An essay towards a real character, and a philosophical language by John Wilkins ...

Of Birds.

BIRDS may be distinguished by their usual place of living, their food, bigness,* 1.1 shape, use and other qualities, into

• Terrestrial; living chiefly on dry land; whether
  • CARNIVOROUS; feeding chiefly on Flesh. I.
  • PHYTIVOROUS; feeding on Vegetables; whether
    • Of short round wings; less fit for flight. II.
    • Of long wings; and swifter flight; having their Bills; either more
      • LONG AND SLENDER; comprehending the Pidgeon and Thrush-kind. III.
      • SHORT AND THICK; comprehending the Bunting and Spar∣row-kind. IV.
  • Insectivorous; feeding chiefly on Insects; (tho several of them do likewise sometimes feed on Seeds) having slender streight bills to thrust into holes, for the pecking out of Insects; whether the
    • GREATER KIND. V.
    • LEAST KIND. VI.
• Aquatic; living either
  • About and NEAR WATERY PLACES. VII.
  • In waters; whether
    • FISSIPEDES; having the toes of their feet divided. VIII.
    • PALMIPEDES; having the toes of their feet united by a mem∣brane. IX.

* 1.2I. CARNIVOROUS BIRDS, may be distinguished into such as are either

• Rapacious; living upon the prey of other Animals, having hooked beaks and talons, amongst which the females are generally more large strong and fierce.
  • Diurnal; preying in the day time.
    • The bigger and stronger kind; noted either for quick Sight, or Sent; the latter of which is by Gesner distinguished from the former, that the beak of it, doth not grow crooked immediately from the root, but only at the end or tip of it.
      1.
      • EAGLE.
      • * 1.3VULTUR.
    • The middle kind; being either made use of and trained up by Men for the catching of other Birds, of which there are great varieties, distinguishable by their manner of flight, bigness, shape, the Birds they prey upon, &c. or such others as are of near affinity to these, but not commonly used to this purpose.
      2.
      • * 1.4HAWK.
      • KITE, Buzzard, Glede,
    • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • The least kind; the former having prominent nostrils, being well known by his voice: the other with a processus on the outside of the upper mandible.
      3.
      • CUCKOO.* 1.5
      • BUTCHER BIRD.
  • Nocturnal; preying in the night, having broad faces, and great eyes; ‖ of which, some have tufts of feathers standing out like long ears, or horns: others being without such tufts.
    4.
    • OWL HORNED.* 1.6
    • OWL NOT HORNED.
• Semirapacious; feeding commonly either on Carrion, or other things, and more seldome on living Animals.
  • The Crow-kind; having a bill somewhat large and strait; ‖ amongst which, those that are most common with us, are of a deep black co∣lour, in their bodies
    • The bigger kind; Greater: or Less.
      5.
      • RAVEN.* 1.7
      • CROW.
    • The lesser kind; having a mixture of dark brown with black: or be∣ing wholly black on the body, with red bill and legs.
      6.
      • DAW.
      • CHOUGH.* 1.8
  • The Parret-kind; of hooked bills, having two toes before, and two behind, considerable for the variety of beautiful colours, and the imitation of speech; ‖ the Greater: or the Less.
    7.
    • PARRET.* 1.9
    • PARAQUETO.
  • The Py-kind; of a chattering voice, having many notes; ‖ either pyed with black and white, with a long train: or having some of the smal∣ler feathers on each wing, variegated with blew and black.
    8.
    • MAGPY, Py.
    • JAY.* 1.10
  • The Woodpecker-kind; climbing upon trees and walls, in order to which they are furnished with strong feathers in their train, to sup∣port them in climbing and pecking; ‖ of which there are various species, reducible to these two kinds; such as have a very long tongue, with two claws behind and two before: or such as have shorter tongues, and but one toe behind.
    9.
    • WOODPECKER OF LONG TONGUES.
    • WOODPECKER OF SHORTER TONGUES.* 1.11

That kind of Eagle, which is

• Of a dark yellow colour, having legs feathered down to the foot called. Chrysaetos.
• Black all over, excepting a white spot between the shoulders on the back. called. Melanaetus.
• With a ring of white on his tail. called. Pygargus.
• * 1.12Feeding on Fish. called. Ossifragus.

