A pleasant and compendious history of the first inventers and instituters of the most famous arts, misteries, laws, customs and manners in the whole world together with many other rarities and remarkable things rarely known, and never before made publick : to which is added, several curious inventions, peculierly attributed to England & English-men, the whole work alphabetically digested and very helpful to the readers of history.

A Pleasant HISTORY OF The first Founders and Inventors of the Greatest ARTS and MISTERIES in the WORLD, &c.

A

GOD when he had finished the World, did Create the first Man ADAM, of the Earth of the Field of Damascus. Thus Adam

made by God, Marrying of his Wife Eve was Author and Beginner of the whole posterity and Linage. The Beasts, after they were all Created in their kind, were Named by Adam, with the same Names. He made the first Leather-coats for himself and his Wife Eve, our old Mother.

Arethmatick or Numbers, as some say, were invented by Pythagoras, others say by Mercury: Jovius suppos∣ed that Pallas formed them. The manner of counting years in Greece, was by Olympiads, which contained the space of five years, as the Romans did Lustra, which contained the same Num∣ber of years: sometimes by Nailes. For every year the Consull or chief Judge called Praetor, in the Ides of September, fastned a Naile in the Wall of Jupiters Temple, next joyning to the. Temple of Pallas, to signifie the space of years. And we use to Write our Numbers with these seven Letters, C. I. D. L. M. V. X. or with these Figures, 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

The Art of Memory was found by Simonides in Thessaly: For when he was

invited to a Noble Mans House called Scopa, it chanced that he was sent to speak with two young men at the Gate, when immediately the Banqueting-House fell, and destroyed all the Guess. Then he, because he reme••••••red in what order and place every one sate, delivered every one his Friend to be Buried, by which he perceived the or∣der of the Art of Memory. Cyrus King of Persia, excelled in Memory, who could call every Man in his Army by his Name. Cyrus the Embassador of Pyrrhus, the day after he came to Rome, saluted every order of Nobles by their proper Names. Mithridates could speak Twenty-two Languages. Julius Ceaser could read, endite, and hear a Tale at the same time.

Astrology, the occasion of the in∣venting of this Art was, that in it Learned men through their observati∣on of the Celestial Bodies, wherein the whole moveable course of the Hea∣vens, the rising, going down, and or∣der of the Planets might be compre∣hended. Some put the invention of this Art on the Aegyptians, others on

Mercury, but Josephus concludes, that Abraham instructed them and the Chid∣dees in it, and thence it came into Greece, as Phericides, Pythagoras, Tha∣les acknowledges, that they were Dis∣ciples to the Aegyptians. Pliny will have Atlas to be the first Founder or contriver of it, which occasioned the Poets to feign that he beareth Heaven upon his Back. Sernius would have Prometheus to find it out. Neverthe∣less all these (as I suppose) were the beginners of this faculty, every man in his own Countrey where he dwelled: for even from the beginning of the World, the Sons of Seth devised first the science of the Stars, and for as much as they feared least their Art should perish, before it came to the Know∣ledge of men (for they had heard their Grand-Father Adam say, that all things should be destroyed by the Uni∣versal Flood) they made two Pillars, one of Stone, the other of Brick, to the intent that if the Brick wasted with Water or Storms, yet the Stone should preserve the Letters whole and perfect, and in their Pillars they Gra∣ved

all that concerned the Observation of the Stars. And therefore 'tis pro∣bable that the Aegyptians and Caldees learned Astrology of the Hebrews, and so consequently, it spread it self a∣mongst other Nations. Endimion was the first that found out the course of the Moon, the reason of her being Eclipsed, Pythagoras observed the course of Venus. Archimedes found the use of the Sphere.

Alchimia or Alchimy, signifieth infusion or steeping; for Chimia in Greek, denotes Infused. There is a great con∣troversie when Alchimy was invented: For neither Pliny (though he was o∣therwise a most diligent Author) nor any Greek or Latine Author make any mention of it, but I believe that it is very ancient; for Suidas writeth that the Art of Alchimy endured till the time of the Argonantes, when Jason went to take away the Golden Fleece; which was nothing else than a certain Book that taught to turn other Mettals into Gold: for those that invented that story, conceating its name invented

the Golden Fleece. The Aegyptians professed this Art very much, in the Reign of the Emperour Dioclesian, who hating them because they made an in∣surrection, Burned their Writings con∣cerning their destilling of Gold and Silver, least (as he feared) they being made Rich by this Art, and having gotten good store of Wealth, they should Rebell againe. The Emperour Dioclesian was Created in the year 287; so that this Art was rather re∣newed than new.

The Authors of the first Names of Countreys, were, some of the most eminent of them, as followeth, Arphax∣ad was the first Founder of the Arabi∣ans. Lud of the Lidians: of the Chil∣dren of Cham were Chus, that named the Aethiopians; and Mesre the begin∣ner of the Aegyptians. Chanaan of whom the Cananites had their name: The Linnage of Chus was Seba, where∣of the Sebees came; and Evila of whom came the Evilites. And in the like manner we must believe, that of them came all other Nations and People of the World, which are now encreased,

that they can scarcely be numbred. Of or from the Aire Anaximenes sup∣poseth all things to have had their be∣ginning. Metrodorus affirmeth the Uni∣versal World to be Eternal, without beginning or end. Epicurus one of De∣mocritus Disciples, putteth two causes Attomes, or Motes, and vacuity and emptiness, of these he saith the four Elements come. These are the Opini∣ons of the Phylosophers that were men without the knowledge of God: But (as Moses and Josephus record) the Scripture concludeth, that in the begining God made all things of nothing; as St. John saith, all things were made by him. And therefore (as Lactantius writeth) let no man be curious in searching, of what material God made these great and wonderful Works, for he Formed them all of nothing, by the power of his mighty Word. Of the same Opnion is Plato in his Book called Timeus.

Amphitheaters and Theatres, were certain places, as Scaffolds with Pentises, wherein the People of Athens stood to behold the Enterludes that

were shewed: and they were made like half a Circle, with Benches one above another, that they might without any impediment see the Playes; Dionysius did first institute them in Athens: in the midst of the Scaffold or Theatre stood the Stage, wherein Comedies, Trage∣dies, with other Shews were exhebited to the common sort. Of whom the Romans took example, to make such Scaffolds. Caius Curio, at his Fathers Burial, Builded two Theatres of Tim∣ber after such a fashion, that they might in time of Enterludes stand one contrary to another; in such wise that neither Play should disturb one the other: And when it pleased him he turned them together, and made an Am∣phitheatre, which was a round Scaffold full of Benches of divers heights; wherein he set forth a Game of Sword Players. Cains Julius Colsar Builded the first Amphitheatre in the Field consecrat∣ed to Mars; In which were set forth shews of Wild Beasts, and Sword Play∣ers, for the custome was that such as were condemned to Dye, or taken Pri∣soners in War, should be cast there to

the wild Beasts to be devoured and slain. It was strewed with Sand, least the Blood of those which were slain should defile them that fought, or dis∣courage them: and therefore, there were certain appointed for to toss and strew about the Sand.

Amber, as Diodorus witnesseth, was found in the Isle Basilea, which lyeth against Scythia, above Galatia in the great Ocean, where it was first cut up, and was never found or seen in any place before.

B

BIBLE, the Reading of part of it at Dinner time, hath been of a long continuance, which did proceed from the Godly Doctrine which Christ in∣structed his Disciples in, at all times, but chiefly at his last Supper, wherein he Treated of the perfection of all the misteries of Religion. And thus our Fathers, to keep in memory such an wholesome instituion, did bring in this manner of Reading the sacred Scripture before or after Meales.

Books, which contain the monu∣ments of ingenious Wits, and a Regi∣ster of all valiant Prowefs, as Laertius expresses, were first published at Greece. Gellius saith is was Pisitratus that made the first Book, and exhibited it to be Read openly. But Josephus writes that it was the Hebrews and Priests of Egypt and Chaldee that first set them forth. The Athenians multiplyed the number of Books, which Xerxes carri∣ed from thence into Persia; and Seleucus King of Macedony caused them (many

years after) to be conveyed to Athens again, after that Ptolomeus King of Egypt collected together 700000. Books, which were all Burnt at the Battle of Alexandria.

Tell Building, men at the first lived like wild Beasts, in Caves, and also Fed on Fruits and Roots of the Earth: but after they perceived the necessary use of Fire against the vehe∣ment extreamity of cold: some began to edifie Cottages of Boughs and Trees, and some digged Caves in the Moun∣tains, and by often experiencing such means, they attained to a greater per∣fection in Building with Walls, that they did get up with long Props, and did wind them about with small Rods, and so daubed them: and to keep out the Storms, they covered them with Reeds, Boughs or Fen-sedges,. Thus in process of time they came to the Art of Building, which as Diodorus saith, is ascribed to Pallas: But we are rather to believe, that either Cain or Jubal, the Son of Lamech, found out this Art.

Bells came first from the Hebrews, where the High Priest or Bishop had in the skirts of his uppermost Vest∣ments little Bells to Ring, when he was in the Holy place within the Vaile.

