An essay towards a real character, and a philosophical language by John Wilkins ...

CHAP. XI. Concerning Relation more public, whether I. Civil. II. Judiciary. III. Military. IV. Naval. V. Ecclesiastical.

MOre publick relation may be distributed into such as do concern those several respects, Actions and Things; belonging either to

• Several Families associated under Government, CIVIL RELATION.
• Courts of Judicature, and matters of Law, JUDICIAL RELATION.
• A state of Warr, MILITARY RELATION.
• Mens Affairs and Traffique on the Water, NAVAL RELATION.
• Matters of Religion and Worship, ECCLESIASTICAL RELATION.

CIVIL RELATION.

THat Relation arising from the associating of Families under Government for mutual benefit and defence, is styled Political or CIVIL, Republic,* 1.1 Commonwealth, State, political, secular.

To which may be opposed ANARCHY, Confusion.

The Notions belonging to this do refer either to

• Persons in a political capacity, considered according to their
  • DEGREES. I.
  • PROFESSIONS or Vocations. II.
  • CONVENTIONS. III.
• Things or businesses, relating to
  • RIGHTS. IV.
  • CONTRACTS for the Alienation of our Rights. V.
  • OBLIGATIONS for the Confirmation of Contracts. VI.

I. Those differences whereby men under a Political Relation, are di∣stinguished from one another,* 1.2 according to their several ranks, are styled, DEGREES, Place, Quality, Rank, Order, Scutcheon, Coat of Arms, Herald.

To which may be opposed the word PARITY, Levelling.

These are either

• More general; according to the first common Difference of ‖ govern∣ing, namely such to whom doth belong the power and care of direct∣ing others in their duty, and rewarding or punishing them accord∣ingly: or governed, namely such as are under this Power.
  1.
  • MAGISTRATE, Rector, Governour, Regent, Rule-er, Dominion, Sway, Consul, President, Provost, Warden, Head, Territory, Seigniory, Ma∣jor, Baylif, Syndic, States, Iurisdiction.
  • SUBJECT-ion, Vassal, submit, Homage, Liegeman, Private person, truckle, Vnderling.
• More particular; relating to
  • Kinds of principal Magistrates; which have great variety of Titles in several Countries, not necessary to be distinctly provided for here, excepting onely such as are either; ‖ Sovereign: or Homagers to some other.
    2.
    • KING, Sovereign, Emperor, Imperial, Monarch, Queen, regal, royal, Majesty, reign, Kingdom, Lord, Dynasty, Sultan, Cham, Liege Lord, Regent, Realm, Diadem, Crown, Coronation, Scepter, Throne, en∣throne, Viceroy.
    • PRINCE, Potentate.
  • ...Orders of Subjects.
    • ...Higher.
      • More general; comprehending the ‖ greater: or lesser Nobility.
        3.
        • LORD, Peer, Nobleman, honourable, Patrician, Duke, Mar∣quess, Earl, Count, Viscount, Baron.
        • GENTLEMAN, Gentry, Knight, Esquire, Sir, Madam, Wor∣ship-ful, Gentil-ity, Wellborn.
      • More special; with relation to the Degrees in liberal Professions; either ‖ perfect: or inchoate.
        4.
        • GRADUATE, commence, Degree, Doctor, Master, Rabbi.
        • CANDIDATE, Batchelor, Inceptor, canvas, sue, stand for.
    • Middle; considered
      • ...Aggregately.
        5.
        • PEOPLE, Folk, Commonalty, Community, mean, obscure, igno∣ble, Plebeian, Populacie, popular, populous.
      • Segregately; as they are Inhabitants either in ‖ Cities: or the Countrey
        6.
        • CITIZEN, Free-man, enfranchise, Denizon, Townsman.
        • YEOMAN.
    • Lower sort; considered
      • ...Aggregately.
        7.
        • RABBLE, Vulgus, Tag-rag, base.
      • Segregately; according to their want of ‖ Dignity: or Wealth.
        8.
        • VILLAIN, Varlet, Rascal, Peasant, Boor, servile, Sirrah, Vassal, base.
        • BEGGAR, Rogue, Mendicant, Shake-ragg.
  • Conditions of men; as having ‖ a right to dispose of themselves: or not.
    9.
    • FREE-MAN, liberal, enfranchise, Burgess,
    • ...SLAVE, emancipate, manumit, servile, illiberal, Bondman, Bon∣dage, Thraldom, enthrall, enslave, serve, Droyl, Drudge.

II. That course of life about which one is usually employed,* 1.3 and to which he applies himself for the getting of a Subsistence, is styled his PROFESSION, Vocation, Calling, Trade, Function, Occupation, Course of life, Craft, Mystery.

To which may be adjoyned the word denoting the actual Use of such Callings, PRACTICE, Exercise, Vse, follow, put in ure.

These may be distinguished, into such as are either

• More necessary and beneficial to humane life; whether
  • Liberal Professions, such as become free and generous men; relating ei∣ther to
    • ...Things.
      • Sacred; as ‖ discovered by revelation: or as the knowledge of them is▪ attainable by nature.
        1.
        • DIVINE, Theology, Clerk, Schoolman.
        • PHILOSOPHER.
      • Civil and political; namely, ‖ the more generally received Laws and Constitutions: or those belonging to a particular Nation.
        2.
        • CIVIL LAWYER.
        • COMMON LAWYER, Pettifogger.
      • Natural; with particular reference to the diseases of mens bodies and their cure; either ‖ by direction: or by manual operation.
        3.
        • PHYSICIAN, Medicine, Patient, Empiric, Mountebank, Quack salver, Farrier, Leach, Receipt.
        • CHIRURGION, dress a wound.
    • Words or Language: or the ornaments of discourse.
      4.
      • PHILOLOGER, Critic.
      • POET-ry, Poem, Bard, Muse.
  • Illiberal; belonging more peculiarly
    • To a Town; consisting of Trades of ‖ exchange: or manufacture.
      5.
      • MERCHANT, Market, Pedler, Huckster, Bodger, Hawker, Regra∣ter, Shopkeeper, Traffic, Dealing, Merchandize, Fair, Mart.
      • MECHANIC, Handicraft, Artificer, Manufacture; Artizan, Work house.
    • To the Country; relating to the most ancient Professions of
      • Tilling the ground: or feeding of Cattel.
        6.
        • HUSBANDMAN, georgic, Hinde, Agriculture, Tillage, Bayliffe.
        • HERDSMAN, Shepherd, Pastor, Cow-herd, Hog-herd.
      • ...Catching of wild Animals.
        7.
        • HUNTSMAN, Hunt-er, Fowler, Fisher, chase, trace, course, Ve∣nison, Game, Pocher.
    • Both to Town and Country; for the carriage of things by ‖ Water: or Land.
      8.
      • MARINER.
      • CARRIER, Ripier, Cargo.
• Not necessary; comprehending those several Professions which tend to the diversion of others; ‖ by acting or personating some particular Story or Fiction: or by amusing of men by the Agility of body or hand.
  9.
  • PLAYER, Actor, Comedian, Tragedian, Play, Stage, Theatre, Enterlude, Personate.
  • PRESTIGIATOR, Shewer of tricks, juggle, Legerdemain, Hocas pocas, Tumbler, Dancer on the ropes, &c. Mountebank.

III. The several Aggregates of men under Political Government, are usually styled either by that more general:* 1.4 or special name.

• CONVENTION, Assembly, Meeting, Congregation, Convocation, Company, Rendezvouz, Concourse, Confluence, Quire, Chapter, Committee, Club, Hall, convene, Conventicle, Sessions, Assize, flock or gather together.
• SOCIETY, Gyld, Gang, Tribe, Clan, Fraternity, Club, Knot, Crew, Fellow∣ship, Company·

These are either such as have the same

• General inducements; in respect of
  • Language and supreme Government; whether ‖ primitively: or de∣rivatively.
    1.
    • NATION-al, epidemical, naturalize, People, Country, vernacu∣lar, Patriot.
    • COLONY, Plantation.
  • Place of Habitation; considered according to the
    • General name; denoting such as inhabit ‖ more dispersedly in the open fields: or more close together, usually within fenced places.
      2.
      • COUNTRY, rural, rustic, Peasant, Boor, Hinde, Kern, Swain, Clown, Tike.
      • TOWN, Burrough.
    • Special kinds; signifying all that part of a Nation under the same
      • Subordinate Government; ‖ dwelling more at large: or such as dwell close together, with peculiar Liberties and Priviledges in common amongst them.
        3.
        • PROVINCE, Circuit.
        • CITY, Suburbs, Metropolis, See, Borough, municipal.
      • Lowest Government; whether ‖ with: or without Iurisdiction.
        4.
        • SHIRE, County, Tribe, District, Riding.
        • PARISH, parochial, Parson, Vicar, Thorpe, Village.
• Special inducements; for ‖
  • Attendance on Governours: or advice in the Government.
    5.
    • COURT-ier, aulical.
    • COUNCIL, Senate, Parliament, Diet, Conclave, Consistory, San∣hedrim, Synod, Committee.
  • Education in Learning; either ‖ of the Adult, with a power to license them for the Liberal professions: or onely of Children or young be∣ginners.
    6.
    • UNIVERSITY, Academy, School.
    • SCHOOL.
  • Regulating the affairs of some ‖ Trade: or Profession; especially if they cohabit for those ends in a kind of Political family.
    7.
    • CORPORATION, Gyld, Brotherhood, Fraternity, Company, So∣ciety, community, municipal, incorporate.
    • COLLEGE-iate, Fellow.
  • Driving on of some design; ‖ in general: or with particular reference to the opposing of what is legally established.
    8.
    • LEAGUE, Confederacy, Combination, Alliance, Complice, Parti∣san, Party, side with, joyn, hold together, Pack, compact.
    • FACTION, Sect, Iuncto, Gang, conspire, side with, combine, Par∣ty-zan, Oligarchy.

