An essay towards a real character, and a philosophical language by John Wilkins ...

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Title: An essay towards a real character, and a philosophical language by John Wilkins ...
Author: Wilkins, John, 1614-1672.
Publication: London :: Printed for Sa. Gellibrand, and for John Martyn ...,; 1668.
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Subject terms: Language and languages -- Early works to 1800.; Philosophy -- Miscellanea -- Early works to 1800.; Grammar, Comparative and general.; Language and languages -- Philosophy -- Early works to 1800.
Link to this Item: http://name.umdl.umich.edu/A66045.0001.001
Cite this Item: "An essay towards a real character, and a philosophical language by John Wilkins ..." In the digital collection Early English Books Online. https://name.umdl.umich.edu/A66045.0001.001. University of Michigan Library Digital Collections. Accessed April 26, 2025.

Pages

Page [unnumbered]

Page 385

PART IV. Concerning a Real Character, and a Philosophi∣cal Language. (Book 4)

CHAP. I. The Proposal of one kind of Real Character (amongst many others which might be offered) both for the Integrals, whether Genus's, Differences or Species, together with the Derivati∣o••s and Inflexions belonging to them, as likewise for all the several kinds of Particles.

THe next Enquiry should be, what kind of Character or Language may be fixed upon, as most convenient for the expression of all those Particulars above mentioned, belonging to the Philosophy of Speech; in order to which it may seem, that the first Enquiry should be con∣cerning Language; Because Writing is but the figure of Articulate sound, and therefore subsequent to it: But though it be true, that men did first speak before they did write, and consequently writing is but the figure of Speech, and therefore in order of time subsequent to it; yet in order of Nature there is no priority between these: But voice and sounds may be as well assigned to Figure, as Figures may be to Sounds. And I do the rather begin with treating concerning a com∣mon Character or Letter, because this will conduce more to that great end of Facility, whereby (as I first proposed) men are to be invited to the Learning of it. To proceed from the Language to the Chara∣cter, would require the learning of both; which being of greater dif∣ficulty, than to learn one alone, is not therefore so sutable to that in∣tention of ingaging men by the Facility of it. And because men that do retain their several Tongues, may yet communicate by a Real Cha∣racter, which shall be legible in all Languages; therefore I conceive it most proper to treat of this in the first place, and shall afterwards shew how this Character may be made effable, in a distinct Language.

All Characters signifie either Naturally, or by Institution. Natural Characters are either the Pictures of things, or some other Symbolical

Page 386

Representations of them, the framing and applying of which, though it were in some degree feasible, as to the general kinds of things; yet in most of the particular species, it would be very difficult, and in some perhaps impossible. It were exceeding desirable that the Names of things might consist of such Sounds, as should bear in them some Ana∣logy to their Natures; and the Figure or Character of these Names should bear some proper resemblance to those Sounds, that men might easily guess at the sence or meaning of any name or word, upon the first hearing or sight of it. But how this can be done in all the par∣ticular species of things, I understand not; and therefore shall take it for granted, that this Character must be by Institution. In the fra∣ming of which, there are these four properties to be endeavoured af∣ter.

1. They should be most simple and easie for the Figure, to be de∣scribed by one Ductus of the pen, or at the most by two.

2. They must be sufficiently distinguishable from one another to prevent mistake.

3. They ought to be comely and graceful for the shape of them to the eye.

4. They should be Methodical, Those of the same common nature, having some kind of sutableness and correspondence with one another; All which qualifications would be very advantageous, both for Vn∣derstanding, Memory and Vse.

Those Characters must represent either

Integrals
- Radicals.
- Derivations.
- Inflections.
Particles
- Grammatical.
- Transcendental.

The first thing to be enquired after, is to find out fitting Marks for the common Genus's or Heads in the former Tables of Integrals, which are there reduced to the number of forty. It were not difficult to offer several Varieties of these Marks or Generical Characters, with their different Advantages and Conveniences; to which purpose I had pre∣pared sundry kinds of them, which I once thought to have inserted here: but upon further consideration, I shall mention only one of them, which I have chosen out of the rest, as seeming to me to be in all respects the most convenient amongst them.

Page 387

Transcend.
- General 〈☐〉〈☐〉
- Rel. mixed 〈☐〉〈☐〉
- Rel. of Action 〈☐〉〈☐〉
Discourse 〈☐〉〈☐〉
God 〈☐〉〈☐〉
World 〈☐〉〈☐〉
Element 〈☐〉〈☐〉
Stone 〈☐〉〈☐〉
Metal 〈☐〉〈☐〉
Herb consid. accord. to the
- Leaf 〈☐〉〈☐〉
- Flower 〈☐〉〈☐〉
- Seed-vessel 〈☐〉〈☐〉
Shrub 〈☐〉〈☐〉
Tree 〈☐〉〈☐〉
Animals
- Exanguious 〈☐〉〈☐〉
- Fish 〈☐〉〈☐〉
- Bird 〈☐〉〈☐〉
- Beast 〈☐〉〈☐〉
Parts
- Peculiar 〈☐〉〈☐〉
- General 〈☐〉〈☐〉
Quantity
- Magnitude 〈☐〉〈☐〉
- Space 〈☐〉〈☐〉
- Measure 〈☐〉〈☐〉
Quality
- Power Nat. 〈☐〉〈☐〉
- Habit 〈☐〉〈☐〉
- Manners 〈☐〉〈☐〉
- Quality sensible 〈☐〉〈☐〉
- Disease 〈☐〉〈☐〉
Action
- Spiritual 〈☐〉〈☐〉
- Corporeal 〈☐〉〈☐〉
- Motion 〈☐〉〈☐〉
- Operation 〈☐〉〈☐〉
Relation
- Oecon. 〈☐〉〈☐〉
- Posses. 〈☐〉〈☐〉
- Provis. 〈☐〉〈☐〉
- Civil 〈☐〉〈☐〉
- Judicial 〈☐〉〈☐〉
- Military 〈☐〉〈☐〉
- Naval 〈☐〉〈☐〉
- Eccles. 〈☐〉〈☐〉

The Differences are to be affixed unto that end which is on the left side of the Character, according to this order;

1 〈☐〉〈☐〉
2 〈☐〉〈☐〉
3 〈☐〉〈☐〉
4 〈☐〉〈☐〉
5 〈☐〉〈☐〉
6 〈☐〉〈☐〉
7 〈☐〉〈☐〉
8 〈☐〉〈☐〉
9 〈☐〉〈☐〉

The Species should be affixed at the other end of the Character ac∣cording to the like order.

1 〈☐〉〈☐〉
2 〈☐〉〈☐〉
3 〈☐〉〈☐〉
4 〈☐〉〈☐〉
5 〈☐〉〈☐〉
6 〈☐〉〈☐〉
7 〈☐〉〈☐〉
8 〈☐〉〈☐〉
9 〈☐〉〈☐〉

And whereas several of the Species of Vegetables and Animals, do according to this present constitution, amount to more than Nine, in such cases the number of them is to be distributed into two or three Nines, which may be distinguished from one another by doubling the stroke in some one or more parts of the Character; as suppose after this manner, 〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉. If the first and most simple Character be made use of, the Species that are affixed to it, will belong to the first combination of Nine; if the other, they will belong according to the order of them, unto the second Combination.

Those Radicals which are paired to others uppon account of Oppo∣sition, may be expressed by a Loop, or (o) at the left end of the Cha∣racter, after this manner, 〈☐〉〈☐〉

Those that are paired upon the account of Affinity, are to be ex∣pressed by the like Mark at the other end of the Character, thus, 〈☐〉〈☐〉

The double Opposites of Excess or Defect, are to be described by the Transcendental points, denoting Excess or Defect, to be placed over the Character, as shall be shewed after.

Page 388

Adjectives should be expressed by a Hook at the right end of the Cha∣racter in

Genus's or Differences, thus 〈☐〉〈☐〉
Species 〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Adverbs (being very near of kin to adjectives) may be expressed by a Loop in the same place. In

Genus's and Diff. 〈☐〉〈☐〉
Species 〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Abstracts may be expressed by a Hook at the left end of the Cha∣racter. In

Genus's 〈☐〉〈☐〉
Differences and Species 〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

The Active and Passive voice may be expressed, one of them by a Hook, and the other by a Loop, at the left end of the Character, after this manner, in

Genus's
- Active 〈☐〉〈☐〉
- Passive 〈☐〉〈☐〉
Differences or Species
- Active 〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉
- Passive 〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

The Plural Number may be expressed by a hook at the right end of the Character, after this manner, in

Genus's and Differences 〈☐〉〈☐〉
Species 〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

The Characters of the Particles should each of them be of a less fi∣gure, and capable of being varied to a threefold place. The Gramma∣tical Particles, being applied to the sides of the Character, and the Transcendental Particles to the top of it.

These Grammatical Particles are here contrived to such a kind of distinct sutableness, so as each of the several kinds of them, hath a se∣veral kind of Character assigned to them.

1. The Copula, by the mark of (〈☐〉〈☐〉)
2. Pronouns, by Points. (〈☐☐☐☐☐☐〉〈☐☐☐☐☐☐〉)
3. Interjections by upright Lines streight or hooked, (〈☐☐☐☐☐〉〈☐☐☐☐☐〉)
4. Prepositions, by small curved Figures
- ...〈☐☐☐☐〉〈☐☐☐☐〉
- ...〈☐☐☐☐〉〈☐☐☐☐〉
- ...〈☐☐☐☐〉〈☐☐☐☐〉
5. Adverbs, by a right angled Character
- ...〈☐☐☐☐〉〈☐☐☐☐〉
- ...〈☐☐☐☐〉〈☐☐☐☐〉
- ...〈☐〉〈☐〉
6. Conjunctions by an acute angled Character
- ...〈☐☐☐☐〉〈☐☐☐☐〉
- ...〈☐☐☐☐〉〈☐☐☐☐〉
7. Articles by two oblique Lines to be placed towards the top of the Character
- ...〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉
...

Page 389

8. Modes by circular Figures mixed
- ...〈☐☐☐〉〈☐☐☐〉
- ...〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉
- ...〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉
- ...〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉
9. Tenses by a small streight transverse Line (-)

Amongst these Grammatical Particles the first six are more principal and absolute, viz.

1. The Copula, being the Verb Sum, according to a threefold diffe∣rence of time.

〈☐〉〈☐〉

Have been, hast been, hath been.
Am, art, is, are.
Shall be.

2. Pronouns.

〈☐〉〈☐〉

I
Thou
He

〈☐〉〈☐〉

We
Ye
They

〈☐〉〈☐〉

This, That
The same, Another
A certain, Some body

〈☐〉〈☐〉

Any
Every
All

〈☐〉〈☐〉

Who?
Which.
Whosoever.

If one of these Pronouns, suppose 〈☐〉〈☐〉 be placed at the side of the Character before it, 〈☐〉〈☐〉 it signifies the first Person (I.) If at the mid∣dle, 〈☐〉〈☐〉 it signifies the second person (Thou.) If at the bottom, 〈☐〉〈☐〉 it signifies the third person (He.) And if they are thus affixed after a Character that signifies Action, they will then denote the Accusative Case, Me, Thee, Him. so 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 is, I love him.

If any of the Pronouns are to be rendered in their Possessive sence, this is to be expressed by a little curve Line under them, as (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) So 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 is My, or Mine, (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) is Ours, (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) is Thy or Thine, (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 is His. And (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) is Theirs.

The Reduplicative Notion of Pronouns may most naturally be ex∣pressed by a doubling of their Character with a Fulcrum or Arrectarius interposed. So 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 is I me, that is, I my self. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 is Thou thee, Thou thy self. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 He him, He himself. And so for the Possessives that are re∣duplicative 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Mine mine, that is, My own, &c.

And whereas several of the Pronouns were before said to be appli∣cable both unto Place, Time, and Manner, this ought to be expres∣sed in writing by the help of an Arrectarius, with the Transcenden∣tal Marks of PI. T. M. So 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 is, Which place. Thus 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 is, What place, or Where? 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 is, What time, or When? 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 is, What manner, or How?

Interjections may be thus expressed;

〈☐〉〈☐〉

Admiring
Doubting
Despising

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Love, Hatred
Mirth, Sorrow
Desire, Aversation

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Exclamation, Silence
Bespeaking, Expressing attention
Insinuation, Threatning

Page 390

The Marks for Prepositions may be thus applied;

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Of, With
By, For
Out of, Concerning

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

According, Instead
With, Without
For, Against

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

To, At
From, Off
Over, About

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Into, In
Out of, Without
Thorough, Beside

〈☐〉〈☐〉

Upwards, Above
Downwards, Below
Before, Behind

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Upon, Under
On this side, Beyond
Betwixt, Against

The Marks for Adverbs may be thus applied;

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Yea, Nay
Perhaps, Truly
As, So

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

How, So
More, Most
Less, Least

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Rather, Than
Yet, Until
Whilst, At length

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Together, Only
Again, As if
Un, Re

〈☐〉〈☐〉

Almost.
Scarce.
Thereabout.

The Marks for Conjunctions may be thus applied;

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Whether yea, Whether no
And, Neither
If Unless

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Indeed, But
Although, Notwithstanding
Or, Either

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

That, Least that
For, Because
Wherefore, Therefore

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Whereas, Thereupon
Also, &c.
viz. e. g.

The other three kinds of Particles are more servile and auxiliary.

The Articles may be expressed (as was said before) by two ob∣lique Lines to be placed towards the top of the Character

A 〈☐〉〈☐〉
The 〈☐〉〈☐〉

The Mark for the Imperative Mood, according as it is applied to several places of the Character, may express the mode of

〈☐〉〈☐〉 Petition
〈☐〉〈☐〉 Perswasion
〈☐〉〈☐〉 Command

Page 391

The Secondary Moods may have their Marks thus applied to them;

Power
- Can 〈☐〉〈☐〉
- Could 〈☐〉〈☐〉
Liberty
- May 〈☐〉〈☐〉
- Might 〈☐〉〈☐〉
Will
- Will 〈☐〉〈☐〉
- Would 〈☐〉〈☐〉
Necessity
- Must, shall 〈☐〉〈☐〉
- Must, should 〈☐〉〈☐〉

Several of these Secondary Modes, will according to their places, towards the top, middle, and bottom of the Character, comprehend in them the several differences of time; so 〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉 is I would have writ.

The Marke for the Tenses, Past, Present, and Future, may be thus applied; 〈☐〉〈☐〉

Have been, hast been, hath been.
Am, art, is.
Shall be.

The Transcendental Marks to be put in three places over the head of the Character, may be thus applied;

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Metaphor
Like
Kind
Manner
Thing
Person

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Place
Time
Cause
Sign
Aggregate
Segregate

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Lamin
Pinn
Instrument
Vessell
Jugament
Machin

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Sepiment
Armament
Vest
Armour
House
Chamber

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Habit
Art
Officer
Artist
Mechanic
Merchant

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Ability
Proneness
Inceptive
Frequentative
Endeavor
Impetus

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Augmentative
Diminutive
Excess
Defect
Perfective
Corruptive

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Voice
Language
Male
Female
Young
Part

Whereas there is somewhat peculiar in the nature of Numbers, di∣stinct from any of the other Heads, by reason of their great multitude, and various kinds; It may seem therefore necessary to offer some more particular directions for the expression of them, both as to the Numbers themselves, and as to the Grammatical Variations of them.

Numbers are usually expressed in Writing either by words at length, or by Figures.

The Character here proposed under the first difference of Measure, is that which doth answer to the writing of Numbers in words at length,

Page 392

And because the Species enumerated under that difference, are but nine, for the nine Digits; therefore will it be convenient in the first place, to explain the manner how all other numbers above nine, are to be expressed in this Character; which may be done by affixing some of these four Marks, (〈☐☐☐☐〉〈☐☐☐☐〉) put after the Character, closer to the Body of it than ordinary, to denote those round Numbers, Ten, Hun∣dred, Thousand, Million.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Ten.
〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Hundred.
〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Thousand.
〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Million.
〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 20
〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 200
〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 2000
〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 2000000
〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 30
〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 300
〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 3000
〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 3000000

But because those common Figures now in use, borrowed from the Arabians, are so generally known, and a kind of Universal Character already received; therefore it may be most convenient still to retain the use of them, as being much better fitted for all the Arithmetical Operations, of Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division, &c. than either that Numerical Character mentioned before, or the way of Numeration by Letters, or any other way that I can think of.

As for those Variations of which Numbers are capable, and accord∣ing to which Grammarians do commonly distinguish them, they may be thus expressed.

1. Those which are called Cardinal Numbers, One, Two, Three, &c. are the Radical Numbers themselves.

2. Ordinals, as

First, second▪ third, &c. are Adjectives Neuter.
Firstly, secondly, thirdly, &c. are the Adverbs Neu∣ter.

3. Distributives may be exprest by the Substantive Neuter, with the Transcendental Mark of Segregate, the Substantive it self being put for one sort of Distributive in the singular Number, as sing. 3. (segr. will denote three, one by one; or for another sort of Distributive, being put in the plural number, as plural 3. (segr. will signifie by threes, or three by three.

4. Collectives may be exprest by the Substantive Neuter, with the Adverb together before it, with the transcendental Mark of Aggregate over it, as together-three, or three (Aggr. is a ternary, a leash, &c.

5. Multiplying a Number may be expressed by the Active of it, as a. three is trebling, and being multiplied by the Passive of it, as p. three being trebled.

6. Dividing a Number into parts, may be exprest by the Active with the transcendental Mark (Part. as a. three (part) is dividing into 3 parts, or active tripartition. Being divided into parts, may be ex∣pressed by the Passive with the mark of part; as p. three (part) is be∣ing divided into 3 parts, or passive tripartition. If this Division be into equal parts, one may express it by adding the Adverb equally.

Page 393

7. A Fraction may be exprest; If it be the Aliquot part of a Num∣ber, by the Adjective Neuter, with the Transcendental Mark of Part, as adj. three (part) a third part, and it may be written thus, 3) 1; If it be not the Aliquot part of a Number, it may be exprest by both the Numbers which are to be considered in it, as three sevenths may be called a seventh part of three, and it may be written thus, 7) 3.

8. A Ration may be exprest likewise by both the Numbers which are to be considered in it, in speaking thus; as three to seven, in wri∣ting ••/7

9. Number of Species or Sorts, may be exprest by the Number with the Transcendental Mark of (kind) as threefold, 3 (kind.

10. Number of Times or Places likewise, by the Transcendental Marks of Time or Place respectively, as once, twice, &c. in one

time
place

in two

times
places

in three

times
places

&c.

11. Abstract Numbers, as Unity, Duality, Trinity, may be exprest by adding the Mark of Abstract upon the Character.

If the Question be how these Grammatical Variations may be con∣trived in the use of the ordinary Figures for Number, this may be done by affixing such variations upon a Transverse Line over the head of the Figure, So 1^☐. 2^☐. 3^☐. will be the Adjective, first, second, and third, &c. So 1^☐. 2^☐. 3^☐ will be the Adverb, Firstly, secondly, third∣ly, So 2^☐. 3^☐. 4^☐. will be twofold, threefold, fourfold, &c So 1^☐. 2^☐. 3^☐. &c. will be once, twice, thrice, &c.

The Characters that serve for Interpunction, may be thus contri∣ved;

Comma 〈☐〉〈☐〉
Colon 〈☐〉〈☐〉
Period 〈☐〉〈☐〉

Those other Notes to distinguish the various manners of Pronuntia∣tion may be Charactered after this manner;

Hyphen ••
Parenthesis ()
Explication []
Interrogation ?
Wonder !
Irony ¡

Page 394

These Marks having not any such near resemblance to the other Real Characters, appointed either for Integrals or Particles, need not therefore be changed,

The Note for Emphasis, may be expressed either by a reduplication of the Characters, if it consist in one word; or by some variety in the shape of the Characters, if it consist in several words, as is usual in that way of printing Words in an Italic Letter

The meaning of these things will appear more plainly by an Exam∣ple: To which purpose I shall set down the Lords Prayer, and the Creed written in this Character, which I shall afterwards explain and resolve according to the forementioned Rules.

Page 395

CHAP. II. Instances of this Real Character in the Lords Prayer and the Creed.

FOr the better explaining of what hath been before delivered con∣cerning a Real Character, it will be necessary to give some Exam∣ple and Instance of it, which I shall do in the Lords Prayer and the Creed: First setting each of them down after such a manner as they are ordinarily to be written. Then the Characters at a greater di∣stance from one another, for the more convenient figuring and inter¦lining of them. And lastly, a Particular Explication of each Chara∣cter out of the Philosphical Tables, with a Verbal Interpretation of them in the Margin.

The Lords Prayer.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉¹ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉² 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉³ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁴ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁵ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁶ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁷ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁸ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁹ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉¹⁰ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉¹¹

Our Parent who art in Heaven, Thy Name be Hallowed, Thy

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉¹² 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉¹³ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉¹⁴ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉¹⁵ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉¹⁶ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉¹⁷ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉¹⁸ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉¹⁹ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉²⁰ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉²¹ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉²² 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉²³ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉²⁴ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉²⁵ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉²⁶

Kingdome come, Thy Will be done, so in Earth as in Heaven, Give

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉²⁷ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉²⁸ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉²⁹ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉³⁰ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉³¹ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉³² 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉³³ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉³⁴ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉³⁵ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉³⁶ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉³⁷ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉³⁸ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉³⁹ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁴⁰ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁴¹ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁴² 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁴³

to us on this day our bread expedient and forgive us our trespasses as

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁴⁴ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁴⁵ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁴⁶ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁴⁷ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁴⁸ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁴⁹ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁵⁰ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁵¹ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁵² 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁵³ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁵⁴ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁵⁵ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁵⁶ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁵⁷ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁵⁸

we forgive them who trespass against us, and lead us not into

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁵⁹ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁶⁰ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁶¹ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁶² 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁶³ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁶⁴ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁶⁵ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁶⁶ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁶⁷ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁶⁸ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁶⁹ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁷⁰

temptation, but deliver us from evil, for the Kingdome and the

Power and the Glory is thine, for ever and ever, Amen. So be it.

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* 1.11. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The first Particle being expressed by Points, doth denote the thing thereby signified to be a Pronoun: And whereas there are two Points placed level, towards the upper side of the Character, they must therefore (according to the Directions premised) signifie the first Person Plural Number, viz. We. And because there is a curve Line under these Points, that denotes this Pronoun to be here used Possessively, and consequently to signifie Our.

* 1.22. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This next Character being of a bigger proportion, must therefore represent some Integral Notion. The Genus of it, viz. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) is appointed to signifie Oeconomical Relation. And whereas the Trans∣verse Line at the end towards the left hand, hath an affix, making an acute Angle, with the upper side of the Line, therefore doth it refer to the first Difference of that Genus, which according to the Tables, is relation of Consanguinity: And there being an Affix making a right Angle at the other end of the same Line, therefore doth it signifie the second Species under this Difference, viz. Direct ascending, by which the Notion of Parent is defined. And this being originally a Noun of Person, doth not the need therefore Transc. Note of Person to be af∣fixed to it. If it were to be rendred Father in the strictest sense, it would be necessary that the Transcendental Note of Male should be joyned to it, being a little hook on the top, over the middle of the Character, after this manner (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉▪) The word Father in the most Philosophical and proper sense of it, denoting a Male Parent. And because the word Parent is not here used according to the strictest sense, but Me∣taphorically; therefore might the Transcendental Note of Metaphor, be put over the head of it, after this manner, (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.) But this being such a Metaphor as is generally received in other Languages, there∣fore there will be no necessity of using this mark.

3. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Character consisting of Points, must therefore denote a Pronoun;* 1.3 and because it consists of three Points, therefore must it denote one of the Compound Pronouns, and being placed towards the middle of the Character, therefore must it signifie Who personal, or Which real.

* 1.44. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Particle, being a small Round, doth therefore denote the Copula, and being placed towards the middle of the Character, it must therefore signifie the present tense of it, Am, art, is, are, and be∣ing joyned with a Noun of the second person, is therefore in English to be rendered (Art.)

5. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Particle being of a curved figure, must therefore refer to Prepositions.* 1.5 And by the shape of it, it must belong to one of the Opposites in the fourth Combination of Prepositions, and by the place of it, being towards the upper end of the Character, it is determined to the Preposition (In.)

6. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Generical Character is assigned to signifie World, the right angled affix on the left side,* 1.6 denoting the second Difference under that Genus, namely Heaven, which is defined to import either

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a place or state of the greatest perfection and happiness; and because there is no affix at the other end, therefore doth it signifie the Diffe∣rence it self, and not any Species.

7. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Particle,* 1.7 for the Reason before mentioned (Numb. 1.) is a possessive Pronoun, for its consisting of a single Point, it must be of the singular number; and for its place towards the middle of the Character, it must relate to the second Person, viz. Thy, or Thine.

8. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The Genus denoted by this Character is Transcendental General; the affix to the end on the left side,* 1.8 doth signifie the first Difference under that Genus, viz. the Kinds of Things and Notions, or those essential Communities wherein the things of different natures do agree. The affix at the other end of the same Line, making an obtuse angle with the lower side of it, doth signifie the fourth Species under that Difference, viz. Name▪ which according to its primary sense is described to be the word assigned for the signifying any thing or notion.

9. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Particle is appointed to signifie that which is called the Imperative Mode by way of Petition, or May it be,* 1.9 or we pray that it may be.

10. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Generical Character doth signifie Ecclesiastical Rela∣tion:* 1.10 The affix making a right angle with the under part of the Ge∣nus, doth denote the fifth Difference, which refers to Discipline, or the due ordering of the Circumstances of Ecclesiastical or sacred things to the best advantage; under which the first Species denoted by the acute Angle on the other end and side, doth signifie the more general notion of separating things from their Commonness, and setting them apart by way of Honour to a more peculiar use, which is called Con∣secrating or Hallowing. By the Loop on the affix for the Difference, is signified the Passive Voice; and by the Hook on the other affix, the notion of Adjective.

11. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as Numb. 7.* 1.11

12. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Generical Character doth signifie Civil or Politi∣cal Relation. The affix on the left side,* 1.12 doth signifie the first Diffe∣rence under tha•• Genus which is Degrees of Persons. The affix on the Species side, doth refer to the second Species, which is King, defined to be the most principal and absolute amongst the kinds of Magistrates. The Hook at the end of the Difference affix doth signifie Action: So that the proper notion expressed by this Character is Regnation, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 regnare, which is the Substantive of Action, as King is of Per∣son.

13. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as Numb. 9.* 1.13

14. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The Genus denoted by this Character is Transcendental Action; the affix on the Difference side,* 1.14 making an acute Angle with the lower side, doth signifie the sixth Difference, which according to the Tables doth refer to Ition, going, or passing; the affix on the Spe∣cies

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side, being the first, doth according to the Tables, refer to the word Coming, which is described to be motion to a place nearer to us: The Hook on the Difference doth signifie Active voice, and the Hook on the other affix, the notion of Adjective, viz. Coming.

* 1.1515. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as Numb. 7.

* 1.1616. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Generical Character doth signifie the first Genus in Quality, which according to the Tables is Natural Power. The affix for the Difference, making an acute Angle, with the upper side of the Genus, must signifie Rational Faculty. The affix on the Species side, making an obtuse Angle with the lower side, must signifie the fourth Species, which is that Faculty we call Will, whereby we do rational∣ly follow after that which is good, and fly what is evil. The hook on the left side upon the Difference affix, denotes the Active voice. So that the proper Signification of this Character is Volition, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 velle.

* 1.1717. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as Numb. 9.

* 1.1818. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The same Generical Character with Numb. 14. deno∣ting Transcendental Action. The obtuse angle on the left side signifies the third Difference, viz. General Actions relating to Business. The acute Angle at the other end, signifies the sixth Species, viz. the doing or effecting what we undertake and design, which we call performing or accomplishing; the Loop at the end of the Difference doth denote the Passive voice, and the Hook upon the other affix, the notion of Adjective; so that this Character signifies the Adjective Passive, of per∣form, viz. performed or done.

* 1.1919. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Character being a right angled Particle, doth denote some Adverb; and by its shape it appears to be one of the Opposites in the first Combination, and by its place towards the lower end of the Character, it is determined to the Particle (So.)

* 1.2020. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 5.

21. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The same Generical Character as numb. 6. signifying World,* 1.21 the affix making a right Angle, doth denote the second diffe∣rence under that Genus, namely, the Celestial parts of it in general, amongst which, this Globe of Sea and Land whereon we live, is reckoned as the seventh Species, denoted by the affix at the other end.

* 1.2222. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Particle being opposite to that numb. 19. signifying So, must therefore signifie As, the one being the Redditive of the other.

* 1.2323. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 5.

* 1.2424 (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 6.

* 1.2525. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The same as numb. 9. but being here joyned with a word Active of the second Person, it must be rendered in English, Maist thou be.

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26. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The Genus of this Character is the same with number 14, & 18. denoting Transcendental Action; The affix on the left hand,* 1.26 making an obtuse Angle with the lower side of the Genus, doth there∣fore signifie the fourth Difference, which concerns Actions relating to Commerce: and the affix at the other end making such an obtuse angle, doth therefore signifie the fourth Species, which according to the Tables, is Giving, described to be the parting with something to ano∣ther, to which we our selves have a right. The Hook at the end of the Difference affix, doth signifie Active, and the other, Adjective, viz. Giving.

27. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Particle, by the figure of it,* 1.27 must signifie a Prepo∣sition of the third Combination, and by its place at the upper side of the Character, it is determined to signifie the Preposition (To.)

28. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Particle consisting of Points,* 1.28 doth therefore denote a Pronoun; and because there are two Points placed in a Level towards the top of the Character, therefore must it signifie the first Person plu∣ral, as numb. 1. And coming after a Verb, it is to be rendered in En∣glish as we do the Accusative Case, (Vs.)

29. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 5.* 1.29

30. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Pronoun particle consisting of two points placed ob∣liquely from the bottom towards the top,* 1.30 doth therefore signifie one of the Relative Pronouns; and being placed at the top of the Chara∣cter, it must signifie (This.)

31. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Generical Character is appointed to signifie the Genus of Measure. The affix on the left hand,* 1.31 making a right angle with the lower side of the Line, signifies the fifth Difference, which is Measure of Time. The affix at the other end, making the like angle, doth denote the fifth Species, viz. Day Natural, which is described to be the time of the Suns motion from any one Meridian to the same a∣gain.

32. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 1.* 1.32

33. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Character is appointed to signifie the Genus of Oeco∣nomical Provisions, of which,* 1.33 the first Difference denoted by the affix on the left hand, doth refer to Sustentation ordinary, and the first Species at the other end, doth refer to such kind of ordinary food as is of a more solid consistence, made of Grain, or some other Vege∣table baked, without any considerable mixture, being of all other kinds of Food most necessary and common, which is Bread.

34. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The Genus of this Character doth signifie Transcenden∣tal General. as before, N. 8. The affix on the left hand being the fifth,* 1.34 doth denote the Differences of things relating to means; where the se∣venth Species, denoted by the affix at the other end, doth signifie that kind of usefulness, which may probably promote the end, which we call Expediency; and because the Hook at the end of the Species affix doth denote adjective; therefore this Character must signifie ex∣pedient.

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* 1.3535. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The Particle represented by an acute angled figure, must therefore refer to Conjunctions. By the position of the Angle down∣wards, and by the situation of it towards the middle of the Character, it must denote the Conjunction, And.

* 1.3636. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 9.

* 1.3737. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The Genus of this Character doth signifie Iudicial Re∣lation. The affix on the Difference side, making a right angle with the upper side of the Genus, doth therefore signifie the second Difference, viz. Iudicial Actions. The affix for the Species being the ninth, doth signifie that kind of Forinsic Action, which is consequent with respect to the Iudges, inflicting the punishment or freeing from it; the first of which is executing, to which is opposed (signified in the Character by the Loop on the left hand) Pardoning, or forgiving. The Hook up∣on the affix for the Difference, denoting the Active voice, and that up∣on the other affix, the Adjective.

* 1.3838. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 27.

* 1.3939. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 28.

* 1.4040. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 1.

* 1.4141. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The same Generical Character as numb. 8, & 34. signi∣fying Transcendental General. The obtuse angle on the left side doth signifie the third Difference, viz. the more common and absolute Diffe∣rences of things. The affix at the other end, making a right Angle with the upper side, doth signifie the second Species, namely, that Difference of things which doth include a respect to the Will, as to their agreement or disagreement with that Faculty, whereby they are rendered desirable, or avoydable; which we call Goodness or Evilness. The Loop towards the left hand, at the joyning of the Affix, doth denote the Opposite in the Tables, namely, Evilness: The Hook at the other end of the same Affix▪ doth signifie the Active voice; and the hook on the other side, the Plural Number: So that the true impor∣tance of this Character must be evil actions, which is the same with that which we stile Trespasses.

* 1.4242. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 19.

* 1.4343. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 24.

* 1.4444. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 4. But being here used with a word of the plural number, it must be rendered Are.

* 1.4545. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 37.

* 1.4646. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 27,

* 1.4747. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Particle Pronoun consisting of two points placed le∣vel, must signifie the Plural Number of one of the Personal Pronouns, and being at the lower end of the Character, it must signifie They, and coming after the Verb, it must be rendered Them.

* 1.4848. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 3.

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49. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 44. But being here placed towards the upper part of the Character, it must signifie the Copula in the Preter Tense,* 1.49 Have been.

50. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The same Radical as numb. 41. Only the Hook on the Species affix, is on that side which signifies the notion of Adjective,* 1.50 viz. Transgressing.

51. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Particle doth by its figure appear to be one of the opposite Prepositions of the second Combination,* 1.51 and by its position towards the bottom of the Character, it is determined to (A∣gainst.)

52. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as Numb. 24.* 1.52

53. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as Numb. 31.* 1.53

54. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Particle by the figure of it, must be one of the Op∣posites of the first Combination of Adverbs, and by the place of it,* 1.54 it must be the Negative Particle No, or Not.

55. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as Numb. 9.* 1.55

56. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The same Generical Character as Numb. 14, 18.26. sig∣nifying Transcendental Action, The Difference on the left hand,* 1.56 be∣ing the same as Numb. 14. Namely, the sixth, denoting Ition; where the fifth Species signified by the right angled affix at the other end, doth by the Tables signifie Leading, which is described to be the caus∣ing of another thing to come after. The Hook on the Difference affix, doth signifie Active, and the other Hook Adjective. viz. Lead∣ing.

57, (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as Numb. 28.* 1.57

58. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Particle by the place and shape of it, must be oppo∣site to that, Numb. 5. And consequently, according to the Tables,* 1.58 must signifie (Into.)

59. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The Generical Character the same with that, N. 14, 18, 26, 56. The right Angle on the left side denoting the second Difference,* 1.59 viz. General Relations of Actions Comparate: The right Angle at the other end and side, signifying the fifth Species, which in the Tables, is Comparing; to which is adjoyned by way of Affinity (signified by the Loop) the Notion of Trying, or the Examining of things, for the distinguishing of their Truth and Goodness. And because this is in it self of an indifferent nature, and consequently not to be deprecated; therefore the true Notion of it in this place, must be confined to such kind of Temptations or Trials as may be hurtful, which is expressed by the Transcendental Particle of Corruptive, set on the top of the Character towards the right hand.

60. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Particle by the figure of it, must denote a Conjuncti∣on, and an Opposite belonging to the second Combination,* 1.60 and by the place of it towards the upper end of the Character, it is determin∣ed to the Conjunction, (But.)

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* 1.6161. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as Numb. 9.

* 1.6262. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Generical Character doth signifie Spiritual Action, under which the first Difference denoted by the acute Angle on the left side, doth refer to the Actions of God, (i. e.) such kind of Actions as do primarily belong to the Divine Nature; though some of them may in a secondary manner, and by way of participation be ascribed to other things. The right Angle made by the other affix, doth de∣note the fifth Species, which is defined to be the keeping or taking one from any kind of evil; which we call Delivering. The Hooks upon each affix (as hath been often said before) must denote Active, and Adjective.

* 1.6363. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as Numb. 24.

64. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) A Preposition of the third Combination, and by its place at the middle of the Character,* 1.64 it is determined to the Preposition From.

65. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The same Radical Character as Numb, 41, 50. The lit∣tle upright stroke on the top towards the right hand,* 1.65 being the Tran∣scendental Note of Thing.

* 1.6666. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Particle, by the shape of it, must be a Conjunction of the third Combination, and by the position of it about the middle of the Character, it must be the Causal Particle For, or Because.

* 1.6767. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This oblique stroke towards the top is appointed to signi∣fie one of the Articles subservient to Substantives; and because the ob∣liquity of it, is from the bottom upwards towards the right hand, there∣fore doth it denote the Demonstrative Article The.

* 1.6868. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as Numb. 12.

* 1.6969. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as Numb. 35.

* 1.7070. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as Numb. 67.

* 1.7171. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Generical Character doth signifie Habit; the right angle on the left side, denoting the second Difference, which compre∣hends the Instruments of Virtue, commonly stiled the Goods of For∣tune: the right angle at the other end, signifying the fifth Species, which is Power, described to consist in an ability to protect our selves and others from Injury.

* 1.7272. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as Numb. 35.

* 1.7373. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as Numb. 67.

* 1.7474. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The same Character, both as to the Genus and Diffe∣rence with Numb. 71. The affix towards the right hand signifying the second Species, which is Reputation, which by the transcendental mark of Augmentative over the Character towards the right hand, doth im∣port the Notion of Glory, viz. the greatest kind and degree of Repu∣tation.

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75. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as Numb. 4.* 1.75

76. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as Numb. 7.* 1.76

77. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Generical Character,* 1.77 doth signifie the Genus of Space. The acute angle on the left side to the top, doth denote the first Difference, which is Time. The other affix signifies the ninth spe∣cies under this Difference, which is Everness. The Loop at the end of this affix denotes the word to be used adverbially; so that the sense of it must be the same which we express by that phrase, For ever and ever.

78. () The word Amen in the Literal Character.* 1.78

79. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as Numb. 19.* 1.79

80. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as Numb. 9.* 1.80

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The Creed.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉

I believe in God the Father Almighty Maker of Heaven and

of Earth, and in Jesus Christ his Son only our Lord, who was

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉²³ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉²⁴ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉²⁵ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉²⁶ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉²⁷ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉²⁸ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉²⁹ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉³⁰ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉³¹ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉³²

conceived by the Holy Ghost, born of the Virgin Mary, suffered

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉³³ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉³⁴ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉³⁵ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉³⁶ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉³⁷ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉³⁸ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉³⁹ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁴⁰ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁴¹ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁴²

under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, dead, and buried, he descended

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁴³ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁴⁴ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁴⁵ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁴⁶ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁴⁷ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁴⁸ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁴⁹ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁵⁰ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁵¹ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁵² 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁵³ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁵⁴ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁵⁵ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁵⁶ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁵⁷ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁵⁸

into hell, he did rise from the dead in the day third, He ascended

into heaven, where he sitteth at the right hand of God the Father,

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁷¹ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁷² 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁷³ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁷⁴ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁷⁵ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁷⁶ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁷⁷ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁷⁸ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁷⁹ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁸⁰ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁸¹ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁸² 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁸³ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁸⁴ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁸⁵ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁸⁶

from whence he shall come to judge the Quick and the dead. I believe

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁸⁷ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁸⁸ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁸⁹ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁹⁰ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁹¹ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁹² 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁹³ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁹⁴

in the Holy Ghost, the Church holy Catholick, the Communion of

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁹⁵ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁹⁶ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁹⁷ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁹⁸ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉⁹⁹ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉¹⁰⁰ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉¹⁰¹ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉¹⁰² 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉¹⁰³ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉¹⁰⁴ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉¹⁰⁵ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉¹⁰⁶ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉¹⁰⁷

Saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the body, and the

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉¹⁰⁸ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉¹⁰⁹

life everlasting.

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1. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Particle being a single point,* 1.81 must denote one of the demonstrative Pronouns in the singular Number: And by its place towards the upper end of the Character, and before the Verb, the Nominative Case of the first Person, viz. I.

2. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Particle being a Round, must signifie the Copula,* 1.82 and being placed towards the middle, and joyned with the Nominative case of the first person, it must be rendered (Am.)

3. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Generical Character is appointed to signifie the Genus of Habit.* 1.83 The affix on the left hand making a right angle with the lower side, doth signifie the fifth Difference under that Genus, which according to the Tables, is Infused Habit. The other affix ma∣king an obtuse angle, doth signifie the fourth Species, viz. Faith; which is defined to consist in a readiness of mind to yield an effectual assent (without any affected captiousness) unto revealed Truths, up∣on such Grounds as their natures are capable of, and such as are in themselves sufficient to prevail with a prudent teachable man. The Hook upon the Difference denotes the Active voice, and the hook upon the Species, the Adjective, viz. Believing.

The Word Believe being of an equivocal sense, may likewise be ex∣pressed by the Genus of Spiritual Action, the second difference, relating to the Acts of the Speculative Iudgment, and the affinis of the second Species, which is Believing, described to be an assent to any thing as truth upon the credit of others by whom it is related. But I rather chuse the former, as being more proper to this place.

4. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) A streight Line being the most simple,* 1.84 is put for the Cha∣racter of God. The acute angle on the left side doth denote the first Person of the Blessed Trinity, namely, God the Father; which by fol∣lowing the Verb, is supposed to be in the Object case. And this may better express the true notion of Credo in Deum, than by using the Pre∣position In, as the sense of that Particle is determined in the foregoing Tables.

5. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Character doth by the two strokes denoting an Hyphen, appear to be a Compound.* 1.85 The two Points denote a Pronoun of the third Combination, and by the place of them at the bottom, they must signifie the Vniversal Collective, viz. All. The Integral Character with which this is compounded, is the Genus of Natural Power. The Hook at the end signifies the Grammatical notion of Ad∣jective. So that this compound Character may be rendered All-power∣ful, Omnipotent, or Almighty.

6. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Particle doth signifie the Demonstrative Article The.* 1.86

7. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Particle being a small transverse Line placed at the side,* 1.87 must denote one of the Tenses, and being placed towards the upper part, it must signifie the Preter Tense.

8. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The Genus of this Character is appointed to signifie Spi∣ritual* 1.88

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Action, or the Action of a Spirit, or Spiritual Faculty. The affix on the left, and that likewise on the right side, making acute angles with the upper side, must therefore signifie the first difference under that Genus which refers to Actions of God, and the first Species of that Difference, namely, Creation; which is defined to be, the putting of things into their first being. The hook at the end of the Difference affix, doth signifie Active, and the other Adjective. The transcen∣dental mark, of a little flat Line on the top towards the right hand, doth denote Person; so that this Character with the precedent affixes, doth properly signifie, the having been Creating Person.

* 1.899. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Particle doth by its figure appear to be one of the Prepositions of the first Combination, and by its position towards the top of the Character, it is determined to be the first of them, which in Latin and Greek is expressed by the Genitive case, and in English by the Particle Of.

* 1.9010. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The Genus of this Character signifies World. The affix on the left side denoting the second Difference, is Heaven.

* 1.9111. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Particle, by the shape of it, appears to be a Conjun∣ction of the first combination, and by the position of it towards the middle of the Character, it must be the second of them, viz. the Con∣junction Affirmative, namely, And.

* 1.9212. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as Numb. 9.

* 1.9313. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The same Character as to Genus and difference with Numb. 10. The affix for the Species making an acute Angle, and pas∣sing below the middle line, doth denote the seventh Species, which according to the Tables, is this Globe of Sea and Land.

* 1.9414. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as Numb. 11.

* 1.9515. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The same Generical Character as Numb. 4. The right Angle denoting the second Person in the Blessed Trinity, viz. Iesus Christ.

* 1.9616. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Particle being a single point, must denote one of the Demonstrative Pronouns in the singular number; and by its place to∣wards the bottom of the Character, it must signifie the third Person, or He; and being made possessive by the curve line under it, it must be rendered His.

* 1.9717. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The Genus of this Character doth denote Oeconomical Relation. By the acute angle on the left side, is signified the first Diffe∣rence, which is Relation of Consanguinity. By the right angle at the other end, is denoted the second Species, which is described to be Di∣rect Ascending, namely, Parent; to which is opposed Direct Descend∣ing, namely, Child, which opposition is denoted by the Loop on the left side of the Character.

* 1.9818. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The same Genus with the former, the fourth Diffe∣rence,

Page 407

denoting Relations of Equality; the second Species signifying that particular Relation which is founded upon our Conversing with others, namely, Companion. To which the opposite (signified by the Loop at the joyning of the difference affix) is being in a state of Segregation from others. The hook upon the Species affix, denoting Adjective, viz. Alone, or Only.

19. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) These two Points standing level, must signifie one of the Demonstrative Pronouns, in the Plural number.* 1.99 By the place of them towards the upper side of the Character, they must denote the first Person, We; which being by the curve line rendered Possessive, must signifie Our.

20. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The Genus of this Character is assigned to signifie Civil Relation;* 1.100 of which the first difference doth denote Degrees of Per∣sons. The second Species signifying the supreme Magistrate, to whom others owe Subjection and Obedience, viz. King, Lord, Soveraign.

21. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Particle consisting of three Points, must therefore signifie one of the Compound Pronouns.* 1.101 By the position of it to∣wards the middle of the Character, it denotes the second of them, to be rendered Who, when we speak of a Person: and Which, when we speak of a Thing.

22. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The Copula, as Numb. 2. but being here placed towards the top of the Character, it must be rendered in the Preter tense,* 1.102 viz. Hath been, or Was.

23. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The Genus of this Character is assigned to Corporeal A∣ction. The acute angle on the left side, denoting the first Difference,* 1.103 namely, such corporeal actions as belong primarily to Vegetative and living bodies. The right angle at the other end, signifies the second Species, which in the Tables is Impregnation; to which the Word Conception is adjoyned by way of Affinity, signified by the Loop on the right side. The Loop on the Difference affix, signifying the Passive voice; and the Hook upon the Species affix, Adjective.

24. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Particle, by the figure and position of it, must be the second in the first combination of Prepositions,* 1.104 relating to the Effi∣cient Cause, which we render By.

25. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as Numb. 6.* 1.105

26. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The same Genus with numb. 4, and 15.* 1.106 The obtuse an∣gle signifying the third Person of the Blessed Trinity, viz. Holy Ghost.

27. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The same Genus and Difference as numb. 23. The af∣fix towards the right hand making an obtuse angle with the upper side must signifie the third Species, which is Parturition, or bringing forth.* 1.107 The Loop at the end of the difference affix, denoting Passive voice, and the Hook on the other side, Adjective, viz. Borne.

28. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Particle, by the figure and position of it,* 1.108 doth ap∣pear

Page 408

to be the third of the first combination of Prepositions, relating to the Material Cause, ex qua (Of)

* 1.10929. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 6.

* 1.11030. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The same Genus as numb. 17, & 18. The affix towards the left hand, denoting the second Difference, which is Relation of Affinity; the other affix denoting the first Species, viz. that preceding state, whereby persons are rendered capable of Marriage, namely, Celibate, to which the notion of Virgin is joyned as an affinis (denoted by the Loop on the right side) described to be one that hath not cou∣pled with any other.

* 1.11131. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The name Mari in the Literal Character, as being a proper name.

* 1.11232. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The Genus of this Character doth belong to Iudicial Relation; the difference affix being the fifth, must denote Capital pu∣nishment; the Loop upon the Difference affix signifying Passive, and the hook upon the other affix, Adjective.

* 1.11333. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Particle, by the figure and position of it, must be the first Opposite in the sixth combination of Prepositions, namely, Vn∣der.

34. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) These being proper Names, are to be ex∣pressed only by a Literal Character,* 1.114 according to our English pronun∣ciation.

* 1.11535. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 22.

* 1.11636. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The same Genus and Difference with numb. 32. Un∣der which Crucifying is reckoned as the ninth Species. The Loop on the Difference affix doth denote the notion of Passive voice; and the Hook at the other end, the notion of Adjective, Crucified.

* 1.11737. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The same Genus and Difference with numb. 23, & 27. signifying such corporeal Actions as do primarily belong to Vegeta∣tives. The affix on the right side, making an acute angle with the upper part of the transverse, and passing below it, doth signifie the seventh Species, which is Living; to which Dying is opposed. And that the Opposite is here intended, may appear by the Loop at the joyning of the Difference affix; the hook on the Species affix signifying Adjective.

* 1.11838. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 11.

* 1.11939. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The Genus of this Character is assigned to Ecclesiasti∣cal Relation; the fourth Difference comprehending the more com∣mon Actions belonging to Religion: the affix at the other end, being a thorough stroke, and making an obtuse angle to the upper side, must denote the ninth Species, which is Burying, described in the Tables to be one of those Ritual Offices consisting in performance of the Rites due to the dead, by putting their Bodies into the Ground. The

Page 409

Loop on the Difference affix, doth signifie (as before) Passive, and the other Hook Adjective.

40. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) A Pronoun of the third person, singular number, viz. He.* 1.120

41. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 22.* 1.121

42. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This appears by the Hyphen,* 1.122 to be a compound Character. The Particle in this composition, doth by the figure and position, denote the Opposite to the first of the fifth Combination of Prepositions, viz. Downward. The Genus of the Integral Chara∣cter, is Transcendental Action. The affix on the left side, making an acute angle with the bottom of the Line, doth denote the sixth Diffe∣rence, which is Ition, or the passing of things from one place or state to another; and because there is no affix at the other end, therefore this Character must denote the Difference it self. The Hooks on each side, do signifie Active and Adjective.

43. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Particle doth by the figure and position of it,* 1.123 appear to be the first of the fourth Combination of Prepositions, and conse∣quently to signifie Into.

44. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Character is the same for Genus and Difference with numb. 10. which doth there signifie Heaven;* 1.124 and whereas here there is a Loop at the joyning of the Difference affix; therefore must it de∣note that which is opposite to the former; namely, Hell. This Clause might perhaps be more properly expressed thus; He became in the state, or he passed into the Invisible place, of the having died persons.

45. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 40.* 1.125

46. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 22.* 1.126

47. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The same Genus with numb. 23, 27, & 37. Denoting Corporeal Action. The acute angle on the left side,* 1.127 doth denote the sixth Difference, which is Gesture; namely, such animal motion whereby the situation of the Whole or Parts is altered. The acute an∣gle at the other end to the upper side, doth denote the first Species, which is motion upwards direct; namely, Rising. The Hooks on each affix denote Active and Adjective.

48. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Particle, by the figure and position of it, must be the second of the third combination of Prepositions, viz. From.* 1.128

49. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 6.* 1.129

50. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 7.* 1.130

51. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Charcter is in all respects the same with numb. 37. Excepting only,* 1.131 that there is another hook upon the Species affix to signifie Plural Number, together with the transcendental Note of Person at the top of the Character towards the right hand, which makes the importance of this Character, with the two preceding Particles to be, The having died Persons.

Page 410

* 1.13252. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) Though this Preposition be properly local signifying in, as being opposite to numb. 43. Yet it is applicable, as the others of the same kind are, to Time; in which case it may be rendered On.

* 1.13353. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 6.

* 1.13454. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The Character is the Genus of Measure. The affix both on the left and right side, denote the fifth Difference, which is Mea∣sure of Time, and the fifth Species, which is Day Natural.

* 1.13555. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The same Genus with the former, denoting Measure. The Difference affix making an acute angle with the upper side of the transverse, doth denote the first Difference, which refers to Number. The obtuse angle at the other end of the transverse, denoting the third Species, which according to the Tables, is the number Three. The Hook on this affix, shews this Word to be used adjectively, viz. Third.

* 1.13656. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 40.

* 1.13757. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 22.

58. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) Such a Compound as numb. 42. Only the Prepositi∣on here,* 1.138 being the first of the fifth Combination, must signifie Vpwards; and consequently, as the numb. 42. did signifie Descending: so this must be the Opposite to it; namely, Ascending.

* 1.13959. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 43.

* 1.14060. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 10.

* 1.14161. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 52.

* 1.14262. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) A Compound of the Pronoun Which, and the transcenden∣tal Mark of Place, viz. Which place.

* 1.14363. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 4.

64. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The Copula in the present tense, which being applied to the third Person singular,* 1.144 must be rendered (is.)

* 1.14565. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The same Character, both as to Genus and Diffe∣rence, with that, numb. 47. The species affix making a right angle with the bottom of the transverse, must denote the fifth Species; namely, sitting; the hook upon this affix, signifying the notion of Ad∣jective.

66. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Particle, by the figure and position of it, doth ap∣pear to be the first Opposite in the third combination of Prepositions,* 1.146 and to signifie At.

* 1.14767. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 6.

