An essay towards a real character, and a philosophical language by John Wilkins ...

CHAP. IX. Concerning the Predicament of Action; the several kinds of it. I. Spiritual. II. Corporeal. III. Motion. IV. Operation.

NExt to the Predicament of Quality may succeed that of Action; the several kinds of which may be distributed into such as have for their Agent a

• Spirit, or spiritual faculty, called SPIRITUAL ACTION.
• Body, or material substance, respecting chiefly either the
  • Actions of Animate bodies, called here CORPOREAL ACTION.
  • Passage of bodies from one place to another, styled MOTION.
  • Sundry kinds of works, about which men of several callings use to imploy themselves, styled OPERATION.

SPIRITUAL ACTION.

THe Genus of SPIRITUAL ACTIONS,* 1.1 may be distributed into such as do belong either to

• GOD. I.
• The Soul, with reference to the
  • ...Vnderstanding.
    • SPECULATIVE. II.
    • PRACTICAL. III.
  • WILL. IV.
  • Fancy or Appetite; the Actions of which are styled Affections or Passions, and may be distinguished into such as are either more
    • SIMPLE. V.
    • MIXED. VI.

* 1.2I. By ACTIONS OF GOD in this place, are meant only his transi∣ent Actions, which are terminated in the Creatures. As for his immanent Actions, because we can frame no other conceptions of these but such as are sutable to the acts of our own minds, therefore may they be sufficient∣ly expressed by those that follow in the next Differences. These transient Acts here enumerated, do primarily belong to the Divine Nature; though some of them may in a secondary manner, and by way of allusion and participa∣tion, be sometimes ascribed to other things: To which may be annexed upon the account of Affinity the general name of those Actions which do exceed all Natural power, MIRACLE, Wonder, supernatural.

These are distinguishable into such as do concern either the

• Putting of things into their first being: or reducing them to nothing.
  1.
  • CREATION, Making, Creator, Creature,
  • ...ANNIHILATION, Annul, disannul, abolish, extinguish, bring to nought, call-in, cancel, put out.
• Government or disposal of things;
  • More general; whereby he doth most freely and wisely take care of, and provide for all things: To which may be opposed by some Ana∣logy such a necessary Concatenation and unalterable order amongst things as doth not admit of any liberty: or such a blind contingency of things as excludes all wisdom, expressed usually by the word••,
    2.
    • PROVIDENCE, Fore-sight, Fore-cast.
      • ...FATE, Destiny.
      • ...FORTVNE, Chance, Accident, Venture, Adventure, casual, ••ap, Luck, Hazard, fortuitous, a Hit, peradventure, perhaps.
  • More special; belonging either to
    • Animate Creatures; by
      • Contributing to their ‖ well: or ill being.
        3.
        • BLESSING, Beatitude, Benediction.
        • ...CVRSING, accurse, ban; Malediction, Execration.
      • Continuing them in their particular kinds of Being: or depriving them of it.
        4.
        • PRESERVATION, Conservation, Protection, Keeping, main∣tain, save, Saviour, shelter, guard, keep, cherish.
        • ...DESTRVCTION, Perdition, Confusion, Bane, Devastation, Loss, pernicious, subvert, undoe, ruine, confound, extirpate, abolish, bring to naught, stroy, destroy, cast away, perish, cut off, wast, con∣sume, dissolve, exterminate, extinguish, fall, gone.
      • Keeping or taking them from any evil felt or feared: or leaving them to it.
        5.
        • DELIVERANCE, Rescue, Save-iour, Salvation, free, quit, rid, clear, exempt.
        • ...DERELICTION, destitute, forlorn, deserting, give vp, relinquish, cast off, deliver up, forsake, leave, forgo.
    • Rational Creatures; as to their
      • Minds; by discovering to them, or impressing upon them, in an extraordinary way, such Truths or Inclinations as humane in∣dustry could not of it self attain to.
        6.
        • REVELATION, open, disclose, discover, Vision, Enthusiasm, Fa∣natic, Oracle.
        • ...INSPIRATION, infuse.
      • States by delivering them from a condition of servitude & misery.
        7.
        • REDEMPTION, deliver, save, ransom, rescue.

II. ACTIONS of the UNDERSTANDING and Judgment SPECULA∣TIVE, Contemplation, Theory,* 1.3 are such as do concern the various exercise of our Vnderstandings about the Truth and Falshood of things, with respect either to the

• Vnderstanding; being either
  • Preparative; in the first Objectization of a thing: or the reflexive Thought about it, together with what else one knows of that kind.
    1.
    • THINKING, Cogitation, bethink, deem, imagin, esteem, Conceit, Notion, Thought-ful, pensive, mind it, suggest, put in ones head,
    • MEDITATING, Study, considering, cast about in ones mind, muse, con∣template, Elucubration, think, fore think, premeditate, ponder, extempore.
  • Operative; in ‖ the comparing of things to find out what is Truth: or the Thought resulting from such comparison.
    2.
    • INQUISITION, Examination, Search, Scrutiny▪ exploration, investigate, Disquisition, seek, discuss, hunt, canvase, cast water, Quest, Inquest.
    • DISCOVERY, detect, find, perceive, lift out▪ pick out, Invention, excogi∣tate, Author, Inventor, tell, inkling, 'tis out.
• ...Iudgment;
  • Primary; in judging such discovery ‖ agreeable to Truth: or disagreeable.
    • More general.
      3.
      • ASSENT, Consent, accord, agree, concurr, allow, acknowledge, yield, suf∣frage, Voice, Vote, of the same mind, think good.
      • ...DISSENT, differ, disagree, of another mind, Discord.
    • More special; according to its arguments; as
      • ...Proceeding from Causes
        • Extrinsecal; Testimony ‖ sufficient: or insufficient.
          4.
          • BELIEVING, Credit, credible, Faith, Trust.
          • ...DISBELIEVING, Discredit, incredible, Distrust.
        • Intrinsecal in the thing it self; that it is ‖ conclusive: or not so conclu∣sive but that it may be otherwise.
          5.
          • KNOWING, Cognition, conscious, wist, witting, aware, privy, Intel∣ligence, learn, inform, acquaint, cognizance, notice, inkling pre∣science, omniscient.
          • ...DOVBTING, misdoubt, mistrust, distrust, suspence, hanging stagger∣ing, hesitate, pendulous, dubious, ambiguous, at a stand, stick at, Quandary, Scruple, Sceptic, uncertain, Apocryphal, 'tis a question.
      • Productive of these Effects in ‖ higher, or lower degrees.
        6
        • CERTAINTY, Assurance, sure, evince, convince, demonstrate, evi∣dence, undoubted, out of doubt, without doubt, doubtless, infallible.
        • ...OPINION, Conceit, Iudgment, Sentiment, Mind, Tenet, think, suppose, surmise, ween, overween, unanimous, likely, probable, prejudice, appre∣hend, fancy, repute, deem, Verdict, Sentence, shoot ones bolt.
  • Secondary; judging of Truth found, as to the
    • Consequence of it, in respect of other things to be concluded from it, or to follow upon it; in Thesi: or in Hypothesi
      7.
      • REASONING, Discussing, Arguing, Ratiocination, Logic.
      • CONJECTURING, Guessing, surmise, divine, mind gives, conceit, Pre∣sumption, probable.
    • Importance: or frivolousness of it.
      8.
      • ESTEEMING, accounting, prizing, valuing, rating, regard, respect, re∣pute, count of, care for, think well of, set by, stand upon, credit, prefer.
      • ...CONTEMNING, despising, slighting, undervaluing, disregarding, set at nought, scorn, disdain, abjectness, despicable, vilifie, disesteem, neglect, set light by, make nothing of, I pass not for it, Nickname, pish.