IV. The things which in Iustice or Equity▪ do belong to persons,* 1.5 are called RIGHTS, Title, Interest, Estate, Tenure▪ Holding, Freehold, Gift, Col∣lation, Reversion, Landlord, Paramount, endow, enfeoff. To which may be adjoyned the word LIBERTIES, denoting whatsoever is permitted, or not forbidden to them.

These are considerable according to their

• Original; being either
  • ...Primary and unwritten.
    • Not voluntary; but according to ‖ the condition of its first being: or common practice and continuance.
      1.
      • NATURE.
      • CUSTOM, accustom, Vse, Wont, Guise, Fashion, Rite, Vsage, usual, currant, common, ordinary, ure, enure, Habit, Practice, Haunt, pre∣scribe, unusual, obsolete, familiar, received, conversant, Habit, manner, course, Hank, Exercise, Prescription, Desuetude.
    • Voluntary; according to the ‖ choice of the Will: or a determined order.
      2.
      • ELECTION, Choice.
      • SUCCESSION, devolve, follow, Place.
  • ...Secondary and written.
    • General; whether ‖ perpetual: or temporal.
      3.
      • LAW, Act, Statute, Decree, Sanction, Constitution, Canon, Rule, legal, legitimate, enact, ordain, order, abrogate, repeal, prescribe, Legislator.
      • EDICT, Ordinance, Proclamation, Order, Breve, Bull, Act, Rule, Sanction, Rescript.
    • Special; conferring ‖ Right to have: or Right to do.
      4.
      • PATENT, Charter, Brief, Letters Patents, Placard.
      • COMMISSION, Brief.
• parts; consisting in▪
  • ...Power over that which is
    • One's own; either ‖ totally: or as to the use of it.
      5.
      • PROPRIETY, Concern, Owner, Proprietary.
      • USUS-FRUCTUS.
    • Another's; either as to ‖ his person: or his affairs.
      6.
      • AUTHORITY, Power, Dominion, Prefect, President, Head, Pro∣vost, Master, Plenipotentiary, authentic, classic, govern, ratifie, Rule, sway, inspection, dispose, Precinct, Territory.
      • OFFICE, Place, Cure, overlook, officiate, superintend, surveigh, oversight, charge, conduct, Commissary, Prefect, Collegue, Groom.
  • Liberty; with respect to
    • Advantages by special Law; either ‖ of the supreme Magistrate: or of some particular rank of Subjects.
      7.
      • PREROGATIVE, Royalty.
      • PRIVILEGE, Franchise, enfranchise, freedom, Grace, preeminence.
    • Remission or exemption from the rigour of a general Law, in its ‖
      • Commanding: or prohibiting.
        8.
        • DISPENSATION.
        • LICENCE, Permission, Sufferance, Leave, allowance, Faculty, Connivence, Placard, Prattick, let, may, suffer, admit, dispence, Pass-port, Safe conduct, Letters of Mart.
      • Punishing: or imposing burthens.
        9.
        • TOLERATION, Connivence, suffer, let alone, Quarter.
        • IMMUNITY, free, Discharge, Exemption, Quarter, scot-free.

V. The mutual negotiating betwixt men in their ordinary converse with one another is styled CONTRACT,* 1.6 Commerce, Entercourse, Traffic, Trade, Negotiation: to which may be annexed for affinity the most general occasion for such Intercourse, namely, the parting with one thing for the getting of ano∣ther, called EXCHANGE, barter, chaffer, cope, swap, truck, chop, Commutation, Scoursing, Bargain, Match.

The principal matters belonging to this Head do either refer to

• ...Actions;
  • General; whether
    • Absolute; transferring a thing from one to another; whether ‖ for his use to whom it is transferred: or for his use that transfers.
      1.
      • ASSIGNING, consigning, conveying, resigning, deliver, put over.
      • DEPOSITING, Trustee, Feoffee, enfeoff, charge, commend, recommend, entrust, commit, Fiduciary, Sequestration.
    • Conditional▪ ‖ giving: or having right to an Estate after the death of him who disposeth of it.
      2.
      • BEQUEATHING, devising, Legacy, Testament, Will, Executor, Intestate.
      • INHERITING, Heir, hereditary, Heritage, Patrimony, Fee-simple, En∣tail, disherit, Hereditament, Portion, Primogeniture.
  • Special; either by
    • Parting with: or procuring propriety in any thing, upon the consideration for something else to be taken or given in exchange.
      3.
      • SELLING, vent, utter, Ware, Commodity, Sale-able, venal, vendible, sta∣ple, put off, retail, afford, handsel, monopoly, make mony of, serve one with.
      • BUYING, purchase, Cater, Chapman, Customer, engrossing, ransom, re∣deem, regrate, forestal, interlope, preemption, the refusing.
    • Parting with: or procuring the temporary use of something belonging to another; according to
      • The more general name.
        4.
        • LENDING, Loan, Creditor, prostitute, trust.
        • BORROWING, take up.
      • The particular kind▪ relating to some temporary reward to be ‖ taken, and given.
        5.
        • DEMISING, let, let out, let to farm, lease, Lessor, Landlord, Broker, Rent, Principal, Interest, put to use.
        • HIRING, farming, backney, mercenary, prostitute, Tenant, Lessee, Lease, Rent, Interest, Vse, at livery, Gratis.
    • Bestowing skill or labour about any business: or compensating of it.
      6.
      • EARNING, Merit, Desert, Meed, Demerit, supererogate.
      • WAGES, Fee, Salary, Pension, Stipend, Vails, fare, freight, gratis.
• Things; whether more
  • Private; to be exhibited by the
    • Buyer; either ‖ the whole value: or a part of it, for assurance of the rest.
      7.
      • PRICE, Rate, Value, Worth, Ransom, stand in, cost, cheap, dear, preci∣ous, sumptuous, rich, inhaunce, depreciate.
      • EARNEST, Gage, Pledge.
    • Seller; either ‖ the thing bought: or some part, for security of the whole.
      8.
      • BARGAIN, Ware, Commodity.
      • SEISIN, Livery, install, admit, Entry, inthrone, inaugurate, invest.
  • Public; towards defraying the charge of Government; whether ‖ ordinary: or occasional.
    9.
    • TRIBUTE, Custom; Annates, Gabel, Excise, Toll, Impost, Publicane.
    • TAX, Rate, Contribution, Collection, assess, Publicane, Subsidy, Tun∣nage, pontage, pannage, Pole, Collector, Scot, Sesment.

VI. Those several kinds of Assurances which men offer concerning what they intend to give or do, are styled, OBLIGATIONS, plight,* 1.7 en∣gage, Deed, bind, Bond, Bill, evidence, &c. undertake for.

And when such Obligations are reciprocal, they are then called PA∣CTIONS, Agreement, Compact, Covenant, Bargain, Condition, indent, Match, Stipulation, Sponsion, Warranty, Article, strike up a bargain.