* 1.14868. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The Genus of Space. The obtuse angle on the left side,

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denoting the third Difference under that Genus; namely, Situation: the oblique line at the other end of the transverse, passing by both sides of it, doth denote the ninth Species under that Difference, viz. Right Side, or Right Hand.

69. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 9.* 1.149

70. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 4.* 1.150

71. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 48.* 1.151

72. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 62.* 1.152

73. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 40.* 1.153

74. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The Copula in the Future tense, signifying, Shall be.* 1.154

75. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The Genus of transcendental Action,* 1.155 the sixth Dif∣ference, as before, numb. 42, 58. The first Species, viz. Come. The hooks on each affix, denoting Active, Adjective, viz. Coming.

76. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) This Particle, by the figure and position of it,* 1.156 doth ap∣pear to be the second opposite in the first combination, and to signifie a respect to the final Causes in Latin, ob, propter, in English, For.

77. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The Genus of Iudicial Relation. The first Difference,* 1.157 which is Forinsic Persons; and the first Species, which is Iudge. The hook upon the difference affix, denotes this to be a Noun of Action, viz. Judication, or Iudging.

78. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 6.* 1.158

79. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 51. Only,* 1.159 there wants the Note of Oppo∣site; so that as that signified dead persons, this must signifie living per∣sons.

80. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 11.* 1.160

81. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 6.* 1.161

82. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 7.* 1.162

83. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 51.* 1.163

84. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 1.* 1.164

85. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 2.* 1.165

86. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 3.* 1.166

87. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 6.* 1.167

88. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 26.* 1.168

89. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The Genus of Ecclesiastical Relation;* 1.169 the transcendental

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mark 'over it, denoting Aggregate, which is the proper notion of Church.

* 1.17090. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The same Genus and Difference, as numb. 3. Denoting Infused Habit; the second Species being Holiness, described to be that habitual frame, whereby one is fitted for virtuous actions; more espe∣cially for the duties of Religion: the hook upon the Species affix, de∣noting the Notion of Adjective, viz. Holy.

* 1.17191 (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The Genus of this Character is assigned to signifie Tran∣scendental Relation mixed; the obtuse angle at each end, must denote the third difference, and the third species: the third difference under that Genus, containing such transcendental relations as concern Number. The third species, being that more distinct relation of one Indetermi∣nate, or All, viz. Particularity, or Vniversality. The Loop at the joyning of the difference affix, denoting an Opposite, doth determine the Character to the second of these: And the Hook at the end of the species affix, doth make it signifie as an Adjective, viz. Vniversal, Catholick.

* 1.17292. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 6.

* 1.17393. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The Genus of Ecclesiastical Relation, as numb. 89. The third Difference, concerning states of Religion; the second speci∣es, Catholick, or Communicant, which is described to be one that is in a state of Charity with the body of those that agree in the same pro∣fession: the Abstract of which, denoted by the hook upon the diffe∣rence affix, is Communion.

* 1.17494. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 9.

* 1.17595. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The same Genus and difference, as numb. 93. The fifth species denoting such as are eminently religious; the hook upon the species affix, signifying the Plural Number, viz. Saints.

* 1.17696. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 6.

97. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The Genus of Iudicial Relation, as numb. 77. The second difference denoting Iudicial Actions.* 1.177 The ninth species signi∣fying that kind of Judicial Action, which concerns the inflicting of pu∣nishment, or freeing from it, Executing, or Pardoning. The Loop, at the joyning of the difference affix, denotes this to be an Opposite, viz. Pardoning or Forgiving. The Loop upon the top of this affix, signifies the passive voice, viz. the being forgiven.

* 1.17898. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 9.

99. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The Genus of Transcendental General; the third diffe∣rence respecting the more common and absolute differences of things;* 1.179 the second species denoting that difference of things, which doth in∣clude a respect to the Will, as to the agreement or disagreement of things with that Faculty, stiled Goodness or Evilness. The Loop to∣wards the left hand, at the joyning of the affix, denoting opposite, viz.

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Evilness; the hook at the other end of the same affix, doth signifie the Active voice; and the hook upon the other affix, doth denote the plu∣ral number: So that the meaning of this Character, must be evil acti∣ons, the same as Trespasses, or Sins.

100. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 6.* 1.180

101. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The mark of Future tense.* 1.181

102. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) A compound Character. The Particle, doth by the figure and the position of it,* 1.182 appear to be the third Opposite in the fourth Combination of Adverbs, which is Re, denoting Restitution to what was before. The Integral Character signifies Life; as numb. 79.

103. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 9.* 1.183

104. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 9.* 1.184

105. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The same Genus as numb. 10. signifying World.* 1.185 The first difference under that Genus, being Spirit. The Opposite to which, denoted by the Loop at the joyning of the Affix, is Body.

106. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 11.* 1.186

107. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 6.* 1.187

108. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) as numb. 101.* 1.188

109. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) The same Integral as 102.* 1.189

110. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) A compound with the Pronoun All, as numb. 5.* 1.190 The Genus of the Integral being the same with numb. 54, 55. doth de∣note Measure; the fifth difference of which, doth signifie measure of time, to which the word Duration is adjoyned by way of Affinity, signified by the Loop at the right side, where the hook denotes Adje∣ctive: So that the true sense of this Character, is All-during, or Ever∣lasting.

I forbear any other Examples out of Aristotle, Euclid, Tully, Terence, which I once thought to have subjoyned; because if what hath been already delivered, be sufficiently understood, it will appear easie enough to render any thing out of those Authors, in this Character.

I shall only add concerning the Character here proposed, that be∣sides the Facility, Comliness and Distinctness of it, containing a Descri∣ption of what is to be expressed by it, both as to the nature of the things, and the Grammatical Variation of the words; 'tis likewise a much shorter way of writing, than that by Letters: and by the great Variety which it is capable of, would afford the surest way for Crypto∣graphy or secret Writing.

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CHAP. III. How this Real Character may be made effable in a distinct Lan∣guage, and what kind of Letters or Syllables may be conveni∣ently assigned to each Character.

BY what hath been already delivered, it may sufficiently appear, how any thing or Notion, which falls under humane Discourse, may be expressed by such a Character as shall be legible to men of all Nations and Languages.

I come now to shew how this Universal Character may be made effa∣ble in a distinct Language: The unfolding of which (supposing what hath been said about the Character and Grammar, to be well under∣stood) will need but little time and pains.

The Qualifications desirable in a Language, should have some ana∣logy and proportion to those before mentioned concerning a Character or way of Writing; Namely,

1. The words of it should be brief, not exceeding two or three Syl∣lables; the Particles consisting but of one Syllable.

2. They should be plain and facil to be taught and learnt.

3. They should be sufficiently distinguishable from one another, to prevent mistake and equivocalness; and withal significant and copious, answerable to the conceipts of our mind.

4. They should be Euphonical, of a pleasant and graceful sound.

5. They should be Methodical; those of an agreeable or opposite sense, having somewhat correspondent in the sounds of them. The order to be observed in the assigning of Letters and Sounds to these Characters, must be after the same manner with the Method before made use of, in treating concerning these Characters: Beginning first with Integrals, according to their several Varieties, and then proceed¦ing to the Particles.

The Integrals may be considered, either as they are Radicals, placed in the Tables, either more direct, whether Genus, Difference, or Species; or else Laterally, either by way of Affinity or Opposition.

And next to the Words or Sounds appointed for each of these Radi∣cals, it is to be considered, by what kind of Changes or Varieties, the several Derivations and Inflections may be expressed.

The first thing to be stated in such an Institution, is to assign several Letters and sounds for the 40 Genus's. It were not difficult to offer great variety of these; but to pitch upon that which upon all accounts would be the best, will require so much consideration, and practise, and so many Trials as I cannot pretend unto.

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That which at present seems most convenient to me, is this;

Transcend.
- General Bα
- Rel. mixed Ba
- Rel. of Action Be
Discourse Bi
God Dα
World Da
Element De
Stone Di
Metal Do
Herb consid. accord. to the
- Leaf Gα
- Flower Ga
- Seed-vessel Ge
Shrub Gi
Tree Go
Animals
- Exanguious Zα
- Fish Za
- Bird Ze
- Beast Zi
Parts
- Peculiar Pα
- General Pa
Quantity
- Magnitude Pe
- Space Pi
- Measure Po
Quality
- Power Nat. Tα
- Habit Ta
- Manners Te
- Quality sensible Ti
- Disease To
Action
- Spiritual Cα
- Corporeal Ca
- Motion Ce
- Operation Ci
Relation
- Oecon. Co
  - Posses. Cƴ
  - Provis. Sα
- Civil Sa
- Judicial Se
- Military Si
- Naval So
- Eccles. SƳ

The Differences under each of these Genus's, may be expressed by these Consonants in this order;

B, D, G, P, T, C, Z, S, N.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7.8 9.

The Species may be expressed by putting one of the seven Vowels after the Consonant, for the Difference; to which may be added (to make up the number) two of the Dipthongs, according to this order

α, a, e, i, o, {ou}, ƴ, ƴi, ƴ{ou}.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9.

For instance, If (De) signifie Element, then (Deb) must signifie the first difference; which (according to the Tables) is Fire: and (De∣bα) will denote the first Species, which is Flame. (Det) will be the fifth difference under that Genus, which is, Appearing Meteor; (Detα) the first Species, viz. Rainbow; (Det••) the second, viz. Halo.

Thus, if (Ti) signifie the Genus of Sensible Quality, then (Tid) must denote the second difference, which comprehends Colours; and (Tida) must signifie the second Species under that difference, viz. Redness: (Tide) the third Species, which is Greenness, &c.

Thus likewise, if (Be) be put for the Genus of Transcendental Relati∣on of Action, then (Bec) must denote the sixth difference, which is Ition; and (Bec{ou}) will signifie the sixth Species, which is Follow∣ing.

As for those Species under Plants and Animals, which do exceed the number of Nine, they may be expressed by adding the Letters L, or R, after the first Consonant, to denote the second or third of such Combinations. Thus, if Gαde be Tulip, viz. the third Species in the first Nine, then Glαde must signifie Ramson, viz. the third in the second Nine, or the twelfth Species under that Difference. So if Zana be Salmon, viz. the second species in the first Nine, them Zlana must signifie Gudgeon, viz. the second in the second Nine; or the ele∣venth Species under that Difference.

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It must be granted, that there is one inconvenience in this Contri∣vance for the supernumerary Species, namely, that according to this way of expressing them, they are scarce capable of the derivation of Adjective: But this is more tolerable, because in such matters, where this will happen, there is no necessary occasion for this deriva∣tion.

Those Radicals which are joyned to others by way of Affinity, may be expressed; 1. In Monosyllables, by repeating the Radical Vowel before the Consonant. For example, if (De) signifies Element, then (Ede) must signifie that which is joyned to it by way of affinity, viz. Meteor. If (Di) be Stone, then (Idi) will signifie Concretions, &c. 2. In Dyssyllables, by repeating the second Radical Consonant after the last Vowel: Thus, if (Dade) be Planet, (Daded) will signifie Co∣met. If (Dego) be Ice, (Degog) will signifie Snow, &c.

Those Radicals which are paired together upon the account of sin∣gle Opposition, may be expressed,

1. In Monosyllables, by putting the opposite Vowel before the first Consonant, according to that order of Opposition before set down; namely, of

ι
o
{ou}

or ƴ.

Thus, if (Dα) be put to signifie God, then (idα) must signifie that which is opposed, namely, Idol. If (Dab) be Spirit, (odab) will be Body. If (Dad) be Heaven, (odad) will signifie Hell.

2. In Dyssyllables, by adding the Letter (S) to the last Vowel: Thus if (Pida) be Presence, (Pidas) will be Absence. If (Tad{ou}) be Power, then (Tad{ou}s) will be Impotence.

As for those double Opposites by way of Excess or Defect, which some∣times occur, as they are to be represented in writing by the Transcen∣dental Points of Excess or Defect, on the top of the Character, so are they to be expressed in speaking by those Syllables appointed to these Characters, which must be added to the termination of the word: Thus if (Teba) be Iustice, (Tebas) will signifie the Opposite Common; namely, Injustice: And (Tebasla) the Opposite by way of Excess; namely, Rigor, and (Tebaslo) the Opposite by way of Defect, viz. Remission.

Tepα Veracity.
Tepαs Lying.
Tepαsla Over-saying.
Tepαslo Vnder-saying, Detracting.

Adjectives should be expressed by changing the first radical Conso∣nant, according to this establishment;

B, D, G, P, T, C; Z, S, N.
V, D{ou}, G{ou}, F, T{ou}, C{ou}, Zh, Sh, Ng.

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Thus, if,

do signifie

...God
...Element
...Stone

then

D{ou}α
D{ou}e
D{ou}o

must si∣gnifie

Divine.
Elementary
Stony.

Adverbs may be expressed by turning the first Radical Vowel into a Dipthong. So Dαι is Divinely. (Sƴιb) is Religiously. (Sƴιgas) is Schismatically.

Abstracts may be expressed, 1. In Monosyllables of the Genus, by ad∣ding the Letter (r) after the first Radical Vowel. So Dαr is Deity or Divinity.

In Monosyllables of the Difference, and Dissyllables of the Species, by changing the second Radical Character Consonant thus;

B, D, G, P, T, C, Z, S, N.
V, Dh, Dzh, F, Th, Tsh, Zh, Sh, Ng.

The Letters Dzh, and Tsh, being the same power which we English∣men give to the Letters G, and Ch, in the words Ginger, and Charity. Thus

(Bαd) is Cause; (Bαdh) is Causality.
(Saba) is King, (Sava) is Regality or Majesty.

There are only two things noted in the Character belonging to the Inflection of words; namely,

1. The Active and Passive voice, to be expressed by the Letters L, and N, after the first Vowel: thus (Salba) is Regnation; and (Samba) is 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 regnari.

2. The Plural Number in Substantives, which is sometimes likewise affixed to Adjectives, when they are used substantively, by reason of any transcendental Mark joyned to them. And this may be done by prolonging the first Vowel, which upon all other occasions, is to be pronounced as being short. But because it will be difficult to prolong this Vowel in Monosyllables of the Genus, when no Consonant doth follow; therefore in this case it may be proper to add the Vowel {ou} to the Radical Vowel. So if Dα be God, Dα{ou} will be Gods.

According to this establishment, every Radical Genus Difference and Species, may be expressed by such words as are facil and pleasant. Those words that are most harsh and difficult, will happen amongst such of the Derivations as are seldom used; as in some of the Active or Passive Adverbs, and in some of the Abstracts.

By these Instances it will be easie to understand all the rest.

The Particles may be expressed either by simple Vowels or Dip∣thongs, or by some of those Monosyllables, not used for any of the Genus's or Differences.

Amongst the Grammatical Particles, the more principal are, the Copula, Pronouns, Interjections, Prepositions, Adverbs, Conjuncti∣ons.

Page 418

1. The Copula, or Verb Sum, according to its threefold place in the Character, may be expressed by these Dipthongs

〈☐〉〈☐〉 ια.
〈☐〉〈☐〉 ιa.
〈☐〉〈☐〉 ιe.

2. The Pronouns, according to their several kinds, may be expres∣sed by these Vowels and Dipthongs;

〈☐〉〈☐〉	α 〈☐〉〈☐〉	αι 〈☐〉〈☐〉	ι 〈☐〉〈☐〉	o 〈☐〉〈☐〉	α{ou} ∴	oι.
〈☐〉〈☐〉	a 〈☐〉〈☐〉	aι 〈☐〉〈☐〉	{ou} 〈☐〉〈☐〉	ƴ 〈☐〉〈☐〉	a{ou} ∴	{ou}{ou}.
〈☐〉〈☐〉	e 〈☐〉〈☐〉	eι 〈☐〉〈☐〉	ƴι 〈☐〉〈☐〉	ƴ{ou} 〈☐〉〈☐〉	e{ou} ∴	ι ι

Possessive Pronouns by prefixing (H.) Reduplicative, by interposing (L.) So Hα is mine, Hαlα is my own.

3. The Interjections, being Natural sounds themselves, need not have any assigned to the Characters of them, than what are General. So

〈☐〉〈☐〉

Heigh
Hm, Hu.
Pish, Shu, Tush

〈☐〉〈☐〉

Ah, alack, alas.
Ha, ha, he.
O, O that.

〈☐〉〈☐〉

Vauh, Hau.
Hoi, ah, oh.
Phy.

〈☐〉〈☐〉

Oh, soho.
Ho, oh.
Eja, now.

〈☐〉〈☐〉

St, hush, mum, whist.
Ha.
Vae, wo.

4. The Prepositions may be expressed by Monosyllables framed of L, and R; after this manner.

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Lα, Li.
La, Lo.
Le, L{ou}.

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Rα, Rι.
Ra, Ro.
Re, R{ou}

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Lαl, Lil
Lal, Lol
Lel, L{ou}l

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Rαl, Ril
Ral, Rol
Rel, R{ou}l

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Lαr, Lir
Lar, Lor
Ler, L{ou}r

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Rαr, Rir
Rar, Ror
Rer, R{ou}r

5. Adverbs may be expressed by Monosyllables, with the initial Let∣ter M. after this manner;

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Mα, Mi
Ma, Mo
Me, M{ou}

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Mαl, Mil
Mal, Mol
Mel, M{ou}l

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Mαr, Mir
Mar, Mor
Mer, M{ou}r

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Mαs, Mis
Mas, Mos
Mes, M{ou}s

〈☐〉〈☐〉

Mƴ.
Mƴι.
Mƴ{ou}

6. Conjunctions may be expressed by Monosyllables, with the Initial Letter N, after this manner;

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Nα, Ni
Na, No
Ne, N{ou}

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Nαl, Nil
Nal, Nol
Nel, N{ou}l

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Nαr, Nir
Nar, Nor
Ner, N{ou}r

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Nαs, Nis
Nas, Nos
Nes, N{ou}s

Page 419

The more servile Particles are of three kinds; Articles, Modes, Tenses.

1. The Articles being but two, may be thus expressed,

〈☐〉〈☐〉 el.
〈☐〉〈☐〉 αl.

2. The Imperative Mode, according to its threefold difference of Petition, Perswasion, Command, may be expressed by these Dipthongs, ιo, ι{ou}, ιƴ.

The Secondary Modes, by Dipthongs or Tripthongs, according to their differences of Absolute or Conditional. So the Mode of

Power
Liberty
Will
Necessity

whether Absolute or Conditional, is to be expressed by

{ou}α, {ou}αι.
{ou}a, {ou}aι.
{ou}e, {ou}eι.
{ou}o, {ou}oι.

3. The Tenses, Past, Present, and Future, may be expressed by these Dipthongs, {ou}ι, {ou}ƴ, {ou}ƴι.

The Transcendental Particles, to be added by way of Composition in the termination of words, may be expressed by these Syllables,

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

ια, ιa, ιe
ι{ou}, ιo, ιƴ

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

{ou}α, {ou}a, {ou}e
{ou}ι, {ou}o, {ou}ƴ

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Mα, Ma, Me
Mι, Mo, M{ou}

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Mαl, Mal, Mel
Mil, Mol, M{ou}l

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Nα, Na, Ne
Nι, No. N{ou}

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Nαl, Nal, Nel
Nil, Nol, N{ou}l

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Lα, la, le
Lι, Lo, L{ou}

〈☐☐〉〈☐☐〉

Rα, Ra, Re
Rι, Ro, R{ou}

In which Constitution, the Marks made use of before, either for Pre∣positions, Adverbs, or Conjunctions, have the same Syllables assigned to them.

It is here to be noted, that as Numbers are provided for in writing, by distinct Characters from the rest, so should they likewise have some sutable provision in speaking. And because there are two waies before suggested for the expression of Numbers by writing, namely, either by words at length, or by Figures, there should therefore be some provi∣sion answerable to each of these for speaking.

1. The Words at length for the nine Digits, are to be made off from the Tables after the same manner as all other Species are; and as for the other Numbers above this, viz. Ten, Hundred▪ Thousand, Milli∣on, they may be expressed by adding the Letters L, R, M, N. after the last Vowel; according to these Examples:

Page 420

Pobαl 10.	Pobal 20.	Pobel 30.
Pobαr 100.	Pobar 200.	Pober 300.
Pobαm 1000.	Pobam 2000.	Pobem 3000.
Pobαn 1000000	Poban 2000000.	Poben 3000000, &c.

Pobαm	Pob{ou}r	Pob{ou}l	Pob{ou}.
One thousand	Six hundred	Sixty	Six.

2. The Figures of Numbers, may be most conveniently expressed in Speech,* 1.191 in that way suggested by Herrigon; namely, by assigning one Vowel or Dipthong, and one Consonant to each of the Digits, sup∣pose after this manner,

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0.
α, a, e, ι, o, {ou}, ƴ, ι{ou}, ƴι, ƴ{ou}.
b, d, g, p, t, c, l, m, n, r.

According to which constitution, a word of so many Letters, may serve to express a number of so many places. Thus either of these words, αc{ou}c, α{ou}c{ou}, b{ou}c{ou}, will signifie 1666; which is as much a better and briefer way for the expressing of these numbers in speech, as that other is for writing, betwixt Figures and Words at l••ngth.

The Grammatical Variations belonging to Number, whether Deri∣vations or Inflexions, may for the nine Digits be framed according to common Analogy. For greater Numbers, it may be convenient to prefix the Difference denoting number in general; namely, Pob be∣fore the wo••d▪ for any Particular; as suppose αc{ou}c be the word for the number, let it be made

Pobαc{ou}c
Pobαc{ou}l

for the Cardinal Number

1666
1667

then

...Fobαc{ou}c
...Fobαc{ou}l

will be the Ordinal, or Adjective Neuter, denoting the

1666^th
1667^th &c.

By what hath been said, it is easie to conceive, how this Character may be made effable as to all the Species of things, together with their Derivations and Inflexions. As for Individuals, I have shewed before, how the names of them are to be expressed by a Literal Cha∣racter.

But these things will more distinctly appear by instance of something written in this Language: In Order to which, I shall offer an Exam∣ple of it in the Lords Prayer and the Creed.

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CHAP. IV. An Instance of the Philosophical Language, both in the Lords Prayer and the Creed. A Comparison of the Language here proposed, with fifty others, as to the Facility and Euphoni∣calness of it.

AS I have before given Instances of the Real Character, so I shall here in the like method, set down the same Instances for the Phi∣losophical Language. I shall be more brief in the particular explicati∣on of each Word; because that was sufficiently done before, in treat∣ing concerning the Character.

The Lords Prayer.

Hαι coba {ou}{ou} ιa ril dad, ha bαbι ιo s{ou}ƴmtα, ha salba ιo velcα, ha tαlbι ιo vemg{ou}, m{ou} ril dady me ••ιl dad ιo velpι rα•• αi ril ι poto hαι sαba vatƴ, na ιo s{ou}eldƴ{ou}•• lαl αι hαι bαlgas me αι ιa s{ou}eldƴ{ou}s lαl eι {ou}{ou} ια vαlgas r{ou} αι na mι ιo velco αι, rαl bedodl{ou} nil ιo c{ou}albo αι lal vαgasιe, nor αl salba, na αl tado, na αl tadalα ιa ha pi{ou}bƴ{ou} 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 m{ou} ιo.

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Hαι coba {ou}{ou} ιa ril dad, ha bαbι ιo s{ou}ƴmtα ha

Our Father who art in Heaven, Thy Name be Hallowed, Thy

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salba ιo velcα, ha tαlbi ιo vemg{ou}, m{ou} ril dadƴ me ril dad, ιo velpι

Kingdome come, Thy Will be done, so in Earth as in Heaven, Give

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rαl αι ril ι poto hαι sαba vatƴ, na ιo s{ou}eldi{ou}s lal aι hαι bαlgas

to us on this day our bread expedient and forgive to us our trespasses

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me αι ιa s{ou}eldƴ{ou}s lal eι {ou}{ou} ια vαlgas r{ou} αι, na mι ιo velco aι rαl

as we forgive them who trespass against us, and lead us not into

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bedodl{ou} nil ιo c{ou}αlbo aι lal vαgasιe nor αl salba, na αl tado, na

temptation but deliver us from evil for the Kingdom, & the power, and

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αl tadalα ιo ha pι{ou}bƴ{ou} 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 m{ou} ιo.

the Glory is thine, for ever and ever. Amen. So be it.

* 1.1921. (Hαι) This Dipthong (αι) is assigned to signifie the first Person plural amongst the Pronouns, viz. We. The Letter h prefixed to it, doth denote that Pronoun to be used possessively, viz. Our.

* 1.1932. (Coba) Co doth denote the Genus of Oeconomical Relation; the Letter (b) signifying the first difference under that Genus, which is Relation of Consanguinity; the Vowel (a) the second Species, which is Direct ascending; namely, Parent.

* 1.1943. ({ou}{ou}) This Dipthong is appointed to signifie the second of the compound Pronouns, Who, personal; or Which, Real.

* 1.1954. (ia) This dipthong is appointed to signifie the present tense of the Copula (est) and being spoken of the second person, is to be ren∣dered Art.

* 1.196(ril) is a Preposition, the first Opposite of the fourth combination; and therefore must signifie (in.)

* 1.1976. (dad) The Syllable (da) is appointed to signifie the Genus of World; the addition of the Letter (d) doth denote the second diffe∣rence under that Genus, which is Heaven.

* 1.1987. (ha) The Vowel (a) is assigned to signifie a Pronoun of the sin∣gular number, and second person. The Letter (h) before it, doth denote it to be understood possessively, and to signifie (Thy) or (Thine.)

* 1.1998. (bαbi) The Syllable (bα) doth denote the Genus of Transcen∣dental General. The Letter (b) doth denote the first difference, and the Vowel (ι) the fourth Species, which is Name.

9. (ιo) This Dipthong is appointed to signifie that kind of Impera∣tive Mode (as it is commonly stiled) which is by way of Petition;* 1.200 the sense of it being, I pray that it may be.

