. EDUCA∣TION speci∣ally relating to WORDS.
• * 1.950

  VI. EDUCA∣TION DEEDS.
• * 1.951

  §. II.
• * 1.952

  I. Possessions of LANDS.
• * 1.953

  II. BUILD∣INGS.
• * 1.954

  III. Greater parts of BUILD∣INGS.
• * 1.955

  IV. Lesser parts of BUILD∣INGS.
• * 1.956

  V. Things for CARRIAGE.
• * 1.957

  VI. FURNI∣TURE.
• * 1.958

  §. III.
• * 1.959

  I SUSTEN∣TATION ORDINARY.
• * 1.960

  II. SUSTEN∣TATION EXTRAOR∣DINARY.
• * 1.961

  III. PREPA∣RATION OF FOOD.
• * 1.962

  IV. CLOTH∣ING.
• * 1.963

  V. VES∣SELS.
• * 1.964

  VI. COM∣MON, MIXED MATERI∣ALS.
• * 1.965

  §. I.
• * 1.966

  I. DEGREES OF MEN.
• * 1.967

  II. PRO∣FESSIONS.
• * 1.968

  III. CON∣VENTION▪
• * 1.969

  IV. RIGHTS.
• * 1.970

  V. CON∣TRACT.
• * 1.971

  VI. OBLIGA∣TIONS.
• * 1.972

  §. II.
• * 1.973

  I. PERSONS.
• * 1.974

  II. PRO∣CEEDINGS.
• * 1.975

  III CRIMES CAPITAL.
• * 1.976

  IV. FAULTS NOT CAPI∣TAL.
• * 1.977

  V. PUNISH∣MENTS CA∣PITAL.
• * 1.978

  VI. PUNISH∣MENTS NOT CA∣PITAL.
• * 1.979

  §. III.
• * 1.980

  I. MILI∣TARY ACTI∣ONS.
• * 1.981

  II. MILI∣TARY EVENTS.
• * 1.982

  III. Mili∣tary PER∣SONS SE∣GRE∣GATE.
• * 1.983

  IV. Milita∣ry PER∣SONS AGGRE∣GATE.
• * 1.984

  V. AM∣M••NITI∣ON.
• * 1.985

  VI. MILI∣TARY PLACES.
• * 1.986

  §. IV.
• * 1.987

  •• KINDS OF VES∣SELS.
• * 1.988

  II. HULL.
• * 1.989

  III. Parts for PROGRES∣SIVE MOTI∣ON.
• * 1.990

  IV. RIGGING
• * 1.991

  V NAVAL PERSONS.
• * 1.992

  VI. NAVAL ACTIONS.
• * 1.993

  §. V.
• * 1.994

  I. RELI∣GION.
• * 1.995

  II. ECCLE∣SIASTICAL PERSONS.
• * 1.996

  III. STATES OF RELIGI∣ON.
• * 1.997

  IV. WOR∣SHIP.
• * 1.998

  V. DISCI∣PLINE.
• * 1.999

  VI. INSTI∣TUTIONS.
• * 1.1000

  §. I▪
• * 1.1001

  §. II.
• * 1.1002

  TRANS∣CENDEN∣TAL.
• * 1.1003

  SUB∣STANCE.
• * 1.1004

  QUANTITY.
• * 1.1005

  QUALITY.
• * 1.1006

  ACTION.
• * 1.1007

  RELATION.
• * 1.1008

  §. III.
• * 1.1009

  TRAN∣SCENDEN∣TALS.
• * 1.1010

  SUB∣STANCE.
• * 1.1011

  QUANTITY.
• * 1.1012

  QUALITY.
• * 1.1013

  ACTION▪
• * 1.1014

  RELATION.
• * 1.1015

  §. IV.