An essay towards a real character, and a philosophical language by John Wilkins ...

PART. III. Concerning Natural Grammar. (Book 3)

CHAP. I. 1. Concerning the several kinds and Parts of Grammar. 2. Of Etymo∣logy, the general Scheme of Integralls and Particles. 3. Of Nouns in general. 4. Of Substantives Common, denoting either Things, Acti∣ons, or Persons. 5. Rules concerning Nouns of Action. 6. Of Sub∣stantive abstracts. 7. Of Adjectives according to the true Philosophi∣cal notion of them. 8. The true notion of a Verb. 9. Of derived Adverbs. 10. A general Scheme of the fore-mentioned Derivations.

HAving now dispatched the second thing proposed to be treated of, namely, the Scientifical part,* 1.1 containing a regular enumeration and description of such things and notions, as are to be known, and to which names are to be assigned, which may be stiled Vniversal Philosophy; I proceed in the next place to the Organical part, or an enquiry after such kind of necessary helps, whereby as by instruments we must be assisted in the forming these more simple notions into complex Pro∣positions and Discourses, which may be stiled Grammar, containing the Art of Words or Discourse.

Grammar may be distinguisht into two kinds; 1. Natural, and Ge∣neral; 2. Instituted and Particular.

1. Natural Grammar, (which may likewise be stiled Philosophi∣cal, Rational, and Universal) should contain all such Grounds and Rules, as do naturally and necessarily belong to the Philosophy of letters and speech in the General.

2. Instituted and Particular Grammar, doth deliver the rules which are proper and peculiar to any one Language in Particular; as about the Inflexion of words, and the Government of cases, &c. In the Latin, Greek,* 1.2 &c. and is defined by Scaliger to be scientia loquendi ex usu.

The first of these only is upon this occasion to be considered. It hath been treated of but by few, which makes our Learned Verulam put it among his Desiderata; I do not know any more that have pur∣posely written of it, but Scotus in his Grammatica speculativa, and Caramuel in his Grammatica Audax, and Campanella in his Grammatica Philosophica. (As for Schioppius his Grammar, of this title, that doth wholly concern the Latin tongue;) Besides which, something hath been occasionally spoken of it, by Scaliger in his book de causis linguae latinae; and by Vossius in his Aristarchus. But to me it seems, that all these Authors in some measure (though some more then others) were so far prejudiced by the common Theory of the languages they were acquainted with, that they did not sufficiently abstract their rules

according to Nature. In which I do not hope, that this which is now to be delivered can be faultless; it being very hard, (if not im∣possible) wholly to escape such prejudices: yet I am apt to think it less erroneous in this respect then the rest.

The parts of Grammar are principally these three.

1. Concerning the kinds of words, or those several modes and re∣spects, according to which the names of things may be varied in their Acceptions; being made either derivative Nouns, or Adverbs; toge∣ther with their several inflexions and compositions; which may be stiled Etymology.

2. Concerning the proper union or right construction of these into Propositions or sentences; which is called Syntax.

3. Concerning the most convenient marks or sounds for the ex∣pression of such names or words; whether by writing, Orthography; or by speech, Orthoepy.

* 1.3The first of these concerning the Doctrine of Words, may refer either, 1. To the formal differences or kinds of them; or, 2. To the Accidental changes of them, in respect of Inflection, Derivation, Com∣position.

Words, according to their formal differences and kinds, may be thus distributed.

All words are either

• Integrals
  • Nouns
    • Substantives
      • Neuter.
      • Active.
      • Passive.
    • Adjectives
      • Neuter.
      • Active.
      • Passive.
  • Adverbs derived
    • Passive.
• Particles
  • Grammatical
    • Essential and perpetual in every com∣pleat sentence. The Copula.
    • Not essential, but occasional,
      • Substitutive in the room of some
        • Integral, Pronoun.
        • Sentence, or com∣plex part of it Interjection.
      • Connexive, ex∣pressing the
        • Construction of word with word,
        • ...Preposition.
        • Contexture of sen∣tence with sen∣tence
          • ...Adverb.
          • ...Conjunction.
      • Declarative of some Ac∣cident be∣longing to
        • Integral, Article.
        • Copula, Mode.
        • Integral or Cop. Tense.
  • Transcendental. See Chap. 6.

By Integrals or Principal words, I mean such as signifie some entire thing or notion: whether the Ens or Thing it self, or the Essence of a thing, as Nouns Neuters, whether concrete or abstract; or the Do∣ing or Suffering of a thing as Nouns Active or Passive; or the manner and affection of it, as Derived Adverds.

* 1.4Those instituted words which men do agree upon for the names and appellations of things, are stiled Nouns.

Every Noun which in conjunction with a Verb makes a compleat sentence, and signifies simply, and per modum subsistentis per se, is called a Substantive. That which signifies per modum Adjuncti, or adjacentis alteri, is called an Adjective.

Substantives belong either to one, called Proper: or to many, and are therefore styled Common.

The former of these are not to be brought under the rules of any science, because Individuals are Infinite; and therefore such proper names as pertain each to one only, should be esteemed as so many Ar∣ticulate voices, to be expressed by such particular vowels and conso∣nants as will make such respective sounds.

Noun Substantives Common are such names as are assigned to the se∣veral kinds or species of things or notions; which,* 1.5 though they are very numerous, yet are they capable of being stated and fixed accord∣ing to a Philosophical method, as is endeavoured in the fore-going Ta∣bles. Concerning which these rules are to be observed.

1. Every Radical word in the Tables is supposed to be a Substan∣tive; though they could not all of them be so expressed, because of the defect of proper words for them in the present Languages; upon which account there is a necessity of expressing some of them by Adje∣ctives, and some by an Aggregate of words: but they are all of them to be understood as being simple Substantives.

2. These Radical Substantives may be of various kinds, either 1. Of the Thing. 2. Of the Action or Passion. Or, 3. Of the Person, Besides those other kind of Substantives which proceed from these; whether Abstracts Neuter, as Deity, Regality, &c. or such other Ab∣stracts, whether Active or Passive, as denote a proclivity or capacity, as Amorousness, Amiableness, &c. which are provided for by the Tran∣scendental Particles.

3. When the Radical is a Noun Substantive of the Thing, the most immediate derivations from it, are the Substantives Active and Passive, to be expressed by the mark of Active or Passive upon the Radical. And the Substantive of the person, whether Agent or Patient, by the Adjective, Active or Passive in the Aorist Tense, with the Transcen∣dental mark of Person; So Dux and Calor, Light and Heat, are Sub∣stantives of the Thing▪ Illuminatio and Calefactio, Enlightning, Heat∣ing, are the Substantives Active, or of the Action; 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 illuminari, cale∣sieri, the being Enlightned and Heated are Substantives Passive: or of the Passion; Illuminator, Calefactor, or illuminans & calefaciens persona, the Enlightner and Heater, are Substantives of the Person agent; Illu∣minatus and Calefactus, the Illuminated or Heated, are Substantives of the Person Patient.

4. When the Radical is a Substantive of the Action, then the Sub∣stantive of the Person, is to be expressed as in the former rule; so Liga∣tio, Pastio, Salivatio; Binding, Feeding, Spitting, are Substantives of the Action; Ligator, Pastor, Salivator; Binder, Feeder, Spitter, are Substantives of the Agent; and Ligatus, Pastus, Salivatus; Bound, Fed, Bespit, are the Substantives of the Patient. And the Substantive of the Thing whether Active or Passive, is in this case to be expressed, by the Adjective, Active or Passive in the Aorist Tense, with the Tran∣scendental

mark of Thing. So Ligans res, a binding thing, is Ligamen∣tum, a Bond or String; and nutriens or pascens res, a nourishing or feeding thing, is nutrimentum, food or nourishment; so ligata res, a bound thing, is Ligatum, a Bundle or Fardle; so excreta or salivata res, is Excrementum, or Saliva, Excrement or Spittle.

5. When the Radical is a Substantive of the Person, then the Sub∣stantive of the Action or Passion (as was said before) are the most immediate derivations from it, and to be expressed by the Mark of Active or Passive upon the Radical; So Magistratus, Rex, Iudex, &c. Magistrate, King, Iudge, &c. are Radicals of the Person; The Sub∣stantives of Action belonging to each of these, are Gubernatio, Regna∣tio, Iudicatio, Governing, Reigning, Iudging; And the Substantive of the Thing whether Active or Passive, is to be expressed by the Adjective Active or Passive in the Aorist Tense, with the Transcendental note of Thing; So Gubernans res a governing thing; regens res a reign∣ing thing; and judicans res a judging thing, viz. A Canon or Rule by which we judge of streight and crooked, right and wrong; So Gubernata res, the governed thing, is Ditio, Territory, Dominion, Ju∣risdiction; Regnata res, is Regnum the Kingdom; Iudicata res, is Iudi∣cium, Judgment.

As those names which are assigned to signifie things themselves, and do not denote either Action or Passion, are stiled Nouns neuter: so those names which are assigned to signifie the Doing or Suffering of things are stiled Active or Passive. The same notion which in the Greek and Latin is expressed by the Infinitive Mode Active or Passive, is that which I here intend by the Substantive Active or Passive; and that it may properly be so stiled, I shall endeavour to prove afterwards.

Though every Noun Substantive have not an Active or Passive be∣longing to it either in the Greek, Latin, English, &c. yet according to the Nature and Philosophy of things, whatsoever hath an Essence, must likewise have an Act; either of Being or becoming: or of Doing or being done: or of making or being made: to be, or do. And consequently every Radical Substantive which is capable of Action, should have an Active or Passive formed from it, which is commonly called a Verb.

As for such things which have not of their own any proper Act of Doing, they are not capable of the derivation of Active and Passive, ob defectum materiae; as in the words Stone, Mettle, &c. But the Verbs belonging to such Radicals can be only Neuter, denoting the Act of Being or becoming; unless when they are compounded with the Transcendental mark of Causatio, which will adde to them a Transi∣tive sense, as Petrifie, Metallifie, &c.

* 1.6As for such other Radicals as are capable of Action or Passion, these Rules are to be observed concerning them.

1. More Generally these two.

1. Things which according to common acception have belonging to them any one proper Act of Doing; their Verbs Actives will denote this Act: For instance, the Verb or Substantive Active of the words Fire, Water, &c. is to burn, wet; and so for those Acts of the several parts, Tongue, Tooth, Mouth, Throat, Foot, Heel, whose active by this

Rule will be to lick, bite, devour, swallow, trample, kick, and the Active of Bow, Gun, is to Shoot as with a Bow, Gun.

2. Things which have not, according to common acception, any one kind of peculiar Act of Doing appropriate to them; the Actives belonging to such things, will signifie in the General to Act or do ac∣cording to the nature of such things.

2. More Particularly these four.

1. The Actives belonging to such Radicals as are Substances, whe∣ther Absolute or Relative, do signifie to Act according to the nature of such Substances; so in absolute Substances, the Active of God, Spi∣rit, Man, will signifie to Act as God, Spirit, Man; and so in Relative Substances, the Active of Father, Iudge, Magistrate, is to Act as a Fa∣ther, Judge, Magistrate.

2. The Actives of Quality, whether Predicamental or Transcen∣dental, do denote the Acts of those species, with particular reference to the differences under which they are placed; So the Active of East, West, Obliquity, &c. being under the difference of Situation, must sig∣nifie to situate a thing Easterly, Westerly, Obliquely. The words of Line, Surface, Body, being under the difference of Dimension; the Active belonging to them must signifie to Dimensionate as either of these.

The words under the differences of Figure, must in their Actives signifie to Figure according to such particular shapes.

Those under the difference of Time, the Actives of Present, Simul∣taneous, Newness, Oldness, Sooness, &c. must signifie to Act with such respects of Time.

The Actives of the Differences and Species under Measure, should regularly signifie to Measure by Number, Magnitude, Gravity, Valour, Duration. The Active of Inch, Foot, Pace, Fathom, is to Measure by Inch, Foot, &c. and so for those other Species of Grane, Drachm, &c. Farthing, Penny, &c.

The Active of Minute, Hour, Day, Night, &c. will signifie to conti∣nue for such portions or measures of time, according to the sense of the Difference, Duration, under which these species are placed.

The Active of Infancy, Childhood, Adolescency, &c. may signifie to pass the time of one's Infancy, Childhood, Adolescency, &c.

3. The Active of such Radicals as are Qualities, whether Predica∣mental or Transcendental, signifie to do or deal according to the sig∣nification of the said qualities; So the Active of Fidelity, Severity, &c. will signifie to deal or Act, Faithfully, Severely, &c. The Active of Goodness, Evilness, &c. will signifie to Act or Do well or ill, &c.

4. The Active of such Radicals as denote Actions, need no other ex∣plication but this, that some of them are Active Absolute, which in the usual Grammars are stiled Neuter; as Sto, Sedeo, Curro; others Tran∣sitive, denoting a transient efficiency; into which latter kind, the former of these may be changed (as was said before) by composition with the Transcendental mark of Causation.

There are several English Verbs, which, without admitting any change by Composition or Inflexion, have both a Neuter and a Tran∣sitive signification; as Corrupt, Feed, Starve, Famish, Move, Rest, Hang, Extend, Shrink, Stagger, Stay, &c. whose sense is to be distinguisht by the construction.

There are some Verbs of the same Natural Philosophical Radix, which are yet expressed by different words, as Laugh, Deride, Weep, Bemoan, must, need, Necessitate, &c. And the different notion of these and such like Verbs, is not capable of being expressed by the Transcen∣dental point of causation: but by placing after them such a Noun Sub∣stantive, or Pronoun Substantive, as may denote the object of those several acts. So the word Laugh, being put without any Substantive following, doth signifie in the Neuter sense the bare act of Laughing; but if the word me or him, &c. doth immediately follow the Verb, then it is to be rendered deride or laugh at, me, him, &c.

* 1.7Besides those Concrete Substantives, which signifie the Ens or thing it self, there are other Substantives which denote the Essence of things, stiled Abstracts. And these may likewise be distinguished into, Neuter, Active, Passive.

That is stiled Neuter which denotes the naked Essence of a thing, without any inclination to Action or Passion, as Deity, Regality.

That is stiled an Abstract Active, which implies a proclivity to Action, as Regnativity, Amativeness, or Amorousness.

That is called Passive, which denotes a capacity or fitness for re∣ceiving or suffering of Action, as Regibility, Amiableness.

Such Radicals as are Concretes, are capable (according to the nature of the things denoted by them) to have all these three kinds of Ab∣stracts formed from them. Whereas such Radicals, as are themselves Abstracts Neuter, (as namely several of those under the Genus's and Differences of Quality and Action) are capable only of the two latter kinds to be formed from them.

* 1.8As Noun Substantives are the names which are given to things, con∣sidered simply, and as subsisting by themselves: So Noun Adjectives are the names which are given to the Adjunct natures of things, the noti∣on of them consisting in this, that they signifie, the subject or thing to which they are ascribed, to have in it something belonging to the na∣ture or quality of those Adjectives, which are predicated of it, or li∣mited by it.

And besides this common notion, they do sometimes likewise in the instituted Languages refer to other notions; as, 1. To aboundance, so the words populous, pretious, sumptuous, &c. so in Latin, fluvius piscosus, aquosa regio. 2. To likeness, so the word dogged, currish, waspish, Seraphicus, Angelicus, &c. 3. To Possession, so Domus regia, a royal house. 4. To the matter of which any thing doth consist; so scutum aheneum, A brazen shield. But each of these notions may be otherwise more distinctly provided for. The two first by the Tran∣scendental marks of Augmentative and Like; and the two next by the prepositions of Possessor and Material cause. And so the true genuine sense of a Noun Adjective will be fixed to consist in this, that it im∣ports this general notion of Pertaining to, or being Affected with.

Those Adjectives are stiled Neuters which do not denote either Action or Passion; as Calidus, Lucidus, Hot, Light.

Those are stiled Active or Passive, which denote the Action or Pas∣sion of the Adjunct thing or Essence. And because these according to

the common Theory do Participate both of Noun and Verb; there∣fore are they by Grammarians stiled Participles; Active, as Calefaci∣ens, Illuminans, Heating, Enlightning: or Passive, Calefactus, Illumina∣tus, Heated, Illuminated.

And as Abstract Substantives, may be formed from the Concrete; so likewise may Adjectives, which are also distinguishable into Neu∣ters Active, Passive.

That part of speech, which by our Common Grammarians is stiled a Verb, (whether Neuter,* 1.9 Active or Passive) ought to have no distinct place amongst Integrals in a Philosophical Grammar; because it is re∣ally no other then an Adjective, and the Copula sum affixed to it or con∣teined in it: So Caleo, Calefacio, Calefio, is the same with sum

• ...Calidus.
• ...Calefaciens.
• ...Calefactus.

Concerning which Copula, and the use of it; more shall be said hereafter.

That kind of word, which is commonly adjoyned to a Verb, to signifie the quality and affection of the Action or Passion,* 1.10 is stiled an Adverb; which may be distinguished into Derived and Vnderived. The former of these is here particularly intended, and doth generally belong to Languages. The latter is afterwards treated of amongst the Particles.

As every Radical is supposed naturally to have its Adjective, so like∣wise its Adverb; and though no Language in use doth admit of so general a derivation of Adverbs, yet the true reason of this is from their imperfection and deficiency; for the Signs ought always to be adequate unto the things or notions to be signified by them.

As Adjectives were before distinguished into Neuter, Active, Passive, so likewise ought Adverbs to be. And as every Adverb is immediately derived from some Adjective, so every kind of Adjective hath some kind of Adverb derived from it.

For the more easie understanding of these things, I shall here adjoyn a general Scheme of the fore-mentioned derivations; wherein I shall be necessitated to form several new words according to common analogy.

All Integrals are either.* 1.11

• Concrete.
  • Substantive.

    Neuters 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 calere vel calor. Lucere vel lux.

    Heat. Light.

    Active. Calefactio. A. Illuminatio.

    Heating. Enlightning.

    Passive. Calefactio. P. Illuminari.

    Being Heated. Enlightned.

  • Adjective.

    Neuter. Calidus. Lucidus.

    Hot. Light.

    Active. Calefaciens. Illuminans.

    Heating. Enlightning.

    Passive. Calefactus. Illuminatus.

    Heated. Enlightned.

  • Adverb.

    Neuter. Calidè. Lucidè.

    Hotly. Lightly.

    Active. Calefacienter. Illuminanter.

    Heatingly. Illuminatingly.

    Passive. Calefactè. Illuminatè.

    Heatedly. Illuminatedly.

• Abstract.

• Substantive.

  Neuter. Caloritas. Luciditas.

  Hotness. Lightness.

  Active. Calefactivitas. Illuminativitas.

  Calefactivity. Illuminativity.

  Passive. Calefactibilitas. Illuminabilitas.

  Calefactibility. Illuminability.

• Adjective.

  Neuter. Caloritativus. Luciditativus.

  Caloritative. Luciditative.

  Active. Calefactivus. Illuminativus.

  Calefactive. Illuminative.

  Passive. Calefactibilis. Illuminabilis.

  Calefactible. Illuminable.

• Adverb.

  Neuter. Caloritativè. Luciditativè.

  Caloritatively. Luciditatively.

  Active. Calefactivè. Illuminativè.

  Calefactively. Illuminatatively.

  Passive. Calefactibiliter. Illuminabiliter.

  Calefactibly. Illuminably.

CHAP. II. 1. Of Particles in general. 2. Of the Copula. 3. Of Pronouns more generally. 4. More Particularly. 5. Of Interjections more gene∣rally. 6. More Particularly.

* 1.12HAving thus explained what is meant by Integral words, which signifie entire things and notions, with the several kinds of them. I proceed in the next place to treat, concerning Particles, or less prin∣cipal words, which may be said to consignifie, serving to circumstan∣tiate and modifie those Integral words, with which they are joyned, being stiled by the Hebrew Grammarians Dictiones.

The words of this kind are exceeding numerous and equivocal in all Languages, and add much to the difficulty of learning them. It being a very hard matter to establish the just number, of such as in all kinds are necessary, and to fix to them their proper significations, which yet ought to be done in a Philosophical Grammar. I shall in this Essay, select out of Instituted Languages, such of the several sorts, as I con∣ceive sufficient for this purpose.

These were before distinguished, into such as refer, either to Gram∣matical, or Transcendental notion.

Those are stiled Grammatical, which supposing words to retain their primary sense, do serve for the circumstantiating of them, either by union, abbreviation, inflexion, or some other way for the quali∣fying of their significations or constructions.

The most necessary amongst all the rest, which is essential and per∣petual in every compleat sentence,* 1.13 is stiled the Copula; which serves for the uniting of the Subject and Predicate in every Proposition. The word Subject I use, as the Logicians do, for all that which goes before the Copula; which if it consist of only one word, then it is the same which Grammarians call the Nominative case. By the word Predicate, I mean likewise all that which follows the Copula in the same sentence, whereof the Adjective (if any such there be) immediately next after the Copula, is commonly incorporated with it in instituted Languages, and both together make up that which Grammarians call a Verb.

Amongst those Particles which are not essential and perpetual, but used according to occasion, some are stiled Substitutive; because they supply the room either, 1▪ Of some Integral word, as Pronouns, or 2. Of some Sentence or complex part of it, as Interjections.

As Nouns are notes or signs of things, so Pronouns are of Nouns;* 1.14 and are therefore called Pronomina, quasi vice Nominum,* 1.15 as being placed commonly instead of Nouns. They represent things either

1. Immediately and in kind, without respect to the names of those things. So when its said, I exhort thee or him: The Pronoun I repre∣sent to our thoughts the person speaking, suppose Iohn; and the words thee, him, the person spoken to or of, suppose William or Thomas.

2. Mediately by their names, which are either

1. Exprest with the Pronoun, as commonly it happens upon the first intimation or mention of the thing; as this or that man or book, and in these cases the Pronouns are commonly called Demonstrative.

2. Supplyed by the Pronouns, as is usual for Brevities sake, at the re∣peating of the mention of a thing lately before spoken of; as he, it, &c. and then the Pronoun is called Relative. Examples of both sorts are to be had in the Grammars of Instituted Languages.

More commodiously for our purpose, the Pronouns are to be con∣sidered either according to their, 1. Number. 2. Modifications.

1. As to their Number; there are twelve which may be stiled simple Pronouns, and three other that are Compound.

The Simple Pronouns, for the better convenience of and comply∣ance with the Characters, are reduced into these three combinations; whereof the first and last combinations are single, the other double.

• ...I.
• ...Thou.
• ...He.

• ...This.
• ...Same.
• ...Certain one.

• ...That.
• ...Another.
• ...Some one.

• ...Any one.
• ...Every one.
• ...All.

Of all which it is to be observed, that they are in some kind or other, Quantitatives; that is to say, every one of these Pronouns makes the whole Proposition, or at least that part of the Proposition, which is affected with it, according to its own nature, to be either Sin∣gular, Indefinite, Particular or Universal.

2. The Modifications of Pronouns, whereby they are varied into different significations, are of two kinds.

1. Possessive, denoting a relation of Propriety or Possession unto the person or thing spoken of, which is applicable to all Pronouns, as I, Mine; Who, Whose, &c.

2. Reduplicative, denoting a particular Emphasis, whereby a word is raised and intended in its signification; as I my self, Thou thy self, &c.

Moreover it is to be observ'd, that the Personal Pronouns, and any of the rest being us'd Substantively, are capable of Number and Case; and that all other Pronouns beside the Personal, are capable of Com∣position with the Transcendentals of Person and Thing, of Place, Time and Manner.

All these Pronouns I have thought fit to represent more largely un∣der four combinations in these following Tables.

* 1.16The first Combination of Pronouns denoting the three Persons are Substantives, and for their Quantity singular, and cannot properly re∣present any other then Individual being▪ I have here adjoyned to them their plurals, for the sake of their Possessives; ours, yours, theirs, which without them cannot be so conveniently expressed.

Sing. Numb.

• I.
  • * 1.171. I. me
    • * 1.18Poss. My, Mine.
    • * 1.19Redup. Even I. I my self.
    • * 1.20Poss. Red. my own.
  • * 1.212. THOV. Thee.
    • * 1.22P. Thy. Thine.
    • * 1.23R. Thy self, even thou.
    • P. R. Thy own.
  • * 1.243. HE. Him. She. Her.
    • * 1.25P. His. Hers.
    • * 1.26R. He himself, even he.
    • P. R. His own, her own.