* 1.20110. (S{ou}ƴmtα (Sƴ) is put for the Genus of Ecclesiastical Relation. The Consonant (t) for the fifth difference, and the Vowel (α) for the first species, which according to the tables, is, Consecration, or Hal∣lowing. The Addition of the Vowel ({ou}) to (S) doth signifie the noti∣on of Adjective; and the addition of the Letter (m) at the end of the

Page 423

first Syllable, signifies the Passive voice, viz. Hallowed.

11. (ha.) as numb. 7.* 1.202

12. (Salba) (Sa) is Civil Relation; (b) denotes the first difference,* 1.203 which is degrees of persons; and (a) is the second species, which, ac∣cording to the tables, is King; the addition of (l) to the first Syllable, doth denote a word of Action, viz. Regnation.

13. (ιo) as numb. 9.* 1.204

14. (Velcα) (Be) is the Genus of transcendental action;* 1.205 (c) de∣notes the sixth difference under that Genus, and (α) the first species, which signifies Coming: the turning of (b) into (v) denotes this word to be an Adjective, and the Letter (L) to be an Active.

15. (ha) as numb. 7.* 1.206

16. (••αlbi) (tα) doth denote the Genus of Natural Power,* 1.207 (b) the first difference, and (ι) the fourth Species; namely, Will: the Letter (l) denoting a Noun of Action, viz. Volition.

17. (ιo) as numb. 10.* 1.208

18. (vemg{ou}) (be) is the Genus of Transcendental Action;* 1.209 (g) de∣notes the third difference, and ({ou}) the sixth species; which is, Per∣forming, or Accomplishing: the change of (b into v) denoting this word to be an Adjective, and (m) Passive, Performed.

19. (m{ou}) This Monosyllable with (m) must denote an Adverb,* 1.210 and the last opposite of the first Combination; which is, So.

20 (ril) as numb. 5.* 1.211

21. (dadƴ) (da) is the Genus of World,* 1.212 (d) is the second diffe∣rence, which is Heaven; the Vowel ƴ signifying the seventh species under that difference, which is this Earth, or the Globe of Land and Sea, whereon we inhabit.

22. (me) Paired with numb. 19. and therefore must signifie,* 1.213 As.

23. (ril) as numb. 5.* 1.214

24. (dad) as numb. 6.* 1.215

25. (ιo) The same Particle as numb. 9.* 1.216 But being here joyned with a word active, and relating to the second person, it must be ren∣dered, Maist thou be.

26. (velpi) (be) is Transcendental Action (p) the fourth diffe∣rence, and (ι) the fourth species, which is Giving:* 1.217 b changed into v, denoting adjective, and (l) active.

Page 424

* 1.21827. (lαl) A Preposition of the first Combination, signifying To.

* 1.21928. (αι) A Pronoun, first person, plural number; namely, We, or Vs.

* 1.22029. (ril) as numb. 5.

* 1.22130. (ι) The first of the relative Pronouns, signifying This.

* 1.22231. (poto) po is the Genus of Measure, (t) the fifth difference, and (o) the fifth species, which is Day.

* 1.22332. (hαι) as numb. 1.

* 1.22433. (Sαba) Sα denotes the Genus of Oeconomical Provisions, (b) the first difference, and (a) the second species, which is Bread.

* 1.22534. (Vαtƴ) (bα) is the Genus of Transcendental General, (t) the fifth difference, ƴ the seventh species; the change of b into v, de∣notes this Word to be an Adjective, and to signifie Expedient.

* 1.22635. (Na) A Conjunction, the second of the first Combination, viz And.

* 1.22736. (ιo) as numb. 25.

* 1.22837. (S{ou}eldƴ{ou}s) Se is the Genus of Judicial Relation d, the second difference, ƴ{ou} the ninth species, which is Forgiving: {ou} joyned to the first Consonant, signifying the notion of Adjective, and l, of Active, (s) the Opposite.

* 1.22938. (lαl) as numb. 27.

* 1.23039. (αι) as numb. 28.

* 1.23140. (hαι) as numb. 1.

41. (bαlgas) (bα) the Genus of transcendental general, (g) the third difference,* 1.232 (a) the second species, (s) at the end, denoting the word hereby signified, to be placed in the Tables as an Opposite, and the Letter (l) in the first syllable, signifying the Active voice, and the prolonging of the first Vowel, exprest by the Accent over it, deno∣ting the Plural Number.

* 1.23342. (Me) as numb. 22.

* 1.23443. (αι) as numb. 28.

* 1.23544. (ιa) as numb. 4. But being here adjoyned to a word of the first Person Plural, it must be rendered, Are.

* 1.23645. (s{ou}eldƴ{ou}s) as numb. 37.

* 1.23746. (lαl) as numb. 27.

* 1.23847. (eι) A Pronoun, third person, plural number, They, or Them.

Page 425

38. ({ou}{ou}) as numb. 3.* 1.239

49. (ια) the preter tense of the Copula.* 1.240

50. (Vαlgas) as numb. 41. Only that was a substantive of Action,* 1.241 and of the plural number, denoted by the length of the first Radical Vowel; whereas this is an Adjective, signified by (v.)

51. (ι{ou}) A Preposition being the last Opposite of the second Combi∣nation; and therefore must signifie, Against.* 1.242

52. (αι) as numb. 28.* 1.243

53. (na) as numb. 35.* 1.244

54. (mi) An Adverb, the first Opposite of the first combination,* 1.245 signifying No, or Not.

55. (ιo) as numb. 25.* 1.246

56. (Velco) (be) is the Genus of Transcendental Action.* 1.247 (c) de∣notes the sixth difference, and (o) the fifth species, which is Leading; the Letters (v) and (l) signifying: Adjective Active.

57. (αι) as numb. 28.* 1.248

58. (rαl) a Preposition, the first of the fourth Combination; and therefore must signifie, Into.* 1.249

59. (bedodl{ou}) (be) is transcendental action,* 1.250 (d) denotes the second difference, (o) the fifth species, which is Trying; the second (d) doth denote this word to be joyned in the Tables as an affinis: the last syl∣lable (l{ou}) signifies the transcendental particle Corruptive, which in composition, must denote the worst sense of a word, and here it must signifie such temptation or trial sas ought not to be.

60. (ril) a Conjunction,* 1.251 the first opposite of the second combinati∣on, signifying, But.

61. (io) as numb. 25.* 1.252

62. (c{ou}αlbo) (cα) is the Genus of Spiritual Action,* 1.253 (b) signifies the first difference, and (o) the fifth species, which is, Delivering; the Letters {ou} and l signifying Adjective Active.

63. (αι) as numb. 28.* 1.254

64. (lal) a Preposition, the second of the third combination;* 1.255 and therefore must signifie, From.

65. (vαgasie) as numb. 41. Only the b is turned into v,* 1.256 to denote Adjective, and the (l) is here left out, which signifies action, and the transcendental Particle (ie) is here added, to denote Evil thing.

66. (nor) a Conjunction,* 1.257 the second Opposite in the third combi∣nation, signifying, For.

Page 426

* 1.25867. (αl) The demonstrative Article, viz. The.

* 1.25968. (Salba) as numb. 12.

* 1.26069. (na) as numb. 35.

* 1.26170. (αl) as numb. 68.

* 1.26271. (tado) (ta) is the Genus of Habit, (d) is the second difference, and (o) the fifth species, which is Power.

* 1.26372. (na) as numb. 35.

* 1.26473. (αl) as numb. 68.

* 1.26574. (Tadalα) (tad) is the same Genus and Difference with numb. 72. the second (a) denoting the second species, which is Reputation or Fame; the last syllable (lα) being added to the termination, doth signifie the first of the seventh combination, amongst transcendental notions, viz. Augmentative, the highest kind or degree of Reputation, which is, Glory.

* 1.26675. (ιa) as numb. 4. But being here applied to the third person, and singular number, is to be rendered Is.

* 1.26776. (ha) as numb. 11.

* 1.26877. (Pι{ou}bƴ{ou} (Pι) doth denote the Genus of Space, (b) the first difference, (ƴ{ou}) the ninth species, which is (Everness,) the adding of the Vowel ({ou}) to make a Dipthong with the first Vowel, signifies the word to be an Adverb, Everlastingly.

* 1.26978. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) the word Amen in the Literal Character.

* 1.27079. (m{ou}) as numb. 19.

* 1.27180. (ιo) as numb. 9.

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The Creed.

α ιa t{ou}alti dαb e{ou}-t{ou}α, αl {ou}ι c{ou}αlbαi{ou} lα dad na lα dadƴ, na dαd he cobas c{ou}opas hαι saba, {ou}{ou} ια c{ou}ambab la αl Dαg, c{ou}ambe le αl codαd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, s{ou}emt ••ir 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, ια s{ou}emtƴ{ou}, c{ou}abƴs, na s{ou}ƴmpƴ{ou}, e ια lir-velc rαl odad, e ια c{ou}alcα lal αl {ou}ι c{ou}abƴsι{ou}, ril αl poto fobe, e ια lαr-velc ral dad, ril {ou}{ou}-{ou}α e ιa c{ou}alco lil αl pigƴ{ou} lα dαb, lal {ou}{ou}-{ou}α e ie velcα lo selbα αl c{ou}abƴi{ou} na αl {ou}ι c{ou}αbƴsi{ou}. α ιa t{ou}alti Dαg, αl sƴ-{ou}e t{ou}ata vages, αl sƴdzha lα sƴgo αl semdƴ lα bαlgas αl {ou}ƴι m{ou}s-calbƴ lα αl odab na αl {ou}ƴι cabƴ e{ou}〈☐〉〈☐〉ƴfƴt.

1^☐ 2^☐ 3^☐ 4^☐ 5^☐ 6^☐ 7^☐ 8^☐ 9^☐ 10^☐ 11^☐

α ιa t{ou}alti dαb e{ou}-t{ou}α αl {ou}ι c{ou}αlbαi{ou} lα dad na

I am believing God the Father Almighty Maker of Heaven an••

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lα dadƴ na dαd he cobas c{ou}opas hαι saba {ou}{ou} ια

of Earth, and in Jesus Christ his Son only our Lord, who was

23^☐ 24^☐ 25^☐ 26^☐ 27^☐ 28^☐ 29^☐ 30^☐ 31^☐ 32^☐

c{ou}ambab la αl Dαg c{ou}ambe le αl codαd s{ou}emt

conceived by the Holy Ghost, born of the Virgin Mary, suffered

33^☐ 34^☐ 35^☐ 36^☐ 37^☐ 38^☐ 39^☐ 40^☐ 41^☐ 42^☐

rir 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, ια s{ou}emtƴ{ou} c{ou}abƴ na s{ou}ƴmpƴ{ou} e ια lir-velc

under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, dead, and buried, he descended

43^☐ 44^☐ 45^☐ 46^☐ 47^☐ 48^☐ 49^☐ 50^☐ 51^☐ 52^☐ 53^☐ 54^☐ 55^☐ 56^☐ 57^☐

rαl odad e ια c{ou}alcα lal αl {ou}ι c{ou}abƴsi{ou} ril αl poto fobe, e ια

into hell, he did rise from the dead in the day third, He was

58^☐ 59^☐ 60^☐ 61^☐ 62^☐ 63^☐ 64^☐ 65^☐ 66^☐ 67^☐ 68^☐ 69^☐ 70^☐

lαr-velc ral dad ril {ou}{ou}-{ou}α e ιa c{ou}alco lil αl pigƴ{ou} lα Dab

ascending into heaven, in which place he is sitting at the right hand of God the Father

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lal {ou}{ou}-{ou}α e ie velcα lo selbα αl c{ou}abƴι{ou} na αl {ou}ι c{ou}abƴsi{ou}α ιa

from whence he shall come to judge the Quick and the dead. I am

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t{ou}alti Dαg αl sƴ-{ou}e t{ou}ata vages αl sƴdzha lα

believing in the Holy Ghost, the Church holy Catholick, the Communion of

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sƴgo αl semdƳ lα bαlgas al {ou}ƴι m{ou}s-calbƴ lα αl odab na αl

Saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the body, and the

108 109 110

{ou}ƴι cabƴ c{ou}-ƴfƴt.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉

life everlasting.

* 1.2721. (α) a Pronoun of the first person, and singular number, I.

* 1.2732. (ιa.) The copula, est, in the present tense, which being used with the first person, doth signifie Am.

3. (t{ou}alti) (ta) denotes the Genus of Habit t the fifth difference, i,* 1.274 the fourth species, which is Faith; the adding of {ou} to t, denotes the word to be an adjective, and the Letter l signifies the active voice, Believing.

4. (Dαb) The Monosyllable Dα is appointed to signifie God, or the divine nature;* 1.275 the addition of the Consonant b, will denote the first person in the Blessed Trinity.

5. (e{ou}-t{ou}α) A Compound of a Particle, and an Integral, the Par∣ticle being a dipthong,* 1.276 appointed to signifie All. The Syllable tα, denoting the Genus of Power; the addition of {ou}, makes it to be an adjective, viz. potent, or powerful.

* 1.2776. (αl) the demonstrative Article, The.

* 1.278({ou}ι) the sign of the preter tense.

8. (c{ou}αlbαi{ou}) (cα) is the Genus of spiritual action (b) denotes the first difference,* 1.279 and α the first species, which is Creation; the ad∣dition of {ou} to c, signifies adjective, and the Letter (l) active; the last dipthong (ι{ou}) denotes the transcendental composition of Person. So that this word with the two preceding Particles, does import, the ha∣ving Created Person.

Page 429

9. (lα) the first Preposition, signifying Of.* 1.280

10. (dad) (da) the Genus of World, and (d) the second difference,* 1.281 which is Heaven.

11. (na) the second Conjunction of the first Combination,* 1.282 signify∣ing And.

12. (lα) as numb. 9.* 1.283

13. (dadƴ) The same Genus and difference, as numb. 10. The Vowel Ƴ signifying the seventh species, which is, This Earth.* 1.284

14. (na) as numb. 11.* 1.285

15. (dαd) the second person of the Blessed Trinity.* 1.286

16. (he) the Vowel e signifies a Pronoun of the third person,* 1.287 and singular number, the Letter h prefixt, shews it to be used possessively, for His.

17. (cobas) the syllable (co) is assigned to the Genus of Oeconomi∣cal Relation, the Letter (b) to the first difference,* 1.288 and the Vowel (a) for the second species, the Letter (s) denoting the word hereby signi∣fied, to be an Opposite, viz. Son.

18. (c{ou}opas) the same Genus as the former (p) signifying the fourth difference, and (a) the second species, and the Letter ({ou}) an Opposite▪* 1.289 viz. Alone, or Only.

19. (hαι) A Pronoun, first person possessive, plural number.* 1.290

20. (Saba) (Sa) the Genus of Civil Relation, (b) the first diffe∣rence, viz. Degrees of persons, (a) the second species,* 1.291 which is Sove∣reign, or Lord, to whom we owe Obedience, or subjection.

21. ({ou}{ou}) the second of the compound Pronouns, signifying Who, or Which.* 1.292

22. (ια) The Copula Est, in the preter tense.* 1.293

23. (c{ou}ambab) (ca) is the Genus of corporeal action,* 1.294 (b) the first difference, and (a) the second species; the adding of the second Ra∣dical Consonant (b,) denotes this word to be adjoyned in the tables, by way of affinity, and consequently to signifie Conception, ({ou}) signi∣fying Adjective, and (m) Passive.

24. (la) the second Preposition in the first Combination,* 1.295 (By)

25. (αl) as numb. 6.* 1.296

26. (Dαg) the third Person in the Blessed Trinity.* 1.297

27. (c{ou}ambe) the same Genus and Difference with numb. 23. (e) signifying the third species,* 1.298 which is Parturition ({ou}) denoting Adje∣ctive, and (m) Passive.

Page 430

* 1.29928. (le) the third Preposition in the first Combination, relating to the Material Cause, Of.

* 1.30029. (αl) as numb. 6. The

* 1.30130, (codαd) the syllable (co) as was said before, is assigned to Oeconomical Relation, (d) is the second difference, and (α) is the first species; the repeating of the second Radical Consonant at the end, makes this word to denote something adjoyned by way of Affinity, viz. Virgin.

* 1.30231. () the name Mari in the literal Character.

* 1.30332. (s{ou}emt) the syllable (se) is for Judicial Relation, the Letter (t) is the fifth difference, viz. Capital punishment, ({ou}) is Adjective, and (m) Passive,

33. (rir) A Preposition, the first opposite of the sixth Combination, viz. Vnder.* 1.304

* 1.30534. (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) the name Pontius Pilate, in the Literal Chara∣cter.

* 1.30635. (ια) as numb. 22.

* 1.30736. (s{ou}emtƴ{ou}) the same Genus and Difference as numb. 32. the last Dipthong (ƴ{ou}) denoting the ninth difference, which is Crucifying, the first ({ou}) being the mark for Adjective, and the Letter (m) for Pas∣sive.

37. (c{ou}abƴs) the same as to genus and difference, with numb. 23, & 27. the Vowel (ƴ) signifying the seventh species,* 1.308 the Letter (s) an opposite, and the vowel ({ou}) adjective.

* 1.30938. (Na) as numb. 11.

* 1.31039. (s{ou}ƴmpƴ{ou}) The syllable (sƴ) is Ecclesiastical Relation, (p) the fourth difference, and (ƴ{ou}) the ninth species, which is Burial; the first ({ou}) being the sign of adjective, and (m) of passive.

* 1.31140. (e) Pronoun of the third person, singular number, viz. He.

* 1.31241. (ια) as numb. 22.

42. (lir-velc) This word is a Compound, the first syllable (lir) is a Preposition,* 1.313 the first opposite of the fifth Combination, signifying down∣wards; (be) is the Genus of transcendental action, the Letter (c) the sixth difference, which is Ition, ({ou}) the adjective, and (l) the active, Down-going, or Descending.

43. (rαl) a Preposition, the first of the fourth Combination, signi∣fying Into.* 1.314

Page 413

44. (odad) (da) is the Genus of World,* 1.315 (d) is the second diffe∣rence, which is Heaven, the vowel (o) which is opposite to (a) being prefixt, denotes this to be the word opposite to Heaven, viz. Hell.

45. (e) as numb. 40. He.* 1.316

46. (ια) as numb. 22.* 1.317

47. (c{ou}alcα) (ca) is Corporeal Action, (c) is the sixth difference,* 1.318 and (α) the first species, viz. Rise, ({ou}) the adjective, and (l) the active.

48. (lal) a Preposition, the second of the third Combination,* 1.319 From.

49. (αl) as numb. 6. The.* 1.320

50. ({ou}ι) as numb. 7.* 1.321

51. (c{ou}abƴsι{ou}) The same radical word with numb. 41. the Dip∣thong (ι{ou}) being a transcendental composition, denoting Person.* 1.322

52. (ril) a Preposition,* 1.323 the first opposite of the fourth Combinati∣on, signifying In.

53. (αl) as numb. 6.* 1.324

54. (Poto) the syllable (po) doth stand for the Genus of Measure, (t) the fifth Difference, and (o) the fifth Species, which is Day.* 1.325

55. (fobe) The same Genus as the former, (b) the first Diffe∣rence, relating to Number, (e) the third Species, the turning p into f,* 1.326 signifying adjective, viz. Third.

56. (e) as numb. 40.* 1.327

57. (ια) as numb. 22.* 1.328

58. (lαr-velc) a Compound as numb. 42.* 1.329 Only the Prepositi∣on here, being the first of the fifth Combination, must signifie Vpwards; and the word Ascending.

59. (rαl) as numb. 43.* 1.330

60. (dad) as numb. 10.* 1.331

61. (ril) as numb. 52.* 1.332

62. ({ou}{ou}-{ou}α) A Compound of the Pronoun Which,* 1.333 and the transcen∣dental Mark of Place.

63. (e) as numb 40.* 1.334

64. (ιa) as numb. 2.* 1.335 But being here spoken of a third Person in the singular number, must be rendered (is.)

Page 432

* 1.33665. (c{ou}alco) The same Genus and Difference as numb. 47. (o) being the fifth Difference, which is Sitting, ({ou}) adjective, and (l) active.

* 1.33766. (lil) a Preposition, the first Opposite in the third combination, signifying At.

* 1.33867. (αl) as numb. 6.

* 1.33968. (pigy{ou}) (pi) is the Genus of Space, (g) the third Difference, and (ƴ{ou}) the ninth species, which is Right hand.

* 1.34069. (lα) as numb. 9.

* 1.34170. (Dαb) as numb. 4.

* 1.34271. (lal) a Preposition, the second of the third Combination, signi∣fying From,

* 1.34372. ({ou}{ou}-{ou}α) as numb. 70.

* 1.34473. (e) as numb. 45.

* 1.34574. (ie) the Copula in the future tense, Shall be.

* 1.34675. (velcα) be is the Genus of transcendental Action, c the sixth difference, and α the first species, which is Come, the turning of b in∣to v, denoting adjective, and l Active.

76. (lo) a Preposition, the second opposite of the first Combination, viz. For.* 1.347

* 1.34877. (Selbα) (Se) is Judicial relation b the first difference, and α the first species, which is Iudge; the Letter l signifies a Noun of action, viz. Iudging, or Iudication.

* 1.34978. (αl) as numb. 6.

* 1.35079. (c{ou}abƴι{ou}) ca is the Genus of corporeal action, b the first diffe∣rence, and ƴ the seventh species, which is Life, the vowel {ou} signify∣ing adjective, viz. Living, ι{ou} being the transcendental composition for Person.

* 1.35180. (na) as numb. 11.

* 1.35281. (αl) as numb. 6.

* 1.35382. ({ou}ι) as numb. 7.

* 1.35483. (c{ou}abƴsi{ou}) as numb. 51.

* 1.35584. (α) as numb. 1.

* 1.35685. (ιa) as numb. 2.

* 1.35786. (t{ou}alti) as numb. 3.

* 1.35887. (Dαg) as numb. 27.

88. (αl) as numb. 6.

* 1.35989. (sƴ-{ou}e) the syllable sƴ is put for the Genus of Ecclesiastical Re¦lation,

Page 433

the Dipthong ({ou}e) being the transcendental for Aggregate.

90. (t{ou}ata) Ta is the Genus of Habit, t the fifth difference,* 1.360 and a the second species, which is Holiness; the addition of ({ou}) to the first Radical, doth signifie the word to be an adjective, viz. Holy.

91. (vages) (ba) is the Genus of Transcendental Relation mixed, g the third difference, and e the third species,* 1.361 (s) the note of oppo∣site, {ou} the sign of adjective, viz. Vniversal.

92. (αl) as numb. 6.* 1.362

93. (Sƴdzha) Sƴ the Genus of Ecclesiastical Relation,* 1.363 g the third difference, a the second species, which is Communicant, or Catholic; the turning of g into the same power that we give to J consonant, sig∣nifies this word to be an Abstract, viz. Communion.

94. (lα) as numb. 9.* 1.364

95. (Sƴgo) Sƴ is Ecclesiastical Relation, g the third difference,* 1.365 o the fifth species, which is Saint, the prolonging of the first Vowel denotes the plural number.

96. (αl) as numb. 6.* 1.366

97. (semdƴ) Se is the Genus of Iudicial Relation, d the second dif∣ference, and ƴ the seventh species, which is Remission,* 1.367 or Forgive∣ness, m denotes the passive voice.

98. (lα) as numb. 9.* 1.368

99. (bαlgas) bα is transcendental general, g the third difference,* 1.369 a the second species, s denotes an opposite, l a Noun of action, and the prolonging of the first Radical Vowel, the plural number.

100. (αl) as numb. 6.* 1.370

101. ({ou}ƴι) the Future Tense.* 1.371

102. (m{ou}s-calbƴ) a compound, the Particle m{ou}s signifying re,* 1.372 or again, (cabƴ) being before rendered Life, l denoting Active.

103. (lα) as numb. 9.* 1.373

104. (αl) as numb. 6.* 1.374

105. (odab) Da is the World, dab is Spirit, to which is opposed Body, signified by prefixing the Vowel o, which is opposite to a.* 1.375

106. (••a) as numb. 11.* 1.376

107. (αl) as numb. 6.* 1.377

108. ({ou}yι) as numb. 101.* 1.378

109. (cabƴ) the same Radical as numb. 37, and 102.* 1.379 Only this is not an Opposite, nor an Adjective.

Page 434

* 1.380110. (e{ou}-ƴfƴt) (e{ou}) is all, as numb. 5. (pƴ) is the Genus of Measure, (t) the fifth difference, which is measure of time, the affinis to which, (here denoted, by preposing the Radical Vowel ƴ) is Duration, p being turned into f, signifies Adjective, i e. All-during, or Everlasting.

I am sensible that this Contrivance for the Language is not ordered (as to the facility and pleasantness of the sound) to so good an advan∣tage as it might have been upon further consideration and practise: But as it is, I think it may (even in these respects) come into compa∣rison with any of the Languages now known. For the better trial of which, I shall give several Instances of the Lords Prayer, as it is ren∣dred in fifty several Languages, and written in our common Letter; most of which, I have taken out of Gesner, Mithridates, and Megise∣rus his Specimen, as they have collected and lettered them to my hands. For the rest, I am beholding to other Books, and the assist∣ance of some particular Friends.

