An essay towards a real character, and a philosophical language by John Wilkins ...

CHAP. V. I. Concerning Animals, the general distribution of them. II. Of exan∣guious Animals. III. Of Fish. IV. Of Birds. V. Of Beasts. VI. A Digression concerning Noah's Ark.

SEnsitive creatures may be distinguished into such as are counted more

• Imperfect; which have something analogous to blood,* 1.1 but are destitute of that red juice commonly so called, being therefore stiled EX∣ANGUIOUS, having either no leggs, or more legs then four,
• Perfect; whether
  • FISHES, which have no legs, but fins answerable to them, being co∣vered with a naked skin, or with scales, whose proper motion is swimming.
  • BIRDS, which have two leggs and two wings, whose bodies are co∣vered with feathers, being oviparous, whose proper motion is fly∣ing.
  • BEASTS, which are for the most part, four-footed, hairy, and vivipa∣rous, excepting only some few which are without feet or hair, and are oviparous.

It may be observed to be amongst these (as it is amongst the other ranks of Beings,) that the more perfect kinds are the least numerous. Upon which account, Insects being the most minute and imperfect, and some of them (perhaps) of a spontaneous generation, are of the great∣est variety, tho by reason of their littleness, the several Species of them, have not hitherto been sufficiently enumerated or described, by those Authors who have particularly applyed themselves to this study.

There are sundry of these, as likewise of other Animals, which have no Latin names, as being unknown to the Romans, & there are sundry which have no English names, as being strangers to us. And amongst those that have English names, some are here described by their usual Appellations in Latin, because I knew not at present how to render them properly in Eng∣lish: And some there are peculiar to some coasts and rivers, and not commonly known elsewhere, which are hard to be enumerated.

As for fictitious Animals, as Syren, or Mermaid, Phoenix, Griffin, Harpy, Ruck, Centaur, Satyr, &c. there is no provision made for them in these tables, because they may be infinite; and besides, being but bare names, and no more, they may be expressed as Individuals are.

Of Exanguious Animals.

THose kinds of more imperfect Animals, which are destitute of that red juice,* 1.2 commonly called blood, are stiled Exanguious; to which may be annexed that general name given to the least kinds of these, viz. Insect, from that incisure or resemblance of cutting what is common to most of them in some part of their bodies.

These EXANGUIOUS ANIMALS may be distinguished into

• Lesser; usually called Insects; whether such whose generation is
  • Analogous to that of other Animals; which breed young like them∣selves, growing from a lesser to a greater magnitude, not being transmutable into any other Insect; whether such as have.
    • NO FEET OR BUT SIX feet, being WITHOUT WINGS. I.
    • SIX FEET and WINGS, or MORE feet THEN SIX. II.
  • Anomalous; whether such as
    • ARE DESIGNED TO A FURTHER TRASMUTATION. III.
    • Have in their production undergone severall mutations; being first Eggs, then Maggots or Caterpillars, then Aureliae, and then flying Insects, which after their first production do not increase in mag∣nitude; whether such as have
      • NAKED WINGS. IV.
      • SHEATHED WINGS. V.
• Greater; whether
  • Hard; whose bones are on their outside; being either
    • CRUSTACEOUS; namely such as are wholly covered with a tough flexile substance, having generally eight legs, besides a pair of claws, and two or more annulated horns or feelers. VI.
    • TESTACEOUS; of a more hard and brittle substance
      • TURBINATED; consisting of a cone-like cavity, rouled up in a spiral, which beginning at the Aperture or mouth of them, doth generally proceed from the left hand to the right. VII
      • NOT TURBINATED. VIII.
  • SOFT. IX.

I. INSECTS of an Analogous generation, having no feet,* 1.3 or but six feet, being without wings, may be distributed into those that are

• Apoda; without feet.
  • More oblong and round;
    • ...Larger;
      • More slender; of a reddish colour, with very little distinction of parts; ‖ either that which breeds in the earth: or that which breeds in the bodies of children.
        1.
        • EARTH WORM.* 1.4
        • BELLY WORM.
      • More thick; ‖ either that which breeds in watery places, being used for the drawing of blood: or that which is covered with a slimy moisture, having four little horns like prominencies, or feelers.
        2.
        • LEECH.* 1.5
        • SNAIL.
    • Lesser; breeding in Animals; ‖ either the more minute, being small white Worms, breeding in the lower guts of Men: or the bigger, stick∣ing their heads in the inward membranes of Horses stomachs or guts.
      3.
      • ASCARIDES.
      • BOTTS.
  • More short and flat; ‖ either that whose shape doth somewhat resemble a Flounder, found both in waters, and in the branches of the Porus bilearis, and the liver of several of the Ruminant kind: or that of a Quadrate body, with a little trunk standing out betwixt two Anten∣nae, and six stringy substances behind, living in the Sea.
    4.
    • FLUKE.
    • ASILUS.
• Hexapoda; having six feet.
  • ...Terrestrial;
    • ...Greater;
      • More slender; ‖ either that whose body is somewhat compressed, sending out a light from her tail: or that which is of a whitish co∣lour, more oblong, breeding in Meal.
        5.
        • GLOW-WORM.* 1.6
        • MEAL-WORM, Gentle.
      • Less slender; ‖ either of a
        • Darker colour; being like a Beetle without wings, but seeming to have some little rudiments of wings, noted for being apt upon a touch to send out a yellowish oyly substance from his joynts.
          6.
          • PROSCARAB.* 1.7
        • Lighter colour; whether that which resembles a Locust without wings: or that which is of a Chesnut colour, flat, broad, soft, avoiding light places.
          7.
          • FIELD CRICKET.* 1.8
          • COCK ROCHES.
    • Lesser; troublesome to other Animals; ‖ whether that of a paler co∣lour: or that of a dark red, being salient.
      8
      • LOUSE.* 1.9
      • FLEA.
  • Aquatic; having a compressed body, with an oblique decussation upon the back, and a long tail.
    9.
    • WATER SCORPION.* 1.10

* 1.11II. INSECTS of an Analogous generation, having either wings or more legs then six, may be distributed into such as are

• Winged; whether
  • Terrestrial; whose bodies are
    • ...More oblong;
      • Living in open fields; and feeding on plants; ‖ either that kind, by the swarms of which whole Countries have been sometimes destroy∣ed, having long hinder legs for leaping, making a noise by rubbing their legs against their wings: or that of a long slender breast, often holding up the two fore-legs, which are longer then the other.
        1.
        • * 1.12LOCUST, Grashopper.
        • MANTIS.
      • Living in holes of the ground, and houses; ‖ either that which affects to reside near Hearths and Ovens, making a noise like a Locust, by the affriction of the wings, having the wings lying more close to the body: or that whose fore-legs are broad and strong, divided into fin∣gers like those of a Mole, whereby it is inabled in a very short space to dig a hole in the ground.
        2.
        • * 1.13CRICKET.
        • FEN-CRICKET, Evechurr, Churr-worm.
    • More compressed and broad; ‖ whether that which hath broad angular shoulders, being marked with an oblique decussation on the back, ha∣ving the proboscis reversed under the belly: or that which is of a Chesnut colour, having large stiff wings, avoiding the light.
      3.
      • * 1.14CIMEX SILVESTRIS.
      • WINGED COCKROCH.
  • Aquatic; having a decussation or kind of Lozenge-mark on the back; ‖ either that which runs upon the top of the water, having long legs like those of a Spider: or that which hath two long swimming legs behind, whereby he swims in the water.
    4.
    • * 1.15WATER SPIDER.
    • CICADA AQUATICA.
• ...Not winged;
  • Terrestrial; having
    • Eight legs; being hurtful to
      • Animals; either the
        • Larger; whether that which by drawing out from the belly a slimy substance, and working it with the feet, doth frame a small Web to catch Flies: or that which hath an oval body, two forcipate claws, a knotty tail, with a crooked sting at the end of it.
          5.
          • * 1.16SPIDER.
          • SCORPION.
        • Middle kind; ‖ either that of a round body, the legs fixed to the neck, sticking to Animals by thrusting the head into their skin: or that which is of a dark red colour, a tender skin, causing a very offen∣sive stink, when crushed.
          6.
          • TICK, Sheep-tick.
          • * 1.17PUNICE, Wall-louse.
        • Least kind; ‖ either that which breeds in corrupted Cheese, fruit, &c. or that which doth work it self into the skin of children.
          7.
          • * 1.18MITE.
          • WHEAL WORM.
      • Clothes; being of a silver colour, mealy, oblong, of swift motion.
        8.
        • * 1.19MOTH.
    • Fourteen legs; covered with a scaly armature, having a flat belly, and a gibbous back, being apt to roul it self up when touched.
      9.
      • * 1.20SOW, Ch••eselip, Hog-louse, Wood-louse.
    • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • More then fourteen feet; ‖ whether that whose body is of a more com∣pressed: or a more round figure.* 1.21
      10.
      • SCOLOPENDER.
      • JULUS.
  • Aquatick; ‖ whether that which sticks to Fish, not much differing from an Asellus, but only in respect of the tail, which is somewhat broad: or that whose back is more gibbous, being apt to skip.* 1.22
    11.
    • SEA LOUSE,
    • SEA FLEA, Sugg, River Shrimp.

III. INSECTS of an ANOMALOUS generation, designed for a fur∣ther transmutation,* 1.23 may be distinguished into such as are

• Apoda; those that are without feet, considered according to the
  • ...General name;
    1.
    • MAGGOT.* 1.24
  • Particular kinds; whether such as are.
    • Sharp at both ends; ‖ either the bigger, producing the favificous kind: or the lesser, breeding in the exorescies of Oaks, and the tufts of Bri∣ars, and sometimes creeping out of the sides of Caterpillars, produ∣cing a smaller sort of shining Fly, many of which are Seticaudes.
      2.
      • BEE MAGGOT, Grub.
      • SHINING FLY MAGGOT.
    • Broad and flat at their tails; ‖ either the greater, having two black spots on the tail, the fore-part being more slender, with two little black hooks upon the head, by fixing of which, this Insect doth draw his body forward, from whence Flesh-flies proceed: or the lesser, with a short erect tail, producing Flies of the Wasp kind.
      3.
      • GENTILE.
      • WASP-LIKE FLY MAGGOT.
• Pedata; having legs, whether
  • Hexapoda; such as have six legs.
    • Aquatic; living in the water; ‖ whether that which is naked, producing Dragon-flies: or that which is in a case with little straws or sticks ad∣hering to it, producing May flies.
      4.
      • LIBELLA WORM.
      • CADEW, Straw-worm.* 1.25
    • Terrestrial; breeding several sorts of Scarabs; ‖ whether that which is of a strait figure: or that whose tail is inverted under the belly.
      5.
      • STRAIT BEETLE PRODUCING HEXAPOD.
      • WHIRL WORM.* 1.26
  • More then six legs; considerable according to the
    • General name; comprehending all such, as besides three pair of slen∣der crooked legs, on the three first annuli next the head, have two or more short thick legs behind, and two appendages at the tail. To which may be adjoyned the most principal of those.
      6.
      • CATERPILLAR.
      • SILK WORM.* 1.27
    • Particular kinds; whether having
      • Eight feet; that which in its progressive motion doth first gather its body up into a loop, resting it upon his hinder feet and the ap∣pendages of the tail, and then thrusting himself forward, or else skipping forward.
        7.
        • GEOMETRA.
        • SKIPPING WORM.
      • Many feet; amongst which the most common and numerous kind have fourteen feet; ‖ whether those that are smooth: or those that are hirsute.
        8.
        • SMOOTH CATERPILLAR.
        • PALMER WORM, Bear worm.

* 1.28IV. NAKED WINGED INSECTS, which in their production do under∣go several notations, may be distributed into such, whose wings are either

• Membranaceous; consisting of a thin transparent film, being bred of Maggots or Worms that are
  • Apoda; without feet
    • ...Bigger;
      • Favificous; or making of Combs, in which multitudes of them do co-habit and breed, having four wings; whether such as are
        • Beneficial; by their gathering of Hony and Wax from Plants; ‖ ei∣ther that which is of a more oblong figure, the males of which (called Drones) are without stings, being commonly preserved in Gardens: or that which is more short, thick and hairy, living more wildly in lesser swarms.
          1.
          • * 1.29BEE, Drone, Hive, Comb.
          • HUMBLE-BEE.
        • Hurtful; by their destroying of fruits, Bees, &c. being of an oblong figure, and a yellow colour; ‖ either the less, of a lighter yellow: or the greater, of a deeper yellow.
          2.
          • * 1.30WASP.
          • HORNET.
      • Not favificous; having
        • Four wings; whether such as in their shapes resemble Bees or Wasps.
          3.
          • BEE-LIKE FLY.
          • WASP-LIKE FLY.
        • Two wings; ‖ whether that of a short thick body, of various bignes∣ses and colours, proceeding from an oblong round Aurelia, feeding on flesh: or that of a yellowish colour, and longer legs, feeding on dung.
          4.
          • * 1.31FLESH FLY.
          • DUNG FLY.
    • Lesser; living gregarioussy; ‖ either that of an oblong body, with a deep incisure, having four wings, of which there are many that at some∣times are without wings: or that of a more slender body, a tuft on the head, living near watery places, having but two wings.
      5.
      • * 1.32ANT, Emmet, Pismire.
      • GNAT.
  • Pedata; having six feet; whether those of
    • Broad wings; ‖ either that which hath a great head, a long strait pro∣boscis lying under the belly, making a loud noise, by the help of two stiffe membranes that are upon his breast: or that which hath a near resemblance to a Butterfly, in respect of the largeness of the wings, but only they are not farinaceous or erect.
      6.
      • * 1.33CICADA.
      • PAPILIONACEOUS FLY.
    • Narrow wings; being bred out of the water; ‖ either of a naked hex∣apod Worm: or of one that lives in a case, to which little sticks and straws do adhere.
      7.
      • * 1.34DRAGON FLY, Bolts-head.
      • MAY FLY.
    • Long legs; having but two wings.
      8.
      • CRANE FLY. Shepheards fly.
• Farinaceous wings; being covered with a mealy substance easily coming off upon a touch, which in the Microscope appears to consist of small downy feathers, as the most ingenuous Mr. Hook hath first discovered; whether such whose wings in the usual posture are
  • Erected; standing upright upon their backs being of great variety for colours and magnitudes, distinguishable into these two common kinds, such as appear by day, or by night.
    9.
    • BUTTERFLY.
    • * 1.35MOTH.
  • Compressed; lying more flat on the body, the wings being more short and strong, and the tail more broad.
    10.
    • * 1.36HAWK BUTTERFLY.