That kind of Vulture noted for

• * 1.13Having his head and part of neck bare of feathers called Bald Vulture.
• * 1.14Being of a Chesnut colour, and feathered down to the toes. called Chesnut colou∣red Vulture.
• * 1.15Being of a yellowish colour, very great, having some of the feathers of the wing, three foot long. called Golden Vulture.

Hawks are usually distinguished into such are

• Short winged; having their wings considerably shorter then their trains, of which there are usually reckoned three kinds.
  • * 1.16The biggest of this kind called Fem. Goshawk, Male Tarcell.
  • The lesser of this kind; either ha∣ving
    • Transverse streaks of yellow.
    • ...Oblong streaks.
    called F. Sparrowhawk, M. Musket. Kestril.
• Long winged; having their wings equal to, if not longer then their trains, of which there are usually reckoned these six kinds, noted for
  • * 1.17A whitish colour, but spotted on the back with black spots. called F. Gerfalcon, M. Ierkin.
  • * 1.18Having a fastigiated or rising head, being of an ash colour. called Mountain Falcon.
  • * 1.19A thick head and flat, a short neck, and striking with the breast. called F. Falcon, M. Tarcel.
  • * 1.20Having a blewish bill and legs. called F. Lanner, M. Lanneret.
  • * 1.21Having a white spot behind his eyes on each side. called Hobby.
  • * 1.22Being the least of all Hawks. called F. Merlin, M. Iack-Merlin.

Kites may be distinguished into such as are noted for

• * 1.23Having a very forked Train. called Common Kite.
• * 1.24Being or seeming bald on the head, having a round train, feeding on young Rabbets. called Common Buzzard.
  • * 1.25Feeding on Fish. called Bald Buzzard.
• * 1.26Being of a white or ash colour, with a white streak on the Train. called Ring-tail.

Lanius or Butcher bird, is of three several kinds, noted either for being

• Of a reddish colour on the back, the most common somewhat bigger then a Spar∣row. called Lanius vulgaris.
• Particoloured, of the same bigness with the former. called
• Ash-coloured, about the bigness of a Black-bird. called Lanius cinereus major.

Owls horned are of three kinds, namely such as are noted for being

• Of the bigness of an Eagle, feathered down to the toes. called Bubo.
• Of the bigness of a tame Dove. called Otus, Asio.
• Of the bigness of a Missle bird, with a single feather on each side for a horn. called Scops.

Owls not horned, are of five kinds, namely such as are noted for

• Having a border of feathers about the face, the legs feathered and toes hairy, about the bigness of a Pidgeon. called Our common white
• Having a ring of white feathers about each eye, a white bill, hairy legs and feet.* 1.27 called Owl, living in Barns.* 1.28
• Being of a darker colour, living in Ivy-bushes. called Our common field Owl.* 1.29
• Being like a Cuckoo, having a short small bill, but a wide mouth. called Goat-sucker.
• Being the least of all, not bigger then a Black-bird. called Noctua.

Crows are usually distinguished into three kinds, namely that which is

• Carnivorous. called Crow.
• Frugivorous, of a black colour; gregarious, building their nests together. called Rook.* 1.30
• Frugivorous, party coloured; black and cinereous. called Roiston Crow.* 1.31

To the Py-kind, those other birds may be reduced which are noted for having

• The wings and head of a bright azure. called Roller Argentoratensis.
• A dark colour spotted with white. called Caryocatastes.
• A tuft of feathers on his head. called Garrulus Bohemicus.
• A bill bigger then his whole body. called Toucan.
• A large bill, with a kind of horn reversed upon the bill. called Rhinoceros.
• Two long strings like the small naked stemm of a feather reaching from the back beyond the train, and strong legs and claws. called Bird of Paradise.* 1.32

These three last exotic Birds are not perhaps so proper to this tribe, but I know not at present how to reduce them better.