Plur. Numb.

• We, us.* 1.27
  • Ours* 1.28
  • We our selves.* 1.29
  • Our own.
• Yee, you.* 1.30
  • Yours.* 1.31
  • Your selves.* 1.32
  • Your own.
• They, them, those.* 1.33
  • Theirs.* 1.34
  • They themselves.* 1.35
  • Their own.

The second Combination of Pronouns as likewise the rest that fol∣low, are properly Adjectives, though by reason of Ellipsis they are some∣times used Substantively. The three first of them, this, that, the same, are for their Quantities singulars, and do denote several relations of Identity; The three last, viz. Another, A certain one, Some one, are for their Quantities, Singulars or Particulars indeterminate. The first of them implies the Relation of Diversity.

II.

• * 1.361. THIS.
  • * 1.37P. Belonging to this
    • Person.
    • Thing.
  • * 1.38R. This very P. T.
  • * 1.39Pl. Here.
  • * 1.40T. Now.
  • * 1.41M. This manner
• * 1.422. THE SAME.
  • * 1.43P. Belonging to the same.
  • R. Self-same.
  • * 1.44Pl.
  • T.
  • M.
• * 1.453. A CERTAIN.
  • P. Belonging to a certain P.T.
  • P. L. A certain place.
  • T. A certain time.
  • M. A certain manner.

• ...THAT.* 1.46
  • Belonging to that, it.* 1.47
  • That very.* 1.48
  • There.* 1.49
  • Then.* 1.50
  • That manner.* 1.51
• ANOTHER, other, else.* 1.52
  • Anothers.* 1.53
  • Wholy or quite ano∣ther.
  • Elsewhere.* 1.54
  • Otherwhile.* 1.55
  • Otherwise.* 1.56
• ...SOME.* 1.57
  • Somebodies.
  • Somewhere.* 1.58
  • Some time.* 1.59
  • Some manner.
  • Some wise.* 1.60

The third Combination of Pronouns are

III.

• ...General or Particular indefinite;
  • * 1.611. ANY, ought, ever a.
    • P. Any ones, any bodies.
    • * 1.62Pl. Any where.
    • * 1.63T. Any time.
    • * 1.64M. Any manner.
• ...General distributive;
  • * 1.652. EVERY ONE.
    • P. Every ones, belonging to, or concerning every one, Person, Thing.
    • Pl. Every where.
    • T. Every time.
    • M. Every manner.
• ...General Collective;
  • * 1.663. ALL.
    • P. Belonging to all, Persons, Things.
    • * 1.67Pl. All places.
    • * 1.68T. Always, all times.
    • * 1.69M. All manner of ways.

The fourth and last Combination is of the mixed or compound Pronouns; so styled, because they are made up of some of the other Pronouns, compounded with the three first and most simple of the Conjunctions. The first of them Quis? WHO? is the Pronoun All, taken in pieces, with an interrogation; For he that enquires who did this, means, doubting of all, did such a one? or such a one? &c. of all them that were capable to do it: but he that doubts only of one, enquires, did he do this? where Quis is plainly resolved into a Pro∣noun incorporated with a Conjunction Interrogative. And as for the second of these, Qui it is commonly translated And he. And the third Whosoever is the same as If any one. They may be distinguished into,

IV.

• 1. Interrogative;
  • WHO? which? what?* 1.70
  • P. Whose? * 1.71
  • Pl. Where?* 1.72
  • T. When?* 1.73
  • M. How?* 1.74
• 2. Relative;
  • WHO, which, that.* 1.75
  • P. Whose.* 1.76
  • Pl. Where.* 1.77
  • T. When.* 1.78
  • M. After which manner.* 1.79
• 3. Reduplicative;
  • WHOSOEVER, whomsoever,* 1.80 which∣soever, whatsoever.
    • P. Whosesoever.* 1.81
    • Pl. Wheresoever* 1.82
    • T. Whensoever.* 1.83
    • M. Howsoever, after what manner soever.* 1.84

And thus much may serve for stating the number, nature, signifi∣cation and use of this second kind of Grammatical Particle stiled Pronoun.

* 1.85Those Substitutive Particles, which serve to supply the room of some sentence or complex part of it, are stiled Interjections. These are by some denyed to be words, or any part of distinct speech, but only natural signs of our mental notions, or passions, expressed by such rude incondite sounds, several of which are common with us to Brute Creatures. And as all Nations of men do agree in these kind of na∣tural passions, so likewise do they very much agree in the signs or in∣dications of their mirth, sorrow, love, hatred, &c.

These kind of Particles are generally expressed by aspirated sounds, affectum enim notant,* 1.86 & ideo confertus editur spiritus, because of that affection and vehemence, which is commonly denoted by them.

The kinds of these may be very numerous, according to the various motions and passions of the mind; but those that are of the most fre∣quent and general use, may be reduced under these three combinations, whereof the first only is single, the other two double.

The two first Combinations may be styled Solitary and Passive, be∣ing used by us when we are alone,* 1.87 or not so directly tending to dis∣course with others, in which the Party speaks as suffering some muta∣tion in himself. They are the result, either of a surprized.

I.

• Iudgment, denoting either
• 1. Admiration. Heigh.
• 2. Doubting or considering. Hem, Hm, Hy.
• 3. Despising. Pish, Shy, Tysh.
• Affection; moved by the Apprehension of Good or Evil.

II.

• ...Past;
  1.
  • Mirth. Ha, ha, he.
  • Sorrow. Hoi, oh, oh, ah.
• ...Present;
  2.
  • Love, and pity, Ah, alack, alas.
  • Hate, and anger, vauh, hau.
• ...Future;
  3.
  • * 1.88Desire, O, o that.
  • Aversation, Phy.

The last Combination may be stiled Social and Active, being never used by us when we are alone, but immediately tending to discourse with others, in which the party speaks with design to procure some mutation in his Hearers. These may be distinguished into such as are

III.

• ...Precedaneous to discourse.
  1.
  • Exclaiming. Oh, Soho.
  • Silencing. St, Hush.
• ...Beginning of discourse.
  • General; to dispose the senses of the Hearer.
    2.
    • Bespeaking attention. Ho, Oh.
    • Expressing attention. Ha.
  • Special; to dispose the Affections of the Hearer by way of
    3.
    • Insinuation or blandishment. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Eia, Now.
    • ...Threatning. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Vae, Wo.

CHAP. III. § I. Of Prepositions in General. § II. The particular kinds of them. § III. Explication of the four last Combinations of them, relating to Place, or Time.

THose are stiled Connexive Particles, whose proper use is to ex∣press,* 1.89 either 1. The Construction of word with word called Pre∣position; or 2. The Contexture of sentence with sentence, called Adverb and Conjunction.

Prepositions are such Particles, whose proper office it is to joyn Inte∣gral with Integral on the same side of the Copula; signifying some re∣spect of Cause, Place, Time, or other circumstance either Positively or Privatively. These having such a subserviency to Nouns, in re∣spect of which, they are by some stiled Adnomia, or Adnomina and Praenomina, as Adverbs have to Verbs. They are therefore here trea∣ted of before Adverbs, whose office is chiefly to wait upon Verbs.

There are thirty six Prepositions or eighteen paires of them, or six Combinations, which may, with much less equivocalness then is found in instituted Languages, suffice to express those various respects, which are to be signifyed by the kind of Particle.

The two first Combinations of Prepositions, do comprehend such as are used to express Causality, and may be stiled Causal.* 1.90

The first Combination of Causal Prepositions are either,

I.

• More General, denoting either the Author, Subject, or Possessor of any thing; expressed in the Latin by the Genitive case: or the Formal, or Instrumental cause, or Manner of doing, ex∣pressed in the Latin by the Ablative case: Neither of them having any Particle in that Language appointed for them.
  1.
  • ...OF* 1.91
  • WITH, By
• More Particular; denoting either
  • The Efficient, or the Final cause.
    2.
    • ...BY* 1.92
    • ...FOR
  • The Material cause, ex qua, or circa quam.
    3.
    • ...OVT OF* 1.93
    • ...CONCERNING, upon.

The second Combination of Causal Prepositions doth contain such as do relate either to the notion of

II.

• Ideal and exemplary, or Substitutive
  1.
  • ...ACCORDING TO* 1.94
  • ...INSTEAD
• Social or circumstance of society; Affirmed, or Denyed.
  2.
  • ...WITH* 1.95
  • ...WITHOVT, void of
• Adjuvant and agreement with: or opposing and enmity against

• ...
  3.
  • ...* 1.96FOR, on this side.
  • ...AGAINST, opposite unto.

The rest of the Prepositions do primarily refer to Place and Situa∣tion; Secondarily to time; And some of them, by way of Analogy, to Comparison. Some of these are Absolutely determined, either to Motion, or to Rest, or the Terminus of motion. Others are relatively applicable to both; Concerning which this rule is to be observed. That those which belong to motion, cannot signifie rest: But those which belong to rest, may likewise signifie motion in the Terminus.

The third Combination doth consist of such as respect space in ge∣neral being either

III.

• ...Absolutely determined to
  • Motion; either ‖ of Coming, or Going
    1.
    • ...* 1.97TO
    • ...FROM
  • Rest; or the Terms of this motions, denoting either; Near∣ness and contiguity: ro Distance
    2.
    • ...* 1.98AT
    • ...OFF
• Relative both to motion and rest, with respect to the Interme∣diate space betwixt those Terms, either ‖ Direct, or Indirect.
  3.
  • ...OVER
  • ...* 1.99ABOVT

The fourth Combination doth consist of such Prepositions, as re∣spect Space, with a particular restriction to the notion of Containing, being either.

IV.

• ...Absolutely determined to
  • Motion; whether of ‖ Ingress, or Egress
    1.
    • ...INTO
    • ...* 1.100OVT OF
  • Rest or the Terms of these Motions.
    2.
    • ...WITHIN
    • ...* 1.101WITHOVT
• Relative both to Motion and Rest, with respect to the Interme∣diate space either ‖ Direct or Indirect.
  4.
  • ...THOROVGH
  • ...* 1.102BESIDE

The fifth Combination doth contain such Prepositions as relate to the Imaginary parts of a thing, whether the

V.

• Head or Feet, being absolutely determined to
  • Motion; either ‖ Ascent or Descent,
    1.
    • ...* 1.103VPWARDS
    • ...DOWNWARDS
  • Rest or the Terms of these motions,
    2.
    • ...* 1.104ABOVE
    • ...BELOW
• Face or Back, being Relative both to Motion and Rest.
  3.
  • ...BEFORE
  • ...* 1.105AFTER

The sixth Combination doth comprehend such Prepositions as are applicable both to Motion and Rest, relating to the situation of

some third thing spoken of, which the Speaker considers as being

VI.

• Higher or Lower then that third thing, denoting a contiguity or nearness to it
  1.
  • ...VPON* 1.106
  • ...VNDER
• Nearer to it, or Farther from it
  2.
  • ...ON THIS SIDE* 1.107
  • ...BEYOND
• In the intermediate space unto two other things, or opposite to one of them.
  3.
  • ...BETWIXT,* 1.108 between
  • ...AGAINST, over against.

For the clearer explication of these Local Prepositions, I shall refer to this following Diagram.* 1.109 In which by the Oval Figures are repre∣sented the Prepositions determined to Motion, wherein the Acuter part doth point out the tendency of that motion. The squares are in∣tended to signifie rest or the Term of Motion. And by the round fi∣gures are represented such relative Prepositions, as may indifferently refer either to Motion or Rest.

[illustration]

Some of these Prepositions, viz. Above, Below, Before, After, are by common Analogy applicable to signifie comparison, which use being generally received, and the words having in them a natural sutable∣ness to this purpose, there is no danger of any ambiguity.

Several of the Prepositions are sometimes used Adverbially, as Ante, Post, Praeter, Contra, Inter, Infra, &c. which use when it happens, the sense will easily distinguish. The difference between these two parts of speech, Prepositions and Adverbs, being so nice, that 'tis hard in some cases to distinguish them; upon which 'tis questioned, whether every Preposition as it compounds a Verb, do not put on the nature of an Adverb; and it seems to be so, because it Modifies the Act after the same manner as Adverbs do, as in the words Praeficio, Benefacio, &c.

CHAP. IV. I. Of Adverbs in General. II. The Particular kinds of them. III. Of Conjunctions.

* 1.110THose two kinds of Connexive Particles which serve for the con∣texture of sentence with sentence, are called Adverbs and Conjun∣ctions.* 1.111 The first of these are commonly described to be such kind of words as are for the most part adjoyned to Verbs to signifie some kind of Mode or Circumstance, belonging either intrinsecally or extrinse∣cally to them.

Of Aduerbs derived from Integrals, enough hath been said in the Chapter of Integrals. The rest of those words which are commonly called Adverbs, according to their true Original, are either derived from a 1.112 Pronouns, or else they are b 1.113 Modes of Verbs, or else they are * 1.114 Conjunctions; And some of them may be periphrastically expressed by Radicals. So that according to the true Philosophy of speech, I can∣not conceive this kind of words to be properly a distinct part of speech, as they are commonly called. But until they can be distri∣buted into their proper places, I have so far complyed with the Gram∣mars of instituted Languages, as to place them here together, and to branch them under the five following Combinations.

* 1.115Whereof the first doth consist of such Adverbs as denote

I.

• The manner of our Apprehension of Complex things, or the nex∣us betwixt the several terms of a Proposition; whether more
  • * 1.116Simple; ‖ Affirming or Denying
    1.
    • ...YEA, I,
    • ...NAY, not, no,
  • Mixed; applicable both to Affirmation and Negation; either ‖ Conjectural doubtful and contingent: or Certain and confi∣dent, implying a kind of attestation or something super∣added to bare Affirming or Denying.
    2.
    • ...* 1.117PERHAPS, perchance,
    • ...TRVLY, indeed, surely, in truth, verily.
• Similitude; the former being Comparative General, the other the Redditive of it.

• ...
  3.
  • ...AS,* 1.118 even as
  • ...SO Semblably.

The second Combination are all of them Comparative, either of

II.

• Equality; the latter being the Redditive of the former
  1.
  • ...HOW* 1.119
  • ...SO
• Inequality; according to several degrees
  • ...Greater;
    2.
    • ...MORE* 1.120
    • ...MOST
  • ...Lesser;
    3.
    • ...LESS* 1.121
    • ...LEAST

The third Combination doth consist of such as are; either

III.

• Elective; whether of Prelation and preference: or Preterition and postponency.
  1.
  • ...RATHER
  • ...THAN* 1.122
• Local and Temporal, implying a respect betwixt something ab∣sent and past; either to ‖ that which is present: or to that which is at distance and future.
  2.
  • ...YET, still, hitherto,* 1.123
  • ...VNTIL
• Temporal only; the former representing time existing and pre∣sent, the other implying a relation of posteriority after lap∣sing and expiring of some time.
  3.
  • ...WHILST* 1.124
  • ...AT LENGTH

The fourth Combination doth contein such as denote the Circum∣stance of

IV.

• Society, ‖ Affirmed, or Denyed; Conjunction or Exclusion
  1.
  • ...TOGETHER* 1.125
  • ...ONLY, alone,
• Repetition, or resemblance and equivalence
  2.
  • ...AGAIN* 1.126
  • ...AS IF
• Privation or Restitution; the former signifying the devesting a thing of its form; the other the re-investing of it with its precedent form; the first of these hath no Particle that is used simply for it, but only in Composition, both in Latin and English: the latter we sometimes express in English by Back:
  3.
  • ...VN,* 1.127 dis.
  • ...RE, back.

The fifth and last Combination doth consist of three single Parti∣cles, denoting Proximity or nearness; being either

V.

• Definite and determinate; whether
  • Affirming some little defect or Imperfection
    1.
    • ...ALMOST, e'en, well-nigh, towards,* 1.128 within a little of
  • ...Denying the utmost perfection
    2.
    • ...SCARCE,* 1.129 hardly
• Indefinite, and indeterminate to more or less, over or under;

• but affirming a nearness to the chief term
  * 1.1303.
  • ...THEREABOVTS, under or over.

* 1.131Conjunctions are such Particles as serve for the joyning together of words, or rather of sentences. Of these there may be reckoned these four Combinations, or twelve paire; though all of them be not alike simple and of equal necessity, yet there is none of them without its particular convenience.

The first Combination doth consist of such as are either

I.

• Interrogative, ‖ Affirmative, or Negative.
  1.
  • ...* 1.132WHETHER YEA?
  • ...WHETHER NO?
• Conjunctive, ‖ Affirmative, or Negative,
  2.
  • ...* 1.133AND
  • ...NEITHER
• Conditional, ‖ Affirmative, or Negative,
  3.
  • ...* 1.134IF, so that,
  • ...VNLESS.

The second Combination doth contain such as are either

II.

• Approbative, or Discretive and restrictive,
  1.
  • ...INDEED
  • ...* 1.135BVT
• Concessive, or Exceptive
  2.
  • ...ALTHOVGH
  • ...* 1.136YET
• Disjunctive, ‖ Definite, or Indefinite,
  3.
  • ...OR
  • ...* 1.137EITHER.

The third Combination are all of them Causal; either

III.

• Adjunctive of the end; whether cause or Event; ‖ Affirma∣tive or Negative,
  1.
  • ...THAT, to the end that,
  • ...* 1.138LEAST THAT
• Ratiocinative, belonging to the Antecedent; whether ‖ that which makes it follow the Consequent: or that which may indifferently precede or follow.
  2.
  • ...* 1.139FOR
  • ...BECAVSE
• Ratiocinative belonging to the Consequent; whether ‖ inter∣rogative and indefinite: or illative, and demonstrative,
  3.
  • ...WHY, wherefore, what is the cause or reason,
  • ...* 1.140THEREFORE.

The last Combination doth consist of such as are either

IV.

• Declarative; whether ‖ of the cause, or of the event,
  1.
  • ...WHEREAS, seeing that, sith that,
  • ...* 1.141THEREVPON
• Additional, and transitional, whether ‖ continuative, or sup∣pletive,
  2.
  • ...LIKEWISE, also, together with, moreover,
  • * 1.142AND SO FORTH, &c.
• Expositive; either ‖ by Synonyme, or by Instance,
  3.
  • ...* 1.143TO WIT, viz.
  • ...FOR EXAMPLE, EXGR.

The three last of these are not properly Particles or single words, but rather the Contractions of several words, they are here added to the rest for greater convenience, partly for compleating the number and filling up the vacancies; and partly in Complyance with the use of most vulgar Languages, when they write contractedly.

CHAP. V. I. Of Articles. II. Of Modes. III. Of Tenses. IV. The most distinct way of expressing the differences of Time.

BEsides these fore-mentioned Particles which may be called more Absolute; there are others more servile and auxiliary,* 1.144 serving for the fuller expression of some Accident belonging to a word. These were before distinguished into such as do belong either, 1. To an Integral alone, as Articles. 2. To the Copula alone, as the Modes. or 3. Both to Integral and Copula as the Tenses. Each of which are in some Langua∣ges taken in, or involved in the inflexion of words: But in others, they are provided for by distinct words to express them.

Articles are usually prefixed before Substantives for the more full and distinct expression of them, they may be distinguished into

Enuntiative, which may be used indifferently before any Substan∣tive, not already pos••est with the Demonstrative. A. An.

Demonstrative, which gives a peculiar Emphasis to its Substantive, and is applyed only to such a Person or Thing, as the hearer knows, or hath reason to know, because of its eminence or some precedent mention of it. The

Though these be not absolutely necessary to a Language, because the Latin is without them; yet are they so convenient for the greater di∣stinctness of speech, that upon this account, both the Hebrew, Greek, Slavonick, and most other Languages have them.

To shew in what manner the subject is to be joyned with his Predi∣cate, the Copula between them is affected with a Particle,* 1.145 which from the use of it, is called Modus, the Manner or Mode.

Now the Subject and Predicate may be joyned together either Sim∣ply, or with some kind of Limitation, and accordingly these Modes are either Primary or Secondary.

The Primary Modes are called by Grammarians Indicative, and Im∣perative.

When the Matter is declared to be so, or at least when it seems in the speakers power to have it be so, as the bare union of Subject and Predicate would import; then the Copula is nakedly expressed without any variation: And this manner of expressing it, is called the Indica∣tive Mode.

When it is neither declared to be so, nor seems to be immediatly in the speakers power to have it so; then he can do no more in words but make out the expression of his will to him that hath the thing in

his power, namely to his

• Superiour by Petition
• Equal by Perswasion
• Inferiour by Command

And the man∣ner of these affecting the Copula (Be it so, or sine esse, let it be so) is called the Imperative Mode; of which there are these three varieties, very fit to be distinctly provided for. As for th•••• other use of the Imperative Mode, when it signifies Permission; this may be sufficiently expressed by the Secondary Mode of Liberty. You may do it.

The Secondary Modes are such, as when the Copula is affected with any of them, make the sentence to be (as Logicians call it) a Modal Proposition.

This happens when the Matter in discourse, namely, the being or doing or suffering of a thing, is considered not simply by it self, but gradually in its causes from which it proceeds either Contingently or Ne∣cessarily.

Then a thing seems to be left as Contingent, when the speaker ex∣presses only the Possibility of it, or his own Liberty to it.

1. The Possibility of a thing depends upon the power of its cause, and may be expressed when

• Absolute by the Particle CAN
• Conditional by the Particle COVLD.

2. The Liberty of a thing, depends upon a freedom from all Obsta∣cles either within or without, and is usually expressed in our Lan∣guage, when

• Absolute by the Particle MAY
• Conditional by the Particle MIGHT.

Then a thing seems to be of Necessity, when the speaker expresseth the resolution of his own will, or some other obligation upon him from without.

3. The Inclination of the will is expressed, if

• Absolute by the Particles WILL
• Conditional by the Particles WOVLD.

4. The Necessity of a thing, from some external obligation, whether Natural or Moral which we call duty, is expressed, if

• Absolute by the Particle MVST, ought, shall,
• Conditional by the Particle MVST, ought, should.

* 1.146That kind of servile Particle which doth belong both to the Inte∣gral and the Copula, is stiled Tense.

Tho Tenses in instituted Languages are appropriated only to Verbs, yet 'tis very plain that according to the true Philosophy of speech, they should likewise be ascribed to Substantives; And that this would in many respects be a great advantage to Language. As there is Ama∣tio, so there should be Amavitio and Amaturitio, &c.

These kind of Auxiliary Particles, stiled Modes and Tenses, are in the Modern Languages expressed by such servile words, as do not signifie any compleat Act, but rather some respects and circumstances belonging to other Acts; and by that means have in them a natural fitness to be subservient to the inflexion of other Integral words. So the Conditional Modes are supplyed by the words Possum or Possible,

Licet, Libet, Volo; Necesse, Oportet, Debeo. And so are the Tenses, by those servile words of Facio, Habeo, besides the Copula, sum.

The Tenses are usually distinguished into

• ...Present
  • ...Active. Do, dost, doth,
  • ...Passive. Am, art, is, are.
• ...Past
  • ...Imperfect
    • ...Active. Did, didst,
    • ...Passive. Was, wert, were.
  • ...Perfect
    • ...Active. Have, hast, hath,
    • ...Passive. Have been, hast been, hath been.
  • ...Pluperfect
    • ...Active. Had, hadst,
    • ...Passive. Had been, hadst been.
• ...Future
  • ...Active. Shall, will, shalt, wilt,
  • ...Passive. Shall be, will be, shalt be, wilt be.

But the most distinct and explicit way of expressing any Propositi∣on, is by affixing these Tenses, both to the Copula, and the Predicate;* 1.147 the latter of which will shew the time of the Action, &c. whether past, present, or future: and the former, the state of the Person or Subject, who doth this Acti∣on, whether he

• Has been, either Past that Action,
• Is now, either Acting in it,
• Shall be hereafter. either Yet to do it.

And a Proposition thus expressed, is in the very expressing of it, re∣solved into its parts of Subject, Copula, and Predicate, according to these following examples.