V. SHEATHED WINGED INSECTS,* 1.37 commonly called Beetles or Scarabs, may be distributed into such, whose coverings are more

• Thick, strong and horny; whether those that are accounted
  • Horned; having either
    • One horn; the greater, the biggest of this tribe, the horn turning down∣wards: or the lesser, being one of the smallest of this tribe, having Antennae on each side of his snout or horn, which together represent the Greek letter ψ, breeding amongst and devouring Corn.
      1.
      • RHINOCEROTE.* 1.38
      • WEEVILL.
    • ...Two horns;
      • Stiffe, without joynts; whether branched like those of a Stagg: or not branched like those of a Bull.* 1.39
        2.
        • STAG BEETLE.
        • BULL FLY BEETLE.
      • Limber, and with joints; improperly called horns, being Antennae or feelers; ‖ either that whose Antennae are very long and re∣versed over his back: or that which hath knobbed feelers not so long.
        3.
        • GOAT-CHAFER.* 1.40
        • KNOBBED HORN'D BEETLE.
  • ...Not horned;
    • Terrestrial; having
      • Longer coverings for their wings;
        • The greater;
          • Of a dark blackish colour; whether that which is most common: or that other of near resemblance to this, having serrate legs, using to roul Dung into little balls, by working backwards with his hinder feet.* 1.41
            4.
            • COMMON BEETLE.
            • DUNG BEETLE.
          • Of a lighter colour; ‖ either that of a russet colour, living in Trees, having a long sharp tail, extended beyond the wings: or that of a shining green, feeding on Roses.* 1.42
            5.
            • DORR, Grey Beetle.
            • GREEN CHAFER.
        • The lesser; ‖ either that of a long slender body, frequent about houses, making a noise like the minute of a Watch, by striking the bottom of his breast against his belly: or that of a more short round figure, living in the fields, being either wholly red, or sometimes spotted with black
          6.
          • DEATH WATCH.* 1.43
          • LADY-COW.
      • Shorter coverings; not reaching half the length of their bodies, which are long and slender, having forked tails, which they turn up in their defence; ‖ the greater which is black: or the less which is of a reddish colour
        7.
        • STAPHILINUS.* 1.44
        • EARWIGG.
    • Aquatic; ‖ either the greater, living under water, having the hinder pair of legs longer for swimming, being said to fly out of the water sometimes in the night: or the less of a gibbous round shining back, playing on the top of the water.* 1.45
      8.
      • GREAT WATER SCARAB.
      • LE••S WATER SCARAB
• Thin, weak and flexile; of more oblong bodies; ‖ either that which is of a green, gilded, shining colour, used for Causticks: or that which shines in the night.* 1.46
  9.
  • CANTHARIS.
  • GLOW WORM FLY.

VI. The greater sort of EXANGUIOUS ANIMALS being CRU∣STACEOUS,* 1.47 may be distributed into such whose figure is more

• ...Oblong;
  • The greater; having
    • Naked shells; of a dark brown colour; ‖ either that which hath four pair of legs, and two great claws: or that which hath no claws, but five pair of legs, the feelers somewhat compressed, being thorny on the back.
      1.
      • * 1.48LOBSTER.
      • LONG OISTER.
    • Downy shell; having a broad head, with two short, broad, laminate prominencies from it, five pair of legs, and no claws.
      2.
      • * 1.49SEA BEAR.
  • The lesser; living in
    • Fresh water; resembling a Lobster, but much less, of a hard shell.
      3.
      • * 1.50CRAYFISH, Crevice.
    • Salt water; having a thinner shell, being of a pale flesh colour; ‖ either that of a sharper tail, the two fore-legs being hooked and not forcipate: or that which hath a broader longer tail, with two purple spots upon it, being the greater.
      4.
      • * 1.51SHRIMP, Prawn.
      • SQUILLA MANTIS.
    • Shells of other Sea Fishes; having besides two claws, and two pair of legs hanging out of the shell, two other pair of soft hairy legs with∣in the shell.
      5.
      • * 1.52HERMIT FISH, Souldier Fish.
• Roundish; comprehending the Crab-kind, whose bodies are somewhat compressed, having generally shorter tails folded to their bellies.
  • The Greater; having
    • Thick, strong, short claws; the latter of which hath serrate promi∣nencies on the side of the claws, somewhat resembling the Comb of a Cock.
      6
      • * 1.53COMMON CRABB.
      • SEA-COCK
    • Slender claws; ‖ either that of a longer body, having two horns be∣tween his eyes, being rough on the back and red when alive: or that whose upper shell doth extend beyond his body, having a long stiffe tail.
      7.
      • * 1.54CANCER MAJUS.
      • MOLUCCA CRAB.
  • The Lesser; resembling
    • A Common Crab; but being much less.
      8.
      • * 1.55LITTLE CRABB.
    • A Spider; whether that which is somewhat more oblong in the body, having a long snout: or that whose body is round.
      9.
      • * 1.56SEA SPIDER.
      • CRUSTACEOUS SPIDER.

VII. TESTACEOUS TURBINATED exanguious ANIMALS,* 1.57 may be distributed into such as are

• More properly so called; whether such whose spiral convolutions
  • Do appear on the outside; being either
    • Not produced; but equal on both sides; ‖ either the Greater, having several Diaphragms perforated, the Animal within somewhat re∣sembling a Polypus: or the Less, being of a dark red colour, and found in fresh water.
      1.
      • NAUTILUS.
      • WATER-SNAIL.
    • Produced; whether
      • More short in the spiral production, considerable for having a
        • Purple juice; heretofore used in Dying, the shells being either knobbed or thorny; ‖ either that whose shell is very large and thick, being the strongest and heaviest of this kind, having a long aperture: or that which hath a roundish aperture, with a neb or beak at one side of it.
          2.
          • MUREX.
          • PURPURA.
        • Long aperture; ‖ either that whose turbinated part is almost plain, and the part not turbinated, much produced, somewhat like a Cy∣linder: or that which is of a great bigness, having seven strong furrowed prominencies from one side of the aperture.
          3.
          • CYLINDROIDES.
          • APORRHAIS.
        • Roundish aperture; ‖ either that which is more prominent, having more revolutions: or that which is more compressed, having few∣er revolutions, many of them having a knob by the aperture.
          4.
          • SEA SNAIL.* 1.58
          • NERITES.
      • More oblong▪ always ending in a sharp point, having either a more
        • Prominent base; ‖ either the Greater: or the Lesser.
          5.
          • PUCCINUM.
          • TURBO.
        • Flat base; broad and round, being nearer to the figure of a Cone; the greater: or the lesser, whose base is less flat.
          6.
          • TROCHUS
          • PERIWINKLE, Welke.
  • Do not appear on the outside; but are within the shell, having long aper∣tures; ‖ either that whose aperture is more narrow, being furrowed on either side: or that whose aperture is somewhat wider, not furrowed on the sides of it.
    7
    • VENUS SHELL.* 1.59
    • PERSIAN SHELL.
• Less properly so called; being of near affinity to the Vnivalvs, the inside having a pearl-like shining colour, with several holes on one side, being at one end on the outside somewhat turbinated.
  8.
  • SEA EAR.* 1.60

* 1.61VIII. EXANGUIOUS TESTACEOUS ANIMALS NOT TURBI∣NATED, may be distributed into such as are

• Vnivalvs; having but one shell; whether being
  • Vnmoved; sticking fast to Rocks or other things; ‖ whether that whose convexity doth somewhat resemble a short obtuse angled cone, having no hole at the top: or that which is of an oblong figure, somewhat Cy∣lindrical, fixed at the bottom to the place where first it was bred, with an aperture at the top.
    1.
    • LIMPET.
    • * 1.62CENTER FISH.
  • Moveable; ‖ either that of a Spherical figure somewhat compressed, full of prickles, having one large round aperture at the bottom, and ano∣ther small aperture opposite to it: or that which is of a more oblong figure, a tender shell, having two apertures on the same side.
    2.
    • * 1.63BUTTON-FISH.
    • MERMAIDS HEAD.
• Bivalvs; having two shells; whether more
  • Roundish; such whose outsides are
    • Smooth; ‖ whether that of a larger thicker shell, of a pearl-like shining, whose inward part towards the joynt, doth end in a narrow sinus or cavity: or that which is whitish on the outside.
      3.
      • * 1.64MOTHER OF PEARL.
      • GALADES.
    • Rough; ‖ either that whose joynt is more narrow, having no promi∣nences in the inside of it: or that whose joynt is more broad, with two prominencies and two correspondent cavities in each shell.
      4.
      • OYSTER.
      • * 1.65SPONDYL.
    • Furrowed; ‖ either the bigger; having one or two ear-like prominen∣cies on the outside towards the joynt: or the less, having no such pro∣minencies.
      5.
      • * 1.66SCOLLOP.
      • COCKLE.
  • Oblong; considerable for being
    • Less long; and nearest to the round kind, being smooth, and having thin shells; ‖ either the greater, of a flattish and compressed figure: or the lesser, being somewhat of a triangular figure, having the edges of the shell indented.
      6.
      • CHAMA.
      • * 1.67TELLINA.
    • More long; whether such as are
      • Of a dark blackish colour on the outside; ‖ either the greater, which from a joynt at one end more acute and slender, doth grow out to a great length, becoming broad at the other end, having a silk-like substance within the shell: or the less, of which one kind hath the joynt at the end, and is commonly eaten, the other hath the joynt on the side.
        7.
        • * 1.68PINNA.
        • MUSCLE.
      • Not closed exactly in all parts of their shells; ‖ either that which lyes in holes in a kind of marle at the bottom of the Sea, having an a∣perture near the joynt, and a little hook in the inside: or that which is open at both ends, being the longest of all the rest, in proportion to its bigness.
        8.
        • PHOLAS.
        • * 1.69SHEATH-FISH, Razor-fish
      • Growing by a neck to other things; whose shell consists of five parts, commonly (though falsly) said to produce a Bird, being of a trian∣gular figure.
        9.
        • * 1.70BARNICLE.

IX. SOFT EXANGUIOUS ANIMALS, may be distributed into such as are

• More Perfect; having mouthes like the beaks of Birds,* 1.71 with eight strin∣gy substances about them serving instead of legs, their bodies contein∣ing a black liquor like Ink; whether those whose bodies are more
  • Obround; having
    • No Antennae; or feelers, and being without any bone; ‖ either the greatest, growing to a vast magnitude: or the less, whose legs are longer in proportion, being of a sweet sent.
      1.
      • POUR CONTREL, Preke, Polypus.* 1.72
      • SWEET POLYPUS.
    • Antennae; ‖ either the greater, with a great, thick, soft, not pellucid bone in the body: or the lesser, which is without such a bone, having small roundish flapps on either side of the body.
      2.
      • CUTTLE FISH.
      • LESSER CUTTLE.* 1.73
  • Oblong; ‖ either that of longer Antennae with triangular flaps, having a long pellucid bone resembling a Sword: or that of shorter Antennae, having the triangular flaps nearer the tail, being of a reddish colour.
    3.
    • SLEVE.
    • REDDISH SLEVE.* 1.74
• Less perfect; counted Zoophytes, as being betwixt Plants and Animals; whether such as have
  • More distinction of parts; ‖ either that which hath some resemblance to a Hare: or that which hath some resemblance to a naked black Snail, without horns.
    4.
    • SEA HARE.
    • HOLOTHURIUS.* 1.75
  • ...Less distinction of parts;
    • Pellucid; being a kind Of Gelly, roundish at the top, marked with reddish lines in the form of a Starr, or Rose, having several kinds of rays like legs, proceeding from the middle of it.
      5.
      • BLUBBER.* 1.76
    • Not pellucid; usually sticking to other things; ‖ either that which is of various figures, being covered with a hard callous skin, contein∣ing an esculent pulpy substance: or that which is of a fleshy con∣sistence, having no hard skin, being of various shapes and bignes∣ses, some of them stinging the hand upon the touch.
      6.
      • TETHYA.* 1.77
      • SEA NETTLE.

Of Fish.

* 1.78FISH may be distributed into such as are

• Viviparous; and skinned; whose figure is either
  • OBLONG and roundish. I.
  • FLAT or thick. II.
• Oviparous; whether such as do generally belong to
  • Salt water; to be further distinguished by their
    • Finns on the back; whether such, the rays of whose finns are
      • Wholly soft and flexile. III.
      • Partly soft, and partly spinous; having
        • TWO FINNS on the back. IV.
        • But ONE FINN. V.
    • Figure; whether
      • OBLONG. VI.
      • FLAT. VII.
    • CRUSTACEOUS COVERING. VIII.
  • Fresh water; being scaly. IX.

* 1.79I. VIVIPAROUS OBLONG FISH, may be distributed into such as are

• Cetaceous; breeding their young within them, having lungs and no gills, and but one pair of finns; ‖ either the greatest of all living Creatures, of which there are several species, one without teeth or a tube to cast water, another with teeth and such a tube, and another with a large long horn: or that other Fish of a less magnitude, which is gregarious, often appearing above water.
  1.
  • * 1.80WHALE.
  • PORPOIS, Dolphin.
• Cartilagineous; said to hatch their young ones within their bellies, whose mouths are placed under their noses; whether such as are more
  • Proper to the Sea; having generally a double Penis, wide mouths, and five apertures on each side instead of Gills; to be further distin∣guished by their having
    • Long snouts or prominencies; ‖ either in the fashion of a Saw: or in the figure of a Sword, being without those apertures on the side, common to the rest.
      2.
      • SAW-FISH.
      • * 1.81SWORD-FISH.
    • Rows of very sharp teeth; ‖ the Greater: or the Lesser.
      3.
      • * 1.82SHARKE.
      • GLAUCUS.
    • Lips rough like a File, but without teeth; ‖ the Greater: or the Lesser.
      4.
      • * 1.83HOUND-FISH.
      • SPOTTED HOUND-FISH.
    • Thorns on their backs; ‖ either joyning to the former part of the Finns: or obliquely crossing the rays of the finn.
      5.
      • * 1.84THORNBACK DOG.
      • HOG-FISH.
    • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • The aperture of their mouths, nearer to their noses then any of the other sorts of Dog-fish; and being spotted; ‖ either with large black spots: or with smaller spots.
      6.
      • GREATER DOG-FISH.* 1.85
      • LESSER DOG-FISH.
    • A head like the head of a Crutch, with the eyes at the ends of the transverse, growing to a vast bigness: or having a very long slen∣der tail.
      7.
      • ZYGAENA.
      • FOX.* 1.86
  • Common to salt and fresh water; having gills, but no teeth, their mouths being placed under their noses; ‖ either that whose body is penta∣gonous, having five rows of bonny lamins, not properly scales, four strings hanging before the mouth: or that which is more round.
    8.
    • STURGEON.* 1.87
    • HUSO.

II. VIVIPAROUS CARTILAGINEOUS FISH,* 1.88 whose bodies are not long and round, may be distributed into such as are

• Flat and broad; distinguishable by some peculiarity in their parts, as to
  • Length; of the
    • Tail; being either
      • Spinous; having a sharp serrated thorn on the tail counted vene∣mous; ‖ either that whose snout is less or more prominent.
        1.
        • PASTINACA.* 1.89
        • AQUILA.
      • Not spinous; ‖ either that whose back is smooth: or thorny.
        2.
        • FLARE.* 1.90
        • THORNBACK.
    • Snout; being sharp; ‖ either that whose body is shorter in propor∣tion to the breadth: or that whose body is longer.
      3.
      • RAIA OXYZYNCHOS, Maid.
      • SQUATINO-RAIA.
  • Breadth of the head; having a thick short tail in the fashion of a Bat∣tledore; ‖ either that which hath five purple spots on the back: or that which hath one round aperture for each gill, a vast mouth, with stringy substances on his head and back.
    4.
    • CRAMP-FISH
    • TOAD-FISH, Sea-divel.* 1.91
  • Situation of the mouth; which opens at the end of the snout, and not underneath, as the rest of this tribe, having a more oblong body, and a very rough skin, with finny substances, standing out from each side like wings.
    5.
    • SCATE, Angel-fish.* 1.92
• Thick and short; ‖ either that which hath no tail, but resembles the head of a Fish cut off, with one tooth in each jaw, and one hole for each gill: or that which is of a reddish colour and spinous.
  6.
  • MOLE.* 1.93
  • LUMP.