Page 435

English 1.	Our father who art in heaven	Hallowed be thy Name
Hebrew 2.	Abinu Shebbaschamaim	Iikkadesch schemecha
Arabic 3.	Yâ Abânalladi phissamawati.	Yatakaddasu smoca
Syriac 4.	Abun dbashmajo	Nethkadesh shmoch
Aethiop 5.	Abúna xabashamâjath	Yithkádash shimácha
Greek 6.	Páter hemôn ho en tois our anoîs	Hagiasthéto tò onoma sou
Copti 7.	Peniot etchennipheoui	Mareftoubonje pecran
Latin 8.	Pater noster qui es in coelis	Sanctificetur nomen tuum
Spanish 9.	Padre nuestro que estas en loscielos	Sanctificato sea el tu nombre
Porteguese 10.	Padre nosso que stas nos ceos	Sanctificado seja o teu nome
French 11.	Nostre pere qui es és cieulx	Ton nom soit sanctifie
Italian 12.	Padre nostro che sei ne' cieli	Sia sanctificato il nome tuo
Friulian 13.	Pari nestri ch'ees in cijl	See santificaat la to nom
Sardinian of the City 14.	Pare nostre che ses en loscels	Sia sanctificat lo nom teu
Sardinian of the Countrey 15.	Babu nostru sughale ses in soschelus	Santufiada su nomine tuo
Grysons 16.	Bab nos quel tii ist in eschil	Santifichio saia ilgtes num
Germ. ancient 17.	Pater unser du in himel bist	Din namo werde geheyligot
Germ. modern 18.	Unser Uatter der du bist im Him∣mel	Geheyliget werde dein nahm
Old Saxon 19.	Uren fader thic arth in heofnas	Sic gehalgud thin noma
Dutch 20.	Onse vader die in den hemelin (zijt	Uwen naem werde geheylight
Danish 21.	Pader vor du som est i himmelen	Helligt vorde dit naff••	Megiserus
Island 22.	Bader vor sun ert ai himmum	helgikt bitt nam ti	M.
Lappian 23.	Isa meidhen joko oledh taju ahissa	Puliettu olkohon siun nimes••	M.
Suedish 24.	Fadher war som est i himlom	helghat warde titt nampn	M.
Gothic 25.	Atta unsar thu in Himmina	Wihnai namo thein	M.
Carnish 26.	Ozha nash kir si v'nebesih	Posvezhénu bodi iime tvoie	M.
Dalmatian 27.	Otsce nas koyi yessina nebissih	Szvetisse gyme tvoye
Hungarian 28.	Miattynackki vagy azmenyegbe	Megh stentel tessek az te newed.	M.
Croatian 29.	Ozhe nash ishe esina nebesih	Svetise jme tuoe	M.
Servian 30.	Otze nash ishe jesi v' nebesih	Posvetise jme twoje	M.
Walachian 31.	Tatal nostru cineresti in ceriu	Sfincinschase numelie teu	M.
Bohemian 32.	O••ozie nass genz syna nebesich	Oszwiet se meno twe	Gesnerus
Lusatian 33.	Wosch nasch Kensch sy nanebebu	Wss weschone bushy me twove	M.
Polonian 34.	Ocziecz nasch ktory jestosz wniebye	Swyecz sie gymye twa	G.
Lituanian 35.	Tewe musu kursey esi danguy	Szweskis wardas tawo
Livonian 36.	Abes mus kas tu es eek sckan debbessis	Schwetitz tows waarcz	M.
Russian 37.	Oche nash Izghae yease nanaebaesaegh	Da sueatesa Ima tuoae
Tartarian 38.	Atcha wyzom hhy hokta sen algusch	Ludor senug adongkel suom	M.
Turkish 39.	Babamoz hanghe gugtesson	Chuduss olssum ssenungh adun	M.
Armenian 40.	Hair mer or iercins des	Surb eglizzi anun cho	M.
Persian 41.	Ai pader makeh dar osmân	Pàk bashoud nâm tou
Chinish 42.	Ngò tèm fu•• chè tsay thiaen	Ng•• tèm yuèn ùl niûn chîm xím
Welsh 43.	Ein Tad yr hwn wyt yn y nefo∣edd	Sancteiddier dy enw
Irish 44.	Air nathir ataigh air nin	Nabz far hanimti	Megiserus
Biscan 45.	Gure aita cerue tan aicena	Sanctifica bedi hire icena
Frisian 46.	Ws haita derstu biste yne hymil	Dyn name wird heiligt	M.
Madagascar 47.	Amproy antsica izau hanautangh and anghitsi	Angharanau hofissahots
Poconchi 48.	Catat taxah vilcat	Avi nim ta incaharcihi
New England 49.	Nooshun kesukquot	Quittiana ta munach koowesuonk
Philos. Language 51.	Hαι coba {ou}{ou} ιa ril dad	Ha bαbι ιo s{ou}ymtα
52.	Ƴ{ou}r fádher h{ou}itsh art in héven:	Hαlloed bι dhƴι nαm

Page 436

	English 1.	Thy Kingdome come	Thy Will be done
	Hebrew 2.	Tabo malcutecha	Teasaeh rezonecha
	Arabic 3.	Tâti malacûtoca	Tacûno mashiátoca
	Syriac 4.	Thithe malcuthoch	Nehue zebionoch
	Aethiop 5.	Thymtsa mangystcha	Yichún phachâdacha
	Greek 6.	Elthéto he Basíleia sou	Genethéto t•• thelemá sou
	Copti 7.	Maresinje tecme touro	Netehnacmarefshopi
	Latin 8.	Adveniat regnum tuum	Fiat Voluntas tua
	Spanish 9.	Venga el tu reyno	Fagase tu voluntad
	Porteguese 10.	Venna à nos ò teu reyno	Seja ferta à tua voluntade
	French 11.	Ton royaume advenie	Ta volunte soit facte
	Italian 12.	Venga il regno tuo	Si a fatta la voluntà tua
	Friulian 13.	Vigna lu to ream	See fatta la too voluntaat
	Sardinian of the City 14.	Venga lo regne teu	Fasase la voluntat tua
	Sardinian of the Countrey 15.	Bengiad su rennu tuo	Faciadsi sa voluntade tua
	Grysons 16.	Ilgtes ariginam uigna ter nus	••a thia uoeglia d' uainta
	Germ. ancient 17.	Din riche chome	Din wi llo gescehe
	Germ. modern 18.	Dein Reich komme	Dein Will geschehe
	Old Saxon 19.	To cymeth thin rye	Sic thin Willa sue
	Dutch 20.	Uw Coninckrijcke icome	Uwen Wille geschicde
Megiserus.	Danish 21.	Til komme dit Rige	Borde din Bilie
M.	Island 22.	Komi tit ricke	Uerdi tinn vile
M.	Lappian 23.	Tulkohon siun waltakunta.	Si oskohon siun tahiosi
M.	Suedish 24.	Till komme titt rike	Stee tin Wilie
M.	Gothic 25.	Uimai thiudinassus theins	Werthe Wilga theins
M.	Carnish 26.	Pridi k' nam kraylestvu tvoie	S' idise volia tvoia
	Dalmatian 27.	Pridi kralyess tvo tvoze	••udi volya tvoya
M.	Hungarian 28.	Iujonel az te orssagod	Legyen te akarat••d
	Croatian 29.	Pridi cesa rastvo tvuoe	Budi volia tvoja
M.	Servian 30.	Pridi Krailestvo tuoie	Budi volia tuoia
M.	Walachian 31.	Seuie imparacia ta	Suse fie voia ta
Gesnerus.	••ohemian 32.	Przid kralowstwii twe	Bud wule twa
M.	Lusatian 33.	Poshish knam krailestwo twoio	Sostany woli twoia
G.	Polonian 34.	Przydzy twa kroliestwo	Bandz wolya twa
	Lituanian 35.	Ateyk karaliste tawo	••uk wala tawo
M.	Livonian 36.	Enack mums tows walstibe	Tows praatz buska
	Russian 37.	Da predet Tzaazstuia tuoae	Da boodet Volya tuoya
M.	Tartarian 38.	Chanluchong bel sun senung arkchueg	Alei gier dauk
M.	Turkish 39.	Gelson ssenung memlechetun	Olsum sshénung issted gunh
M.	Armenian 40.	Eceszzae archaiuthai cho	Eglizzin camch cho
	Persian 41.	Bayaïd padshah tou	Shoud howást tou
	Chinish 42.	ùl gúë lîn	úl chì chîm hîm
	Welsh 43.	D••ued dy deyrnas	Bid dy evvyllys
	Irish 44.	Tigiuh da riatiathe	Deanturda hoilamhuoil
M.	••iscan 45.	Et hor bedi hire rehuma	E guin bedi hire vorondatea
	Frisian 46.	Dyn ryck to komme	Dyn Wille moet schoen
	Madagascar 47.	Uahoijachanau honui aminay	Fiteiannau hocfaizangh
M.	Poconchi 48.	Avihauri inchalita pan cana	Nava invanivita
	New England 49.	peyaumooutch kukketassootamoonk	Kuttenantamoonk
	Philos. Language 50.	Ha salba ιo velcα	Ha tαlbi ιo vemg{ou}
	51.	Dhƴι cingdƴm cƴm.	Dhƴi {ou}il bi dƴn

Page 437

English 1.	In earth as it is in Heaven	Give us this day our daily bread
Hebrew 2.	Ci basschamaim u baarez	Lachmenu temidi ten lanu bajóm
Arabic 3.	Camâ phissamâï wa ala'l ardi	Chúbzana 'iladi lil gadi ahtinaol yaum
Syriac 4.	Aikano dbashmajo hocano oph barao	Havlan lachmo dsunkonan jaumomo
Aethiop 5.	Bachama bashamaï wabamdyrni	Shishâjana zalalà ylathanà habanà yom
Greek 6.	Hôs en ourano kai epi tes ges	Tòn árton ••emôn ton epiousion dôs hemin semero ••
Copti 7.	Phredichentphenemhi jenpicahi	Penoiki terasti meisnanphoou
Latin 8.	Sicut in coelo sic etiam in terra	P••nem nostrum quotidianum da nobis hodie
Spanish 9.	Assy en el cielo, como en la tierra	Nuestro pan cotidiano dad le a nosotros oy
Porteguese 10.	Assi nos ceos, come na terra	O pao no sso de cadadia dano lo oie nesto dia
French 11.	Ainsi en la terre, comme au cieulx	Nostre pain quotidiain donne nous aviourdhuy
Italian 12.	Si come in cielo cosi in terra	Dacci heggi••l nostre pane quotidiano
Friulian 13.	Sice' in cijl et in tierra	Da nus hu'el nestri pa•• cotidian
Sardinian of the City 14.	Axicom en lo cel i en la terra	Lo pa nostre cotidia dona anosaltres hui
Sardinian of the Countrey. 15.	Comenti in chelo et in sa terra	Su pane nostru dogniedie dona anosateros hoc
Grysons 16.	In terra sco la fo in cschil	Do a nus nos paun houtz & in miinchia di
German ancient 17.	In erde also in Himele	Unser cagolicha brot cib uns hinto
Germ. modern 18.	Auf erden, wic im Himmel	Unser taglich brot gib uns heut
Old Saxon 19.	Is in heofnas and in eortho	Uren hlaf ofer wirtlic sel us to daeg
Dutch 20.	Gelijck in den hemel oockop der actden	Ons daghelijcks broot gheeft ons heden
Danish 21.	Saa paa jorden som hander i him∣melen	Giff oz i dag vort daglige Brod
Isleland 22.	Suoms ai himme so aipodn	Burt vort daglgt geb tu oz i dag	Megiserus
Lappian 23.	Kwuin-tai vahissa nyn man' palla	Meidhen joka paiwen leipa mehilen tana paiwane	M.
Suedish 24.	Sa lom i himmelen saock pa jor∣denne	Wart dagligha brod giff oss idagh	M.
Gothic 25.	Sue in himmina gah ana arte	Ll laef vnsatana thana senteinam gif unss himmadaga	M.
Carnish 26.	Kakor nanebi taku nasemlij	Kruh na••h usak dainii dai nam dones	M.
Dalmatian 27.	Kako na nebu tako i na zemlyi	Kruh nas ssvagdanyni day nam danass	M.
Hungarian 28.	Mi keben menyben azon kepen it ezse old ounis.	Mi kenyerunk & mindèn napyat adgyad neke unk mà	M.
Croatian 29.	Jako na niebesih j tako nasemlij	Hlib nash usag danni dai nam danas	M.
Servian 30.	Kako vnebi i takos nafemlij	H••ib nash usak danii dai nam danas	M.
Walachian 31.	Cum in cerin usa prepo mortu	Puine noa de tote zilelle dene noba astazi	M.
Bohemian 32.	Yakona nebi tak y na zemi	Chleb nasz wezdeyssi dey nam dnes	Gesnerus
Lusatian 33.	Takhak nanebu tak heu nasemu	Klib nasch schidni d••ynam shensa	M.
Polonian 34.	Yako wniebi y na zemii	Chlieb nasch pow schedny day nam dzy say	G.
Lituanian 35.	Kayp and dangaus teyp ir andziam es	Donos musu wisu dienu dok mumus szedien	M.
Livonian 36.	Kasch kan debbes ta wursan summes	Musse denische mayse duth mums schodeen
Russian 37.	Yaco na nebesoe Jnazemlee	Ghlaeb nash nasou schneei dazgd nam dnaes	M.
Tartarian 38.	Achtaver visungundaluch	Ot mak chu musen vougon	M.
Turkish 39.	Nicse gugthe ule gyrde	Echame gumozi hergun on vere bize bugun	M.
Armenian 40.	Orpes jercins en jercri	Zhazt mer hanapazord rue mez aisaur
Persian 41.	hamzienánkeh dar osmân niz dar zamin	Bedih marah amrouz nân kefaf rouz mara
Chinish 42.	Yu ty su sim thyaen	Ngò teng uwàng uul kyu jûn ngò ngò zié jong leârg
Welsh 43.	Ar y ddaiar, megis y mae yn y ne∣foedd	Dyro i ni heddyw cin bara bennyddiol	Megiserus
Irish 44.	Air nimh agis air thalamhi	Air naran ••aidhthuil tabha••r dhuin a niomh
Biscan 45.	Cervan be cala lurrean e••e	Gure eguneco oguia igue egun	M.
Frisian 46.	Opt yrtrick as yne hymil	Ws deilix bre jovws juved
Madagascar 47.	An tanetona and anghits••	Mahon mehohanau anrou anion abinaihane antsica
Poconchi 48.	Yah uir vach a cal he invan taxah	Chaye runa tahunun ta quih vije
New England 49.	Nen nach ohkeit neane kesukqut	Nummectiuongash asekesukokish assam••••jnean yeuyeu kesukod
Philos. Language 50.	M{ou} ril dady me ril dad	Io velpi rαl αι ril poto i hαι sαba vaty
51.	In erth az it is in héven	Giv ƴs dhis daι ƴ{ou}r daιlι bred

Page 438

	English 1.	And forgive us our trespasses	As we forgive them that trespass against us
	Hebrew 2.	Uslach lanu eth cobothénu	Caascher anachnu solechim lebaale chobothenu
	Arabic 3.	Waghphir lanâ mâ aleina	Camâ nághphiro náhno limàn lanâ alcihi
	Syriac 4.	Vashbuk lan chaubain	Aikano doph chanan shbakan Ichaibeian
	Aethiop 5.	Hydyg lanà abashana	Chamà nyhhnani nyhadyg laxà abashà lanà
	Greek 6.	Kai aphes hemin tà ophilemata hemôn	Hos kai hemîs aphiemen tois ophiletais hemón
	Copti 7.	Ouohchanieteron nanebolmphretitio	Tenchoebol neete
	Latin 8.	Et remitte nobis debita nostra	Sicut & nos remittimus debitoribus nostris
	Spanish 9.	Y perdona nos nuestras deudas	Assi como nosotros perdonamos à nuestros deu∣dores
	Porteguese 10.	E perdoa nos sennoras nossas dividas	Assi como nos perdoamos aos nossos dividores
	French 11.	Et pardonne nous noz faultes	Comme nous pardonnons a ceulx qui nous ont offenzes
	Italian 12.	Et perdonaci i nostri debiti	Si com•• noi perdoniamo à debitori nostri
	Friulian 13.	Et perdonni nus glu nestris debiz	Sicu noo perduin agl nestris debitoors
	Sardinian of the City. 14.	I dexia anosaltres losdeutres nostres	Axicom i nosaltres dexiam als deutois nostres
	Sardinian of the Countrey. 15.	Et lassa anosateros is debitus nostrus	Comente e nosateros a isdebitores nostrus
	Grysons 16.	Parduna à nus nos dbits	Sco aus fain à dbitaduors
	German ancient 17.	Unde unsere sculde belas uns	Als auch wer belasendt unseren sculdigen
	Germ. modern 18.	Und vergib uns unsre schuld	Als wir auch vergeben unsern sculdigern
	Old Saxon 19.	And forget us scylda urna	Sue we forgefen scyldgum urum
	Dutch 20.	Ende vergheeft ons onse schulden	Gelijck vock wy vergheven onsen schulde∣naren
Megiserus.	Danish 21.	De forlad oz vor skyld	S••m wi forlade vore shyldener
M.	Isleland 22.	Og bergeb oz skulden vorn	Suofem vi bergebunsku Idun vorn
M.	Lappian 23.	ja anna anteixe meiden syndia	Kwin moe annamma vastahan rickoillen
M.	Suedish 24.	Och forlat oss wara skuld	Sasom ock wy forlate them oz sky••d••gh aro
M.	Gothic ••4.	Gah aflet unsthatei sculanssigaima	Sua sue gah weiz afletam thaim skulam vnsarem
M.	Carnish 26.	inu odpusti nam dulge nashe	Kakor tud••mi odpustimo dulshnikom nashim
	Dalmatian 27.	Jod pussti naam duge nase	Kako i my odpuschyamo duxnikom nassim
M	Hungarian 28.	Es bochasdmegh neck eunkaz mi vetkeyn∣ketmi	Kepen meg bochatunk ellen wnck vetetteknek
M.	Croatian 29.	Jodpusti nam dlgi nashe	Jaco she imi odpushzhamo dlshnikom nashim
M.	Servian 30.	Jodpusti nam duge nashe	Kako imi otpushzhamo dushnikom nashim
Gesnerus.	Walachian 31.	Sunc jerta gresalelle nostre	Cum sunoi jerta ma gresitilor nostri
M.	Bohemian 32.	Y odpust nam nasse winy	Yako y my odpaustime nassim winikom
G.	Lusatian 33.	Awoday nam wyni nashe	Ack my wodawamij winikam nashim
	polonian 34.	A odpus••z nam uyny nascha	Yako y my odpusczamy winowaytzom naschym
M.	Lituanian 35.	Ir atlayisk mums musu kaltes	Kayp ir mes atlaydziam sawiemus kaltiemus
	Livonian 36.	Pamniate mums musse grake	ka mess pammart musse partadveken
M.	Russian 37.	Jo staue nam dolghij nasha	Yaco Imwee Ostauelayem dolzgnecom nashim
M.	Tartarian 38.	Kai visum ja sachen	Alen bisdacha kaielbe rin bisum jasoch namasin
	Turkish 39.	Hem bassa bize borsligomozi	Nycse bizde baslaruz borse tigleremozi
M.	Armenian 40.	Eu thogl mez zpaartis mer	Orpas eu mech thoglumch merozt partpanazt
	Persian 41.	Wodar kedsar mara konáhan ma	Chenankeh ma niz mikedsarim ormân mara
	Chinish 42.	uul myaen ong-o tsi ay	Ziu ngò ijé ssa t••û' ngò tso ay tsié
	Welsh 43.	A maddeu i ni ein dyledion	Fel y maddewn ni in dyled▪ wyr
M.	Irish 44.	Agis math duin dairfhiacha ammnil	Agis mathum vid dar feuthunuim
	Biscan 45.	E••a quitta jetrague gure corrac	Nola guere gure cordun••y quittatzen baitra vegu
M.	Frisian 46.	In veriov ws vvs schylden	As wy vejac ws Schyldnirs
	Madagascar 47.	amanhanau manghafaca hanay ota antsica	Tonazahai manghafaca hota aurcomanona∣nay
	Poconchi 48.	Nachach ta camac	he incachachve quimac Xim acquivi chi quih
	New England 49.	Kah ahquontamaijnneau numat cheseongash	Neane matchenehu queagig nuta quonta∣mounnonog
	Philos. Language 51.	na ιo s{ou}eldy{ou}s lαl αι hαι bαlgas	me 〈◊〉〈◊〉 s{ou}eldy{ou}s lαl eι {ou}{ou} vαlgas r{ou} αι
	52.	and fαrgiv ƴs ƴ{ou}r tre∣spassez	az {ou}ι fαrgìv dhem dhat tre∣spass against ƴs.

Page 439

English 1.	And lead us not into temptation,	But deliver us from evil, Amen.
Hebrew 2.	Veal tebienu lenissajon,	Ella Hazzilénu mera, Amen.
Arabic 3.	Walâ túdkilná hagiârib,	Lakín nagjinnâ minnash shirriri.
Syriac 4.	Ulotalaan Inesiuno	Elo pazzan men visho. Amin.
Aethiop 5.	Waïthabyana wysh tha manshúthi,	Alâ adychnana balhhánana ymkûl•• ychûï,
Greek 6.	Kai me isenenkes hemas is pirasmon,	Alla rhysai hemas apo tou ponerou, Amen.
Copti 7.	Ouo omper tenechou epirasmos,	Alla nah menebolch enpipethmou.
Latin 8.	Et ne nos inducas in tentationem,	S••d libera nos à malo, Amen.
Spanish 9.	Y no nos dexes caër en la tentation,	Nas libra nos de mal, Amen.
Porteguese 10.	E nao nos dexes cahir in tentacao,	Mas libra nos do mal. Amen.
French 11.	Et ne nous induy point en tentation,	Mais deliure nous de mal, Amen.
Italian 12.	Et non c' indurre in tentatione,	Ma liberaci dal male. Amen.
Friulian 13.	E no nus menaa in tentation,	Mà libora nus dal mal.
Sardinian of the City. 14.	I no nos iuduescas en la tentatio,	Mas liura nos del mal.
Sardinian of the Countrey. 15.	E no nos portis in sa tentatione.	Impero libera nos da su male.
Grysons 16.	Nun ens mener in mel aprouaimaint,	Dimpersemaing spendra nus da tuots mels
German ancient 17.	And in chorunga uit leitest du unsich	Un belose unsich fone ubelc
Germ. modern 18.	Und fuhreuns nicht in versuchung	Sondern erlose uns vom bosen
Old Saxon 19.	And no inlead usith in custnung	Ah gefrig urich from isle
Dutch 20.	Ende en leydtons niet i verwee∣kinghe.	Maer verloft ons van den bosen.
Danish 21.	Oc leed oz icke vdi fristelse	Men frels oz fra out.	Megiserus.
Isleland 22.	Ant leidt oz e ki breizlni	Helldur brelsa oz ver illu	M.
Lappian 23.	Ia ale sata mei ta kin sauxen	Mutta paasta meite pahasta	M.
Suedish 24.	Och inleedh oss ickei frestelse	Uchan frels oss ifram ondo	M.
Gothic 25.	Gah ni brigges vns in fraestub	Ak lauzii uns af thamma oblin.	M.
Carnish 26.	Inu neupelai nas v' iskushno	Tamazh reshi nass od slega	M.
Dalmatian 27.	Ine naass uvediu-napasst	Da osslobodi naas od assla.
Hungarian 28.	Es ne vigy mynket az kesertet	Ben de szabaditz megh minket azgonosztul	M.
Croatian 29.	Ine isbavi nas od nepriasni
Servian 30.	Ine vauedi nas v' napast	Dais bavi nas od sla	M.
Walachian 31.	Sunu ne duce prenoi in Kale deispirra	Sune men tu jaste preroi de reu.	M.
Bohemian 32.	Y ne uwod nasz do pokussenii	Ale zbaw nas od zleho.	Gesnerus.
Lusatian 33.	Neweshi nass dospi towana	A le wimoshi nas wot slego, Amen.	M.
Polonian 34.	Nyewodz nasz napokus chenye	Alye zbaw nasz od zlego.	G.
Lituanian 35.	Ir newesk musu ing pagúndynima	Bet giaf bekmus nog pikto, Amen.
Livonian 36.	Ne wedde mums louna badeckle	Pet passatza mums nuwusse loune	M.
Russian 37.	Ineuedi nas fpapast	No Jzbaue nas ot loocauaho, Ameen.
Tartarian 38.	Datcha koima visn sunan acha	Illa garta visenn gemandam.	M.
Turkish 39.	Hem yedma bizege heneme	De churtule bizy jaramazdan.	M.
Armenian 40.	Eu mi tanir zmezi phorxuthai	Ail pharceai zmez i zarae.	M.
Persian 41.	Wodar azmaish minadâr mara	Leikan halats kon mara az sharir, Amin.
Chinish 42.	Yeéu' pu ngo chiù chi éu iu' ìeáū caan	Nây kyeéa ngo yu' chiu' o.
Welsh 43.	Ac nac arwain ni i brofedigaeth	Eithr gwared ni rhag drwg, Amen·
Irish 44.	Agis na trilaic astoch sin anau seu	Ac sar sino ole, Amen.	M.
Biscan 45.	Eta ezgai zala sar eraci tentatio∣netan	Baina delivra gaitzac gaich totic.
Frisian 46.	In lied ws nact in versicking	Din fry ws vin it quaed.	M:
Madagascar 47.	Aman hanau aca mahatetseanay abin fivetsevetse ratsi	Fcha hanau metezahahanay tabin ha∣rats••ian abi.
Poconchi 48.	Macoacana chipan catacchihi	Coaveçata china unche tsiri, Amen.
New England 49.	Ahque sagkompagunainnean en qutchhuaonganit	Webe pohquohwussinean wutch ma∣chitut, Amen.
Philos. Language 50.	Na mi ιo velco αι rαl bedodl{ou}.	Nil ιo c{ou}αlbo αι lal vαgasie, Amen.
51.	And léd ƴs nαt int{ou} temp∣tasiαn	Bƴt delìver ƴs frαm ívil,

Page 440

It would be convenient, that every one of these Instances should be Philosophically Lettered, according to the true pronunciation used in each Language; but this being a thing of too great difficulty, I do not attempt it. 'Tis probable that the doing of this, would make most strange Languages seem more harsh and uncouth, than now they do; as appears by that Instance of the English, this way written, which I have subjoyned in the last place, for the more accurate com∣paring it with the Philosophical Language.

In the comparing of these Languages, it may be granted that some few words of each Language may seem preferrible to others in this: But take it altogether, and in the whole, and it may at least stand in competition with the best of them, as to its facility and pleasantness. 'Tis most likely, that the generality of Readers will be apt in the com∣paring of these Instances, to give the precedence to those Languages they are acquainted with. I should desire no more from them, but that they would be content to permit this new Language to come in the next place, which would be a sufficient testimony for it.

But then for the Philosophy of this Language, it hath many great ad∣vantages above any other. Every Word being a description of the thing signified by it; Every Letter being significant, either as to the Nature of the Thing, or the Grammatical Variations of the Word, which cannot be said of any of the rest; besides the constant Analogy obser∣ved in all kind of Derivations and Inflexions.