Banquets and delicate Dishes, were begun in Jonia, and after that Gluttonous custome was taken up in other Countreys; though that there were Laws made in Lacedemonia by Lycurgus, and in Rome by Faunius, for the abolishing of such excessive Feast∣ing. But I could wish there were some good Law prescribed for good Hospi∣tality: For I believe there was never so little as is in these times.

Baths, of which those that were hot, were used first privately of all men, according to their degree and ability, for the preservation of their Health: but in process of time they builded common Baths and Hot-hous∣es for to Sweat in; and the Noble did Bath and Wash with the Common; and at last men and women were per∣mitted most Laciviously to Bath toge∣ther. Most notable Baths were they

that Agrippa, Nero & Titus Vespasian, with other Emporours made, as Julius Capi∣tolinus writeth, they were great, and most gorgeously dressed, with several places of Pleasure, to maintain exces∣sive Riot for all sorts of people.

Bondage or Slavery, I find that it began amongst the Hebrews, and had its Original proceeding of Canaan the Son of Cham; who, because he had Laughed his Father Noah to scorn, as he lay dissolately when he was Drunk, was punished in his Son Canaan with Bondage and Thraldome. The order of Manumission in old time was in this manner: The Lord or Master took the Bondman by the head, or some other part of his Body, saying, I will this Fellow be-free, and so dismissed him. Pliny was of opinion, that Bondage be∣gan in Lacedemonia.

Barthers, to shave and round, were instituted by the Abantos, because their Enemies in War should have no occasi∣on to pluck them by the Hair. P. Ti∣cinius Mena brought them into Rome the 354th year after the Building of the City, before they were unshaven.

C

COIN, of what Mettle soever it was made (as appears by Josephus) is ve∣ry ancient; and Cain the Son of Adam was very covetous in gathering toge∣ther Money. Herodotus affirmeth that the Lydians first Coined Silver and Gold to buy and sell with. For before the Seige of Troy, as Homer sings, men used to change one Commodity for a∣nother. Yet in the time of Abraham there was Money currant, for he bougt the Cave to Bury his Wife Sarah of the Hittite, Ephron, for 40 Shekels of Sil∣ver which was before the Seige of Troy many years.

The Carpenters Art, as Pliny writeth, was first invented by Daedalus with these following Tools, the Saw, the Axe and Plumline, whereby the evenness of the squares are tryed, the Augore or Wimble, the Square, the Line, the Shaving-Plain, the Pricker or Punch, were devised by Theodore a

Samian; Ovid writeth, that Talus, Daedalus Sisters Son invented the Com∣pass, and Fashioned the Saw in imitati∣on of the Back-bone of a Fish; but Dae∣dalus envying that a Boy being his Ap∣prentice, should excell his Master, cast him down out of a Tower (as Ovid writes) and slew him. Pythagoras a Samian, devised another manner of Rule then this that we commonly use, fit for all manner of Buildings, as Victrnuius declaireth in his 9th Book of Archetecture. Though in my judg∣ment the invention of this Art ought rather to be referred either to the Hebrews which used such Arts before Daedalus time, and more especially in the curious Building of the Taberna∣cle; or else to the Tyrians who were reputed in this mistery to have excelled the Hebrews. For which cause Solo∣mon wrote to the King of Tyre for Work-men to Build the Temple.

The Common-wealths admini∣stration, was after three several ways, as Plato divideth it; Monarchy, where one Ruleth. Aristocracy, where the most eminent Persons Govern. De∣mocracy,

or Popular State, where the common People have a stroke in Rul∣ing of the Publick-weale. Principali∣ty or Regal Government was first be∣gun by the Aegyptians, who could not long subsist without a King or head Rul∣er: There Reigned first as Herodotus writes, Menes; and their manner was to choose him amongst the Priests of their Religion: and if it Fortuned that any stranger obtained the Relme by conquest, he was compelled to be consecrated a Priest, and so was the Election Legitimate, when he was King and Priest. The Diadem which was the token of the Honour Royal had its first institution from Libes Bac∣chus. The Athenians ordained the state of a Common-wealth, that was Go∣verned by the whole Commons as Pliny writes, although they also had Kings, whereof Decrops Diphyes which Reign∣ed in Moses time, was the first. For as Justine writes, every City and Nati∣on had at the first a King for their chief Governour; which attained to that dignity by no Ambition or Favour, but by his singular desert. As concern∣ing

the institution of the Common-wealth, where the Commons bear the sway; I suppose it began amongst the Hebrews, who were Ruled by a popu∣lar State many years before that Athens was Built.

Councils, the custome of assem∣bling of them, to take deliberation of things doubtful, or of serious Affairs, are of great Antiquity, as well amongst the Hebrews as other Nations: They either called for Humane or Divine Affairs, for the latter, by such a man∣ner of Council Matthias surrogated and substituted in the Stead of Judas, into the number of the Apostles. And by Council holden at Jerusalem, the Apostiles discharged the Gentiles of Moses Law. Cornelius was the first, that called together any Council; and that was in Rome, of 600 Bishops and as many Priests, with a great multi∣tude of Deacons.

Charms, or the manner of the dri∣ving Evil Spirits out of Persons that were possessed with them, King Solo∣mon taught, as Josephus witnesseth, and he saw it done by Eleazar in his

time, before Vespation the then Emper∣our, writ the manner of Healing them.

Consuls in Rome took their begin∣ning from the Banishment of Tarquinius, for the horrid Crime and notorious Rape of Lucretia, committed by his Son Junius Brutus, and Lucius Targui∣nius Collatinus were the two first that had the Name and Title of Consuls, of the consultation and the provision that they made for the Common-wealth. They rul'd the Empire, conducted Ar∣mies; and by these Officers because they were annual, the year was count∣ed.

The Chattering of Birds, was first observed by Caras. The Divina∣tions by looking on their Feeding, was devised by Theresius a Theban, and Py∣thagoras understood the mistery of their flights.

Chrystal is a stone that is congealed of pure Waters, not with cold but by a power of Divine heat, whereby it doth retain its hardness, and never gi∣veth again or melteth, but receiveth divers colours, this is the opinion of

Diodorus. But Pliny supposeth that it proceedeth from the Ice extreamly fro∣zen, who first found it out is un∣known.

Crowns or Garlands Moses made many of them, and he was many years before Bacchus, of whom Pliny writes that he did invent and wear the first Garland made of Ivy on his Head; and afterwards it grew to be a custome, that when they Sacrificed to any of their Gods, they were to be Crowned with a Garland, so was the oblation also. At the first the manner was in all Plays and Sacrifices, to make Gar∣lands of Boughs of Trees. And after they were garnished with variety of flowers among the Siconians, by Pausias and Gliceria his Lemman, not long af∣ter Winter Garlands, that he called Aegyptian, which were made of Wood or Ivory, died with many colours, began to be worne. And in process of time they made Crowns of Brazen plates guilt or covered with Silver, called for their thinness, Garlands. Lastly, Craesus the rich did first set forth in his Game shews, or Crowns

with Silver or Golden Leaves, and consequently there were invented se∣veral sorts of Crowns, as the Trium∣phant Crown, that the Emperour or grand Commander ware in his Tri∣umph; this was first made of Olive, and afterwards of Gold. The Murall and Wall Crown, that was given to him that first scaled the Walls. The Camp Crown, that was the reward of him that first adventured Valiantly into the Camp of his Enimies. The Navall or Sea Crown, that was set on his Head, that first Boarded his Enimies Ship. And all these were of Gold. The Ob∣sidional Crown, that was worn of him that delivered a City Beseiged, it was composed of Grass. There was also a Civill Crown, which was a Sovereign∣ty which a Citizen gave to him, that had valiantly preserved him from his Enemies; this was made of Oken Branches. And this manner of Crown the Athenians did first devise, and gave it to Pericles. There were moreover Crowns of Pearls, French Crowns, and Garlands composed of the Ears of Corn, which as Pliny writeth, were

first in use amongst the Romans, Gar∣lands made of Cinnamon, Woven and Embossed with Gold; Vespasian did first consecrate in the Capitoll, in the Temple of Peace. In some space of time, the excess of Crowns grew to be such, that the Grecians in their Ban∣quets, Crowned both their Heads and their Cups also, whereof the Jonians were Authors. Pliny writes that with one of these sorts of Crowns, Cleopa∣tria empoisoned Antonie. And Artax∣erxes is also said to have used Crowns of Garlands in his Feasts.