* 1.94III. OVIPAROUS FISH, whose back FINNS are wholly soft and flexile, may be distinguished into such as have

• Three such soft finns on their backs; namely the Cod-kind, which use to be preserved for humane food by salting; either the
  • Shorter and thicker; whether
    • Larger; ‖ either that which hath a kind of beard: or that of a black coloured back.
      1.
      • * 1.95COD FISH, Keeling.
      • COLE-FISH.
    • Lesser; ‖ either that which hath a black spot on either side: or that which is of a softer body, having very small scales, being the least of this kind.
      2.
      • * 1.96HADDOCK.
      • WHITING.
  • Longer and more slender; ‖ either that whose flesh when salted, looks yellow, and is more brittle: or that other of near resemblance to this, whose hinder finn seems to be two, by reason of its rising up higher in the further part, tho it be properly but one.
    3.
    • * 1.97LING.
    • HAAK, Poor Iohn.
• Two soft flexile finns; either the
  • Bigger; whether the
    • Tunny kind; having very small scales, scarce discernable, with seve∣ral pinnulae both above and below, besides their finns, being of a shining blew on the back, and a silver colour on the belly and sides; the
      • Larger; ‖ either that which hath no streaks on the sides: or that which hath oblique transverse streaks from head to tail.
        4.
        • TUNNY.
        • * 1.98PELAMIS.
      • Lesser; having oblique transverse streaks more undulated.
        5.
        • MACKEREL.
    • * 1.99Flying fish; having large spotted finns like wings, with two long strong thorns behind the head: to which may be adjoined for its affinity in flying, that other Fish, which hath but one soft finn on the back, with large scales near his tail.
      6.
      • * 1.100KITE-FISH.
      • SWALLOW-FISH.
  • Least kind; distinguishable by their having
    • The lower pair of finns connected; ‖ latter having a shorter head, and more tumid jaws.
      7.
      • * 1.101SEA GUDGEON.
      • PAGANELLUS.
    • The rays of the former finn on the back, rising up much higher then the membrane which connects them; ‖ either that whose former pair of finns are connected: or that which hath a hole instead of gills, whose eyes stand more close together.
      8.
      • JOTO.
      • DRACUNCULUS.
    • ...Little black spots in the figure of Lozenges.
      9.
      • APHUA GOBITES.
• ...

• One soft flexile finn; distinguishable by their
  • Being of the Herring kind; namely scaly, without teeth, of a bright silver colour on the belly, and a dark shining colour on the back, pre∣sently dying when taken out of the water, having generally a row of sharp prickles under the belly; whether the
    • ...Larger;
      • More common; being gregarious, swimming together in great multitudes; ‖ the greater: or the lesser.
        10.
        • HERRING, Sprat.* 1.102
        • PILCHARD.
      • Less common; being somewhat bigger and flatter then a Herring, with several black spots on the sides, coming up into Rivers.
        11.
        • SHAD.* 1.103
    • Lesser; ‖ either that which is more proper to salt water, being long and roundish, having the upper mandible much more produced then the other: or that which lives in Lakes, being of a broader figure then the former.
      12.
      • ANCHOVY.
      • CHALCIS Sarda.* 1.104
  • Being of the Horn-fish kind; having a longer slender body and a long snout; ‖ either that which is more known and common in Europe, ha∣ving one finn from the anus to the tail, and another opposite on the back, the vertebra or back-bone being of a green colour: or that which is here less common, belonging to the West-Indies, having no finn upon his tail.
    13.
    • NEEDLE FISH.
    • TOBACCO-PIPE-FISH.* 1.105
  • Having between the eyes two finn-like substances; and but two or three rays in the lower pair of finns, with a row of small teeth, and a fang at each end; ‖ either that which hath upon his back-finn a beautiful spot variegated with rundles; or that whose finn is of an unequal al∣titude.
    14.
    • BLENNUS.
    • SCORPIOIDES.
  • Wanting the lower pair of finns; ‖ of a deep figure, somewhat resembling that of a Turbut: or being of a red colour, with large scales, a great flat head, steep from the eyes to the snout.
    15.
    • STROMATEUS, Callicthys.
    • NOVACULA.
  • Having some sharp teeth; and several other round broad teeth in the palate, the tops of which are commonly sold for Toad-stones.
    16.
    • LUPUS MARINUS SCHONFELDII.
  • Breadth or depth downwards; ‖ either that which hath two long rays extending beyond the tail, one from the back, the other from the belly: or that which hath but one long ray, like a Bodkin, proceed∣ing from the fin on the back. Both exotic Fishes, described by Margravius.
    17.
    • PARU.
    • GUAPERUA.

* 1.106IV. OVIPAROUS FISH having two finns on the back, whereof the former is spinous and stiffe, and the other soft and flexile, may be di∣stinguished into the

• Bigger kind; whose figure is
  • Shorter; distinguishable by their
    • Having small scales; being square towards the tail, which is forked: or else being of a more deep figure, with the rays of the fore-finn very low, the former of them pointing towards the head.
      1.
      • AMIA, Leccia Salviani.
      • G••AUCUS.
    • Having the finns almost joyned; ‖ either that with a little short beard under the chin▪ being undulated obliquely from the back to the belly with blewish and yellow streaks: or that other of a near re∣semblance to this, only without a beard, and of a more black co∣lour.
      2.
      • CORACINUS.
      • UMBRA
  • Longer; having a large mouth, with sharp teeth; ‖ either that which is spotted when young, being very voracious: or that other of some resemblance to the former, having large scales, an obtuse angled mouth, with streaks of black and white from head to tail.
    3.
    • LUPUS.
    • * 1.107ENGLISH MULLET.
• Lesser kind; whether such as are considerable for
  • Having two or three long prominences like fingers before their lower finns; great bonny heads, large broad finns, called the Gournet-kind, to be further distinguished by their
    • Colour; Red, or Grey.
      4
      • * 1.108RED GOURNET, Rochet.
      • GREY GOURNET.
    • Forked snouts; by reason of two flat prominencies resembling horns; ‖ either that of shorter: or that of longer horns, the latter of which is covered with large bonny scales, with eight rows of thorns, the body octangular, having but two fingers.
      5.
      • * 1.109〈◊〉〈◊〉-FISH, Piper.
      • LYRA ALTERA RONDELETII.
  • Being of a reddish colour; with two long prominencies from the lower jaw, esteemed delicate food; ‖ either the bigger, whose scales are larger and stick faster to the skin: or the lesser, whose scales are less, and apt to come off upon a touch.
    6.
    • TRUE MULLET.
    • * 1.110LESSER MULLET.
  • The length of their bodies; whether
    • Having the lower mandible longer then the other, the finns on the back being at a greater distance: or having the second finn on the back very small, with a wide mouth like that of a Serpent.
      7.
      • SPHYRAENA.
      • SAURUS.
    • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • Being of a flattish figure; with oblique transverse yellowish streaks, from the back to the belly, having the eyes very near the mouth: or being more roundish, somewhat of the colour and figure of Mackerel, only a row of prickles on each side make it to appear quadrangular.
      8.
      • WEAVER, Dragon-fish.* 1.111
      • TRACHURUS.
  • Wanting the lower pair of finns; or being of a reddish colour, without teeth, having the scales edged with short hairy filaments, which makes it rough to the touch.
    9.
    • CAPRISCUS.
    • APER.
  • Having a long slender snout; with a strong movable serrated thorn, belonging to the former finn on the back, inclining towards the tail with bonny substances instead of the lower finns, the finns on the back being nearer to the tail then in other Fish: or having a strong serrated horn standing upright on the head.
    10.
    • TRUMPET-FISH.* 1.112
    • MONOCEROS CLUSII.
  • Having the mouth and eyes reversed, looking upwards: or having a great head, very wide gills, and but three rayes in the lower pair of finns, the body being spotted.
    11.
    • URANOSCOPUS.
    • SCORPAENA.
  • Being of a deep figure, without scales, having on each side a broad black spot, and long bristles rising up above the rays of the finns.
    12.
    • DOREE, St. Peters fish.* 1.113

* 1.114V. OVIPAROUS FISH having one finn on the back, the rays of which are partly stiffe and spinous, and partly soft and flexile, may be di∣stinguished into such whose figure is more

• Broad; or deep; whether
  • ...Europaean;
    • Bigger; distinguishable by their
      • COLOURS; whether
        • Gold colour between the eyes, having round sharp teeth, and for the most part a purple spot near the gills: or that which is of a like figure to the former, but only without this gold colour, being black about the tail.
          1.
          • * 1.115GILT-HEAD, Sea-bream.
          • SPARUS.
        • Streaked with yellow from head to tail; ‖ either that whose streaks are more obscure, being of a shorter body: or that whose streaks are more conspicuous, being of a longer body.
          2.
          • CANTHARUS.
          • SALPA.
        • Streaked with a dark colour, transverse the back; ‖ either that whose streaks are more obscure, being of a shorter broader fi∣gure, and having broad flat teeth: or that whose streaks are more conspicuous, being of a longer body.
          3.
          • SARGUS.
          • MORMYLUS.
        • Reddish; on the back and sides; ‖ either the greater, having a dark spot on each side near the head: or the lesser, being with∣out such a spot.
          4.
          • PAGRUS.
          • RUBELLIO.
      • Being somewhat more produced in their bodies then the others of this deep kind; ‖ either that which is black about the tail, having great eyes: or that of a reddish colour, with four re∣markable teeth in either jaw.
        5.
        • MELANURUS.
        • DENTEX.
      • Having the finn on the back so low in the middle, that it seems two, with great heads full of prickles, counted venemous; ‖ ei∣ther the greater, of a reddish colour: or the lesser.
        6.
        • * 1.116GREATER SCORPION-FISH.
        • LESSER SCORPION-FISH.
    • Least of these deep fishes, of a dark colour, with large scales, and long streaks from head to tail.
      7.
      • CHROMIS.
  • Indian; described by Margravius; ‖ either that of a forked tail, ha∣ving two prickles on the cover of each gill: or that which hath broad spots on either side.
    8.
    • JAGURACA.
    • ACARA.
• ...

• Long; distinguishable by
  • Variety and beauty of colours; ‖ either the Greater, of which there are several kinds, the most beautiful of which, is called Pavo, the more dark, Merula: or the Lesser.
    9.
    • SEA-THRUSH.* 1.117
    • JULIS.
  • Dark broad streaks; crossing the back; considerable for ha∣ving
    • Heads variegated with red and blew; ‖ either the Greater: or the Lesser, having a black spot in the middle of the finn on his back.
      10.
      • SEA PERCH.* 1.118
      • SACHETTUS.
    • The lower jaw longer then the upper; ‖ either that which is with∣out prickles: or that which hath two prickles on the cover of the gills.
      11.
      • PHYCIS.
      • CHAUNA.
    • A broad black spot on either side; or very great eyes in proportion to the body.
      12.
      • MAENAS.
      • BOOPS.

VI. OVIPAROUS FISH OF AN OBLONG FIGURE, being generally without scales,* 1.119 having slimy skins, apt to bend and twist with their bodies more then other Fish, may be distributed into such as are

• Europaean; being either
  • ...Proper to Sea-water;
    • ...Longer;
      • Round; whether
        • More thick; ‖ either that which hath but one pair of swimming finns, and two little horns: or that which hath no swimming finns, with four little horns, and a sharp snout, the skin varie∣gated with yellow.
          1.
          • * 1.120CONGER.
          • MURAENA.
        • More slender; ‖ either that which grows to a very great length, having a wider and longer mouth then an Eel, the finn not reaching the tail, which is round and not flat: or that which hath one continued finn as Eeles, with four stringy promi∣nencies from the lower mandible, less round and long then the former.
          2.
          • * 1.121SEA SERPENT.
          • OPHIDION PLINII.
      • Flat; like a Ribbon or Fillet; ‖ either the bigger of a reddish co∣lour, having two pair of finns: or the lesser, whose flesh is tran∣sparent, and the finn on the belly thrice as deep as that on the back, having but one pair of fins.
        3.
        • TAENIA MAJOR.
        • TAENIA MINOR.
    • Shorter; ‖ either that with two finns on the back, with a kind of beard, and instead of the lower pair of finns, having two long strin∣gy substances cleft at the ends: or that which is of a smaller mag∣nitude, having one pair of swimming finns, with a forked tail, to which the back finn is extended.
      4.
      • TINCA MARINA.
      • SAND-EELS.
  • Common to salt and fresh water; having a round aperture for the mouth, with which they suck their nourishment, and seven holes on each side instead of gills, being Cartilagineous, without swimming finns; ‖ either the Greater: or the Lesser.
    5.
    • * 1.122LAMPREY.
    • LAMPERN.
  • Proper to fresh water; considerable for having.
    • Two pair of finns; ‖ either that which is the biggest of this tribe, having two very long strings from the upper jaw, and four shorter from the lower jaw, onely one small finn upon the back, and a long one under the belly: or that which is shorter and thicker then an Eel, with a short beard from his lower mandible, having two finns on the back, the hinder finn on the back and that un∣der the belly, not being contiguous to the tail, variegated in the co∣lour.
      6.
      • * 1.123SHEAT FISH, River whale.
      • EEL POUT.
    • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • ...One pair of finns;
      7.
      • EEL.* 1.124
    • Indian; described by Imperatus; ‖ either that with two long horns reversed over the back: or that which hath a flatness on his head and part of his back, in which there are divers transverse rimulae or chinks.
      8.
      • SPADA MARINA.
      • REMORA IMPERATI.

VII. PLAIN or flat FISH, being oviparous and bonny,* 1.125 both whose eyes are on the same side of the flat, and the mouth transverse, swimming broadwise, are either

• Oblong; and squamous;
  • Greater; having the mouth on the right side of the eyes; ‖ either that which is not spotted: or that which is spotted.
    1.
    • COMMON SOLE.* 1.126
    • SPOTTED SOLE.
  • Lesser; having the mouth on the left side of the eyes, having bigger scales.
    2.
    • POLE.* 1.127
• ...Quadrate;
  • Greater; ‖ either that of a grey marble colour, spinous, having the eyes on the right side: or that which hath the eyes on the left side, being the biggest of this Tribe.
    3.
    • TURBUT.* 1.128
    • HALIBUT.
  • Middle kind; being of a dark grey, and full of small asperities.
    4.
    • BRETT.
  • Lesser kind; ‖ either that of a sandy reddish colour, without scales or asperities, having the eyes on the left side: or that which is reddish, squamous, and with black spots.
    5.
    • PLAIS.* 1.129
    • FLOUNDER, Fluke.

VIII. FISHES OF A HARD CRUSTACEOUS SKIN, may be di∣stributed into such as are for the figure of them,* 1.130 either

• Sphaerical; having two broad teeth like those of men; whether
  • Without thorns; ‖ either that which hath a more prominent mouth, and a bonny breast: or that which is encompassed with very short hairs, close set.
    1.
    • ORBIS SCUTATUS, Globe-fish.
    • ORBIS HIRSUTUS.
  • With thorns; or prickles; ‖ either streight: or hooked.
    2.
    • ORBIS MURICATUS.
    • ORBIS ECHINATUS.
• Angular; whether such as are more
  • Perfect; either
    • Triangular; being variegated with angular figures on the body; ‖ ei∣ther that which is without horns: or with horns.
      3.
      • * 1.131TRIANGULAR FISH.
      • TRIANGULAR FISH HORNED.
    • Pentagonal; or of a five angled figure, encompassed with pentagonal bonny scales.
      4.
      • HOLOSTEUS.
  • Imperfect; for which reason they are by some reckoned amongst In∣sects, having tubes, with a kind of valve, instead of mouths; ‖ either that which is more oblong, of an Hexangular figure to the end of the finn on the back, and after quadrangular: or that whose body is of an Heptan∣gular figure in the former part, and quadrangular in the hinder part, be∣ing spinous, the head having some resemblance to that of a Horse.
    5.
    • ACUS ARISTOTELIS.
    • HIPPOCAMPUS.
• RADIATE; in the form of the Rays of a Starr.
  6.
  • * 1.132STARR-FISH.

