An essay towards a real character, and a philosophical language by John Wilkins ...

CHAP. VI. The Parts of Animate Bodies; whether I. More Peculiar, or II. Mor•• General.

* 1.1UNder this Head of PECULIAR PARTS of Animate Bodies are comprehended all the Parts that belong to the whole kind of Plants:* 1.2 But as to Animals, it contains onely such as are peculiar to some of them, not common to all. And these are comprehended with the others under the same Head, because I could not otherwise place them conveniently to my purpose. They are distinguishable by their rela∣tion to

• Plants; as being
  • LASTING PARTS. I.
  • ANNUAL PARTS. II.
  • KINDS OF FRUIT. III.
• Animals; belonging chiefly unto
  • SWIMMING Animals. IV.
  • FLYING Animals. V.
  • GOING Animals. VI.

I. By LASTING PARTS of Plants are meant such as do usually con∣tinue during the life of the Plant, and are not renewed every year.* 1.3 And because the chief of these is styled WOOD, therefore may that be here adjoyned by way of affinity. These are distinguishable by their Fabric and Consistence, together with their Position and Shape; being either more

• Hard and Solid; considered according to the
  • ...Position; as to the
    • Earth, wherein Plants do grow; being either
      • Within it; to which may be adjoyned those parts in the body of the Plant which have some analogy to Roots.
        1.
        • ROOT, Radical, radicate, eradicate.
        • KNOT, Knurle, Knag.
      • Without it; the upright part above ground; ‖ either the greater, upon, and from which the branches do grow: or the lesser, growing up from the same root.
        2.
        • STOCK, Stem, Trunk, Body, Stalk, Stub, Stump.
        • SUCKER, Shoot.
    • Plant it self, shooting from the Stem of it; ‖ whether greater and spread: or less, and pointed, being common likewise to Fishes, &c.
      3.
      • BRANCH, Sprig, Sion, young Shoot, Graft, Bough, Arm of a Tree, Slip, Lop.
      • THORN, Prickle, spinous.
  • Shape and Figure; ‖ more cylindrical and stiff: or more taper and flexile.
    4.
    • STICK, Staff, Stake, Cudgel, Scepter, Mace, Cros••er, Virg, Leading-staff, Truncheon, Battoon, Rest, Scatch, Crutch, Helve, Perch, Tally.
    • WAND, Twig, Rod, Switch, Pole.
• ...Soft.
  • Not dissolvable; ‖ outward: or inward.
    5.
    • RINDE, Bark, Pill.
    • PITH.
  • Dissolvable, by Water, or by Fire; being ‖ either of an aqueous: or an unctuous nature.
    6.
    • GUM.
    • RESIN.
• Liquid; of a ‖ more watery: or more unctuous consistence.
  7.
  • JUICE, Sap, succulent.
  • BALSAM.

* 1.4II. By ANNUAL Parts are meant such as are renewed every year; which are either

• ...More principal; those parts whereby Plants do propagate their kinds.
  • Antecedent to the Seed; either that most tender part of a Plant, con∣siderable for its beauty and colour, adhering to the first rudiments of the Seed: or that which is answerable to this in Willows and Nut-trees, &c.
    1.
    • FLOWER, Blossom, Bloom, blown, Nosegay, Posey.
    • CATKIN, Palm.
  • The Seed it self; in respect of the
    • Parts belonging to it, and encompassing it; ‖ either the most
      • Soft and succulent; betwixt the outward Skin and the inward Seed vessel: or the most hard crustaceous part containing the Seed.
        2.
        • PULP.
        • STONE, Shell.
      • Thin part, for Covering: or Oblong, for Defence.
        3.
        • HUSK, Hull, Shell, Skin, Chaff, Boled.
        • BEARD.
    • Aggregate of Fruit or Seed; of a Figure ‖ more gross and confused: or more narrow, oblong, and taper.
      4.
      • CLUSTER, Bunch, Pannicle.
      • EAR, Spike, Spire, Bent.
• Less principal; to be further distinguished by the Figure, in respect of
  • Thickness or Thinness; either such as are more thick, namely the first little swellings in the growth of a Plant, or of the parts of it: or such as are more thin, namely those laminated parts, belonging either to Plants themselves, or to their flowers.
    5.
    • SPROUT, Bud, shoot, burgeon, pullutate, repullutate, germinate, put forth, spring forth.
    • LEAF, Foliags, Blade.
  • Length; whether such as are
    • Proper to the Flower; the greater, standing up singly in the middle of the flower: or the lesser, being small threddy filaments with∣in the flower, whereof there are usually many together.
      6.
      • STILE.
      • STAMEN, tuft.
    • Common to other parts of the plant; ‖ either those small stemms, up∣on which flowers and leaves do grow: or those kinds of threddy shoots, by which climbing Plants do take hold of and twist about the things that stand next to them
      7.
      • STALK, Footstalk, shank.
      • TENDREL, Clasper.
  • Hollowness; conteining within it, either ‖ the leaves of the flower: or the fruit.
    8.
    • CUP, Perianthium.
    • PERICARPIUM.