To the first sort of the Woodpecker-kind, those Birds may be reduced which are noted for

• Being Greater; of a
  • Greenish colour, and a black spot on the head of the male. called Woodspite.* 1.33
  • Black colour, excepting a red spot upon the head of the Cock. called Hickwall.* 1.34
• Being of a lesser magnitude, about the bigness of a Black-bird, variegated with black and white, with a red spot on the head of the Cock. called Witwall, Hiho.* 1.35
• Holding the head on one side, somewhat bigger then a Sparrow, of a brownish colour. called Wry-neck.* 1.36

To the second sort of the Woodpecker-kind, those other Birds may be re∣duced, which are noted for

• An Ash colour, being about the bigness of a Sparrow. called Nuthatch.* 1.37
• A long slender bill, being about the bigness of a Sparrow. called Wall-creeper.* 1.38
• A long slender bill, being a little bigger then a Wren. called Ox-eye-creeper▪* 1.39
• Being about the same colour and bigness as a Lark, and noted for climbing upon Reeds. called Reed-Sparrow.* 1.40
• A greenish colour, and less. called Lesser Reed-Sparrow.* 1.41

* 1.42II. PHYTIVOROUS BIRDS OF SHORT WINGS, less fit for flight; may be distinguished into such as are

• Flying; such as can bear up their bodies (tho with some difficulty) by the motion of their wings, for some considerable time and space, ha∣ving generally shorter bills, being pulveratricious, of whitish flesh, most proper for food, having gizzards (i. e.) strong musculous stomacks, lay∣ing many Eggs, called the Poultry-kind.
  • ...Domestic;
    1.
    • The most common; having the train compressed upwards. COCK,* 1.43 Hen, Capon, Chicken, Pullet, Poultry.
    • Less common; having an elegant train, which is sometimes turned up and spread, and spurs on the legs; ‖ either that whose colours are more elegant and beautiful, having a tuft on the head: or that which is less beautiful.
      2.
      • * 1.44PEACOCK.
      • TURKY.
  • Wild; either the
    • ...Bigger kind;
      • Living chiefly in woods; the former being distinguishable by ha∣ving a long train wherein the feathers do gradually increase to∣wards the middle: the other, by being feathered on the legs.
        3.
        • PHEASANT.
        • * 1.45ATTAGEN
      • Living in open fields; having no heel or back-claw; ‖ either the greater, being about the bigness of a Turky: or the less, being about the bigness of a Pheasant.
        4.
        • * 1.46BUSTARD.
        • ANAS CAMPESTRIS BELLONII.
      • Being serrate on each side of the claws, and hairy to the toes; ‖ either the bigger, feeding usually on fine leaves: or the less, feeding on Heath, of a black colour, the feathers of the train reversed sidewayes.
        5.
        • * 1.47COCK OF THE WOOD.
        • HEATH COCK, Grous, Pout.
    • Middle kind; of a short train, to be further distinguished by their
      • Reddish Breasts; with the figure of a Horshooe: or having a red bill and legs.
        6.
        • * 1.48PARTRIDGE.
        • RED PARTRIDGE.
      • Hairy legs; ‖ either that which hath a black spot under the bill: or that which is wholly white excepting some black on the train, be∣ing hairy to the very nails or claws, living on the Alps.
        7.
        • * 1.49HAZLE HEN.
        • LAGOPUS.
    • Least poultry-kind; ‖ either that which hath a short train, a small back toe: or that which is of a deep body compressed upwards, ha∣ving longer legs, with a bill more like a Water-hen.
      8.
      • QUAILE.
      • * 1.50RAILE.
• Not flying; being the biggest of all Birds; the one having only two, and the other three claws.
  9.
  • * 1.51ESTRICH.
  • CASSAWARE, Emew.

III. PHYTIVOROUS BIRDS OF LONG WINGS,* 1.52 and swifter flight, having their bills more long and slender, may be distinguished into the