* 1.133IX. SQUAMOUS RIVER FISH, may be distributed into such as are either

• Bigger; whether
  • Voracious; whose scales are set together either
    • More loose; being generally bigger, such as have on their backs
      • One finn; placed near the tail, with wide mouths, and sharp long teeth, every other of which is moveable.
        1.
        • PIKE, Iack, Pickerel.
      • * 1.134Two finns; the hindermost of which is small, fleshy and without rays, having generally teeth, which may be stiled the Trout-kind, com∣prehending such as are
        • Common to fresh and salt water; ‖ either the biggest, of a reddish flesh: or the least, of a white flesh, and violaceous smell.
          2.
          • * 1.135SALMON.
          • SMELT.
        • Proper to fresh water; whether
          • Spotted; the Greater: or the Lesser, living in Lakes.
            3.
            • TROUT.
            • * 1.136CHARR.
          • Not spotted; considerable for being
            • More round; ‖ either that which is streaked from head to tail, having the finn on the back bigger and broader then in Trouts: or that having a long snout.
              4.
              • * 1.137GRAYLING.
              • UMBER.
            • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • ...
      • ...
        • ...
          • ...
            • More broad; and compressed, of a small mouth, without teeth; the Greater, somewhat like a Herring: or the Lesser.
              5.
              • FARRA.
              • LAVARETTUS.
    • More close; and compact; being generally less scales in proportion then the others, having a wide mouth, without teeth, but asperities analogous to teeth, comprehending the Perch-kind, of which in sundry Countries there are several varieties, distinguishable by their bigness or little∣ness, thickness or slenderness. But the two principal kinds to which the others may be reduced, are ‖ either such as have two finns on the back, the first spinous, and the other soft, with transverse black streaks on the side, being commonly the bigger: or but one finn, which is partly spinous, and partly soft, being of a yellowish colour, and commonly lesser.* 1.138
      6.
      • PERCH.
      • RUFFE.
  • Not voracious; comprehending the Carp-kind, w^ch have one finn on the back, no teeth in their mouth, but only in the orifice of their stomacks, o∣ver which teeth there is a kind of stone or bone, for the most part of a triangular figure, by affriction against which, they grind their food; whether the
    • Bigger; comprehending such as delight more in
      • Standing waters; ‖ either that whose scales are larger, and more loose, the first ray of the finn being strong and serrate, having four stringy prominencies from the upper lip: or that whose scales are less and more compact, being very slimy, of a greenish colour, the lower pair of finns in the male being more thick and fleshy.
        7.
        • CARPE.* 1.139
        • TENCH.
      • Running waters; whether such as are more
        • Thick and round; ‖ either that which hath four stringy prominen∣cies resembling a beard: or that which hath a great head.
          8.
          • BARBLE.* 1.140
          • CHUB, Chevin.
        • Broad and deep; ‖ either the most broad: or that which is less broad, having commonly red eyes and finns.
          9.
          • BREAM.* 1.141
          • ROCHE.
    • Lesser; floating usually towards the top of the water; ‖ either that which is more thick, of some resemblance to a little Chub: or that which is more compressed and thin,* 1.142
      10.
      • DARE, Dace.
      • BLEAK, Blea.
• Least kind of River Fishes; whether such as live more towards the
  • Lower parts of the water; near the ground; either such as have on the back
    • One finn; with a kind of beard on the mouth; ‖ the greater: or the lesser.
      11.
      • GUDGEON.* 1.143
      • LOACH, Groundling.
    • Two finns; with a large broad head.
      12.
      • BULL-HEAD, Millers-Thumb, Gull.* 1.144
  • Vpper parts of the water; or near banks; ‖ either that which hath but one finn on the back, being smooth: or that which hath two finns, be∣ing prickly, having three strong prickles on either side, and a kind of Armature consisting of four or five Laminae
    13.
    • MINNOW.* 1.145
    • BANSTICLE, Stickleback.

Of Birds.

BIRDS may be distinguished by their usual place of living, their food, bigness,* 1.146 shape, use and other qualities, into

• Terrestrial; living chiefly on dry land; whether
  • CARNIVOROUS; feeding chiefly on Flesh. I.
  • PHYTIVOROUS; feeding on Vegetables; whether
    • Of short round wings; less fit for flight. II.
    • Of long wings; and swifter flight; having their Bills; either more
      • LONG AND SLENDER; comprehending the Pidgeon and Thrush-kind. III.
      • SHORT AND THICK; comprehending the Bunting and Spar∣row-kind. IV.
  • Insectivorous; feeding chiefly on Insects; (tho several of them do likewise sometimes feed on Seeds) having slender streight bills to thrust into holes, for the pecking out of Insects; whether the
    • GREATER KIND. V.
    • LEAST KIND. VI.
• Aquatic; living either
  • About and NEAR WATERY PLACES. VII.
  • In waters; whether
    • FISSIPEDES; having the toes of their feet divided. VIII.
    • PALMIPEDES; having the toes of their feet united by a mem∣brane. IX.

* 1.147I. CARNIVOROUS BIRDS, may be distinguished into such as are either

• Rapacious; living upon the prey of other Animals, having hooked beaks and talons, amongst which the females are generally more large strong and fierce.
  • Diurnal; preying in the day time.
    • The bigger and stronger kind; noted either for quick Sight, or Sent; the latter of which is by Gesner distinguished from the former, that the beak of it, doth not grow crooked immediately from the root, but only at the end or tip of it.
      1.
      • EAGLE.
      • * 1.148VULTUR.
    • The middle kind; being either made use of and trained up by Men for the catching of other Birds, of which there are great varieties, distinguishable by their manner of flight, bigness, shape, the Birds they prey upon, &c. or such others as are of near affinity to these, but not commonly used to this purpose.
      2.
      • * 1.149HAWK.
      • KITE, Buzzard, Glede,
    • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • The least kind; the former having prominent nostrils, being well known by his voice: the other with a processus on the outside of the upper mandible.
      3.
      • CUCKOO.* 1.150
      • BUTCHER BIRD.
  • Nocturnal; preying in the night, having broad faces, and great eyes; ‖ of which, some have tufts of feathers standing out like long ears, or horns: others being without such tufts.
    4.
    • OWL HORNED.* 1.151
    • OWL NOT HORNED.
• Semirapacious; feeding commonly either on Carrion, or other things, and more seldome on living Animals.
  • The Crow-kind; having a bill somewhat large and strait; ‖ amongst which, those that are most common with us, are of a deep black co∣lour, in their bodies
    • The bigger kind; Greater: or Less.
      5.
      • RAVEN.* 1.152
      • CROW.
    • The lesser kind; having a mixture of dark brown with black: or be∣ing wholly black on the body, with red bill and legs.
      6.
      • DAW.
      • CHOUGH.* 1.153
  • The Parret-kind; of hooked bills, having two toes before, and two behind, considerable for the variety of beautiful colours, and the imitation of speech; ‖ the Greater: or the Less.
    7.
    • PARRET.* 1.154
    • PARAQUETO.
  • The Py-kind; of a chattering voice, having many notes; ‖ either pyed with black and white, with a long train: or having some of the smal∣ler feathers on each wing, variegated with blew and black.
    8.
    • MAGPY, Py.
    • JAY.* 1.155
  • The Woodpecker-kind; climbing upon trees and walls, in order to which they are furnished with strong feathers in their train, to sup∣port them in climbing and pecking; ‖ of which there are various species, reducible to these two kinds; such as have a very long tongue, with two claws behind and two before: or such as have shorter tongues, and but one toe behind.
    9.
    • WOODPECKER OF LONG TONGUES.
    • WOODPECKER OF SHORTER TONGUES.* 1.156

That kind of Eagle, which is

• Of a dark yellow colour, having legs feathered down to the foot called. Chrysaetos.
• Black all over, excepting a white spot between the shoulders on the back. called. Melanaetus.
• With a ring of white on his tail. called. Pygargus.
• * 1.157Feeding on Fish. called. Ossifragus.

That kind of Vulture noted for

• * 1.158Having his head and part of neck bare of feathers called Bald Vulture.
• * 1.159Being of a Chesnut colour, and feathered down to the toes. called Chesnut colou∣red Vulture.
• * 1.160Being of a yellowish colour, very great, having some of the feathers of the wing, three foot long. called Golden Vulture.

Hawks are usually distinguished into such are

• Short winged; having their wings considerably shorter then their trains, of which there are usually reckoned three kinds.
  • * 1.161The biggest of this kind called Fem. Goshawk, Male Tarcell.
  • The lesser of this kind; either ha∣ving
    • Transverse streaks of yellow.
    • ...Oblong streaks.
    called F. Sparrowhawk, M. Musket. Kestril.
• Long winged; having their wings equal to, if not longer then their trains, of which there are usually reckoned these six kinds, noted for
  • * 1.162A whitish colour, but spotted on the back with black spots. called F. Gerfalcon, M. Ierkin.
  • * 1.163Having a fastigiated or rising head, being of an ash colour. called Mountain Falcon.
  • * 1.164A thick head and flat, a short neck, and striking with the breast. called F. Falcon, M. Tarcel.
  • * 1.165Having a blewish bill and legs. called F. Lanner, M. Lanneret.
  • * 1.166Having a white spot behind his eyes on each side. called Hobby.
  • * 1.167Being the least of all Hawks. called F. Merlin, M. Iack-Merlin.

Kites may be distinguished into such as are noted for

• * 1.168Having a very forked Train. called Common Kite.
• * 1.169Being or seeming bald on the head, having a round train, feeding on young Rabbets. called Common Buzzard.
  • * 1.170Feeding on Fish. called Bald Buzzard.
• * 1.171Being of a white or ash colour, with a white streak on the Train. called Ring-tail.

Lanius or Butcher bird, is of three several kinds, noted either for being

• Of a reddish colour on the back, the most common somewhat bigger then a Spar∣row. called Lanius vulgaris.
• Particoloured, of the same bigness with the former. called
• Ash-coloured, about the bigness of a Black-bird. called Lanius cinereus major.

Owls horned are of three kinds, namely such as are noted for being

• Of the bigness of an Eagle, feathered down to the toes. called Bubo.
• Of the bigness of a tame Dove. called Otus, Asio.
• Of the bigness of a Missle bird, with a single feather on each side for a horn. called Scops.

Owls not horned, are of five kinds, namely such as are noted for

• Having a border of feathers about the face, the legs feathered and toes hairy, about the bigness of a Pidgeon. called Our common white
• Having a ring of white feathers about each eye, a white bill, hairy legs and feet.* 1.172 called Owl, living in Barns.* 1.173
• Being of a darker colour, living in Ivy-bushes. called Our common field Owl.* 1.174
• Being like a Cuckoo, having a short small bill, but a wide mouth. called Goat-sucker.
• Being the least of all, not bigger then a Black-bird. called Noctua.

Crows are usually distinguished into three kinds, namely that which is

• Carnivorous. called Crow.
• Frugivorous, of a black colour; gregarious, building their nests together. called Rook.* 1.175
• Frugivorous, party coloured; black and cinereous. called Roiston Crow.* 1.176

To the Py-kind, those other birds may be reduced which are noted for having

• The wings and head of a bright azure. called Roller Argentoratensis.
• A dark colour spotted with white. called Caryocatastes.
• A tuft of feathers on his head. called Garrulus Bohemicus.
• A bill bigger then his whole body. called Toucan.
• A large bill, with a kind of horn reversed upon the bill. called Rhinoceros.
• Two long strings like the small naked stemm of a feather reaching from the back beyond the train, and strong legs and claws. called Bird of Paradise.* 1.177

These three last exotic Birds are not perhaps so proper to this tribe, but I know not at present how to reduce them better.

To the first sort of the Woodpecker-kind, those Birds may be reduced which are noted for

• Being Greater; of a
  • Greenish colour, and a black spot on the head of the male. called Woodspite.* 1.178
  • Black colour, excepting a red spot upon the head of the Cock. called Hickwall.* 1.179
• Being of a lesser magnitude, about the bigness of a Black-bird, variegated with black and white, with a red spot on the head of the Cock. called Witwall, Hiho.* 1.180
• Holding the head on one side, somewhat bigger then a Sparrow, of a brownish colour. called Wry-neck.* 1.181

To the second sort of the Woodpecker-kind, those other Birds may be re∣duced, which are noted for

• An Ash colour, being about the bigness of a Sparrow. called Nuthatch.* 1.182
• A long slender bill, being about the bigness of a Sparrow. called Wall-creeper.* 1.183
• A long slender bill, being a little bigger then a Wren. called Ox-eye-creeper▪* 1.184
• Being about the same colour and bigness as a Lark, and noted for climbing upon Reeds. called Reed-Sparrow.* 1.185
• A greenish colour, and less. called Lesser Reed-Sparrow.* 1.186

* 1.187II. PHYTIVOROUS BIRDS OF SHORT WINGS, less fit for flight; may be distinguished into such as are

• Flying; such as can bear up their bodies (tho with some difficulty) by the motion of their wings, for some considerable time and space, ha∣ving generally shorter bills, being pulveratricious, of whitish flesh, most proper for food, having gizzards (i. e.) strong musculous stomacks, lay∣ing many Eggs, called the Poultry-kind.
  • ...Domestic;
    1.
    • The most common; having the train compressed upwards. COCK,* 1.188 Hen, Capon, Chicken, Pullet, Poultry.
    • Less common; having an elegant train, which is sometimes turned up and spread, and spurs on the legs; ‖ either that whose colours are more elegant and beautiful, having a tuft on the head: or that which is less beautiful.
      2.
      • * 1.189PEACOCK.
      • TURKY.
  • Wild; either the
    • ...Bigger kind;
      • Living chiefly in woods; the former being distinguishable by ha∣ving a long train wherein the feathers do gradually increase to∣wards the middle: the other, by being feathered on the legs.
        3.
        • PHEASANT.
        • * 1.190ATTAGEN
      • Living in open fields; having no heel or back-claw; ‖ either the greater, being about the bigness of a Turky: or the less, being about the bigness of a Pheasant.
        4.
        • * 1.191BUSTARD.
        • ANAS CAMPESTRIS BELLONII.
      • Being serrate on each side of the claws, and hairy to the toes; ‖ either the bigger, feeding usually on fine leaves: or the less, feeding on Heath, of a black colour, the feathers of the train reversed sidewayes.
        5.
        • * 1.192COCK OF THE WOOD.
        • HEATH COCK, Grous, Pout.
    • Middle kind; of a short train, to be further distinguished by their
      • Reddish Breasts; with the figure of a Horshooe: or having a red bill and legs.
        6.
        • * 1.193PARTRIDGE.
        • RED PARTRIDGE.
      • Hairy legs; ‖ either that which hath a black spot under the bill: or that which is wholly white excepting some black on the train, be∣ing hairy to the very nails or claws, living on the Alps.
        7.
        • * 1.194HAZLE HEN.
        • LAGOPUS.
    • Least poultry-kind; ‖ either that which hath a short train, a small back toe: or that which is of a deep body compressed upwards, ha∣ving longer legs, with a bill more like a Water-hen.
      8.
      • QUAILE.
      • * 1.195RAILE.
• Not flying; being the biggest of all Birds; the one having only two, and the other three claws.
  9.
  • * 1.196ESTRICH.
  • CASSAWARE, Emew.