• I Have been Hot Calui
• I Am Hot Caleo
• I Shall be Hot Calebo
• I Have been having been Hot Calebam
• I Am having been Hot Calueram
• I Shall be having been Hot Caluero
• I Have been to be hot hereafter Fui caliturus
• I Am to be hot hereafter Sum caliturus
• I Shall be to be hot hereafter Ero caliturus
• I Have been Heating Calefeci
• I Am Heating Calefacio, or sum calefaciens
• I Shall be Heating Calefaciam
• I Have been Having heated Calefeceram
• I Am Having heated Calefaciebam, sum qui calefecit
• I Shall be Having heated Calefecero
• I Have been to Heat hereafter Fui calefacturus
• I Am to Heat hereafter Sum Calefacturus
• I Shall be to Heat hereafter Ero calefacturus
• I Have been Heated Fui Calefactus
• I Am Heated Calefio, velsum calefactus
• I Shall be Heated Calefiam, velero calefactus
• ...

• I Have been having been Heated Fueram calefactus
• I Am having been Heated Calefiebam
• I Shall be having been Heated Fuero calefactus
• I Have been to be Heated hereafter Fui Calefaciendus.
• I Am to be Heated hereafter Sum Calefaciendus.
• I Shall be to be Heated hereafter Ero Calefaciendus.

But if any should conceive this way needless or too laborious, as being too much distant from the manner of Instit••ted Languages; he may by putting the Copula in the place of the Tense, as well express his mind in thi••, as in any other Instituted Language.

CHAP. VI. I. Of Transcendental Particles, The end and use of them. II. The usual ways for enlarging the sense of words in In∣stituted Languages. III. The General Heads of Transcen∣dental Particles.

THose Particles are here stiled Transcendental, which do circum∣stantiate words in respect of some M••taphysical notion; either by enlarging the acception of them to some more general signification, then doth belong to the restrained sense of their places: or denoting a relation to some other Predicament or Genus, under which they are not originally placed.

Whereas in a Philosophical Language, every word ought in strict∣ness to have but one prope•• sense and acception, to prevent equivo∣calness; which sense is to be restrained according to that place and relation, which the words have in the Tables: And yet on the other side, it would much promo•••• copiousness and elegancy, if there might be any way so to change and vary the sense of any word, as may with all, leave it free from ambig••ity. For this purpose, as likewise for the Abbreviating of Language are these Transcendental notes suggested.

There are two ways used in Instituted Languages, specially in La∣tin for varying the sense of words; ••••ther by Tropes: or by such a kind of Composition as doth alter the terminations of them.

1. The sense of a word is varyed by Trope; either in respect of some

• Agreement and convenience, which it hath with the word for which it is used; whether more
  • General; as in Metaphore
  • Special; when the
    • Whole, whether Universal, Essential, Integral, is put for any of the respective parts, or contrary wise, Synecdoche.
    • Subject, Object, Cause, &c. is put for the Adjunct, Adject, Effect, &c, or contrary wise, Metonymy.
• Opposition; when one Opposite is put for the other, Irony.

Of all which there are store of examples in the common books of Rhetorick; And there will be occasion to cite several of them in the following Chapter, amongst the instances that are given of the Transcendental Particles.

Words are varied by changing their Terminations many ways; of which these that follow are some of the Principal in the Latin.

1. Preparatives or Meditatives; are expressed by the Termination (urio) Scripturio, Esurio, Parturio, Micturio.

2. Inceptives; by the termination (sco) Lucesco, Calesco, Senesco.

3. Frequentatives; by the termination (ito) Clamito, Agito.

4. Augmentatives; by the termination (osus) Aquosus, Fluviosus, Piscosus.

5. Diminutives; by the terminations (lo, lus, la, lum, aster) Can∣tillo, Scribillo, Libellus, Lapillus, Homunculus, Mercatulus, Vesicula▪ Cor∣pusculum, Corculum, Crepusculum, Surdaster, Medicaster, Grammati∣caster.

6. The Notion of Segregate; by the termination (tim) Viritim, Verbatim, Gradatim.

7. Power and Propensity Active; by (ivus, ivitas) Activus, Acti∣vitas.

8. Power and Propensity Passive; by (ilis, ilitas) Possibilis, Possibi∣litas.

9. Cause; by composition with Facio, Mortifico, Magnifico, Prolifi∣cum, &c.

10. Kind; by (plex and farius and genus) Simplex, Duplex, Multi∣plex, Bifarius, Multifarius, Omnigenus, Multigenus.

11. The notions of Officer, and Tradesman▪ whether Merchant or Mechanick promiscuously, are commonly expressed by the termina∣tion (arius) which doth originally and properly signifie the notion of belonging to, but is thus limited by reason of the words, Officiarius, Mercator, Faber, understood.

Apiarius, Armentarius, Caprarius, Equarius, Accipitarius, Librari∣us, &c.

Lanarius, Linarius, Piscarius, Aviarius, Pomarius, Lactarius, &c.

Arcuarius, Armamentarius, Aurarius, Doliarius, &c.

12. Instrument or Iugament; by the termination (trum) Haustrum, Aratrum, Plaustrum, Rastrum, &c.

13. Vessel; by (bulum) Thuribulum, Infundibulum.

14. House; by (ile, ale, arium) Equile, Ovile, Bubile, Caseale, Avia∣rium, Columbarium, Gallinarium.

15. Chamber or Room; by (ina, arium, terium) Officina, Textrina, Tonstrina, Sutrina, Popina, Vestiarium, Carnarium, Apodyterium, Coni∣sterium, Sphaeristerium.

16. Place in General; by (arium, etum) Vivarium, Aquarium, Po∣marium, Colluviarium, Frutetum, Dumetum, Arundinetum, Ericetum, &c.

17. Person or Agent; by the termination (or) Pastor, Fossor▪ Fron∣dator, Vindemiator, Arator, Messor, &c.

Now if all other respects and circumstances, which are capable and proper to be expressed by these kind of Particles, were in some such way provided for; this would exceedingly abbreviate the number

of words, prevent much circumlocution, contribute to perspicuity and distinctness, and very much promote the elegance and significancy of speech.

What may be the most convenient number of such Transcendental Particles, is not easie to determine; But those mentioned▪ in the eight following Combinations, (though not all of the same extent and comprehensiveness) have each of them some peculiar pretence of be∣ing listed under this number.

These may be distributed into such as are more

• ...General.
  • Essential. I.
  • Circumstantial. II.
• Special, whether belonging to
  • Substance. III.
  • Quantity. IV.
  • Quality. V.
  • Action. VI.
  • Relation, with respect to
    • Quality and Action. VII.
    • Affections of Animals. VIII.

The first Combination doth comprehend such General Essential re∣spects, as are either

I.

• Comparative; denoting similitude and resemblance; whether that which consists chieflly ‖ in words or in things
  1.
  • ...METAPHOR
  • ...LIKE
• Positive; denoting the nature or essence of the subject spoken of, as to those common notions of
  • General beings, either ‖ the common essence, or common circumstances
    2.
    • ...KIND
    • ...MANNER
  • Individual beings, whether ‖ irra••ional or rational
    3.
    • ...THING
    • ...PERSON

The second Combination doth contein such General Circumstantial respects as are; either more

II.

• Absolute; signifying, Position or Duration
  1.
  • ...PLACE
  • ...TIME
• Relative; as to
  • Effecting or Representing
    2.
    • ...CAVSE
    • ...SIGN
  • Being in conjunction with others, or separate from others
    3.
    • ...AGGREGATE
    • ...SEGREGATE.

The third Combination doth contain such kind of Special respects, belonging to Substance, as result from their Application to other Sub∣stances, and the uses for which they are designed; namely, for Enclo∣sure and service, whether of

III.

• Places; or Things
  1.
  • ...SEPIMENT
  • ...ARMAMENT
• Men; either such coverings as are
  • Contiguous and fitted to their bodies, serving for defence, ‖ against Weather or Enemies
    2.
    • ...VEST
    • ...ARMOVR
  • More remote, according to ‖ the more General, or Special kind or part
    3.
    • ...HOVSE
    • ...ROOM

The fourth Combination doth comprehend some of those Special respects belonging to Corporeal things, which do chiefly concern the Figure of them, whether

IV.

• Shape alone; Broad and Flat, or Slender and Long
  1.
  • ...LAMIN
  • ...PIN
• Shape and Vse
  • More Simple; designed, either for Operation or Containing
    2.
    • ...INSTRVMENT
    • ...VESSEL
  • Less simple; whether ‖ such as are not necessarily designed for motion, being of a less complicate figure; or such as are designed for motion, whose figure is more complicate
    3.
    • ...IVGAMENT
    • ...MACHIN

The fifth Combination doth contain such kind of Notions as re∣late to the Quality of Things or Persons, whether considered more

V.

• Abstractly; either the more General Quality, whereby the natural Powers are perfected, or more special relating to Practical matters
  1.
  • ...HABIT
  • ...ART
• Concretely; denoting personal Qualifications, whether
  • Degrees and Business; or Faculty and Skill
    2.
    • ...OFFICER
    • ...ARTIST
  • Professions of Manufacture or Exchange
    3.
    • ...MECHANIC
    • ...MERCHANT

The sixth Combination doth contain such imperfect servile notions, as belong to Action or Passion, with respect to the

VI.

• Ability, or Disposition of a thing
  1.
  • ...POWER
  • ...APTITVDE
• Beginning or Repeating of an Action
  2.
  • ...INCEPTIVE
  • ...FREQVENTATIVE
• Application of the Power; whether ‖ in a common and ordi∣nary, or in some sudden and vehement degree
  3.
  • ...ENDEAVOVR
  • ...IMPETVS

The seventh Combination doth contain such kind of servile Rela∣tive notions, as are common both to Quality and Action; denoting either the

VII.

• Measures and degrees of things
  • Great or Little
    1.
    • ...AVGMENTATIVE
    • ...DIMINVTIVE
  • Too much, or too little
    2.
    • ...EXCESSIVE
    • ...DEFECTIVE
• Manner of a Thing or Action, whether ‖ as it should be, or as it should not be
  3.
  • ...PERFECTIVE
  • ...CORRVPTIVE

The eighth and last Combination doth relate to some Affections of Animals, either

VIII.

• Sounds made by them, whether ‖ inarticulate, or articulate
  1.
  • ...VOICE
  • ...LANGVAGE
• Sexes of them
  2.
  • ...MALE
  • ...FEMALE
• The first most impotent and imperfect Age; to which may ••e adjoyned, that more general name belonging to any 〈◊〉〈◊〉 which is likewise applicable to inanimate beings.
  3.
  • ...YOVNG
  • ...PART.

CHAP. VII. Instances of the great usefulness of these Transcendental Parti∣cles, with directions how they are to be applyed.

FOR the better explaining of what great use and advantage these Particles may be to Language, I shall give some examples seve∣rally to each pair of them, according to the order premised: Begin∣ning with the first.

I.

1.

• ...METAPHORICAL
• ...LIKE

These two are paired together because of their affinity, each of them denoting an enlargement of the sense of the word; the first more general; the other with reference to Similitude, properly so called.

The note of Metaphorical affixed to any Character,* 1.148 will signifie the enlarging the sense of that word, from that strict restrained acception which it had in the Tables, to a more universal comprehensive signifi∣cation: By this, common Metaphors may be legitimated, retaining their elegancy, and being freed from their ambiguity. So

These words, with this note

will signifie

Element

Rudiment, Principle

Root

Original

Way

Means

Thick

Gross

Thin

Subtle

Streight

Upright

Crooked

Perverse

Obtuse

Dull

Acute

Quick

Ripe

Perfect

Immature

Imperfect

Fertile

Fruitful as to inventi∣on, &c.

Barren

Unfruitful

Beautiful

Decent, Comely

Deformed

Absurd, Indecent

Ornate

Elegant, Quaint

Homely

Rude

Light

Evident, Plain

Dark

Mystical, Obscure

These words, with this note

will signifie

Shining

Illustrious

Hypocritical

Counterfeit

Banish

Expel

Companying

Being together

Strengthen

Fortifie, fence

Wrigle in

Insinuate

Prophesie

Prediction

Consecrate

Dedicate

Suiter

Candidate

Woo

Canvase

Rival

Competitor

Raise

Prefer, Advance

So in the Tables of Action; those Acts which are primarily ascribed unto God, as Preserving, Destroying, Delivering, Forsaking, Blessing, Cursing, &c. because they may by analogy be applyed to other things, therefore this mark will enlarge their acception. So for those other Acts belonging to the rational soul; as, Thinking, Believing, Knowing, Observing, Expecting, Consenting, Dissenting, Esteeming, Contemning,

Willing, Nilling, Fruition, Delectation, Election, Rejection, &c. though they are primarily acts of the Rational Soul; yet because there is somewhat analogous to them in other Creatures; therefore such words with this mark may without ambiguity be used in such a gene∣ral sense.

So in Iudicial Relation; Accuse, Complain, Excuse, Witness, Register, Citation, &c. So likewise in Military Relation; Offend, Defend, Provoke, Resist, Besiege, Assault, Skirmish, Fight, Stratagem, Overcome, Yield, Fly, Pursue, Escape, &c. Each of these and many other words may by this note (when there is just occasion to apply it) be made more copious, and yet preserved distinct in their significations.

The other Particle, Like, being affixed to any word, doth denote a varying of the sense of that word,* 1.149 upon the Account of some simi∣litude, whether in respect of Quality and disposition, Resemblance, effect, and manner of doing, or outward shape and situation.

1. This similitude may sometimes refer to the Quality and disposi∣tion of a thing; in which sense 'tis frequently expressed in our English Tongue by Adjectives, with the Termination (ish) Devilish, Brutish, Currish, Waspish, Apish: and sometimes without it; as Angelical, Dogged, Cynical, Viperous, Serpentine, &c. which do not always signifie ac∣cording to the strict derivation of such Adjectives, but do many times denote only a similitude.

2. After the same manner are the several varieties of Colours to be expressed, namely, by their resemblance to other things commonly known. So Ashes-like, or Cineritius, is Ash-colour. So Flesh-like is Carnation; Blood-like is Crimson; Lyon-like is Tawny. So for those other resemblances to the Sky, to Gold, Grass, Straw. So Piceus, or Pitch-like, is a deep black; Coracinus, or Crow-like, is a shining black. So for Milky, Snowy, Ivory, kinds of White, &c. And thus like∣wise is it for the variety of Tastes and Smells; the differences of which are not provided for with distinct words in any Language, but may this way be sufficiently expressed; namely, by their likeness to such other things as are commonly known.

3. Sometimes it may refer to some kind of Resemblance in respect of effect, according to which sense these words are frequently used; Inflame, Sparkle, Cloud, Exhalation, Fumes, Vapour.

4. Sometimes to the manner of doing; so to speak Infant-like, is to Iabler; to graft-like Feathers is to Impe; to dart-like water, is to Spirt, Squirt; to tremble-like with the voice, is to Warble, Thrill; Dog-like crying, is Whining; Stealing-like, is Surreptitious, &c.

5. This Particle is likewise applicable in respect of shape and situ∣ation. So

These words with this note

will signifie

Downe

• Thistle Downe
• Lint of Linnen
• Hoariness of Mold

Fibre

Grain of Wood

Apple

Pomander, Pommel

Bullet

Pellet

Arme

Arme of Tree, Sea

Trunc

Hulk of a Ship

Beake

Stemm of a Ship

Foot

Pedestal

Bridge

Bridge of a Musical instrument

Money

Medal, Counter.

I.

2.

• ...KIND
• ...MANNER

The first of these may be compounded with words of Number, to make them signifie under the notion of Multiplicative,* 1.150 which the La∣tins express by the Termination (plex) Simplex, Duplex, Multiplex, &c. And the English by the Termination (fold) Twofold, Threefold, Ma∣nifold.

In its composition with other Characters, it will serve to express those words which are used to signifie the general or special kinds of things; and being affixed to any of the differences, will make them sig∣nifie as a Genus or Species. It is applicable both to Substantives and Adjectives.

Some of our English words of this sense, are expressed by the Ter∣mination (age) as Herbage, Pascuage, Foliage, Vintage, Cordage, Stoage, &c. that is the kind of Herbs, Pasture, &c.

These words w^th this note

will signifie

People

Populacy, Folk, Commonalty,

Parent

Parentage

Child

Off-spring, Progeny
Issue, Brood, Litter

Foot Souldier

Infantry

Horse Sould.

Cavalry

These words thus marked

will signifie

Bisule

Cattle

Stag

Red Deer

Buck

Fallow Deer

Hog

Swine

Domestic bird

Poultry

Guns

Artillery

There are several Adjectives likewise expressible this way; as Mul∣tifarious, Homogeneous, or Similar, Heterogeneous, or Dissimular, &c.

2. The use of the second Particle is by its composition with Rela∣tive and Quantitative Pronouns, to express such words as these;* 1.151 Quo∣modo, how or after what manner; Hujusmodi after this manner; Ejus∣modi after that manner, &c. It is applicable likewise unto Adverbia moris, Meatim, Tuatim, Suatim (i) Meo, Tuo, Suo More. The Anti∣ents were wont to say, Canatim, Suatim, Bovatim, that is, after the manner of Dogs, of Swine, &c. And it is still in use to say Humanitus, after the manner of men.

The Composition with this Particle may likewise be useful in ex∣pressing those words which do in their proper notion contain a refe∣rence to the Mode of things. So

This mark upon the word

will make it signifie

Loquution

Pronunciation
Eloquution

Sentence

Phrase, Style

Joyning

Connexion

Using

Usage

Right

Tenure

Good, Well

Right

Evil

Wrong

These words thus marked

will signifie

Height

Stature

Feeding

Diet

Vest

Garb, Tire

Face

Aspect, Countenance
Meen, Visage, Favour

Air

Weather

Sound

Tone

I.

3.

• ...THING
• ...PERSON

Each of these may be compounded with the Relative or Quantita∣tive Pronouns, serving to distinguish such as refer to Things, from those that belong to Persons. This, That, The same, Another, A certain, Some. Thing or Person.

* 1.152The former of these being affixed to any word in the Tables be∣longing to the Predicament of Quality, Action, Relation, or to any other word which doth primarily denote a person, will determine the sense of that word to a Substantive of the Thing; as it hath been already declared in the Doctrine of Substantives.

This note may be affixed

• 1. To Adjectives Neuter. So

  The words

  with this mark will signifie

  Obscure

  Mystery

  Seeming

  Semblance

  Prestig••••tory

  Trick

  Frivolous

  Triflle.

• 2. To Adjectives Active, commonly called Participles Active. So

  The words

  with this mark will signifie

  Nutrient

  Nutriment or Aliment

  Medicating

  Medicament or Medi∣cine

  Purging

  Purge

  Binding

  Bond or String

  Buying

  Price

• 3. To Adjectives or Participles Passive, in the Aorist Tense. So

  The words

  will signifie

  Created

  Creature

  Acted

  Fact

  Believed

  Fides quae

  Fancied

  Phantasm

  Prophesied

  Prophesie

  Tyed

  Knot

  Bound

  Bundle, Fardle

  Tryed

  Experiment

  Weaved

  Web

  The words

  will signifie

  Inherited

  Inheritance, Patri∣mony

  Seen

  Spectacle

  Urinated

  Urin

  Dunged

  Dung

  Spit

  Spittle

  Seemed

  Pretence, Pretext

  Drunk

  Drink

  Eaten

  Food, Meat

  Eleemosynated

  Alms

So the Adjectives Passive of the words Teaching, Learning, Reading, Singing, Selling, with this affix, will signifie Doctrine, Lesson, Lecture, Song, Ware.

The second of these Particles may refer either to,* 1.153 1. The Quality and relation; or 2. The Agency; or 3. The Patiency of the Person.

If to the first of these; it must be affixed to an Adjective Neuter; if to the second or third, it must be affixed to an Adjective Active or Passive.

Of the first kind are such examples as these.

The words

will signifie

Vile

Rascal, Varlet

Miserable

Wretch, Caitiff

Perfidious

Villain, Traytor

Crafty

Knave

Idiotical

Fool, Idiot

Wandring

Vagrant, Vagabond

Licentious

Royster, Blade

Uncleanly

Sloven

Slow

Lob, Lubber

Idle

Truant

The words

will signifie

Flattering

Parasite

Facetious

Jester, Wag

Fornicating

Whore, Harlot
Strumpet
Whoremonger

Rustic

Boor, Peasant
Hind, Swain

Military

Souldier

Ecclesiastic

Clerk, Clergy

Secular

Lay

Proposititious (i) put in substitu∣tion

Attourney, Sur∣rogate

Aulical

Courtier

Art

Artizan, Artist

Nullus

Nemo

Of the second are such examples as these.

The words

will signifie

Acting

Actor

Creating

Creator

Farming

Farmer

Lending

Creditor

Owing

Debitor

Pronegotiating

Factor

Beneficencing

Benefactor

Interpreting

Truch-man

The words

will signifie

Conveying

Convoy

Vowing

Votary

Giving

Donor

Receiving

Receiver

Beginning

Inceptor, Novice

Travelling

Traveller, Passenger

Seeing

Spectator

Hearing

Auditor, Hearer

Of the third are such examples as these.

Sent

Messenger

Eleemosynated

Eleemosynary

Beneficenced

Beneficiary

Tryed

Probationer

II.

1.

• ...PLACE
• ...TIME

This first pair in the second Combination of Transcendental Parti∣cles, are of more then ordinary extent and usefulness, because they may be serviceable to compound other words besides Integrals.

The first of them may be Compounded with Pronouns,* 1.154 as was shewed before in the doctrine concerning Pronouns; and so serve to express Adverbs of place, as in this, that, every, &c. here, there, every. where.

Besides which, the Composition with this Particle may be proper to express other names of Places, which are commonly derived, either from,

• 1. The things contained in them.
• 2. The uses to which they are designed.
• 3. The Relations by which they are bounded.

Of the first kind are such as these.

The words

will signifie

Metal

Mine

Tin

Stannary

Stone

Quarry

Deer

Park

Conies

Warren

Trees

Wood, Grove

Shrubs

Coppice

Fruit-trees

Orchard

Vines

Vineyard

The words

will signifie

Hops

Hopyard

Flowers

Garden

Fire

Hearth

Smoke

Chimney

Ship resting

Harbour, Haven, Rode

Stream

Channel, Kennel
Gutter, Drain

Abjectaneous

• Water

Sink

Of the second kind are such examples as these.

The words

will signifie

Ambulation

• Tectised

Cloyster

High

Terrace

Baking-hol∣low

Oven

Fire-hollow

Furnace

Protection

Asylum, refuge
Sanctuary, shelter

Hiding

Covert

Meeting

Rendezvouz

Sacrificing

Altar

Preaching

Pulpit

The words

will signifie

Dwelling

Mansion, Messuage

Washing

Bath

Flesh-selling

Shambles

Publick Spectacle

Theater

Deers Lying

Laire

Birds Sleeping

Roost

Ship-making

Dock

Unshipping Wares

Key, Wharf
Hyth

Of the third kind are such instances as these.

These words

will signifie

Authority

Territory, Signiory
Jurisdiction, Principality, Dominion

Kings Authority

Kingdom, Realm

Tribe

County, Shire

Academical

Academy, University

Arch-Bishops Authority

Province

Bishops Authority

Diocess

Presbyters Authority

Parish

* 1.155The second of these Particles, namely, Time, may be Com∣pounded

1. With Numbers, to make them signifie as Adverbs Cardinals; as Semel, bis, ter, &c. Decies, vicies, centies, millies, multoties, &c. Once, twice, thrice, ten times, twenty times, a hundred times, a thousand times, many times, &c.

2. With Pronouns, to express Adverbs of time; as in this, that, all, Now, Then, Alway, &c.

3. With Integrals; as in such examples.

These words

will signifie

Festival

Holy time

Paschal

Easter

Nativity of Christ

Christmass

Coming of the Holy Ghost

Whitsuntide

Grape gathering

Vintage

Forinsical

Term

Non-Forinsical

Vacation

II.

2.

• CAVSE, or make
• ...SIGN.

When words are in their significations to be more peculiarly deter∣mined to their Transitive efficiency, then is this first note to be affixed.* 1.156 It is frequently in Latin expressed by a Composition with facio sub∣joyned, and sometimes in English by a Composition with (be) pre∣fixed; as in the words, Befool, Besot, &c.