• Pidgeon-kind; laying but two Eggs. The
  • Bigger; whether the most common and domestic, of great variety of colours, living in houses: or that which lives in woods, of an ash co∣lour, having a ring of white about the neck
    1
    • PIDGEON, Dove.* 1.53
    • RING-DOVE, Queest.
  • Lesser; ‖ either that which hath a reddish breast: or that which is ge∣nerally marked on each side of the neck with azure and black, except some that are wholly white, being the least of this kind.
    2.
    • STOCK-DOVE.
    • TURTLE.* 1.54
• Thrush-kind; of a lesser magnitude then Pidgeons, and longer trains in pro∣portion to their wings, laying more Eggs then two, being generally bacci∣vorous.
  • ...Speckled on the breast;
    • Canorous; considerable for having the bill
      • More round; being of a dunnish green on the back, feeding on Missle berries; ‖ the Greater: or the Lesser.
        3.
        • MISSLE-BIRD, Shreight.
        • THRUSH, Throstle, Mavis, Song-Thrush.* 1.55
      • More flat; spotted either with whitish, or reddish spots: the latter of which hath likewise a reddish tail
        4.
        • STARE, Starling.
        • MERULA SAXATILIS, Ruticilla major.* 1.56
    • Not Canorous; being Birds of passage, coming only in Winter; the Greater: or the Lesser.
      5.
      • FELDEFARE.* 1.57
      • REDWING, Swinepipe.
  • ...Not speckled on the breast;
    • ...Less beautiful for their colours;
      • Canorous; ‖ either that which is more black, with yellow bills and legs: or less black, having some dark shining blew on the back, being somewhat waved on the breast.
        6.
        • BLACKBIRD.
        • PASSER SOLITARIUS.* 1.58
      • Not canorous; ‖ either that which hath on the breast an Area of white: or that which is of an ash colour.
        7.
        • MERULA TORQUATA.
        • MERULA MONTANA.
    • ...More beautiful for their colours;
      • The Greater; ‖ either that which hath a reddish bill, the wings and train black, the rest of the body bright yellow: or that which hath a long black bill, a long crest of feathers upon the head, tipped with black, with transverse streaks of black and white upon the wings.
        8.
        • GALBULA.
        • HOOP.
      • The Lesser;* 1.59 having the three foremost toes joyned together to the first joynt, without any membrane, the outmost and middle toe, to the second joynt; ‖ either the bigger, having a Bill somewhat crooked:* 1.60 the lesser, having a strait strong bill.
        9.
        • BEE-EATER.
        • KING-FISHER, Alcyon.

* 1.61IV. PHYTIVOROUS BIRDS OF SHORT, THICK, strong BILLS, being generally Granivorous, may be distinguished into such as do belong either to the

• Bunting-kind; having a hard knob in the pallate of the mouth.
  • The bigger; being Canorous.
    1.
    • * 1.62BUNTING.
  • The Lesser; not esteemed for singing; ‖ either that of a yellowish bo∣dy: or that which is yellow about the throat.
    2.
    • * 1.63YELLOW-HAMMER.
    • HORTULANE.
• Sparrow-kind; without such a knob in the mouth.
  • ...Not canorous;
    • The more common and lesser kind; living either about houses: or in mountains, having a reddish head.
      3.
      • * 1.64SPARROW.
      • MOUNTAIN SPARROW.
    • The less common and greater kind; with a bigger stronger bill then the other, to break the stones of fruits for their kernels; ‖ either that without a crest: or that with one.
      4.
      • COCOTHRAUSTES.
      • COCOTHRAUSTES CRISTATUS INDICUS.
  • ...Canorous;
    • Bigger; ‖ either that with a great head and a red breast: or that with a cross bill, the upper and lower part crossing each other towards the middle, said to sing in Winter
      5.
      • * 1.65BULL-FINCH, Alpe, Nope.
      • SHELL-APPLE, Cross-bill.
    • Lesser; considerable for their different colours; being either
      • Greenish; the Bigger: or Lesser.
        6.
        • * 1.66GREENFINCH.
        • CANARY BIRD.
      • ...Brownish;
        • The Bigger; ‖ either that whose breast is of a dilutered: or that which is variegated with black on the head.
          7.
          • * 1.67CHAFFINCH.
          • BRAMBLE, Brambling.
        • The Lesser; not red about the bill: or red about the bill.
          8.
          • * 1.68LINNET.
          • RED LINNET.