These are either

• Imperfect; or degrees towards Contracts more
  • Remote; in the first overtures of a Contract; whether ‖ as begun by one: or mutual betwixt both.
    1.
    • BESPEAKING, Retain.
    • TREATING, driving a Bargain, capitulate, chaffer, parley, cheapen, huck, haggle.
  • Near; in proposal of those terms according to which one obliges himself to ‖ buy: or sell.
    2.
    • BID, offer, huck, haggle.
    • DEMAND, cheapen, ask, exact.
• Perfect; either in
  • ...Words;
    • ...Spoken.
      • Common; ‖ ingaging our Veracity, sometimes with the addition of such solemn expressions as may testifie our reality.
        3.
        • PROMISE, Word, Parol, plight, Covenant, League, undertake for, pass ones word.
        • PROTESTATION, Asseveration, averr, vouch, stand in, Atte∣station.
      • Sacred; ingaging our Religion, and appealing to God as ‖ a Witness, and as a Iudge, to punish us upon our falshood.
        4.
        • SWEARING, Oath, deposing, abjure, Perjury, adjure, purge upon Oath.
        • IMPRECATION, Execration, Malediction, Cursing.
    • Written; attested with ‖ our peculiar name, or Mark: or Impressing some figure in Wax, or some like matter
      5.
      • SIGNING, Obligation, Deed, Evidence, Bill, Indenture, Instru∣ment, Writing, Muniment, Conveyance, Policy, subscribe, under ones hand, set ones hand.
      • SEALING, Seal, Signet, Sigil, Bond, specialty.
  • ...Security;
    • Personal: whether ‖ express, by promising for another, and making himself liable to the same Penalty upon the other's failing: or impli∣cit, by speaking in one's behalf.
      6.
      • SPONSION, Stipulation, Bail, vouch, undertake for, Surety-ship, Hostage, Security, Warrant, Caution, engage, responsible for.
      • INTERCESSION, Mediate or, interpose, speak for.
    • Real, of ones Goods; either
      • Absolute; by ingaging for the truth of a Promise either ‖ the Goods in specie, or only his right to them.
        7.
        • PAWN, Pledge, gage, engage.
        • MORGAGE, Security, Statute, Caution, engage.
      • Relative; by ingaging them for the success of a thing contingent, ‖ either as Principal, or as Accessory.
        8.
        • WAGER, Stake, vy, lay, prize.
        • BET, Stake, vy, revy.

JUDICIAL RELATION.

THe several Notions referring to matters of Law and Courts of Judicature,* 1.8 are comprehended under that which is styled JUDI∣CIAL RELATION, forensical, Court, Hall, extrajudicial.

These are distinguishable into such as concern

• PERSONS. I.
• CAUSES and Actions. II.
• ...Faults.
  • CAPITAL. III.
  • NOT CAPITAL. IV.
• ...Punishments,
  • CAPITAL. V.
  • NOT CAPITAL. VI.

* 1.9I. PERSONS considerable under this Head of Judicial Relation, may be distinguished into such as are either

• ...More principal.
  • ...Persons judging.
    • Legally constituted; ‖ Principal: or Accessory.
      1.
      • JUDGE, Chancellour, Commissary, Censor, Moderator, Official, Iury, Inquest, Doom, Sentence, decide, determine, censure, Iudi∣catory, judicial, Court, Bench, Tribunal.
      • ASSESSOR, Syndic, Bencher, Alderman, Canons, ••rebends, Chapter, Fellows, assist, Sides-men.
    • Voluntarily consented to by the parties; ‖ to determin the Suit: or cease the Enmity between them.
      2.
      • ARBITRATOR, Vmpire, Days-man, comprimize, Referree, award
      • MEDIATOR, Incercessor, deal-between, intermediate, Mean.
  • Persons judged; whether ‖ active: or passive; in
    • ...Criminals.
      3.
      • ACCUSER, Informer, challenge, Endite-ment, charge, attaint, peach, empeach▪ arraign, tax, lay to ones charge, call in question, Presentment, Bill, prosecute, Promooter.
      • PRISONER, or reputed Criminal, Delinquent, Malefactor, Defen∣dant.
    • ...Iudicials.
      4.
      • PLAINTIF, Accuser, complain, blame.
      • ...DEFENDANT, Apology, excuse, vindicate.
• Less principal; relating either to the
  • Iudges; for ‖
    • Writing: or saying publicly.
      5.
      • NOTARY, Register, Remembrancer, Secretary, Clerk, Scribe, Protonotary, Rolls, en••oll.
      • CRIER.
    • Fetching: or keeping.
      6.
      • PURSEVANT, Messenger, Catchpole, Serjeant.
      • MARSHAL, Keeper, Iailour.
  • Parties; ‖ to advise and speak in behalf of either party: or to declare the truth indifferently betwixt both of them.
    7.
    • ADVOCATE, Counsel, Pleader, maintain, defend, vindicate, Lawyer, Barresier, Proctor, Clyent.
    • WITNESS, Evidence, attest, testifie, Testimony, Affidavit.

II. To the more general words of Actions or PROCEEDINGS,* 1.10 Cau∣ses, in Judicial Affairs, may be annexed those less general words of SUIT, Controversie, implead, commence, Case, Cause, Action, go to law, wage law, pre∣ferr a Bill, Barrester, Brabble.

These are either

• Antecedent; on the part of the
  • Plaintiff; in ‖ giving legal notice: or seizing on the person or goods of his Adversary.
    1.
    • CITATION, Subpoena, Process, call, warn, summon, Sumner, Appa∣ritor, Bailiff, Beadle.
    • ARREST, attach, apprehend, distrein, seize, lay hold on, Embargo, Serjeant, Baily, Catchpole, Beadle, Replevy.
  • Defendant; ‖ giving assurance of answering in Court: or coming him∣self, or by his Substitute, to answer it accordingly.
    2.
    • BAIL.
    • APPEARANCE, forth-coming.
• ...Concomitant.
  • Preparatory; by the
    • Parties; ‖ active: or passive.
      3.
      • ACTION, Endictment, Bill, Process, arraign, implead, sue, com∣mence suit, wage law, Barretor.
      • PLEA, Apology.
    • Iudges; in their ‖ taking notice of and hearing the Cause: or making search into the merits of it.
      4.
      • COGNIZANCE, Hearing.
      • EXAMINATION, Trial, sift out, Hearing Inquisition, interrogate, Scrutiny, scann, view, review, revise, canvase, gage, pumpe out.
  • ...Decisive.
    • Common; ‖ agreeing upon the state of the Question: or determining what the merit is.
      5.
      • JOYNING ISSUE▪
      • SENTENCING, Doom, Iudgment, Verdict, Censure, Decree, Or∣der, adjudge, decide, determin, award, definitive.
    • Passive, in the parties; as they are found ‖ not to have transgressed the Law: or having transgressed it.
      6.
      • INNOCENT, clear, blameless, harmless, justifie-cation, vindicate, discharge, cleanse, purge, compurgation.
      • ...GVI••TY, nocent, delinquent, peccant, convict, culpable, faulty, tardy, Offender, Transgressor, propitiate, expiate.
    • Active, in the Iudge; pronouncing the party either ‖ free from: or obnoxious to Punishment.
      7.
      • ACQUITTING, absolving, assoil, clear, discharge, loosing▪ purging, quit, release.
      • ...CONDEMNING, cast, damn.
• Consequent; in the
  • Parties; ‖ expresly declining the Iudgment: or referring the Cause to some higher Iudicature.
    8.
    • PROTESTING.
    • APPEALING.
  • Iudges; by ‖ inflicting the Punishment: or freeing from it.
    9.
    • EXECUTING, inflict, suffer, Executioner, Hangman.
    • ...PARDONING, forgiving, remit, release, venial, Indulgence, put up.

* 1.11III CRIMES CAPITAL, (Enormity, facinorous, criminal, Malefa∣ctor.) such as are or ought to be punished with Death, may be distinguish∣ed into such Offences as are more immediately against

• God and Religion; namely, the ‖ confederating with evil spirits; to which may be adjoyned for affinity (though not counted capital) the pre∣tending to discover secret, and foretel future things by foolish forbidden Arts.
  1.
  • WITCHCRAFT, Conjuring, Necromancy, Sorcery, Black-art, Magic, enchant, fascinate, fore speak, Charm Spell, Cunning-man.
  • WIZARDING, Manteia, Divining, Gypsie, Fortune-telling, Sooth∣saying, Sorcery, Augury, Astrology, Geomancy, Pyromancy, Physiognomy, Cheiromancy, Palmistry, Sigil, Talisman.
• Man; whether
  • A public person, or Magistrate.
    • More general; implying ‖ declared hostility against him: or exposing him to his enemies.
      2.
      • TREASON, Traitor, betray.
      • CONSPIRACY, betraying.
    • More particular; ‖ a forcible opposing of him by Arms: or occasion∣ing some illegal tumultuous dissension in the Multitude.
      3.
      • REBELLION, Rising, Insurrection, Defection, Revolt, take head.
      • SEDITION, Commotion, Combustion, Riot, Vproar, Mutiny, Tu∣mult, Hurly-burly, Scuffle, Stirrs▪ Quoil, Racket, Boute-feu, Incen∣diary, turbulent.
  • Any private person; according to the
    • General name; by which it is called in our English Laws.
      4.
      • FELONY.
    • Particular kinds; distinguishable by their Objects, as being against
      • ...Life; by taking it away illegally.
        5.
        • MURTHER, Assassin-ate, Homicide, Manslaughter, Massacre, Parricide, cut-throat, blood-thirsty.
      • Chastity; by unnatural coition, either ‖ with Beasts: or Males.
        6.
        • BESTIALITY, Buggery.
        • SODOMY, Buggery, Catamite.
      • ...Estate; with respect to another's.
        • Goods; taking them away either ‖ openly and forcibly: or secret∣ly and by craft.
          7.
          • ROBBERY, Rapine, Sacrilege, Thief, Bandito, Pyrate, Picke∣roon, pillage, take a purse.
          • THEFT, steal, purloin, lurch, fi••ch, pilser, nim, surreptitious, Plagiary, Sacrilege, Cut-purse, Pick-pocket, light-fingered, Larceny.
        • Habitation; ‖ by burning it: or breaking into it.
          8.
          • HOUSE-BURNING, Incendiary.
          • BURGLARY, House-breaking.