III. ACTIONS of the UNDERSTANDING and Judgment PRACTI∣CAL,* 1.4 do concern the enquiry after and taking notice of the Nature of things, with reference to their Goodness or Fitness to any purpose. They are distinguish∣able, as the former, by their respect to the

• Vnderstanding; being either
  • Preparative, in the first Objectization of a business: or the reflexive Thought about it, together with what else one knows of that kind.
    1.
    • DELIBERATING, ponder, weigh, forecast.
    • OBSERVING, advert, animadvert, give ear, attend to, heed, regard, give ones mind to, look to, mark, note, mind, pry, peep, watch, take no∣tice, notable, remarkable, oversee, overlook.
  • Operative, in ‖ the comparing of means to find which is expedient: or the Thought resulting from such comparison.
    2.
    • CONSIDERATION, revolve, scan, advise, forecast, recognize, premedi∣tate ponder, peruse, study, recount, reflect, review, revise, weigh, bethink, consult, cast in ones mind, retrospection, ruminate.
    • INVENTION, devising, excogitate, find out, make, Author.
• ...Iudgment;
  • Primary; in judging the thing found to be ‖ agreeable to its end: or disagree∣able.
    • More general.
      3.
      • APPROVING, liking, allowing, think good, take well, fancy him, find a Bill, currant.
      • ...DISAPPROVING, disliking, disallowing, disavow, mislike, condemn, explode, reprobate.
    • More special; according to its motives; as
      • ...Proceeding from Causes
        • Extrinsecal; Warranty ‖ sufficient: or insufficient.
          4.
          • TRUST, Confidence, betrust, entrust, rely, repose, enfeoff, recom∣mend, credit, charge, rest upon.
          • ...DISTRVST, Mistrust, Diffidence, Suspicion, Surmize, Iealousie, Vmbrage, call in question, misgive.
        • Intrinsecal in the means it self; ‖ conclusive that it is so: or not so con∣clusive but that it may be otherwise.
          5.
          • SATISFACTION, Content, acquiesce, resolve.
          • ...SCRVPLE, Doubt, dissatisfie.
      • Productive of these Effects; in ‖ higher: or lower degrees.
        6.
        • ASSURANCE, Confidence, sure, certain, resolved, secure, confirm.
        • PERSWASION, think, believe.
  • Secondary; in judging of expedients found, ‖ as to the use of them, how they are to be ordered and managed: or what is like to be the event of them.
    7.
    • CONTRIVING, projecting frame, machinate, plot, forecast, cast about, or in ones mind, find a way, devise, Conveyance.
    • EXPECTING, look for, wait, gaping after, mind gives me, make account, stay for, watch for.

* 1.5IV. ACTIONS OF THE WILL. Under this Head are to be considered the

• Kinds of such Actions; belonging either to the
  • End as future; comprehending Acts more
    • ...Simple;
      • Imperfect and diminute; ‖ for: or against one thing rather then another.
        1.
        • INCLINATION, Propensity, Proclivity, Proneness, Forwardness, hankering, having a mind to, Prejudice for, bent, addicted.
        • ...AVERSION, Prejudice against, unwillingness, coyness, stand off.
      • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • ...
      • Impedite and conditional; ‖ for: or against a thing, if left to it self.
        2.
        • VELLEITY, Woulding, Wishing, Desire, List, Vote, Will, Mind, Option, rather.
        • ...NOLLEITY, Backwardness, go against, grudge, loth, Regret, Relu∣ctancy, think much, rather not, unwilling, with an ill will.
      • Perfect; denoting ‖ the determining of it self to do, or not to do: or the taking of farther time to consider.
        3.
        • PURPOSING, Intention, Decree, destine, determine, appoint, de∣sign, resolve, ordain, mean, nonce, bent, minded, set himself, set ones mind, predestinate, preordain.
        • DEMURRING, hesitating, hanging, suspence, stick at, Quandary.
    • Complicate; towards an object considered as difficult, signifying ‖ the purpose of doing it notwithstanding such Difficulties: or doubt∣ing because of such Difficulties.
      4.
      • RESOLUTION, Fixedness, determined.
      • WAVERING, fluctuate, hanging, suspence, irresolute, staggering.
  • ...Means;
    • Antecedently; determining what to ‖ take: or leave.
      5.
      • ELECTION, chusing, select, Choice, cull, picking, prefer, set aside, Option, Pre-election, predestinate, rather.
      • ...REIECTION, refuse, Preterition, pass by, cast off, cast aside, cast away, reprobate, repudiate, renounce, explode, out-cast:
    • Consequently; ‖ continuing in the purpose of using such means: or ceasing such purpose.
      6.
      • PROSECUTING, persevere, persist, hold on.
      • DESISTING, giving off, leaving, cease, surcease, end, terminate, de∣termin, stay, rest, pause, forbear, withdraw, falter, supersede, break off, go out, give over, lay aside, or down.
  • End obtained; as to the ‖ resting: or not resting of the Will in it as good.
    • DELECTATION, Fruition, Rejoycing, Ioy, Gladness, Delight, Com∣fort, Complacence, Pleasure, Solace, Satisfaction, Content, placid, please, affect, acceptable, delicious, sweet, welcome.
    • ...DISPLACENCE, Sorrow, Grief, Discomfort, unpleasant, irksom, grie∣vous, Offence-ive, Disgust, Dislike, Distast, stomach, unacceptable gra∣ting, malecontent.
• Affections; either of the
  • Will it self in its actings; consisting in ‖ its having a power of applying it self to the doing or not doing this or that: or not having such power.
    8
    • LIBERTY, arbitrary, free, may, may chuse.
    • ...DETERMINATION TO ONE, must, cannot chuse but, limit, Ne∣cessity.
  • Actions of the Will; denoting ‖ the doing of things according to the free inclinations of our own minds: or the being necessitated by some external impediments to do any thing against such inclinations.
    9.
    • SPONTANEITY, of ones own accord, freely, willing, voluntary, with a good will, unbidden, gratis, ready.
    • ...CO ACTION, Compu••sion, Constraint, Force, enforce, Violence, unwil∣lingness, maugre, perforce, extort, wrench, wrest, in spight, will or nill, driving, pressing, bear down, over-awe.

* 1.6V. Acts of the Sensitive part, namely of the Fancy, and chiefly of the Appetite, whereby the mind is moved and disturbed with the apprehen∣sions of things, are styled PASSIONS, Affection, Perturbation, pathetic.

Those amongst these are called more SIMPLE which consist onely of one single Act. They are distinguishable into such as concern things under the notion of