The instances of this kind do frequently occur, and are very nume∣rous. So

These words

will signifie

Know

Acquaint, Advertise

Certain

Certifie, assure

Wonder

Amaze, astonish

Anger

Provoke, incense

Fear

Fright, daunt, dismay

Love

Enamour, endear

Shame

Abash

Humble

Abase

Contender

Boutefeu, incendiary

Boldness

Embolden

Powerful

Enable

Impotent

Disable

Great

Magnifie, aggravate

Little

Diminish, abate

Healthy

Cure, heal

Dye

Kill, slay, mortal

Live

Enliven, quicken

Fade

Wear out, consume

Rise

Raise, rouse, start
Flush, spring, unkennel

Fall

Fell, throw down

These words

will signifie

Sit

Set

Lye

Lay

Sweat

Sudorific
Diaphoretic

Urine

Diuretic

Child

Adopt

Ignoble

Attaint

Free

Enfranchize

Slave

Enslave

Money

Mint, coyne

Erre

Seduce

Evil

Deprave, marr

Exceed

Cloy

Stay

Detain, hold at bay

Go

Set packing

Bleed

Let blood

Shine

Burnish, polish

Manifest

Illustrate, clear

Sparkle

Strike fire

Lose

Endamage

This mark is applicable both to Substantives and Adjectives, as in Adoption, Adopting, Adopted, Sudorification, Sudorific, &c.

* 1.157The other Transcendental note of Sign is adjoined to the former, by reason of some kind of affinity (though somewhat remote) which there is betwixt them. As the former Particle doth import the notion of efficiency or making; so doth this of Representing or signifying. It is applicable both to Substantives and Adjectives. So

These words

will signifie

Anchor

Buoy

Foot

Footstep, track

Wound

Scar

Percussion

Vibex, Black and Blew

Vest service

Livery

Wind

Weathercock

• Fane

Family, or Nobility

Coat of Arms

Regality

Crown

Magistracy

Mace

These words

will signifie

Arming or incursion pass.

Alarum

Jugam. Invas.

Beacon

Future event

• Evil
• Great evil

Ominous

• Inauspicious
• Portentous

Terminal or Limit

Meer, land-mark

To head or hand

Becken

To grief

Lament, deplore
bewail, bemoan

To praise

Applaud

II.

3.

• ...AGGREGATE
• ...SEGREGATE

* 1.158The first of these doth denote a multitude in Society, unto which common speech doth needlesly assign several distinct names; whereas the Natural 〈…〉〈…〉 the same in all of them; and therefore such va∣rious names may justly be reckoned amongst the redundancies of Language. So

These words

will signifie

Assessors

Bench

Souldiers

Party

Travelling Merchants

Caravan

Waiters

Train, retinue

Ships

Navy, Fleet

Military Ships

Armado

• Sheep
• Geese

Flock

• Cows
• Deer
• Hoggs

• Heard
• Drove

Drawing horses

Teame

Hunting dogs

Pack

Partridge

Covey

Bees

Swarm

These words

will signifie

Young

• Dogs
• Foxes
• Pigs

Litter

Hawks

Airy

Ducks

Team

Chickens

Brood

Fish

Scour, Fry Scull

Trees

Wood, Grove

Small trees

Coppice

Shrubs

Thicket

Ferne

Brake

• Hay
• Straw
• Fewel wood

• Reek, Stack
• Cock
• Pile

Twigs

Bavin

And so likewise may it be for those others words

Jewels

Carcanet

Feathers

Plume

Berries

Cluster, Bunch

Counters

Set

Cards

Pack

Dice Silk, Cloth, &c.

Bale

So the words Selling, or Hiring, with this mark, will signifie to sell by whole sale, and to hire by the Great.

The second of these being opposite to the former,* 1.159 will signifie things under the notion of distribution; and being segregated, which we commonly express by the words Each and Every; it is applicable to the Numbers to make them distributives: Singuli, Bini, Trini, &c. Each one, every two, every three, or one by one, by twos, by threes, &c. And so for all other things capable of the like notion. The La∣tins express it by the Termination (tim) as was said before. So

Sigillatim

One by one

Viritim

Man by man

Ostiatim

Door by door

Verbatim

Word by word

Paulatim

By little and little

Pedetentim

Foot by Foot

Gradatim

By degrees

Seriatim

By ranks or classes.

The English, besides the above-mentioned peculiar way of Phra∣seology, doth sometimes express this notion by compounding with the Termination (ly) as Hourly, Daily, Weekly, Monthly, Annually, &c.

It is applicable likewise to Nouns of Action, or Verbs. So

These words

will signifie

Giving

Distributing, Dispensing

Gathering

Picking up

Selling

Retailing

Hiring

Hiring by the day

III.

1.

• ...LAMIN
• ...PIN

The first pair in the third Combination do properly refer to the Figure of things; and the note of these, added to the name of the matter of which they consist, will be useful to supply the words for several things.

The former of these doth denote a broad and flat Figure.

These words

will signifie

Wood

Board, Plank

Glass

Pane

Paper

Leaf, Sheet

Mettal

Plate

Lead

Sheet

Iron supertinn'd

Latin

These words

will signifie

Fire

Leam

Ice, Snow

Flake

Pudding fryed

Pancake

Bread

Sippet, Tost, Wafer

Staffe

Lath

The second denotes a round and long Figure,* 1.160 and being affixed to the word signifying the matter of it, or the thing about which it is used, it may serve for the expression of several names. So

Iron

Nayle

Wood

Peg

Vest

Pin

String

Tag

Cuspidated

Tine

III.

2.

• ...INSTRVMENT
• ...VESSEL

This pair is intended to signifie the General Names belonging to each of the two principal kinds of Vtensils.

* 1.161By Instrument, is meant such a kind of Vtensil, as is of a more simple figure, and properly designed for Operation. This mark is to be af∣fixed to the Character of that particular Action or Operation, in which such instruments are used; and whereas there may be several kinds of instruments, that may be useful for the same kind of operation; they are to be farther distinguished by their Matter, Figure, Bigness, or some other circumstance. So

These words

will signifie

Foraminating

• Little
• Great

• Aule, Piercer Drill, Bodkin
• Gimlet, Wimbel Auger

Digging

Spade, Shovel

Cuspidate

Pick-ax, Mattock

Reaping,

• Great
• Little

• Sythe
• Syckle

Fuel supporting

• Little
• Great

• Dog, Creeper
• Andiron, Cobi∣ron

Striking, Cutting

• Little
• Great

• Hatchet
• Axe

Lifting

Leaver

Weighing

Ballance

Cleaving

Wedge

Wheeling

Wheel

Screwing

Screw

Springing

Spring

Threshing

Flaile

Gathering

Rake

Scattering

Fork

Cribrating

Sive

These words

will signifie

Shaving

Razor

Filing

File

Sawing

Saw

Graving

Graver, stile

Planing

Plane

Contusion

Pestle

Painting

Pencil

Writing

Pen

Candle sup∣porting

Candlestick

Weaving

Shuttle

Clipping

Shears

Brushing

Brush, Beasom

Combing

Comb

Horary

Dyal

Star mea∣sure

Astrolabe

Sub-forging

Anvil

Ringing

Bell

Whipping

Scourge, Rod

Rosting

Spit

Vision

Spectacles

Signifer

Colours, Aun∣tient, Cornet, Banner

* 1.162Under this second Particle (Vessel) are comprehended such kind of simple Utensils, whose proper use is to contain; they are distin∣guishable either

• 1. By the things which they are designed to hold and contain.
• 2. By the operations and actions for which they are used.
• 3. By the matter of which they consist, together with their several figures and quantities.

Of the first kind are such instances as these. So

The words

will signifie

Water

Cistern

Oyle

• Glass
• Earth

• Cruet, Cruce
• Jarr

Drink

• Little
• Great
• Earthen
• Wooden
• Leather

• Cup, Pot, Chalice
• Goblet
• Pitcher
• Bowle
• Jack

Pottage

Porringer

Sauce

Saucer

Table fire

Chafing-dish

Candle

Lanthorn

Inke

Inke-horn

Urine

Chamber-pot

Of the second are such as these. So

The words

will signifie

Washing

• Little
• Great

• Bason
• Laver

Boyling

• Little
• Great
• Earthen

• Skillet
• Caldron, Kettle Copper, Furnace
• Pipkin

Frying

Frying-pan

The words

will signifie

Melting

Crucible

Distilling

Still, Alembick

Straining

Colander

Infusion

Tunnel, Funnel

Exfusion

Ewer

Contusion

Mortar

Incense

Censor, Perfu∣mers pot

Baptism

Font

Of the third sort there are such examples as these. So

The words

will signifie

Earthen

• Narrow
• Broad

Pot

• Urne
• Pan

Wooden

• Oblong
• Great

• Trough
• Vatt

Glassy

Vial

III.

3.

• ...IVGAMENT
• ...MACHIN

This next pair is put to signifie such kind of Utensils as are of a less simple figure then the former.

* 1.163The word Iugament doth comprehend such kind of form•• as are distensoria longa; consisting of several distinct parts united by Art, be∣ing more complex then instrument, and less then Machin. The mark of it is to be affixed, either to the name of the Action or the Thing about which they are used: as in these examples.

The words

will signifie

Carriage of Persons

Barrow

Carriage of Persons Dead

Bier

Carriage of Persons Living, by Men

Sedan

Carriage of Persons Living, by Horses

Litter

Traction

Tumbrel

Plowing

Plow

Harrowing

Harrow

Winnowing

Fan

Weaving

Loom

Beasts Food

Rack, Cratch

Bird restraining

Coop, Pen, Cage

Fish catching

Weele

Stream stopping

Sluce

Roling

Roler

Shadowing

Canopy, umbrel∣la, Screen

The words

will signifie

Printing

Press

Holding

Pincers

Suspension

Gallows, Gibbet

Extension

Rack

Feet imprison

Stocks

Head imprison

Pillory

Neck

Yoke

Sub-foot

Pattin

Broyling

Gridiron

Fewel

Grate

Session

Stoole, Settle

Bed

Bedstead

Clipping

Cizzars

Circle making

Compass

Wind music

Organ

* 1.164By the second are intended such Utensils as are of a more complicate figure, being mixed either with Wheels, Scrues, or Pullies, and de∣signed for motion. The mark is to be affixed unto the Character of the Action for which they are used. So

The words

will signifie

Hour

• Signing
• Sounding
• Portatile

• Watch
• Clock
• Pocket watch

Grinding

Mill

Little

Quern

The words

will signifie

Rosting

Jack

Up-pulling

Crane

Holding

Vice

Compressing

Press

Way-measuring

Way-wiser

IV.

1.

• ...SEPIMENT
• ...ARMAMENT

* 1.165The first of these may serve to express and describe those several kinds of things and names which are used for Enclosure. So

These words

will signifie

Wood Lamin

Pale

Staff or Beam

Rail

Shrub

Hedge

Earth

Bank

These words

will signifie

Water

Mote

Sheep

Sheepfold

Military

• of basket

Line, outwork, &c.

• Gabion

Transverse shutting

Barricado

The second mark for ARMAMENT or Tackle,* 1.166 will serve to describe sufficiently several things of that nature, without affording distinct names for them, to be applyed unto the Character of the Action or Part to which it belongs.

These words

will signifie

Horse, cohibiting

Bridle

instigating

Spur

Head

Head-stall

Mouth

Bitt, Snaffle

Neck

Collar

Tayl

Crupper

Foot

Horse-shooe

These words

will signifie

Horse back

Saddle

Rustic

• Pannel
• Pack-saddle

Riders foot

Stirrup

Leg

Gambado

Circumligating

Surcingle, girdle

Finger for sowing

Thimble

IV.

2.

• ...VEST
• ...ARMOVR

The first of these will help to describe those various names that are given ••o several sorts of Garments, according to the Parts, Things, or other circumstances most considerable in their use. So

These words

will signifie

Head

• Margined
• Low
• Reticulate

• Cap
• Hat
• Bonnet
• Cawl

Bishops head

Miter

Votaries head

Cowl

Fore-head Linnen

Frontlet, cross-cloth

Face

Mask

Chin

Muffler

Neck

Band

Trunc

Doublet

Sub-trunc

Wastcoat

Super-trunc

Jerkin, Coat

Loose super humeral

Hood

Inmost Linnen

Shirt, Shift

Outmost Linnen

Surplice, Frock

Bishops Linnen

Stole

Bishops Silk

Rochet

Service signing

Livery

Chamber

Hanging

Table Woollen

Carpet

Linnen

Table cloth

These words

will signifie

Breast

Stomacher Bib, Biggin

Arm

Sleeve

Hand

• Woollen

Glove

• Mitten

Belly

Apron

Thighs

• close
• Loose

• Breeches
• Petticoat

Leg

• Leather

Stocken, Hose

• Boot

Foot

• Loose
• Inner

• Shooe
• Slipper Pantofle
• Sock

Upper

• loose
• Close

• Cloak
• Cassock

Long loose

Gown

Bed

• woollen
• Linnen
• Covering

• Blanket
• Sheet
• Coverlet, coun∣terpane

Pensil

• shadowing
• Concealing

• Curtain
• Mantle, Veil

The second Particle is designed only for defensive Armour,* 1.167 which bears some Analogy to Vests. The note of it may be affixed to the se∣veral Parts. So

These words

will signifie

Head

Helmet, murrion Head-piece

Neck

Gorget

Trum

Habergeon, Corslat

Breast

Breast-plate

Back

Back-piece

These words

will signifie

Hand

Gauntlet

Leg

Greaves, Jambeaux

Defensive to be handed

Shield, Buckler Target.

IV.

3.

• ...HOVSE
• ...ROOM

* 1.168The first of these will by its composition serve to express those vari∣ous names which are given to Houses, in reference to the several things or uses they are designed for. So

These words

will signifie

Corn

• threshed
• Not threshed

• Granary
  Garner
• Barn

Hogs

Sty

Dogs

Kennel

Horses

Stable

Hawks

Mew

Pigeons

Dove-cote

Bees

Hive

Conny

Borough

Lions or Bears

Den

Ammunition

Arsenal Magazine

Bones of dead

Charnel

Water

Conduit

These words

will signifie

Publick hospitating

• Sale of Wine
• Ale

Inn

• Tavern
• Ale-house

Votaries

Abby, Cloister Covent, Monastery

Sick persons

Spittle, Hospital

Eleemosynated

Alms-house

Mad

Bethlehem

Idlers

Bridewel

Imprisonment

Goal, Prison

Forinsic

Hall

Discipling

School

Fornicat.

Stews, Brothel Bordel

* 1.169As the former Particle may be useful for the expression of the names of several Houses; so will this second for particular Rooms or Chambers. So

These words

will signifie

Conventus

Hall

Eating

Dining room

Discourse

Parlour

Sleeping

Bed-chamber Dormitory

Walking

Gallery

Privacy

Closet

Books

Library

Meat

• Preparing
• Keeping
• Baking

• Kitchin
• Larder
  Pantry
• Pastry

Potation

Buttery

Potus

Cellar

Dunging

Jakes, Privy
house of office

These words

will signifie

Cloths

Wardrobe

Clothing

Vestry
dressing-room

Armory

Armour

Selling

Shop

Preserving

Repository

Drying

Kill, drying loft

Exter. dimin.

Lobby
Anti-chamber

Way

Passage, room

Upper

Loft, Garret

Naval

Cabbin

Bees

Cell

Counsel

• Secret
• Ecclesiastic

• Conclave
• Consistory

V.* 1.170

1.

• ...HABIT
• ...ART

Each of these are applicable to Nouns. The use of the first Parti∣cle, is to denote the Habitualness of any such thing whose Radix is not primarily under that Genus of Habit. So these words Rejoycing, Worshipping, Obedient, Disobedience, &c. with this mark, will be de∣termined to the Habit of Chearfulness, Devotion, Obedience, Contu∣macy, &c.

There are many Radical words under other Predicaments, as that of Action, Love, Zeal, Compassion, Envy, &c. Singing, Writing, &c. That of Relation, as Governing, Bargaining, Thieving, Whordom, De∣ceiving, &c. which when they are to be used under the notion of Habits, must be marked with this affix.

The chief use of the second Particle,* 1.171 is to supply the place of those several names which are commonly given to Arts and Sciences. So

These words

will signifie

Quantity

Mathematic

Magnitude

Geometry

Number

Arithmetic

World

Cosmography

Star motion

Astronomy

Land

Geography

Times

Cronology

Harmony

Music

Vision

Optic, perspe∣ctive

These words

will signifie

Weight

Static

Building

Architecture

Wars

• Military order

• Chivalry
• Tactic

Swording

Fencing

Language

Grammar

Oration

Oratory

Arguing

Logic

Manners

Ethic

Transcendent

Metaphysic

And so for those other cheating Arts of Manteia or Wizarding, with which the world always hath been and will be abused. In the naming of these it would be convenient to add the word Manteia, the better to distinguish these from such as are true Arts and Sciences. So

The Art of

is

Star mant.

Astrology

Hand mant.

Chiromancy

Face mant.

Physiognomy

Fire mant.

Pyromancy

Water mant.

Hydromancy

V.

2.

• ...OFFICER.
• ...ARTIST

Though this second pair be not of any great affinity, yet are they here united, upon account, that they both denote personal respects.

* 1.172The first of them affixed to any single Character, will signifie the notion of Prefecture in any kind of place, imployment, relation; whe∣ther Honourable, or mean and Servile, as the Integral shall denote: But if the Integral be compounded with the Preposition Pro, or Vice, or instead of, which signifies the notion of Substitution, it will then ex∣press the Deputy or substituted officer; if with the Preposition Sub or Vnder, it will then denote the Inferiour or subordinate officer of that kind. So

These words

will signifie

Navy

Admiral, Vice-admiral

Arms

General, Lieuten-Gen.

Brigade

Major General

Regiment

Colonel, Tribune

Company

Captain, Centu∣rion

Military Provision

Commissary

Ten Souldiers

Corporal, Serjeant

Tribe

Sheriff, Under-Sheriff

City

Major

University

Chancellour, Vice-chan.

College

Master, Warden, President, Pro∣vost, Rector, Principal.

Abby

Abbot, Prior

Manners

Censor

Alms

Almner, Subalm∣ner

Accounts

Auditor

Money

Bursar, Trea∣surer

Revenue

Steward

Gathering

Collector

Market

Clerk of Market

Poor

Overseer

Temple

Church-warden

Book

Librarian

Parturition

Midwife

Singing

Chorister

Cleansing
Temple

Sexton

These words

will signifie

Street

Scavinger

Citing

Sumner, Ap∣paritor

Peace

Justice, Constable

Degrees

Herauld

Writing

Secretary, Clerk

Speaking

Prolocutor

Ante-ambulant

Usher, Beadle

Pro-Presbyt.

Curate

Sub-Presbyt.

Clerk

Pasture

Hayward

Sheep

Shepherd

Cows

Cow-herd

Hogs

Hog-herd

Deer

Keeper

Conies

Warrenner

Hawks

Falconer

Provision

Steward, Manciple, Caterer

Meat ordering

Sewer

Drink

Butler

Door

Porter

Chamber

Chamberlain

Horse

Groom, Hostler

Agriculture

Bailiff

Arresting

Baily, Beadle, Serjeant, Catchpole

Imprisoning

Jailour, Warder

Whipping

Beadle

Executing

Executioner

Fornicating

Pander, Bawd

The other Affix for ARTIST,* 1.173 is not of so much use or necessity as the rest, because it may be sufficiently expressed by those two Par∣ticles of Art and Person. It is here put in, because I could not think of any more convenient notion of the like affinity to supply this place. So

These words

will signifie

Quantity

Mathematician

Magnitude

Geometrician

Number

Arithmetician

World

Cosmographer

Star

Astronomer, &c.

V.

3.

• ...MECHANIC
• ...MERCHANT

The last pair in this Combination may properly serve to express those words which are commonly given to Persons from their several Trades and Occupations.

The first, for the Trades of Manufacture,* 1.174 according to the several employments or object matters about which such Trades are conver∣sant; some of which will be capable of composition with the Preposi∣tion Sub or Vnder. So

These words

will signifie

Stone

Mason

Wood

Carpenter

Metal

Smith

Gold

Gold-smith

Iron

Black-smith

Lead

Plummer

Pewter

Pewterer

Brass

Brasier
Tinker

Gems

Lapidary

Statues

Statuary
Sculptor

Painting

Painter

Musick

Minstrel
Fidler

Medicine

Apothecary

Printing

Printer

Writing

Scrivener

Cord

Roper

These words

will signifie

Leather

Tanner

Cloth

Clothier

Cloth thickning

Fuller

Vest

Taylor
Botcher

Foot-vest

Shoomaker
Cobler

Head-vest

Hatter

Hand-vest

Glover

Spinning

Spinster

Sowing

Sempster

Washing

Laundress

Bed

Upholster

Tub

Cooper

Knife

Cutler

Bow

Fletcher

Candle

Chaundler

Book

Book-binder

And so for other particular Trades which belong to other matters, as Gun, Lock, Clock, Watch, &c.

* 1.175The second for the trades of Exchange, many of which were wont in their English names to be compounded with the Termination Monger; as Wood-monger, Iron-monger, Fish-monger, &c. From the old Latin word Mango, which signifies a Seller. So

These words

will signifie

Flesh

Butcher

Cattle

Grasier

Spice

Grosser

Wine

Vintner

Victuals

Victualer

Medicament

Drugster

These words

will signifie

Linnen

L. Draper

Woollen

W. Draper

Head-vest

Haberdasher

Old-vest

Broker

Silk

Mercer

Book

Stationer.

VI.

1.

• POWER or Ability
• APTITVDE or Proneness.

Betwixt these two there is an evident affinity, both of them being common servile notions, and of very general extent; they are appli∣cable to an Integral both Substantive and Adjective, and capable both of an Active and Passive sense: Being expressed in Latin by the Ter∣mination (tivus and bilis) and in English by the Termination (tive and ble) And when the words to which they are affixed are compounded with any Adverb of a Negative or Privative sense, they are by that Adverb made to signifie, Impotence or Ineptitude, either Active or Passive.

Though the derivations of Abstracts before-mentioned may serve well enough for several of the following instances, yet to prevent the ambiguity that may otherwise happen in some of these derivations, it will be proper to make use of these Particles. We have not actually indeed such variety of words as may be suted to these notions; but this is from the defect of Language, for the things themselves are na∣turally capable of this kind of inflexion.

* 1.176The first of these may signifie either

• Affirmatively
  • Substantive, denoting Ability
    • Active, to do, Sensitiveness, Visiveness
    • Passive, to be done, Sensibleness, Visibleness
  • Adjective, or Able
    • Active, to do, Sensitive, Visive
    • Passive, to be done, Sensible, Visible
• Negatively
  • Substantive, denoting Inability
    • Active, to do, Insensitiveness, Invisiveness
    • Passive, to be done, Insensibleness, Invisibility
  • Adjective, or Vnable
    • Active, to do, Insensitive, Invisive
    • Passive, to be done, Insensible, Invisible

By this Particle are all these common words to be exprest, Capable, Effable, Audible, Accessible, Comprehensible, Evitable, Fallible, &c. which being compounded with the Negative Particle (in) will signi∣fie the opposite, as, Incapable, &c.

In this sense, to render a man Vnresponsive, is to Confound, Poze, Puzzle, Non-plus. A person insolutive, or (as we commonly say) insol∣vent, is a Bankrupt; Vnwalkative, is a Cripple; Non-surrective, is Bedrid; Vnfattable, is Flue, &c.

The second of these may likewise signifie,* 1.177 either

• Affirmatively, whether affixed to
  • Substantive, denoting Aptness
    • Active, to do, Amorousness, Credulousness
    • Passive, to be done, Amiableness, Credibleness
  • Adjective, Apt
    • Active, to do, Amorous, Credulous
    • Passive, to be done, Amiable, Credible
• Negatively, whether affixed to a
  • Substantive, Vnaptness
    • Active, to do, Vnamorousness, Incredulousness
    • Passive, to be done, Vnamiableness, Incredibleness
  • Adjective, Vnapt
    • Active, to do, Vnamourous, Incredulous
    • Passive, to be done, Vnamiable, Incredible

There are great variety of Integrals, to which these notes are appli∣cable. So

These words

will signifie

Motion

Agile, Nimble-ness

Fear

Timerous, Terrible

Shame

Bashful-ness

Anger

Hasty, Touchy, Peevish, Froward, Choleric, Te••ty, Pettish, Snappish, &c.