III. By FRUITS are meant those more Succulent parts of Plants, which are either the Receptacles of Seed, or else the Seeds themselves;* 1.5 to which may be adjoyned▪ by way of affinity, the general name denoting the EXCRESCENCES of Plants, as Galls are of Oken leaves, &c.

Fruits may be distinguished into such as are

• ...Receptacles of Seed.
  • Eaten commonly by men; whose eatable part is covered with a
    • ...Soft Skin.
      • Without Stones; being generally a larger fruit.
        1.
        • APPLE, Pomiferous.
      • With Stones; ‖ either the greater kind, conteining one single stone encompassed with an esculent pulp: or the less, growing either in Clusters, or dispersedly on Trees, Shrubs and Herbs, conteining generally several small seeds or stones in the pulp or husk of it.
        2.
        • PLUM, Pruin, Pruniferous.
        • BERRY, Bacciferous.
    • Hard Shell; namely that kind of fruit, whose only esculent part is inclosed in a hard covering.
      3.
      • NUT, Nuciferous.
  • Not eaten commonly by men, but by beasts.
    • Consisting of one only Seed, in a Seed-vessel; ‖ roundish: or flat-fi∣gured.
      4.
      • MAST, Acorn, Pannage.
      • KEY.
    • Conteining several Seeds; being ‖ more solid: or hollow.
      5.
      • CONE, Apple.
      • COD, Husk, Pod, Shell, shale, siliquous.
• Seed; ‖ being the most minute kind of Fruit, whereby Plants propa∣gate their Kinds; or the Inmost parts of Seeds.
  6.
  • GRAIN, Corn, Kern.
  • KERNEL.

The Peculiar parts of Animals here enumerated are said to be such as belong chiefly, not only, to the several kinds of Swimming, Flying, Going Animals; because there are some under each Head that belong also to other Animals. So Spawn and Crust belong to Insects, and some Beasts, as well as to Fish. So Trunk or Proboscis, and Egg do belong to some Going Animals, as well as to Flying. So doth Embroyo to a Bat and all Viviparous Fish, as well as to Going Animals. But these Parts are more commonly and generally found amongst those Kinds under which they are listed.

* 1.6IV. Those Parts peculiar chiefly to SWIMMING ANIMALS, to which Custom hath ascribed distinct names, do serve either for their

• Outward Covering; with respect to different Magnitudes.
  • Lesser; being a Thin lamin.
    1.
    • SCALE.
  • Greater; ‖ opening usually upon a Ioint, as in Oisters, &c. or an entire Armature, without such opening, as in Lobsters, &c.
    2.
    • SHELL, Testaceous.
    • CRUST-aceous, Shell.
• Respiration; those Opening parts on the sides of the Head, which are thought to supply the place of Lungs.
  3.
  • GILL.
• Progressive motion; serving either to
  • Direct this motion; by feeling such objects as lye in the way, being long prominencies, standing off from the head, common to several Insects.
    4.
    • FEELERS, Horns, Antennae.
  • Assist in this motion; whether of
    • Swimming; as in most kinds of skinned and scaly fish.
      • Internal; a thin membrane filled with air, by the help of which Fishes poise themselves in the water.
        5.
        • SWIMMING BLADDER.
      • External; ‖ either those thin broad substances, standing off from the body of the Fish: or those long slender parts belonging to these
        6.
        • FINN.
        • RAY, Radius, Pinnula.
    • Going; as in crustaceous exanguious Animals.
      7.
      • CLAW..
• Procreation; belonging either to the ‖ Males: or Females.
  8.
  • MILT, Soft row.
  • SPAWN, Hard row.