Page 441

CHAP. V. Directions for the more easie Learning of this Character and Language, together with a brief Table containing the Ra∣dicals, both Integrals and Particles; together with the Character and Language by which each of these is to be exprest.

IF any Man shall think it worth his time and pains to learn this Character; the most facil and natural order to be observed in this, will be, to begin with the 40 common Heads or Genus's, which should be learnt out of that General Scheme, Part II. Chap. I. where there is expressed some reason of their order; the understand∣ing of which will much facilitate the fixing of them in the me∣mory.

Next to these, he may proceed to the Differences belonging to each Genus, which though they are in the Character expressed by that numerical institution of First, Second, and Third, &c. yet are they to be committed to memory from their real significations. So the First, Second, and Third differences under the Genus of Beast, are to be learned and remembred, not as First, Second, and Third, &c. but as Whole-footed, Cloven-footed, and Clawed, &c. (not Rapacious, Ra∣pacious Dog-kind, Rapacious Cat-kind) and Oviparous. Thus when we see any of the differences belonging to Measure, we are not to name them by their numerical order of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, but by the things which they denote, as Measure of Multitude, Magnitude, Gra∣vity, Valour, Duration, Age. And to this end all the differences are to be learned out of the larger Tables, where there is some reason to be seen for the order of most of them.

Next to these, the several Species are to be learned, belonging to each Difference, at least so many of them as are like most frequently to occur in discourse. As for the various kinds of Meteors, Stones, Herbs, Shrubs, Trees, Exanguious Animals, Fishes, Birds, Beasts, and the kinds of Diseases, though they are to be provided for in the Ta∣bles, that they may be written when there shall be occasion for the mention of them; yet 'tis not ordinarily necessary to commit them all to memory, because those who are most expert in any Language, may not yet be able to remember all the names of such things. But as for such Species as are fit to be remembred, they are to be learned out of the first and larger Tables, where they are each of them de∣scribed and determined, as to their primary significations, and some reason is attempted of their number and order, the understanding of which will make them more easily remembred.

After these the Particles are to be learned, which should be likewise out of the first Tables, where the meaning of them is described and determined.

But for the better helping of the memory in cases of doubt or

Page 442

forgetfulness, it may be proper to have recourse to the Synopsis here adjoined, by which it is easie at the first or second view to find out the true place of any Integral or Particle, together with the Derivati∣ons and Inflexions belonging to the Radicals.

'Tis here to be noted concerning this briefer Scheme or Table, that in several of the Genus's pertaining to Substance, there are only some few of the first Species or Pairs of them mentioned under each diffe∣rence as instances; the rest being to be sought for in the larger Table. Those that are paired by way of opposition, are put in a di∣stinct Character.

The first Part, and the former half of the second, do contain a Philosophical Dictionary for all Integral, Radical words: The re∣maining Part doth contain all the Particles necessary to Speech, be∣sides a Summary of the whole Grammar, with reference both to the Character and Language; which I conceive to be so plainly set down, as not to need any particular explication.

But now because there is no more general inclination amongst per∣sons of all Ages and Qualities, then that of Gaming, which Men can continue at for a long time with much pleasure, and are least apt to be weary of: Therefore the reducing of the Learning of this Chara∣cter to a Game, may be a special help and furtherance to it. In order to which it were not difficult to shew, how it might be brought into several Games, like to those either at Dice or Cards. Of the former of which I had once thought to have given an instance, with relation to the Particles, by which it would be easie to understand how the like might be done for all the rest: But upon second thoughts I do at present forbear it.

Page [unnumbered]

TRANS. G. PREDIC.

Kind••: Species
1 Being: Nothing
2 Thing: Appearance
3 Notion: Fiction
4 Name: Person
5 Substance: Accident
6 Quantity: Quality
7 Action: Passion
8 Relation: Absoluteness

Cause: ••••••fect
1 Efficient: Instrument
2 Impulsive: Cohibitive
3 Exemplar: Type
4 Condition: Occasion
5 Adjuvant: Impedient
6 F••nd: Means
7 Matter: Form

III

Dive••sity: 〈◊〉〈◊〉
1 Truth: Falshood
2 Goodness: Evilness
3 Positiveness: Privativeness
4 Genuineness: Spuriousness
5 Actualness: Potentialness
6 ••••niteness: Infiniteness
7 Naturalness: Factitiousness
•• Simplicity: Mixedness
•• Perfection: Imperfection

Dit••e••ence: Conveniency
1 Profitableness: Hurtfulness
2 Pleasantness: Vnpleasantness
3 Dueness: Vndueness
4 Possibility: Impossibility
5 Importance: Vanity
•• Worthiness: Vnworthiness

V Dif. rel. to the Meanes

1 Lawfulness: Indifferency
2 Decency: Indecency
3 Safety: Danger
4 Easiness: Difficulty
5 Gentleness: Violence
6 Congruity: Contrariety
7 Expediency: Inconveniency
8 Necessity: Contingence

M••de
1 ••ubject: Adjunct
2 Object
3 Circumstance: Solemnity
4 State
5 Signe
6 Room as Suc.: Stead as Subst.
7 Degree: Impetus
8 Turn: Reciprocation
9 Cognation: Opposition

TRANS. REL MIX.

Of Quan. more Ger.
1 Indifferent: Greatnes little.
2 Mediocrity: Abund. scarcity
3 Sufficiency: Ex. deficiency
4 Indifferent: Excell. sorry
5 Equal: Superior infer.
6 Equivalency: Betternes wors.
7 At a stand: Increase dimin.
8 Just temper: Intention remis.
9 Keep at a stay: Mending marr.

Of Contin.: Quan.
1 Length: Shortness
2 Bredth: Narrowness
3 Deepness: Shallowness
4 Highness: Lowness
5 Thickness: Thinness

III

Disco••tin. Quan.
1 Multitude: Fewness
2 Singularity: Plurality
3 Particularity: Vniversality
4 Specialness: Generalness
5 Evenness: Odness
6 Segregateness: Aggregateness
7 Series: Catalogue
8 Suit

Of Qual. more largely
1 Primitiveness: Derivativeness
2 Immediatenes: Mediateness
3 Absoluteness: Dependency
4 Principalness: Accessoriness
5 Pertinency: Impertinency
6 Properness: Commonness

〈…〉〈…〉 more strictly
1 Likeness: Vnlikeness
2 Order: Confusion
3 Ordinariness: Extraordinari.
4 Regularness: Exorbitancy
5 Publickness: Privateness
6 Ornateness: Homeliness
7 Purity: Defilement

Of Whole: Part
1 Best part: Worst part
2 Say: Vantage
3 Scum: Sediment
4 Lump: Powder
5 Chip: Fragment
6 Additum: Sum
7 Ablatum: Residue
8 Multiplier: Product
9 Divisor: Quotient

TRANS. REL. of ACT.

Belonging to sing. things
1 Putting: Altering
2 Apropriating: Alienating
3 Claiming: Abdicating
4 Taking: Leaving
5 Having: Wanting
6 Holding: Letting go
7 Seeking: Finding
8 Shewing: Concealing
9 Manifesting: Seeming

To diverse things
1 Joyning: Separating
2 Adhering: Abandoning
3 Applying: Abstracting
4 Comprehend.: Exempting
5 Comparing: Trying
6 Repeating: Changing
7 Restoring: compensating
8 Representing: Imitating
9 Repairing: Spoiling

III

Businesse: Leasure
1 Designing: Undertaking
2 Preparing: Furnishing
3 Beginning: Offering
4 Endeavouring: Essaying
5 Dispatching: Protracting
6 Performing: Violating
7 Finishing: Miscarrying
8 Erring: Omitting
9 Preventing: Remedying

Commerce
1 Yielding: Submitting to
2 Offering: Demanding
3 Delivering: Receiving
4 Giving: Accepting
5 Disbursing: Refunding
6 Reckoning: Ballancing
7 Being Credi.: Being debtor
8 Paying: Failing
9 Acquitting: Forgiving

Event
1 Obtaining: Frustrating
2 Gaining: Losing
3 Saving: Spending
4 Laying up: Squandering
5 Keeping: Loosing
6 Using: Abstaining
7 Injoying: Being sick of
8 Refreshing: Wearying
9 Quieting: Troubling

••••••on: Stap••••g
1 Coming: Going
2 Proceeding: Turning
3 Travelling: Wandring
4 Sending: Fetching
5 Leading: Driving
6 Following: Overtaking
7 Meeting: Avoyding

DISCOURS. LANG.

Elements
1 Letter: Character
2 Vowell: Consonant
3 Syllable: Dypthong
4 Interpunction: Hyphen
5 Comma: Semicolon
6 Colon: Period
7 Parenthesis: Parathesis
8 Emphasis: Irony.
9 Accent P.: Accent. E.

Word: Me••ning
1 Integrall: Particle
2 Abstract: Concrete
3 Substantive: Adjective
4 Verbe: Adverbe deri.
5 Subject: Predicate
6 Copula
7 Pronoun: Interjection
8 Preposition: Article
9 Adverb und.: Conjunction

III

Complex.: Gram. parts
1 Clause: Sentence
2 Verse: Section
3 Chapter: Book
4 Prose: Verse
5 Meetre: Rythm
6 Proper: Tralatitions
7 Simple: Figurate
8 Express: Vnderstood
9 Plain: Obscure

Comp. Log. parts
1 Distinction: Equivocation
2 Limitation: Ampliation
3 Definition: Description
4 Division: Partition
5 Rule: Exception
6 ••rgumentation: Illation
7 Syllogism: Enthymem
8 Induction: Example
•• Quotation: Allusion

Mixed
1 Proposition: Adage
2 Oration: Epistle
3 Narration: Rumour
4 Interpretation
5 Translation: Paraphrase
6 Commentary
7 Epitome
8 Prologue: Epilogue
9 Transition: Digression

Mo••••s o•• Disc.
1 Question: Answer
2 Affirmation: Negation
3 Supposition: Concession
4 Opposition: Contradiction
5 Objection: Solution
6 Probation: Confirmation
7 Confutation: Retortion
8 Posing: Conviction
9 Confession: Recantation

BIRD

Carnivorous Birds
1 Eagle: Vulture
2 Hawk: Kite
3 Cuckoe: Butcher b.
4 Owle horned: Owle not h.
5 Raven: Crow
6 Daw: Chough, &c.

Phytiv. of short Wings
1 Cock
2 Peacock: Turky
3 Pheasant: Attagen.
4 Bustard: Anas cam. bell.
5 Cock of thew: Heath cock
6 Partridge: Red Partr. &c

III

Phytiv. of long Wings
1 Pidgeon: Ringdove
2 Stock-dove: Turtle
3 Mislle b.: Thrush
4 Stare: Merula sax.
5 Feldefare: Redwing
6 Black bird: Passer soli. &c.

Graniv. of thick B••lls
1 Bunting
2 Yellow hamer: Hortulane
3 Sparrow: Mountain sp.
4 Cocothraustes: Cocoth. crista.
5 Bullfinch: Shell apple
6 Greenfinch: Canary b. &c.

Insectivorous greater
1 Swallow: Swift
2 Martin: Sand martin
3 Nightingale
4 Larke: Titlarke
5 Redbrest: Red start
6 Beccafigo: Wheat ear, &c

Insectivorous lesser
1 Ligurinus: Serinus
2 Citrinella
3 Wron
4 Regulus crist.: Reg. non crist.
5 Humming bi.
6 Great titmous: &c.

vii

Aquatic. near wet places
1 Lapwing
2 Green plover: Grey plover
3 Dotterell: Sea larke
4 Redshank: Ruffe
5 Tringa ma.: Tringa mi.
6 Knot: Stint &c.

viii

Aquatic.: ••iss••••ed.
1 Crane: Stork
2 Phaenicopter: Grus Balear.
3 Hearne: Ard. cin. min.
5 Great white h.: Less w. Hearn
6 Bittour: Brasilean, &c.

Aquatic: Palmipede
1 Swan: Goose
2 Sheldrake: Drake
3 Widgin: Teale
4 Solan goose: Pelican &c.

BEAST

Whole footed
1 Horse
2 Asse: Mule
3 Camel
4 Elephant

••••o••en footed
1 Kine
2 Sheep: Goat
3 Elke: Stagg
4 Buck: Rein deer
5 Roe buck
6 Rhinocerot
7 Camelopard
8 Hogg

III

Clawed not r••paceous
1 Baboon: Ape
2 Monkey: Sloth
3 Hare
4 Conny: Marmotto
5 Porcupine: Hedghogg
6 Squirrell: Ginny pigg
7 Ratt: Mouse
8 Mole

Rapaceous: Ca••kind
1 Lion: Beare
2 Tygre: Pard
3 Ounce
4 Catt: Civet catt
5 Ferret: Polecatt
6 Martin
7 Stoat: Weasle
8 Castor: Otter

Rapaceous: Dog-kind
1 Dog: Wolfe
2 Fox: Badger
3 Morse: Seale
4 Jackall
5 Ant Beare: Armadillo
6 Caraguya

Ovinatous: Feast
1 Tortoise: Turtle
2 Frogg: Toade
3 Crocodile: Senembi
4 Lizard: Chamaelion
5 Land salam.: Water salam.
6 Serpent
7 Snake: Viper
8 Slow-worm

PARTS PECUL.

Last p. of pl.: Wood
1 Root: Knot
2 Stock: Sucker
3 Branch: Thorn
4 Stick: Wand
5 Rinde: Pith
Gumm: Resin
7 Juice: Balsam

Annual parts
1 Flower: Catkin
2 Pulpe: Stone
3 Husk: Beard
4 Cluster: Eare
5 Sprout: Leafe
6 Stile: Stamen
7 Stalk: Tendril
8 Cup: Pericarpium

III

Fruit: Excre••cences
1 Apple
2 Plum: Berry
3 Nut
4 Mast: Key
5 Cone: Cod
6 Grane: Kernel

Of swim.: Animals chiefly
1 Scale
2 Shell: Crust
3 Gill
4 Feeler
5 Swim. bladdr
6 Finn: Ray
7 Claw
8 Milt: Spawne

Of flyin••: Animals chiefly
1 Feather: Quill
2 Wing: Train
3 Talon: Palmipes
4 Beake: Trunk
5 Spurr: Sting
6 Egg: Chrysolite
7 Comb: Gill
8 Rump: Oil-box

Of going: Animals ch.
1 Hair: Wooll
2 Bristle: Downe
3 Furr: Fleece
4 Beard: Mane
5 Hoof: Nail
6 Horn: Tail
7 Embrio: Secondine

PARTS GEN.

Contain: Homogen. parts
1 Spirit
2 Serum: Succus nutri.
3 Chyle: Milk
4 Sperm: Menstrua
5 Blood
6 Bloud: Choler
7 Phlegm: Melancholy
8 Braine: Marrow

Containing: Homog.
1 Bone: Gristle
2 Ligament: Tendon
3 Skin: Membrane
4 Vein: Artery
5 Nerve: Fibre
6 Flesh: Muscle
7 Fatt: Glandule

III

Head
1 Face: Pate
2 Eye: Eare
3 Mouth: Nose
4 Tongue: Tooth
5 Palate: Throat
6 Forehead: Ey-brow
7 Cheek: Temple
8 Lip: Chin
9 Jaw: Place of Tons.

Trunk
1 Neck: Shoulder
2 Breast: Dugg
3 Back: Vertebra
4 Loine: Ribb
5 Side: Flank
6 Belly: Navel
7 Grojn: Share
8 Buttock: Fundament

Limb: Ioynt
1 Arme: Shoulder
2 Cubit: Elbow
3 Hand: Wrist
4 Thigh: Huckle
5 Shank: Knee
6 Foot: Heel
7 Finger: Knuckle

Inwards
1 Gullet: Wind-pipe
2 Heart: Lungs
3 Diaphragm: Mediastine
4 Stomach: Gutt
5 Liver: Spleen
6 Mesentery: Cawle
7 Kidney: Bladder
8 Privities: Testicle
9 Wombe

Page [unnumbered]

GOD IDOL

I Father
II Son
III Holy Ghost

WORLD

Spirit: Body
1 Angel
2 Good-angel: Devil
3 Soul
4 Vegetative
5 Sensitive
6 Rational

Hea••en: Hell
1 Starr
2 Fixed-starr: Sun
3 Planet: Comet
4 Saturn: Jupiter
5 Mars: Venus
6 Mercury
7 Globe of earth
8 Moon: Satelles

III

Earth: Countr••y
1 Plain: Mount. Valley
2 Continent: Island
3 Rock: Cliff
4 Promontory: Pen-isle
5 ••sthmus: Bank
6 Shore: Washes
7 Quicksands: Oaz

Water: Sea
1 Aequor: Wave, whirlpool
2 Ocean: Lake
3 Well: Spring
4 Bay: Pene-lake
5 Fretum: Channel
6 Shore: Tide
7 Stream: Staguum

Animate parts
1 Mineral
2 Plant
3 Herb: Grasse
4 Animal
5 Man

Imag. Circle••.: Or••e
1 Horizon
2 Equator
3 Ecliptic: Zodiac
4 Meridian: Azimuth
5 Artic: Antartic
6 Tropick of ♋: Tropic of ♑
7 Parallel: Almacantor

ELEMENT METEOR

Fire
1 Flame: Spark
2 Comet: Falling-starr
3 Lightning: Thunder
4 Beam: Dart, &c.

A••r
1 Aether: Atmosphere
2 Exhalation: Vapor
3 Fume: Smoak
4 Wind: Whirlwi. &c.

III

Water
1 Drop: Bubble
2 Cloud: Mist
3 Rain: Dew
4 Frost: Snow, &c

Earth
1 Dust
2 Durt
3 Ashes: Soot
4 Clay: Morter, &c.

Appea••.: Meteors
1 Rainbow
2 Halo
3 Parelius: Paraselene, &c.

Weather
1 Clearness: Haziness
2 Mizzling: Showr
3 Spout
4 Storm: Sleet, &c.

STONE CONCRET.

Uulgar
1 Freestone: Brick
2 Ragg
3 Flint: Marchasite
4 Pibble, &c.

Mid••le prized
1 Alabaster
2 Marble: Agat
3 Jaspis: Lazul.
4 Christal: Glass, &c

III

Gemm less transparent
1 Opal: Cats-eyes
2 Pearl
3 Sardius, &c·

Gemm more transparent
1 Diamond: Wh. Saphire
2 Ruby: Granate
3 Chrysolite: Topaz, &c.

Concretions dissolvib••e
1 Salt: Nitre
2 Allum: Sal gemmae
3 Vitriol
4 Tartar: Alcali, &c.

Concretions not dissolvible
1 Chalk: Marle
2 Yellow-Oker: Red-Oker
3 Gett: Pitcoal
4 Orpiment: Arssnic, &c.

METTAL

Naturall
1 Gold
2 Silver
3 Tinn
4 Copper
5 Lead
6 Iron

Factitious
1 Brass
2 Pewter
3 Steel

III

Imperfect kinds
1 Mercury
2 Antimony
3 Bismute
4 Spelter
5 Cinnabar: Vermilion
6 Black Lead

••••cremen••••••••••us parts
1 Litharge
2 Spodium: Pompholyx
3 Scoria
4 Rust
5 Verdigreece: Ceruse

HERB accord to the LEAF

Imperfect
1 Mushrome: Molde
2 Trubs: Fuzball, &c.

Frumentaceous
1 Wheat: Ry
2 Maiz: &c.

III

Gramineous not frumentac.
1 Canary Grass: Panic
2 Fox tayle: Cats tayle, &c

Gram. H. of Bulbous routs
1 Crown Imperiall
2 Lilly: Martagon, &c.

H. of Affin. to Bulbous
1 Kings speare: Spider wort
2 Dogs tooth: &c.

Round leaved Herbs
1 Colts foot: Butter burr
2 Great Burdoc: Little bur. &c

vii

Nervous leaved Herbs
1 W. Hellebore: Helleborine
2 Plantain: Bucksth. &c.

viii

Succulent Herbs
1 Housleek: Aloe
2 Orpine: Rosewort, &c.

Superficies of the Leafe
1 Burrage: Bugloss
2 Alkanet: Vipers grass

HERB accor. to the Flow.

S••ammeous
1 Rubarbe: Dock
2 Sorrell: French S. &c.

Fol••aceous not pappous
1 Sun Flower: Hierus. Harti.
2 Marigold: &c.

III

Fol••. Pappous
1 Thistle: Hartichoke
2 Blew Bottle: A. Sneezw. &c.

Umbellif. broader leaves
1 Annis.: Coriander
2 Bast. stone parsly, &c.

Umbel. Narrower leaves
1 Fennel: Dill
2 Hogs Fennel: Sampire, &c.

Uerticilla••e fruticose
1 Sage
2 Germander.: Tree Ger.
3 Mastic: Goats ma. &c.

VII

Uert. not fruticose
1 Mint: Catmint
2 Balm: Calamint, &c.

viii

Spicate
1 Teasil: Fringo
2 Globe Thistle: Shep. rod, &c.

Button-like head
1 Wild Tansey: Avens
2 Cinquefoil: Tormentil &c

HERB acc to the SEEDV.

Corniculate
1 Peiony: Fraxinella
2 Larks heele: Columbine &c

Papilion. Climbers
1 Kidney-Beane
2 Bean of the An.: Pease, &c.

III

Panil. not climbers
1 Beane: Lupin
2 Chich pease: &c.

Not Papil.: Tetrapetala
1 Stock Gilly F.: Wall F.
2 Dames violet: Toothwort &c

Capsulate Pentapetala
1 Gilly Flower: Pink
2 Campion: Catchfly, &c.

Tripetala & Tetrapetela
1 Fre. wa. sould.: Arrow head
2 Bulbonach: Madwort, &c.

VII

Monopet.: Campanulate
1 Pompeon: Melon
2 Gourd: Citrul. &c.

viii

Mon. not companulate
1 Primrose: Paigle
2 Bears eare: Birds eye, &c.

Bacciferous
1 Strawberries
2 Apple of love: Mad apple, &c

MAGNIT. EXTENS;

Dimension.: Division
1 Point
2 Line
3 Superficies: Area
4 Solid

Rel. of Dimens.
1 Center: Pole
2 Vertex: Intersection
3 Diagonal: Side
4 Tangent: Secant
5 Diameter: Axis
6 Signe: Chord
7 Parallel: Diverg. Conver.
8 Oblique: D••rect. Transv.
9 Reflected: Refracted

III

Affect. of Mag. more simple
1 Streightness: Crookedness
2 Circle: Angle
3 Right angle: Obtuse, Acute
4 Plain: Convex, concave
5 Sphere: Cube
6 Cylinder: Prisme
7 Cone: Pyramid
8 Parabola: Hyperb. Ellipsis
9 Spiral: Helix

Compound fig. Linear
1 Pinn: Hole
2 Tooth: Notch
3 Protuberance: Dent
4 Figure T: Cross
5 Staple: Windle
6 Tuft: Asterisk
7 Whip: Flagg
8 Hook: Fork
9 Undulated: Crenated

Comp. sig. Planary
1 Triangle: Square
2 Ring: Loop
3 Bow: Wheel
4 Lamin: Chink
5 Tressel: Pinion
6 Edge: Gutter
7 Ridge: Furrow
8 Forme: Step
9 Tube square: Tube round

Comp. sig. Solidary
1 Porousness: Hollow. Massin.
2 Bottle: Pinn
3 Pedestal: Turret
4 Gudgeon: Mallet
5 Buoy: Hour glass
6 Ovall: Bowle
7 Bottom: Skein

SPACE

Time: Instant
1 Present: Past Future
2 Simult.: Dist. Proceed Succ.
3 Newness: Oldness
4 Soonness: Lateness
5 Date: Epocha
6 Permanency: Transitoriness
7 Frequency: Seldomness
8 Perpetuity: At times
9 Everness: Neverness

Place
1 Presence: Absence
2 Contigu.: Dist. On this side, B••y.
3 Neerness: Remoteness
4 Home: Rise
5 Ampleness: Narrowness
6 Obviousness: Rareness
7 Continuance: Discontinuance
8 Ubiquity: Nullibiety

III

Situation: Uergency
1 East: West
2 North: South
3 Middle,: Ex••re. End, Begi••.
4 Side: Margin
5 Upper: Vnder
6 Inside: Outside
7 Top: Bottom
8 Forepart: Hinder part
9 Righthand si.: Left hand side

MEASURE PROPOR.

Multitude.: Number
1 One
2 Two
3 Three
•• Foure
5 Five
6 Six
7 Seven
8 Eight
9 Nine

Magnitude.: Capacity
1 Line
2 Inch
3 Foot
4 Standard
5 Perch
6 Furlong
7 Mile
8 League
9 Degree

III

Gravity.: Weight
1 Graine
2 Scruple
3 Dramm
4 Ounce
5 Pound
6 Stone
7 Hundred
8 Thousand
9 Tunn

Ualor.: Money
1 Farthing
2 Penny
3 Shilling
4 Angel
5 Pound
6 Hundred
7 Thousand

Time.: Duration
1 Year
2 Spring: Summer
3 Autumn: Winter
4 Moneth: Week
5 Day Natural
6 Day Artificial: Night
7 Morning: Afternoon
8 Houre: Minute

Life time.: Seculum
1 Infancy: Chilehood
2 Adolescency: Youth
3 Manhood: Declining age
4 Old age: Decrepidness

N. POWER IMPOT.

Rational: Irrational
1 Understand.: Idioticalness
2 Judgment: Injudiciousness
3 Conscience: Vnconscionabl.
4 Will: Listlesness

Sensitive: Internal
1 Com. sense: Stupor
2 Fancy: Dotage
3 Memory: Forgetfulness
4 Appetite: Loathing

III

Sensitive: External
1 Sight: Blindness
2 Hearing: Deafness
3 Smelling
4 Tast
5 Touch: Numness

Tempers of Mind
1 Ingenuity: Disingenuity
2 Sprightliness: Dulness
3 Seriousness: Wantoness
4 Gentleness: Fierceness
5 Op. to Rapaci.: Rapacity
6 Stoutness: Laziness
7 Hardiness: Niceness

Corp. Tēp. resp. the Individ.
1 Wholeness: Mutilousness
2 Soundness: Rottenness
3 Indolence: Pain
4 Vigor: Decaying
5 Fatness: Leaness
6 Beauty: Deformity
7 Strength: Weakness
8 Agility: Lumpishness
9 Swiftness: Slowness

Corp. Tem. res propag of Sp.
1 Sex
2 Male: Female
3 Fruitfulness: Barrenness
4 Ripeness: Overripe, unripe

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〈1 page duplicate〉〈1 page duplicate〉

Page [unnumbered]

SHRUB

Baceit decid. Spinous
1 Rasberry: Bramble
2 Rose: Bryar
3 Goosberry: White thorn
4 Sloe tree: Barbery
5 Purging thor.
6 Christs thorn: Box thorne
7 Bucks thorn

Bac. decid. not Spinous
1 Vine: Curran
2 Bilberry
3 Wayfaring T.: Wh. beam T.
4 Dogberry T.
5 Birds cherry: Wild rock ch.
6 Dwarfe medl.: Sweet whort
7 Berry bearing: Alder
8 Woodbine: Upright woo.
9 Pepper: &c.