Contention

Captious-ness, Quarrelsom

Contempt

Scornful, Despicable

Lust

Salacity, Libidinous

Inventiveness

Sagacity

Play

Wanton, Gamesome

These words

will signifie

Evaporative

Volatile

Imitative

Mimical

Cleanse

Abstersive

Corrode

Corrosive

Sickness

Crazy

• Sickly

Sleep

Drowsie

Grudge

Querulous

Kick

Skittish

Break

Frail

• Brittle

Correction

Corrigible

Associate

Sociable

To be found

Obvious

Inhabit

Habitable

Trouble

Troublesom

There are some words in our English Tongue which are used pro∣miscuously, both Actively and Passively; as Changeable, Mutable, Al∣terable, Pitiful, Fearful, Mortal, &c. whereby they are liable to mistake, which may be prevented by these Particles, being duely apply'd either to a Substantive or Adjective, Active or Passive, as the sense shall require.

VI.

2.

• ...INCEPTIVE
• ...FREQVENTATIVE

* 1.178The first signifies the beginning of Actions or Things; which being a kind of Mode or imperfect notion, is therefore fit to be joyned as a ser∣vile and auxiliary. 'Tis commonly expressed in English, by the word Wax or Grow; And in Latin (as was observed before) by the Termi∣nation sco, Senesco, Lucesco, Calesco; Wax old, Wax light, Wax hot, &c. There are in our Language some peculiar words and phrases, which do only import this notion, and by this mark will be rendred needless and redundant. So

These words

will signifie

Fire

Kindle, Tind, Light

Break

Crack

Usurp

Encroach

Navigate

Take shipping, Launch

Itinerate

Set forth

Proceed

Set forward

These words

will signifie

Possess

Take Livery and Seisin

Repent

Relent

Trade

Set up

Work

Set to work

Hold

Take hold

Effluviate

Tap, Broach

So the word Morning, with this note will signifie, Dawning, Day∣spring, Aurora, Diluculum; And the word day or night, with this mark will signifie, Crepusculum, Twilight.

* 1.179The second of these doth signifie the repetition or wontedness of Actions, which is such a kind of servile notion as the former, and therefore fit to be this way provided for. It is of a very large exten•• in the use of it, being (as the other notion of inceptive likewise 〈◊〉〈◊〉) applicable to most Verbs; And there are some words in our English which will by this note be rendred needless. So

These words

will signifie

Drink

Bibble, Tipple

Talk

Babble

Move in Water

Dabble

Come

Haunt, Resort

Repeat

Inculcate
Ingeminate

These words

will signifie

Demand

Solicit, Dunne

Sigh

Sob

Disappear

Twinckle
Glimmer

Pull

Vellicate

Bite

Gnaw

It may be worthy consideration to enquire, whether the opposite to each of these, viz. Desinative and Raritive or seldom, ought not to be particularly provided for in this kind.

VI.

3.

• ...ENDEAVOVR
• ...IMPETVS

Both these may contribute to the Abbreviating of Language, when they are compounded as serviles; there being several distinct words and phrases, which by such composition will be rendred needless, their true notions being sufficiently expressable by the use of these Par∣ticles.

The first denotes the Application of a Mans self to the doing of any thing.* 1.180 So

These words

will signifie

Hear

Listen, Hearken, Attend, Give Ear

See

Pry, Peep

Feel

Grope

Lift

Heave

Catch

Catch at

These words

will signifie

Strike

Strike at

Strike thrust∣ingly

Foine at

Obtain

Reach after

Provide

Purvey

Sell

Set to Sale

The second doth denote the particular fit,* 1.181 or sudden violence of any Action or Thing. So

These words

will signifie

Motion

Start, Jerk

Thrust

Rush

Pull

Twitch

Percussion

Rap

Catch

Snatch

Bite

Snap

Exclamation

Shout, Squeak, Squeal, Screan, Shreek

These words

will signifie

Running

Career

Anger

Fury

Melancholy

Dump

Flame

Flash

Wind

Flaw, Gust

Rain

Storm

Battel

Shock

Disease

Fit, Paroxysm

VII.

1.

• ...AVGMENTATIVE
• ...DIMINVTIVE

These are of very general comprehensive usefulness in Language.

The former of them doth properly denote Transcendental Great∣ness, both Extensive and Intensive. When it is applyed to Bodies,* 1.182 'tis of the same import with those usual words, Great, Huge, Vast, Main: and is by the Latins often expressed in Adjectives by the Termination (osus) whereby they signifie the notion of Abounding.

When it is applied to Qualities or Actions, it denotes Intention of Degrees, being equivalent with those Articles, very, much, hard, sore, stark, sound, greatly; Valde, multum, oppido, magnopere, perquam, ad∣modum, vehementer, cumprimis, &c.

It is applicable likewise by way of Allusion to the Amplitude, Gran∣deur, and eminency of any thing in its kind, which being a general Metaphor, may therefore fitly and safely be this way provided for: As the words Man, Physician, Merchant, with the note of Diminutive af∣fixed to them, do signifie, meanness and contemptibleness: So the same words with this mark of Augmentative, will denote eminency and considerableness, being proper to commend and set forth any thing for extraordinariness in its kind.

1. This mark may be applied to the names of Bodies. So

These words

will signifie

Sea

Ocean

Wave

Billow, Surge

Staffe

Stake, Batt

Twig

Pole

Branch

Bow, Arme of Tree

These words

will signifie

Cord

Cable, Rope

Dish

Charger

Spoon

Ladle

Hammer

Sledge

Wooden hammer

Beetle

2. It may be applied to such names as signifie Qualities or Actions.

These words

will signifie

Hate

Abhor, Abomi∣nate, Detest

Fear

Aghast, Hideous, Dread, Terrour,

Anger

Rage, Wrath, Fury, Rave,

Grieve

Take on

Shame

Confusion

Wonder

Astonish

• Consternation

Malice

Rancor

Care

Anxiety, Solicitude

Willing

Forward

Desire

Long for

Known

Notorious

Ask

Adjure, Urge

Labour

Toile, Moile, Drudge

Endeavour

Bestir, Stickle, Strive, Coil, Ado, Contend

Affirm

Averr, Avouch, Vouch

Deny

Renounce

Sound

Loudness, Noise

Voice

Clamour, Roar, Cry

These words

will signifie

Past

Antique, of old

Oblique

Steep

Vicious

Flagitious, Heinous, Profligate

Hunger

Greadiness, Eagerness

Eat

Devour, Voracious

Drink

Carouse, Quaff, Swill

Spit

Spawl

Hot

Torrid, Swelter, Soultry

Pain

Torment, Torture

Price

Pretious, Costly, Sumptuous, Dear

Adorned

Brave, Gallant, Gorgeous, Splen∣did, Sparke

Beat

Swing

Pull

Tug

Prove

Demonstrate

Reprove

Rate

Solemnity

Grandeur

Fame

Renown

* 1.183The second of these being directly opposite to the first, is of like extent and usefulness, and will not need any further explication but only by Instances.

1. 'Tis applicable to bodies and things. So

These words

will signifie

Horse

Nag

Pike

Pickerell, Jack

House

Cottage

Bed

Pallet

Door

Wicket

Rain

Mizling, drizling

Skin

Tunicle, Cuticle

Bladder

Vesicle

Dust

Atome, Mote

Branch

Sprig

Images

Babies, Puppets,

These words

will signifie

Chamber

Cell, Cabin

Tower

Turret

Sword

Dagger, Ponyard, Stilletto

Gun

Pistol, Dagg

Stream

Brook, Rivulet

Prominence

Stud

Foss

Wrinkle

Script

Ticket, Scrole Schedule

Piece

Scrap, Crum

2. 'Tis applicable to Qualities and Actions. So

These words

will signifie

Hot

Tepid, Lukewarm

Moist

Damp, Dank

Light

Glimmering

Spot

Speck

Wild

Skittish

Gust

Smack, Tang

Sound

Quatch

Skill

Smattering

Handsome
Good

Pretty

More

• Great
• Many

A little

• Greater
• More

Price

Cheap

Move

Wag

Stumble

Trip

Halt

Limp

Fight

Fray, Scuffle

Bite

Nibble

These words

will signifie

Drink

Bibb, Sip

Cognition

Hint, inkling, intimation

Doubt

Scruple

Sin

Peccadillo, Failing

Vomit

Puke

Burn

Parch, Scorch, Sweal

Boil

Parboil, reare

Play

Dally

Sleep

Slumber, Nap

Ringing

Jingle, Tinkle

Prayer

Ejaculation

Comment

Gloss, Notes, Annota∣tion

Contention

Jarring, Bickering

Past

Alate

Future

Shortly, soon

Oblique

Steep, slope

Sum

Driblet

Proportion

Pittance, Scantling

Aggregate

Parcel

3. This note may sometimes be applied in a Metaphorical sense to signifie contemptibleness or littleness of value, as well as littleness of bulk. So the word Man with this note may signifie either Dandiprat, Dwarf, Elf, Zany, Pigmy; or else Seru••, Sorry fellow, Companion, Iack. So the word Physitian with this note, will signifie Mountebank, Quack∣salver, Empyrick: And the word Merchant being so noted, will signi∣fie Pedler, Huckster, &c.

VII.

2.

• ...EXCESSIVE
• ...DEFECTIVE

* 1.184These are joyned upon account of opposition, the meaning of each being very obvious.

The former denoting all kind of excess; Particularly, 1. The re∣dundant extreme in all Qualities, or Vertues together. 2. With such other notions as bear some kind of Analogy or resemblance to these in other things. As likewise, 3. The Nimiety of any Quality or Action.

1. Of the first kind are such instances as these. So

These words

will signifie

Diligence

Double diligence

Consideration

Cunctation

Heedfulness

Carking

Patience

Obstinacy

Constancy

Pertinacy

Knowledge

Curiosity

Prudence

Craft

Moderation

Slightness, Neu∣trality

Justice

Rigor

Fortitude

Rashness

Magnanimity

Insolence

Meekness

Lentitude, stupor

These words

will signifie

Modesty

Abjectness

Abstinence

Maceration

Cleanliness

Finicalness
niceness

Frugality

Penuriousness

Liberality

Prodigality

Magnificence

Luxuriousness
riotousness

Courtesie

Fawning

Taciturnity

Shiness

Urbanity

Scurrility

Gravity

Formality

Faith

Credulity

Hope

Presumption

2. Of the second kind, these are some Instances. So

These words

will signifie

Plane

Mountain

Oblique

Direct

Present

Past

Simultaneous

Preceding

Flet

Gibbous

These words

will signifie

Parabola

Hyperbole

Mean

Acute

Ripeness

Over-ripe

Equal

Superior

Sufficiency

Excess

3. Of the third kind, there are these Instances. So

These words

will signifie

Esteem

Over-value

Opinionate

Over-weene

Great

Over-grown

Load

Over-charge

• Surcharge

Adorned

Gay, Gaudy

Sweet

Luscious

Laugh

Giggle

Hasten

Precipitate

Chide

Scold

These words

will signifie

Long

Tedious, prolix

Old

Stale

Extension

Sprain

Dunging

Scowring

Soon

Over-soon

Repetition

Battology, Tau∣tology

Baked

Over-baked

Boiled

Over-boiled

Roasted

Over-roasted

The mark of Defect is in each particular correspondent to the former,* 1.185 denoting either

1. The deficient extreme in all kind Acts, Habits, Vertues, as may be seen by the opposites to those before-mentioned.

Diligence

Idleness

Consideration

Rashness

Heedfulness

Carelesness

2. Some kind of resemblance to this in other things.

Plane

Valley

Oblique

Transverse

Present

Future, &c.

3. The deficiency of any Action, or the under-doing of a thing.

Esteem

Under-value

Opinionate

Under-weene

Great

Not sufficiently big, &c.

Baked

Under-baked

Boyled

Under-boyled.

VII.

3.

• ...PERFECTIVE
• ...CORRVPTIVE

This pair may be of very general use for all kind of Actions and Things.

Besides those general notions referring to the measure and degrees of things in the two former pairs, it may be requisite to provide the like way for expressing the manner of them, as to Well or Ill; Right or Wrong; as it should be, as it should not be. The first of these is in many Greek words expressed by the composition with 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,* 1.186 and in English by Well and Right. So

These words

will signifie

Figured

Well-favoured

Come

Well come

Advised

Well advised

Healthy

Well in health

Put

Set right

Understand

Understand aright

Use

Use aright

Time

Oportunity, Season, Good time

These words

will signifie

Event

Prosper, Suc∣ceed, Speed, Fortunate, Lucky, Auspicious

State

Good plight

Humour

Debonair

Voice

Euphony

Lettering

Orthography

Prove

Demonstrate

* 1.187The second of these is sometimes expressed in English by composi∣tion with those Particles Dis. or Mis. or Vn. So

These words

will signifie

Colour

Dis-colour

Figure

Dis-figure

Place

Dis-place

Order

Dis-order

Proportion

Dis-proportion

Service

Dis-service

Temper

Distemper

Esteem

Mis-prision

Opinion

Mistake

Become

Mis-become

These words

will signifie

Conster

Mis-conster

Use

Mis-use, Abuse

Lead

Mis-lead, Seduce

Name

Mis-call, Nic-name

Event

Mis-fortune

• Mis-chance
• Mis-hap
• Mis-adventure

These words

will signifie

Timely

Unseasonable, Untimely

Figured

Unfashioned, Defaced

Event

Unlucky, Unprosperous, Unhappy, Unfortunate, Unsuccessful, Sinister, Adverse

This mark may likewise serve to express the true notion of several other words, which are not usually thus compounded.

These words

will signifie

Fancy

Caprichious, Freakish, Conceited

Ancestor

Degenerate

Jester

Buffoon

Temper

Humorist

These words

will signifie

Horse

Jade

Write

Scribble

Cut, Carve

Whittle, Hack

Content

Male-content

VIII.

1.

• ...VOICE
• ...LANGVAGE

The first of these will by its composition serve to express those se∣veral words which are used for the Voices of divers Animals: or for the voices that are used in expressing sundry Actions or Affections. So.

These words

will signifie

Lion

Roaring

Horse

Neighing

Ass

Braying

Bull

Bellowing

Cow

Lowing

Sheep

Bleating

Wolf

Howling Yelling

Hen

Cackle

Chicken

Peep

Swallow

Chatter

These words

will signifie

Sparrow

Chirp

Hog

Grunting

Dog

• anger

Barking

• Snarling

Whelp

Yelping

Frog

Croking

Cock

Crowing

Goose

Gaggle

Owle

Hoot

Bee

Buz, Hum

This note may likewise be applied to such kind of voices as belong to several affections. So

These words

will signifie

Grudging

Mutter, grumble, murmur

Grief

Wail, mourn, moan

Anger

Chafe, storm

Contention

Brangle, brawl, wrangle

Praise

Plaudit

The second particular is paired with the former for its affinity to it.* 1.188 The proper use of it is by its composition with the names or cha∣racters of several Countries or Nations, to express the notion of the Languages spoken by them. So the Character or word of English, Spa∣nish, French, Italian, German, &c. with this affix, will determine these words to the signification of those Tongues or Languages: And the same note affixed to the name of any Tribe, may signifie the Dia∣lect of it. There seems to be least necessity of this Particle; and it might well be spared, if any more proper could be thought of, to supply the place of it.

VIII.

2.

• ...MALE
• ...FEMALE

The second pair in this last Combination is for the distinction of such things as have Sex. And all those names of Animals or Relati∣ons, which are distinguishable only by their Sex, ought not to have any other distinction in their appellations but that of their Sex: So that whereas we say, Ram, Yew, Boar, Sow, &c. Father, Mother, Son, Daughter, &c. It would be more agreeable to the Philosophy of Speech, if these things were to be expressed a male sheep, a female sheep, a male or female swine; a male or female Parent or Child, &c.

These marks are applicable

1. To kinds of Animals; of which there are such instances as these.

These words

will signifie

Man

Woman

Lion

Lioness

Horse

Mare

Bull

Cow

Stag

Hind

Buck

Doe

These words

will signifie

Dog

Bitch

Cock

Hen

Drake

Duck

Gander

Goose

Drone

Bee

Milter

Spawner

2. To Relations of Persons; as in these instances. So

The words

will signifie

Brother

Sister

Uncle

Aunt

Nephew

Niece

Sutor

• Servant

Mistress

• Sweet-heart

Bridegroom

Bride

Husband

Wife

Batchelour

Maid

The words

will signifie

Widower

Widow

King

Queen

Lord

Lady

Master

Mistress, Dame

Man-servant

Maid-servant

Abbot

Abbess

Friar

Nun

Sloven

Slut

Whoremonger

Whore, Strumpet

VIII.

3.

• ...YOVNG
• ...PART

* 1.189By the first of these is meant the young ones or brood of any sorts of Animals, for which we have no proper word in English. So

These words

will signifie

Horse

Colt, Foal, Filly

Cow

Calf

Deer

Fawn

Sheep

Lamb

Goat

Kid

Hog

Pig

Bear

Cub

These words

will signifie

Dog

Puppy, Whelp

Cat

Kitlin, Chitt

Cony

Rabbet

Hare

Leveret

Hen

Chicken

Frog

Tadpole

Herring

Sprat

* 1.190By the second of these may be expressed such kind of names as do comprehend in them the notion of Part, under the several relations of 1. Situation. 2. Proportion. 3. Figure or Colour. 4. Vse.

1. Of the first kind there are such examples as these. So

These words

will signifie

Ship

• Fore
• Hinder

• Prow, Beak
• Poop, Stern

Army

• Fore
• Middle
• Hinder
• Side

• Van, Vauntguard, Front
• Main Battel
• Rere, Rereward
• Wing

Oration

• Fore
• Hinder

• Preamble, Preface, Proem, Prologue
• Epilogue, Conclusion

2. Of the second are such instances as these.

A second

Half

A fourth

Quarter

A tenth

Tithe, &c.

And so a fourth part of a Circle is a Quadrant, a sixth part is a Sex∣tant, &c.

3. Of the third kind there are such instances as these.

Hand

• Convex
• Concave

• Back
• Palm

Leg

• Fore
• Hinder

• Shin
• Calf

Egge

• White
• Yellow

White

Yolk

Off-cut

Segment

4. Of the fourth kind there are such examples as these.

These words

will signifie

Covering

Lid

Stopping

Stopple

To be handed

Handle, Haft, Helve, Hilt

Bell striking

Clapper

Gun striking

Cock

Shoo-fastning

Latchet

It may happen sometimes that two of these Transcendental Parti∣cles should concur to the composition of some words: In which case it will be worth consideration, whether it may not be more distinct to express one of them by an Integral, and the other by an Affix.

It may likewise deserve some farther inquiry, whether some of these Particles here nominated, may not be spared to make room for others more useful; as particularly those servile general notions of

• Continuing
• Discontinuing

• Permitting
• Hindering

• Facility
• Difficulty; as likewise, Flower, Fruits, Disease, &c.

I have been somewhat the longer in treating concerning these Transcendental Particles; because being for the most part new, and not all of them used in any one Language, they do thereupon stand in greater need of being more particularly and fully explained and discussed.

I have now done with the first part of Etymology; namely, con∣cerning the formal differences or kinds of words, whether

• Integrals
• Particles.

CHAP. VIII. Of the Accidental Difference of words. I. Inflexion. II. De∣rivation. III. Composition.

THE next thing to be treated of, is concerning the Accidental Differences of words; and amongst these

* 1.1911. Concerning the Inflexion of them, which doth consist in the se∣veral ways of varying the same word to sundry modes of significati∣on. This is not arbitrary, as it is used in several Languages; much less should the rules to this purpose, which belong to the Latin, be ap∣plied to Vulgar Tongues, to which they are not suited (as many Grammarians use to do) but it ought to be founded upon the Philo∣sophy of speech and such Natural grounds, as do necessarily belong to Language.

Integral words are all capable of Inflexion.

1. Noun Substantives are inflected in a threefold respect.

1. By Number, Singural and Plural, which being more Intrinsecal to them, ought to be provided for in the Character or word it self, and not by an Affix.

2. By Gender, in things that are capable of Sex, which are naturally but two, Masculine and Feminine: These being less Intrinsical to the primary notion of the word, may be more properly expressed by af∣fixes; and then the kind or species of every Animal (abstractedly from the respective Sexes of it) may be signifyed by the Radical word it self, without any sign of Sex, which will prevent much equivocalness.

3. By Cases, which is not so essential and natural to Substantives, as to be provided for in the word it self, by varying the Terminations of it; For though this course hath been used in the Greek and Latin: yet neither do the Oriental Tongues, Hebrew, Chaldee, Arabic, &c. nor those Occidental of French, Italian, Spanish; nor I think doth any Modern Tongue in the world this way express them.

The true notion of the Nominative Case, is that which precedes the Verb, and the Accusative, that which follows the Verb; of which in speech that is suited to natural Structure and Syntax, there ought to be no other sign or note then the very order. As for the Genitive Case, the proper notion of that, is its following another Substantive in regimine: But because the following Substantive is not always go∣verned by that which precedes; as Vrbs Roma, Rhenus Fluvius, Taxus arbor, &c. therefore 'tis proper to have a Particle or Preposition for it, as our English (Of) and (De) in the French, Italian, Spanish, which was treated of before. The Dative Case is expressed by the Preposi∣tion (To) the Vocative by the Interjection of bespeaking (O) and the Ablative Case by such a Preposition as denotes Formal or Instrumental cause, or manner of Doing. So that the true notion of the Genitive, Dative, Ablative Case, is nothing else but that obliquity in the sence of a Substantive, which is caused and signifyed by some Preposition an∣nexed to it, as the Vocative is by an Interjection.

And besides these three ways of Inflexion, I have shewed before how Substantives are capable likewise of Active and Passive voice, and of Tenses.

Noun Adjectives need not have any note to express Number, Gen∣der, Case, because in all these they agree with their Substantives; unless such Adjectives as are used Substantively, by reason of their composition with the Transcendental marks of Person, Thing, Time, Place, &c. In which case they have the same kinds of Inflexion with Substantives. But there is belonging to them,

1. A transverse Inflexion by degrees of Comparison, which may be best denoted by the extrinsical affixes of more, most; less, least.

2. An Inflexion by Voice Active and Passive, which makes them of the same nature with those words which we call Participles.

3. An Inflexion by Tenses. And though usually in the Latin there are but two Tenses, viz. Present and Future, in each voice of the Participle, Amans, Legens: Amaturus, Lecturus: Amatus, Lectus: Amandus, Legendus: excepting in some few words, Sequens, Sequu∣tus, Sequuturus; Gaudens, Gavisus, Gavisurus: and of Coenatum, which is used promiscuously both Actively and Passively; yet this is a defect in the Latin Tongue: For the natural notion doth render Participles as well capable of the Preter Tense; and accordingly the Greeks have 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉: He that beats, he that hath beaten, he that will beat; he that is beaten, he that hath been beaten, he that will be beaten. The like would have been in Latin, if the Philosophy of Speech had been as well observed in the Institution of that Language.

Derived Adverbs are capable of Inflexion by degrees of Comparison.

Amongst the Particles, there are only two that are capable of In∣flexion; viz. the Copula, and Pronouns.

The Copula is inflected by Mode and by Tense; which I have suffici∣ently explained before: Only 'tis here to be noted,* 1.192 that besides those definite notions of time past, present, and to come, there is likewise Tempus Aoristicum, or indefinite time; and that whenever the Copula is used in materia necessaria, it ought to be understood as being inde∣terminate to any of those differences of time. So for such sayings, Homo est animal, Deus vivit, &c. there is no kind of time, whether past, present, or future, wherein these sayings are not equally true; so that the sense of such sayings is est, fuit, erit; vivit, vixit, vivet. And therefore it would be convenient to make some distinction for expressing this indefinite time.

Pronoun Substantives are inflected by Number and Gender, and by Case, as Noun Substantives are; besides that kind of improper Inflecti∣on, whereby they are made Possessives; which is rather a kind of Deri∣vation, and reduplicative, which consists only in the doubling of them for the greater Emphasis.

The other Particles are not capable of Inflexion, because they do not denote any Essence or Act, which is capable of several modes or re∣spects, as Integrals, and two of the Particles do: but only the Circum∣stances or Modifications of other words; and therefore may be stiled indeclinable or invariable.