III. PHYTIVOROUS BIRDS OF LONG WINGS,* 1.197 and swifter flight, having their bills more long and slender, may be distinguished into the

• Pidgeon-kind; laying but two Eggs. The
  • Bigger; whether the most common and domestic, of great variety of colours, living in houses: or that which lives in woods, of an ash co∣lour, having a ring of white about the neck
    1
    • PIDGEON, Dove.* 1.198
    • RING-DOVE, Queest.
  • Lesser; ‖ either that which hath a reddish breast: or that which is ge∣nerally marked on each side of the neck with azure and black, except some that are wholly white, being the least of this kind.
    2.
    • STOCK-DOVE.
    • TURTLE.* 1.199
• Thrush-kind; of a lesser magnitude then Pidgeons, and longer trains in pro∣portion to their wings, laying more Eggs then two, being generally bacci∣vorous.
  • ...Speckled on the breast;
    • Canorous; considerable for having the bill
      • More round; being of a dunnish green on the back, feeding on Missle berries; ‖ the Greater: or the Lesser.
        3.
        • MISSLE-BIRD, Shreight.
        • THRUSH, Throstle, Mavis, Song-Thrush.* 1.200
      • More flat; spotted either with whitish, or reddish spots: the latter of which hath likewise a reddish tail
        4.
        • STARE, Starling.
        • MERULA SAXATILIS, Ruticilla major.* 1.201
    • Not Canorous; being Birds of passage, coming only in Winter; the Greater: or the Lesser.
      5.
      • FELDEFARE.* 1.202
      • REDWING, Swinepipe.
  • ...Not speckled on the breast;
    • ...Less beautiful for their colours;
      • Canorous; ‖ either that which is more black, with yellow bills and legs: or less black, having some dark shining blew on the back, being somewhat waved on the breast.
        6.
        • BLACKBIRD.
        • PASSER SOLITARIUS.* 1.203
      • Not canorous; ‖ either that which hath on the breast an Area of white: or that which is of an ash colour.
        7.
        • MERULA TORQUATA.
        • MERULA MONTANA.
    • ...More beautiful for their colours;
      • The Greater; ‖ either that which hath a reddish bill, the wings and train black, the rest of the body bright yellow: or that which hath a long black bill, a long crest of feathers upon the head, tipped with black, with transverse streaks of black and white upon the wings.
        8.
        • GALBULA.
        • HOOP.
      • The Lesser;* 1.204 having the three foremost toes joyned together to the first joynt, without any membrane, the outmost and middle toe, to the second joynt; ‖ either the bigger, having a Bill somewhat crooked:* 1.205 the lesser, having a strait strong bill.
        9.
        • BEE-EATER.
        • KING-FISHER, Alcyon.

* 1.206IV. PHYTIVOROUS BIRDS OF SHORT, THICK, strong BILLS, being generally Granivorous, may be distinguished into such as do belong either to the

• Bunting-kind; having a hard knob in the pallate of the mouth.
  • The bigger; being Canorous.
    1.
    • * 1.207BUNTING.
  • The Lesser; not esteemed for singing; ‖ either that of a yellowish bo∣dy: or that which is yellow about the throat.
    2.
    • * 1.208YELLOW-HAMMER.
    • HORTULANE.
• Sparrow-kind; without such a knob in the mouth.
  • ...Not canorous;
    • The more common and lesser kind; living either about houses: or in mountains, having a reddish head.
      3.
      • * 1.209SPARROW.
      • MOUNTAIN SPARROW.
    • The less common and greater kind; with a bigger stronger bill then the other, to break the stones of fruits for their kernels; ‖ either that without a crest: or that with one.
      4.
      • COCOTHRAUSTES.
      • COCOTHRAUSTES CRISTATUS INDICUS.
  • ...Canorous;
    • Bigger; ‖ either that with a great head and a red breast: or that with a cross bill, the upper and lower part crossing each other towards the middle, said to sing in Winter
      5.
      • * 1.210BULL-FINCH, Alpe, Nope.
      • SHELL-APPLE, Cross-bill.
    • Lesser; considerable for their different colours; being either
      • Greenish; the Bigger: or Lesser.
        6.
        • * 1.211GREENFINCH.
        • CANARY BIRD.
      • ...Brownish;
        • The Bigger; ‖ either that whose breast is of a dilutered: or that which is variegated with black on the head.
          7.
          • * 1.212CHAFFINCH.
          • BRAMBLE, Brambling.
        • The Lesser; not red about the bill: or red about the bill.
          8.
          • * 1.213LINNET.
          • RED LINNET.

V. INSECTIVOROUS the GREATER,* 1.214 may be distinguished in∣to such as are of

• Swifter flight; comprehending the Swallow-kind, of long wings, fork∣ed trains, short legs, being much upon the wing, Birds of passage, coming in Summer.
  • The greater; building in Chymneys, variegated with black and white, having a red spot on the breast: or building in Churches, of a black∣ish colour, very short feet, the biggest of this kind.
    1.
    • SWALLOW.* 1.215
    • SWIFT, Martlet, Church-Martin.
  • The lesser; building about houses, of a white rump, and feathered down to the toes: or building in banks, with a broad spot on the breast.
    2.
    • MARTIN.* 1.216
    • SAND-MARTIN, Shore-bird.
• ...Slower flight;
  • Canorous; considerable for
    • Singing in the night; being of a dark reddish colour.
      3.
      • NIGHTINGALE.* 1.217
    • Having a long heel; the greater: or the less, living in watery places.
      4.
      • LARK.* 1.218
      • TIT-LARK.
    • Having a red breast; or a red train.
      5.
      • ROBIN REDBREAST, Ruddock.* 1.219
      • REDSTART.
  • Not Canorous; considerable for
    • The delicacy and fatness of their flesh; ‖ living either amongst Figs, of which there are several varieties, the most common and best known, being from his black head called Atricapilla: or living in holes of the ground, and having a white rump.
      3.
      • BECCAFIGO.* 1.220
      • WHEAT-EAR.
    • Having a long train, and frequently moving it; ‖ either the more common one, which is black and white: or that which is less com∣mon, of a yellow colour.
      7.
      • WAGTAIL.* 1.221
      • YELLOW WAGTAIL.
    • Living; ‖ either upon stony places or open Heaths: or that which creeps in hedges, having the back like that of a common Sparrow, the breast of a Lead colour, with a black bill.
      4.
      • STONE SMICH.* 1.222
      • HEDGE SPARROW.

* 1.223VI. The LEAST kind of INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS, may be di∣stributed into such as are

• Canorous; whether of a
  • Greenish colour in the body; to be further distinguished by the colour of the
    • Head; ‖ either that of a black: or that of a yellow head.
      1
      • LIGURINUS.
      • SERINUS.
    • Neck; being of an ash colour.
      2.
      • CITRINELLA.
  • Brownish colour; and spotted, the train more erect.
    3.
    • * 1.224WREN.
• Not Canorous; being either
  • Greenish; considerable for
    • Having a tuft of yellow, or red feathers upon the head: or being in other respects of the same shape with this, but only wanting such a tuft.
      4.
      • REGULUS CRISTATUS.
      • REGULUS NON CRISTATUS.
    • Making a humming noise; of which there are several varieties not yet sufficiently described.
      5.
      • HUMMING BIRD.
  • * 1.225Variegated with black and white;
    • The bigger; with a broad black spot down the breast;
      6.
      • * 1.226GREAT TITMOUSE.
    • The lesser; considerable for having
      • A blewish head: or a black head.
        7.
        • * 1.227TITMOUSE.
        • COLEMOUSE.
      • A long train: or a Tuft on the head.
        8.
        • * 1.228LONG TAILED TIT.
        • CRESTED TIT.

VII. AQUATIC BIRDS living about and NEAR WET PLACES,* 1.229 having longer legs, and long slender bills for their more convenient going and fetching up their food in such places, may be distinguished into

• The Plover-kind; whose bills are about one inch and a quarter long.
  • The bigger; having
    • A tuft on the head; being in the body and wings of a dark and white colour.
      1.
      • LAPWING, Puet.
    • No tuft; ‖ either that of a greenish colour, wanting a back claw:* 1.230 or that of a grey colour with a very small back claw.
      2.
      • GREEN PLOVER.* 1.231
      • GREY PLOVER.
  • The lesser; being without any back claw: ‖ either that of a greyish colour, caught by imitation: or that which hath a black fillet about the eyes, and a forked train.
    3.
    • DOTTEREL.
    • SEA LARK.* 1.232
• The Redshank-kind; whose bills are about two inches long.
  • The bigger; considerable for
    • Having a red bill and legs: or for having a kind of ruffe about the neck of the males, of great variety of colours, being pugnacious.
      4.
      • REDSHANK.* 1.233
      • RUFFE.
    • Being mixed of black and white; ‖ whether the greater, having transverse streaks of black and white on the train: or the lesser, ha∣ving only the exterior feathers of the train white.
      5.
      • TRINGA MAJOR.
      • TRINGA MINOR.
  • The lesser; having white bellies; ‖ either that whose back is grey: or that of a dark brown colour.
    6.
    • KNOT.
    • STINT.
• The Woodcock-kind; whose bills are about three inches long; whether having
  • ...Strait bills;
    • Frequenting fresh waters; of a fulvous colour spotted; ‖ the greater: or the less; the male of which latter is much less, and of a shorter bill then the female.
      7.
      • WOODCOCK.
      • SNIPE.* 1.234
    • Frequenting salt waters; ‖ either that of a black and white colour, with red bill and legs, wanting a Postica: or that of a grey colour, having a Postica.
      8.
      • SEA PY▪
      • GODWIT.* 1.235
  • Crooked bills; ‖ either that of a grey colour: or that whose feathers are of an elegant scarlet, excepting the wings, which are black.
    9.
    • CURLEW.
    • GUARA BRASILEANA.* 1.236

* 1.237VIII. AQUATIC BIRDS, living much in the water, being FISSI∣PEDES, ‖ may be distinguished into such as are,

• Not swimming; but wading; comprehending the Crane-kind, having long necks and legs, long and strong bills; whether
  • Sharp pointed bills; either such whose necks are
    • Longer; considerable for
      • Building in Fenny places; being hairy on the head, having the wind-pipe reversed in the form of the Letter S, and being Herbivo∣rous: or building on Houses and Chymneys, of a black and white colour, with red legs and bill, making a noise by the collision of the beak▪ being Piscivorous.
        1.
        • * 1.238CRANE.
        • * 1.239STORK.
      • Having a thicker bill; somewhat crooked and shorter then the o∣thers of this tribe, with scarlet coloured wings; or having a tuft of bristles on the head.
        2.
        • PHAENICOPTER.
        • GRUS BALEARICA.
      • Being of an ash colour, having a tuft of feathers standing out behind the head, building on trees; being Piscivorous, with one blind gut; ‖ either the greater: or the lesser.
        3.
        • HEARN.
        • * 1.240ARDEA CINEREA MINOR.
      • Being of a white colour; in other respects like the former; the greater: or the lesser.
        4.
        • * 1.241GREATER WHITE HEARN.
        • LESSER WHITE HEARN.
    • Shorter neck; ‖ either that which is fulvous and spotted, being Pisci∣vorous, having one blind gut: or that which is white with a red bill.
      5.
      • * 1.242BITTOUR.
      • BRASILEAN BITTOUR.
  • Broad and round pointed bill; like a Spoon, Piscivorous, of a white colour.
    6.
    • * 1.243SHOVELAR, Spoon-bill.
• Swimming; either
  • The Diving-kind; being much under water, and finn-footed, viz. with a membrane standing off on each side of the toes, having downy feathers, and wanting a train; ‖ either the greater, having a longer bill: or the lesser, having a shorter bill.
    7.
    • * 1.244GREAT DIDAPPER, Dabehick.
    • LITTLE DIDAPPER.
  • The More-hen-kind; whose bodies are somewhat compressed side∣wayes; whether
    • Finn-footed; having a membrane of Scollopt edges on each side of the toes, a bald head, being of a black colour.
      8.
      • * 1.245COOT.
    • Not finn-footed; ‖ either the greater, which hath a little red baldness: or the lesser, having a long red bill.
      9.
      • MOOR-HEN, Water-hen.
      • * 1.246GALLINULA SERICA,

IX. AQUATIC PALMIPEDE Birds,* 1.247 whose toes are joyned together with a membrane, may be distinguished into such whose bills are either

• Flat and blunt; being Herbivorous.
  • The greater; ‖ either the biggest of a white colour, having black legs: or the lesser, the males of which are commonly white.
    1.
    • SWAN, Cygnet.
    • GOOSE, Gander, Gosling.* 1.248
  • The middle kind; ‖ either the bigger, of a beautiful colour, the head of a dark green, the body white, with large spots of orange colour: or the lesser, having reddish legs.
    2.
    • SHELDRAKE.
    • DRAKE, Duck
  • The least kind; ‖ either the bigger,* 1.249 having the bill and legs of a lead colour: or the lesser, being from the eyes to the hinder part of the head of a greenish colour.
    3.
    • WIDGIN.
    • TEALE.* 1.250
• Sharp; being generally Piscivorous.
  • The Solan-goose kind; having the four toes joyned together; ‖ whether
    • White; ‖ either that which hath a long bill, hooked at the end, laying but one Egg: or having a great bag under the bill.
      4.
      • SOLAN-GOOSE.
      • PELLICAN.* 1.251
    • Black; the greater, used for catching of Fish: or the lesser.
      5.
      • CORMORANT.* 1.252
      • SHAGG.
  • The Puffin-kind; frequenting desart Islands, wanting a postica, going upright, laying but one Egg; whether such as build their nests
    • Within the ground; in holes; ‖ either that which is more common in Europe, having the top of the head, the back, wings and train of a black colour, the rest white, the bill somewhat compressed upwards, short, of a triangular figure, and red at the point: to which may be adjoyned that American Bird, of a like shape to this, but bigger.
      6.
      • PUFFIN.
      • PENGUIN.* 1.253
    • On the ground; chiefly rocky places, making their nests together; ‖ either that with a compressed black bill, hooked at the end, having a white line on either side: or that of a longer bill, less sharp, not hooked.
      7.
      • RAZOR-BILL.
      • GUILLAM.* 1.254
  • The Diving-kind; being much under water, having round serrate bills, hooked at the end; ‖ either that which is variegated with black and white: or that which is of a cinereous colour on the back, with a red head, and a tuft upon it.
    8.
    • DIVER.* 1.255
    • DUNN DIVER.
  • The Gull kind, being much upon the wing as Swallows, commonly of an ash colour; ‖ either the bigger: or the lesser, having red bill and legs, with a forked train.
    9.
    • GULL, Sea-mew.* 1.256
    • SEA SWALLOW, S••ray.

Besides the common sort of Swans, there is a wild kind, called Hooper, having the wind-pipe going down to the bottom of the breast-bone, and then reversed upwards in the figure of the Letter S.

Besides the common Goose, there are several sorts of wild ones, whereof one is black from the breast to the middle of the belly, called Brant Goose, Bernicla, or Brenta.

To the Widgeon-kind may be reduced that other fowl, about the same bigness, the two middle feathers of whose train do extend to a great length, called Sea-Pheasant, Anas cauda acuta.

To the Teal-kind should be reduced that other fowl, of the like shape and bigness, but being white where the other is green, called Gargane.

To the Gull-kind, doth belong that other Bird, of a long slender bill bending upwards, called Avogetta recurvi-rostra.

Of Beasts.

BEASTS, may be distinguished by their several shapes, properties, uses, food,* 1.257 their tameness or wildness, &c. into such as are either

• Viviparous; producing living young.
  • WHOLE FOOTED, the soles of whose feet are undivided, being used chiefly for Carriage. I.
  • CLOVEN FOOTED. II.
  • Clawed, or multifidous; the end of whose feet is branched out into toes; whether
    • NOT RAPACIOUS. III.
    • RAPACIOUS; living upon the prey of other Animals; having generally six short pointed incisores, or cutting teeth, and two long fangs to hold their prey; whether the
      • CAT-KIND; having a roundish head. IV.
      • DOG-KIND; whose heads are more oblong. V.
• OVIPAROUS; breeding Eggs. VI.

I. WHOLE FOOTED BEASTS,* 1.258 may be distinguished into such as are either of

• Solid hard hoofs; considerable for
  • Swiftness and comeliness; being used for riding.
    1.
    • HORSE, Mare, Gelding, Nag, Palfrey, Steed, Courser, Gennet, Stallion,* 1.259 Colt, Fole, Filly, Neigh, Groom, Ostler.
  • Slowness and strength in bearing burdens; having long ears; ‖ either the more simple kind: or that mungrel generation begotten on a Mare.
    2.
    • * 1.260ASSE, Bray.
    • MULE.
• Softer feet; having some resemblance to the
  • * 1.261Cloven footed-kind; by reason of the upper part of the hoof being divided, being ruminant, having a long slender neck, with one or two bunches on the back.
    3.
    • * 1.262CAMEL, Dromedary.
  • Multifidous kind; having little prominencies at the end of the feet, representing toes, being of the greatest magnitude amongst all other beasts, used for the carriage and draught of great weights, and more particularly esteemed for the tusks.
    4.
    • * 1.263ELEPHANT, Ivory.