IV. Crimes or FAULTS NOT CAPITAL,* 1.12 may be distinguished into such as are

• General; any action against ones Right, especially with contempt of the Per∣son.
  1.
  • INJURY, Wrong, Harm, Trespass, Hurt, Grievance, Abuse, Dammage.
  • AFFRONT, Contumely, Outrage, Slur, Despite, Indignity, put a trick on.
• ...Special; against.
  • Chastity; whether ‖ by a single: or a married person.
    2.
    • FORNICATION, Whore••dom, Courtesan, Concubine, Harlot, Trull. Punk, Leman, Quean, Drab, Strumpet, prostitute, deflour, stuprate, vitiate, wenching, Brothel, Stews, Bawd, Pander.
    • ADULTERY, Concubine.
  • ...Estate;
    • General; ‖ by unjust getting: or keeping of another's Right.
      3.
      • USURPATION, incroach, intrench, grow upon, invade, intrude, thrust in.
      • DETENTION, with-holding, keep back.
    • ...Particular, as to the manner of it; by abusing
      • Skill; in ‖ taking advantage of another man's ignorance, especially in actions of Commerce: or misusing his own skill in the falsi∣fying of a thing.
        4.
        • FRAUD, Deceit, Guile, Cozening, Delusion, Collusion, Illusion, dodge, trepan, over-reach, prevaricate, circumvent, go-beyond, impose, gull, beguile, defraud, Imposture, Knave, Rook, Cheat, Shift, Shark, cog, slur, wheedle, come over one, supplant.
        • FORGERY, counterfeit, false, adulterate, sophisticate, coin, de∣vise, forge, falsifie, foisting, Interpolation, Impostor, supposititi∣ous, surreptitious.
      • Power; by ‖ taking advantage of another man's necessity or impo∣tence: or exceeding the allowance of the Law.
        5.
        • OPPRESSION, Force, Violence, exact, overcharge▪
        • EXTORTION, Exaction, Rapine, Rapacity, wresting, wring, griping, ravin, poling, pilling.
      • Course of Law; by endeavouring to corrupt ‖ the Officers of Iustice: or the Witnesses.
        6.
        • BRIBERY, Corruption, dawbing.
        • SUBORNATION.
  • ...Good name; endeavouring to render another
    • Criminal; by accusations ‖ not true: or made unlawfully against an absent person.
      7.
      • CALUMNY, Obloquy, Slander, Aspersion, opprobrious, Detraction, False accusation, carping, belie, defame, disparage, traduce.
      • BACKBITING, Libel, Tale-bearer, Tell-tale, Whispering, Pick-thank.
    • Infamous; by objecting ‖ another's failings: or our own favours.
      8.
      • REPROCHING, nip, taunt, scoff, twit, Opprobry, obloquy, tax, traduce.
      • UPBRAIDING, cast in one's teeth, exprobrate, twit.
    • Odious: or ridiculous.
      9.
      • REVILING, rail, scold, brawl, Contumely, inveigh, invective, foul-mouthed, Cucking-stool.
      • MOCKING, deride, flout, jeer, scoff, twit, gibe, quip, gird, frump, bob, taunt, wipe, jerk, Sarcasm, Pasquil, Irrision, Illu∣sion, Satyr, Burlesque, play upon.

* 1.13V. By Punishment is meant the evil of Suffering, inflicted for the evil of Doing; to which may be adjoyned the loss or ••••••••inction of a man's Right in a thing which he formerly injoyed, styled FORFEITURE.

PUNISHMENTS CAPITAL are the various manners of putting men to death in a judicial way, which in several Nations are or have been either

• Simple; by
  • ...Separation of the parts; ‖ Head from Body: or Member from Mem∣ber.
    1.
    • BEHEADING, strike of ones head.
    • QUARTERING, Dissecting.
  • ...Wound.
    • At distance; whether ‖ from Hand: or from Instrument, as Gun, Bow, &c.
      2.
      • STONING, Pelting.
      • SHOOTING.
    • At hand; either by
      • Weight; ‖ of something else: or one's own.
        3.
        • PRESSING.
        • PRECIPITATING, throwing or casting headlong.
      • Weapon; ‖ any way: or direct upwards.
        4.
        • STABBING.
        • EMPALING.
  • Taking away necessary Diet: or giving that which is noxious.
    5.
    • STARVING, famishing.
    • POISONING, Venom, envenom, virulent.
  • Interception of the Air; at the
    • Mouth; distinguished according to the place of the party, ‖ in the
      • Air: or in the Earth
        6.
        • STIFLING, smoother, suffocate.
        • BURYING ALIVE.
      • Water: or Fire,
        7.
        • DROWNING.
        • BURNING ALIVE.
    • ...Throat; ‖ by weight of a man's own body: ••r the strength of others.
      8.
      • HANGING.
      • STRANGLING, throttle, choke, suffocate.
• Mixed of wounding and starving; the body being ‖ erect: or lying on a Wheel.
  9.
  • CRUCIFYING, Cross.
  • BREAKING ON THE WHEEL.

VI. PUNISHMENTS NOT CAPITAL are distinguished by the things or subjects receiving detriment by them,* 1.14 as being either of the

• Body; according to the
  • ...General name; signifying great pain.
    1.
    • TORTURE, Torment, excruciate.
  • Special kinds; by
    • Striking; with ‖ a limber: or a stiff Instrument.
      2.
      • WHIPPING, lashing, scourging, leashing, jerk, Rod, slash, Switch, stripe, Beadle.
      • CUDGELLING, bastinado, baste, swinge, swaddle, shrubb, slapp, thwack.
    • Stretching of the limms violently; the body being ‖ laid along for that purpose: or listed up into the Air.
      3.
      • RACK.
      • STRAPPADO.
• Liberty; of which one is deprived by Restraint ‖
  • Into ‖ a place: or instrument for custody.
    4.
    • IMPRISONMENT, Incarceration, Durance, Custody, Ward, clap up, commit, confine, mue, Pound, Pinfold, Gaol our, Counter, Cage, Coop, Toleboth, Dungeon, Marshal, release, secure, set fast.
    • BONDS, Fetters, Gyves, Shackles, Manicles, Pinnion, Chains.
  • Out of a place or country; whether ‖ with allowance of any other: or con∣finement to one other.
    5.
    • EXILE, Banish-ment, exterminate, prescribe, eject, expel, out-lawed.
    • RELEGATION.
• Repute; whether ‖ more gently: or more severely by burning marks in one's flesh.
  6.
  • INFAMATION, Ignominy, Pillory.
  • STIGMATIZATION, Branding, Cauterizing, burning in the hand, Mark.
• Estate; whether ‖ in part: or in whole.
  7.
  • MULCT, Fine, amerce, sconce.
  • CONFISCATION, Forfeiture.
• Dignity and power; by depriving one of ‖ his Degree: or his capacity to bear Office.
  8.
  • DEGRADING, deposing, depriving.
  • INCAPACITATING, cashier, disable, discard, depose, disfranchize.

MILITARY RELATION.

THis Head of MILITARY RELATION, is intended to contain such Notions as concern the various respects and capacities belonging to a state of War.* 1.15 The using of the united Force and Arms of many against others, is styled WAR-fare, martial, polemical, Militia, Chivalry.

And the being without mutual opposition is called Peace.

The Notions appertaining to this Head, do relate either to Military

• ACTIONS. I.
• EVENTS. II.
• ...Persons.
  • SEGREGATE. III.
  • AGGREGATE. IV.
• Instruments necessary to War, AMMUNITION. V.
• PLACES. VI.