Citties, the occasion of Building of them is thus reported. For when men, as is said before, had gathered themselves into several Cottages, they lived in distinct Houses, which made them begin to think of gathering wealth for the support of their Fami∣lies. But seeing themselves daily rob∣ed and spoil'd by those that were stronger, they were forced to joyn themselves together in a Company, and to dwell within a certain compass of ground, which they either Walled, or Trenched about. Afterwards it is

said that Cecrops built Athens, and by his own name called it Cecrepia. Pho∣roneus built Argos, though the Aegyp∣tians affirm that Diopspolis was long be∣fore. Trason first made Walls and Towers. But Josephus says that Cain was the first that built a City, and cal∣led it Enochia, after the name of his Son Enoch; and after the dayes of Noah by the advice of Nimrod, there were certain men that built a very high Tower, which was called Babel. Tents were invented by Jabal the Son of La∣mech. Among the Phenicians they were found out by Seculus. Houses of Clay were first invented by Doxins the Son of Gellius, who took his example from the Swallows Nests. Brick building was invented by Eurialus and Hyperbolus brethren at Athens, though others at∣tribute it to Resta the Daughter of Sa∣turn. Tile and Slate were the inventi∣on of Synarus of Agriopa in the Isle of Cyprus. Quarries were invented by Cadmus in Thebes: But the invention of such Arts is more fitly thought to be referred to Cain, or the posterity of Seth, who made two pillars, one of

Brick, the other of Stone. Notwith∣standing, 'tis not denyed, but those aforesaid Persons began their inventions, in the Countries where they lived. Marble was used in building by the Nobility of Rome, for to shew the costly magnifi∣cence: so that Scaurus being a publick Officer in Rome, caused 360 Marble Pillars to be carried for the making of one Stage, whereon an Enterlude was to be plaid. Lucius Crassus was the first that had Pillars of Marble. Lepidus made the Gates of his House of Numi∣dian Marble. In Graving Marble, Di∣poenus Scilus was the first that flourish∣ed, before the Reign of King Cyrus in Persia.

D

DICTATOR, or great Master in Rome, Largius was Created the first, which Office was of the high∣est in Authority: and as Dionisius be∣lieveth, it was taken out of the Greeks, amongst whom Elymnetae had the same power that the Dictator had in Rome. T. Livius referred the Original of them to the Albanes: and the Carthaginians had also their Dictators. This Ma∣gistrate was never used saving in great dangers of the Common-wealth, and it continued but six Months: during that power all other Magistrates were Abrogated, except the Tribunate or the Frovostship of the Commons. The Consuls duty was to name and proclaim him, and that no time but in the Night.

The Decemviri or the Rule of ten men, endured amongst the Romans but for three years, by reason of the out∣ragious Lust of Appius Claudius against

the Maid Virginea, they were deposed, and Consuls (whom we have formerly mentioned) supplyed their room: in the 310 year of the City, in their place instead of Consuls were chosen Mar∣shals or Provosts of Armies, whom they named Tribunus, Aulus Sempronius, At∣tacinus, L, Attilius Longus, and T. Ce∣cilius Siculus.

Democracie began in Rome, when the Authority of the Commons became daily more Seditious, and confedracies encreased, in such a manner that C. Cunues so brought it about and or∣dered it, that the Commonality Marri∣ed with the Nobility, and the Tribunes by their earnest instance and suit, caus∣ed that the high Officers were permit∣ted to them of the common sort. At the year 355 of the building of the Cit∣ty, P. Licinus Caluus was made Tribune of the Armie, the 389th year, L. Sex∣tus Lateranus attained the Consulship the 399th year, Cains Marcus Lateranus was created Dictator. From this man∣ner of Government it was by Sylla and Marius brought to one Ruler or Prince again; thus hath Rome had all kinds

of Administration of the Common-wealth.

Divination is reckoned to be of two sorts; the one Natural, the other Artificial, Natural, is that which is occasioned by a natural commotion or stirring of the mind, which happens sometimes to men when they are a∣sleep; sometimes by a kind of fury or rapture of the mind, as it was with the Sybils; of the same nature were the oracles of Appollo and Jupiter Hammon. Artificial those which proceed from conjectures, old considerations and ob∣servance of the entrails of Beasts, fly∣ing of Birds, casting of Lots, &c. The inspection of the Bowels of Beasts was invented by the Hetrurians, which chanced thus. It happened that a man going to Plow, chanced to raise up a deeper Furrow then he was wont to do: One Tages upon a sudden arose out of the Earth, that taught them all the misteries of Sooth-saying. Divination by looking on Birds was found out by Tiresias the Theban. Orpheus added Divination by other Beasts. Numerius Suffusius was the first that invented the casting of Lots.

Dreams, The first expounding of them, Pliny ascribes to Amphichon. But Trogus assigns it to Joseph Son to Ja∣cob. Clement writes that the Telmesi∣ans were the first interpreters of it, 'tis no great matter who were; for the little credit that is to be given to them.

Dedication of Churches is of great antiquity: For Moses did sancti∣fie the Tabernacle; and Solomon con∣secrated the Temple that he builded at Jerusalem. And Esdrus after, when they return'd from the captivity of Babilon, new hallowed the Temple again. From them we receive our Rite of dedicating of Churches. I cannot be so positive as to write cer∣tainly, where the first Church of the Christians was built, but by all con∣jectures, it was edified by the Apostles in Aethiopia, where St. Mathew Preached; or in the lower India, where St. Bartholmew taught; or in Scythia where St. Andrew Preach'd the Word of God, where they doubtless either caused new Churches to be edifi∣ed, or else transposed the Idols of the

Temples, abolishing superstition, and Planting the true Religion of Jesus Christ. Although it is not against rea∣son to suppose there was a Temple or House of Prayer appointed by St. James at Jerusalem. In Rome the first that I Read of, was consecrated by Pius Bishop of Rome, in the Street cal∣led Patricius, at Novatus Baths, in honour of the Virgin Prudentia, at the request of Praredis her Sister. And after Calitus built a Temple to the Virgin. Mary, in a place beyond Tybe∣ris, and instituted a Church-Yard in Appius-Street.

Dinorcement when it first began, Wedlock was not so sincerely and re∣verently observed of the Romans; which although it be an occasion that Women should more earnestly keep their chastity, yet our Religion doth scarcely permit it. One Spurius Servi∣lius, the year after the City of Rome was Founded 522. (Marcus Pomponi∣us, and Cain Papyrius being Consuls) first sued a divorce from his Wife, be∣cause she was Barren: For which Fact, although he affirmed openly before

the Censors that he did it only because he would have issue, yet was he for it scandalized and evil spoken of, by the common People. This decree of di∣vorcing was taken out of the Laws of Moses, which made the first constituti∣on of that Statute; yet was there this difference. For by Moses it was only Lawful for the Husband to forsake his Wife; but the Romans decree gave them both like liberty.

Dyals was first found out by a Mi∣lesian amongst the Lacedemonians, which declaired the hours by the shaddow of the Hand. It was a good while ere that they were used in Rome; but in the twelve Tables, there was only re∣hearsed the rising and going down of the Sun; and a few years after, Noon or Mid-day was found. And this was only on clear days, when they might perceive the course and altitude of the Sun. The first Dyall was set up on a Pillar openly, which stood behind the common Pulpit, or Barre, called Ro∣stra, at the charge of Valerius Messala, then Consul in the first Punick Battle. The water Dyall was first used in

Rome by Scipio Nasica, to divide the hours of the Day and Night, who were the inventers of Clocks, Sand-Dyals and Hour-Glasses is yet unknown.

F

FIRE was first struck out of a Flint by Pirodes. Prometheus taught first to keep it in Matches. Pliny writes how the spyes in Armies and Camps, or else the Shepards devised Fire by rubbing of two pieces of Wood toge∣ther. Laurel and Ivy are best for that use. Bellows were found by Anachar∣sis, as Strabo writes. Candles the Aegyptians invented. Fire and Water were given for Signes of the chastity of the Maids of Rome and Greece, be∣fore they came to Bed to their Hus∣bands, which Elements as they have the power to purifie and cleanse, sig∣nifi'd thereby that they should be chast and honest of their Bodies.

Minerals, or the manner and rites of Burials in several Countreys, were of sundry and various Fashions: as the Massegetes and Derbians, judged them that dyed in Sickness to have been ve∣ry wretches; and therefore when their Parents and Kindred were Aged, they strangled them and Eat them, supposing that it was better that they should devour them than the Wormes in the Earth. The Alban's that dwelt by the Mount Caucasus, took it for a mortal crime, once to name those that were departed. The Thracians kept solemnly the Funerals of the Dead Corps of men, with great joy and so∣lace, for that they were discharged by Death from humane miseries, and rest in eternal Felicity; and contrariwise at the Birth of their Children they ex∣pressed great sorrow and lamentation, because of the calamities that they must sustain in this miserable Life. The Women in Judia, take it for a great honour and triumph to be Buried with their Husbands, which priviledge is granted to her that loves him best. There are other divers manners of Bu∣rying

amongst the Pagans and Hea∣thens, which forasmuch as they exceed the bounds of humanity, and have in them no hope of a Resurrection, I shall here omit. The Romans, because the Dead Corps that were killed in Bat∣tel, were after their buryal digged out of the ground; instituted the manner of burning the carcasses of men depart∣ed; which rite was Executed on Sylla, chief of all the House and Kindred of the Cornelians, who feared least he should be served as he had used Mari∣us. They had also in Rome a manner of defying or hollowing of their Emper∣ours bodies, after this manner: when the Emperour was dead, and his body reverently buried, with great exequies, they Formed an Image of the Emper∣our, pale, as though he was sick, and layed it at the Gate of the Pallace, in a bed of Ivory; and the Physicians re∣sorted thither to the bed six days con∣tinually: the Lords ef the Senate, and Noble Ladies and Matrons standing on every side of the bed. The seventh day the young Lords and Nobility, bare him on their Shoulders in the bed,