• New unexpected surprizing: or else things over-common and too much repeated; without respect to the good or evil of them, being chiefly a disturbance of the Fancy; styled
  1.
  • ADMIRATION, marvel, wonder, amaze, astonish.
  • ...TAEDIVM, glut, loathing, cloy, dawl, nauseate.
• Good or Evil which we
  • Wish to happen to them.
    2.
    • FAVOUR, Benevolence, Benignity, Grace, Good will, kind propiti∣ous, ingratiate, Favorite, Dilling, Well-wisher, make much of.
    • ...MALIGNITY, Malice, Spite, Pique, Grudge, Prejudice, Despite, Discourtesie, Disfavour, sinister, virulent, malevolent, ill will, ill minded.
  • Apprehend to be in them; whether
    • Absolute; flowing from ‖ our general apprehensions of the Worth of things, and our need of them: or the Evil, and our being hurt by them.
      3.
      • LOVE, Affection, inamour, dote on smitten, amiable, besotted, amorous, dear, endear, Darling, Minion, Paramour, well-belo∣ved, Likings, Fancy, Philtre.
      • ...HATRED, Malice, Rancour, Spite, Virulence, odious, abhor, abo∣minate, detest, cannot endure, Grudge, Pique, Heart-burning, can∣kered, exulcerate.
    • Relative to different notions concerning
      • Both Good and Evil; considered as
        • ...Present.
          4.
          • MIRTH, Glee, Solace, Chearfulness, Sport, blithe, blissom, buxom, frolick, jolly, jocund, jovial, merry, exhilarate, glad, crank, debonair, comical, pleasant, sanguin, Iubile.
          • ...GRIEF, Sadness, Sorrow, Melancholy, Heaviness, doleful, de∣plorable, disconsolate, bitter, pensive, dejected, tragical, ruful, amort, moan, bemoan, wail, bewail, lament, Dump, cast down, vex, trouble, cut, take on, whimper, pule, woe, agony, anguish, mourn, Plaint, Cry, take heavily.
        • Absent and possible.
          5.
          • DESIRE, Affection, covet, crave, fain, long for, lust, greedy, Inclination to, hankering, wish, Concupiscence, eager, earn∣est, importunate, thirst after, have a mind to.
          • AVERSATION, Antipathy, Regret, Reluctancy, Distast, irksom, eschew▪ shun, avoid, abhor, loath, execrate, cannot endure, or abide,
        • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • ...
      • ...
        • Absent and probable; as to
          • ...The nature of the Act.
            6.
            • HOPE, Trust, Recumbency, Affiance, Rely.
            • ...FEAR, Awe, Dread, Terrour, Horrour, Consternation, hide∣ous, dismal, afraid, agast, formidable, horrible, terrible, fright, fray, terrifie, scare, startle, daunt, deterr, dismay, a∣mate, appale, dare not, terrible, Bugbear, Hobgoblin.
          • The greater: or lesser degree of this Probability.
            7.
            • CONFIDENCE, Affiance, Trust, build upon, rest upon, rely, repose, secure, pert, in heart, dare, presume, take to.
            • ...DIFFIDENCE, Suspicion, Iealousie, Mistrust, Distrust, out of heart, faint-hearted, cast down, heartless, misdoubt, mis∣give.
          • The issue and event; which as it is represented to have Diffi∣culties in it ‖ either superable: or insuperable; so it excites.
            8.
            • BOLDNESS, Courage, Audacity, daring, sturdy, hardy, stout, venturous, pert, malapert, embolden, presume.
            • ...DESPAIR, Despondency, forlorn, hopeless, dash, cast down, deadness of heart, heartless, past hope.
      • Evil alone, or opposition from others, wherein there is contempt: to which may be annexed by way of affinity (though it be not properly a simple Passion) that particular desire of making such actions whereby others have been injurious to us, to be∣come hurtful to themselves, so as they may be sensible of it.
        9.
        • ANGER, Ire, Passion-ate, Wrath, Sharpness, Rage, Out∣rage, Pett, Choler, Gall, fume, storm, fret, pelt, chafe, vex, take on, inflame, kindle, irritate, inrage, exasperate, in∣cense, provoke, move, sullen, hasty, furious, outragious, mad, look big, placable, appease, stomack, Animosity, heart-burning, irascible, rough, hot, curst, snappish, snarle, snuffle.
        • REVENGE, avenge, Vengeance, vindictive, wreak.

VI. MIXED PASSIONS, are such as do not consist of any single Act, but are made up of more then one,* 1.7 to be distinguished by the Object they are conversant about, and by the Simple Passions of which they consist, into such as are

• Determined either to Good or Evil; with respect to
  • The particular interest of Repute; being conversant about
    • Good, which we apprehend to be in it self honourable and worthy, im∣plying ‖ Confidence and Love in the promoting of it: or Confidence and Ioy in the owning of it.
      1.
      • ZEAL, ardent, Devotion, earnest, fervent, hot, warm▪ intent, eager, Zel••t.
      • GLORYING, Triumph, Exultation, boast brag, Eravado, Rodomonta∣do, Thrasonical, crack, crow, vapor, vaunt, Ostentation swagger, vain∣glory, flourishing, take a pride.
    • Evil, which we apprehend to be in it self dishonourable and unworthy; implying ‖ a mixture of Hatred and Aversation against the commit∣ting of it: or Sorrow and Diffidence for the committing of it.
      2.
      • SCORN, set light by, slight, despise, contemn.
      • SHAME-faced-full-less, abash, bashful, ashamed, out of countenance▪ con∣found, quash, dash, Impudence, Turpitude, put to shame.
  • The more general interests belonging to
    • Our selves; respecting either
      • Good that is dear to us, implying a ‖ mixture of Love, Anger, and Hope, that we may excel others in it: or a mixture of Love, Anger, and Fear, lest we should by others be deprived of it.
        3.
        • EMULATION, vy, strive, struggle.
        • JEALOUSIE, Suspicion, surmize.
      • Evil; whether as done
        • By our selves; being either ‖ a mixture of Sorrow and Fear upon dis∣satisfaction in having committed it: or Sorrow and Desire, as wish∣ing it had not been committed.
          4.
          • REMORSE, Compunction, Contrition, relent, beshrew, trouble of mind.
          • REPENTANCE, Penitence, rue.
        • By others; ‖ either a vile thing by any person, or any evil by a vile person; implying a mixture of Anger and Hatred: or of Anger and Aversa∣tion.
          5.
          • INDIGNATION, Scorn, dudgeon, fume, murmure.
          • DISDAIN, Scorn.
    • Others; in respect of the
      • Good befalling them, (as we think) ‖ worthily, or unworthily; imply∣ing a mixture of Love and Ioy: or Hate and Grief.
        6.
        • JOY FOR THE GOOD OF OTHERS, Gratulation, congra∣tulate, Sympathy.
        • ENVY, Spite-full, invidious, grudge, repine, malign.
      • Evil befalling them, (as we think) ‖ worthily, or unworthily; imply∣ing a mixture of Hate and Ioy: or of Love and Grief.
        7.
        • ...〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Ioy for the evil of others.
        • PITTY, Compassion, commiserate, condole, relent, ruthful, tender, woful, yearn, Bowels▪ bemoan, bewail, lament, deplore, Sympathy, fellow-feeling.
• Indetermined either as to Good or Evil, but concerning both consisting in a distraction of the Mind by a conflict of any two contrary Passions: to which may be opposed (though not so proper to this place) the transport of the Mind, being wholly possess'd with one Passion: styled
  8.
  • AGONY.
  • EXTASIE, Transport, Amazement, Consternation, Maze, Traunce, Ru∣pture, ravish, astonish, extatical.

CORPOREAL ACTION.

BY CORPOREAL ACTIONS are meant such Actions whose Agent is a Body or Material substance.* 1.8 They are distinguishable into such as are

• More peculiar to Living creatures; either more
  • Absolute; belonging to
    • VEGETATIVES. I.
    • SENSITIVES. II.
    • RATIONALS. III.
  • Relative to the
    • Outward SIGNS OF PASSION. IV.
    • GENERAL Notions belonging to DEMEANOUR. V.
• Common with them to other things, to which by Analogy they are ascribed, the different kinds of GESTURE. VI.

I. Corporeal ACTIONS belonging chiefly to VEGETATIVE Bodies,* 1.9 may be distinguished into such as are either.

• Primary and more general; denoting the making: or unmaking of a thing; the motion towards a new form: or from the precedent form; styled
  1.
  • GENERATION, get, beget, procreate, propagate, breeding, engender, Gene∣sis.
  • ...CORRVPTION, Dissolution, consume••tion.
• Secondary and more particular; relating unto the
  • Conveying, or receiving in that first matter which is to be formed into an a∣nimate Body.
    2.
    • IMPREGNATION, beget, pregnant, breeding, teeming, conceived, get with child, big, great with child, or egg.
    • ...CONCEPTION, with child, Superfetation.
  • Bringing forth what hath been thus conceived; either in due time: or too soon.
    3.
    • PARTURITION, Bearing, Birth, Nativity, bringing forth, travail, groning, in labour, lying in, Child-birth, ea••ing, farrowing, kindling, foling, whelping, deliver, Midwife, brought to bed, cry out, lay egg.
    • ...ABORTION, miscarry, Mischance, cast young, Castling, untimely birth, Slink, still-born.
  • Improvement of what is thus brought forth; either
    • Peculiar to the Young; implying that more then ordinary tenderness to be used towards things in that state, ‖ whether more general: or that which is proper to viviparous Animals.
      4.
      • FOTION, cherishing, foster, foment, brood, Incubation, hatching.
      • LACTATION, giving suck, suckle,
    • ...Common to Young and Old;
      • Antecedent; ‖ the taking in of sutable and sufficient aliment: or the fit∣ting of this aliment by fermentation.
        5.
        • FEEDING, living upon, Aliment, Food.
        • DIGESTING, Concoction, put over.
      • Consequent from the
        • Vnion of the Aliment to the body: and its improving thereby.
          6.
          • NOURISHING, Nutrition, maintain, Nutriment.
          • GROWING, come up, increase, improve, thrive, Spring, Proficient
        • Vnion: or disunion, of the Body and Soul.
          7.
          • LIVING, Life, quick, alive, enliven, vivifie, revive, survive. vital, Resurrection.
          • ...DYING, Death, dead-ly, mortal, fatal, dy, decease, depart, expire, give up the ghost, defunct, kill, slay, mortifie, dispatch, Slaughter, Mortality, capital.