* 1.16I. Military ACTIONS may be distinguished according to the

• General name; denoting the endeavour of ‖ doing hurt: or preserving from hurt.
  1.
  • OFFENDING, Offence-ive, Annoy-ance.
  • ...DEFENDING protect, guard, shelter▪ shrowd ward▪ preserve, keep, maintain, make good, tutelary.
• Particular kinds or degrees; whether such as are
  • ...Opposite and in several.
    • Declaring enmity on the ‖ offensive: or defensive side.
      2.
      • PROVOKING, challenge, irritate, invite, bait, stir up, dare, vy.
      • DEFYING, dare
    • Beginning of actual ‖ offence: or defence.
      3.
      • ASSAULTING, assail, attaque, invade, encounter, Onset, set upon, charge, Inrode, Rencounter, Incursion▪ fall on, run upon.
      • ...RESISTING, withstand, stand against, bear up against, turn head, strug∣gle with, Antiperistatis.
    • Endeavouring ‖ to dispossess one of his place: or to frustrate such endeavours; either by ‖
      • Keeping from necessaries: or supplying with necessaries.
        4.
        • BESIEGING, Siege, beleaguer, beset, block up, hem in, lay siege.
        • ...RELIEVING, succour, supply, help, recruit, reinforce, subsidiary, Ayd.
      • Vnderdigging the Sepiment; either ‖ to make a breach in it: or to hinder the making of such a breach.
        5.
        • MINING, undermine, Sapping.
        • COUNTERMINING.
      • Entring forcibly to assault the besieged: or going out to assault the besiegers.
        6.
        • STORMING, assaulting, boarding, attaque, scaling, on-slaught.
        • SALLYING, issue out
  • Reciprocal and in common; whether by wayes of
    • Force; viz. the mutual endeavours of corporeal mischief to one another; according to the ‖
      • General name: or that which is betwixt two.
        7.
        • FIGHTING, Combat, Conflict, encounter, cope, bicker, Fray, impugn, scuffle, List.
        • DUELLING, Single combat, Champion, List.
      • Special kinds, betwixt numerous parties, according to set order and ap∣pointment; either of ‖ some part of the Army: or the whole
        8.
        • SKIRMISHING, Fray, Velitation▪ pickeer.
        • BATTELLING, Set fight, Set battel, joyn battel, Shock.
    • Skill, or some secret art to deceive an Enemy; according to the ‖ general name: or by concealing Souldiers for the sudden surprisal of others.
      9.
      • STRATAGEM, ensnare, Device, Trick, Train, surprize.
      • AMBUSH, Ambuscado, insidiate, lay wait, lurk, way lay, surprize.

* 1.17II. Military EVENTS may be distinguished into such as are either

• Of Importance; when ‖ one keeps as before: or gains from the other: or loses his own; relating to the
  • Condition usually befalling such as are ‖ equal: or stronger: or weaker.
    1.
    • COMING OFF UPON EQUAL TERMS.
      • ...VICTOR, overcome, defeat, discomfit, beat, win, vanquish, get the day, -the better, -the upper hand, quell, predominant, prevail, subdue, suppress, over-bear, -master.
      • ...OVERTHROWN, subdued, foiled, suppressed, routed, worsted, beaten, defeated, discomfited, brought under.
  • ...Place of fighting.
    2.
    • STAND HIS GROUND.
      • ...ADVANCE, get ground.
      • ...RETIRE, retreat, give back, shrink, recede, recoyle.
  • ...Country of fighting.
    3.
    • KEEP THE FIELD.
      • ...PVRSVE, chas, course, follow, pros••cute, Hue and Cry.
      • ...FLY, run away rout, fugitive, take ones heels, put to flight.
  • ...

• ...
  • ...Town assaulted.
    4.
    • HOLD OUT, make good, maintain, stand out, hold tack.
      • ...TAKE, win.
      • ...LOSE, yield, surrender, Rendition.
  • ...Goods of those that fight.
    5.
    • SAVE ONE'S OWN.
      • ...BOOTIES, Forage, Plunder, Pillage, Quarry, Prey, Prize, Free-booter, Letters of Mart, Letters of Reprize.
      • ...SPOILS, harras, havock, ravage, rifle, sack, ransack, Wreck, Devastation, Ruin, Wast, depopulate.
  • ...Persons concerned.
    6.
    • ESCAPE, evade, scape eschew, get rid, get quit off, get off, shift away, get clear.
      • ...CAPTIVATE, take prisoner.
      • ...YIELD, give up, render, surrender, resign, deliver.
  • ...Final issue of the War.
    7.
    • SAVE.
      • ...CONQUER, bring under, master, mate, quel, vanquish, repress, suppress, tame subdue, win.
      • ...SVBMIT, give up, humble, yield, surrender, come in.
• Of Shew on the Victor's side, (for the conquered makes none;) either by some ‖ solemn Actions to be publicly performed: or Things and Structures to remain in memory of the Victory.
  8.
  • TRIUMPH, exult, crow, exultation, Bonfire.
  • TROPHEE.

III. Military PERSONS (Souldier, Warrier, Reformado, serve, press,* 1.18) se∣gregate, may be distinguished by those several imployments for which they are designed; being either for

• Fighting; ‖ on foot: or on horse-back
  1
  • FOOTMAN, Infantry, Lance-knight.
  • HORSMAN, Cavalry, Light-horse, Curasier, Dragoons, Trooper, Reister, Rider
• Signs to the Army; belonging either to ‖ Foot: or Horse.
  • ...Visible.
    2.
    • ENSIGN, Ancient, Colours, Standard, Pennon, Banner.
    • CORNET, Banner, Colours.
  • ...Audible.
    3.
    • DRUMMER, Drum, Tabor, Tabret.
    • TRUMPETER, Trumpet.
• Distributing Orders; ‖ ordinary, belonging to each aggregate part: or extraor∣dinary, belonging to the Army.
  4.
  • SERJEANT.
  • ADJUTANT.
• Discovery; either ‖ of the Country in general: or amongst the Enemies.
  5.
  • SCOUT, crusing, descry.
  • SPY, Emissary, Setter, Intelligence.
• Prevention of danger that might happen either to ‖ Persons: or Places.
  6.
  • GUARD, Convoy, custody, keep, ward, keep guard, relieve the guard, Corps du guard
  • WATCH, Ward, Corporal.
• Both Discovery and Prevention; denoting such a one as ‖ stands and examines: or lies on the ground to listen and observe
  7.
  • SENTINEL, Sentry.
  • PERDUE.
• Digging: or other servil works; denoting such Servants of the Army as fol∣low the Baggage.
  8.
  • PIONER.
  • CALO, Pedec, Black guard.

* 1.19IV. Military PERSONS AGGREGATE (Party of Souldiers, Forces, disband) may be distributed according to such different names as do denote either the

• Whole; being an armed Multitude fit to assault or resist, consisting of many subordinate divisions.
  1
  • ARMY, Host, Forces, Battalia.
• Parts; according to
  • The first: or the second greatest subdivisions.
    2.
    • BRIGADE, Battalion, Terce.
    • REGIMENT, Legion, Tribune, Colonel.
  • The third: or fourth subdivision, belonging both to Horse and Foot.
    3.
    • COMPANY, Troop, Band, Captain, Centurion.
    • SQUADRON.
• Order and Situation; whether with ‖ the side of every one towards the side of the next: or the face of every one towards the back of the next,
  4.
  • RANK.
  • FILE, Roe.
• Vses and Services for which such persons are designed; whether
  • To march before the Army, for clearing of the way: or to follow after, for help and supply in case of necessity.
    5.
    • VANCURRIER.
    • RESERVE.
  • To begin the Fight: or to ingage in the most difficult services, being usually a selected Company.
    6.
    • FORLORN HOPE.
    • COMMANDED PARTY.
  • To take care of and defend the Baggage.
    7.
    • TRAIN.

* 1.20V. The Provisions necessary for Offence and Defence are styled by the general name of AMMUNITION, Magazin, charge, discharge, Arcenal.

To which may be adjoyned the word BAGGAGE, Impediments, Lug∣gage, Lumber.

They are distinguishable according to their Shapes, and those several Uses for which they are designed, into such as are more

• General; denoting the common names belonging to things of this nature; whe∣ther such as are ‖ offensive: or defensive.
  1.
  • WEAPON, Arms offensive.
  • ARMOUR, defensive Arms, Mail, Headpiece, Helmet, Scull, Gorget, Gaunt∣l••t, Habergeon, &c. Armorer, Armory.
• ...Special; for
  • ...Offence.
    • Comminus, near hand; being either for
      • Striking chiefly; whether ‖ bruising: or cutting.
        2.
        • CLUB, Bat, Batoon, Battle-ax, Mace, Pole-ax, Cudgel.
        • SWORD, Scimitar, Hanger, Rapier, Tuck, Ponyard, Stilletto, Dag∣ger, Fauchion, Glave, Cutler.
      • Thrusting chiefly; of which the latter is sometimes used for striking.
        3.
        • PIKE, Spear, Launce, Iavelin, run at tilt.
        • HALBERT, Partizan, Trident.
    • Eminus, at a distance; whether
      • Ancient and less artificial; denoting either the
        • Instrument giving the force, being of a curved figure and elastical power; to be held in the hand, either ‖ immediately: or by the stock to which it is fixed.
          4.
          • BOW, shoot, Archer, Fletcher.
          • CROSS-BOW, shoot.
        • Instrument or Weapon projected; whether ‖ immediately out of the hand: or mediately from something else.
          5.
          • DART, Iavelin, Harping-iron.
          • ARROW, Shaft, Bolt.
      • Modern and more artificial, (i.) fire-Arms; denoting either the
        • Vessels giving the force; according to the name of ‖ the whole kind: or of the bigger kind.