III

Bac••. Evergreen
1 True Balsom.: Thorny. Bur.
2 Dwarfe palm
3 Phyllyraea: Green Privet
4 Strawbery T.: Greenthorn
5 Spurg Laurel
6 Spurg olive: Widow waile
7 Laurel of Al.: Horsetongue
8 Butchers broom
9 Wild bay: &c.

Siliquous
1 Lilach
2 Caper: Thorny broo.
3 Beane tref.: Shrub Trefoil
4 Sena: Bastard Sena
5 Licorice
6 Binding bea. t.: Locust Tr.
7 Humble plant
8 Broom: Furz
9 Goats thorn: Doryenium

Gra••••••cious: De••••duous
1 Chast tree: Spik'd willow
2 Tamarisk
3 Jessamine: White pipe tr
4 Shrub mallow
5 Galls: Red Symach
6 Tree spurge
7 Clematis: Travellers joy
8 Virginian climber

Grani••.: E••erotes
1 Holy rose: Oleander
2 Sana munda: Guttwort
3 Herb terrible
4 Rosemary: Sage mullein
6 Hartwort: Sw. moun. Ro.
5 Sea purslain: Silver bush
7 Heath
8 Rose of Jerico

TREE

••ointrerous
1 Apple
2 Peare: Quince
3 Medlar: Lazarole
4 True Service: Com. service
5 Figg
6 Pomegranate
7 Orange: Adams ap. &c.

Pru••••tecous
1 Peach: Nectarine
2 Apricok: Plumm
3 Cherry: Cornelian
4 Olive: Date
5 Mirobalane: Sebesten
6 White Jujub: Common Juj.

III

Bacciferous
1 Mulberry
2 Elder: Symach
3 Quicken Tr.: Turpentin tr.
4 Nettle tree
5 Bay: Laurell
6 Yew: Holly
7 Box: &c.

Nuciferous
1 Wallnut: Almond
2 Pistachio: Storax
3 Filbert: Small nut
4 Chesnut: Beech
5 Bladder nut
6 Coco: Nutmeg
7 Chocolate: Coffi, &c

Glandif. or Con••••••rous
1 Oake: Bitter oake
2 Holme: Cork tr.
3 Alder: Larch tr.
4 Cedar: Pine
5 Male Firr: Fem. firr
6 Cypress: Tree of life

Of single ••egum.
1 Carob
2 Cassia: Tamarind
3 Judas tree
4 Elme: Hornbeam
5 Ash
6 Maple: Sycamore
7 Birch: Aspin, &c.

vii

Woods or Barks
1 Aloe tree
2 Guaiacum: Snakewood
3 Red Saunders: Yellow saun.
4 Lign. Nephrit.: Rosewood
5 Brasill wood: Logwood
6 Ebony: Princes w. &c.

v••i••

Gumms or Rosins
1 Myrrh
2 Gum Arabic: Sarcocolla
3 Frankincense: Gum Elemi
4 Gum Animae: Copal
5 Caranna: Benjamin
6 Camphire: &c.

EXANG. INSECT.

••••sect not winged
1 Earthworm: Belly worm
2 Leech: Snail
3 Ascarides: Botts
4 Fluke: Asilus
5 Glow-worm: Meale worm
6 Proscarab.: &c.

••ns. wing. or more then b. ••.
1 Locust: Mantis
2 Crichet: Fenn cricket
3 Cimex silv.: Wing. cockro.
4 Water spider: Cicada aquat.
5 Spider: Scorpion
6 Tick: Punice, &c.

III

Anoma••▪ Insect.
1 Maggot
2 Bee mag.: Shining fly m.
3 Gentil: Wasp fly mag.
4 Libella wor.: Cadew.
5 Beetle hexap.: Whirl worm
6 Caterpillar: Silkworm &c.

Naked Winged
1 Bee: Humble Bee
2 Waspe: Hornet
3 Bee like fly: Wasp like fly
4 Flesh fly: Dung fly
5 Ant: Gnat
6 Cicada: Papil. fly, &c.

Sheathed wing. or Beetle
1 Rhinocerot: Weevil
2 Stag beetle: Bull beetle
3 Goate chafer: Knobbl. hor. b.
4 Common beet.: Dung b.
5 Dorr: Green chafer
6 Death watch: Ladycow, &c.

Gr. Crustaceous
1 Lobster: Long oyster
2 Sea bear
3 Craifish
4 Shrimp: Squilla mant.
5 Hermit fish
6 Common crab: Sea cock, &c.

vii

Testaceous tur••inated
1 Nautilus: Water snaile
2 Murex: Purpura
3 Cylindroides: Aporrhais
4 Sea snaile: Nerites
5 Buccinum: Turbo
6 Trochus: Periwincle &c

viii

Testac. not turbinated
1 Limpet: Center fish
2 Button fish: Mermaids h.
3 Mother of pe.: Galades
4 Oyster: Spondyl
5 Scollop: Cockle, &c.

Soft Erang.
1 Pourcontrel.: Sweet polyp.
2 Cuttle: Lesser cuttle
3 Sleve: Less sleve
4 Sea hare: Holothyr &c.

FISH

Ui••ip. ••••long
1 Whale: Porpoise
2 Sawfish: Swordfish
3 Sharke: Glaucus
4 Houndfish: Spotted H. F.
5 Thornback d.: Hogfish
6 Great dogfish: Less. D. F. &c.

Ui••ip. not long
1 Pastinaca: Aquila
2 Flare: Thornback
3 Maide: Squatino raia
4 Crampfish: Toadfish
5 Scate
6 Mole: Lump

III

Ovi••: of s••te flu••s
1 Codfish: Colefish
2 Haddock: Whiting
3 Ling: Haak
4 Tunny: Pelamis
5 Mackerell
6 Kitefish: Swallow fi. &c

Of two fin••s, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉〈◊〉
1 Amia: Glaucus
2 Coracinus: Umbra
3 Lupus: Engl. mullet
4 Red gournet: Grey gourn.
5 Tubfish: Lyra Rondel.
6 True mullet: Lesser mul. &c

Of one sinn
1 Guilt head: Sparus
2 Cantharus: Salpa
3 Sargus: Mormylus
4 Pagrus: Rubellio
5 Melanurus: Dentex
6 Gr. scorpion: Less scorp. &c

Eel figured
1 Conger: Muraena
2 Sea serpent: Ophidion Pli
3 Taenia maj.: Taenia mi.
4 Tinca mar.: Sandeele;
5 Lamprey: Lampern
6 Sheat fish: Eele pout, &c.

vii

Flat fish·
1 Common sole: Spotted sole
2 Pole
3 Turbut: Halibut
4 Bret
5 Plais: Flounder

vii••

Of Crustaceous Ski••ns
1 Globe fish: Hairy orbe.
2 Orbis Murie.: Orbis Echin.
3 Triang. fish: Horned Tr. F.
4 Holosteus
5 Acus Arist.: Hippocam. &c

Squamous River fish
1 Pike
2 Salmon: Smelt
3 Trout: Charr
4 Grailing: Umber. &c.

HABIT DISPOS.

Reward: Punishment
1 Happiness: Misery
2 Prosperity: Adversity
3 Contentation: Anxiety
4 Salvation: Damnation

Instr. of Uirtue
1 Liberty: Restraint
2 Riches: Poverty
3 Pleasure: Vnpleasantness
4 Reputation: Infamy
5 Dignity: Meanness
6 Power: Impotence

III

Affect. of Intellect. Uirtue
1 Sagacity: Dulness
2 Faith: Credul. Incred.
3 Sobriety: Conceitedness
4 Moderation: Slight. F••erce.

Affect. of Moral Uirtue
1 Consideration: Cuncta. Rash.
2 Heedfulness: Cark. Careles.
3 Alacrity: Grudging
4 Sincerity: Hypocrisie
5 Diligence: Double Dil. Sloth
6 Integrity: Partiality
7 Constancy: Pertina. Light.

••ufus. hab.: Vngracious
1 Repentance: Impenitence
2 Holiness: Vnholiness
3 Self-denial: Selfishness
4 Faith: Infidelity
5 Hope: Despair
6 Charity: Vncharitabl.

Acquired: Intell. hab.
1 Science: Curios. Ignor.
2 Wisdom: Craft, Folly
3 Art: Vnskilfulness
4 Experience: Inexperience
5 Learning: Vnlearnedness

MANNERS CONVERS.

••••••tue Gen.: Vice
1 Justice,: Injust. Rigor, Remissi.
2 Equity: Summum Ius
3 Candor: Censoriousness
4 Goodness: Mischievousnes
5 Mercy: Cruelty
6 Gratitude: Ingratitude
7 Fortitude: Rashness Cowa.
8 Patience,: Imp. Obstinacy, Soft.
9 Meekness: Lentitude R. an.

Resp. our Bodies
1 Temperance: Sensuality
2 Abstinence: Maceration, Gl.
3 Sobriety: Drunkenness
4 Vigilance: Sluggardliness
5 Mod. in Recre.: Immod in Recr.
6 Cleanliness: Niceness, Slov.
7 Chastity: Vnchastity

III

Resp. our Estates & dignities
1 Liberality: Prodigal. Covet.
2 Providence: Scraping, Slatt.
3 Frugality: Penurio. Squa.
4 Generosity: Riotous. Sordid
5 Almsgiving: Churlishness
6 Hospitality: Inhospitableness
7 Modesty: Sheepish. Impat.
8 Magnanimity: Insolence, Pusil.
•• Modesty: Abject. Ambition

H••milet. Com.: Insociableness
1 Veracity,: Lyin. Oversay, Vnde.
2 Fidelity,: Vnf. Officious, Treach.
3 Peaceabl: Vnp Tameness, Cont.
4 Frankness: Openess, Reserv
5 Taciturnity: Loquacity
6 Gravity,: Van. Formal. Lightn.
7 Courtesie: Fawning Moro
8 Complaisance: Assenta. Magis.
9 Urbanity: Scurril, Rusti.

Hom. to Super
1 Dutifulness: Vndutifulness
2 Humility: Pride
3 Reverence: Irreverence
4 Respect: Disrespect
5 Subjection: Rebellion
6 Loyalty: Treachery
7 Obedience: Disobedience
8 Submission: Contumacy

Hom. to Infer.
1 Graciousness: Harshness
2 Condescent.: Insolence
3 Affability: Superciliousness
4 Protection: Tyranny
5 Good-gover.: Maladministr.
6 Reasonablenes: Vnreasonable.
7 Severity: Fondness
8 Clemency: Austerity

SENS. QUALITY

Primary Uisible
1 Twilight: Light, Darkness
2 Light: Shadow
3 Brightness: Dimness
4 Transparency: Opacity
5 Clearness: Spottedness

Secondary visible Colour
1 Greines: White. Black.
2 Redness: Yellowness
3 Greeness: Blueness
4 Purple
5 Variegatednes: Unchangabl.
6 Spleckledness: Striatedness
7 Dappledness: Chequerdness

III

Sound: Silence
1 Meane: Acute, Grave
2 Ringing: Jarring
3 Voice: Articulate
4 Hissing: Whistling
5 Note: Sharp, Flat
6 Tune: Consort
7 Clearness: Hoarsness
8 Concord: Discord
9 Harmony: Iangling

Belonging to ••ast or Smel••
1 Sweetness: Vnsavoriness
2 Fattiness: Acrimonious.
3 Austereness: Acerbity
4 Acidity: Bitterness
5 Saltishness: Freshness
6 Freshness: Dadness
7 Mustiness: Rottenness

Tact. Qu more Active
1 Temperateness: Heat, Cold
2 Moistness: Wetness, Driness
3 Closeness: Density, Rarity
4 Weightiness: Gravity, Levity
5 Consistency: Hard. Fluidness
6 Flexibleness: Limber. Stiffnes

Tact Qu. more Passive
1 Yieldingness: Softness, Hard.
2 Eveness: Smooth. Rough.
3 Ordinariness: Coursness, Fine.
4 Sliminess: Clamm. Vnctu.
5 Firmness: Toughn. Brittle.
6 Steddiness: Fastness, Loos.

SICKNESS HEALTH

General Cau••. o•• Sick.
1 Contagion
2 Wound: Bruise
3 Plethora: Cacochymia
4 Distemper: Inflammation
5 Obstruction: Inflation
6 Abscessus
7 Ulcer: Fistula
8 Gangrene: Sphacelus

Distempers
1 Fever: Ague
2 Hectic: Consumption
3 Malign. Fever: Plague
4 Pox: Measils
5 Itch: Tetter
6 Leprosie: Scurf
7 Lues Venerea
8 Gout: Erysipelas

III

Tumors
1 Pustule: Scab
2 King's evil: Boil
3 Cancer: Carbuncle
4 Wen: Schirrus
5 Wart: C••rn
6 Childblane
7 Varix: Aneurisma
8 Ganglion

Of Head and Nerves
1 Frenzy: Madness
2 Veternus: Ephialtes
3 Lethargy: Apoplexy
4 Catarrh: Rheumatism
5 Vertigo: Epilepsy
6 Palsie: Numness
7 Convulsion: Cramp
8 Rachitis
9 Squinancy

O•• Middle Region
1 Shortness of Br.
2 Asthma: Or••hopnoea
3 Consumption: Empyema
4 Palpitation
5 Fainting: Swouning
6 Pleurisie

Of the Bowels
1 Cardialgia
2 Green-sick.: Jaundise
3 Dropsie: Timpany
4 Scorbute: Hypocon. Vap.
5 Colic: Iliac passion
6 Diarrhaea: Dysentery
7 Hernia: Haemorrhoids
8 Hysteric. pass.: Suffocation
9 Stone: Strangury

Page [unnumbered]

Page 443

CHAP. VI. The Appendix, containing a comparison betwixt this Natural Philosophical Grammar, and that of other instituted Lan∣guages, particularly the Latin, in respect of the multitude of unnecessary Rules, and of Anomalisms. Concerning the China Character. The several Attempts and Proposals made by others towards a new kind of Character, and Language. The advantage in respect of Facility, which this Philosophi∣cal Language hath above the Latin.

HAving thus briefly laid the Foundations of a Philosophical Gram∣mar; I am in the next place to shew the many great advantages both for significancy, perspicuity, brevity, and consequently facility, which a Character or Language founded upon these Rules, must needs have above any other way of communication, now commonly known or used. And because the Latin doth in these parts of the world supply the place of a Common Tongue, therefore I shall chiefly in∣sist upon the comparison with that.

1. As for the first part of Latin Grammar concerning Orthography, it will be needless here to speak any thing further to this, having be∣fore mentioned the imperfections of that Alphabet; the redundancy of it in some respects, and the deficiency of it in others; the incongruity of giving several powers to the same Letters, &c. which particulars are further manifested by what hath been delivered concerning na∣tural Orthography.

As to the other parts of the Latin Grammar

...Etymol.
...Syntax.

I shall en∣deavour to prove that they do exceedingly abound with unnecessary Rules, besides a vast multitude of Anomalisms and exceptions, which must needs render it exceedingly perplexed and difficult to the Learner.

2. In the second part concerning Etymology. 1. There is a great imperfection as to the just number and true sense of Radical words.

1. In some respects too many, by reason of the Synonima's which do very much abound in it.

2. In other respects too few. There is a common word for the notion of Parent, abstracted from either Sex, Father or Mother. And so for Child, Liber. But none for the relation of Brother, Sister, Hus∣band, and Wife, Vncle, Aunt, Nephew, Niece, &c. And so for the names of s••••eral Plants, and Living Creatures of every kind, which no Dictionary doth sufficiently express. And though the Latin doth provide for some of those notions expressed by the Transcendental Particles, yet is not their number sufficient, there being several others (not provided for) which may as conveniently be in like manner exprest. And, which is another great incongruity, as to the indi∣stinctness of those which are thus provided for; neither are all words

Page 444

of the like notion expressible by such terminations, nor doth the same termination always express the same notion.

3. The words of it are exceeding Aequivocal, scarce one amongst them which hath not divers significations, either absolutely, or in phrase, or both ways; from which Homonimy, those Particles which occur most frequently in discourse are not free, ut, pro, &c.

2. There are many improper and preternatural Rules concerning Inflexion.

1. As to Noun Substantives, both in respect of

...Genders,
...Cases,
...Declensions.

1. In respect of Genders, which are needlesly multiplyed, there be∣ing but two in nature; nothing properly having Gender but what hath Sex. That which is called the Neuter, doth by its very name signifie that it is no Gender; and besides these Genders are irrationally applyed.

1. Things that have no Sex are expressed by words,

Masculine, Gladius, Arcus,
Foeminine. Vagina. Sagitta.

2. Things that have Sex are denoted, 1. Sometimes by words of the Neuter Gender, Scortum, Amasium, &c. 2. Those words whose significations are common to Male and Female, are sometimes ren∣dred only in the Masculine Gender, as Fur, Latro, Homicida, &c. and sometimes only in the Foeminine, as Proles, Soboles, &c. and sometimes only in the Neuter, as Animal, Mancipium, &c. 3. Many words which signifie the same thing, and are Synonimous, are yet used in several Genders

...Appetitus,
...Aviditas,
...Desiderium.
...Sermo,
...Oratio.
...Domus,
...Domicilium.
...Crinis,
...Coma.
...Capillus,
Caesaries, &c.

He that would see more of this kind, may consult Nonius Marcellus, de indiscretis generibus: Where he reckons up abundance of words, which according to Ancient Authors, were used both in the Masculine, Foeminine, and Neuter Gender.

2. In respect of Cases, which are not so conveniently exprest by varying Nouns with Terminations, which is the Latin way as by placing them in the natural order of Construction and Affixing Pre∣positions to them (as was said before.)

3. In respect of Declensions, of which the Latin hath five, which add no small difficulty and trouble to the learning of that Language▪ Now if the expression of Cases by varying the Termination be unne∣cessary and inconvenient, these are much more so; because they are but several ways of varying such Cases.

2. As to Noun Adjectives, neither Number, nor Gender, nor Case, nor Declension do naturally pertain to them; but th••y are suffi∣ciently qualifyed in all those respects by the Substantives to which they belong: As for their inflexion by degrees of comparison, which is proper to them; 'tis not so natural that these should be expressed in the Terminations of the words, as by Auxiliary Particles. The Adverbs of more, and most, less, and least, being upon other accounts necessary, and sufficient to express this notion in Adjectives, therefore the other way must needs be superfluous. Which is likewise appli∣cable

Page 445

unto the comparison of Participles, and derived Adverbs.

3. As to Verbs, there are very many unnecessary Rules concerning their

...Kinds,
...Inflexion,

in respect of

...Conjugations,
...Number,
...Persons and Tense in the Termination,
...Modes,
...Gerunds,
...Supines.

1. For their Kinds; 'tis not according to the Philosophy of speech to distinguish Verbs into Active, Passive, Neuter, Deponent, and Common, or into Personal, and Impersonal.

1. Those sorts of Verbs which they call Active, Passive, Neuter, and which are properly to be expressed by the Verb Sum, and the Ad∣jective

...Active,
...Passive,
...Neuter,

are all the distinct kinds of Verbs.

2. As for those that are stiled Deponents and Common, they are acknowledged to be but irregularities and kinds of exceptions from the common rule of Verbs.

3. All Verbs are naturally capable of Persons, though in some Verbs the Latin doth not admit this, 'Tis proper to say, I ought,* 1.381 I am ashamed, &c. as well as Oportet, Pudet.

2. As to the inflexion of Verbs.

1. The several Conjugations, of which there are four in Latin, are such a preternatural incumbrance, as Declensions are in Nouns, being but several ways of varying those Terminations or Cases of the Verb, which in themselves are needless and troublesome.

2. Number doth not naturally belong to Verbs, but only quia Ver∣bum à nomine dependet, as Scaliger speaks;* 1.382 upon which account it might as well have Gender too, as it is in the Hebrew, Syriack, Chaldee, Arabick, Aethiopick, which yet we account very superfluous and improper.

3. The expression of the Persons and Tenses by the Terminations of the words, is both unnecessary and improper, because there is in other respects a necessity of using those Pronouns by which these Persons are expressed. And supposing that a man must therefore learn Ego, Tu, Ille, Nos, Vos, Illi. It would much facilitate and contract Grammatical Rules, if the Verbs themselves might remain invariable. The same may likewise be said of Tenses, which may properly be ex∣pressed by auxiliary Particles.

3. For Modes, (to say nothing of the distribution of them, which is quite irrational) the expression of the Optative and Subjective is most naturally made out by Auxiliary Particles. That which is called the Infinitive Mode, should according to the true Analogy of that speech be stiled a Participle Substantive.

There hath been formerly much dispute amongst some Learned Men, whether the notion called the Infinitive Mode, ought to be re∣duced according to the Philosophy of speech. Some would have it to be the prime and principal Verb, as signifying more directly the notion of Action; and then the other varieties of the Verb, should be but the Inflexions of this. Others queston whether the Infinitive

Page 446

Mode be a Verb or no, because in the Greek it receives Articles as a Noun.* 1.383 Scaliger in the stating of this question, concludes it to be a a Verb; because it signifies with Time, but will not allow it to be a Mode; because it is without Person or Number. To which Vossius adds, that though it be not Modus actu,* 1.384 yet it is Modus in potentia, because it is resolveable into other Modes. e. g. Laetor me venisse, (i.) quod vene∣rim. And so are other Modes resolveable into this, Est miserorum ut malevolentes sint & invideant,* 1.385 (i.) malè velle & invidere bonis.

All which difficulties will he most clearly stated by asserting it to be a Substantive Participle. For which this reason is to be given; be∣cause it hath all the signs both of a Noun Substantive and a Verb.

The Properties or Criteria whereby a Substantive is to be known are these four;

1. That it is capable of the Articles A, or The, to be prefixed before it, which is ordinary in the Greek for the Infinitive Mode, and doth well enough agree to the natural notion of it in other Languages.

2. 'Tis capable of that kind of Obliquity by prefixing Prepositions, which is commonly stiled variation by Cases. The Gerunds in di, do, dum, being in the true notion of them, but the Cases of that which we call the Infinitive Mode.

3. It may be joined in construction with Adjectives or Pronouns Possessive.

4. 'Tis capable of Number in the natural notion of it, though it be not so used in Languages; the words Actiones and Lectiones, be∣ing but the Plural number of Agere, Legere.

The signs or Properties whereby a Verb may be known, are these three;

1. In our English tongue the Particle (To) may be prefixed before it.

2. It signifies with time.

3. It hath two voices, Active and Passive.

And therefore being both a Substantive, and a Verb, it should ac∣cording to the Theory of the Latin be stiled a Participle Substantive. To which may be added, that it is in the true notion of it, frequently resolveable into a Noun Substantive, as in these Instances. Virtus est vitium fugere, (i.) Fuga vitii est virtus. Magis paratus servire quam im∣perare. (i.) servituti quam imperio. Dignus Amari. (i.) Amore.

As for the Imperative Mode, that is in this respect defective, because it makes no distinct Provision for those different notions to be ex∣pressed by it, viz. Petition, Perswasion, Command.

* 1.3865. Gerunds and Supines are unnecessary inflexions of Verbs, the notion of them being expressible by the Infinitive Mode, whose Cases they are. Venio Spectatum (i.) Spectare. Turpe dictu (i.) dici. Caesar venit ad oppugnandum urbem (i.) oppugnare. And sometimes by a Noun that signifies Action. Defessus ambulando (i.) ambulatione.

* 1.387I cannot here omit the mentioning of what Varro hath observed, that the inflexions of a Verb through its several voices of Active, Passive, together with Modes, Tenses, &c. amount to about five hun∣dred several Cases of inflexion. Now there being four distinct ways of conjugating Verbs, these variations may upon that account be reckoned to be two thousand, the learning of which (though all

Page 447

Verbs were regular) would be no small labour and difficulty. But then consider the vast multitude of Anomalisms and exceptions in the inflexions of Verbs, and that will more than double this difficulty and labour.

2. As to the derivation of Latin words; whereas the Radix should according to Philosophy be only a Noun Substantive, 'tis here sometimes a Verb, a Participle, an Adverb, a Preposition, which is unnatural and improper. And then besides, there is no certain Analogy amongst these; à Scribo, Scriptor; but they do not say, à Bibo, Biptor, but Bibax, &c.

3. The Rules of Composition are not fixed to any certain Ana∣logy. 'Tis Aenobarbus, not Aenibarbus, and yet they say, Magnilo∣quus, not Magnoloquus. The same Prepositions, when in Composition, do sometimes encrease and augment the force of the word,

as in: Infractus, Incavus, Incurvus.
per: Perfidelis, Perfruor.
de: Deamo, Demiror.
ex: Exclamo, Exaggero.
dis: Discupio.

Again, the same Prepositions do sometimes in Composition import a denial or privation of the sense of the word.

in: Indoctus, Improbus.
per: Perfidus, Pervicax.
de: Demens.
ex: Excors, Exanguis.
dis: Diffido.

So the Particle re doth in Composition sometimes signifie repetition, as retego; and sometimes privation, as revelo, than which nothing can be more irrational and incongruous.