* 1.10II. Corporeal ACTIONS belonging to SENSITIVE Bodies, may be di∣stinguished into such as are either

• More principal and natural; denoting the kinds of natural Appetite, toge∣ther with such Actions as tend to the satisfying of them; relating to the
  • Preservation of the Individuum, as to the desire of
    • Nourishment, for the supply of Decays; and that either by
      • Food: or Meat.
        1.
        • HUNGER, Appetite, Stomach, eager, greedy, ravenous, Famine, sharp-set.
        • EATING, devour, gorging, fall to, Meal, Repast, Refection, Food, Meat, Aliment, edible, Viands, Victuals, fall to ones Meat.
      • ...Liquor.
        2.
        • THIRST, dry.
        • DRINKING, Potion, potulent, potable, quaff, soop, soaking, lap, swill, carouse, sip, tipple, bibble, guzzle, Draught, Drench, Water, Butler, Buttery, Cellar.
    • Rest and refreshment after labour and weariness; comprehending the
      • Appetite or inclination after this: or the Satisfaction of such Appetite, consisting in a cessation from all Actions of the outward Senses, by a relaxation of the Nerves.
        3.
        • DROWSINESS, Heaviness.
        • SLEEPING, asleep, dormant, a Nap, lull, Slumber, narcotic, roost.
      • State supposed, belonging to this Appetite, or the Satisfaction of it, de∣noting the general Action of the Senses: or the working of the Fancy in sleep.
        4.
        • WAKING, awake, watch, Reveiles, raise from sleep.
        • DREAMING.
  • ...Propagation of the Species.
    5.
    • LUST, Salacity, Lechery, Venery, Concupiscence, libidinous, carnal, fleshly, blissom, clicket, proud.
    • COITION, coupling, gendring, lie with, know carnally, Copulation, rutting, tread, venery
• Less principal and preternatural; referring to several affections of the Touch, and different kinds of Pain; being either
  • Proper to the Skin and outward parts; caused by an agitation of some thin Vapours stopped in their expiration, which is remedied by such a kind of affriction with an edge as doth open the Pores, that the Vapors may transpire.
    6.
    • ITCHING.
    • SCRATCHING, Scraping, clawing, Scalping-iron.
  • Common to other parts; and caused by
    • Distention or compression of the parts: or sharpness of humours.
      7.
      • AKING, Ach.
      • PRICKING, Crick, pungent, sharp, Stitch.
    • Diss••pation of the Spirits in the softer parts by a light touch: or corro∣sion of the membranous parts.
      8.
      • TICKLING, Titillation.
      • SMARTING, piercing.
    • Obstruction either in the Nerves or Muscles; causing ‖ some vellications in the Nerves: or a hot pungent pain in the Muscles.
      9.
      • TWITCHING, Vellication, Pinching.
      • TINGLING.

III. The Corporeal ACTIONS peculiar to Men,* 1.11 or the several wayes of expressing their mental Conceptions, are either by

• Articulate sounds; considered according to
  • The general name, together with the privation of it.
    1.
    • SPEAKING, talk, utter-ance, mentioning, Elocution, pronounce, express, deliver, Prolation, Spokes-man, effable, voluble, fluent, say, tell, mutter, mumble, jabber, jargon, vein, Grammar, Rhetoric, Ora∣tory, Eloquence, Prolocutor, nuncupative, by word of mouth.
    • ...MVTENESS, dumb, speechless, silent, blank, tongue-tied.
  • The defects of speaking, as to ‖ the continuity of speech: or the prolati∣on of some particular letters.
    2.
    • STUTTERING, Stammering, falter, hammer.
    • LISPING.
  • The degrees of loudness in speaking; either ‖ without any vocal sound: or with much noise.
    3.
    • WHISPERING, mutter, round in the ear.
    • ...EXCLAMATION, Acclamation, hollow, hoot, hoop, shout, baul, cla∣mor, cry, Lure, Out-cry, roar, screech, scream, squeak, squeal, loud, lift up ones voice, set out ones throat.
  • The particular kinds of speaking; referring
    • To such words as we see before us; either ‖ more perfect: or imperfect.
      4.
      • READING, Lecture, Lesson, legible, peruse.
      • SPELLING.
    • To the manner of ordering our voice according to musical Tunes; ei∣ther ‖ the more perfect: or the more imperfect attempt.
      5.
      • SINGING, Song, Ditty, Ballad, Carol, Canticle, Lay, Ode, Madrigal, Eclogue, canorous, Modulation, chant, Chorister, Quire:
      • CHIRPING, questing, quittle.
  • The several relations of speaking; when we say that to another which we expect should be ‖ repeated: or written by him.
    6.
    • DICTATING, prompting, suggest.
    • ENDITING.
• Figures representing either words or things, and made either ‖ immedi∣ately by mens hands: or by the impression of Types.
  7.
  • WRITING, penning, drawing, engrossing, Hand, Manuscript, subscribe, superscribe, inscribe, transcribe, Postscript, interline, indorse, scrawle, scrible, rude draught, Pen-man, Scribe, Writer, Scrivener, Secretary, Clerk, Note, Ticket, Docket, Short-hand, Tachygraphy, Brachygraphy, Cryptography, set ones hand, set down, take or put in writing, en∣ter into book, write out fair.
  • PRINTING, Imprint, Impression, typographical, Type, Press, put in Print.

* 1.12IV. The OUTWARD SIGNS OF our inward PASSIONS, are ei∣ther

• More peculiar to some single Passions; as to
  • Admiration: or Sating; Straining the ‖ eyes: or the brows.
    1.
    • STARING.
    • MOVING THE BROWS.
  • Love: or Hate; expansion: or contraction of the Muscles of the Face.
    2.
    • SMILING, sm••rking, snearing, simper:
    • ...LOWRING, powting, scowling, frowning, grinning, look sowre.
  • Mirth: or Sorrow.
    3.
    • LAUGHING, deride, ridiculous, giggle, chuckle, tihi, flicker.
    • ...WEEPING, mourn, cry, Tears, wailing, Plaint, bemoan, bewail, la∣ment, blubber, shed tears, whining.
  • Desire: or Aversation; scruing the body: or wagging the head.
    4.
    • WRIGLING.
    • MOVING THE HEAD, Nodd.
  • Hope: or Fear; expressed either by the
    • Body or parts of it; being ‖ moved once and quick: or oft and con∣tinuedly: or deprived of motion.
      5.
      • STARTING, flinching.
        • ...TREMBLING, quaking, shaking, shudering, Trepidation, qui∣vering, shiver, quaver, chatter.
        • ...RIGOR, Horrour, Stifness.
    • Breath; ‖ emitted short and quick: or emitted slow and long: or sucked up suddenly.
      6.
      • HUFFING, snuff, puff.
        • ...SIGHING, Sobbing.
        • ...SVCKING up the breath, sniff.
  • Confidence and Diffidence: or Boldness and Despair; setting the hands against the sides: or heaving up the shoulders.
    7.
    • KEMBOING.
    • SPANISH SHRUG.
• Anger: or Revenge; by emission of the breath; either ‖ vocal, but not articulate: or articulate, but not distinctly intelligible.
  8.
  • GRONING.
  • GRUMBLING.
• More common to several Passions; by discolouring the countenance ‖ with a greater degree of Redness then doth belong to the natural hue; appertaining either to Joy, Love, Desire, but chiefly to Shame: or else with Whiteness; belonging to those more violent perturbations of Grief, Anger, &c. but chiefly to Fear.
  9.
  • BLUSHING, flush.
  • ...PALENESS, wan, ghastly, pallid, appale.