V. INSECTIVOROUS the GREATER,* 1.69 may be distinguished in∣to such as are of

• Swifter flight; comprehending the Swallow-kind, of long wings, fork∣ed trains, short legs, being much upon the wing, Birds of passage, coming in Summer.
  • The greater; building in Chymneys, variegated with black and white, having a red spot on the breast: or building in Churches, of a black∣ish colour, very short feet, the biggest of this kind.
    1.
    • SWALLOW.* 1.70
    • SWIFT, Martlet, Church-Martin.
  • The lesser; building about houses, of a white rump, and feathered down to the toes: or building in banks, with a broad spot on the breast.
    2.
    • MARTIN.* 1.71
    • SAND-MARTIN, Shore-bird.
• ...Slower flight;
  • Canorous; considerable for
    • Singing in the night; being of a dark reddish colour.
      3.
      • NIGHTINGALE.* 1.72
    • Having a long heel; the greater: or the less, living in watery places.
      4.
      • LARK.* 1.73
      • TIT-LARK.
    • Having a red breast; or a red train.
      5.
      • ROBIN REDBREAST, Ruddock.* 1.74
      • REDSTART.
  • Not Canorous; considerable for
    • The delicacy and fatness of their flesh; ‖ living either amongst Figs, of which there are several varieties, the most common and best known, being from his black head called Atricapilla: or living in holes of the ground, and having a white rump.
      3.
      • BECCAFIGO.* 1.75
      • WHEAT-EAR.
    • Having a long train, and frequently moving it; ‖ either the more common one, which is black and white: or that which is less com∣mon, of a yellow colour.
      7.
      • WAGTAIL.* 1.76
      • YELLOW WAGTAIL.
    • Living; ‖ either upon stony places or open Heaths: or that which creeps in hedges, having the back like that of a common Sparrow, the breast of a Lead colour, with a black bill.
      4.
      • STONE SMICH.* 1.77
      • HEDGE SPARROW.

* 1.78VI. The LEAST kind of INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS, may be di∣stributed into such as are

• Canorous; whether of a
  • Greenish colour in the body; to be further distinguished by the colour of the
    • Head; ‖ either that of a black: or that of a yellow head.
      1
      • LIGURINUS.
      • SERINUS.
    • Neck; being of an ash colour.
      2.
      • CITRINELLA.
  • Brownish colour; and spotted, the train more erect.
    3.
    • * 1.79WREN.
• Not Canorous; being either
  • Greenish; considerable for
    • Having a tuft of yellow, or red feathers upon the head: or being in other respects of the same shape with this, but only wanting such a tuft.
      4.
      • REGULUS CRISTATUS.
      • REGULUS NON CRISTATUS.
    • Making a humming noise; of which there are several varieties not yet sufficiently described.
      5.
      • HUMMING BIRD.
  • * 1.80Variegated with black and white;
    • The bigger; with a broad black spot down the breast;
      6.
      • * 1.81GREAT TITMOUSE.
    • The lesser; considerable for having
      • A blewish head: or a black head.
        7.
        • * 1.82TITMOUSE.
        • COLEMOUSE.
      • A long train: or a Tuft on the head.
        8.
        • * 1.83LONG TAILED TIT.
        • CRESTED TIT.

VII. AQUATIC BIRDS living about and NEAR WET PLACES,* 1.84 having longer legs, and long slender bills for their more convenient going and fetching up their food in such places, may be distinguished into

• The Plover-kind; whose bills are about one inch and a quarter long.
  • The bigger; having
    • A tuft on the head; being in the body and wings of a dark and white colour.
      1.
      • LAPWING, Puet.
    • No tuft; ‖ either that of a greenish colour, wanting a back claw:* 1.85 or that of a grey colour with a very small back claw.
      2.
      • GREEN PLOVER.* 1.86
      • GREY PLOVER.
  • The lesser; being without any back claw: ‖ either that of a greyish colour, caught by imitation: or that which hath a black fillet about the eyes, and a forked train.
    3.
    • DOTTEREL.
    • SEA LARK.* 1.87
• The Redshank-kind; whose bills are about two inches long.
  • The bigger; considerable for
    • Having a red bill and legs: or for having a kind of ruffe about the neck of the males, of great variety of colours, being pugnacious.
      4.
      • REDSHANK.* 1.88
      • RUFFE.
    • Being mixed of black and white; ‖ whether the greater, having transverse streaks of black and white on the train: or the lesser, ha∣ving only the exterior feathers of the train white.
      5.
      • TRINGA MAJOR.
      • TRINGA MINOR.
  • The lesser; having white bellies; ‖ either that whose back is grey: or that of a dark brown colour.
    6.
    • KNOT.
    • STINT.
• The Woodcock-kind; whose bills are about three inches long; whether having
  • ...Strait bills;
    • Frequenting fresh waters; of a fulvous colour spotted; ‖ the greater: or the less; the male of which latter is much less, and of a shorter bill then the female.
      7.
      • WOODCOCK.
      • SNIPE.* 1.89
    • Frequenting salt waters; ‖ either that of a black and white colour, with red bill and legs, wanting a Postica: or that of a grey colour, having a Postica.
      8.
      • SEA PY▪
      • GODWIT.* 1.90
  • Crooked bills; ‖ either that of a grey colour: or that whose feathers are of an elegant scarlet, excepting the wings, which are black.
    9.
    • CURLEW.
    • GUARA BRASILEANA.* 1.91