V. T••e Parts peculiar TO FLYING ANIMALS are either* 1.7

• Not fleshy; such as serve for
  • Outward covering, which is done by small oblong bodies, with hair-like branches growing from both sides of them, the bottom of which is a kind of a hollow Cylinder like a reed.
    1.
    • FEATHER, Plume, callow, fledge, pluck.
    • QUILL.
  • Progressive motion; which in such kind of Creatures is twofold.
    • Flying; which is done by those parts fastned on the shoulders, by the motion of which they strike the Air: These are generally an aggre∣gate of Feathers; but in Bats and Flies of a Skinny consistence. To which may be adjoyned that aggregate of hindermost Fea∣thers, whereby they steer themselves in their Flight.
      2.
      • WING.
      • TRAIN, Tail.
    • Going; by a Foot with several Toes ‖ divided: or united by some film for their better help in Swimming.
      3.
      • TALON, Pounce, Claw, Clutch.
      • FLAT FOOT, Palmipede.
  • Feeding and Fighting; ‖ the mouth of a Bird: or a kind of hollow tube through which some things suck their nourishment.
    4.
    • BEAK, Bill.
    • TRUNK, Proboscis, Snout.
  • Fighting onely; of a sharp figure; ‖ either on the side of the Leg: or in the Tail, counted poisonous.
    5.
    • SPUR.
    • STING, Prickle.
  • Procreation; ‖ a roundish body covered with a Shell: or a yellowish case. containing a Maggot, which is transmuted into a Moth or Butterfly.
    6.
    • EGG, Nit, Flyblow.
    • CHRYSALITE, Aurelia.
• ...Fleshy; belonging to the
  • Fore-part; and placed either ‖ on the top of the head: or under the Iaw.
    7.
    • COMB, Crest.
    • GILL, Wattle.
  • Hinder-part; ‖ either that Protuberance about the end of the Back-bone: or that Cavity or Glandule in it containing an unctuous substance for the suppling of the Feathers.
    8.
    • RUMP.
    • OIL-BOX.

* 1.8VI. The Parts peculiar belonging TO GOING ANIMAL•• are such as serve for

• Outward covering; considerable according to the
  • More general name; denoting a small oblong flexile body, growing Plant-like out of the skin: or Aggregates of these, growing thick to∣gether and curled.
    1.
    • HAIR.
    • WOOL.
  • Particular kinds; ‖ either a more big and stiff kind of hair: or the more small and softer kinds of hairy substances, sometimes ascribed to Feathers.
    2.
    • BRISTLE·
    • DOWN, Lint.
  • Aggregates; more proper to Hair: or to Wool.
    3.
    • FURR, Ermin, Minivor, &c. Timber.
    • FLEECE, Flu.
  • Hairy parts; ‖ on the Chin or Face: or on the Neck.
    4.
    • BEARD, Mustach, Whisker.
    • MANE, Crest.
• Progressive motion; whether ‖ in whole or cloven-footed Animals: or in multifidous or clawed Animals.
  5.
  • HOOF.
  • NAIL, Claw.
• Fighting; the foremost part serving for offence against greater Animals: or the hindermost part serving for defence against Insects.
  6.
  • HORN, Head, goring.
  • TAIL, Scut, Dock, Crupper, Single of Deer.
• Procreation; the young in the Womb before its birth: or the bag wherein it is contained.
  7.
  • EMBRYO, Child in the Womb.
  • SECUNDINE, After-birth.

Of GENERAL PARTS.

* 1.9BY GENERAL PARTS of Animals are meant such as are more com∣mon to the whole kind, or at least the more perfect kinds, as Beasts and Men; there being several parts enumerated under this head, as Milk, Marrow, Bone, Gristle, Tooth, Dug, Rib, Navel, all under the fifth Dif∣ference, and some under the sixth, which are not common to all sorts of In∣sects, Fishes, and Birds. These are distinguishable into

• ...Homogeneous.
  • CONTAINED. I.
  • CONTAINING. II.
• ...Heterogeneus.
  • ...External.
    • HEAD. III.
    • TRUNK. IV.
    • LIMM. V.
  • INTERNAL. VI.