first into the old place of Judgments, called Forum Vetus, and then into the Field, called Campus Martius, where they chose their Magistrates and high Officers, where they layed him in a Tent built for the same purpose, like a Tower, and filled it with dry Wood and sweet Oyntments, and after they had finished the Rites and Ceremonies of their Law, he that should succeed in the Empire, put a Fire-brand to the Tent, and then others did the like. And after all was burned they let fly an Eagle out of the top of the Turret, which, as they supposed carried the Soul of the Emperour to Heaven, and from thenceforth they honoured him as a God. Commendations to the ho∣nour of the dead bodies at Funerals, Valerius Publicolia first made in praise of Brutus, and that was long before the Greeks had any, notwithstanding Gelli∣us writeth that Solon ordained that Law in Athens, in the time of Tarquivius Priscus. The Romans used to praise the Women at their Burials, because they were once contented to give their Golden Jewels to make a Boule to send

to Delphus, to the God Appollo. Hora∣tius the Poet and Servius write, that the Romans used customably after a Bu∣rial, to renew the Sacrifices and Solemn Rites of the Funeral, which they named in Latine, Novem Diales. The Massilians in France passed and spent the day of their Burials, with private Oblations and Feastings of their Kindred, without any manner of Lamentation or Sorrow. In Burials the old Rite was, that the dead Corps was bourn before, and the People fol∣lowed after, as one should say, we must all dye, and follow after him, as their last words to the course did express. For they used to say, when it was Buri∣ed, these words, Farewell, we shall come after thee: and of the following of the multitude, they were called Exsequies. Although used at Kings and Noble-mens Funerals, to go before with Ta∣pers and Torches, which custome we keep still.

G

GRACE, or the Hollowing of the Table and Meat is derived and was begun from the imitation of our Savi∣our Christ, when he used the same way of sanctifiing of the five Loaves in the Wil∣derness, and at Emaus also, where he did consecrate the Table in the presence of his Disciples: So was likewise he form of saying Grace after Supper, taken from that custome which Christ com∣monly kept at his Suppers. The man∣ner to Read a part of the Bible before or after Dinner time or Supper, hath also been of a long continuance, and did prooceed from the Godly Doctrine that Christ instructed his Disciples in, at all times, but chiefly at his last Sup∣per, wherein he Treated of the Mi∣steries of our Religion. From whence our Fathers, to keep in memory such a wholesome institution, did intro∣duce

this manner of Reading the Scrip∣ture before or after Meat.

God-fathers and God-mothers were ordained by Iginius Bishop of Rome, for to be witnesses of the Sacra∣ment of Baptisme that it was recei∣ved.

Dood and bad Angels, according to the Ancient received opinion, are not only to every man, but also to every singular place and Family, were allotted two Angels, by some called the Bonus vel malus Genius; whereof the one went about to endamage Mor∣tals, the other with all its endeavour, studied to do them good. These are said to invade particularly every Fa∣mily, to convey themselves into hu∣mane Bodies, to imbezell and destroy their Health, to procure Diseases, to illude their Hearts with Pannical and Phantastical Visions and horrid Dreams.

Grammar, next the invention of Letters ordinarily succeeds, both be∣cause it is the Foundation and Ground whereon all other Sciences rest, and for as much as it taketh the name of

Letters; for Gramma in Greek signi∣fieth a Letter in English. Grammar is an Art that doth consist in Speaking and Writing without Fault or Errour, so that every Word have his due Let∣ters, and as Quintilian determineth, is devided into two parts, the way to speak congruously, and declairing of Poets; as Tully writeth, there is re∣quired in a Grammarian the dedication of Poets, the knowledge of Histories, the exposition of Words, and a cer∣tain utterance of Pronounciaiton. Grammar took its beginning from marking and observing what was most fit and unfit in communication, which thing men counterfeiting in their speech, from thence this Art took its Rise, even as Rhetorick was percei∣ved; For it is the duty both of the Grammarians and Orators to have a re∣gard and respect how to speak. Her∣mipus saith that Epicurus first taught the Art of Grammar, and Plato espyed and perceived first the commodity and pro∣fit of it. In Rome it was nothing esteemed till one Crates Malotes was sent by King Attalus to teach it be∣tween

the second and third Battels of the Punicks, a little before the death of Eunius the Poet. It is of all other Sciences the most useful, for it shew∣eth a way to attain all the rest of the liberal Sciences. Neither can any man come to attain to any eacellency in any Art, unless he have first his principles of Grammer, perfectly known, well digested and throughly perceived. Therefore in old time Grammarians were called Judges and allowers of all other writers, and for that cause they were called Critici. In this Art excellent Didymus, and Anto∣nius Enipho, unto whose School Mar∣cus Cicero resorted divers times after his affaires in the Law were ended: Nigidius, Figulus, Marcus Varro, Mar∣cus Valerius Probus, and the arrogant Palemon, with many others of the Greeks, of which Aristarchus, Aristotle, and Theodoces were the chief.

Greek old Letters, were the same that the Romans use now, as Pliny con∣jectureth by a certain Brass table that came from Delphos, which was dedica∣ted and hanged up in a Library in the

Temple of Minerua at Rome in his time. They were brought into Italy by Evan∣der, and the Arcadians which came in∣to Italy to Inhabit there; of the Gre∣cians Xenophon, Thucidedes,, Herodotus, Theopompus, flourished most in writing Histories.

Guns, which of all other Instru∣ments of War have been most destruct∣ive to Man-kind, were invented by a certain Almain, whose name is not known, he found them out after this manner: it chanced that he had in a Morter, powder of Brimstone that he had beaten for a Medicine, and cover∣ed it with a stone, and as he struck Fire, it Fortuned that a spark fell in∣to the powder: suddenly there arose a great flame out of the Morter, and lifted up the stone wherewith it was covered, a great height: which he perceiving, he made a Pipe of Iron, and tempered the Powder, and so finish∣ed this deadly Devilish Engine, and taught the Venetians the use of it, when they Warred at Candius Dyke against the Genvates, which was in the year of our Lord 1380. For this invention

he received this benifit, that his Name was never known, least he might for this Abominable device, have been evil spoken off and cursed, whilst the World lasts.

Geometry the Aegyptians gloried to have first invented. This Art con∣taineth the description of Lengths, Breadths, Shapes and Quantities. In this knowledge Strabo excelled, in the time of Tiberius and Ptolomie. In the time of Trajan and Antoninas Measures and Weights were found out by Sydo∣nius, about that time Procus Reigned in Alba, Aza in Israel, and Jeroboam in Jerusalem.

Games, the Principal of them a∣mongst the Greeks were the Olym∣piads, which were kept every fifth year in the Mount Olympus, and in∣stituted by Hercules in the honour of Jupiter. In this Game Corylus an Arcadian won the first prize; though others say Herculus was the first that won it: there was Wrastling, Run∣ning with Horses, and on Foot, Jour∣nying, Leaping, Coursing with Cha∣riots, the contention of Poets, Rheto∣ricians,

disputations of Phylosophers. The manner was there to proclaim Wars, and enter Leagues of Peace; the reward of the Victor was a Gar∣land of Olives. The second Shews were those called Pythia, which were in honour of Apollo, in memorial of his vanquishing of the great Dragon Pytho, that was sent by Juno to perse∣cute his Mother Latona. The third Game was the Isthiny, devised by The∣seus in the worship of his Father Nep∣tune, environed with a dark Wood of Birch Trees, they that won the Victo∣ry had a Garland of Pine Tree. The fourth was the Nemei, named of the Forrest of Nemea: This Feast those of Argos kept solemnly in reverence of Hercules that slew the mighty Lyon, whose Skin he wore for a Coat of Ar∣mour. Pyrrhus Dance, was a Dance that the Lacedemonians practised with Youth, as soon as they came to be five years of Age, as a prepairation to greater affairs in War. It was first instituted in Creet by one of the Sybills Priests; they Danced in Armour, and with Weapons on Horse-back. Na∣ked

Games were invented by Lycaon. Funeral Playes by Acastus, Wrestling by Merany, Dice, Tables, Tennis, and Cards were found out by the Lidi∣ans, a people in Asia, and began nei∣ther for Gain nor Pleasure, but for the good of the Common-wealth. For there being a very great Dearth and want of Provision in the Countrey, so that the people having not enough to supply their necessities, were forced one day to take their Meat moderately, and another day by course they apply∣ed themselves to such sports, to drive away the tediousness of the Famine Chesse was invented in the year 3635, by a certain wise Man named Xerxes, to shew to a Tyrant that Majesty and Authority without strength and assi∣stance, without the help of Men and Subjects, was casuall to many cala∣mities. There is a Game also that is play'd with the Postem-bone of the hinder Foot of a Sheep, Goat, Fal∣low or a Red Dear, it hath four chances, the Ace-point, and he that cast that, laid down a Penny, or as much as was concluded by the Game∣sters,

the other side was called Vetus, and he that threw it won Six, or as much as was laid down before; the other two sides were called Chius and Senio, he that threw Chius was three, and he that threw Senior was four. Some ascribe the finding out of Cards and Chessa to Palamades.