V. The general notions belonging to DEMEANOUR, Carriage,* 1.13 Comportment, Deportment, Garb, behave, or the manner of our conversing towards one another in respect of such Corporeal Actions as either custom or common opinion hath put a decency and fitness upon, are con∣siderable; either according to the

• More general kinds; denoting
  • The endeavour to express our respect to others, by ‖ going to them: or staying by them or for them.
    1.
    • VISITING, go to see.
    • WAITING, Attend-ance, serve, Retinue, Train, Valet, Page, Lac∣quey, stay for, tarry for, tend.
  • The congress or meeting of others, in respect of ‖ our applying our selves to them: or their receiving or using of us.
    2.
    • ADDRESSING, accost.
    • ENTERTAINING, treat, entreat, usage, reception, welcome.
  • The kinds of gesture, or words, signifying respect.
    3.
    • SALUTATION, caressing, accost, greet, hail, commendations.
• More special kinds; consisting in
  • ...Gestures.
    • At a distance; by bowing of the ‖ Body: or Knees.
      4.
      • CONGEEING, cringe, duck, make a leg, crouch.
      • CURCHEEING, Genuflexion.
    • Near; either more▪
      • ...Rustic.
        5.
        • CLAPPING.
        • SHAKING HANDS.
      • Gentile; by joyning of the ‖ Body: or Face.
        6.
        • EMBRACING, clasping, clip, coll, grasp, hug, twine.
        • KISSING, Smack.
  • Words; whereby we express
    • Our ‖ esteem of others: or our business with them.
      7.
      • COMPLEMENTING, Courtliness, Caressing.
      • CONFERRING, commune, parley, talk, treat, speak with, Dia∣logue.
    • Our good wishes to others; either at our ‖ first meeting: or parting.
      8.
      • SALVEDICTION, accost, greet, hail.
      • ...VALEDICTION, adieu, farwell, take leave.

* 1.14VI. GESTURE, Action, Behaviour, Gesticulation, Mimic, doth denote such an Animal action or motion as alters the situation of the whole or parts of the body: To which the word POSTURE, Position, may be annexed by way of affinity; signifying the situation in which such moti∣on is determined. The several kinds of these Gestures and Postures (which are applicable likewise to inanimate things) do refer either to the weights being incumbent upon something.

• Below it: And these are distinguished according to the imaginary pro∣gress of that body or the parts of it,
  • Vpward; either more
    • ...Direct.
      1.
      • RISING, arise, raise, rouse, ly up, sit up, stand up, rear, elevate, lift up, erect, exalt, Resurrection
      • STANDING, Station-ary, Footing, Perch, Rampant,
    • ...Oblique.
      • Keeping the height, and
        • ...Inlarging the terms.
          2.
          • STRETCHING, retching, extending, Distention, Expansion, produce, sprein, strein, draw out.
          • SPREAD, square.
        • ...Narrowing the terms.
          3.
          • SHRINKING, contracting, Coar••tation, couch, gather up.
          • CRUMPLE, snudge.
      • ...Altering the height, by motion of the
        • ...Trunk.
          4.
          • STOOPING, crouch, bow, bend, couring.
          • LEANING, lolling, Recumbency, stay or rest upon▪
        • ...Lower Limms.
          • ...Hipps.
            5.
            • SITTING, set, sedentary, seat
            • SATE, squat.
          • ...Knees.
            6.
            • KNEELING, Genuflexion, fall on knees.
            • ON KNEES.
  • Downward; either more
    • ...Direct.
      7.
      • FALLING, fell, cast down, sink.
      • LYING, Prostration, groveling, lay, along, all along, flat, level, couch.
    • ...Oblique.
      8.
      • TURNING.
      • REVERSE, inverted.
• Above it; whether ‖ partly: or wholly; each of which is either motion or rest.
  9.
  • CLINGING.
  • HANGING, pendent, suspended, dangling.

MOTION.

THat Action whereby things do pass from one place to another is styled MOTION, move, remove, stir,, wag, shake, quetch, shog, jog, start, jerk,* 1.15 budge, dislodge, flitting, shuffle, shuttle, rummage, agitation, going, passing, transferr, place, make a stirr.

REST, Quiet, still, unmoved, repose, sedate, settle, stand, stay, stand or ly still, Requiem, ease, Pause, acquiesce, settle, sit, lodge, lull, Sabbath, dead of the night, take rest.

By the word Motion here is meant Local Motion, which doth alwayes ac∣company Corporeal Action, upon which account many of the Species under this Head might, if there were convenient room for them, be reckoned under the former; but their places here may serve sufficiently to express and distin∣guish them. This Local Motion of bodies may be distinguished into

• ...Natural.
  • Of the whole; more
  • General, respecting the Kinds of Animal PROGRESSIVE MOTION. I.
  • Particular, referring to the VARIOUS NOTIONS OF GOING. II.
  • Of the parts; considered
    • More largely; as belonging to ANIMAL ACTION IN COMMON. III
    • As restrained to the Acts of
      • PURGATION. IV.
      • EXERCISE. V.
• VIOLENT MOTION according to the several kinds of it. VI.

I. Kinds of ANIMAL PROGRESSION,* 1.16 may refer either to

• Beasts; more ‖ perfect: or imperfect.
  1.
  • GOING, gressive, a Step, Pace, Gate.
  • HALTING, Cripple, lame, limp, hobble, foundred.
• Birds; in the
  • Air; by the motion of the wings: to which may be annexed that other kind of Motion of the wings whereby Birds use to keep themselves up in the same place with little or no Progression.
    2.
    • FLYING, fluttering, soar, volatile, toure.
    • HOVERING.
  • Water; either ‖ upon it: or into and under it.
    3.
    • FLOTING.
    • DIVING, duck, plunge.
• Fish; either ‖ more generally within the water: or more specially down∣wards into it.
  4.
  • SWIMMING, launch.
  • SINKING.
• Insects; as
  • Grashoppers and Fleas, &c. the more ‖ perfect: or imperfect.
    5.
    • LEAPING, skipping, jump, frisk, spring, caper, curvet, bound.
    • HOPPING.
  • Ants▪ or Worms, &c.
    6.
    • CREEPING, crawl, sprawl, reptile.
    • WRIGLING, insinuate, scrue or wind himself in.

Though each of these Motions do principally belong to such kinds of li∣ving Creatures, yet are they not so to be restrained to them but that they may be truly ascribed to others.

* 1.17II. The several MODES OF GOING; may be distinguished into

• ...The Self-motion or Ition of Animals;
  • On an ordinary Plain or declivity; according to the
    • Lesser: or greater degrees of Velocity.
      1.
      • WALKING, Ambulation, Procession, Perambulation, go, wade, Ford, waddle, Lacquey, Path, foot it, trip along.
      • RUNNING, galloping, Career, Course, Race, start, Goal, outstrip, Foot∣man.
    • Different Motion of the four legs; ‖ when either those of one side move together: or when they move cross and diagonally.
      2.
      • AMBLING, pacing, thorough-paced.
      • TROTTING, prancing.
    • Different Extensions ‖ of the body according to height: or of the legs ac∣cording to wideness.
      3.
      • STALKING, jetting▪ strutt, portly going.
      • STRADLING, stride, a-stride, div••ricate.
    • Different Modes, whether more ‖ regular: or irregular.
      4.
      • STEDDY.
      • ...STAGGERING, reeling, Vacillation, Tottering.
  • On a very smooth Plain.
    5.
    • SLIDING, glide, slipping.
    • STUMBLING, Titubation, blunder, falter, lapse, slip, trip.
  • On a difficult Declivity, ‖ upwards: or downwards.
    6.
    • CLIMBING, clambering, foaling.
    • TUMBLING.
• The being carried by something else; on ‖ the Land: or Water.
  7.
  • RIDING, being horsed or mounted, taking horse, Post-ilion.
  • SAILING, Navigation, Voiage, launch, take water or ship, embark, wast