Vnnecessary Rules in the Latin Syntax.

That is called figurative and irregular Syntax, which customary use, and not any natural p••opriety doth make significative; wherein there are some words a••way•• either redundant, or deficient, or transpo∣sed, or changed, from their proper notion. These Phraseologies are to be accounted an imperfection of Language, and one degree added to the curse of the confusion; because they do exceedingly encrease the difficulty of Learning Tongues, and do not adde to the brevity or perspicuity of expression, but rather cumber and darken it with am∣biguities.

The regular Syntax of the Latin doth consist in

...Concord,
...Regimen.

1. Concord is the agreement of several words in some accidents and circumstances; as betwixt, 1. Substantives and Adjectives. 2. Two Substantives. 3. Substantives and Verbs. 4. Antecedent and Relative. Concerning which there are so many difficult perplexed Rules, as are

Page 448

enough to tire out and discourage any young Learner, most of them being founded upon such principles as are not natural to the Philo∣sophy of speech.

3. The Regimen of words doth concern their government of others in respect of

...Case,
...Mode.

1. There are a great multitude of Rules that concern Substan∣tives, Adjectives, Pronouns, in reference to their governing of the Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Ablative Case.

2. So for Verbs, that some of them must govern the Nominative, others the Genitive, others the Dative, others the Accusative, and others the Ablative Case; some promiscuously both

...Genitive,
...Accusative,

...Genitive,
...Ablative,

...Accusative,
...Ablative.

Besides the several Rules concerning those divers Cases which may precede the Infinitive Mode; some words requi••ing a Nominative▪ others a Dative, others an Accusative. To which may be added those various Rules about Gerunds, Supines, Participles, in reference to the several Cases, Genitive, Accusative, Ab∣lative, governed by them.

3. There are several Rules that concern the Regimen of Adverbs, both as to

...Cases, Nomin. Gen. Dat. Accus. Ablat.
...Modes, Indicat. Imperat. Optat. Subjunct.

4. Other Rules refer to the Regimen of Prepositions, some of which govern the Accusative, others the Ablative Case, and some both.

5. Other Rules refer to the Regimen of Conjunctions, both as to Cases and Modes.

6. Others to Interjections, divers of which are said to govern the Nominative, Dative, Accusative, Vocative Case.

Beside these for Syntax, there is a great multitude of Rules in the Latin Prosodia, about the Accenting and quantity of words: whereof some are General, referring to the nature of Letters and Syllables; others more particular, concerning the first or middle Syllables in any word, amongst which there is no certain and constant Analogy: They say, Hectōrem, & Praetōrem.

It cannot be denyed but that all these Rules are necessary to the Latin Tongue; but this argues the imperfection of that Language, that it should stand in need of such and so m••ny Rules as have no foun∣dation in the Philosophy of speech. I am no•• ig••orant that our Learned Verulam,* 1.388 speaking concerning the inflexions used in the more Ancient Languages by Cases, Modes, Tenses, &c. in which the modern Lan∣guages are very sparing, supplying them by auxiliary particles; from thence infers, ingenia priorum seculorum nostris fuisse multo acutiora & subtiliora. But with reverence to the judgment of that incompara∣ble Man, though it must be granted, that the Language being so, there was great wit in reducing the inflexions of words to such Rules of Art; yet if these Rules be not necessary to Language, and according to nature, but that words may signifie sufficiently and in some respects better without them, then there is greater judgment shewed in laying them aside, or framing a Language without them.

If all these Rules were general and constant, yet the multitude and

Page 449

variety of them would adde much difficulty to the Latin: But now the exceptions and Anomalisms to these Rules are so very numerous, that there is much more pains required for the remembring of them, than of the Rules themselves; insomuch that many eminent Gram∣marians have written against Analogy, both in Greek and Latin.

I shall offer a very brief view of them.

As to the inflexions of Nouns in respect,

1. Of Number; there are abundance of Substantives, whose sence and signification is naturally capable of both Numbers;* 1.389 some of which want a singular, others a plural number.

2. In respect of Gender; the Rules to discover the Genders of words by their Terminations, are not without multitude of excepti∣ons. There are divers words that are of one Gender in the singular, and another in the plural number. Tartarus, Tartara. Locus, Loci, & Loca. Carbasus, Carbasa. Supellex, Supellectilia. Coelum, Coeli. Epu∣lum, Epulae, &c.

3. In respect of Cases; some words abound in C••ses. Avaritia, Avarities. Araneus, Aranea. Antidotus, Antidotum, &c. Others have no Cases, and are stiled Aclita, or Aptota; as Sinapi, Pondo, Ne∣quam, Cornu, Quatuor, Quin{que} Sex, Septem, Octo, Novem, Decem, Vi∣ginti, Triginta, &c. Centum, Mille, &c. Others called Monoptota, have ••ut one oblique Case, which in some is the Genitive, as Hujusmodi, Ejusmodi; in others an Accusative, as Inficias; in others the Ablative,* 1.390 Promptu, Iussu, Injussu, &c. Other Nouns have but two Cases, and are therefore stiled Diptota, as Necesse, Necessum; Suppetiae, & Suppetias. And there are divers others that are Triptota, Tetraptota, Pentaptota.

4. In respect of Declensions; the Terminations of the Cases both in the singular and plural number in divers Declensions are not with∣out many exceptions, as Musis, Filiabus, &c. Some words are of seve∣ral Declensions, as Pascha, Paschae, Paschatis.

2. As to the inflexions of Adjectives by the degrees of comparison; there are many words which signifie quality, and are naturally capa∣ble of increase, and decrease, and consequently of this inflexion, which are yet exempted from it: So Cicur, Opimus, Clandus, Egenus,* 1.391 Al∣mus, &c.

Some want only a Positive, as Prior Primus, Vlterior Vltimus: Others a Comparative, as Novus Novissimus, Falsus Falsissimus, Pius Piissimus. Others a Superlative, as Iuvenis Iunior, Senex, Senior, &c. Besides that those which are inflected through all degrees, have several irregularities in the manner of it; Similis Simillimus, not Similissimus. Bonus, Malus, Magnus, Parvus.

3. As to the inflexion of Verbs;* 1.392 many Verbs of the Active voice are sometimes used in a Passive signification, and several others of the Passive voice used Actively. The exceptions about the Conjugations of Verbs, especially those referring to the praeter tense and supines,* 1.393 are so exceeding numerous, that it is not easie to recite them: Some are wholly without them, others have them without any Analogy; as Fleo Flevi, Sero Sevi, Fero Tuli. Vbi à Dissimilibus Similia, à Simi∣libus Dissimilia.

Page 450

Sometimes divers Verbs have the same Praeter tense, as

...Cresco, Crevi.
...Cerno, Crevi.
...Luceo, Luxi.
...Lugeo, Luxi.
Fulgeo, Fulsi, &c.
Fulceo, Fulsi, &c.

And so for Supines,

...Cresco, Cretum.
...Cerno, Cretum.
...Pando, Passum.
...Patior, Passum.
Vinco, Victum, &c.
Vivo, Victum, &c.

Some Verbs are of several conjugations, aggero

...ras, Dico
...ris, Dico
Dicas, &c.
Dicis, &c.

Some are of none of the four conjugations; as Sum, Volo, Fio, Eo, &c. Others are defective in respect of Modes and Tenses; as Aio, Ave, Dari, Fari, Forem, &c.

Those particular Terminations which signifie a Verb to be Incho∣ative, Frequentative, Diminutive, are not without many exceptions.

As for the several Anomalisms in Syntax, referring either to Concord or Regimen; they are so exceeding numerous, that it would be too tedious to recite them: And they may be seen in every Grammar.

Adde to these the several exceptions in the Rules of Prosodia, about the right accenting and quantity of words.

And from all these particulars put together, it is sufficiently evi∣dent that there may be very many and great advantages in a Philoso∣phical Language, above that of the Latin Tongue; especially in these two respects, that this hath

...no unnecessary Rules,
...no Exceptions.

As for the China Character and Language so much talked of in the world, if it be rightly represented by those that have lived in that Country, and pretend to understand the Language, there are many considerable faults in it, which make it come far short of the advan∣tages which may be in such a Philosophical Language as is here designed.

1. The multitude of Characters and Words, of which there are about 80000. others say 120000. and of these a man must have in readiness about eight or ten thousand before he is to be counted one that can write the Character,* 1.394 or judged fit to express his mind by it.

2. These Characters are strangely complicated and difficult as to the Figure of them, as may sufficiently appear by the following in∣stance of the Lords Prayer in this Character: The Manuscript of which, together with a Catechism in the China Character and Lan∣guage, was communicated to me by that Ingenious, and Inquisitive Person, Mr. Lodowick; in which there was both the Creed and Ten Commandments, with several Questions and Answers about the Prin∣ciples of Christian Religion: The Language being writ on one side of the Character in our common Letters; and a verbal Translation in Latin on the other side. I did purpose out of this to have inserted the Lords Prayer as it was in that Copy; in order to which I procured a Cut to be made of the Character: but this Manuscript being destroyed in the late Fire, and not knowing where to procure a supply of it, I am necessitated to offer the Characters without the Verbal Interpretati∣ons of them. Their way of reading is known to be from the top on the right side downwards.

Page 451

Chiu	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	tsi	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	ngò	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	lin	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	Ngò	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
ó	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	ay	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	ngò	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	ùl	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	tèm	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	tsiè	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	zié	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	chì	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	fu'	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	yée'u	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	jong	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	chim	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	che	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	pu	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	leang	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	him	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	tsay	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	ngò	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	'u'ul	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	y'u	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	thiaen	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	chiù	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	myen	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	ty	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	ngo	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	chi	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	ong-o	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	s'u	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	tem	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	eu	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	tsi	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	sim	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉		〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	ju'	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	áy	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	thyaen	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	yuen	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	jedū	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	ziu	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	ngò	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	ul	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	caan	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	ngò	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	teng	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	niûm	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	nay	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	yé	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	ūwáng	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	chîm	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	kyeea	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	ssa	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	ú'ul	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	xím	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	ngò	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	tóu'	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	kyn	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	ul	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
		yu'	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	ngò	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	jûn	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉	gúë	〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉

Besides the difficulty and perplexedness of these Characters, there doth not seem to be any kind of Analogy (so far as I am able to judge) betwixt the shape of the Characters, and the things represented by them, as to the Affinity or Opposition betwixt them, nor any tolerable provision for necessary derivations.

Page 452

* 1.3953. To this may be added the great Aequivocalness of the Language, every word having divers significations, some of them no less than twenty or thirty several sences; upon which account Alvarez Seme∣do affirms it to be more difficult than any other Language in the World.

4. The difficulty of pronouncing it, every Syllable (as this of Ko) hath no less than ten several ways of pronunciation, as saith one Author; and it hath more than thirty several significations in the Anamitish Language, as Alexander Rhodes observes in his Dictionary. Such various Accents they are necessitated to make use of, as other people cannot imitate.* 1.396 The Syllable Ba, according to its various Accents, hath six several sences, of no kind of affinity or nearness to one another. And the most expert Men among themselves are not able so exactly to distinguish in pronunciation, without using several attempts and repetitions to explain what they mean; or sometime by making the Figure of the Character they would express with their Fingers in the Air, or upon a Wall, or Table.

* 1.3975. Though in some particulars they seem to found their Character upon the Philosophy of things, yet 'tis not so in others. The Cha∣racter put for a precious Stone (saith Semedo) must be used with ad∣ditions to it for several kinds of Gems, as Pearls, &c. So the Cha∣racter for any kind of Tree, must have joined to it, the Character for Wood; and the letter that signifies Metals, must be annexed to the Character of Iron, Copper, Steel, &c. The meeting with which pas∣sage, was no small satisfaction to me, in reference to that way which I had before pitched upon for the most natural expression of things. But this (saith he) is no constant Rule amongst them. It should seem to be observed only in some few species of nature which are most obvious, there being reason to doubt whether they had any such general Theory of Philosophy, as might serve for all other things and notions.

* 1.398In this it is to be acknowledged that they have a great advantage above the Latin, because their words are not declined by Terminati∣ons, but by Particles, which makes their Grammar much more easie than that of the Latin.

To this I might adde something concerning the advantage of this Philosophical way, above those attempts towards a Universal Cha∣racter which have been made by others. That of Marks or Letters by Cicero; that of numbers by an Ingenious Country-man of our own,* 1.399 followed since by Beckerus, and by Athanasius Kircher; together with that other attempt towards an Universal Language, by Philip Labbé. All which are in this one respect defective, because they are not Philosophical; upon which account they are much more diffi∣cult, and less distinct.

These things being premised concerning the many needless Rules, and great variety of exceptions in the Latin; it will not be very dif∣ficult to make a comparison betwixt that, and the Character and Language here proposed.

For the right estimating of the difficulty which there is in the Learning of any Language, these two things are to be enquired into.

Page 453

1. The multitude of words. And 2. The Grammatical Rules belong∣ing to such a Language.

1. As to the first of these,* 1.400 Hermannus Hugo asserts that no Language hath so few as 100000 words; and Varro is frequently quoted by di∣vers Learned Men, as if he affirmed that there are in the Latin no less than five hundred thousand. But upon enquiry into the scope of that place they relate to, it will appear that he doth not there de∣sign to give an account of the just number of words in the Latin, but only to shew the great variety which is made by the Inflexion and Composition of Verbs: To which purpose the first thing he lays down is, That there are about one thousand Radical Verbs in the Latin. And then Secondly, That every Verb in the Declensions of it, hath about five hundred several varieties or Cases of Inflexion, which make up the number of five hundred thousand. And then Thirdly, He supposeth each of these to be compounded with nine Prepositions, as for instance, the word Cessit, Recessit, Accessit, Abscessit, Incessit, Ex∣cessit, Successit, Decessit, Concessit, Processit; this will raise the whole number to five millions: in which account he reckons only the Cases and Compositions of Verbs, and takes no notice of the Particles of speech, nor such other words as are not radically Verbs, which are very numerous.

Of all other Languages, the Greek is looked upon to be one of the most copious; the Radixes of which are esteemed to be about 3244. But then it doth exceedingly abound in Composition, in which the Latin Tongue being more sparing, must therefore upon that account have more Radicals. What the particular number of these may be, is not easie to determine; because Learned Men do not agree about many of them, whether they are Radicals, or Deri∣vatives. They may be by moderate computation estimated to be about ten thousand, most of which are either absolutely, or in phrase, or both ways equivocal. Notavi ex Varrone, Nounio & Festo, non ex∣tare vocabulum apud Latinos quod plures significationes non habet, saith Campanella. Many of them have no less than twenty distinct signi∣fications, and some more. Now for every several sense,* 1.401 we may justly reckon so many several words, which will much augment the former number. But suppose them only to treble it, and then the Latin words are to be reckoned thirty thousand.

2. Now for the Latin Grammar, it doth in the common way of Teaching take up several of our first years, not without great toyl and vexation of the mind, under the hard tyranny of the School, before we arrive to a tolerable skill in it. And this is chiefly occasioned from that great multitude of such Rules as are not necessary to the Philosophy of speech, together with the Anoma∣lisms and exceptions that belong to them; the difficulty of which may well be computed equal to the pains of Learning one third part of the words; according to which the labour required to the attain∣ing of the Latin, may be estimated equal to the pains of Learning forty thousand words.

Now in the way here proposed, the words necessary for commu∣nication are not three thousand, and those so ordered by the help of natural method, that they may be more easily learned and remem∣bred

Page 454

than a thousand words otherwise disposed of; upon which ac∣count they may be reckoned but as one thousand. And as for such Rules as are natural to Grammar, they were not charged in the former account, and therefore are not to be allowed for here.

So that by this it appears, that in point of easiness betwixt this and the Latin, there is the proportion of one to forty; that is, a man of an ordinary capacity may more easily learn to express himself this way in one Month, than he can by the Latin in forty Months.

This I take to be a kind of Demonstration à Priori; and for an Argument à Posteriori, namely, from Experiment. Though I have not as yet had opportunity of making any tryals, yet I doubt not, but that one of a good Capacity and Memory, may in one Months space attain to a good readiness of expressing his mind this way, either in the Character or Language.

FINIS.

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Notes

* 1.1

Our

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Parent

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Who

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Art

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In

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Heaven.

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Thy

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Name

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May it be

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Hallowed

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* 1.11

Thy

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Regnation, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 regnare.

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May it be

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coming.

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Thy

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Will

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May it be

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Done

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So

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In

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Earth

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As

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In

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Heaven

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Maist thou be

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Giving.

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To.

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Us.

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In

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This

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Day

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Our

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Bread

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Expedient

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And

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Maist thou be

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Forgiving

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To

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Us

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Our

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Trespasses

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As

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We

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Are

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Forgiving

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To

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Them

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Who

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Have been

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Transgressing

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* 1.51

Against

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Us

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And

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Not

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Maist thou be

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Leading

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Us

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Into

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Temptation

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But

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Maist thou be

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Delivering

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Us.

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* 1.64

From

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* 1.65

Evil

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For

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* 1.67

The

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* 1.68

Regnation, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 regnare.

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* 1.69

And

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* 1.70

The

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* 1.71

Power

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* 1.72

And

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* 1.73

The

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* 1.74

Glory

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Is

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* 1.76

Thine

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* 1.77

Everly

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* 1.78

Amen

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* 1.79

So

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* 1.80

May it be.

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* 1.81

I

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Am

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Believing

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God the Fa∣ther

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* 1.85

Almighty

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* 1.86

The

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* 1.87

Having been

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* 1.88

Creating per∣son

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Of

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Heaven.

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* 1.91

And

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Of

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* 1.93

Earth

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And

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* 1.95

Jesus Christ

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* 1.96

His

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* 1.97

Son

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* 1.98

Only

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* 1.99

Our

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Soveraign

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Who

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Was

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* 1.103

Conceived

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* 1.104

By

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* 1.105

The

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Holy Ghost

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* 1.107

Borne

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Of

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The

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Virgin

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Mary

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Capitally pu∣nished

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Under

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Pontius Pilate

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Was

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Crucified

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Dead

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And

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Buried

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He

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Was

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Descending

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Into

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Hell

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He

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Was

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Rising

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From

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The

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Having been

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Dead persons

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On

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The

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Day

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Third

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He

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Was

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Ascending

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Into

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Heaven

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In

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Which place

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He

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Is

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Sitting

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At

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The

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Right hand

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Of

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God the Fa∣ther

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From

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Which place

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He

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Shall be

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Coming

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For

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Judging

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The

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Quick

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And

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The

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Having

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Died persons

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I

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Am

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Believing

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The Holy Ghost

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* 1.168

The

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Church

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Holy

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Universal

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The

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Communion

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Of

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Saints

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The

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Being forgiven

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* 1.178

Of

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Sins

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* 1.180

The

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Future

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Relife, or li∣ving again

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Of

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The

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* 1.185

Body

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And

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The

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* 1.188

Future

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* 1.189

Life

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* 1.190

Everlasting

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* 1.191

Arithmet. Pract. cap. 17.

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* 1.192

Our

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* 1.193

Parent

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* 1.194

Who

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* 1.195

Art

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* 1.196

In

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Heaven

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* 1.198

Thy

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Name

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* 1.200

May it be

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* 1.201

Hallowed

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* 1.202

Thy

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* 1.203

Kingdom or Regnation

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* 1.204

May it be

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* 1.205

Coming.

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Thy

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Will or voli∣tion

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May it be

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Done or ac∣complished

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* 1.210

So

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* 1.211

In

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* 1.212

Earth

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As

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* 1.214

In

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* 1.215

Heaven

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Maist thou be

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Giving.

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To.

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Us

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In

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This

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Day

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* 1.223

Our

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Bread

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Expedient

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* 1.226

And

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Maist thou be

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* 1.228

Forgiving

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To

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* 1.230

Us

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* 1.231

Our

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* 1.232

Trespasses or Male-actions

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* 1.233

As

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* 1.234

We

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* 1.235

Are

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* 1.236

Forgiving

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To

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* 1.238

Them

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* 1.239

Who

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* 1.240

Have been

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* 1.241

Transgressing

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* 1.242

Against

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* 1.243

Us.

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* 1.244

And

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* 1.245

Not

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* 1.246

Maist thou be

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* 1.247

Leading

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* 1.248

Us

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* 1.249

Into

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* 1.250

Temptation

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* 1.251

But

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* 1.252

Maist thou be

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* 1.253

Delivering

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* 1.254

Us

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* 1.255

From

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* 1.256

Evil

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* 1.257

For

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* 1.258

The

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* 1.259

Kingdom

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* 1.260

And

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* 1.261

The

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* 1.262

Power

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* 1.263

And

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* 1.264

The

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Glory

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* 1.266

I••

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* 1.267

Thine

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* 1.268

Everlastingly

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* 1.269

Amen

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* 1.270

So

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* 1.271

May it be.

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* 1.272

I

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* 1.273

Am

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* 1.274

Believing

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* 1.275

God the Fa∣ther

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* 1.276

Almighty

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* 1.277

The

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* 1.278

Having been

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* 1.279

Creating per∣son

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* 1.280

Of

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* 1.281

Heaven.

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* 1.282

And

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* 1.283

Of

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Earth

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* 1.285

And

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* 1.286

Jesus Christ

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* 1.287

His

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* 1.288

Son

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* 1.289

Only

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* 1.290

Our

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Soveraign

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* 1.292

Who

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Was

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* 1.294

Conceived

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* 1.295

By

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* 1.296

The

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Holy Ghost

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* 1.298

Borne

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* 1.299

Of

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The

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* 1.301

Virgin

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Mary

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* 1.303

Capitally pu∣nished

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Un••er

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Pontius Pilate

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Was

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Crucified

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* 1.308

Dead

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And

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Buried

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* 1.311

He

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Was

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Descending

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* 1.314

Into

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* 1.315

Hell

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* 1.316

He

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Hath been

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* 1.318

Rising

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* 1.319

From

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The

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Having been

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Dying persons

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On

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* 1.324

The

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Day

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* 1.326

Third

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* 1.327

He

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Was

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Ascending

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* 1.330

Into

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Heaven

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* 1.332

In

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* 1.333

Which place

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He

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Is

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Sitting

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* 1.337

At

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* 1.338

The

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* 1.339

Right hand

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* 1.340

Of

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God the Fa∣ther

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* 1.342

From

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* 1.343

Which place

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* 1.344

He

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* 1.345

Shall be

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* 1.346

Coming

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* 1.347

For

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* 1.348

Judging

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* 1.349

The

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* 1.350

Quick

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* 1.351

And

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* 1.352

The

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* 1.353

Having

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* 1.354

Died persons

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* 1.355

I

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* 1.356

Am

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* 1.357

Believing

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* 1.358

The Holy Ghost

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* 1.359

The Church

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* 1.360

Holy

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* 1.361

Universal

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* 1.362

The

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* 1.363

Communion

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* 1.364

Of

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* 1.365

Saints

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* 1.366

The

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* 1.367

Being forgiven

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* 1.368

Of

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* 1.369

Sins

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* 1.370

The

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* 1.371

Future

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* 1.372

Relife, or li∣ving again

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* 1.373

Of

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* 1.374

The

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* 1.375

Body

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* 1.376

And

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* 1.377

The

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* 1.378

Future

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* 1.379

Life

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* 1.380

Everlasting

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* 1.381

Scaliger de causis L. L. cap. 124.

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* 1.382

Ibid. cap. 121.

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* 1.383

De causis L. L. Cap. 117.

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* 1.384

De Analogia lib. 3. cap. 8.

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* 1.385

Plaut. Capt.

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* 1.386

Vossius de A∣nalog. Lib. 3. cap. 9. and 11.

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* 1.387

De Lingua Latina, Lib. 5.

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* 1.388

De Augment. Scient. lib. 6. cap. 1.

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* 1.389

Vossius de A∣nal. Lib. 1. Cap. 39. ad Cap. 44.

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* 1.390

Vossius de Anal. Lib. 1. Cap. 47.48. Lib. 2. à 1^o ad vicessimum ca∣put.

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* 1.391

Ibid. Lib. 2. Cap. 22.

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* 1.392

Ibid. Cap. 3.5.

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* 1.393

Ibid. à Cap. 19. ad Cap. 47.

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* 1.394

Trigaltius Hist. Sinensis, Lib. 1. Cap. 5. Semedo Hist. of China, Part 1. Cap. 5.

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* 1.395

Theoph. Spi∣zelius de Re¦literaria Sinen∣sium, lately Published 1661. Sect. 6. Histor. Chinae, Part 2. Cap. 2.

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* 1.396

Lingua Ana∣mitica, cap. 2.

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* 1.397

Hist. Part 1. Cap. 6.

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* 1.398

Ibid.

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* 1.399

Mr. Beck of Ipswich.

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* 1.400

De origine Scribendi, Cap 4. Bp Walton, Davies. Boxhornius.

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* 1.401

Grammar. Philosoph. Lib. 1. Cap. 1.

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An essay towards a real character, and a philosophical language by John Wilkins ...

About this Item

Pages

description Page [unnumbered]

description Page 385

PART IV. Concerning a Real Character, and a Philosophi∣cal Language. (Book 4)

CHAP. I. The Proposal of one kind of Real Character (amongst many others which might be offered) both for the Integrals, whether Genus's, Differences or Species, together with the Derivati∣o••s and Inflexions belonging to them, as likewise for all the several kinds of Particles.

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CHAP. II. Instances of this Real Character in the Lords Prayer and the Creed.

The Lords Prayer.

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The Creed.

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CHAP. III. How this Real Character may be made effable in a distinct Lan∣guage, and what kind of Letters or Syllables may be conveni∣ently assigned to each Character.

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CHAP. IV. An Instance of the Philosophical Language, both in the Lords Prayer and the Creed. A Comparison of the Language here proposed, with fifty others, as to the Facility and Euphoni∣calness of it.

The Lords Prayer.

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The Creed.

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CHAP. V. Directions for the more easie Learning of this Character and Language, together with a brief Table containing the Ra∣dicals, both Integrals and Particles; together with the Character and Language by which each of these is to be exprest.

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TRANS. G. PREDIC.

TRANS. REL MIX.

TRANS. REL. of ACT.

DISCOURS. LANG.

BIRD

BEAST

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