II. CLOVEN FOOTED BEASTS,* 1.264 may be distributed into such as are

• Horned and Ruminant; having two horns.
  • Hollow; not branched nor deciduons, being common both to the males and females, useful to men both living and dead; whether the
    • Bigger; being useful both by their labour and flesh;
      1.
      • KINE, Bull, Cow, Ox, Calf, Heifer, Bullock, Steer, Beef, Veal,* 1.265 Runt, bellow, low, Heard, Cowheard.
    • Lesser; being useful either in respect of the Fleece and Flesh: or Hair and Flesh.
      2.
      • SHEEP, Ram, Ewe, Lamb, Weather, Mutton, Bleat, Fold, Flock,* 1.266 Shepheard.
      • GOAT, Kid.
  • Solid; branched, deciduous, being proper only to the males; whe∣ther the
    • Bigger kind; ‖ either that of the highest stature, having horns with∣out brow-antlers, of a short stemm, and then spreading out into breadth, branched at the edges: or that of a lower stature, ha∣ving round, long, branched horns.
      3.
      • ELKE.
      • STAGG, Hart, Hind, Red Deer, Venison.* 1.267
    • Middle kind; whose horns become broad towards the ends; ‖ ei∣ther that of lesser horns, not used for labour: or that which hath the largest horns in proportion to that body, of any other Deer, with a double branched brow-antler, being in the Northern Countries used for the drawing of Sleds.
      4.
      • BUCK, Doe, Fawn, Pricket, Sorel, Sore, Fallow Deer, Venison.* 1.268
      • REIN-DEER, Tarandu.
    • Least kind; having a short, round, branched horn.
      5.
      • ROE-BUCK, Roe.* 1.269
• Horned but not ruminant; having but one horn, placed on the nose, be∣ing a beast of great bigness, covered with a kind of Armature, and counted untamable.
  6.
  • RHINOCEROT.* 1.270
• Ruminant but not horned; being useful to men only, when living, for carriage of burdens, having the longest neck of any other Animal (if there be really any such Beast.)
  7.
  • CAMELOPARD, Giraffa.* 1.271
• Neither horned nor ruminant; useful only when dead, for its flesh.
  8.
  • HOG, Swine, Bore, Sow, Pig, Porket, Barrow, Shoot, Pork,* 1.272 Ba∣con, Brawn. Grunt.

Amongst those that belong to the Bovinum genus, there are several sorts described by Authors distinguished by their having either

• A Beard; stiled Vrus.
• A Bunch on the back; stiled Bisons.
• Horns reflected about the ears. stiled Bonasus.
• Broad, flat, rugged horns; stiled Buffalus.

Besides the more common kinds of Sheep, there are others mentioned by Authors, and described to have

• Streight wreathed horns. called Ovis Stepsiceros.
• Great thick tails. called Broad tailed Sheep.

Amongst those that belong to the Goat-kind, besides the more vulgar sort, there are others whose horns are either

• * 1.273Angular and knobbed. called Stone Buck.
• * 1.274Small and round; being hooked at the end. called Shamois.
• Streight and wreathed. called Antilope.

* 1.275III. CLAWED Beasts NOT RAPACIOUS, may be distinguished into such as are either

• Man-like; having faces and ears somewhat resembling those of Men, with only four broad incisores, or cutting teeth, and two short eye-teeth, not longer then the other, their fore-feet being generally like hands, with thumbs, going upon their heels; whether the
  • Bigger kind; ‖ either that which hath a short tail: or that which hath no tail.
    1.
    • BABOON, Drill.
    • * 1.276APE, Iackanapes.
  • Lesser kind; having a long tail, and being very nimble: to which may be adjoined, for its affinity to this kind in respect of the face, that beast which is the slowest of all others, having but three toes on each foot, feeding on leaves, having a blind gut joyned to the upper orifice of his stomack, being probably ruminant.
    2.
    • MONKEY, Marmosit.
    • * 1.277SLOTH, Haut, Ay.
• Hare-kind; having two long teeth in the lower jaw before, and two o∣thers opposite to those (tho not quite so long) in the upper jaw, most of which are counted ruminant, because when they have by the help of their incisores filled their mouths with meat, they after chew it over again with their Molares or grinders,* 1.278 but they are not properly rumi∣nant, because they have but one stomack, out of which they do not fetch up their food being once swallowed.

These may be distinguished into the

• Bigger kind; whether such as are covered with
  • Hair; living either
    • Above ground; being of all others the most fearful.
      3.
      • HARE, Leveret.
    • * 1.279Vnder ground; ‖ either that with long ears and a short tail: or that with short ears and a long tail, being said to sleep all the Winter.
      4.
      • CONNY, Rabbet.
      • * 1.280MARMOTTO.
  • Quills; ‖ either the bigger: or the lesser kind.
    5.
    • PORCUPINE.
    • * 1.281HEDGHOG.
• Middle kind; ‖ either that which lives in Trees, with a spreading bushy tail: or that which lives on the ground, with a short tail, and course hair, having only three toes on a foot.
  6.
  • SQUIRREL.
  • * 1.282GINNY PIG.
• Least kind; living commonly, either
  • In houses; being mischievous to Corn; ‖ the greater: or lesser kind
    7.
    • * 1.283RAT.
    • MOUSE.
  • Abroad, under ground; having small eyes, and broad feet like hands, be∣ing not so properly belonging to this tribe, but of near affinity to it.
    8.
    • * 1.284MOLE.

Besides the common Rat there are others having

• Flat tails, their hinder feet being palmipedes. called Water-rat, Musk-rat.
• Short tails, and spotted skins. called Leming.* 1.285

Besides the more common sort of Mice there are others

• Of long snouts, counted venemous. called Field-mouse, Sheew-mouse.* 1.286
• Of a sandy colour, a spreading tail, sleeping much. called Dormouse.* 1.287
• Having wings, upon which there are four claws instead of feet, the only flying beast. called Batt, Flittermouse.* 1.288

IV. RAPACIOUS Beasts of the CAT-KIND,* 1.289 may be distributed into such, whose bodies are in proportion to their legs, either

• Less long; having generally two Claviculae or canel-bones, by which they are inabled to strike or cuff with their fore-feet, and to climb, being able to sheath their claws; whether the
  • Bigger; considerable for
    • Boldness and courage; being the chief of all wild beasts: or for slow∣ness and slugginess, going upon the heels.
      1.
      • LION-ess, Whelp, roar.* 1.290
      • BEARE, Cub.
    • Spottedness; ‖ either with Rundles: or with Streaks.
      2.
      • TYGER.* 1.291
      • PARD, Panther, Leopard.
    • ...Quick sightedness;
      3.
      • OUNCE, Lynx.* 1.292
  • Lesser; ‖ either that Domestic Animal, the Enemy to Mice: or that wild fierce creature, of some resemblance to this, producing Civet.
    4.
    • CAT, Kitling, Kitten, Mew.
    • CIVET-CAT.* 1.293
• More long; namely such as by the length of their bodies, and shortness of their legs, are fitted to creep and wind themselves into holes, for the catching of their prey. The Verminous-kind; whether such as are
  • Terrestrial; of a
    • Courser furr; being noxious to Rabbets; ‖ either that which is fre∣quently trained up by Men for the catching of Connies: or that which is of a stinking savour.
      5.
      • FERRET.
      • POLECAT, Fitchew.* 1.294
    • Finer furr; whether the
      • Bigger; being commonly white under the throat.
        6.
        • MARTIN, Sable, Gennet.* 1.295
      • Lesser; ‖ either that which is wholly white, excepting a black spot on the tail: or that whose belly is white, the tip of the tail black, the back of a light dun.
        7.
        • STOAT, Ermine.
        • WEESLE.* 1.296
  • Amphibious; ‖ either that of a finer furr, having a broad, thick, scaly tail: or that of a courser furr.
    8.
    • CASTOR, Beaver.
    • OTTER.* 1.297

As for that mongrel generation, which many Authors describe, as being begotten betwixt a Pard and a Lioness, being therefore called Leopard, as likewise that other Beast, commonly described by the name of Gulo or Ierf, and that other named Hyaena. There is reason to doubt, whether there be any such species of Animals, distinct from those here enumerated. Tho the belief of these (as of several other fictitious things) hath been propagated by Orators, upon account of their fitness to be made use of in the way of similitude.

* 1.298V. RAPACIOUS Beasts of the DOG-Kind, may be distinguished into such as are either

• ...Europaean;
  • Terrestrial; whether
    • Bigger; ‖ either that which is noted for tameness and docility: or for wildness and enmity to Sheep▪
      1.
      • * 1.299DOG, Bitch, Puppy, Whelp▪ Bark, bay, yelp.
      • WOLF, Howle.
    • Lesser; living usually in holes within the ground; ‖ either that which is noted for subtilty, having a bushy tail: or that which is noted for tenacity in biting, being esteemed commonly (tho falsly) to have the legs on the left side shorter then the other.
      2.
      • * 1.300FOX.
      • BADGER, Grey, Brock.
  • Amphibious; whether the Bigger, Being less hairy, having great tusks: or the lesser, being more hairy.
    3.
    • MORSE, Sea-horse.
    • * 1.301SEAL, Sea-calf.
• Exotic; being noted for
  • Gregariousness; going in great troops, and being said to assist the Lion in hunting.
    4.
    • * 1.302JACKALL.
  • Long snout, and feeding on Ants, and sometimes on roots; ‖ either that of a hairy: or that of a crustaceous covering.
    5.
    • * 1.303ANT-BEARE.
    • ARMADILLO.
  • A bag under the belly; wherein the young ones are received, being apt to hang by the tail, having a mixed resemblance both to an Ape and a Fox.
    6.
    • * 1.304CARAGUYA.

Amongst the several species of Animals, there is not any of greater variety in respect of accidental differences, then that of Dogs, which be∣ing the most familiar and domestick Beast, hath therefore several names assigned to it according to these differences, which are derived either from the Countries in which they are originally bred, and from which they are brought to other places, as England, Ireland, Iceland, Ginny, &c. or their bigness or littleness, or from their shape, colour, hairiness, &c. But they are chiefly distinguishable from those uses which men imploy them about, either in respect of

• Delight; LAP-DOGS.
• Companying; when they serve only to follow us up and down. CURRS.
• Custody of places or things; MASTIFS.
• Hunting; either by
  • Sight; GASE-HOUNDS.
  • Smell; whether for
    • Birds; SPANIELS
      • Terrestrial; LAND SPANIELS.
      • Aquatic; WATER SPANIELS.
    • Beasts; of a
      • Greater kind; HOUNDS.
      • Lesser kind; BEAGLES.
  • Swiftness; and running after
    • Greater Beasts; GREYHOUNDS.
    • Lesser Beasts; LURCHERS.
  • Play; TUMBLERS.

VI. OVIPAROUS BEASTS;* 1.305 may be distinguished by their diffe∣rent ways of progressive motion; whether

• Gradient; having four feet, the figure of their bodies being either more
  • Broad; whose outward covering is
    • Crustaceous; ‖ belonging either to the Land: or to the Water.
      1.
      • TORTOISE, Land-tortoise.* 1.306
      • TURTLE, Sea-tortoise.
    • Skinny; ‖ either that which is not poisonous: or that which is counted poisonous.
      2.
      • FROG, Tadpole, croke.* 1.307
      • TOAD, Tadpole.
  • Oblong; whose bodies and tails are more produced; whether the
    • Greatest kind; being skinned and scaly; ‖ either the larger: or the lesser, the latter of which is described to have a dew-lap under the throat.
      3.
      • CROCODILE, Allegator, Cayman, Leviathan.* 1.308
      • SENEMBI, Iguana.
    • Middle kind; ‖ either that which is most common in other Countries, and of greatest varieties: or that which hath two toes behind in each foot, with prominencies upon the head like ears, being said (tho falsly) to feed only upon air.
      4.
      • LIZARD.* 1.309
      • CHAMELION.
    • Least kind; ‖ either that of a brownish colour with yellow spots: or that of a more dark colour, having a broad tail for swimming.
      5.
      • LAND SALAMANDER, Land Eft, Newt.* 1.310
      • WATER SALAMANDER, Eft, Newt.
• Creeping; being without feet, and of round oblong bodies; whether the
  • ...Bigger kind;
    6.
    • SERPENT, Hiss.* 1.311
  • Middle kind; ‖ either that which is not poisonous: or that which is counted poisonous, having two long, hollow, moveable teeth, hatch∣ing the Eggs within its body.
    7.
    • SNAKE, Hiss.* 1.312
    • VIPER, Adder, Aspe.
  • Least kind; commonly esteemed blind and poisonous.
    8.
    • SLOW WORM.* 1.313

That kind of Animal which is commonly called a Dragon, and descri∣bed to be a kind of Serpent with wings and feet (if there ever were any such thing) might possibly be some monstrous production, but there is reason to believe that there is no such standing species in nature.

Besides the common kind of Frogs, there is another distinct sort, called the Green frog, feeding on leaves, having blunt broad toes.

Besides the more usual sorts of Lizards, there are others described, as having some distinct peculiarity in respect of

• Bigger magnitude, and greenness of colour. called The green Lizard.
• Blunt broad toes. called The Facetane Li∣zard.
• Thicker body, having a tail annulated with scales. called Cordylus.
• Slender body and small feet, resembling a Slow worm. called Chalcidica, Lizard.
• Small head, and lesser scales. called Scinke.

* 1.314HAving now dispatched the enumeration and description of the se∣veral species of Animals, I shall here take leave for a short digressi∣on, wherein I would recommend this, as a thing worthy to be observed, namely, that great difference which there is betwixt those opinions and apprehensions which are occasioned by a more general and confused view of things, and those which proceed from a more distinct considera∣tion of them as they are reduced into order.

He that looks upon the Starrs, as they are confusedly scattered up and down in the Firmament, will think them to be (as they are sometimes stiled) innumerable, of so vast a multitude, as not to be determined to any set number: but when all these Starrs are distinctly reduced into particular constellations, and described by their several places, magni∣tudes and names, it appears, that of those that are visible to the naked eye, there are but few more then a thousand in the whole Firmament, and but a little more then half so many to be seen at once in any Hemi∣sphere, taking in the minuter kinds of them, even to six degrees of mag∣nitude. It is so likewise in other things: He that should put the Questi∣on, how many sorts of beasts, or birds, &c. there are in the world, would be answered, even by such as are otherwise knowing and learned men, that there are so many hundreds of them, as could not be enumerated; whereas upon a distinct inquiry into all such as are yet known, and have been described by credible Authors, it will appear that they are much fewer then is commonly imagined, not a hundred sorts of Beasts, nor two hundred of Birds.

From this prejudice it is, that some hereticks of old, and some Atheisti∣cal scoffers in these later times, having taken the advantage of raising ob∣jections, (such as they think unanswerable) against the truth and au∣thority of Scripture, particularly as to the description which is given by Moses, concerning Noah's Ark, Gen. 6.15. where the dimensions of it are set down to be three hundred cubits in length, fifty in breadth, and thirty in height, which being compared with the things it was to contein, it seemed to them upon a general view, (and they confidently affirmed accordingly) that it was utterly impossible for this Ark to hold so vast a multitude of Animals, with a whole years provision of food for each of them.