* 1.92VIII. AQUATIC BIRDS, living much in the water, being FISSI∣PEDES, ‖ may be distinguished into such as are,

• Not swimming; but wading; comprehending the Crane-kind, having long necks and legs, long and strong bills; whether
  • Sharp pointed bills; either such whose necks are
    • Longer; considerable for
      • Building in Fenny places; being hairy on the head, having the wind-pipe reversed in the form of the Letter S, and being Herbivo∣rous: or building on Houses and Chymneys, of a black and white colour, with red legs and bill, making a noise by the collision of the beak▪ being Piscivorous.
        1.
        • * 1.93CRANE.
        • * 1.94STORK.
      • Having a thicker bill; somewhat crooked and shorter then the o∣thers of this tribe, with scarlet coloured wings; or having a tuft of bristles on the head.
        2.
        • PHAENICOPTER.
        • GRUS BALEARICA.
      • Being of an ash colour, having a tuft of feathers standing out behind the head, building on trees; being Piscivorous, with one blind gut; ‖ either the greater: or the lesser.
        3.
        • HEARN.
        • * 1.95ARDEA CINEREA MINOR.
      • Being of a white colour; in other respects like the former; the greater: or the lesser.
        4.
        • * 1.96GREATER WHITE HEARN.
        • LESSER WHITE HEARN.
    • Shorter neck; ‖ either that which is fulvous and spotted, being Pisci∣vorous, having one blind gut: or that which is white with a red bill.
      5.
      • * 1.97BITTOUR.
      • BRASILEAN BITTOUR.
  • Broad and round pointed bill; like a Spoon, Piscivorous, of a white colour.
    6.
    • * 1.98SHOVELAR, Spoon-bill.
• Swimming; either
  • The Diving-kind; being much under water, and finn-footed, viz. with a membrane standing off on each side of the toes, having downy feathers, and wanting a train; ‖ either the greater, having a longer bill: or the lesser, having a shorter bill.
    7.
    • * 1.99GREAT DIDAPPER, Dabehick.
    • LITTLE DIDAPPER.
  • The More-hen-kind; whose bodies are somewhat compressed side∣wayes; whether
    • Finn-footed; having a membrane of Scollopt edges on each side of the toes, a bald head, being of a black colour.
      8.
      • * 1.100COOT.
    • Not finn-footed; ‖ either the greater, which hath a little red baldness: or the lesser, having a long red bill.
      9.
      • MOOR-HEN, Water-hen.
      • * 1.101GALLINULA SERICA,

IX. AQUATIC PALMIPEDE Birds,* 1.102 whose toes are joyned together with a membrane, may be distinguished into such whose bills are either