III. Animal MOTIONS belonging to the various parts,* 1.18 are either

• ...More principal;
  • Of the Heart originally, and from thence of the Bloud in the Arteries: to which may be adjoyned the Motion of the Guts.
    1.
    • PULSE, throb, beat.
    • PERISTALTIC.
  • Of the Lungs, ‖ more general, or the Sound made by some impediment of breathing through the Nose.
    2.
    • RESPIRATION, breathing, fetch wind, draw breath, take breath.
    • SNORTING, snoring.
• Less principal; of the
  • Mouth and Thorax; by the forcible ‖ emission, or attraction of Breath.
    3.
    • BLOWING, puffing, blast.
    • ...SVCTION, supping▪ sip, soop, drawing, emulgent, snuff up.
  • Diaphragm or Stomach; agitated by a convulsive Motion ‖ upwards, or downwards.
    4.
    • SOBBING.
    • HICCOUGH, Yex.
  • Iaws; by a
    • Repeated Motion in the ‖ first, or second preparation of Food.
      5.
      • MASTICATION, chewing, champ, gnawing, browzing, mumble.
      • RUMINATION, chewing the cud.
    • Single Motion; to which may be annexed that Motion of the musculous parts of the body, caused by some flatulent vapours.
      6▪
      • YAWNING, gape, Oscitation, gasp.
      • PANDICULATION, retching, stretching.
  • ...

• ...
  • Tongue, or Throat.
    7.
    • LICKING, lap, slap.
    • SWALLOWING, gulp, ingurgitate, devour, pouch, gobble.

IV. Those kinds of Actions whereby several Animals do cast off such excrementitious parts as are offensive to nature are styled PURGATION, voiding, evacuating, Excrement, fluxing:* 1.19 to which may be opposed the Notion of BINDING, costive, styptic, restringent, astringent.

These Motions may be distinguished by the kinds of parts so amoved; either the more

• Vaporous and windy; from the
  • ...Head.
    1.
    • SNEEZING, neeze, Sternutation.
  • Stomach upwards, or Guts downwards.
    2.
    • BELCHING, parbreak, breaking wind upwards.
    • ...FARTING, breaking wind downwards, Scape.
• Serous and watry; from the
  • Whole habit of the body.
    3.
    • SWEATING, Exudation, diaphoretic, sudorific, all in a water.
    • TRANSPIRATION, breathing, Evaporation, Effluvium, Perspiration.
  • ...Head.
    4.
    • SPITTING, Salivate••ion, Spittle, bespit, spawl, bespawl, slaver, drivel, Flux.
    • BLOWING THE NOSE, mucous, Snivel, Snot.
  • ...Lungs and Chest.
    5.
    • COUGHING.
    • EXCREATION, haking, hemming.
  • ...Greater or lesser Veins.
    6.
    • BLEEDING, opening a Vein, Phlebotomy, let bloud, draw blood, Lancet.
    • SCARIFYING, lance.
  • ...Skin.
    7.
    • BLISTERING, Vesication, caustic.
    • CUPPING.
  • ...Bladder.
    8.
    • URINING, piss, make water, hold ones water, stale, diuretic, Diabetes, Dysury.
• Consistent and gross parts; from the ‖ Stomach upwards, or the Guts downwards.
  • VOMITING, spewing, casting, disgorging, puke, regurgitate, retching.
  • DUNGING, purging by siege, going to stool, scour, Draught, Lask, laxative, Loosness, muting, soluble, solutive, Muck, Ordure, Siege, Stool, Sir-reverence, excrement, easment, ease the belly, Iakes, Privy, House of office..

V. By RECREATION, Diversion, Pastime, Sport, Exercise,* 1.20 are meant those several kinds of Actions which are used for divertisement or Exercise: to which may be annexed the word GAME, Play, Prize, signifying such kind of Exercises, wherein there is an en∣deavour for Mastery. These are either of the

• ...Mind; depending upon
  • Chance onely; according to ‖ the more general name: or that particular kind which is most frequent by marked Cubes.
    1.
    • LOT, Sortition, Cuts, Ballot, cast or draw Lots.
    • DICE, a Dy, cock-all, rifle.
  • ...Chance and Skill.
    2.
    • CHARTS.
    • TABLES.
  • ...Skill onely.
    3.
    • CHESS.
    • DRAUGHTS.
• Body; in respect of
  • ...The whole; requiring
    • ...Strength and Skill.
      4.
      • BOWLING.
      • BALLING, Tennis, Foot ball, Stool-ball, Sto-Ball. Pel-mel.
    • ...Agility and Skill.
      5.
      • DANCING, Masking, Revels, a Ball, Morice, Mumming.
      • VAULTING.
    • ...Strength Agility and Skill.
      6.
      • WRESTLING, grapling, strugling, striving, handy gripes, strike up ones heels.
      • FENCING, Gladiator, Tilting, Tournament, justling, play at weapon or foils.
  • ...The Eye, or the Ear.
    7.
    • SIGHTS, Shews, Theatre, Amphitheatre, Pageants, Spectacle.
    • MUSIC, Serenade, strein, aer, tune, prelude, Waits, Crowd, Fiddle-er, Minstrel, play on an Instrument.

VI. The general kinds of VIOLENT MOTION, may be distributed according to the effects upon the thing moved,* 1.21 into such as denote

• Translation into a new place; comprehending
  • Motion together; when the Mover sustains the thing moved: to which may be annexed by way of affinity that other Action, by which one thing sustains, or hinders the falling of another.
    1.
    • CARRYING, bring, convey, bear, serve, import, waft, weare about one, portable, portage, porter, baggage, vehicle, fare, beer, packhorse.
    • BEARING, supporting, sustain, hold up, prop, shore up, stay up, up∣hold, carry, stand under, shoulder up, bolster up.
  • Amotion, when the Mover and Moved do at the beginning cease to be contiguous: or Admotion, when the thing moved doth end in a contiguity of something else.
    2.
    • CASTING, throwing, fling, hurl, project, inject, eject, ding, pelt, toss, coit, sling.
    • CATCHING, apprehend, lay hold, snatch, lay hands on, grapple, graspe, scamble.
• Often returns into the same place; according to ‖ greater or less degrees.
  3.
  • SWINGING, Vibration, waving, brandish, agitate, exagitate, to and fro, flourish, rock, sway, dangling, pendulous, wield.
  • SHAKING, Quassation, Concussion, jogging, agitate, dandle, wag, swag, sway, jolt, totter, flutter, shatter, waving.
• Some impression from the Mover; according to the more
  • General name: or that which is from an obtuse hard body.
    4.
    • STRIKING, Percussion, smite, bang, beat, bast, buffet, cuff, dash, hit, swinge, thump, thwack, Blow, Stripe, slap, flap, rap, tap, kick, wince, spurn, bob, box, fillip, whirret, yerke, pummel, punch, rebuff, repercus∣sion, collision, gnash, skittish, interfere, let fly at,
    • KNOCKING, beating, Blow, butt, Mallet, battering, jobbing, Ramm.
  • Particular kind; by the end of a thing, more ‖ obtuse, or acute.
    5
    • POUNDING, braying, Contusion, stamp.
    • PECKING, Mattock, Pick-ax.
• Dissolution of Vnion in the same body; according to
  • The Stiffness, or Limberness of the body wherein it is made.
    6.
    • BREAKING, Fracture, Rupture, burst, Crack, Crash, Squash, Dash, Flaw, Shatter, shiver, crumble.
    • TEARING▪ torn, dilacerate, rend, rent, ragged, tattered, flittered, jagged, pull in pieces.
  • The Figure of the body by which it is made; either ‖ an edge, or a point.
    7.
    • CUTTING, Incision gash, slash, hack, hew, chop, rip, chip, snip, slice, section, segment, carve, dissect, whittle, barb, pare, top, lop, curtail, dock, sharpe, keen, Hatchet, Pole-ax.
    • PRICKING, stabbing, Goad, pungent, runn in thrust in, goar.

OPERATION.