I. CONTAINED HOMOGENEOUS PARTS are such kind of fluid Bodies as are distinguishable by their various Consistences and Uses,* 1.10 and not by any difference of Shape or Figure; because, being liquid, they have no Shape of their own, but must be contained termino alieno. They are either more

• ...Thin and Aerial.
  1.
  • SPIRIT-uous.
• Liquid and Fluid; being either
  • More limpid; and of an aqueous transparency, ‖ for diluting and at∣tenuating the Humors: or a prepared Juice for nourishing the se∣veral parts.
    2.
    • SERUM, Whey.
    • SUCCUS NUTRITIUS.
  • More opacous and thick.
    • Not generally diffused; being useful either for
      • Nutrition; ‖ a whitish humor in the Mesentery extracted from the food before Sanguification: or receiving a farther digestion in the breasts for the nourishment of the Foetus.
        3.
        • CHYLE.
        • MILK, Cream, Beestings, milch, Dairy.
      • Generation; ‖ common to both Sexes: to which may be adjoyned that excrementitious moisture proper to some Females.
        4.
        • SPERM, Seed, seminal.
        • MENSTRUA, Courses.
    • Diffused through the whole, and mixed together in one Mass; con∣sidered either according to the
      • General name; denoting that red juice in the bodies of the more perfect Animals
        5.
        • BLOUD, Crimson.
      • Particular kinds; of which this whole mass is said to consist, com∣monly stiled the four Humors, and according to the old Theo∣ry, esteemed to be either
        • Hot; and ‖ moist: or dry.
          6.
          • BLOUD, Sanguin.
          • CHOLER, Gall.
        • Cold; and ‖ moist: or dry.
          7.
          • PHLEGM, pituitous.
          • MELANCHOLY, Choler adust.
• More consistent; ‖ in the Head, the organ of the inward Senses: or in the Cavity of the Bones, for the moistning of them.
  8.
  • BRAIN.
  • MARROW, medullary.

II. CONTAINING HOMOGENEOUS PARTS are distinguishable by their Qualities of Hardness and Softness,* 1.11 or by their Figures and Uses; being either of a

• ...More hard Consistence;
  • For strengthning of the Fabric; ‖ either the most hard and dry: or less hard; both devoid of Sense
    1.
    • BONE, Skull.
    • GRISTLE, Cartilage.
  • For uniting of the Bones and Muscles; ‖ either oblong: or the extremity of the Muscle affixed to the part which is to be moved.
    2.
    • LIGAMENT.
    • TENDON.
• More soft Consistence; being either
  • Thin and broad; for covering of ‖ the outward parts: or the inward parts.
    3.
    • SKIN, Cuticle, Fell, Hide, Pelt, Slough, flay, excoriate, gall.
    • MEMBRANE, Film, Pannicle, Tunicle, Skin, Pericardium, Pe∣ricranium, Peritonaeum.
  • ...Oblong and narrow;
    • Hollow; for conveyance of the Bloud ‖ to the Heart: or from the Heart.
      4
      • VEIN, Venal.
      • ARTERY-all.
    • Solid; for conveyance of the Spirits, serving for Sense: or those small hair-like-bodies of which the Muscles consist.
      5.
      • NERVE, Sinew.
      • FIBRE, Grain, Filament.
  • Crass; of no determinate Figure; useful for
    • Motion; according to the name, ‖ more general: or particular.
      6.
      • FLESH, Parenchyma, carnal, Carnosity, incarnate.
      • MUSCLE, Brawn.
    • Preserving from Heat and Cold: or the Percolation of some humors.
      7.
      • FAT, Suet, Tallow.
      • GLANDULE, Kernel, Emunctory, Almond, Bur, Sweet-bread, Nut.

III. Amongst External containing Heterogeneous parts, that which is the chief, being the Seat and Residence of the Soul, is the HEAD:* 1.12 To which may be opposed the other part styled BODY, Carcass.