• Flat and blunt; being Herbivorous.
  • The greater; ‖ either the biggest of a white colour, having black legs: or the lesser, the males of which are commonly white.
    1.
    • SWAN, Cygnet.
    • GOOSE, Gander, Gosling.* 1.103
  • The middle kind; ‖ either the bigger, of a beautiful colour, the head of a dark green, the body white, with large spots of orange colour: or the lesser, having reddish legs.
    2.
    • SHELDRAKE.
    • DRAKE, Duck
  • The least kind; ‖ either the bigger,* 1.104 having the bill and legs of a lead colour: or the lesser, being from the eyes to the hinder part of the head of a greenish colour.
    3.
    • WIDGIN.
    • TEALE.* 1.105
• Sharp; being generally Piscivorous.
  • The Solan-goose kind; having the four toes joyned together; ‖ whether
    • White; ‖ either that which hath a long bill, hooked at the end, laying but one Egg: or having a great bag under the bill.
      4.
      • SOLAN-GOOSE.
      • PELLICAN.* 1.106
    • Black; the greater, used for catching of Fish: or the lesser.
      5.
      • CORMORANT.* 1.107
      • SHAGG.
  • The Puffin-kind; frequenting desart Islands, wanting a postica, going upright, laying but one Egg; whether such as build their nests
    • Within the ground; in holes; ‖ either that which is more common in Europe, having the top of the head, the back, wings and train of a black colour, the rest white, the bill somewhat compressed upwards, short, of a triangular figure, and red at the point: to which may be adjoyned that American Bird, of a like shape to this, but bigger.
      6.
      • PUFFIN.
      • PENGUIN.* 1.108
    • On the ground; chiefly rocky places, making their nests together; ‖ either that with a compressed black bill, hooked at the end, having a white line on either side: or that of a longer bill, less sharp, not hooked.
      7.
      • RAZOR-BILL.
      • GUILLAM.* 1.109
  • The Diving-kind; being much under water, having round serrate bills, hooked at the end; ‖ either that which is variegated with black and white: or that which is of a cinereous colour on the back, with a red head, and a tuft upon it.
    8.
    • DIVER.* 1.110
    • DUNN DIVER.
  • The Gull kind, being much upon the wing as Swallows, commonly of an ash colour; ‖ either the bigger: or the lesser, having red bill and legs, with a forked train.
    9.
    • GULL, Sea-mew.* 1.111
    • SEA SWALLOW, S••ray.

Besides the common sort of Swans, there is a wild kind, called Hooper, having the wind-pipe going down to the bottom of the breast-bone, and then reversed upwards in the figure of the Letter S.

Besides the common Goose, there are several sorts of wild ones, whereof one is black from the breast to the middle of the belly, called Brant Goose, Bernicla, or Brenta.

To the Widgeon-kind may be reduced that other fowl, about the same bigness, the two middle feathers of whose train do extend to a great length, called Sea-Pheasant, Anas cauda acuta.

To the Teal-kind should be reduced that other fowl, of the like shape and bigness, but being white where the other is green, called Gargane.

To the Gull-kind, doth belong that other Bird, of a long slender bill bending upwards, called Avogetta recurvi-rostra.