* 1.193As to Derivation, there ought naturally to be but one kind of Root, from which the several differences of Integrals should be derived; and this should be a Noun Substantive which signifies the Thing, or the Essence. If it be a Noun Substantive Neuter, then the first branches of it are Substantives Active and Passive; after which succeed the Adje∣ctives belonging to each of them, and then the Adverbs, which denote the Quality or Manner of being or doing. All which belong to one branch. Another branch is the Substantives Abstract, which have the same kind of derivations from them,* 1.194 as the former; as is more distinctly explained before.

* 1.195As to the last accidental difference of words, viz. Composition. 'Tis to be noted, that the words of a Philosophical Language should be so suted unto natural notions, that there should be little need of other compositions, besides those by Prepositions, Adverbs, and Tran∣scendental Particles. But if this were desired for greater elegance and copiousness of Speech, it should be capable of any composition whatsoever, which may be signified in writing by some Hyphen or mark of Union, to joyn the words compounded; and in Speech by pronouncing them together as one word, without changing the na∣ture of either. So the word Idolatry is Idol-worship, &c.

CHAP. IX. Of the second part of Grammar called Syntax.

AS the first part of Grammar doth treat concerning the nature and differences of particular words: So the second part of Grammar stiled Syntax, doth concern the proper way of Union or right Construction of words, into Propositions, or continued Speech. And this may be distinguished into two kinds. 1. That which is Customary and figurative: or 2. That which is Natural and regular.

1. That structure may be stiled Customary and figurative, which is used in the Phraseologies or forms of Speech, peculiar to several Lan∣guages, wherein words are put together according to a Metaphorical and tralatitious sense of them; as in those Latin Phrases, Redigere in ordinem, which signifies, Privare magistratu; E medio tollere, for Oc∣cidere. And so for those English Phrases of Breaking a jest, Hedging in a Debt, Taking ones heels and flying away, Being brought to bed, Lying in, Being in Labour or Travail, &c. All which ought to be rendred according to the natural sense and meaning intended by those Phrases; which is observed in the regular Translation of any Lan∣guage. And he that would go about to render such forms of Speech, according to the strict and natural sense of the words, could not rea∣sonably expect to be understood in any other Language.

But besides these kind of Metaphors which are peculiar to some Tongues, there are others of a more general use, which may be well enough retained in a Philosophical Language.

2. That structure may be called Regular, which is according to the natural sense and order of the words.

The General Rule for this order amongst Integrals is, That which governs should precede; The Nominative Case before the Verb, and the Accusative after; The Substantive before the Adjective: Only Adjective Pronouns being Particles and affixed, may without incon∣venience be put indifferently either before or after. Derived Adverbs should follow that which is called the Verb, as denoting the quality or manner of the Act.

As for the Grammatical Particles, those which serve for the Infle∣xion or Composition of words should naturally precede; and so like∣wise should other Adverbs, and Prepositions.

Transcendental Particles are to be joyned in composition at the ends of words, to vary their termination.

Besides the order required in Syntax▪ something ought to be sub∣joyned concerning the Quantity of Vowels or Syllables, together with the several distinctions or interpunctions to be observed betwixt words and sentences.

As for that part usually treated of in instituted Grammars, stiled Prosodia, concerning the quantity of Vowels, there needs not any thing to be said unto that here; because in a Philosophical Language every Vowel is supposed to be in the writing sufficiently distinguished in this respect; every long Vowel having a note or mark to signifie its prolation.

The expressing of any one syllable in a word, with a little higher tune, and longer time then others, is to be exprest by an accent; as in the words, Consènt, Contrìve, Compòse, Hàving, Wìsdom, Fòr∣tune, Pròfit, Pàrentage, Prìvilege, Consìder, Detèrmine, &c.

The distinctions to be observed betwixt words and sentences, may refer either to 1. The time; or 2. The manner of pronouncing.

1. The first concerns those Pauses or intervals of rest to be ob∣served in Pronouncing, which were anciently distinguished into three kinds; namely, Comma, Colon, Period. The first of these being marked with a point by the middle of the Letter; The second at the top; The last at the bottom. Unto these, later times have added two others; namely, a mark to signifie something intermediate be∣twixt Comma and Colon, stiled Semicolon; and something more then a full point, which is usually exprest by a greater distance betwixt the words, or by a Breach in the line.

The use of these Points is to direct what kind of pause is to be ob∣served, and how the tenor or tone of the voice is either to be conti∣nued or to fall.

2. The manner of pronouncing words doth sometimes give them a different sense and meaning, and Writing being the Picture or Image of Speech, ought to be adapted unto all the material circumstances of it, and consequently must have some marks to denote these vari∣ous manners of Pronunciation; which may be sufficiently done by these seven kinds of marks or Interpunctions.

• 1. Parenthesis.
• 2. Parathesis, or Exposition.
• 3. Erotesis, or Interrogation.
• 4. Ecphonesis, Exclamation or wonder.
• 5. Emphasis.
• 6. Irony.
• 7. Hyphen.

1. Parenthesis serves for the distinction of such an additional part of a sentence as is not necessary to perfect the sense of it, and is usu∣ally expressed in our Western Languages by the inclosing of such words betwixt two curve lines ()

2. Parathesis, or Exposition, is used for distinction of such words as are added by way of explication of something preceding, and is usually expressed by inclosing such words between two angular lines; as []

3. Erotesis, or Interrogation, is a kind of Period for the distinction of such sentences as are proposed by way of Question, and is usually thus marked?

4. Ecphonesis, or Wonder and Exclamation, is a note of direction for raising the tone, upon occasion of such words as denote some vehement passion, and is noted thus!

5. Emphasis is used for the distinction of such word or words, wherein the force of the sense doth more peculiarly consist, and is usually expressed by putting such words into another kind of Chara∣cter, as suppose the Italic.

6. Irony is for the distinction of the meaning and intention of any words, when they are to be understood by way of Sarcasm or scoff, or in a contrary sense to that which they naturally signifie: And though there be not (for ought I know) any note designed for this in any of the Instituted Languages, yet that is from their deficiency and imperfection: For if the chief force of Ironies do consist in Pro∣nunciation, it will plainly follow, that there ought to be some mark for direction, when things are to be so pronounced.

7. Hyphen is a note that signifies the uniting of two syllables or words into one, and may properly be used when two words are to be compounded together: It is usually expressed by two little strokes, thus (••)

CHAP. X. Of Orthography. I. Concerning the doctrine of Letters: the Authors who have treated of this Subject. II. A brief Table of such simple sounds as can be framed by men. III. A fur∣ther explication of this Table, as to the Organs of Speech, and as to the letters framed by these Organs.

ORthography is that part of Grammar,* 1.196 which concerns the doctrine of Letters, which being the most simple Elements of Speech, it ought therefore to be so stated, that there may be a sufficient number of them to express all Articulate sounds, and not more then are ne∣cessary to this end. Much consideration is requisite to the right esta∣blishment of these; upon which account this subject hath been largely debated, by several Authors of great names and reputation for Learning: Besides those Famous Emperours, Cajus Caesar, and Octa∣vius Augustus, who both writ upon this subject: ••arro likewise, and Appion, and Quintilian, and Priscian, did bestow much pains upon the same enquiry, concerning the just number of Letters. And in later times, it hath been treated of with great variety of Opinions, by Erasmus, both the Scaligers, Lipsius, Salmasius, Vossius▪ Iacobus Mat∣thias▪ Adolphus Metkerchus, Bernardus Malinchot, &c. Beside several of our own Country-men, Sir Thomas Smith, Bullokar, Alexander Gill, and Doctor Wallis; the last of whom, amongst all that I have seen published, seems to me, with greatest Accurateness and subtlety to have considered the Philosophy of Articulate sounds. But besides such (whose considerations upon this subject are made publick) I must not forget to acknowledge the favour and good hap I have had, to peruse from their private papers,* 1.197 the distinct Theories of some other Learned and Ingenious persons, who have with great judgment applyed their thoughts to this enquiry; in each of who••e Pa∣pers, there are several suggestions that are new, out of the common rode, and very considerable.

Letters may be conside∣red according to their

• ...Essence
• ...Accidents
  • ...Names
  • ...Order
  • ...Affinity
  • ...Figure
  • ...Pronunciation

The Essence of Letters doth consist in their Power or proper sound, which may be naturally fixed and stated, from the manner of forming them by the instruments of speech; and either is, or should be the same in all Languages.

What variety there is of these, may appear from the Distribution of them into their several kinds, according to the following Table; wherein it is endeavoured and aimed at, to give a rational account of all the simple sounds that are, or can be framed by the mouths of men.

Letters may be considered according to

The organs by which they are framed, whether

Their Natures

Breathless

Breathing through the

Nose

Mouth

Intercepted

Free

Proceeding from

Made by

The mid∣dle of the mouth.

Each side of the Mouth.

Trepidati∣on of the Tongue

Whistling

Active

Passive

Dense

Subtle

Of a middle nature

Vowels

Tongue

Root

Inmost palate

C

G

Ngh

Ng

Ch

Gh

* 1.198

H

Ƴ

Top

Foremost palate, or Root of the Teeth.

T

D

Nh

N

Th

Dh

Lh

L

Rh

R

Sh

Zh

S

Z

Hy

ι

e

a

α

One Lip

The other Lip Tops of the Teeth.

P

B

mh

m

F

V

Hw

{ou}

o

u

Mute

Sonorous

Mute.

Sonorous

Mute

Sonorous

Mute

Sonorous

Mute

Sonorous

Mute

Sonorous

Mute

Sonorous

Mute

Sonorous

For the better explication of this Table, there are these two things to be considered: 1. The Causes of these Letters.* 1.199 2. The Letters themselves.

1. In the Causes of Letters there are observable

• The Organs by which they are formed, either more
  • Common; Lungs, Throat, Mouth, Nose.
  • ...Peculiar.
    • ...Passive
      • Palate; according to the parts
        • Inmost or middle
        • ...Foremost
      • Teeth; either the
        • Root or inner gums
        • ...Top
      • ...Lip
        • ...Vpper
        • ...Lower
    • Active; whether the
      • Tongue; according to the
        • Root or middle
        • ...Top
      • ...Lips
• The Actions of these Organs, whether by
  • Appulse; of the
    • Lips; either
      • To one another
      • To the tops of the teeth
    • Tongue; in respect of the
      • Top of it; to the Teeth, their
        • ...Tops
        • Roots or gums
      • Root or middle of it, to the Palate
  • Trepidation, or vibration; either of the
    • ...Lips
    • Tongue; whether
      • ...Top
      • Root or middle of it
  • Percolation of the breath, between the
    • Lips contracted
    • Tongue; either the
      • Top of it, applied to the
        • ...Tops
        • Roots of the Teeth
      • Root or middle of it, applied to the inward palate.

These I conceive to be all the kinds of Actions and Configurations which the organs are capable of, in order to Speech.

What kind of Letters are framed by these, will appear in the next Table.

All simple letters may be distinguished into such as are; either

• Apert and free, according to degrees
  • Greater; stiled most properly Vowels, which may be distinguish∣ed into
    • Labial, being framed by an emission of the breath through the Lips contracted,
      • Less. (o)
      • More, with the help of the Tongue put into a concave po∣sture long ways, the Whistling or French (u)
    • Lingual; the breath being emitted, when the Tongue is put into a posture
      • More concave, and removed at some distance from the pa∣late (α)
      • Less concave or plain, and brought nearer the palate (a)
      • Somewhat convex towards the palate (e)
  • Lesser; being either
    • Sonorous; of which it may be said, that they do somewhat approach to the nature of Consonants, and are mediae po∣testatis; because when they are joyned with any Vowel to compose that which we call a Dipthong, they put on the nature of Consonants; and when they are not so joyned, but used singly, they retain the nature of Vowels, which is the reason why it hath been so much disputed amongst some Learned Men, whether they are to be reckoned amongst Vowels or Consonants.
    • These may be distinguished into
      • Labial; by an emission of the breath through the Lips, more Contracted ({ou})
      • Lingual; when the breath is emitted betwixt the middle of the Tongue in a more Convex posture, and the pa∣late (ι)
      • Guttural; by a free emission of the breath from the Throat (ƴ)
    • Mute; When the breath is emitted through the Organs of speech, being in the same position as before: but without voice, to be distinguished as their three preceding correspon∣dents, into
      • Labial (h{ou}) or ({ou}h)
      • ...Lingual (hι)
      • ...Guttural (h)
• Intercepted and shut; according to degrees
  • Lesser; which because they have something Vowelish in them, are therefore by some styled Semivowels, being spiritous and breathed, whether
    • Labial; being pronounced through the
      • Mouth; by
        • Appulse of either lip to the opposite teeth, framing
          • V. Sonorous
          • F. Mute
        • Trepidation of the Lips, like that sound which is used in the driving of Cows, to which there is a correspon∣dent

• ...
  • ...
    • ...
      • ...
        • mute, sometimes used as an Interjection of dis∣dain.
        • Percolation of the breath, betwixt both the Lips con∣tracted round-wise, which makes the vocal whistling sound, to which likewise there is a correspondent mute whistling: But neither of these two last pairs being of use in Language, they need not therefore have any Marks or Letters assigned to them.
      • Nose; by an appulse; either of the Lips against one another: or against the top of the Teeth, framing
        • M. Sonorous.
        • HM. Mute.
    • Lingual; either in respect of the
      • Top of the Tongue; being pronounced through the
        • Mouth; by
          • Appulse, of the top of the Tongue, to the
            • Top of the Teeth; the breath being emitted through the middle of the Mouth, fra∣ming
              • Dh sonorous.
              • Th mute.
            • Formost part of the Palate; the breath being emit-through the
              • Corners of the mouth, framing
                • L sonorous.
                • H l mute.
          • Trepidation or Vibration; against the inmost part of of the Palate, framing
            • R. sonorous.
            • HR. mute.
          • Percolation of the breath; between the top of the the Tongue, and the roots of the Teeth, whether more
            • Subtle, fra∣ming
              • Z. sonorous.
              • S. mute.
            • Dense, fra∣ming
              • Zh. sonorous.
              • Sh. mute.
        • Nose; by an appulse of the top of the Tongue to the roots of the Teeth, framing
          • N. sonorous.
          • HN. mute.
      • Root or middle of the Tongue; being pronounced through the
        • Mouth; by
          • Appulse; to the inward Palate, framing
            • Gh. sonorous.
            • Ch. mute.
          • Trepidation; which will frame a sound like the snarling of a dog, to which there is a correspondent mute, like that motion which we make in haaking, not necessary to be provided for by any Letter for Language.
          • Percolation of the breath between the root of the tongue and the inward palate; to which there is a correspon∣dent mute, which makes a sound like the hissing of a Goose, not necessary to be provided for by any mark assigned to them for Letters.
        • Nose; by an appulse of the root of the tongue to the inward

• ...
  • ...
    • ...
      • ...
        • palate, fra∣ming
          • NG sonorous.
          • NGH. mute.
  • Greater; which do most partake of the nature of Consonants, and may be stiled non-spiritous or breathless, to be distinguished ac∣cording to the active instruments of speech into
    • Labial; Intercepting of the breath by closure of the Lips, fra∣ming
      • B. sonorous.
      • P. mute.
    • Lingual; in respect of the
      • Top, intercepting the breath, by an appulse to the bottom of the Teeth, fra∣ming
        • D. sonorous.
        • T. mute.
      • Root, intercepting the breath, by an appulse to the inmost pa∣late; fra∣ming
        • G. sonorous.
        • C. mute.

These I conceive (so far as I can judge at present) to be all the sim∣ple sounds that can be framed by the Organs of Speech.

CHAP. XI. Of Vowels.

THose Letters are called Vocales, Vowels, in pronouncing of which by the Instruments of Speech, the breath is freely emitted; and they are therefore stiled Apert or open Letters. These may be distin∣guished either, 1. Formally, by their several Apertions, and the man∣ner of configuration in the instruments of Speech required to the fra∣ming of them, which constitutes the distinct species of Vowels; or 2. Accidentally, by the quantity of time required to their prolation, by which the same Vowel is made either long or short.

There are (I conceive) eight simple different species of Vowels, easily distinguishable, whose powers are commonly used. I cannot deny, but that some other intermediate sounds might be found; but they would, by reason of their proximity to those others, prove of so difficult distinction, as would render them useless; these eight seem∣ing to be the principal and most remarkable periods, amongst the de∣grees of Apert sounds.

As for the third of the Labials, the u Gallicum, or whistling u, though it cannot be denied to be a distinct simple vowel; yet it is of so laborious and difficult pronunciation to all those Nations amongst whom it is not used (as to the English) especially in the distinction of long and short, and framing of Dipthongs, that though I have enumerated it with the rest, and shall make provision for the expression of it, yet shall I make less use of it, than of the others; and for that reason, not proceed to any further explication of it.

It will be difficult to express the several powers of these Vowels by writing; Pronuntiation being such a thing, quae nec scribitur, nec pin∣gitur, nec hauriri eam fas est, nisi vivâ voce.* 1.200 And therefore the best way for the explaining of them, is by such known words as may be given for the instance of each of them. And as for the figure or wri∣ting of those four, which are not commonly esteemed to be distinct species of Vowels, I shall make choice to represent them by such Cha∣racters, as may seem least strange. What kind of power or sound that is, which is peculiar to each of these seven Vowels, may be easily understood by these following Instances:

α Short	Bot-tom	Fol-ly	Fot	Mot	Pol	Rod
α Long	Bought	Fall	Fought		Paule	Rawd
a Short	Batt	Val-ley	Fatt	Mat	Pal	Rad-nor
a Long	Bate	Vale	Fate	Mate	Pale	TRade
e Short	Bett	Fell	Fet	Met	Pell	Red
e Long	Beate	Veale	Feate	Meate	Peale	Reade
i Short	Bitt	Fill	Fitt	Mit-ten	Pill	Rid
i Long	Beete	Feele	Feete	Meete	Peele	Reede
o Short
o Long	Bote	Foale	Vote	Mote	Pole	Rode
{ou} Short		Full	Fut		Pul
{ou} Long	Boote	Foole	Foote	Moote	Poole	Roode
ƴ Short	But	Full	Futt	Mutt-on	Pull	Rudd-er
ƴ Long						Amongst

Amongst these, the Vowels not commonly owned by us in writing, are these four, α.ι.{ou}.ƴ. But that they are distinct species of Vowels, and have peculiar powers of their own, not expressible by any other Letters, (supposing every Letter (as it ought) to be determined to one particular sound) may sufficiently appear from the above mentioned, and several other Instances. And that those two which are common∣ly used with us for distinct Vowels; namely, the third and the fifth, I, and V; as in the words Light, Lute, are not simple Vowels, but Dip∣thongs, I shall shew afterwards.

Though the Vowel (O) do not admit of any instance in our Lan∣guage, wherein it is used Short, nor the Vowel (ƴ) wherein it is used Long; yet there are naturally such differences of these Vowels, as well as of the rest. Suppose a long Vowel to be divided into two parts; as Bo-ote, pronounce it then with half the time, and it must make the short Vowel Bote. And thus on the contrary, doubling the time of a short Vowel, as Bƴ-ƴt, will render it Long: which may serve to ex∣plain how these Vowels naturally are capable of being made both long and short; Though by reason of general disuse amongst us, such diffe∣rences would at first seem somewhat difficult, and not easily distin∣guishable.

The Vowel (α) is placed first; 〈◊〉〈◊〉 partly in conformity with other Alphabets, and because 'tis the most Apert amongst the Lingua-palatal Vowels. 'Tis expressed by this Character, because being one of the Greek Letters, 'tis more commonly known. 'Tis framed by an emission of the Breath, betwixt the Tongue and the Palate; the tongue being put into a more concave posture, and removed further off from the palate.

The Vowel (a) is framed by an emission of the Breath, betwixt the tongue and the concave of the palate; the upper superficies of the tongue being rendered less concave, and at a less distance from the pa∣late.

The Vowel (e) is framed by an emission of the Breath, betwixt the tongue and the concave of the palate, the upper superficies of the tongue being brought to some small degree of convexity.

The Vowel (t) is expressed by this Character, because 'tis the most simple figure; and therefore doth best suit with the most acute Letter; as likewise, because this Letter, amongst many other Nations is alrea∣dy used and pronounced according to the sound which is here intend∣ed. 'Tis framed by an emission of the Breath betwixt the tongue and the concave of the palate, the upper superficies of the tongue being put into a more convex posture, and thrust up near the palate.

The Vowel (o) is the first, and most apert of the Labials; being fra∣med by an emission of the Breath, betwixt the Lips, a little drawn to∣gether and contracted.

The Vowel ({ou}) is the second of the Labials, requiring a greater con∣traction of the Lips. 'Tis expressed by this Character, which is used in Greek for ω Dipthong; because commonly that Dipthong, as also the French ou is pronounced in the sound of this simple Vowel.

The Vowel (ƴ) is wholly Guttural, being an emission of the breath from the throat, without any particular motion of the tongue or lips. 'Tis expressed by this Character which is already appropriated by the Welsh for the picture of this sound.

The difference betwixt long and short Vowels, should alwaies be written as well as pronounced, that is, there should be some Note or Mark to express when a Vowel is to be used long.

These eight Letters before enumerated, I conceive to be so many distinct species of Vowels, formally different in respect of their Powers; and though I cannot at present think of any other besides, yet having formerly, upon new considerations, and suggestions, so often changed my thoughts upon this enquiry, I dare not be dogmatical about it, or assert confidently, that there neither are, nor can be any more: For who knows how many other minute differences of Apertion may be now used, or hereafter found out, by others, which practise and custom may make as easie and distinguishable to them, as these are to us? Be∣sides that the measure of Apertion (as is well observed) must be like continued quantity, divisibilis in infinitum. Only this (I think) may be safely affirmed, that the establishment of Vowels here mentioned, will serve much better to express all articulate sounds, than can be done by any of the ordinary Alphabets now in use.

I cannot but animadvert here on the by, upon that Argument which Capellus, and others do much insist upon,* 1.201 against the Antiquity of the Hebrew Points, or Vowels; Because (say they) the making of so many, is an injudicious, and irrational invention, for which there is no real ground; there being in nature, and amongst other Languages, but five distinct Vowels, and not fourteen: And therefore they conclude the Invention of them to be new, and not of any great Antiqui∣ty.

To speak freely in this case (without in••••rposing as to the main state of the Question) This Reason doth not seem to be of any force. Though the Conclusion they infer should be true, yet this Argument urged for it, is false, both as to the Consequence, and Antecedent. The Imperfections and Defects of any Invention, do rather argue the Anti∣quity, than the Novelty of it; there being much time and experience required to the perfecting any invention: And it would rather fol∣low, that because they are imperfect, therefore are they more like to be Ancient. But besides, the Hebrew Vowels will upon considerati∣on, be found to be a contrivance full of more than ordinary Accurate∣ness, founded upon the Philosophy of Articulate sounds, and may without any force be applied to the number here established: Except∣ing the French (u).

α Long 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	a Long 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	e Long 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	ι Long 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
α Short 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	a Short 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	e Short 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	ι Short 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
o Long 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	{ou} Long 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	ƴ Long
o Short 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	{ou} Short	ƴ Short 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉

And though there be no distinct Character for {ou} short, and ƴ long, perhaps that Language as well as the English seldom using such distin∣ction in those sounds; yet is (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) sometimes in that Language used in stead of a short Vowel, and (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) for a long Vowel.

The use of Scheva in the Hebrew, is to direct the joyning of such Consonants together, as would otherwise be of very difficult, pronun∣ciation, and not easily unite, as in the words 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 which

should be pronounced lmodh and mloch, but because LM and ML, will not of themselves coalesce, therefore is Schevah interposed, which being rapidly pronounced (and that probably as our short ƴ) does not seem to make any distinct Syllable.

So that it seems much more colourable to infer the Novelty of the Hebrew Points, from the Accurateness, than from the injudiciousness of their contrivance.

CHAP. XII. Of Consonants.

THose Letters are stiled Consonants, in the pronouncing of which the Breath is intercepted, by some Collision or Closure, amongst the Instruments of Speech: And for this reason are they stiled Clausae Literae, as the Vowels are Apertae.