The parts of the Head are either

• More general; ‖ either the fore-part less hairy: or the hinder-part more hairy.
  1.
  • FACE, Visage, Aspect, Countenance, Favour, Look, Minc, Physi∣ognomy, Feature, Vizzard, Mask.
  • PATE, Scalp, Noddle, Sconce, Scull, Brain-pan.
• More particular parts of the Head and Face are either
  • ...More properly Organical; for
    • Sense; whether such parts as are
      • External; used for
        • Seeing, or Hearing.
          2.
          • EY, Ocular, optic, see, view, look, kenn, behold, gaze, pore.
          • EAR, Lug, hear, hearken, ••uricular.
        • Tasting, or Smelling: ‖ either that Scissure of the Face through which we breath and receive our nourishment: or that hol∣low prominence, through which we breath and smell.
          3.
          • MOUTH▪ Chaps, muzzle, oral, devour.
          • NOSE, Snowt, Nostril, smell.
      • Internal; used for
    • ...Tasting, Speaking, or Eating;
      • Convex; ‖ either that of a soft Fleshy substance, whereof there is but one: or that of a most hard and dry consistence, whereof there are many.
        4.
        • TONGUE, lick.
        • TOOTH, Fang, Tusk, bite, gnaw, nibble, Holders, Grinders.
      • Concave; either the upper inward part of the Mouth: or the open passage through the Neck into the middle region of the Body.
        5.
        • PALATE, Roof.
        • THROAT, guttural, jugular.
  • Less properly Organical; but contributing to the making up the Fabric of the Face; distinguishable by their various Positions into
    • Vpper and fore-right; ‖ Extremity of the Face: or Protuberance over the Eye.
      6.
      • FOREHEAD, Brow, Front.
      • EY-BROW.
    • Lateral; ‖ towards the middle: or towards the upper parts.
      7.
      • CHEEK, Iole.
      • TEMPLES.
    • ...Lower;
      • Fore-right; ‖ either the upper and lower Extremity of that Scis∣sure which makes the Mouth: or the Extremity of the Face.
        8.
        • LIP.
        • CHIN.
      • ...Lateral;
        9.
        • JAW, Chap, Mandible, Iole.
        • PLACE OF TONSILLAE.

* 1.13IV. By TRUNK is meant the middle part of the Body, considered abstractly from Head and Limms. The Parts of the Trunk are distinguish∣able by their various Positions, being either

• Vpper; towards the top of the Trunk.
  • Not determined to fore or hinder part, but common to both; ‖ the Stem-like of the Head: or the upper Convexity of Breast and Back.
    1.
    • NECK, Nape, Dulap.
    • SHOULDER, Scapulary.
  • Determined to the
    • Fore-part; ‖ more general: or more specially the glandulous part designed for milk in females.
      2.
      • BREAST, Pectoral, Bosom.
      • DUG, Vdder, Teat, Nipple, Pap, Breast.
    • Hinder part; more general: or more specially the Bones of it.
      3.
      • BACK.
      • VERTEBRA, Spondyl, spinal, Chine.
• ...Middle.
  • Hinder-part; ‖ the direct Muscles: or transverse Bones.
    4.
    • LOIN, Chine.
    • RIB.
  • Side-part; ‖ more general: or more specially the lower part of it.
    5.
    • SIDE, Lateral, collateral.
    • FLANK, Rand.
  • Fore-part; more general: or more specially the concave middle part of it.
    6.
    • BELLY, Paunch, Pannel, Peritenaeum.
    • NAVEL, Vmbilical.
• ...Lower;
  • Fore-part; the concave part ‖ between the belly and thighs: or seat of the Privities between the thighs.
    7.
    • GROIN.
    • SHARE, Twist.
  • Hinder-part; ‖ more general: or specially the Cavity.
    8.
    • BUTTOCK, Breech, Haunch, Ham.
    • FUNDAMENT, Dock.

V. By LIMM or Member is meant any special part designed for Action,* 1.14 moveable upon, and distinguishable by its Ioints: for which reason the word JOINT may be annexed to it by way of affinity, one being the thing moved, and the other the thing upon which the motion is made.