H

HERBS, doubtless Nature, the Mother and Governess of all things (as saith a Learned Author) did produce Herbs, as may appear by many examples, partly for the de∣lection, and partly for the health and preservations of Men's Bodies. Axan∣thus an Histiographer (as Pliny re∣cordeth, writes how a Dragon revi∣ved his young Faun that was slain, by vertue of an Herb called Balin: and the Hechewall tis reported of her, if a Wedge be driven into the hole of her Nest, (for she maketh her Nest in the hollow or hole of a Tree, that she worketh with her Beake, till she makes it fall out, with an Herb that she get∣eth for that purpose: & tis not to be dis∣puted but that some of the Indians at this day, live only by Herbs. Appia∣nus writeth that the Parthians, which

Anthony put to flight, constrained by extream Famine; they chanced to eat a certain Herb, whose nature was to make them that eat it to forget all other things, and only to dig up stones, as if they would do some great matters; but after some extream La∣bour they dyed. Though we acknow∣ledge an inexpressible virtue to be in Herbs: not to discourse further of such strange or wonderful stories, we shall only express that most Authors agree that Chyron Son to Saturnus, was the first inventer of such Medicines, as were made with Herbs.

The Hebrew Letters which are now in use, according to St. Hierom's opinion, were invented and devised by Esdras: For before that time the He∣brews and the Samant's used all one Characters.

The Harp, It is said to have been found by Mercury; who as he walked by the River Nylus, after an Ebb, he found a Tortoise all withered, and no∣thing remaining but the Sinnews; which as he fortuned to strike on them, made a certain sound: after the

form of which, he fashioned a Harp, and according to the three times of the years, Summer, Winter, and Spring, he put to it three strings, a Treble, a Base, and a Mean. This Instrument he gave to Appollo, and Appollo deli∣vered it to Orpheus: some think Am∣phion found it. I find that the Harp hath seven strings, to resemble the seven Daughters of Atlas; whereof Mara, Mercury his Mother, was one. And then after that, were the other two added to represent the nine Muses. Some referr the Original of the Harp and Pipe to Appollo, for his Image in Delos (as they write) had in the right Hand a Bow, & in the left the Goddess∣es of Favour, whereof one had a Harp, another a Shalume, the third a Pipe.

Husbandry was invented amongst the Aegyptians by Dionysias, amongst the Greeks by Triptolemus, In Italy by Saturn, though Virgil will have Ceres to be the first inventer of it; Pilulnus taught them to Bake and Grind, Triptolemus and Briges the Athenian, were the inventers of the Plough; and Dionisius was the first that Yoaked Oxen to draw it. Instru∣ments

of Husbandry were first invent∣ed by Ceres. Wine was found out by Dionisius, for he is said first to perceive the Nature of the Wine, and that he taught men how to make use of it, and to press the Wine out of the Grape. Others say that Icarius the Father of Penelope found it out first in Athens, who was afterwards slain by the Husbandmen when they were Drunk. Dencalion first found out the Wine above Mount Aeina in Sicilic. Aruntus a Tyrant being Banished out of his Countrey by Lucimon, whom he had bred up of a Child, carried Wine first into France. Wine Taverns were first set up by the Lydians, a People of Asia. Stophilus was the first that in∣formed men to mingle Wine with Wa∣ter: Ale is said also to have been in∣vented by Bacchus, who taught it to the Northern Nations, to supply the want of Wine. In Greece Pallas found out the Olive, and the way of making Oyl. Aristeus gathered the Curds of Milk, and made Cheese: he found out the way also of making Honey. Cher∣ry Trees were brought out of Pontus

by Lucullus, the year of the City 680 Zizipha and Tuberes, two kinds of Ap∣ple Trees St. Papinins conveyed out of Syria and Affrick, into Italy in the time of Augustus.

Histories of all other writings, are the most commendable, because they inform all sorts of People, with nota∣ble examples of living, and do excite those that are Noble to pursue such he∣roical enterprises, as they read to have been done by their Ancestors; and al∣so they do discourage and Lame wicked Persons from attempting any hainous deeds or crime, knowing, that such acts shall be registred in perpetual me∣mory, to the honour or infamy of the doers, according to the desert or unde∣sert of their endeavours. Pliny says that Cadmus Milesius first writ Histo∣ries amongst the Grecians, which con∣tain the Actions of Cyrus King of Persia. Albeit Josephus supposeth it to be pro∣bable, that Histories were begun by the old writers of the Hebrews; as in the time of Moses, who wrote the Lives of many of the most ancient He∣brews, and the Creation of the World:

or else to the Priests of Aegypt and Ba∣bylon; For the Aegyptians and Babylo∣nians have been reputed of a long con∣tinuance the most diligent writers; in so much that their Priests were ap∣pointed for that purpose, to preserve things that were worthy to be had in memory.

Hunting and Fishing, the Phene∣cians first found out. Warrens and Parks were made first by Fulvius Hir∣pinus, and now they are every where in use, I am sure too much in England, to the so great damage of Pastures, that might Feed other Cattle, more benifi∣cial to the Common-wealth.

I

IRON and BRAS (as Strabo writes) a certain People named Thelchines first wrought on. The Smiths Forge some think the Calybians found, and some suppose they were the Cyclops Vul∣cans Smugs, which first used the Smiths craft. Diodorus is of opinion, that the Iclei Dactyli and Vulcan were the first inventers of Iron, and of all Met∣talls that are wrought with the Fire. Sothering of Iron Glancus found. But as I take it, that all these before nam∣ed, sound the use of such things in their own Countries. For tis not to be questioned but that the use of all such Mettalls was perceived in the begin∣ning of the World by Tubal-cain which was Son to Lamech, expert and exer∣cised in the Smiths craft. Clement re∣ferreth the tempering of Iron to Delas.

The institution of the Anoint∣ing of Kings and Priests, was to signify, that they were especially fa∣voured of God, and like as Oyl lyeth aloft in the Water, or other Liquor, so the Office of a Priest, and Dignity of a Prince, surmounts all other degrees of Ministers, both in the active and al∣so contemplative life. When Moses had builded the Tabernacle, he was commanded to make a confection of holy Oyntment, wherewith both the work and vessels of Priests, and also of Kings, which were called to that Office or Dignity, ought to be Anoint∣ed: so that it came to pass, that the Anointing was the very token and difference, whereby Kings were known amongst the Hebrews, as the Emper∣ours in Rome were known by their Pur∣ple Robes. Aaron and his Sons were the first Anointed Priests; and Samuel Anointed Saul first King over Israel, and so consequently it grew into a custome that Priests and Kings were Anointed.

L

THe Law is a constant and perpe∣tual good thing, without which no House, no Citty, no Countrey, no Estates of Men, no Natural Creature, nor the World it self, can consist firm and stable: For it obeyeth God; and all other things, Aire, Water, Land, and Men, are in obedience to it. Chry∣sippus calleth it a knowledge of all Di∣vine and Humane Affairs, commanding equity, and expulsing wickedness and wrong. There are of Laws three kinds: one Natural, that is not only appropriated to man, but also it concerneth all other living things either in the Earth, Sea, or Aire; as we perceive in all kinds of living Creatures, naturally a certain familiarity of Male and Female, pro∣creation of Kind, and a proclinity to

nourish the same; the which proceed∣eth from a Natural Law engrafted in them: Nature her self, that is God was the Author of this. The second is Named the Law which all men use generally throughout the World; as to shew a man the way, to communi∣cate to men the commodity of the Ele∣ments, Water and Aire; to this kind appertaineth the Law of Armes; and it is called in Latine Ius Gentium-Civil Law is of every Country or Cit∣ty, as of the Romans, Lacedemonians, Athenians, &c. This consisteth in de∣crees of Princes, Statutes, and Procla∣mations. The chief and principal Laws were promulgate by God, con∣firmed after the most pure and perfect manner, stable, constant, and subject to no transmutation. After the exam∣ple of these, Man hath invented Laws to defend and preserve good men, and to punish and keep wicked Persons in good Order. Such Laws Ceres made first, as Diodonus writes: but others suppose it to be Rhadamantus; and af∣terwards others in divers Countreys devised and ordained Laws: as in

Athens, Draco and Solon, in Aegypt Mer∣cury, in Creet Minos, in Lacedemonia curgus, in Tyre Tharandus, in Argos Pho∣roneus, in Rome Romulus, in Iltaly Pythago∣ras; or after the mind of Dionisius, the Arcadians that were under Evander as their Soveraign Lord and chief Cap∣tain. Notwithstanding the very true Author of Laws is God, which (as hath been said) first planted in us the Law of Nature; and when it was cor∣rupted by Adam and his posterity, he gave the Written Law by Moses to re∣duce us again to our first state and true instinct of Nature, which was before all other, as Eusebius declaireth.

Lotts, the casting of them Nume∣rius Suffusius devised first at Preneste.

Looking-Glasses of Silver were invented by Praxiteles, in the time of Pompey the Great: there were also in∣vented Looking-Glasses of Steel, Lead, Christal-Glass, which one Sydon is re∣ported to have been the first inventer of. Glass was found out in Phenicia, being ingendered in the River which is called Belus; and it happened on this occasion: A Merchants Ship being

fraighted with Salt-peter, came to that place, and as they were prepair∣ing their Meat on the Sands, they could not find Stones to bear up their Vessels, so that they were fain to lay great pieces of Nitre under them, which being set on Fire, and mingling with the Sand, there appeared great flakes of melted Glass.

Lamps and Hanging Lights began of the Candles, that Moses set up to burn in the Tabernacle.