• ...
  • ...
    • ...
      • ...
        • ...
          6.
          • GUN, shoot, Snaphance, Fire-lock, Musket, Carbine, Blunderbuss, Piece, Arquebus, Petronel, Pistol, Dagg, Potgun, play upon.
          • ORDNANCE, Cannon, Artillery, Saker, Minion, Basilisk, Drake, &c. shoot.
        • Vtensils; signifying the thing ‖ enkindling: or enkindled.
          7.
          • MATCH, Tinder, Touchwood, Spunk.
          • POWDER, Gunpowder.
        • Things discharged; either ‖ so••••d: or hollow.
          8.
          • BULLET, Ball, Pellet, Shot.
          • GRANADO, Petard.
  • ...Defence:
    9.
    • BUCKLER, Shield, Target.

VI. Such kind of Places, together with such kind of Contrivances belong∣ing to them, as relate to a state of War,* 1.21 may be styled MILITARY PLACES or Works, (Munitions, Fortifications, fenced, Hold, dismantle.)

To which may be adjoyned for its affinity the common notion of such things as are used for the fencing of Places; SEPIMENT, Wall, Pale, Fence, Enclosure, Fold, Mound.

These may be distinguished into such as are

• ...More principal;
  • ...Comprehending the Area contained within them.
    • Greater; in ‖ Country: or Town.
      1.
      • CAMP, encamp, quarter.
      • GARRISON.
    • Less; more ‖ independent: or dependent.
      2.
      • SCONCE, Fortress, Platform, Fort.
      • BLOCK-HOUSE, Fort, Bastion, Strong-hold.
  • ...Not comprehending the Area contained within them.
    • General; denoting a Sepiment ‖ Ridge-like of Earth: or Furrow-like in the Earth.
      3.
      • RAMPIER, Wall, Bulwark, Line, Counterscarf, Mound, Out-work.
      • DITCH, Dike, Foss, Trench, Mote.
    • Special; signifying the ‖ outward: or inward Wall.
      4.
      • VAUMURE.
      • LINING.
• Less principal; whether
  • ...Parts.
    • G••eater; either of ‖ a round: or many-angled figure.
      5.
      • HALF-MOON.
      • HORN-WORK.
    • Lesser; either ‖ angular to defend the sides of a place: or the straight sides to be so defended.
      6.
      • REDOUBT.
      • FLANKER.
  • Accessions; belonging to the
    • Out-parts▪ being a series of ‖ great Pins erected: or Holes dug in the earth.
      7.
      • PALLISADO.
      • FURNACE-HOLE.
    • Entrance; Military Doors ‖ to shut transverse: or to let down direct.
      8.
      • TURNPIKE.
      • PORTCULLIS.
    • Walls; signifying an erect crenated Margo upon the Walls; ‖ either built upon them: or made by setting on Baskets filled with earth.
      9.
      • PARAPET.
      • GABION.

NAVAL RELATION.

* 1.22THe Head of Naval Relation is intended to comprehend the various Notions and Expressions, belonging to mens affairs and traffick on the Waters; respecting either

• ...Things.
  • KINDS OF VESSELS used for Passage. I.
  • Parts of Vessels; relating to such as serve for
    • Containing; HULL. II.
    • PROGRESSIVE MOTION OR STAYING. III.
    • RIGGING. IV.
• PERSONS. V.
• ACTIONS. VI.

* 1.23I. The KINDS OF VESSELS which are used for passage on the Waters, are in several Countries of so great variety and names, by reason of their being distinguished by some little accidental Differences, that it will be very difficult for the most expert person to give a sufficient enumeration of them: and therefore I shall in this place distribute them onely according to their various Magnitudes, and the Vses for which they are designed: according to which they may be distinguished into such as are denoted under the

• General name; belonging to the ‖ lesser, or greater kind.
  1.
  • BOAT, Oars, Wherry, Sculler, Canoe, Cockboat, Waterman.
  • SHIP, Pink, Pinnace, Shallop, Sail, Vessel, Navy, Fleet, naval.
• Particular kinds; either
  • Lesser for the Sea, or greater for Rivers.
    2.
    • KETCH, Bark, Flyboat..
    • BARGE, Lighter, Gallyfoist, Brigandine, &c.
  • Greater; being moved either by
    • ...Sails and Oars.
      3.
      • GALLY.
    • Sails onely; and used chiefly for
      • ...Burthen.
        4.
        • GALEOT, Caramosil, Carrack, Caravel.
      • Traffick and Merchandize.
        5.
        • MERCHANT-MAN, Bottom.
      • ...Fighting.
        6.
        • MAN OF WAR, Frigot, Caper, Armada, Privateer.
      • ...Passage.
        7.
        • PACQUET-BOAT.

II. By HULL is meant the main Bulk or Body of the Ship, considered abstractly from its Masts and Rigging.* 1.24 The parts of which may be distin∣guished into such as relate to

• ...Timbers.
  • ...Fixed at the
    • Bottom of the Ship; lying either ‖ direct, or transverse.
      1.
      • KEEL.
      • RUNG.
    • End; either the ‖ former, or hinder part.
      2.
      • STEM, Prow.
      • STERN, Poop.
  • Movable upon a Centre or Hindge; ‖ for lifting up the Anchor or any great weight: or for stearing the Ship.
    3.
    • CAPSTAIN.
    • RUDDER, Helm, Steer.
• ...

• Places or rooms; relating to the
  • Former, or hinder part above.
    4.
    • FORE-CASTLE.
    • ROUND-HOUSE.
  • Middle space; ‖ betwixt the Main mast and Fore-castle, or the rooms built above this towards the Stem.
    5.
    • WAST.
    • HALF-DECK.
• Apertures; in the
  • Floor or Deck, supplying the office of Doors and Windows; ‖ greater, or lesser.
    6.
    • HATCHES.
    • SCUTTLE, Gratings.
  • Sides; ‖ for putting out the Ordnance, or for passage of Water from the Deck,
    7.
    • PORTHOLE.
    • SCUPPER.
• Interstices; betwixt ‖ the edges of the planks, or the side-timbers of the Ship.
  8.
  • SEAM.
  • SPURKET.
• Shape or figure of the Hull; with respect to ‖ the gathering or joyning together of the planks upon the Ship's quarter under water, or so much of the Hull as hangs over both ends of the Keel; styled
  9.
  • RAKE OF POST, Tuck.
  • RAKE OF STEM.

III. Parts of Vessels serving chiefly for the PROGRESSIVE MOTION or Stay∣ing of them, may be distinguished, by the matter of which they consist,* 1.25 into such as are of

• Wood; according to the more
  • General names; denoting such woody parts as are either
    • Fixed and upright; or the upper parts of these, round and prominent.
      1.
      • MAST.
      • TOP, Boul.
    • Moveable and transverse; applyed either to the ‖ top, or bottom of the Sail.
      2.
      • YARD.
      • BOOM.
    • Separate; serving for thrusting against ‖ the Water, or the Earth.
      3.
      • OAR, row.
      • POLE.
  • Particular kinds of Masts; (applicable likewise to Top, Yard, and Sails,) being placed either in the
    • Fore-part; whether ‖ leaning, or upright.
      4.
      • BOUL-SPRIT.
      • FORE-MAST.
    • Middle, or hinder-part.
      5.
      • MAIN-MAST.
      • MIZZEN-MAST.
• Cloth; serving for the
  • Catching and opposing the Wind; either ‖ principally, or additionally.
    6.
    • SAIL, Course.
    • BONNET, Drabler.
  • Distinction of Nations, or the several Officers of a Navy; set up either ‖ above, on the Masts, or below, at the Stern.
    7.
    • FLAG.
    • ANCIENT.
  • Ornament and shew, or used to mark out the Wind's quarter.
    8.
    • STREAMER.
    • JACK.
• Iron; for ‖ staying and holding the Ship, or the fastning of it to other Ships.
  9.
  • ANCHOR, Kedger.
  • GRAPPLE.