Notes

• * 1.1

  § IV.
• * 1.2

  I. CARNI∣VOROUS BIRDS.
• * 1.3

  Aquila. Vultur.
• * 1.4

  Accipiter. Milvus.
• * 1.5

  Cuculus. Lanius.
• * 1.6

  Bubo cornu∣tus. Bubo non cor∣nutus.
• * 1.7

  Corvus. Cornia.
• * 1.8

  Monedula. Coracius.
• * 1.9

  Psittacus. Psittacus mi∣nor.
• * 1.10

  Pica candata. Pica glanda∣ria.
• * 1.11

  Picus martius.
• * 1.12

  Osprey.
• * 1.13

  Percnopteros.
• * 1.14

  Vultur Boeti∣cus. Ald.
• * 1.15

  Vultur aureus.
• * 1.16

  Accipiter Pa∣lumbarius. Accipiter frin∣gillar••us. Tinnunculus.
• * 1.17

  Iersalco.
• * 1.18

  Falco monta∣nus.
• * 1.19

  Falco.
• * 1.20

  Lanarius.
• * 1.21

  Subbuteo.
• * 1.22

  Aesalon.
• * 1.23

  Nilvus.
• * 1.24

  Buteo Trior∣chis.
• * 1.25

  Anataria.
• * 1.26

  Pygargus mi∣nor.
• * 1.27

  Vlula Aldro∣vandi.
• * 1.28

  Aluco.
• * 1.29

  Strix Aldro∣vandi. Caprimulgus.
• * 1.30

  Cornix frugif▪
• * 1.31

  Cornix Ciner:
• * 1.32

  Manucodiata.
• * 1.33

  Picus Marti∣us viridis.
• * 1.34

  Picus maxi∣mus niger.
• * 1.35

  Picus varius.
• * 1.36

  Iynx, Torquil∣la.
• * 1.37

  Sitta.
• * 1.38

  Picus murari∣us.
• * 1.39

  Certhia.
• * 1.40

  Iunco.
• * 1.41

  Canus varola.
• * 1.42

  II. PHYTI∣VOROUS BIRDS OF SHORT WINGS.
• * 1.43

  Gallus.
• * 1.44

  Pavo. Gallo-pavo.
• * 1.45

  Phasianus.
• * 1.46

  Otis.
• * 1.47

  Vrogallus. Tetrao.
• * 1.48

  Perdix. Perdix rutta.
• * 1.49

  Galli••a Coryl∣lorum.
• * 1.50

  Coturnix. Rallus.
• * 1.51

  Struthio-ca∣melus. ••meu.
• * 1.52

  III. PHY∣TIVOROUS BIRDS OF LONG WINGS.
• * 1.53

  Columba. Palambus tor∣quatus.
• * 1.54

  Oenas, Vinago. Turtur.
• * 1.55

  Turdus visci∣vorus. Turdus.
• * 1.56

  Stur••••s,
• * 1.57

  Turdus pila∣ris. Turdus ilia∣cus.
• * 1.58

  Merula.
• * 1.59

  Vpupa.
• * 1.60

  Apiast••r, Me∣rops. 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.61

  IV. PHYTI∣VOROUS BIRDS OF SHORT THICK BILLS.
• * 1.62

  Emberiza alba Gesneri Alanda con∣gener.
• * 1.63

  Cenchryamus Belloni••. Citrinella Hortulanus.
• * 1.64

  Passer. Passer mon∣tanus.
• * 1.65

  R••bicilla. Loxia.
• * 1.66

  Chloris. Passer Cana∣rius.
• * 1.67

  Fringilla, Monte-frin∣gilla.
• * 1.68

  Linaria. Linaria rubra.
• * 1.69

  V. INSECTI∣VOROUS, GREATER.
• * 1.70

  Hirundo. Hirundo apes.
• * 1.71

  Martes. Hirundo ripa∣ria.
• * 1.72

  Luscinia.
• * 1.73

  Alauda. Alauda pra∣tenys.
• * 1.74

  Rubecula. Ruticilla.
• * 1.75

  Ficedula. Oena••ths.
• * 1.76

  Motacilla. Motacilla fla∣va.
• * 1.77

  Muscicapa tertia Aldre∣vandi. Curruca.
• * 1.78

  VI. LEAST INSECTI∣VOROUS BIRDS.
• * 1.79

  Passer Troglo∣d••••••.
• * 1.80

  Ton••nius.
• * 1.81

  Tringillago.
• * 1.82

  Parus C••ru∣l••us. Parus ater.
• * 1.83

  Parus cauda∣tus. Parus Crista∣tus.
• * 1.84

  VII. AQUA∣TIC BIRDS living NEAR WET PLA∣CES.
• * 1.85

  Vanellus.
• * 1.86

  Pluvialis viri∣dis. Pluvialis ci∣nereus.
• * 1.87

  Morin••llus. Charadrios.
• * 1.88

  Hamatopus. Avis pugnax.
• * 1.89

  Scolopax. Gallinago mi∣nor.
• * 1.90

  Haemantopus▪ Belloni••. Fedoa.
• * 1.91

  Arquata.
• * 1.92

  VIII. AQUA∣TIC FISSI∣PEDES.
• * 1.93

  Grus.
• * 1.94

  Ciconia.
• * 1.95

  Ardea.
• * 1.96

  Ardea alba major. Ardea alba minor.
• * 1.97

  Ardea stellaris. Ardea Brasi∣lica.
• * 1.98

  Platea.
• * 1.99

  Colymbus ma∣jor. Colymbus mi∣nor.
• * 1.100

  Fulica.
• * 1.101

  Gallinula.
• * 1.102

  IX. AQU••∣TIC PAL∣MIPEDES.
• * 1.103

  Cygnus. Anser.
• * 1.104

  Ana••.
• * 1.105

  Penelope. Querquedula.
• * 1.106

  Onocrotalos▪
• * 1.107

  Corvus mari∣nus. Graculus pal∣mipes.
• * 1.108

  Anas arctica Clusii. Penguin.
• * 1.109

  Alca Wormii. Iomavia.
• * 1.110

  Mergus. Mergus ••irra∣tus.
• * 1.111

  Larus. Hirundo ma∣rina,