Laws of Mourning, of Obit's, Funeral Exequies that are performed over dead Bodyes, were the instituti∣on of Polugius, although Isidore ascri∣beth the Original of it to the Apostles, and he himself did augment the Rites, that we use at this time. Ambrose sup∣poseth that Mourning proceeded from the Custom of the Hebrews which La∣mented Jacob Forty days, and Moses the space of Thirty days, for that time was but counted sufficient for the Wife to weep in. It was also the custom of the antient Romans to mourn. For Numa Pompilius assigned Oblati∣ons to the Infernal Gods for the dead,

and did inhibite that a Child under the age of three years should be bewailed, and that the elder sort should be mourned no more months then he had lived, if any were married within that space again it was counted for a great reproach: Wherefore Numa ordained that such as left of Mourning before the day limited should offer a Cow that was great with calf for ex∣piation. If that Rite were used now adayes, and namely in England, we should have small store of Veals, there be so many that Marry within the space of time prescribed. Plutarch writeth that the Women in their Mourning laid aside all Purple, Gold, and Sumptuous or rich Apparral, and were cloathed both they and their kin∣dred in White Apparrel, like as at that time the dead body was wrapped in White cloaths. The white colour was thought fittest for the dead, be∣cause it is Clear, Pure, Sincere, and least defiled, and when the time of their weeping was expired, they put on other Vestures. Of this Ceremony (as I take it) the French Queens tool

occasion, after the death of their Hus∣bands the Kings to wear only white cloathing, and when there was any such Widdow, she was commonly call∣ed the White Queen. The Jews en∣ded their Mourning after Thirty days. The Englishmen use altogether Black, which they use for the most part to wear a whole year, unless it be because of a general Triumph of a New Ma∣gistrate, or when they are towards Marriage. The Manner of washing the bodyes of the dead especially of the Nobler sort and the an∣nointing of them, was received from our Ancesters which used to wash the bodyes of the dead, and it was the Office of them which were neerest of the Kindred, to do it.

Lead was brought by Miducritus out of the Islands against Spain, called, Cussitrides, as Strabo writes.

Letting of Blood was Learned of the Water-horse in Nylus: For when he was weak and distempered, he used to seek by the River side for the sharpest stalks of Reeds, against which he stroke a Veign of his Leg, with

great violence and so eased his Body by that means of the corrupt and fu∣perfluous blood: and when he had so done he covered the wound with the Mud.

Linnen or Flax, as Pliny Writs; was invented by the beautiful Lady Arachne of Lydia, she taught also the way of Knitting Nets to take Beasts, Fish and Fouls. Minerva instructed the People of Athens in spinning and weaving of Wool: but in one place Pliny seemeth to ascribe the Art of Weaving to the Aegyptians.

Labyrinths, which we may call Mazes were certain intricate and winding Works, with many entries and doors, in such a manner, that if a Man were once entered, he could not sind the way out, except he had a perfect guide, or else a clew of thread to be his conduct. There were four of them most notable, as it is report∣ed: The first was in Aegypt, and was called of some the Pallace of the King Motherudes, of some the Se∣pulcher of Mexes: but there are others

that say, it was builded in honour of the Sun, by King Petesucus, or Te∣thoes: Herodotus will have it, that it was the common Tomb of the Kings of Aegypt; this stood a little from the Pool of Mirios. The Second was made in Crete, by Daedalus, at the Commandment of King Minos where∣in Theseus of Athens slew the Mino∣taure. The Third was wrought in the Isle of Lemnos by Smilus Rhodus, and Theodorus, Carpenters of the same Countrey. The Fourth Porsena, King of the Hetrucians; caused to be made and set up in Italy for his Sepulcher, It was all of Free Stone and Vaulted.

Letters, concerning the first in∣ventors of them; Authors are at some variance, Diodorus saith they were found by Mercury in Aegypt, others say one Menon an Aegyptian devised them. Instead of Letters the Aegypti∣ans used to declaire and signifie the in∣tents and conceits of their minds by the Figures of Beasts, Fishes, Fowls, and Trees. Pliny saith that he thought that the Assirians excogitated the Let∣ters which Cadmus brought out of Phe∣nicia

into Greece, which were but six∣teen in number. A b c d e g i l m n o p r s t u. To these Palumedes in the Bat∣tell of Troy added four more. Aristotle saith that there were 18. Hermolaus is supposed to have added the Letter y. Herodotus writeth how that the Pheni∣cians that came with Cadmus to inhabit Thebes, brought Letters into Greece, which were never seen there before. Some will have the Aethiopians to have invented them, and then to have taught them to the Aegyptians, that were one of their Provinces. But Eumolphus writes very wisely, that the Original of Letters were from Moses, who was long before Cadmus dayes, that he taught the Jews Letters, & that thence the Phenicians received them, and the Greeks Leared of them, which thing is conformable to Pliny's opini∣on: For Jury is a part of Syria, and the Jews were Syrians. Nevertheless I have it from Josephus, that writing was before Noahs Flood, for the Sons of Seth (as we have expressed) wrote in two Pillars, one of Brick and ano∣ther of Stone, the Science of Astrono∣my;

whereof that of Stone in the time of Josephus remained in Syria. Philo ascribeth the inventions of them to Abraham. Numbers were used to be written with these seven Letters, C. I. D. L. M. U. X, or with these Fi∣gures, 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. which because they are so Familiarly used, we shall not need further to declaire. Letters were first brought into Italy by Evander, and the Arcadians which came into Italy to Inhabit there, as Ovid writes in his Book de Fastis, the Hetrurians also had a form of Letters by themselves, wherein the Youth of Rome were instructed, as well as in the Greek Letters, which one Demeratus a Corinthian taught the Hetrucians. And like as the Grecians had enlarged the number of their Letters, so the Italians following their example, put to theirs, f. k. q. x. y. z. h. which h. is no Letter, but a sign of aspiration: f. they received of the Aeolians, which both amongst the Romans and Aeolians had the same sound and pronounciation, that p. with an inspiration hath, which we use in writing Greek words;

And afterward Claudius Caesar as Quin∣tilian writeth, appointed that it should be taken in the place of u. Consonant, as fulgus for vulgus, fixet for vixit; and even so our English men use to speak in Essex, for they say Finegar for Vinegar, Feal for Veal, and con∣trariwise, a Vox for a Fox, Vour for Four: and in process of time it was used for ph. in Latine words k. was borrowed of the Greeks, but any eminent Author seldome useth it in writing Latine. q. was added because it hath a grosser sound then c. The Letter x. we had also out of Greece (although as Quintillian judgeth) we might well forbear it, forasmuch as that they either used for it c s. or g s. Likewise y. and z. were sent from the Grecians, and are used of us only to write Greek words. In Letters are contained the Treasure of Knowledge, by them the most notable things are preserved in fresh remembrance.

Libraries, which are the Monu∣ments of ingenuous Wits consist in Books, which were first published in Greece. Gellius saith it was Pisistratus

that made the first Book, and exhibited it to be read openly. Josephus will have it otherwise, that the Hebrews and Priests of Chaldee set forth the first Books. The Athenians multiplyed the number of them, which Xerxes carried from thence into Persia, and Seleveus King of Macedonia caused them many years after to be conveighed again to Athens. After that Ptolomeus King of Aegypt collected 700000 Books, which were all burnt at the Battell of Alexan∣dria. Nevertheless S••rabo recordeth that Aristotle did institute the first Li∣brary, and left it to Theophrastus his Disciple, and taught the Kings of Aegypt how they should order their Library: Theophrastus left it to Mo∣lus, and of him Scepsis received it. There was also a very ancient Library at Pergamus. In Rome Afinius Pollio had the first Library, which Employ∣ed the great Wits in study, to the am∣ple furtherance and commodity of that Common-wealth. At this time the World flourisheth with Libraries to introduce ingenuous Persons to a more suddain perfection.

Legends of Saints, were made in the year of our Lord 800. by Paulus Dia∣conius & Isuardus a Monk, at the desire of Charles the great. And for as much as the Persecutions were so great, that in the time of Dioclesian the Emperour, there were put to death 1700 Christi∣ans, within thirty days space they could not particularly write all their Lives, but made general Legends of Martyrs, Confessours, Virgins; which the Fathers commanded to be read in the Church on such Saints days.

M

MONEY was first Coined in Rome, 547 years after the Citty was Built, the first Coin was named a Ducat. Phedon began Silver Coin in the Isle of Aegina, which was Minted in Rome 454 after the Citty was Built, the print of it being a Charriot with two Horses. Janus caused Base Coin to be made, with a Face to the one side, and a Ship on the other, that he might gratifie Saturne who arrived there in a Ship by perpetuating his me∣mory to posterity. Serius Tullius Coin∣ed Brass with the Image of a Sheep and an Oxe.