The common distinction of these into Semi-vowels and Mutes, will not upon a strict enquiry be adaequate. And therefore I do rather chuse to distribute them into these three kinds;

• 1. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Spiritous, or Breathed.
• 2. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, (if I may use that word) Semi-spiritous, or half Breath∣ed.
• 3. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Non-spiritous, or Breathless.

1. By Spiritous, or Breathed, are meant such Consonants, as re∣quire to the framing of them a more strong emission of the Breath, ei∣ther through the

• Nose.
• Mouth.

1. The Consonants which are to be breathed only through the Nose, may be again distin∣guished into

• 1. Sonorous, as M. N. Ng.
• 2. Mute, as hm. hn. hng.

Both these kinds, as likewise those that follow through the Mouth, have some imperfect sound of their own, without the joyning of any Vowel with them; though the sonorous only be Vocal; and the mute sort are only a kind of Whisper.

By Sonorous, are meant, such as require some voice or vocal sound, to the framing of them.

By the Mutes of these, are meant other Letters of the same confi∣guration, pronounced with a strong emission of the Breath, without any Vocal sound.

(m) is mugitus, the natural sound of Lowing, when the Lips are shut, and the sound proceeds out of the Nose. 'Tis counted of dif∣ficult pronunciation in the end of words: For which reason, the La∣tin Poets cut it off in Verse, when it comes before a Vowel in the next words: And the Greeks do not terminate any word with it.

(N) is Tinnitus, when the breath is sent out, the Limbus of the Tongue being fixed towards the Gums, or bottom of the upper Fore∣teeth. In the pronouncing of this, the breath is emitted only out of the Nose, which makes it differ from (L). 'Tis counted a pleasant and

easie Letter, which may perhaps be the reason why this Letter N, and L, and R, are for the most part, both in Greek and Latin immutable, both in Declensions and Conjugations.

(Ng) is framed by an appulse of the Root of the Tongue towards the inner part of the Palat. The sound of it may be continued simple, as well as any other; which makes it evident to be a single letter, and not a compound of n, and g, as we usually write it: Thus the word Anguis, in the true spelling of it, should be writ A, ng, G, {ou}, ι, s. The Hebrew 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 is supposed by divers Authors, but I think groundlesly, to be of this power. I know several things may be said, to render it pro∣bable, that the power here intended, may be sufficiently expressed, by a more soft and slight manner of pronouncing the letters N & G com∣pounded together: But I rather incline to reckon it a simple and di∣stinct Letter.

To the Sonorous letters of this kind, there are three Mutes of affini∣ty, hm, hn, hng; which are formed when the breath is emitted through the Instruments of Speech, in the same position respectively as in the former, but without any Vocal Sound. The two first of these are in use amongst the Welsh and Irish: And the last of them, in the opi∣nion of Bellarmine, and some other Grammarians, is rather the true sound of the Hebrew 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

2. The Spiritous Consonants to be breathed through the Mouth, are likewise of two kinds,

• Sonorous, V. Dh. L. R. Z. Zh.
• Mute, F. Th. hL. hR. S. Sh.

(V) is the same with that which we call V Consonant: 'Tis of the same power which is commonly ascribed to B asperated, or rather in∣crassated. So the Western Jews pronounce their Letter (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) when not Dageshated. And 'tis observed that in Ancient Monuments amongst the Latins, these two Letters have been often put for one another: And that in some words,* 1.202 where the sense hath been very much varied by this change; so Acerbus for Acervus: Veneficium for Beneficium. The power of this Letter was first expressed among the Latins by the Digamma Aeolicum, (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) (so stiled for its Figure, not its Sound) which is now the Character for the Letter (F) but had at first the power of the Consonant (V) and was written in Claudius his time invertedly, as DIFAI, AMPLIAFIT.* 1.203 This Letter is framed by a kind of straining or percolation of the Breath, through a Chink between the lower lip and upper teeth, with some kind of Murmure.

(F) is the correspondent Mute to this: 'Tis framed by the same kind of position of the Lip and Teeth, and percolation of the Breath betwixt them, with this only difference, that as the former was with some kind of Vocal Sound, so this is wholly mute. This seems to be such an incrassation of the Letter (P) as (V) is of (B). 'Tis answera∣ble to the Greek (φ). And though several of the Greek words with (φ) are rendred in Latin by Ph, as Philosophia, Sophista, &c. yet the Ita∣lians write Filosofo, Sofista, &c. and some other words are so rendred in Latin, as 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, fuga, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 fama. What that diluteness is,* 1.204 which Vos∣sius saith is more proper to F, than to φ, I understand not; nor is it easie to guess at the meaning of that in Cicero, concerning Fundanius, and Phundanius, unless perhaps it be, as Lipsius guesses, of pronoun∣cing it as Pfhundanius, or else as P-hundanius.

(Dh) and its correspondent Mute (Th) are of that power which we commonly ascribe to the Letters D, & T, aspirated or incrassated. And though these two Powers are commonly used by us without any provision for them by distinct Characters, yet our Ancestors the Sax∣ons had several Letters to express them. They represented (Dh) by this mark (ð) as in Faðer, Moðer, ðe, ðat, ðen: And (Th) by this mark (þ) as þeif▪ þick, faiþ. And 'tis most evident that the sounds of them (though we usually confound them, under the same manner of writing) are in themselves very distinguishable, as in these Exam∣ples.

Dh.

• Thee, this, there, thence, that, those, though, thou, thy, thine.
• Father, Mother, Brother, Lea∣ther, Weather, Feather.
• Smooth, Seeth, Wreath, Be∣queath.

Th.

• Think, thine, thigh, thing, thistle, thesis, thankes, thought, throng, thrive, thrust.
• Doth, death, wrath, length, strength, Loveth, Teacheth, &c.

These Letters are framed by a percolation of the Breath through a kind of Chink betwixt the tongue and upper teeth, the first with some kind of vocal sound, the other wholly mute.

(Gh) and its Correspondent (Ch) are both of them framed by a vi∣bration of the root or middle of the tongue against the Palate, the for∣mer being vocal, and the other mute. They are each of them of diffi∣cult pronuntiation: The first is now used by the Irish, and was per∣haps heretofore intended by the spelling of those English words, Right, Light, Daughter, Enough, Thorough, &c. Though this kind of sound be now by disuse lost amongst us, the latter of them (Ch) is now used amongst the Welsh, and was perhaps heretofore intended by the Greek Letter (χ.) Neither of them is easily imitable by any mouth not trained up to the practise of them.

(L) is Clangor. 'Tis formed by an appulse of the Tip of the tongue to the Palate, and then forcing out the Breath. 'Tis esteemed facilli∣ma & liquidissima Literarum; in the pronouncing of which, most Na∣tions do agree.

(Lh) or (hL) the correspondent Mute to this, is much used by the Welch: They seem to form it as the other (L) only by abstaining the voice, and a more forcible emission of the Breath, as is used in all other mute letters of the Spiritous kind.

(R) is stridor vel susurrus: 'Tis called from the snarling of Dogs, Litera Canina: 'Tis made by a quick trepidation of the tip of the tongue being vibrated against the palate; for which, they who are disabled, by reason of the natural infirmity of their tongues, which is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Balbuties, do commonly pronounce in stead of it, the letter (L) which is of a more soft and easie sound. Demosthenes, Alcibiades, Aristotle, Scaliger, the Fathers, are said to have laboured under this Infirmity.

(Rh) or (hR) the correspondent mute to this, is made by a forcible emission of the breath, through the instruments of Speech in the same position as for the Letter (R) but without any vocal sound. 'Tis the same with the Greek (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) and much in use amongst the Welsh.

(Z) is by some stiled (S) molle. 'Tis properly the Greek (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) and the Hebrew (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉). 'Tis framed by an appulse of the tongue towards the upper Teeth or Gums, and then forcing out the breath from be∣twixt the tongue and the upper teeth, with a vocal sound, which makes a more dense kind of hissing, mixed with some kind of murmur, apum{que} susurro persimilem: 'Tis of the same affinity with S, as B with P, D with T, and G with C. That double Letter in the Hebrew (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) which is by some accounted equivolent to this, is of a quite different power, as were easie to illustrate by several examples.

(S) the correspondent mute (though it be commonly reckoned for a semivowel) is framed as the former, but without any vocal sound. 'Tis stiled Sibilus. The power of it is the natural sound of Hissing; for which reason 'tis called Litera Serpentina. The Hebrews have two Characters for this Letter, besides two others for its Allies. Among the Persians all words that signifie Grandeur and Magnificence, are said to be terminated with it: Though others condemn it for a harsh, un∣pleasing, quarelling Letter. Messala Corvinus, a great man, and a famous Orator among the Romans, is said to have writ a particular Treatise against this Letter, much esteemed of amongst learned men. And Pindar likewise writ an Ode against it, versus 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, wherein there was no word that had any S in it. The disability of pronouncing this Letter, is called Blaesitas, Lisping, when 'tis corruptly sounded like (th).

(Zh) the sonorous Consonant, and (Sh) its correspondent mute, are framed by a percolation of the breath, betwixt the tongue ren∣dered concave, and the teeth both upper and lower: The first being vocal, the other mute. Though they are not provided for common∣ly by distinct and simple Characters, yet are they distinct and simple letters; both of them facil and common: The first amongst the French, who express it by I, as in the word Iean, &c. and is easily imitable by us:* 1.205 And though the other did once cost 42000 men their lives, for not being able to pronounce it, yet is it of common use with many Nations.

2. By Semispiritous or half breathed Consonants, are meant such as are accompanied with some kind of vocal murmure, as B, D, G. whereas

3. Those are stiled non-spiritous or breathless, which are wholly mute; as, P, T, C.

(B and P) are framed when the breath is intercepted by the closure of the Lips; the first of them being more soft, with some kind of murmure, the other more hard and wholly mute.

(D and T) are commonly framed, by an appulse or collision of the top of the tongue against the teeth, or upper gums; the first being more soft and gentle, with some kind of murmure, the other wholly mute.

(G and C) are framed more inwardly, by an interception of the breath towards the throat, by the middle or root of the tongue, with such a kind of difference between them, as there is betwixt the two former pairs.

CHAP. XIII. Of Compound Letters, whether Vowels, Consonants,

BEsides these simple Letters before enumerated, there are others commonly used, which may be stiled Compound, both

• Vowels.
• Consonants.

The Compound Vowels are called commonly Dipthongs, or Trip∣thongs, or Bissona in Latin; but because the signification of those words may as well agree with double Consonants, therefore others would have them stiled Bivocales, or Trivocales. Iacobus Matthias in his Treatise de Literis, and our learned Gataker, in a particular Discourse to this purpose, do earnestly contend that there are no such things as Dipthongs. Their principal Arguments depend upon this Suppositi∣on, That (ι and {ou}) (which are necessary Ingredients to the framing of all usual Dipthongs) are Consonants, the same with y and w. Others would have them to be of a middle nature, betwixt Vowels and Con∣sonants; according to which Opinion I have already described them: From whence the Reason is clear, why these Vowels concur to the ma∣king of Dipthongs, because being the most contract of Vowels (as i•• also the Vowel (ƴ) of which more hereafter) They do therefore approach very near to the nature of Literae clausae, or Consonants; there being no Transition amongst these, either from one another, or to the other inter∣mediate sounds, without such a kind of motion amongst the Instruments of speech, by reason of these different Apertions, as doth somewhat re∣semble that kind of Collision required to the framing of Conso∣nants.

Several Languages use several kinds of these Dipthongs, but how many there are in nature, may be easily collected by the former divi∣sion of Vowels (supposing that to be according to nature) One of these two Vowels ι or {ou} must be an ingredient into all usual Dipthongs, ei∣ther as

• Preposed.
• Subjoyned.

1. These Vowels ι and {ou} may be preposed in this mixture before each of the other; in which case they will have the same power that we commonly ascribe to y and w, and will frame these twelve Dip∣thongs.

ια

yall, yawne

ιa

yate yarrow

ιe

yet yellow

ιo

yoke

ιu

 

ιƴ

young

{ou}α

wall

{ou}a

wale

{ou}e

well

{ou}o

woe

{ou}u

 

{ou}ƴ

wunn, worse.

2. They may be subjoyned to each of the other; as in these In∣stances:

αι

boy

aι

Ay

eι

 

o••

 

uι

 

ƴι

our English (i) in bite

α{ou}

aw

a{ou}

 

e{ou}

hew

o{ou}

 

u{ou}

 

ƴ{ou}

owr, owle.

3. They may be both preposed and subjoyned to themselves and to one another.

ιι

yee

{ou}{ou}

woo

ι{ou}

you

{ou}ι

wee

As for the other intermediate Vowels being preposed before one another, they will not afford any coalescing sounds that are easily distinguishable. E being preposed before α, a, o, ƴ, will scarce be di∣stinguished from ια, ιa, ιo, ιƴ. A, before E, will be but as ā, before α, o, u, it will not coalesce into a plain sound. The same likewise may be said of the other Vowels, α, o. So that of this kind the whole number is twenty four. And this I conceive to be a sufficient enume∣ration of the natural Dipthongs.

I cannot deny but that other Dipthongs may be made by the mix∣ture of the Vowel (ƴ) which were perhaps in use amongst the Jews, and exprest by (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) But being now, as I think, generally disused amongst other Nations, and for that reason very difficult to be pronounced, I shall not therefore take any further notice of them.

When two Vowels are put together by way of Dipthong, so as to coalesce in one Syllable, 'tis necessary that there should be some Note or Mark in their Characters, to signifie their conjunction, as is usual in some of the Greek and Latin Dipthongs; as 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.— oe, ae, Otherwise there can be no certainty, whether the word be to be pro∣nounced as a Monosyllable, or Dissyllable, as in D-u-el, Duel. Sw-et, Swet.

'Tis a common Assertion amongst Grammarians, Priscian, Quinti∣lian, and others, That no one syllable can consist of three Vowels, and consequently that there can be no Tripthongs; which I conceive to be founded upon the former mistake; namely, that ι and {ou} are to be used as Consonants: For 'tis evident, that each of these may coalesce with every one of the first Dipthongs, as ιa{ou}, yaw, {ou}aι, way, ι••{ou} yew, {ou}ƴι, in wile, wight, qui, &c.

The compound Consonants are usually distinguished into such as are

• Asperated.
• Double.

1. Those are stiled aspirated, which seem to be mixed with (H) and are usually so written; as θ, ••, χ, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. But in propriety of speech, if aspiration be defined to be an impetus of Breathing, then these Con∣sonants cannot so fitly be said to be aspirated, but rather incrassated by

compression of the breath in framing of them. Though not only the Europaean Nations do at this present express them by this mixture of (H,) but it was likewise the opinion of the Antients, as may appear; because before those Letters ••, φ, χ, were invented by Palamedes, the Grecians were wont to express the power of them, by adding the aspi∣ration H,* 1.206 to Τ, Π, Κ. Yet 'tis very plain, that each of these Consonants esteemed to be aspirated, are simple Letters; because in the prolation of them, the same sound doth still continue, and therefore they ought not to be reckoned amongst the mixed Letters.

2. Double Consonants are such as are compounded of some of the other Letters, and for the Compendium of writing, are in several Lan∣guages expressed by single Characters, and reckoned in the Alphabet as if they were distinct species of simple Letters. Such are in the Latin Alphabet Q, X, and the double Letter Z, whose power is the same as DS. or TS. To which Claudius Caesar would have added an Anti∣sigma in this form (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) which should have had the power of the Greek ψ,* 1.207 or PS.

As for the Letter Q, 'Tis commonly granted to be a Compound of C and U;* 1.208 for which reason, in many ancient Books, the Letter V was not written after Q, as being involved in it; so qis, qae, qid. But what kind of V this should be, is much debated. Some would have it to be the Consonant, against which Ioseph Scaliger argues, that then it would not be pronounceable,* 1.209 being of near affinity to F, qfis, for quis. But upon consideration, it will be found to be the Letter •• coalescing into a Dipthong with the subsequent Vowel, c{ou}am, being the same with quam.

What the true Original is of (J) Consonant, and that power which we give to (Ch) in the words Charity, Cheese, Chosen, Chink, &c. is a question men have much differed about. 'Tis evident that neither of them are single Letters, because in the prolation of them, we do not end with the same sound with which we begin. As for that Con∣jecture,* 1.210 that I Consonant may be expressed by dzy, dzyindzyer, Ginger, dzyudzy, Judge: or else that this sound is compounded of the Consonants dy,* 1.211 as dyoy for joy, dyentle, gentle, lodying for lodging. And so for the power that we ascribe to Ch, that it may be sufficiently expressed by Ty, as ortyard, for Orchard, rityes, for riches: These I think need not any particular refutation. It seems to be plain, that J Consonant is a Compound of D, and Zh; and Ch of T, and Sh.

As for the other three Consonants, that are reckoned in the common Alphabet, K, W, Y, enough hath been said to prove them unnecessa∣ry. If C be used alwaies in its proper power (as every Letter ought) then K must needs be superfluous; and therefore the Welsh who use C only for one kind of sound, have no K. And as for the Letters W, Y, their power is the same with that of the Vowels {ou}, and ι, as will evidently appear when they are rapidly pronounced before any other Vowel by way of Dipthong, so as to make but one Syllable; {ou}ι, wee {ou}arr warr, s{ou}im swim, ιes yes, ιoke yoke, ι{ou}th youth. The words young and younker being originally of the Dutch, are by them writ∣ten junk junker.

And as for the Aspirations, wheele, where, when, &c. our Fore∣fathers the Saxons, did antiently prefix the Aspirations before the vow∣els;

as h{ou}il, h{ou}er, h{ou}en, which will in pronunciation be of the very same sound and power, wherein these words are now used, and there∣fore is more natural and proper than the common way of writing.

According to this establishment, the simple Letters will be thirty four, whereof eight are Vowels, and twenty six Consonants, besides twenty four Dipthongs.

The Greek Letters are said to have been at first only 16; namely, Α, Β, Γ, Δ, Ε, Ι, Κ, Λ, Μ, Ν, Ο, Π, Ρ, Σ, Τ, Υ.* 1.212 To which Palamedes is said to have added the three Aspirates Θ, Φ X. Epicharmus the Si∣cilian the double Letters Z, ξ, Ψ. and Simonides the two long Vowels η and ω Notwithstanding which, that Alphabet is still in several re∣spects defective.

What Theodorus Bibliander suggests in his Tract de ratione communi omnium Linguarum, that all sounds both articulate, and inarticulate, may sufficiently be expressed by 13 Letters, and an Aspiration, viz. the five ordinary Vowels, & B, G, D, L, M, N, R, S, is so very irratio∣nal, that I cannot think it needs any particular confutation.

As for those other new Alphabets that are proposed by Sir Thomas Smith, Bullokar, Alex. Gill, they do none of them give a just enume∣ration of the simple Elements of speech, but what by the mixture of long and short Vowels, which do not differ specifically, together with the insertion of double Letters, they do too much increase the num∣ber of them. Besides that some other Letters are left out and omit∣ted.

According to this establishment of Letters, if the Lords Prayer or Creed were to be written according to our present pronunciation of it, they should be each of them thus Lettered.

The Lords Prayer.

Ƴ{ou}r fadher h{ou}itsh art in héven, halloëd bi dhƴi nàm, dhƴi cíngdƴm cƴm, dhƴi {ou}ill bi dƴn, in erth az it iz in héven, giv ƴs dhis dai ƴ{ou}r daili bred, and fαrgív ƴs ƴ{ou}r trespassez az {ou}i fαrgív dhem dhat tre∣spas against ƴs, and lèd ƴs nαt int{ou} temptasiαn, bƴt deliver ƴs frαm ivil, fαr dhƴn iz dhe cingdim, dhe pƴ{ou}ër and dhe glαrι, fαr ever and ever, Amen.

The Creed.

Ƴi bilìv in Gαd dhe fàdher αlmƴiti màker αf héven and erth, and in Dzhesƴs Crƴist hiz onli sƴn ƴ{ou}r Lαrd, h{ou}{ou} {ou}az cαnsèved bƴi dhe holi Gost, bαrn αf dhe Virgin Màri, sƴffered ƴnder Pαnsiƴs Pƴilat, {ou}••z cri{ou}sifiëd ded and bƴriëd. Hi dessended m••{ou} hel, dhe thƴrd dai hi ròs again frαm dhe ded. Hi assended int{ou} héven, h{ou}èr hi sitteth at dhe rƴit hand αf Gαd dhe fàdher, frαm h{ou}èns hi shαl cƴm t{ou} dzhƴdzh dhe c{ou}ic and dhe ded. Ƴi bilìv in dhe holi Gost, dhe holi catholic tshƴrtsh, dhe cαmmi{ou}ni•••• αf Saints, dhe fαrgivnes αf sinz, de resƴrrecsion αf dhe bady, and lƴif everlasting. Amen.

Thus much may suffice, concerning the Forms, Essences, or Powers of the several Letters.

CHAP. XIV. Of the Accidents of Letters. 1. Their Names. 2. Their Or∣der. 3. Their Affinities and Opposition. 4. Their Fi∣gure, with a twofold Instance of a more regular Character for the Letters, the latter of which may be stiled Natural. 5. Of Pronunciation. 6. Of the several letters disused by several Nations.

SOmething ought briefly to be added concerning the Accidents of Letters, viz. their 1. Names. 2. Order. 3. Affinity. 4. Fi∣gure. 5. Pronunciation.

1. Of their Names. Letters being of themselves the most simple Elements of Speech,* 1.213 ought therefore to be expressed by the most sim∣ple names,* 1.214 and such as do signifie their several Powers: In which re∣spect, the Roman Alphabet used in these Western parts of the world, hath an advantage above other learned Languages, wherein the Vow∣els are no otherwise named than by their own sounds, as A, not Aleph or Alpha; much less have they distinct names for long and short Vow∣els, as Kamets, Kametscatuph, &c. And those which they reckon as the two kinds of Consonants, Semi-vowels and Mutes, are likewise di∣stinguished in their very Names. The Vowels being preposed in those which they call Semi-vowels, el, em, en, ar, and subjoyned in the Mutes, be, ce, de, ge, pe, te.

As for the other Letters before mentioned, which have a Right to be put in the Alphabet, they may be thus named: The sonorous ones, Eng, EV, Edh, Egh, EZ, EZh. The Mute ones, Hme, Hne, Hnge, Fe, The, Che, HLE, HRE, SE, She.

* 1.2152. The most proper and natural Order of the Letters, I conceive to be the same in which they have been before treated of. Vowels should be reckoned up by themselves,* 1.216 as being a distinct kind, and first, both for their priority in Nature, Necessity, and Dignity. If the order of these were to be regulated from the Instruments of speech, then u, o, {ou}, should be first, as being Labial, and α, a, e, i, next, as Lingual, or Lin∣guapalatal,* 1.217 and ƴ last, as being Guttural. Scaliger would have A and O to be acknowledged for the first Vowels, as being Soni amplissimi, The next E, I, as being of a middle sound, and the last U, as being soni obscurissimi. That which to me seems the most proper Method, is to reckon them up according to their degrees of Apertion: Only in con∣formity with the common Alphabets, I begin with the Linguals, α, a, e, i, o, {ou}, u, ƴ.

Amongst the Consonants, the Sonorous should precede, as approach∣ing nearest to the nature of Vowels. And amongst them, if those that are breathed through the Nose do precede, M must be the first, as be∣ing Labial; N next, as being Dental; and then NG, as being Lingua-palatal. Next, those that are breathed through the Mouth, accord∣ing to this order, V, Dh, Gh, L, R, Z, Zh. The first being Labial, the next Dental, the others Lingua-dental, or Lingua-palatal. Next

should follow the Spiritous Consonants that are Mutes; and first those pronounced through the Nose, HM, HN, HNG, then those pronoun∣ced through the Mouth, F, TH, CH, hl, hr, S, Sh. Then the semi-spiritous Consonants, B, D, G. And lastly, the non-spiritous, or breathless Consonants, P, T, C.

3. The Affinity of Vowels each to other is not difficul to determine, α and a of a middle sound, e and i of a more acute,* 1.218 o and {ou} of a more grave tone. If they were to be opposed to one another,* 1.219 this distribu∣tion would be most natural, (αi) (ao) (e{ou}) (vu) and so vice versa, (iχ) (••a) ({ou}e) (uv.)