* 1.26IV. By RIGGING is meant the several kinds of Cordage belonging to a Ship; in respect of the

• Masts; serving either for the
  • Keeping them upright; namely, ‖ that are more declive on either side of the Masts: or those that are more transverse.
    1.
    • SHROUDS, Puttocks.
    • STAYES.
  • Ascent up to them; those smaller ropes which cross the Shrouds as the rounds of a Ladder.
    2.
    • RATLINGS.
• ...Yards; serving for the
  • Tying of them: or the pulling of them to and fro.
    3.
    • PARREL.
    • JEARS.
  • Squaring or transversing: or making them to hang higher or lower.
    4.
    • BRACES.
    • LIFTS.
• Sails; serving for the
  • Tying of them to the Yards: or the pulling them to and fro.
    5.
    • ROBINS.
    • SHEATS.
  • Furling them across: or to raise up the bunt or protuberant part of the Sail.
    6.
    • BRALE.
    • BUNT-LINE.
  • Making of them to stand closer by a wind; being fastned either to ‖ the Clew or corner of the Sail: or the middle part of it.
    7.
    • TACKS.
    • BOWLINE.
• Anchor; according to ‖ the more general name: or the name belonging to the lesser kind of such ropes.
  8.
  • CABLE.
  • HAWSER, Halser.

* 1.27V. PERSONS belonging to the management of NAVAL Affairs, Mari∣ners, Seafaring-men, may be distributed into such whose Charge doth con∣cern the

• Defence of the Ship by fighting; either
  • More principal; the Chief, who in Fight is to make good the Half-deck: or his Deputy, whose place in Fight is the Fore-castle.
    1.
    • CAPTAIN.
    • LIEUTENANT.
  • Less principal; having the charge of the ‖
    • Squadrons for the Watch: or being to take care for the setting and re∣lieving of the Watch, and that the Souldiers keep their Arms clean.
      2.
      • QUARTER-MASTER.
      • CORPORAL.
    • Ordnance, Shot, Powder, &c.
      3.
      • GUNNER.
• Sailing of the Ship, and the care of its parts and Lading; either
  • More principal; whose charge it is to
    • Direct the course, and command all the Sailors: or to bring the Ship safe to harbour.
      4.
      • MASTER.
      • PILOT.
    • Keep account of the Goods, what is received and delivered.
      5.
      • CAPE-MERCHANT.
      • PURSER.
    • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • Preserve the Rigging and Tackle and the Long-boat: or to attend the Skiff with a peculiar gang to go to and fro upon occasion.
      6.
      • BOATSWAIN.
      • COCKSWAIN.
  • Less principal; serving to
    • ...Keep the Decks clean.
      7.
      • SWABBER.
    • Manage the Sails below: or to ascend for taking in the Top-sails, &c.
      8.
      • SAILERS, Mid-ship-men, Skipper.
      • YONKERS, Fore-mast-men.

VI. NAVAL ACTIONS may be distinguished into such as are done* 1.28

• To the Ship; for the
  • Securing of the Seams betwixt the Planks; either by ‖ beating in of Okum, (i.) pieces of old Ropes or hards of Flax: or putting a list of Canvas along the Seam, and then pouring hot Pitch upon it.
    1.
    • CALKING.
    • PARSLING.
  • Smoothing the outside; by ‖ washing or burning off all the filth with REEDS or Broom; or smearing over so much of the Ship as is to be in the water with a mixture of Tallow, Sope and Brimstone, boiled together, to preserve the Calking, and to make the Vessel mor•• slippery for passage.
    2.
    • BROMING, Breaming.
    • GRAVING.
  • Defending it against Worms; by ‖ casing that part of the Hull within wa∣ter with Tar and Hair, and then nailing over thin Boards: or inlar∣ging the Breadth, by ripping off some of the Planks; and then, having added other Timbers, to put on the Planks again, styled
    3.
    • SHEATHING.
    • FURRING.
  • Varying the Position of a Ship; either ‖ for the mending of it, by ma∣king it to lie on one side, the better to come at its lower parts: or for the motion of it, by so ordering the Lading and Rigging that it may be in the best condition for sailing.
    4.
    • CAREENING.
    • TRIMMING.
• By the Ship; either
  • Resting; when 'tis ‖ staid by the Anchor: or laid leaning to one side.
    5.
    • RIDING AT ANCHOR.
    • HULLING.
  • In motion; either more
    • Direct; when it ‖ goes as it should: or runs its head in the wind more or less then it should.
      6.
      • KEEPING A WIND.
        • ...GRIPING.
        • ...FALLING TO THE LEEWARD.
    • Lateral; when it ‖ doth lean too much on one side: or doth turn too much on each side.
      7.
      • HEELING, seeling.
      • ROLLING.

ECCLESIASTICAL RELATION.

* 1.29UNder this Head of ECCLESIASTICAL RELATION (Clergy, Spiritual, Church,) are comprehended the several Notions and respects belonging to a Church-state. By Church is meant a Society of men as agreeing in the same kind of inward apprehensions of, and ex∣ternal demeanour towards, the Divine Nature: to which may be oppo∣sed the word TEMPORAL, Civil, Humane, Secular, Lay, Prophane.

Notions of this kind, may be distinguished into such as do denote

• KINDS OF RELIGION. I.
  • Persons; in regard of their
    • ECCLESIASTICAL CALLINGS. II.
    • STATES OF RELIGION. III.
  • Actions; belonging to
    • WORSHIP. IV.
    • DISCIPLINE. V.
• INSTITUTIONS. VI.

* 1.30I. That habit of reverence towards the Divine nature, whereby we are inabled and inclined to serve and worship him after such a manner as we conceive most acceptable to him, is called RELIGION, Piety, God∣liness. The Privation of which is styled ATHEISM, Irreligion, Impiety.

Men are distinguished by their kinds of Religion into such as

• Are wholly without any revelation of the true God and his Worship; but that knowledge which they have is either
  • Simple, from the dictates of mere Reason.
    1.
    • NATURAL RELIGION.
  • Mixed, and corrupted with the worship of false gods.
    2.
    • PAGANISM, Heathenism, Ethnic, Infidel, Gentil, Painim.
• Have revelations: or pretend to them; whether by
  • Moses, in which they rest.
    3.
    • JUDAISM, Iudaical, Iew.
  • Christ and his Apostles, added to Moses.
    4
    • CHRISTIANITY.
  • Mahomet, superadded to the rest.
    5.
    • MAHOMETISM, Turcism.

II. Those who apply themselves to the businesses of Religion as their particular Calling, may be stiled ECCLESIASTICAL PERSONS,* 1.31 Cler∣gy, Churchman, spiritual, Hierarchy.

To which may be opposed, TEMPORAL, Lay-ic, civil, secular, pro∣phane.

These may be distinguished into such as are

• Injoyned; being set apart to some peculiar function in the Church, and by way of office devoted to assist in the duties of Religion, whether such as were in use
  • Before the Law; being ‖ the chief Administrators of religious Services, as Masters of Families: or such others as then and since were extraor∣dinarily called and gifted to foretell future things.
    1.
    • PATRIARCH.
    • PROPHET-ical, divine, prophesie, foretell, presage, prognosticate, Prediction, Seer, Sibyl.
  • Vnder the Law; ‖ appointed for the principal works of divine Service: or such as were subordinate and assistant to them.
    2.
    • PRIEST.
    • LEVITE-ical.
  • Vnder the Gospel; being either
    • Temporary; ‖ who were first indued with the power of Miracles, of whom there were onely twelve: or such others as these took in for their help, to travel up and down for the spreading of Christianity.
      3.
      • APOSTLES-ical.
      • EVANGELISTS-ical, Gospel.
    • Permanent, and to be continued; whether
      • More principal; denoting the chief Ecclesiastical Officer ‖ of a Pro∣vince, with several Cities: or some particular City and the Terri∣tory adjoyning.
        4.
        • PRIMATE, Arch bishop, Metropolitan, Mufty, Patriarch, Pro∣vince.
        • BISHOP, Prelate, Ordinary, Episcopal-acy, Suffragan, Superin∣tendent, Pontificial, Diocess, See, Cathedral, Mitre, Crosyer, Hie∣rarchy.
      • Less principal; such as are ‖ the chief Officers of particular Parish-churches: or others subordinate and assistant to these.
        5.
        • PRESBYTER, Priest, Elder, Minister, Incumbent, Curate, Chaplain, Parson.
        • DEACON, Minister.
• Not injoyned; but voluntary, to be further distinguished, according to the
  • General name; denoting those that are under a vow of Poverty, Coe∣libate, and obedience to their Superiours, to whom may be adjoyn∣ed for affinity, such others as oblige themselves to certain offices with them.
    6.
    • REGULAR, Religious Person, order, rule.
    • PENITENTS, Confraternity, Convert.
  • Particular kinds; such as live either ‖ together in Society: or alone by themselves.
    7.
    • MONK, Frier-ry, Nunn-ery, Novice, Abbot, Abbess, Abby, Prior-ry, Ge∣neral, Provincial, Gardian, Monastic, Monastery, Minster, Cloister, Covent, Society, Cowle, Father.
    • HERMIT, Anchorite, Cell, Recluse.