Marriage or Matrimony, Anti∣quity reports that Cecrops King of Athens first ordained, and therefore the Poets feigned him to have two Fa∣ces. Notwithstanding the customes of

Marriage were not alike in all Coun∣treys, nor kept after the same man∣ner. For amongst the Indians, Numi∣dians, Aegyptians, Hebrews, Persians, Parthians, and almost all the Barbari∣ans, every one Married according to the substance or riches which they enioyed. The Seythians, Scots, and Athenians, at first used the Women in common publickly like Beasts: the Massagers Married their Wives, but they also used them in common. Amongst the Arabians, it was the custome that all the Kinsmen should have but one Wife, and he that came to meddle with her, should set his Staffe at the Door. The Assyrians and Babilonians bought their Wives in the Market for a price, which custome still remains amongst the Arabians and Saracens. The Na∣zomons when they are first Married, use to suffer their Wives to be Layne withall the first Night by all their Guests, and after that, keep them en∣tire to themselves. There were a certain People of Affrick that were wont to offer such Maids that were to be Married to the King of their Reli∣gion,

to deflowre such as he pleased. It was also the custome amongst the Scots, that the Lord of the Manner was to Lye with the Bride the first Night, which custome remained till it was abolished by Malcolme the third. Marriage amongst the Romans was kept inviolable till divorcement began. The Rites of Marriage were various in Rome; and the manner was that two Children should Lead the Bride, and a third bear before her a Torch of White-Thorn in honour of Ceres, which custome was also observed here in England, saving that in place of the Torch, there was carried before the Bride a Bason of Gold or Silver; a Garland also of Corn Eares was set up∣on her Head, or else she bare it on her Hand; or if that were omitted, Wheat was scattered over her Head in Token af Fruitfulness; also before she came to Bed to her Husband, Fire and Water were given her, which having power to purifie and clease, signifyed that thereby she should be chast and pure in her Body. Neither was she to step over the Threshold, but was to be

bourn over, to signifie that she lost her Virginity unwillingly, with many o∣ther superstitious Ceremonies, which are too long to rehearse. Marriage began first in Paradise, where God joyned Adam and Eve together, before they knew Sin, that by the congression and company of these two Sexes and Kinds, their issue might be enlarged to replenish the World.

Mahomets Sect, questionless is one of the most Diabolical of all o∣ther, as well for the filthiness of all unlawful Lusts, as also for other out∣ragious naughtiness that it is so strangely possessed with, to the great mischief of Christendome, and en∣crease of their own infidelity. Of this most superstitious Sect, Mahomet, Born in Arabia, or as some report in Persia was the Author: his Father was a Heathen Idolater, and his Mother an Ismaelite, which caused her to have the more insight into the Law of the He∣brews. This wicked Plant brought up and fostered under his Parents, and instructed like a Mungrell in either of their Laws, became expert, being of

a quick and ready Wit: after the Death of his Father and Mother, he was a Servant to one Abdemona∣ples, an Ismaelite, who put him in trust with his Merchandise, and other Af∣faires; and after his death, he Married his Mistress. There he fell into acquaintance with the Monk Sergius an heretick of Nestorius Sect that fled from Byzance into Arabia and by his Council and advice this Mahomet about the year of our Lord 520; and the twelfth year of the raign of the Emperour Heraclius, began in Arabia to found a new Sect, and by Seditious Sermons seduced many peo∣ple in several Countries. He conquer∣ed through the assistance of the Ara∣bians divers lands and subdued them as Tributaries, and compelled them to live after the Tradition of his Laws, that he gathered out of the New and Old Testamants, and di∣vers Herisies of the Nicoluits, Ma∣niches, and Subelians: He died in the 40 th year of his age, his body was carried by the Saracens into a City of Persia called Mecha, and put into a

Coffin of Iron which through the at∣traction of a Load-stone (to those that know not the Sympathy of Nature) makes it to seem as if it hung mira∣culously. This Sect encreaseth more and more. partly through the discord of Christian Princes; and by reason of our greivious sins, which hath caused us Christians to feel the heavy hand of God upon us.

Musick by the Testimony of the An∣cients is of great Antiquity for Orpheus and Linus being both of the Linnage of the Gods, were both of them incom∣parable Musicions. The Invention of Musick some do ascribe to Amphion the Son of Jupiter by Antiope, others do ascribe the finding of it to Dionisius; others say that it was first brought out of Creete, and being perceived by the ringing and shrill sound of Brass, was brought at last to Number and Mea∣sure, others ascribe it to the Arcadians; but it is most generally affirmed that Mercury found out the Notes and Con∣cords of singing. He also as we have already mentioned was the first that in∣vented the Harp. Shalms were at the

first made of Cranes-legs afterwards of a great Reed. Dardanus Tezenius used first to play on them, Pan found out the Pipe of small Reed, to delight and please his Mistress, Syrinx Timarias was the first that playd on the Harp and Lute with Ditties; and Amphion was the first that sung to the Lute. The Troglodites, a People of Aethiopia, were the first that found out the Dul∣cimer. Pises, a Tyrrhen, or Tuscan found out the brazen Trumpet, and the Tus∣cans were the first that used it in War. Others say that it was Dyrcaeus an A∣thenian, who taught it the Lacedemo∣nians, who maintaining a long War against the Messenians, had this answer from the Oracle of Appollo, that if they would win the field, they must have a Captain of Athens. The Athenians in despight sent them Dyrcaeus; a lame fellow, with one eye, who notwith∣standing did receive him and made use of his Counsel, who taught them to play on Trumpets, which were so dreadful to the Messenians, because of the strangness of the noise, that they fled, and so the Lacedemonians be∣came

immediately Victorious. The Ar∣cadians were the first that brought Mu∣sical Instruments into Italy; and some do write that the Lacedemonians in War did use Clarions, Shalms Re∣becks, to the intent, that when they were ready to sight, they might be kept in better order. Halyalies King of the Lydians, had in the battell a∣gainst the Milesians, Pipers and Fid∣lers playing together; the Cretians when they went to War had Lutes go∣ing before them to Moderate their pace.

Magick took its beginning from Phisick, and was the invention of Zoroastes King of the Bacthrians, who raigned eight hundred years after the Seige of Troy, The same time that Abraham and Ninus raigned, about three Thousand one Hundred Four∣score and five Years, after the Crea∣tion of the World. Lactantius and Eusebius think it was set forth amongst other divelish Sciences, by the evil Spirits, and Pliny calleth it of all the Arts the most deceiptful. It is com∣pacted of Phisick, superstition, and

the Mathematical Arts. The Thessa∣lians were especially accused, with the frequent use of this practice, the first Writers of this Art were said to be Hosthunes, Pythagoras, Empedocles, Democritus, Plato, who with divers others Sailed into far Countries to learn it: Wherein Democritus was re∣ported to have been the most famous, three hundred years after the City was builded, in which time, Hippocrates published the Art of Phisick.

The Monks those of Olivet, sprung up as a Fruit of disorder, the same year that the variance was a∣mongst three Bishops, and were insti∣tuted by Barnardus Ptolomeus, the year of our Lord 1407. under Gregory the 12th: The faction of Grandimonsers, began by Steven of Anern, in Aquitane or Guyen, the year of our Lord 1076, under Alexander the Second, and had their Title of the Mountain where their Abbey stood. A little after the same time Robert Abbot of Molisme, in Cisterium a Forrest in Burgundy, did insinuate the order of Cistercians; though some ascribe it to one Ordingus

a Monk, that perswaded Robert to the same, about the year of our Lord 1098. under Urbane the Second; of this order was the great Clark St. Bernard. The other orders of them as also of the Hieronymians, Canons, White-Friers, Crouch-Friers, to mention them as they are so numerous, would be too tedious.

Martyrs, of them our Saviour Christ was the first Witness, and was incarnate, to be so for the Truth, he had for his Blessed and True Testimo∣ny, the envy of the Jews; insomuch, that they persecuted him to the vile Death of the Cross, for his most sacred re∣cord and report of the Truth; and they did no less persue the Apostles and Messengers of the Truth: For when they following the Example of their Master, did openly declare the word of Truth, and namely Peter did sorely rebuke the wickedness of the Jews, for putting to Death our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, the Author of Life, advertising of them to repent and amend. The Jews were so furious, that they Murthered Stephen, as the

Acts of the Apostles testifies, because he was a Fervent and Zealous Witness of the Truth. This Stephen did two years continually, after Christs Death, dispute with all the Learned men of Alexandria, Cyrene, Cilicia, and Asia, and by Heavenly Wisdome confound∣ed all their Worldly Reason and Hu∣mane Learning, for which they were so poisoned with Malice against him, that they violently Thrust him out of the Citty, and then cruelly stoned him to Death. Thus Stephen was the first open maintainer and defender of our Christian Religion. Afterwards St. Luke the Evangilist found such bitter and sharp persecutions did burst out against the Christians that were in Jerusalem, that they were enforced to stray a∣broad, and were scattered throughout all Jewry and Samaria, saving that the Apostles remained and Sojourned at Jerusalem. Notwithstanding this per∣secution was a great furtherance of the Gospel, by reason they ceased not, but Preached still the Word every where to the great advance, and aug∣mentation of the number of the Faith∣full.