The Affinity amongst the Consonants most obvious is this, (M, HM) (N, HN,) (NG, HNG,) (V, F,) (Dh, Th,) (Gh, Ch,) (L, HL,) (R, HR,) (Z, S,) (Zh, Sh,) (BP) (DT) (GC.)

4. Though all Nations do or should agree in the same power and sound of the Letters,* 1.220 yet they differ very much in those Figures and Characters,* 1.221 whereby they represent them in writing according to those divers Alphabets that are received in the world: Amongst which, though some are much more convenient than others, yet none of them seem contrived upon a Philosophical ground. In the framing of such a Literal Character, these Conditions ought to be observed.

1. They should be the most simple and facil, and yet elegant and comely as to the shape of them.

2. They must be sufficiently distinguished from one another.

3. There should be some kind of sutableness, or correspondency of the figure to the nature and kind of the Letters which they express.

It is not either necessary or convenient in the framing of a Language; to make use of all the Letters belonging to the Alphabet; but 'tis suffi∣cient that such only be made choice of, as are most easie and pleasant in the pronunciation and sound of them. But though it be not need∣ful to introduce all the Letters into the common use of a Language▪ yet it is most necessary that some way should be provided for represent∣ing the powers of all the simple Letters, because without this, there can be no way to express the proper names used in several Languages, whether of Places, or Persons, &c. as England, London, Oxford, Iohn, Mary, &c. There being frequent occasion in discourse to mention the names of such Individuals: And these being nothing else but such words or sounds as men have agreed upon to signifie such particular places or persons, must therefore be expressed by such Letters as make up these sounds. And though this real Character here treated of (as it is made effable) may serve for most of them, yet because there are several others not this way provided for, therefore may it be proper to offer some distinct Alphabet of Letters. Of which, I had provided several Instances and Examples agreeable to the Rules above mention∣ed. But I shall at present (because I would not too much digress) set down only two; which to me seem considerable in their several kinds. The former being more facil and simple, the other more complicate; but with this advantage, that it hath in the shape of it some resemblance to that Configuration which there is in the Organs of speech upon the framing of several Letters. Upon which account it may deserve the name of a Natural Character of the Letters.

The Letters according to the first design, are represented in the fol∣lowing Table, consisting of 31 Ranks and 15 Columnes.

[illustration]

The first Rank doth contain the Characters for the six more sim∣ple Vowels, both preposed and subjoyned according to a threefold place, at the top, the middle, and the bottom of the Character, the former three being meer Rounds, the other Hooks. Those of a mid∣dle power, because they are necessary Ingredients to the making of all the usual Dipthongs, therefore have they a larger Character assigned to them, to which any of the other Vowels may be affixed, when they are to coalesce into Dipthongs. And though the Letter Y, be proper∣ly (as it is reckoned) one of those that are mediae potestatis, and may be compounded into a Dipthong with any of the other Vowels, yet because it is not now (for ought I know) made use of to this purpose, in any of those Languages that are commonly known and used amongst us; therefore is it at present reckoned only amongst the Vowels.

The second Columne (besides the marks for those three Letters H, {ou}, i,) doth contain likewise the Characters for all the Consonants, according to their several affinities; where the Non spiritous Con∣sonants are expressed by straight lines, the Spiritous Consonants of affi∣nity to them being distinguished by a little hook affixed at one end. The other Consonants by curve lines, with the like distinction for their correspondent Mutes. The rest of the Ranks and Columnes consisting of mixed Letters, either the mixtures of the Vowels with H, {ou}, or I, or else the incorporating the Character for each of the six Vowels with that of the Consonant, the Vowel being preposed in the 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Columnes, and subjoined in the other.

As for the Characters that serve for Interpunction, the Comma may be expressed by a small, streight, oblique line (,) The Semicolon, Colon and Period, may continue as they are now used by most of the Europeans; there being nothing in their figure, of any such near resem∣blance to the other Characters, as may make them liable to mistake. And so likewise may those other Notes, which serve to distinguish the various manners of Pronuntiation, whether Explication [] Interroga∣tion? Wonder! Irony ¡ only the two curve Lines for Parenthesis () being here used for the Letters L, and R, may be supplied by these []

At the bottom of this Table there is an Instance of the Lords Prayer, being lettered sutably to our present pronuntiation of it.

The Letters according to the second design may be thus contrived;

[illustration]

The first Columne doth contain the Vowels, as they are distinguish∣ed into

• Labial; being framed by an emission of the Breath through the Lips, whether
  • Less contracted; O.
  • More contracted, and somewhat compressed
    • Downwards, {ou}.
    • Vpwards, U.
• Lingual; the Tongue being put into a posture
  • More concave; and removed, at some distance from the Palate, α.
  • Less concave; or plain, and brought nearer to the Palate, a.
  • Somewhat convex, towards the Palate, e.
  • More convex, ι.
• Guttural, Ƴ.

The other Columnes do contain the Consonants, as they are distin∣guished into

• Labial; whether such as are
  • ...Breathless;
    • Sonorous B.
    • Mute P.
  • Breathing; through the
    • ...Mouth;
      • Sonorous V.
      • Mute F.
    • ...Nose;
      • Sonorous M.
      • Mute HM
• Lingual; either in respect of the
  • Top of the Tongue, whether such as are
    • ...Breathless;
      • Sonorous D
      • Mute T
    • Breathing, through the
      • Mouth; by
        • Appulse, of the top of the Tongue to the
          • Top of the Teeth, the breath being emitted through the midst of the mouth,
            • Sonorous Dh
            • Mute Th
          • Foremost part of the Palate, the breath being emitted through the corners of the mouth
            • Sonorous L
            • Mute HL.
        • Trepidation or Vibration, against the inward part of the Palate,
          • Sonorous R.
          • Mute HR.
        • Percolation of the Breath betwixt the top of the Tongue and the roots of the Teeth, whether more
          • ...Subtle,
            • Sonorous Z.
            • Mute S.
          • ...Dense,
            • Sonorous Zh.
            • Mute Sh.
      • Nose; by appulse of the top of the Tongue to the Root of the

• ...
  • ...
    • ...
      • ...
        • Teeth,
          • Sonorous N.
          • Mute HN.
  • Root or middle of the Tongue appulsed to the Inward Palate, whe∣ther such as are
    • ...Breathless;
      • Sonorous G.
      • Mute C.
    • Breathing; through the
      • ...Mouth,
        • Sonorous GH.
        • Mute CH.
      • ...Nose,
        • Sonorous NG.
        • Mute HNG.

Unto each of the Letters represented by a Face, there is adjoyned a lesser Figure, consisting only of the chief out-lines representing the Organs of speech.

The Labials are represented by two curve Figures for the Lips. The Linguals by the Figure of the Tongue, according to its various applications; either of the Top or Root, to the several parts of the Palate, or of the Teeth.

The Sonorous Consonants, of each kind, are distinguished from the Mutes, by the addition of (̄) to represent the motion of the Epiglot∣tis, by which sound is made.

The Breathing or Spiritous Consonants are represented by a longer undulated Line, passing through the Mouth in some of them, either betwixt the Lips, in F, V. or between the Tongue and Palate, in Dh, Th, Gh, Ch, R, HR. In the two last of which, the top of the Tongue is divided, to represent that Trepidation or Vibration, in the framing of these Letters. Or by the sides of the Tongue in L, HL. Or betwixt the Top of the Tongue and the Teeth, in Z, S, Zh, Sh. In the two last of which, the undulated Line is doubled, to represent that more dense Percolation of breath, used in the framing of those Letters.

Those that are breathed through the Nose, have this undulated line above the Palate, as in M, HM, N, HN, NG, HNG.

I propose these only as being natural Pictures of the Letters, with∣out any Design of common use, for which they are less fit, by reason of their being so complicated.

5. Though each of the Letters have their distinct powers naturally fixed, yet that difference which there is in the various manner of Pro∣nunciation,* 1.222 doth somewhat alter the Sound of them. And there are no two Nations in the world that do exactly agree in the same way of pronouncing any one Language (suppose the Latin) Amongst per∣sons of the same Nation,* 1.223 some pronounce more fully and strongly, o∣thers more slightly, some more flatly, others more broadly, others more mincingly. And in the hearing of forreign Languages, we are apt to think, that none of the Letters we are acquainted with, can frame such strange sounds as they seem to make: But this doth prin∣cipally proceed from the several modes of Pronunciation; the variety of which may well enough consist with the distinct power of the Let∣ters. 'Tis obvious to any one to observe, what great difference there will be in the same words, when spoken slowly and treatably, and when tumbled out in a rapid precipitate manner. And this is one kind of difference in the pronunciation of several Nations; The Spaniards and

Italians pronouncing more slowly and Majestically, the French more volubly and hastily, the English in a middle way betwixt both. Another different mode of Pronunciation betwixt several Nations, may be in regard of strength and distinctness of pronouncing, which will special∣ly appear in those kind of Letters which do most abound in a Lan∣guage. Some pronounce more deeply Guttural, as the Welsh, and the Eastern people, the Hebrews, and Arabians, &c. Others seem to thrust their words more forwards, towards the outward parts of the mouth, as the English; others more inward towards the palate, as the French;* 1.224 some speak with stronger collisions, and more vehement aspirations, as the Northern people generally, by reason of their abundance of spi∣rits and inward heat; others more lightly and softly, as the Southern Nations, their internal spirits being more weak, by reason of the out∣ward heat.

One principal Reason of the various sounds in the pronunciation of several Languages doth depend upon the nature of those Letters, of which they do chiefly consist and are ••ramed. Upon which account, the Greek, which abounds in Vowels and Dipthongs, is more smooth. And though the Latin have fewer Vowels, yet it is so equally mixed with them, as to be rendred facil and pleasant; whereas the Hebrew doth abound in some harsh Consonants, Aspirations and Gutturals.

I cannot here omit the Censure which an ingenious person gives con∣cerning the difference of many of our European Languages,* 1.225 in respect of their pronunciation. The Italian (saith he) is in pronunciation, pleasant, but without Sinews, as a still flowing water; the French delicate, but inward and nice, like a woman that dares scarce open her mouth, for fear of marring her Countenance. The Spanish, Ma∣jestical, but withal somewhat terrible and fulsom, by the too much affectation of the Letter O. The Dutch manly, but withal harsh and quarrelsom. Whereas our English (saith he) hath what is comely and Euphonical in each of these, without any of their Inconveniences. 'Tis usual for men to be most favourable towards the Language unto which they have been most accustomed. 'Tis likely that Forreigners may be as apt to complain of several Defects in our Language as we are of theirs.

That which doth generally seem most difficult to Strangers in our English Tongue, is the pronouncing of certain Aspirations (as they are stiled) very frequently and familiarly used amongst us, but hardly imitable by others, though these are but few; these five words (as it is said) comprehending all of them. What think the chosen Iudges? Which a little practise might overcome.

It were desirable in a new invented Language, to make use chiefly of such Letters and Syllables, as are of general practise,* 1.226 and universal∣ly facil in Pronunciation: But the custom of several Nations is so ex∣ceeding various in this respect, that 'tis very difficult to find out what these are; most of the Letters being disused, and not acknowledged for Letters, in several Countries.

(α) is frequently used by other Nations, but not owned with a di∣stinct Character by the English.

(a) is frequently used by us Englishmen, but not so much by other Nations.

(e) is generally received, but very ambiguously pronounced.

(i) is not owned by us for a distinct Vowel, though we frequently use the power of it.* 1.227 And the Mexicans are said not to use the Letter (y) which is the same with this (as was shewed before.)

* 1.228(o) is not in the Armenian Alphabet, nor do the Syrians own it, but use (u) or (aw) instead of it. Some of the Ancient Cities in Italy, those of the Vmbri and Tusci did not use this Vowel,* 1.229 but u instead of it, (saith Priscian.)

({ou}) according to the true power of it, is not owned by us, nor by many other Nations with a distinct Character.

(ƴ) is scarce acknowledged by any Nation except the Welsh.

(u) is (I think) proper to the French, and used by none else.

(M and N) are so general, that I have not yet met with an Account of any Nation by whom they are not used.

(NG) is not owned for a Letter by any, except perhaps the He∣brews.

(V) is not pronounced by the Mexicans, Arabians, Persians, Sax∣ons.

(Dh) seems difficult to most Nations, though frequently used by us Englishmen.

(Gh) is not any where, except amongst the Irish.

(L) is not used by the * 1.230 Brasileans, nor the men of † 1.231 Iapan. Many of the Italians, especially the Florentines, do seem to dislike this Let∣ter, though others stile it the sweetest of all the rest, saith ‖ 1.232 Sir Thomas Smith.

(R) is not used by the Mexicans, Brasileans, or the men of China, (say several of the same Authors) The Americans near New-England, pronounce neither L, nor R; but use N instead of both, pronouncing Nobstan for Lobstan.

* 1.233(Z) is not owned for a Letter by the Inhabitants of CochinChina.

(Zh) is not owned for a distinct Letter, either by us English, or al∣most any other,

(HM, HN, HNG) are not, for ought I know) owned by any, ex∣cepting only the Welsh and Irish, and the last perhaps by the Iews.

(F) is not pronounced by the Brasileans.

(Th) seems difficult to many Nations, and is owned by very few, to be a distinct Letter.

(Ch) is not used by any (for ought I can find) except the Greci∣ans and the Welsh.

(HL) is almost proper to the Welsh, and scarce used by others.

(HR) though frequent amongst the Grecians, yet is rarely used by others.

* 1.234(S) is not used by the Mexicans.

(Sh) That this was not universal among the Iews, may appear by the Scripture Story of Shiboleth, nor is it either in the Greek or La∣tin.

* 1.235(B) is not pronounced by the men of China or Iapan.

(D) is not used amongst the Inhabitants of China.

(G) is not pronounced by the Mexicans.

(P) is not acknowleded in the Arabick, nor was this used amongst the Iews before the Invention of Points.

(T) is not used by the Inhabitants of Iapan.

(C) as restrained to the power of K, is for ought I know, of gene∣ral use.

'Tis not improbable but that there may be a difficulty and disuse of every one of these Letters in several Nations of the world; upon which account it is excusable, if in the framing of a Language, it be proposed to make use of all the Letters, without any particular choice of some, and seclusion of others. Or if any be excluded, they ought in reason to be such, as seem most difficult to those, amongst whom this Language hath its first Rise and Original. And such others should be most frequently used, as are generally esteemed most easie and pleasant.

These 34 Letters before enumerated, will suffice to express all those articulate sounds, which are commonly known and used in these parts of the World. I dare not be over-peremptory in asserting that these are all the Articulate Sounds, which either are, or can be in Nature; it being perhaps as impossible to reckon up all such, as to determine the just number of Colours or Tasts: But I think that these are all the principal Heads of them, and that as much may be done by these (if not ••••re) as by any other Alphabet now known.

Notes

• * 1.1

  § I.
• * 1.2

  De Causis L. L. Cap. 76.
• * 1.3

  § II.
• * 1.4

  § III.
• * 1.5

  § IV.
• * 1.6

  § V.
• * 1.7

  § VI.
• * 1.8

  § VII.
• * 1.9

  § VIII.
• * 1.10

  § IX.
• * 1.11

  § X.
• * 1.12

  § I.
• * 1.13

  § II.
• * 1.14

  § III.
• * 1.15

  Jul. Scalig. de caus. L. L. Cap. 127.
• * 1.16

  § IV.
• * 1.17

  Ego me.
• * 1.18

  Meus.
• * 1.19

  Egomet.
• * 1.20

  Ego ipse.
• * 1.21

  Tu te.
• * 1.22

  Tuus.
• * 1.23

  Tu ipse, temet.
• * 1.24

  Ille, iste.
• * 1.25

  Suus, ejus.
• * 1.26

  Ipse, se.
• * 1.27

  Nos.
• * 1.28

  Noster.
• * 1.29

  Nos ipsi, nosmet.
• * 1.30

  Vos.
• * 1.31

  Vester.
• * 1.32

  Vos ipsi, vosmet.
• * 1.33

  Illi.
• * 1.34

  Suus, eorum.
• * 1.35

  Illi ipsi, Ssee.
• * 1.36

  Hic.
• * 1.37

  Hujus.
• * 1.38

  Hic ipse.
• * 1.39

  Hìc.
• * 1.40

  Nunc.
• * 1.41

  Hujusmodi.
• * 1.42

  Idem.
• * 1.43

  Ejusdem.
• * 1.44

  Ibidem.
• * 1.45

  Quidam.
• * 1.46

  Ille, is, iste.
• * 1.47

  Illius.
• * 1.48

  Ille, ipse.
• * 1.49

  Illic, ibi, istic
• * 1.50

  Tunc.
• * 1.51

  Istiusmodi.
• * 1.52

  Alius.
• * 1.53

  Alterius.
• * 1.54

  Alibi.
• * 1.55

  Alias.
• * 1.56

  Aliter.
• * 1.57

  Aliquis.
• * 1.58

  Alicubi.
• * 1.59

  Aliquando.
• * 1.60

  Quodammodo.
• * 1.61

  Vllus.
• * 1.62

  Vllibi, usquam.
• * 1.63

  Vnquam.
• * 1.64

  Vllo modo.
• * 1.65

  Vnusquis{que}
• * 1.66

  Omnis.
• * 1.67

  Vbi{que}
• * 1.68

  Semper.
• * 1.69

  Omnimodo.
• * 1.70

  Quis?
• * 1.71

  Cujus?
• * 1.72

  Vbi?
• * 1.73

  Quando?
• * 1.74

  Quomodo?
• * 1.75

  Qui.
• * 1.76

  Cujus.
• * 1.77

  Vbi.
• * 1.78

  Quando.
• * 1.79

  Quomodo.
• * 1.80

  Quisquis, Quicun{que}
• * 1.81

  Cujuscun{que}
• * 1.82

  Vbicun{que}
• * 1.83

  Quandocun{que}
• * 1.84

  Quomodo cunqu;
• * 1.85

  § V.
• * 1.86

  Scalig. L. L. Cap. 13.
• * 1.87

  § VI.
• * 1.88

  Utinam, •• si.
• * 1.89

  § I.
• * 1.90

  § II.
• * 1.91

  Cas. Gen. Cas. Abl.
• * 1.92

  Ab. a. per. Ob, pro, prop∣ter.
• * 1.93

  Ex, è. De, circa.
• * 1.94

  Inster, secun∣dum. Pro, vice.
• * 1.95

  Cum, Sine, abs{que}
• * 1.96

  Pro, Contra.
• * 1.97

  Ad. A.
• * 1.98

  Apud. Procul.
• * 1.99

  Trans. Circum.
• * 1.100

  In. Ex.
• * 1.101

  Intra. Extra.
• * 1.102

  Per. Praeter.
• * 1.103

  Sursum. Deorsum.
• * 1.104

  Supra. Infra.
• * 1.105

  Ante. Post.
• * 1.106

  Super. Sub.
• * 1.107

  Citra. Ultra.
• * 1.108

  Inter Adversus.
• * 1.109

  § III.
• * 1.110

  § I.
• * 1.111

  Chap. 1. Sect. 8.
• a 1.112

  As. So. From. This. That.
• b 1.113

  Yea. Nay. Perhaps. Truly.
• * 1.114

  Rather. Than.
• * 1.115

  § II.
• * 1.116

  Ita, immo, maximè. Non, nequa∣quam, minimè.
• * 1.117

  Fortè, forsan. Profecto.
• * 1.118

  Ut. Sic.
• * 1.119

  Quàm. Tam.
• * 1.120

  Magis. Maximè.
• * 1.121

  Minùs. Minimè.
• * 1.122

  Potiùs. Quàm.
• * 1.123

  Adhuc, hactae∣nus. Done••.
• * 1.124

  Dum. Tandem.
• * 1.125

  Unà, simul. Tantùm.
• * 1.126

  Iterum. Quasi.
• * 1.127

  Un. dis. Re, retro
• * 1.128

  Fere.
• * 1.129

  Vix.
• * 1.130

  Circiter.
• * 1.131

  § III.
• * 1.132

  An. Noune.
• * 1.133

  Et, at{que} Nec.
• * 1.134

  Si. Nisi.
• * 1.135

  Equidem. Sed.
• * 1.136

  Etsi. Tamen.
• * 1.137

  Vel. Sive.
• * 1.138

  Ut. Ne.
• * 1.139

  Nam. Quia.
• * 1.140

  Cur. Ergo.
• * 1.141

  Quum. Exinde.
• * 1.142

  Etiam. E••caet.
• * 1.143

  Videlicet, nempe. Exemp. gr.
• * 1.144

  § I.
• * 1.145

  § II.
• * 1.146

  § III.
• * 1.147

  § IV.
• * 1.148

  Metaphor.
• * 1.149

  Like.
• * 1.150

  Kind.
• * 1.151

  Manner.
• * 1.152

  Thing.
• * 1.153

  Person.
• * 1.154

  Place.
• * 1.155

  Time.
• * 1.156

  Cause.
• * 1.157

  Sign.
• * 1.158

  Aggregate.
• * 1.159

  Segregate.
• * 1.160

  Pin.
• * 1.161

  Instrument.
• * 1.162

  Vessel.
• * 1.163

  Jugament.
• * 1.164

  Machin.
• * 1.165

  Sepiment.
• * 1.166

  Armament.
• * 1.167

  Armour.
• * 1.168

  House.
• * 1.169

  Room.
• * 1.170

  Habit.
• * 1.171

  Art.
• * 1.172

  Officer.
• * 1.173

  Artist.
• * 1.174

  Mechanic.
• * 1.175

  Merchant.
• * 1.176

  Power.
• * 1.177

  Aptitude.
• * 1.178

  Inceptive.
• * 1.179

  Frequenta∣tive.
• * 1.180

  Endeavour.
• * 1.181

  Impetus.
• * 1.182

  Augmenta∣tive.
• * 1.183

  Diminutive.
• * 1.184

  Excess.
• * 1.185

  Defect.
• * 1.186

  Perfective.
• * 1.187

  Corruptive.
• * 1.188

  Language.
• * 1.189

  Young.
• * 1.190

  Part.
• * 1.191

  §. I.
• * 1.192

  Chap. 5.
• * 1.193

  § II.
• * 1.194

  Chap. I. § XI.
• * 1.195

  § III.
• * 1.196

  § I.
• * 1.197

  Dr. William Holder. Mr. Lodowick.
• * 1.198

  § 11·
• * 1.199

  § III.
• * 1.200

  Lipsius de rect. Pronuntiatione L. Lat. cap. 3.
• * 1.201

  De Antiquitate Punctorum, l. 1.
• * 1.202

  Scaliger de Causis L. L. cap. 28.
• * 1.203

  Vossius Gram. lib. 1. cap. 15.
• * 1.204

  ibid.
• * 1.205

  Iudges 12.6.
• * 1.206

  Vossius de Gram. cap. 16.
• * 1.207

  Scaliger de de Causis L.▪ L. cap. 21.
• * 1.208

  Vossius Gram. cap. 27.
• * 1.209

  Diatribe de varia litera∣rum pronuntia∣tione.
• * 1.210

  Alex. Gyll, Gram. cap. 1.
• * 1.211

  D•• Wallis Gram.
• * 1.212

  Vossius de Gram. cap. 18.
• * 1.213

  § I.
• * 1.214

  Names
• * 1.215

  § II.
• * 1.216

  Order.
• * 1.217

  De causis Ling. Lat. cap. 38.
• * 1.218

  § 3.
• * 1.219

  Affinity.
• * 1.220

  § 4.
• * 1.221

  Figure.
• * 1.222

  § 5.
• * 1.223

  Pronunci∣ation.
• * 1.224

  Prolegomena in Biblia Polyglot.
• * 1.225

  R. C. of Antho∣ny in Cambd. Remains.
• * 1.226

  § 6.
• * 1.227

  Purchas. lib. 5. Chap. 9.
• * 1.228

  B^p Walton In∣troduction.
• * 1.229

  Idem Proleg. 13.5.
• * 1.230

  Vincent le Blanc. Part 3.16.
• † 1.231

  Alex. Rhodes Diction. Anim. cap. 1.
• ‖ 1.232

  De recta scri∣ptione Linguae Anglicanae.
• * 1.233

  Alex. Rhodes ibid.
• * 1.234

  Purchas. lib. 5. cap. 9.
• * 1.235

  Idem l. 10. c. 3. Item. vol. 5. c. 18. Sect. 6. Vossius de Gr. cap. 27.