THe sundry kinds of works about which men of several Callings use to imploy themselves,* 1.22 are usually styled by the name of

• OPERATION, Labor-ious, Pains, Travail, Toil, moil, Turmoile, drudg, droil, work, handy-work, Ply, cooperate, take pains, lay about him.
• ...PLAY, Sport, lusory, dally.

These are either

• More Common and general; relating to
  • MECHANICAL FACULTIES. I.
  • MIXED MECHANICAL Operations. II.
• More Particular; belonging to the providing of
  • Food, AGRICULTURE. III.
  • Houses, or Utensils, FABRILE Arts IV.
  • Clothing, SARTORIAN Trades V.
  • Physic, CHYMICAL, Pharmaceutical Operations. VI.

I. OPERATIONS belonging to the MECHANICAL Faculties,* 1.23 are ei∣ther such as do refer to the

• Lever; for the forcible motion of a thing ‖ upwards, or downwards.
  1.
  • LIFTING, heave, hoise, advance, elevate, exalt, Lever, Crow, Crane.
  • ...DEPRESSING, strein, stress, weigh down.
• Balance; for ‖ trial of the weight of things, or the preponderating of one side.
  2.
  • LIBRATING, balancing.
  • BIASSING, preponderate.
• Wedge; for the dividing of hard tough bodies; to which may be op∣posed the thrusting of them close together.
  3.
  • CLEAVING, rive, slit, sp••it, Cle••t, Chink, Chap, Crevise.
  • ...COMPRESSING, crib, gripe, pinching, press, squeezing, straining, wring, nip, twing throng, crowd, crush, Constipation, bulge.
• Pully; when the mover and moved continue their Contiguity in ‖ ad∣motion, or amotion.
  4.
  • PULLING, pluck, tow, tug, lugg, twing, twitch, draw, drag, Draught, hale, Revulsion, vellication, distract.
  • ...THRVSTING, push, shove, drive, rush, justle, repell, extrude, intrude, press, throng, crowd, cramm. farce, wedge in, vennue, run at, foin at.
• Wheel; by ‖ continued turning about, or rolling backward or forward.
  5.
  • VERTIGINATING, turning round, Revolution, wheeling, Rotation, twirl, whirl, spinn, role round.
  • VOLUTATION, tumbling, rolling, wallow, welter, rock, trundle, waddle.
• Screw; to which may be adjoyned for some affinity the action of that concave Instrument used for the projection of water.
  6.
  • SCREWING, Winch.
  • SYRINGING, squirting, spirt, spouting.
• Spring; wherein there is a motion of restitution: to which may be annexed for its affinity the forcible putting a thing out of its natural tension and posture.
  7.
  • SPRINGING, elastical, fillip.
  • BENDING, bow, warp, crooke.

II. Those are styled MIXED MECHANICAL OPERATIONS, which are not appropriate to any one kind of Art,* 1.24 but are general and common to many. These do concern the.

• Vniting or seperating of several bodies; considered more
  • ...Simply.
    1.
    • BINDING, gird, Band, Bond, Bundle, Packet, Fardle, sheafe, faggot, tack, lace, swaddle, swa••hing, trussing, girt, surcingle.
    • ...LOOSENING, unbind, undoe, solve, lax, slack▪ relaxation.
  • Relatively to the affections of binding; viz. fastning of the bond ‖ by a knot, or confused kinds of knots.
    2.
    • TYING, Knot, Node, bracing, buckling, coupling fastning, knit, furling.
    • TANGLING, entangle, hamper, ravel, perplex, snarled, felter, in∣tricate, involved, Intrigues, extricate, complicate, insnare, Laby∣rinth.
• Concealing, or manifesting; either more
  • ...Common.
    3.
    • COVERING, heal, Veil, shroud, hide, whelm, stop, Canopy, Hood, Lid, palliate, cloake, overlay, overrun, overshadow.
    • ...VNCOVERING, open, expose, discover, shew, reveal, naked, unmask, unveil.
  • Special; relating to Containing bodies.
    4.
    • SHUTTING, stop, close, inclosing, immure, exclude, seclude, recluse, obstruct, Wink, fold up, pinn vp, sowe up, seal up, corke up, lute up, lock up, put to the door.
    • OPENING, breaking up, disclose, display, Expansion, gap, Slade, Aper∣ture, unstop, expose, lay or set open.
• Putting of things ‖ nearer together, or farther asunder; either
  • ...More general.
    5.
    • GATHERING, Collect-ion, assemble, convene, compile, levy, raise men or money, Receiver, rake or scrape together, rally, glean, pick up.
    • ...SCATTERING, discuss, disperse, dissipate, sprinkle, strew, inspersion.
  • More particular; with reference to the
    • ...Capacity of
      • Consistent bodies, and such as are not supposed to be contained.
        6.
        • HEAPING, accumulate, amass, lay up, stow, pile, Stack, Mow, Cock, Rick, Shock, Drift, Dunghill, mixen.
        • ...SPREADING, diffuse, Expansion, display, Suffusion, strew, run, plash, lay cloth.
      • Fluid Bodies, and such as are supposed to be contained in some∣thing.
        7.
        • FILLING, replenish, Repletion, full, plenary, sated, stow, cram, stuff, farse, recruit.
        • ...EMPTYING, evacuate, vacant, Vacuity, rid, void, exhaust, Chasm, clear, lanke, lave, draw dry.
    • Motion of bodies, chiefly fluids; according to ‖ the more general name: or that which is involuntary, and besides intention.
      8.
      • POURING, Effusion, Infusion, gush, guggling, yewer, Tunnel.
      • SPILLING, shedding, run out, s••eth over.

III. OPERATIONS belonging to AGRICULTURE,* 1.25 do concern either

• The Ground, or Land; in respect of
  • Loosning it; either ‖ by single persons: or by the help of drawing Beasts.
    1.
    • DIGGING, delve, break up, spit, spade.
    • PLOWING, tilling, breaking up, coulter, share.
  • ...Breaking the clods, and smoothing the surface.
    2.
    • HARROWING.
    • ROLLING.
  • Helping or directing the Fertility of the ground, by ‖ adding some new matter▪ or removing the impediments of noxious Plants.
    3.
    • MANURING, cultivate, dunging, marling, soiling, Tilth, culture.
    • WEEDING.
• The Grane or Seed, chiefly of Herbs; in respect of
  • Putting it into the ground, or taking it off from the ground upon its ma∣turity.
    4.
    • SOWING, seminate.
    • REAPING, mowing, Crop, Harvest, Sithe, Sickle, stubble, swarth.
  • Separating of it from ‖ the straw, or lesser husks.
    5.
    • THRESHING, Flail.
    • WINNOWING, Fan, Ventilation.
• The Propagation of Trees or Shrubs chiefly, by
  • Putting the Root of the Plant in the ground; to which may be adjoyned the putting of Grain segregately into the ground, which is sometimes u∣sed for Pulse.
    6.
    • PLANTING, implant.
    • SETTING.
  • Ioyning a part of one Plant to another; either ‖ to the top of the body, or some branch being cut, or to the sides of the body.
    7.
    • GRAFTING, ingraft, Imp.
    • INOCOLATING.
  • Cutting off superfluous Branches; to which may be adjoyned the cutting down of the whole.
    8.
    • PRUNING, dressing, cutting, coping.
    • FELLING, grubb, wood-fall.