This objection seemed so considerable, both to some of the ancient Fathers, and of our later Divines, who were otherwise learned and ju∣dicious men, but less versed in Philosophy and Mathematicks, that they have been put to miserable shifts for the solving of it. Origen, and Saint Austin, and several other considerable Authors, do for the avoiding of this difficulty affirm, that Moses being skilled in all the learning of the Aegyptians, doth by the measure of cubits, here applyed to the Ark, un∣derstand the Aegyptian Geometrical cubit, each of which (say they) did contein six of the vulgar cubits, namely, nine foot. But this doth upon several accounts seem very unreasonable, because it doth not appear, that there was any such measure amongst the Aegyptians or Iews, styled the Geometrical cubit: And if there were, yet there is no particular reason, why this sense should be applyed to the word cubit here, rather then in other places. It is said of Goliah,* 1.315 that his height was six cubits and a span, which being understood of the Geometrical cubit, will make him fifty four foot high, and consequently his head must be about nine foot in the height or diameter of it, which must needs be too heavy for Da∣vid to carry.

Others not satisfied with this solution, think they have found a better answer, by asserting that the stature of mankind being considerably larger in the first ages of the world, therefore the measure of the cubit must be larger likewise, and perhaps double to now what it is, which will much inlarge the capacity of the Ark. But neither will this afford any reasonable satisfaction. For if they will suppose men to be of a much bigger stature then, 'tis but reasonable that the like should be supposed of other animals also; in which case this answer amounts to nothing.

Others will have the sacred cubit to be here intended, which is said to be a hands breadth longer then the civil cubit, Ezeck. 43.13. But there is not any reason or necessity for this. And 'tis generally believed, that the sacred cubit was used only in the measure of sacred Structures, as the Tabernacle and Temple.

This seeming difficulty is much better solved by Ioh. Buteo in the Tract de Arca Noe, wherein supposing the cubit to be the same with what we now call a foot and a half, he proves Mathematically that there was a sufficient capacity in the Ark, for the con••eining all those things it was designed for. But because there are some things liable to exception in the Philosophical part of that discourse, particularly in his enumeration of the species of Animals, several of which are fabulous, some not distinct species, others that are true species being left out; therefore I conceive it may not be improper in this place to offer another account of those things.

It is plain in the description which Moses gives of the Ark, that it was divided into three stories, each of them of ten cubits or fifteen foot high, besides one cubit allowed for the declivity of the roof in the upper sto∣ry. And 'tis agreed upon as most probable, that the lower story was assigned to contein all the species of beasts, the middle story for their food, and the upper story, in one part of it, for the birds and their food, and the other part for Noah, his family and utensils.

Now it may clearly be made out, that each of these stories was of a sufficient capacity for the conteining all those things to which they are assigned.

For the more distinct clearing up of this, I shall first lay down several tables of the divers species of beasts that were to be received into the Ark, according to the different kinds of food, wherewith they are usual∣ly nourished, conteining both the number appointed for each of them, namely, the clean by sevens, and the unclean by pairs, together with a conjecture (for the greater facility of the calculation) what proportion each of them may bear, either to a Beef, or a Sheep, or a Wolf; and then what kind of room may be allotted to the making of sufficient Stalls for their reception.

Beasts feeding on Hay.	Beasts feeding on Fruits, Roots and In∣sects.	Carnivorous Beasts
Number.	Name.	Proportion to Beeves.	Breadth of Stalls	Number.	Name	Proportion to Sheep.	Breadth of the Stalls.	Number.	Name	Proportion to Wolves.	Breadth of their Stalls.
			feet				feet				feet
2	Horse	3	20	2	Hog	4	20	2	Lion	4	10
2	Asse	2	12	2	Baboon	2	2	Beare	4	10
2	Camel	4	20	2	Ape	2	2	Tigre	3	8
2	Elephant	8	36	2	Monky	7	2	Pard	3	8
7	Bull	7	40	2	Sloth	2	Ounce	2	6
7	Urus	7	40	2	Porcupine	2	Cat	2	6
7	Bisons	7	40	2	Hedghog	2	Civet-cat
7	Bonasus	7	40	2	Squirril	2	Ferret	3	6
7	Buffalo	7	40	2	Ginny pig	2	Polecat
7	Sheep	1	30	2	Ant-bear	2	2	Martin
7	Stepciseros	1	2	Armadilla	2	2	Stoat
7	Broad-tail	1	2	Tortoise	2	2	Weesle
7	Goat	1	30					2	Castor
7	Stone-buck	1			21	20	2	Otter
7	Shamois	1					2	Dog	2	6
7	Antilope	1					2	Wolf	2	6
7	Elke	7	30					2	Fox	2	6
7	Hart	4	30					2	Badger
7	Buck	3	20					2	Jackall
7	Rein-deer	3	20					2	Caraguya
7	Roe	2	36
2	Rhinocerot	8
2	Camelopard	6	30
2	Hare	2 Sheep.
2	Rabbet
2	Marmotto
		92	514							27	72

In this enumeration I do not mention the Mule, because 'tis a mungrel production, and not to be rekoned as a distinct species. And tho it be most probable, that the several varieties of Beeves, namely that which is stiled Vrus, Bisons, Bonasus and Buffalo▪ and those other varieties reckon∣ed

under Sheep and Goats, be not distinct species from Bull, Sheep, and and Goat; There being much less difference betwixt these, then there is betwixt several Dogs: And it being known by experience, what vari∣ous changes are frequently occasioned in the same species by several countries, diets, and other accidents: Yet I have ex abundanti to pre∣vent all cavilling, allowed them to be distinct species, and each of them to be clean Beasts, and consequently such as were to be received in by sevens. As for the Morse, Seale, Turtle, or Sea-Tortoise, Crocodile, Senembi, These are usually described to be such kind of Animals as can abide in the water, and therefore I have not taken them into the Ark, tho if that were necessary, there would be room enough for them, as will shortly appear. The Serpentine-kind, Snake, Viper, Slow-worm, Lizard, Frog, Toad, might have sufficient space for their reception, and for their nou∣rishment, in the Drein or Sink of the Ark, which was probably three or four foot under the floor for the standings of the Beasts. As for those lesser Beasts, Rat Mouse, Mole, as likewise for the several species of Insects, there can be no reason to question, but that these may find sufficient room in several parts of the Ark, without having any particular Stalls appoint∣ed for them.

Tho it seem most probable, that before the Flood, both Men, Beasts and Birds did feed only upon Vegetables, as may appear from that place, Gen. 1.29, 30. And God said, Behold I have given you every herb bearing seed which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree in which is the fruit of a tree yelding seed, to you it shall be for meat. And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is life, I have given every green herb for meat, com∣pared with chap. 9.3. Where after the Flood, when the productions of the Earth were become of less efficacy and vigor, and consequently less fit for nourishment, God saith to Noah, Every moving thing that liveth, shall be meat for you, even as the green herb have I given you all things. Yet because this proof is not so very cogent to convince a captious Adversa∣ry, but that he may still be apt to question, whether the Rapacious kinds of Beasts and Birds, who in the natural frame of their parts are peculiar∣ly fitted for the catching and devouring of their prey, did ever feed up∣on herbs and fruits; Therefore to prevent such Cavils, I shall be content to suppose that those Animals which are now Praedatory were so from the begining: upon which, it will be necessary to enquire, what kind of food might be proper and sufficient for them, during their abode in the Ark. Now 'tis commonly known, that the ruminant kind are most usually the prey for the rapacious kind of beasts.

It appeares by the foregoing tables, that the beasts of the rapacious car∣nivorous kinds, to be brought into the Ark by pairs, were but forty in all, or twenty pairs, which upon a fair calculation are supposed equivalent, as to the bulk of their bodies and their food, unto twenty seven Wolves; but for greater certainty, let them be supposed equall to thirty Wolves: and let it be further supposed, that six Wolves will every day devour a whole Sheep, which all Men will readily grant to be more then sufficient for their necessary sustenance: According to this computation, five Sheep must be allotted to be devoured for food each day of the year, which amounts in the whole to 1825.

Upon these suppositions there must be convenient room in the lower

story of the Ark to contein the forementioned sorts of beasts which were to be preserved for the propagating of their kinds, besides 1825. Sheep, which were to be taken in as food for the rapacious Beasts.

And tho there might seem no just ground of exception, if these beasts should be stow'd close together, as is now usual in Ships, when they are to be transported for any long voyage; yet I shall not take any such advan∣tage, but afford them such fair Stalls or Cabins as may be abundantly suf∣ficient for them in any kind of posture, either standing, or lying, or turn∣ing themselves, as likewise to receive all the dung that should proceed from them for a whole year.

And that the Ark was of a sufficient capacity for these purposes, will appear from the following Diagram. In which there is a partition at each end of the Ark, marked AA, of fifteen foot wide, and the breadth of the Ark being seventy five foot; these partitions must contein in them five Areas of fifteen foot square, and an Area of five foot square, being sufficient to contein four Sheep, therefore one of fifteen foot square must be capable of thirty six Sheep; Allowing one of these Areas at each end for stairs, there will eight of them remain, (viz. four at each end) to be reckoned upon for the conteining of Sheep; which eight will be capable of receiving 288 Sheep.

Besides these partitions, at the end there are five several passages marked BB, of seven foot wide for the more convenient access to the se∣veral Stalls; the four Areas on the side marked CC, designed for Stalls, are each of them eighteen foot wide, and about two hundred foot long. And the two middle Areas marked DD, are each of them twenty five foot wide, and about two hundred foot long.

Supposing the two middle Areas to be designed for Sheep; an Area of twenty five foot square must be capable of a hundred, and there being sixteen of these, they must be capable of 1600 Sheep, which being added to the former number of 288 will make 1888. somewhat more then 1825 the number assigned for those that were to be taken in for food.

The four side Areas marked CC, being each of them eighteen foot wide, and two hundred foot long, will be more then sufficient to contein the several beasts which were to be preserved for the propagating of their kind; for which in the foregoing Tables their is allotted to the length of their Stalls only six hundred and six foot, besides the largeness of the Stalls allotted to each of them. So that there will be near upon two hundred foot overplus, for the reception of any other beasts, not yet enumerated or discovered.

As for that fashion of the Keel of Ships now in use, whereby they are fitted for passage through the Waters, and to endure the motion of the Waves: This would not have been convenient for the business here de∣signed; The Ark being intended only for a kind of Float to swim above water, the flatness of its bottom, did render it much more capacious for the reception of those many living Creatures, which were to be contein∣ed in it. And tho towards the end of the Flood when it began to abate, God is said to Make a wind to pass over the Earth, whereby the waters were asswaged, Gen. 8.1. Yet 'tis not likely that in the time of the deluge, when the whole Earth was overflowed, that there should be any such rough and boisterous winds as might endanger a Ves••el of this Figure; such winds usually proceeding from dry Land.

[illustration]

From hence it may be evident, that there was sufficient room in the lower story for the convenient reception of all the sorts of beasts that are yet known, and probably for those other kinds that are yet un∣known to these parts of the World,

The next thing to be cleared up, is the capacity of the second story for conteining a years provision of food. In order to which 'tis to be ob∣served, that the several beasts feeding on hay, were before upon a fair cal∣culation supposed equal to ninety two Beeves: but to prevent all kind of Cavils which may be made at the proportioning of them, let them be as a hundred, besides the 1825. Sheep taken in for food. But now because these are to be devoured by five per diem, therefore the years provision to be made for them, is to be reckoned but as for half that number, viz. 912. These being divided by seven to bring them unto a proportion with the Beeves, will amount to 180, which added to the former hundred make 280, suppose three hundred. So then according to this supposition, there must be sufficient provision of hay in the second story to sustein three hundred Beeves for a whole year.

Now 'tis observed (saith Buteo) by Columella, who was very well ver∣sed in the experiments of Husbandry, that thirty or forty pound of hay is ordinarily sufficient for an Ox for one day, reckoning twelve ounces in the pound. But we will suppose forty of our pounds. And 'tis asserted by Buteo upon his own tryal and experience, that a solid cubit of dryed hay, compressed, as it uses to be, when it hath lain any considerable time in Mows or Reeks, doth weigh about forty pound; so that for three hundred Beeves for a whole year there must be 109500. such cubits of hay, (i. e.) 365. multiplied by 300. Now the second story being ten cubits high, three hundred long, and fifty broad, must contein 150000. solid cubits, which is more by 40500. then what is necessary for so much compressed hay; and will allow space enough both for any kind of beams and pillars necessary for the fabric, as likewise for other reposito∣ries, for such fruits, roots, grain or seed, as may be proper for the nourish∣ment of any of the other Animals. And likewise for such convenient passages and apertures in the floor as might be necessary for the putting down of the hay to the Stalls in the lower story. From which it is mani∣fest that the second story was sufficiently capacious of all those things de∣signed for it·

And then as for the third story; there can be no colour of doubt, but that one half of it will be abundantly sufficient for all the species of birds, tho they should be twice as many as are enumerated in the foregoing tables, together with food sufficient for their sustenance, because they are generally but of small bulk, and may easily be kept in several partiti∣ons or Cages over one another. Nor is there any reason to question, but that the other half would afford space enough both for Noah's family and utensils.

Upon the whole matter, it doth of the two, appear more difficult to as∣sign a sufficient number and bulk of necessary things, to answer the capa∣city of the Ark, rather then to find sufficient room for those several species of Animals already known. But because it may be reasonably presumed, that there are several other species of beasts and birds, especially in the undiscovered parts of the world, besides those here enumerated, therefore 'tis but reasonable to suppose the Ark to be of a bigger capacity, then

what may be sufficient for the things already known, and upon this ac∣count it may be asserted, that if such persons who are most expert in Phi∣losophy or Mathematicks, were now to assign the proportions of a Vessel that might be sutable to the ends here proposed, they could not (all things considered) find out any more accommodate to these purposes, then those here mentioned.

From what hath been said it may appear, that the measure and capa∣city of the Ark, which some Atheistical irreligious men make use of, as an argument against the Scripture, ought rather to be esteemed a most rational confirmation of the truth and divine authority of it. Especially if it be well considered, that in those first and ruder ages of the World, when men were less versed in Arts and Philosophy, and therefore pro∣bably more obnoxious to vulgar prejudices then now they are, yet the capacity and proportions of the Ark are so well adjusted to the things it was to contein; whereas if it had been a meer humane invention, 'tis most probable, that it would have been contrived according to those wild apprehensions, which (as I said before) do naturally arise from a more confused and general view of things, as much too big, as now such men are apt to think it too little, for those ends and purposes to which it was designed.