* 1.32III. Persons considered according to their several STATES and Conditions in respect OF RELIGION, may be distinguished either by their

• Faith and Iudgments; whether ‖ true, or false, as to the essential points of Religion.
  1.
  • ORTHODOX, Believer.
  • HERETIC-al, Heresie, Miscreant.
• Charity to and communion with the body of those that agreee in the same Profession: or being the faulty cause of the breach of such Communion.
  2.
  • CATHOLIC, Communicant, Communion, Son of the Church.
  • SCHISMATIC, Schism-atical, Sect-ary, Recusant, Separate.
• Suffering upon the account of Religion; being either Great, but not unto Death.
  3.
  • CONFESSOR.
• Great unto Death. To which may be opposed the inflicter of suffer∣ings upon account of Religion.
  4.
  • MARTYR-dom.
  • PERSEQUUTOR:
• Eminent degrees of ‖ Religiousness: or Irreligiousness.
  5.
  • SAINT, Hero-ical, canonize.
  • SCANDAL-ous, profligate, Offence.
• Former state, in respect of the several terms from which and to which men are changed; either ‖ from bad to good: or from good to bad.
  6.
  • CONVERT, Proselyte, regenerate, reclaim, turn, come over.
  • APOSTATE, Back-slider, Renegado, Defection, revolt, draw back, turn, forsake, fall away, relapse, Fugitive, Tergiversation.

IV. That inward and outward reverence whereby we acknowledge the Esteem due to the Superiority and Excellency of another,* 1.33 together with the two extremes of this, viz. Redundant, when men give this to such things as they ought not for the Matter, or in such a degree as they ought not for the Measure; and Deficient, when men do either contemn or neg∣lect sacred things and duties, are styled

• WORSHIP, Adoration, Veneration, Devotion, devout, Liturgy, Divine service, Mattins, Vespers, Even-song.
  • SUPERSTITION, Bigot.
  • PROPHANENESS, Impiety, impious, ungodly.

The more special acts of Worship may be distinguished into such as are more

• Ordinary and constant; whereby we
  • Apply our selves to God; whether more
    • General; whereby we ‖ address to him for relief in all our wants and fears, upon the belief of his infinite Goodness and Power: or making solemn and religious promises to him.
      1.
      • PRAYER, Invocation, Collect, Orizon, Oratory, Ejaculation, call upon.
      • VOW, Votary, devoted.
    • ...

• ...
  • ...
    • Special; whereby we do either ‖
      • Acknowledge our own faults and deserts: or intreat his favour and help.
        2.
        • CONFESSION, acknowledge, Shreeve.
        • PETITION, supplicate, sue, beg, Litany, crave, request, Supply∣ant, Bedes-man, Boon.
      • Return our acknowledgements to him for the good things we enjoy; either ‖ more general: or by Singing.
        3.
        • THANKSGIVING, praise, magnifie, extol, Grace.
        • PSALM, Hymn, Anthem.
  • Instruct others publicly, or excite them to religious duties; either ‖ in a more continued solemn Discourse: or by the asking and answering of Questions in the plainest manner about the most necessary points of Religion.
    4.
    • PREACHING, Homily, Sermon, Postil, Pulpit.
    • CATECHISING, Catechism.
• Occasional; relating unto
  • Solemnities of ‖ joy: or sadness.
    5.
    • FESTIVITY, Festival, Holy-day, High-day, Sabbath, Iubilee, Wake, genial, good time.
    • FASTING, Humiliation, Ember-week, Lent, Vigil, Eve.
  • Ritual Offices observed amongst Christians; pertaining to
    • Entrance into the state of Wedlock: or dissolving of that state.
      6.
      • MARRIAGE, Wedd-ing, Matrimony, nuptial, Bride-groom, Hymen.
      • ...DIVORCE.
    • ...Return into the Congregation after Parturition.
      7.
      • CHURCHING.
    • ...Actual taking upon themselves the Obligation made by their Sponsors in Baptism.
      8.
      • CONFIRMATION.
    • Performing the Rites due to the Dead by putting their bodies ‖ into the ground: or under some Monument, to preserve the memorial of them.
      9.
      • BURYING, interr, Grave, Funeral, Obit, Obsequies, Herse, Se∣pulture, Church-yard, Charnel-house.
      • ENTOMBING, Tomb, Sepulchre, Monument, Epitaph.

* 1.34V. Actions relating to Ecclesiastical Authority or DISCIPLINE, do concern the due ordering of the circumstances of Ecclesiastical or Sa∣cred things to the best convenience. The Notions belonging to this Head, do refer either to the work of,

• ...Setting things aside to a peculiar use; according to the
  • More general Notion belonging to Things, and Times, and Places, as well as Persons; namely, the ‖ separating of them from common use: or abusing them as being but common.
    1.
    • CONSECRATION, sacred, sanctifie, hallow, devote, dedica••e, Holiness.
    • PROPHANATION, unhallowed, impious, common, Lustration.
  • More particular kind, appropriated to Persons.
    2.
    • ORDINATION, Consecration,
    • DEPRIVATION, depose.
• Regulating of abuses in Ecclesiastical matters; according to the more
  • ...General name.
    3.
    • CENSURE.
  • Particular kinds; consisting in a
    • ...Temporary privation of Church-priviledges.
      4.
      • SUSPENSION.
    • Permanent, being the highest Ecclesiastical punishment; by a ‖ cutting off from all Church-communion and privileges: or the re∣storing one so cut off.
      5.
      • EXCOMMUNICATION, Anathema, Curse, cut off, separate.
      • ...ABSOLVTION, loosing, discharge, assoile, purge, clear pardon, acquit.

* 1.35VI. By INSTITUTIONS or Ordinan••••s are properly meant such kinds of things or duties as we could not have known or been obliged unto without particular Revelation. These may be distinguished into

• Rules for our Instruction in Religion; which, according to the several manners of conveyance, were either ‖ written: or unwritten.
  1.
  • SCRIPTURE, Bible, Word of God, Holy Writ, Text, Testa∣ment.
  • TRADITION, Delivery, Cabala.
• Services to be done; according to the more
  • General name; consisting in our offering or giving things unto God.
    2.
    • OBLATION, Offering, Offertory.
  • Particular kind, proper to the times under the Law; which required the offering of such things by Fire as were either ‖ for Food: or for Perfume.
    3.
    • SACRIFICE, Victim, Holocaust, Host, Oblation, Hecatombe.
    • INCENSE, Censor.
• Certain external signs and means for the signifying and conveying of in∣ternal spiritual Grace; according to the more
  • ...General name.
    4.
    • SACRAMENT-al.
  • ...Particular kinds.
    • Vnder the Law; for the ‖ initiating: or confirming men in that Re∣ligion.
      5.
      • CIRCUMCISION, Cutting off the fore-skin.
      • PASSOVER. Paschal, Easter.
    • Vnder the Gospel; whether for ‖ initiating: or confirming.
      6.
      • BAPTISM, Christen, Font, Paedobaptism
      • EUCHARIST, Communion, the Lord's Supper, The Sacrament, Host, Mass, Missal.

Notes

• * 1.1

  §. I.
• * 1.2

  I. DEGREES OF MEN.
• * 1.3

  II. PRO∣FESSIONS.
• * 1.4

  III. CON∣VENTION▪
• * 1.5

  IV. RIGHTS.
• * 1.6

  V. CON∣TRACT.
• * 1.7

  VI. OBLIGA∣TIONS.
• * 1.8

  §. II.
• * 1.9

  I. PERSONS.
• * 1.10

  II. PRO∣CEEDINGS.
• * 1.11

  III CRIMES CAPITAL.
• * 1.12

  IV. FAULTS NOT CAPI∣TAL.
• * 1.13

  V. PUNISH∣MENTS CA∣PITAL.
• * 1.14

  VI. PUNISH∣MENTS NOT CA∣PITAL.
• * 1.15

  §. III.
• * 1.16

  I. MILI∣TARY ACTI∣ONS.
• * 1.17

  II. MILI∣TARY EVENTS.
• * 1.18

  III. Mili∣tary PER∣SONS SE∣GRE∣GATE.
• * 1.19

  IV. Milita∣ry PER∣SONS AGGRE∣GATE.
• * 1.20

  V. AM∣M••NITI∣ON.
• * 1.21

  VI. MILI∣TARY PLACES.
• * 1.22

  §. IV.
• * 1.23

  •• KINDS OF VES∣SELS.
• * 1.24

  II. HULL.
• * 1.25

  III. Parts for PROGRES∣SIVE MOTI∣ON.
• * 1.26

  IV. RIGGING
• * 1.27

  V NAVAL PERSONS.
• * 1.28

  VI. NAVAL ACTIONS.
• * 1.29

  §. V.
• * 1.30

  I. RELI∣GION.
• * 1.31

  II. ECCLE∣SIASTICAL PERSONS.
• * 1.32

  III. STATES OF RELIGI∣ON.
• * 1.33

  IV. WOR∣SHIP.
• * 1.34

  V. DISCI∣PLINE.
• * 1.35

  VI. INSTI∣TUTIONS.