They are either

• ...Vpper Limm.
  • Innermost: or next to the Trunk, with its Ioint.
    1.
    • ARM.
    • SHOULDER.
  • ...Middlemost.
    2.
    • CUBIT.
    • ELBOW, Pinion.
  • ...Outermost.
    3.
    • HAND-le, wield, Manual, manage, Palm, Fist, Clutch, Grasp, Haft, Hilt, Glove.
    • WRIST.
• ...Lower Limm.
  • Innermost: or next to the Trunk.
    4.
    • THIGH, Hip, Ham, Haunch, Pestle.
    • HUCKLE.
  • ...Middlemost.
    5.
    • SHANK, Leg, Shin, Calf.
    • KNEE.
  • ...Outermost.
    6.
    • FOOT, Hock, Trotter, tread, trample, stamp, Instep.
    • HEEL, Calcitrate, kick, Pastern.
• Common both to upper and lower Limm; the Joints of which may be distinguished by the order of first, second, or third: or innermost, middlemost, or outermost.
  7.
  • FINGER, Toe, Thumb.
  • KNUCKLE.

* 1.15VI. Containing Heterogeneous Internal parts, called INWARDS, En∣trals, Bowels, Foy, Pluck, Purtenance, Vmbels, Hastlet, Garbage, Giblets, reckoning from the uppermost, may be distinguished by their Order, Shape and Uses, into

• Vpper; towards the Summity of the Body.
  • Hollow and oblong; for the conveyance of the ‖ Nourishment: or of the Breath.
    1.
    • GULLET.
    • WIND-PIPE, Rough Artery, Weasand.
  • Massie and more solid; within the Breast; for ‖ Bloud-making: or Breathing.
    2.
    • HEART, Cordial, Core, Pericardium.
    • LUNGS, Lights.
  • Thin and broad; for partition ‖ transverse, betwixt the upper and low∣er Belly: or direct, betwixt the Lobes of the Lungs.
    3.
    • DIA••HRAGM, Midriff.
    • M••DIASTINE.
• Lower; distinguishable
  • Both by their Shapes and Uses.
    • Hollow; ‖ wide, but not long, for containing▪ and digesting of Food: long, but not wide, for conveying of the Food and Excrement.
      4.
      • STOMACH, Maw, Paunch, Ventricle, Craw, Crop, Gorge, Pouch, Gizzard, Tripe.
      • GUT, Entrails, Bowels, Garbage, Chitterling, Colon.
    • Massie and solid; for separating of ‖ Choler: or of Melancholy.
      5.
      • LIVER, Hepatic.
      • SPLEEN, Milt.
    • Thin and broad; by which the Guts are ‖ connected: or covered.
      6.
      • MESENTERY.
      • CAUL, Kell.
  • By their Uses alone, as being for
    • Separating the Vrine: or containing the Vrine or the Gall.
      7.
      • KIDNEY, Reins.
      • BLADDER, Vesicle.
    • Generation; denoting ‖ the parts for Generation: or the Glandules for preparing the Sperm.
      8.
      • PRIVITIES, Genitals, Pizzle, Yard, Fore-skin, Prepuce.
      • TESTICLE, Stone, geld, spay, Eunuch.
    • Conception in Females, namely, the part containing the Faetus.
      9.
      • WOMB, Mother, Matrix, hysterical, uterine.

Notes

• * 1.1

  §. I.
• * 1.2

  PECULIAR PARTS of Animate Bo∣dies.
• * 1.3

  I. LASTING PARTS of Plants.
• * 1.4

  II. ANNU∣AL patts of Plants.
• * 1.5

  III. Kinds of FRUITS.
• * 1.6

  IV. Parts pe∣culiar To SWIMMING ANIMALS.
• * 1.7

  V. Parts pe∣culiar TO FLYING ANIMALS.
• * 1.8

  VI. Parts pe∣culiar TO GOING ANIMALS.
• * 1.9

  §. II.
• * 1.10

  I. CON∣TAINED HOMOGE∣NEOUS PARTS.
• * 1.11

  II. CON∣TAINING HOMOGE∣NEOUS PARTS.
• * 1.12

  III. Of the HEAD.
• * 1.13

  IV. Of the TRUNK.
• * 1.14

  V. Of the LIMMS.
• * 1.15

  VI. Of the INWARDS.