Notes

• * 1.1

  §. I.
• * 1.2

  §. II.
• * 1.3

  I. INSECTS▪ having no feet, or but six, being without wings.
• * 1.4

  Vermis. Lumbricus Intestinorum.
• * 1.5

  Hirudo. Limax.
• * 1.6

  Cicindela. Farinaria.
• * 1.7

  Proscarabeus.
• * 1.8

  Brucus. Blatta non alata.
• * 1.9

  Pediculus. Pulex.
• * 1.10

  Scorpio aqua∣ticus.
• * 1.11

  II. INSECTS winged, or having above six legs.
• * 1.12

  Locusta. Mantis.
• * 1.13

  Gryllus. Gryllo-talpa.
• * 1.14

  Cimex. Blatta alata.
• * 1.15

  Tipula. Cicada aqua∣tica.
• * 1.16

  Aranea. Scorpius.
• * 1.17

  Ricinus. Cimex.
• * 1.18

  Syro. Acaris
• * 1.19

  Tinea.
• * 1.20

  As••llus.
• * 1.21

  Scolopendra. Iulus.
• * 1.22

  Pediculus ma∣rinus. Pulex mari∣nus.
• * 1.23

  III. ANO∣MALOUS INSECTS.
• * 1.24

  Eula.
• * 1.25

  Phryganeum.
• * 1.26

  Spondyle.
• * 1.27

  Eruca. Bombix.
• * 1.28

  IV. NAKED WINGED INSECTS.
• * 1.29

  Apis. Bombilius.
• * 1.30

  Vespa. Crabro.
• * 1.31

  Musca car∣nari••. Musca slerco∣raria.
• * 1.32

  Formica. Culex.
• * 1.33

  Cicada. Musca papilio∣nacea.
• * 1.34

  Libella. Se••icauda.
• * 1.35

  Papil••o. Phalaena.
• * 1.36

  Praedatrix.
• * 1.37

  V. SHEATH∣ED WING∣ED IN∣SECTS.
• * 1.38

  Rhinoceros. Scarabaeus nasi-cornis.
• * 1.39

  Cervus volans. Buceros.
• * 1.40

  Capricornus. Scarabaeus Antennis no∣do••s.
• * 1.41

  Scarabaeus vulgaris. Scarabaeus Pi∣lularis.
• * 1.42

  Scarabaeus Arboreus.
• * 1.43

  Scarabaeus dome••••icus. Scarabaeus punctatus.
• * 1.44

  Staphilinus. Forficula.
• * 1.45

  Scarabaeus aquat. major. Scarabaeus aquat. minor.
• * 1.46

  Cicindela.
• * 1.47

  VI. CRU∣STACEOUS EXANGUI∣OUS ANI¦MALS.
• * 1.48

  Astacus. Lo••nsta mari∣na.
• * 1.49

  Vrsus mari∣nus.
• * 1.50

  As••acus fluvi∣at••lis.
• * 1.51

  Squilla. Squilla Man∣tis.
• * 1.52

  Cancellus.
• * 1.53

  Cancer vulga∣ris. Cancer Hera∣cleoticus.
• * 1.54

  Cancer majus. Cancer molu∣censis.
• * 1.55

  Cancer minor.
• * 1.56

  Aranea ma∣rina. Aranea cru∣stacea.
• * 1.57

  VII. TESTA∣CEOUS TURBINA∣TED ANI∣MALS.
• * 1.58

  Cochlea.
• * 1.59

  Concha Vene∣ris. Concha Per∣sica.
• * 1.60

  Auris marina.
• * 1.61

  VIII. TE∣STACEOUS ANIMALS NOT TUR∣BINATED.
• * 1.62

  Patella. Balanus.
• * 1.63

  Echinus. Echinus spa∣tagus.
• * 1.64

  Concha mar∣garitifera. Galades.
• * 1.65

  Ostrea. Spondylus.
• * 1.66

  Pecten. Pectuncalus.
• * 1.67

  Chama. Tellina.
• * 1.68

  Pinna. Musculus.
• * 1.69

  Pholas. Solen.
• * 1.70

  Bernicla.
• * 1.71

  IX. SOFT EXANGUI∣OUS ANI∣MALS.
• * 1.72

  Polypus. Bolitaena.
• * 1.73

  Sepia. Sepiola Ron∣deletii.
• * 1.74

  Loligo. Loligo rubra.
• * 1.75

  Lepus. Holothurius.
• * 1.76

  Pulmo mari∣nus.
• * 1.77

  Tethya. Vrtica ma∣rina.
• * 1.78

  §. III.
• * 1.79

  I. VIVIPA∣ROUS OB∣LONG FISH.
• * 1.80

  Balana. Dolphinus.
• * 1.81

  Pristis. Xiphias.
• * 1.82

  Canis carcha∣rias. Glaucus.
• * 1.83

  Mustelus levis. Asterias.
• * 1.84

  Galeus spinax. Centrina.
• * 1.85

  Catulus ma∣jor. Catulus mi∣nor.
• * 1.86

  Zygaena. Vulpecula.
• * 1.87

  Acipenser. Huso.
• * 1.88

  II. VIVIPA∣ROUS FISH NOT LONG AND ROUND.
• * 1.89

  Pastinaca. Aquila.
• * 1.90

  Raia Lavis. Raia clavata.
• * 1.91

  Torpedo. Rana pisca∣trix.
• * 1.92

  Squatina.
• * 1.93

  Mola. Lumpus.
• * 1.94

  III. OVIPA∣ROUS FISH of FLEXILE FINNS.
• * 1.95

  Molva. Asellus n••ger.
• * 1.96

  Asinus ami∣quorum. Asellus mollis.
• * 1.97

  Asellus longus. Merlucius.
• * 1.98

  Thynnus. Pelamis.
• * 1.99

  Scombrus.
• * 1.100

  Milvus. Hirundo Pli∣nii.
• * 1.101

  Gobius mari∣nus.
• * 1.102

  Harengus ma∣jor. Harengus mi∣nor.
• * 1.103

  Clupea.
• * 1.104

  Encrasicholus.
• * 1.105

  Acus. Petimbuaba.
• * 1.106

  IV. OVIPA∣ROUS FISH having one finn SPI∣NOUS, and the other FLEXILE.
• * 1.107

  Mugil.
• * 1.108

  Cuculus. Hirundo.
• * 1.109

  Lyra prior Rondeletii.
• * 1.110

  Mullus major. Mullus minor.
• * 1.111

  Draco.
• * 1.112

  Scolopax. Monoceros Clusii.
• * 1.113

  Ea••••r.
• * 1.114

  V. OVIPA∣ROUS FISH of ONE FINN, part∣ly STIFF, and partly SOFT.
• * 1.115

  Aurata. Sparus.
• * 1.116

  Scorpius ma∣jor. Scorpius mi∣nor.
• * 1.117

  Turdus.
• * 1.118

  Perca marina.
• * 1.119

  VI. EEL-FIGURED FISH.
• * 1.120

  Congrus.
• * 1.121

  Serpens mari∣nus.
• * 1.122

  Lampetra major. Lampetra mi∣nor.
• * 1.123

  Silurus. Mustela.
• * 1.124

  Anguilla.
• * 1.125

  VII. OVI∣PAROUS PLAIN FISH.
• * 1.126

  Solea. Solea oculata.
• * 1.127

  Cynoglossus.
• * 1.128

  Rhombus.
• * 1.129

  Passer. Passer niger.
• * 1.130

  VIII. FISHES OF A HARD CRUSTA∣CEOUS SKIN.
• * 1.131

  Piscis triangu∣laris. Piscis triangu∣laris coruntus.
• * 1.132

  Stella piscis·
• * 1.133

  IX. SQA∣MOUS RI∣VER FISH.
• * 1.134

  Lucius.
• * 1.135

  Salmo. Violacea.
• * 1.136

  Trutt••. Carpio.
• * 1.137

  Thymallus, Oxyrynchos.
• * 1.138

  Perca. Perca aurata▪
• * 1.139

  Cyprinus. Tinca.
• * 1.140

  Barbus. Capito.
• * 1.141

  Abramis. Rubellio.
• * 1.142

  Luciscus. Alburnus.
• * 1.143

  Gobio. Gobites bar∣batus,
• * 1.144

  Gobio Capita∣tus.
• * 1.145

  Phoximus. Pungitius.
• * 1.146

  § IV.
• * 1.147

  I. CARNI∣VOROUS BIRDS.
• * 1.148

  Aquila. Vultur.
• * 1.149

  Accipiter. Milvus.
• * 1.150

  Cuculus. Lanius.
• * 1.151

  Bubo cornu∣tus. Bubo non cor∣nutus.
• * 1.152

  Corvus. Cornia.
• * 1.153

  Monedula. Coracius.
• * 1.154

  Psittacus. Psittacus mi∣nor.
• * 1.155

  Pica candata. Pica glanda∣ria.
• * 1.156

  Picus martius.
• * 1.157

  Osprey.
• * 1.158

  Percnopteros.
• * 1.159

  Vultur Boeti∣cus. Ald.
• * 1.160

  Vultur aureus.
• * 1.161

  Accipiter Pa∣lumbarius. Accipiter frin∣gillar••us. Tinnunculus.
• * 1.162

  Iersalco.
• * 1.163

  Falco monta∣nus.
• * 1.164

  Falco.
• * 1.165

  Lanarius.
• * 1.166

  Subbuteo.
• * 1.167

  Aesalon.
• * 1.168

  Nilvus.
• * 1.169

  Buteo Trior∣chis.
• * 1.170

  Anataria.
• * 1.171

  Pygargus mi∣nor.
• * 1.172

  Vlula Aldro∣vandi.
• * 1.173

  Aluco.
• * 1.174

  Strix Aldro∣vandi. Caprimulgus.
• * 1.175

  Cornix frugif▪
• * 1.176

  Cornix Ciner:
• * 1.177

  Manucodiata.
• * 1.178

  Picus Marti∣us viridis.
• * 1.179

  Picus maxi∣mus niger.
• * 1.180

  Picus varius.
• * 1.181

  Iynx, Torquil∣la.
• * 1.182

  Sitta.
• * 1.183

  Picus murari∣us.
• * 1.184

  Certhia.
• * 1.185

  Iunco.
• * 1.186

  Canus varola.
• * 1.187

  II. PHYTI∣VOROUS BIRDS OF SHORT WINGS.
• * 1.188

  Gallus.
• * 1.189

  Pavo. Gallo-pavo.
• * 1.190

  Phasianus.
• * 1.191

  Otis.
• * 1.192

  Vrogallus. Tetrao.
• * 1.193

  Perdix. Perdix rutta.
• * 1.194

  Galli••a Coryl∣lorum.
• * 1.195

  Coturnix. Rallus.
• * 1.196

  Struthio-ca∣melus. ••meu.
• * 1.197

  III. PHY∣TIVOROUS BIRDS OF LONG WINGS.
• * 1.198

  Columba. Palambus tor∣quatus.
• * 1.199

  Oenas, Vinago. Turtur.
• * 1.200

  Turdus visci∣vorus. Turdus.
• * 1.201

  Stur••••s,
• * 1.202

  Turdus pila∣ris. Turdus ilia∣cus.
• * 1.203

  Merula.
• * 1.204

  Vpupa.
• * 1.205

  Apiast••r, Me∣rops. 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.206

  IV. PHYTI∣VOROUS BIRDS OF SHORT THICK BILLS.
• * 1.207

  Emberiza alba Gesneri Alanda con∣gener.
• * 1.208

  Cenchryamus Belloni••. Citrinella Hortulanus.
• * 1.209

  Passer. Passer mon∣tanus.
• * 1.210

  R••bicilla. Loxia.
• * 1.211

  Chloris. Passer Cana∣rius.
• * 1.212

  Fringilla, Monte-frin∣gilla.
• * 1.213

  Linaria. Linaria rubra.
• * 1.214

  V. INSECTI∣VOROUS, GREATER.
• * 1.215

  Hirundo. Hirundo apes.
• * 1.216

  Martes. Hirundo ripa∣ria.
• * 1.217

  Luscinia.
• * 1.218

  Alauda. Alauda pra∣tenys.
• * 1.219

  Rubecula. Ruticilla.
• * 1.220

  Ficedula. Oena••ths.
• * 1.221

  Motacilla. Motacilla fla∣va.
• * 1.222

  Muscicapa tertia Aldre∣vandi. Curruca.
• * 1.223

  VI. LEAST INSECTI∣VOROUS BIRDS.
• * 1.224

  Passer Troglo∣d••••••.
• * 1.225

  Ton••nius.
• * 1.226

  Tringillago.
• * 1.227

  Parus C••ru∣l••us. Parus ater.
• * 1.228

  Parus cauda∣tus. Parus Crista∣tus.
• * 1.229

  VII. AQUA∣TIC BIRDS living NEAR WET PLA∣CES.
• * 1.230

  Vanellus.
• * 1.231

  Pluvialis viri∣dis. Pluvialis ci∣nereus.
• * 1.232

  Morin••llus. Charadrios.
• * 1.233

  Hamatopus. Avis pugnax.
• * 1.234

  Scolopax. Gallinago mi∣nor.
• * 1.235

  Haemantopus▪ Belloni••. Fedoa.
• * 1.236

  Arquata.
• * 1.237

  VIII. AQUA∣TIC FISSI∣PEDES.
• * 1.238

  Grus.
• * 1.239

  Ciconia.
• * 1.240

  Ardea.
• * 1.241

  Ardea alba major. Ardea alba minor.
• * 1.242

  Ardea stellaris. Ardea Brasi∣lica.
• * 1.243

  Platea.
• * 1.244

  Colymbus ma∣jor. Colymbus mi∣nor.
• * 1.245

  Fulica.
• * 1.246

  Gallinula.
• * 1.247

  IX. AQU••∣TIC PAL∣MIPEDES.
• * 1.248

  Cygnus. Anser.
• * 1.249

  Ana••.
• * 1.250

  Penelope. Querquedula.
• * 1.251

  Onocrotalos▪
• * 1.252

  Corvus mari∣nus. Graculus pal∣mipes.
• * 1.253

  Anas arctica Clusii. Penguin.
• * 1.254

  Alca Wormii. Iomavia.
• * 1.255

  Mergus. Mergus ••irra∣tus.
• * 1.256

  Larus. Hirundo ma∣rina,
• * 1.257

  §. V.
• * 1.258

  I. WHOLE FOOTED BEASTS.
• * 1.259

  Equus.
• * 1.260

  Asinus. Mulus.
• * 1.261

  Lev. 11.4.26.
• * 1.262

  Camelus.
• * 1.263

  Eliphas.
• * 1.264

  II. CLOVEN FOOTED BEASTS.
• * 1.265

  Bos.
• * 1.266

  Ovis. Caper.
• * 1.267

  Alcis. Cervus.
• * 1.268

  Dama. Rangifer.
• * 1.269

  Capreolus.
• * 1.270

  Rhinoceros.
• * 1.271

  Camelopardus.
• * 1.272

  Porcus.
• * 1.273

  Ibex.
• * 1.274

  Gimpse Rupi∣capra. Gazel.
• * 1.275

  III. CLAW∣ED NOT RAPACI∣OUS.
• * 1.276

  Papio. Simia.
• * 1.277

  C••rcopithecus. Ignavus.
• * 1.278

  Levit. 11.
• * 1.279

  Lepus.
• * 1.280

  Cuniculus. Mus Alpinus.
• * 1.281

  Histrix. Echinus.
• * 1.282

  Sciurus,
• * 1.283

  Sorex. Mus domes••i∣cus.
• * 1.284

  Talpa.
• * 1.285

  Mus Norva∣gicus.
• * 1.286

  Mus Araneus.
• * 1.287

  Mus Avella∣narum.
• * 1.288

  Vespertilio.
• * 1.289

  IV. RAPA∣CIOUS CAT-KIND.
• * 1.290

  Leo. Vrsus,
• * 1.291

  Tigris. Pardus.
• * 1.292

  Lynx.
• * 1.293

  Catus. Zibetta.
• * 1.294

  Viverra. Putorius.
• * 1.295

  Martes.
• * 1.296

  Mustela.
• * 1.297

  Castor. Lutra.
• * 1.298

  V. RAPA∣CIOUS DOG-KIND.
• * 1.299

  Canis. Lupus.
• * 1.300

  Vulpes. Taxus.
• * 1.301

  Phocas.
• * 1.302

  Lupus aureus.
• * 1.303

  Tamandua. Ta••u.
• * 1.304

  S••••ivulpes.
• * 1.305

  VI. OVIPA∣ROUS BEASTS.
• * 1.306

  Testudo. Testudo mari∣na.
• * 1.307

  Rana. Bufo.
• * 1.308

  Crocodilus.
• * 1.309

  Lacerta. Chamal••••.
• * 1.310

  Salamandra terrestris. Salamandra aquatica.
• * 1.311

  Serp••n••.
• * 1.312

  Katrin t••••∣quata. Vipera.
• * 1.313

  Ca••illa.
• * 1.314

  §. VI.
• * 1.315

  1 Sam. 17.4.