IV. By FABRILE OPERATIONS, (Smith, Carpenter, Mason, &c.) are meant all such kind of works as do primarily concern our Houses or Utensils,* 1.26 whether for necessity, or ornament: to which may be adjoyn∣ed those Operations which concern the making of Earthen ware, styled FIGULATORY, Potter. These are distinguishable into such as denote

• Dissolution of Continuity; either by
  • Seperating of some thin parts from the surface of a body by rubbing with an edge: or breaking the body it self into minute parts by percus∣sion with some obtuse body.
    1.
    • SHAVING, scraping, raze, razour.
    • CONTUSION, bruising, pounding, stamping, braying, morter, pestle,
  • Dividing from a body some small parts; either ‖ by affriction upon a stone, or with an iron instrument.
    2.
    • GRINDING, attrition, Grist, Querne, Mill.
    • FILING, Raspe.
  • Dividing the parts of a body, by cutting it, either ‖ in roundish cavities, or in oblong scissures.
    3.
    • BORING, perforate, foraminate, pierce, Bodkin, Dril, Awle, Gimlet, Wimble, Trepann, Awgre.
    • SAWING, Saw, whipsaw, &c.
• Vniting either of metalline or other bodies by some third body adhering.
  4.
  • SODERING, Cement, luting.
  • GLUING, cementing, glutinous, conglutinate.
• Shaping of bodies into particular figures; either by
  • Hammering, or melting.
    5.
    • FORGING.
    • CASTING, melt, founding, fusile, molde.
  • Cutting, either ‖ a solid and bulky, or a flat figure.
    6.
    • CARVING, Sculpture.
    • GRAVING, ingrave, etching.
  • Compressing of a soft body; or circumagitating either a soft: or hard body.
    7.
    • KNEADING, moulding, plastic.
    • TURNING, Lath.
• Adorning the surface of the body; either by ‖ variety of colours: or ad∣ding an external lustre to it.
  8.
  • PAINTING, limn, draw, enamel, fucus, pensil.
  • VARNISHING, size.

V. SARTORIAN OPERATIONS do concern either the* 1.27

• Preparation of stuffs; by
  • Making several vegetable or animal substances into Thred.
    1.
    • TWISTING, tortion, wreath, writhing, twine, winding.
    • SPINNING, Spinster, Rock, Distaff.
  • ...Ioyning such Threds together into Cloth.
    2.
    • WEAVING, Texture, Contexture, Loom, Web, braid, woven, Hur∣dle, Shuttle, Wicker, Matt.
    • KNITTING.
  • Thickning and colouring such Cloth.
    3.
    • FULLING, milling, Fuller.
    • DYING, stain, Tincture, tinge, in grain.
• Making of Stuffs into Vests; either by
  • Vniting necessary, and cutting off unnecessary parts.
    4.
    • SOWING, Stitch, Seam-ster, Suture, Welt, Needle, dearn, quilt, draw cloth, rip.
    • CLIPPING, Scissors, shear, shorn, cut.
  • Placing together the parts in ‖ greater, or lesser plicatures.
    5.
    • FOLDING, wrap, lap, pleit, clinching, clutching, doubling, invelop.
    • CURLING, crisping, frizling, furling.
• Preserving of such Stuffs or Vests clean; common likewise to other things.
  • By the help of Water or liquor; either when
    • Things are put into, and agitated in the water; to which may be op∣posed the putting upon them other bodies of a more gross consistence; styled
      6.
      • WASHING, scouring, Lotion, rince, Laver, Laundress, gargling.
      • SMEARING, daubing, anoint, ointment, Vnction, greaze, chrism; and many with [be] as bespaul, spit, spue, sprinkle.
    • Water is imbibed and communicated to the thing; to which may be adjoyned, for its affinity, the putting of things into liquor, in order to the communicating of some new quality to such liquor.
      7.
      • SOAKING, steeping, embrewing, macerating, watering Land, &c. bathing, imbibe, sinke, sop, brewis, embrew.
      • INFUSION, watering Fish, &c. macerate, Decoction, impregnate.
  • By external Motion of or upon them, ‖ more, or less violent.
    8.
    • RUBBING, scrape, Friction, Frication, scrub, chafe, Attrition, fret, gall, scowr, taw, grate.
    • WIPING, stroke, terse, handkerchief, towel, napkin.
  • By Instruments to seperate those minuter bodies which adhere to the superficies.
    9.
    • BRUSHING, sweeping, Beesom, Whisk, Brush, Broom, Maukin.
    • COMBING, carding, currying.

VI. By CHYMICAL OPERATIONS are meant such kind of works as tend to the changing of bodies,* 1.28 with respect to the Position and Figure of their minuter parts. By this, amongst other ends, Medicaments are u∣sually prepared; for which reason, those kind of Operations styled PHARMACEUTICAL, belonging to the Apothecary, may be hereunto annexed.

The Operations belonging to this Head, do concern the changing and preparing of Bodies; either by

• Instruments, for the reduction of them into minute parts; ‖ by compres∣sion and affriction betwixt two hard bodies: or by separating the parts so reduced, through a porous Plain.
  1.
  • GRINDING.
  • SIFTING, bolting, Sieve, siercing, ranging.
• Liquors; either
  • Changing the Consistence of bodies; by reducing them into ‖ a more liquid: or a more dry consistence.
    2.
    • DISSOLUTION, melt, liquefie dissolve, thaw, fusil, flux, run about.
    • ...COAGVLATION, congealing, Clod, Curd, Gelly, Clot-tered, Gore, Concretion, grumous.
  • Dividing hard bodies into minute parts; ‖ by an acid liquor, through which such parts are dispersed: or the sinking down of such parts to the bottom, by the mixture of some other liquor.
    3.
    • CORROSION, eating, fretting, gnawing, caustic.
    • PRECIPITATION, settling.
  • Separating of these parts from the liquor; by passing them through a po∣rous body; either ‖ downward: or both upward and downward.
    4.
    • STRAINING, Percolation, squeeze, Colender.
    • FILTRATION, filtre.
• Heat; applicable chiefly either to
  • Liquid bodies; which being kept for some considerable time in a gen∣tle heat, upon this usually follows; either the
    • Loosning the inward parts of such bodies, so as by agitation they work one upon another; styled
      5.
      • DIGESTION.
      • FERMENTATION, work, fret, Leven, Yeast, Barm, Rennet.
    • Separating of the finer parts▪ by raising them up in the form of a Liquor: or the farther separating of the more spirituous from the watery parts of this liquor.
      6.
      • DISTILLATION, Still, Limbeck, cohobation.
      • RECTIFYING.
  • Hard and solid bodies; either by
    • Driving away the more watery and volatil parts, and leaving the more solid: or raising the volatil parts in the form of a Salt.
      7.
      • CHARRING, chark, Tinder.
      • SUBLIMING, Sublimation.
    • Burning away the combustible parts of a body: or turning the parts re∣maining after such burning into a liquor.
      8.
      • CALCINATION.
      • LIXIVIATION, deliquiate, Lye, Buck.

Notes

• * 1.1

  §. I.
• * 1.2

  I. ACTIONS OF GOD.
• * 1.3

  II. SPE∣CULA∣TIVE A∣CTIONS of the Under∣standing.
• * 1.4

  III. PRA∣CTICAL ACTIONS of the Un∣derstand∣••ng.
• * 1.5

  IV. ACTI∣ONS OF THE WI••L.
• * 1.6

  V. SIMPLE PASSIONS.
• * 1.7

  VI. MI∣XED PASSI∣ONS.
• * 1.8

  §. II.
• * 1.9

  I. AC∣TIONS VEGE∣TA∣TIVE.
• * 1.10

  II. AC∣TIONS SENSI∣TIVE.
• * 1.11

  III. ACTI∣ONS PECU∣LIAR TO MEN.
• * 1.12

  IV. SIGNS OF PAS••I∣ONS.
• * 1.13

  V. DEMEA∣NOUR.
• * 1.14

  VI. GE∣STURE.
• * 1.15

  §. III.
• * 1.16

  I. ANI∣MAL PRO∣GRES∣SION.
• * 1.17

  II. MODES OF GO∣ING.
• * 1.18

  III. MO∣TIONS OF THE PARTS.
• * 1.19

  IV. PUR∣GATION.
• * 1.20

  V. RE∣CREATI∣ON.
• * 1.21

  VI. VIOLENT MOTION.
• * 1.22

  §. IV.
• * 1.23

  I. MECHA∣NICAL O∣PERATI∣ONS.
• * 1.24

  II. MIXED MECHANI∣CAL OPE∣RATIONS.
• * 1.25

  III. AGRI∣CULTURE.
• * 1.26

  IV. FA∣BRILE OPE∣RATIONS.
• * 1.27

  V. SARTO∣RIAN OPE∣RATIONS.
• * 1.28

  VI. CHYMI∣CAL OPE∣RATIONS.