Amongst the Heathen Nations Nero in the 13th year of his Reign, was the first that persecuted our Religion universally, and put St. Peter and St. Paul to Death, and conse∣quently many other Innocents were slain cruelly: For out of a Bloody mind he had, he could not spare his own Countrey; but either for dis∣pleasure of the ruinous Houses, which he was exasperated to behold, or else desirous to see a resemblance of the Burning of Troy, he set on fire the most part of the Citty of Rome, with so huge a flame, that it burnt six Days and six Nights continually, to the Im∣poverishing of many Thousands of the Cittizens. Then to mitigate that shamefull and abominable Crime, he forged false Witnesses, that the Chri∣stians were guilty of that Enormious Fact; and so, Thousands of Innocents for Religion were most cruelly put to Death for the Tyrants pleasure; and to obdurate and harden himself in mischief, he proclaimed an open Per∣secution against all that professed the Name of Christ. Not long after, Do∣mitian

in the 12th year of his Reign renewed another Persecution; he caused St. John to be put into a Vessel of burning Oyl, whereof he received no hurt. Trjan raised a third. The fourth Marcus Antonius. Lucius An∣relius Commodus stirred up. The fifth Persecution was under the Emperour Severus. Maximinius procured the sixth. Decius the seventh. The eighth Valerius. The ninth began under the Emperour Aurelianus. The tenth was by the Command of the Emperour Dioclesian and Maximianus Herculeus: this Persecution was far more cruell and general then any of the rest; in∣somuch, that Dioclesian in the occient, and Maximinian in the occident, de∣stroyed all the Churches, and torment∣ed the Christians with most horrid Cruelties. The Books of Scripture were Burned, Churches plucked down, Christian Magistrates that were in any Office were deposed, Souldiers were enforced to deny their Faith; or else to be deprived of their Estates, or loose their Lives. Neither were the three cruel Tyrants, Mezentius, Lici∣nus

and Maximinianus behind for their parts, but were as insatiate for Chri∣stian Blood. As concerning the Mar∣tyrdoms of the Twelve Apostles we shall relate as followeth. James the Son of Zebedee, called Major, for that he was chosen to be an Apostle, was sent to convert Spaine, from whence by reason of the Obstinacy of the People, he returned shortly to Preach in Judea, where through the Malice of a Jewish Bishop called Abiathar, he was accused and Beheaded by the consent of Herod Agrippa. His Body was conveyed by his Disciples first to Jerusalem, and from thence to Spaine, where it re∣maineth in Compostella, a Famous Pil∣grimage. James the Son of Alpheus, called Minor, for that he was last cho∣sen, he was Bishop of Jerusalem, and that for the space of Thirty years; and then as he was Preaching in the Temple, he was thrown down by the Pharises, and by them stoned to death; he was Buried by the Temple. Simon by our Saviour called Peter, through the indignation of Nero, because he was too hard for, and had overcome

Simon Magus Sorcerie, was Crucified with his Head downward. Saul, af∣ter his conversion called Paul, who, after that he had endured and escap∣ed many dangers and torments, as be∣ing Whipt with Rods, put in the Stocks by Philipus, Stoned in Lystra, delivered to wild Beasts in Ephesus, Bound and Beaten in Jerusalem: at last he came to Rome, where by the commandement of Nero, he was Be∣headed (for that he was a Roman Born) the same day that St. Pe∣ter was crucified. Philip after he had Preached throughout the whole Coutrey of Scythia, and converted a great part thereof, in the space of twenty years, was at last in the City of Hierapolis (when he had there ex∣tirped the Herisie of the Hebaeonites) fastned to the Cross, and put to a cruel death. Bartholomew went to Preach in India, and afterwards came to Al∣bania, a City of Armenia the greater, where he converted the King of that City, and destroyed the Idols. Where∣fore by the Commandment of Astiages Brother to King Polimeus, whom he

had converted, he was Flead alive. His Body was afterwards brought to Italy, and is, as some say at Rome. Andrew Simon Peters Brother went first to Preach in Achaia, and after∣wards in Scythia: but Lastly he was taken at Patras a City of Achaia; by Egeas, Pro-consul of that Province: Who because that he had Converted his Wife Maximilla, cast him in pri∣son, where he was most Tyrannically beaten, stretched out, and bound up∣on a slope Cross, to augment his Tor∣ment and so he dyed. Thomas Preach∣ed the Gospel to the Parthians, Medes, Persians, Hyrcanians, Bragmans, and converted a great part of India. He was by the Infidels thrown into a burn∣ing Furnace, and is said to have come out unhurt. Finally, because he pray∣ed to God to destroy the Idol of the Sun, which the Infidels would have compelled him to Worship, he was by them thrust through with Spears and Swords. Matthew after he had Preached much in Judea, he went in∣to Aetheopia, and there converted the greatest part of the Countrey. As

he had newly ended his Prayers and was lifting up his hands to Heaven by the Alter, by the Appointment of the King of that Countrey, certain Villains came behind him, and run him through with their Swords. Ju∣das called Thaddeus after the Ascenti∣on of our Lord, was sent by Thomas to heal Albagar King of Edissa: Af∣terwards. he Preached in Pontus, and Mesopotamia, and converted many cru∣el and barbarous People. Lastly he came to Persia where for confound∣ing of their Idols, he was suddenly run upon, and murdered by the Pa∣gan Bishops of that Countrey. He was buried at Netre a City of Armenia. Simon, called Chananeus, Brother to Thaddeus, and James the less; after he had Preached in Aegypt, return∣ed to Jerusalem: Whereof by the consent of the Apostles, he was made Bishop after the death of his Brother James. As touching his Martyrdome some say, that he suffered with his Brother Judas Thaddeus in Persia, o∣thers that he was through the envy of the Hereticks, accused before the

Consul Atticus, and therefore Cruci∣fied as his Master was. Mathyas af∣ter the Ascension of our Blessed Lord and Saviour, was chosen by the A∣postles to supply the room of Judas; he was born at Bethlem, and was descended of the Tribe of Juda. He Preached for the most part in Judea, where at last he was falsly accused of his enemies for Perjury, and was therefore condemned to be stoned to death by two men: after which tor∣ment one cut him with a Hatchet, which finished his Martyrdome.

The Four Monarchies of the World, were in successive order as followeth, the First was of the Assi∣rians, by Ninus, about the year of the World, 2220. augmented by the Queen Semiramis, and afterwards it endured the Term of 1300 years, it was translated by Arbactus to the Medes: and there having endured 350 years, it was left by Astyages, and exterpated by Cyrus. The Se∣cond Monarchy was of the Persians, the year of the World, 3425 which after it had endured 191 years, was

lost by Daryus, and extirpated by Alexander the Great. The Third Monarchy was of the Grecians, found∣ed by Alexander the Great, in the year of the World 3634, and be∣fore Christ, 320 years, after whose death it was divided amongst the Prefects, which in his life time he had appointed in divers Countries: by which division Selenius King of Assyria, Ptolomeus King of Aegypt, Antigonus King of Asia, Cassander of Macedonia and Greece: all which Countries were after subdu••…••… by the Romans. The Fourth Monarchy or Empire was of the Romans, found∣ed by Julius Caesar, in the year of the World 3914, after the building of Rome 706 years, and before Christ 47 years. This Monarchy flourished about the space of 470 years, till that after the death of Theodosius the Great, it was divided by his two Sons into two Empires: Ar∣cadius was Emperour of Constanti∣nople, which Empire endured (though afterwards much diminished by the Invasions of Barbarous Nations) un∣till

the year of our Lord 1453, and then was quite lost by Constantine and, conquered by Mahomet the second Em∣perour of the Turks. Honorious was Emperour of Rome, which Empire shortly after, in the year of our Lord, five hundred seventy-five, and about the ninth Month of the Reign of Au∣gustus, was utterly ruinated by Othacar King of the Gothes. And long after in the year of our Lord 801, it was re∣stored by Charles the great, and by him united to the Crown of France, and by his successors Translated into Germony, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 here it yet remaineth as a shaddow only, or representation of the Majesty of the Ancient Roman Empire.

Measures and Wrights were found out by Sidonius (as Entropius writes) The same time that Procus Reigned in Albany, Ahaz in Judah, and Jeroboam in Hierusalem. Some write that Mercury devised them in Greece; Pliny ascribeth it to Phidon of Argos; Gellius to Palamades; Stra∣bo to one Phidon of Elis in Arcadie. Diogenes saith, that Pythagoras taught

the Greeks Weights and Measures, but Josephus affirms, that Cain first found them out.

Men Deified, were such as from whom had been attained any special or singular commodity or favour, to the furtherance or advantage of the com∣mon Livelyhoods of others, such were Builders of Citties, or Ladyes excelling for their Chastity, such as were puissiant in Armes, were more especially ho∣nour'd for Gods; as the Aegyptians had Isiis, the Assyrians Neptune, the Latines Faunus, the Romans Quirine, the Athens Pallas, the Delphians Appol∣lo, the Grecians Jupiter, the Assyrians Belus, and many Countreys had di∣vers other Gods; and some, which is a shame to speak, Worshipped Brute Beasts, and took them for Gods; by reason whereof the Greeians had the opinion, that the Gods had their beginning of men. And thus, when men withdrew their phantasies from Images, to the Spirits invisible, they were perswaded that there were many Gods, and of no lesser number than mortall men: not to

Discourse further of the Opinions of the Phylosophers which were various and dangerous to be mentioned. I shall only set down what Plato saith, that there is but one God, he writes that this World was Created by him; and that he was called God because he is so merciful and bestoweth his Blessings so freely on men, from whom they re∣ceive all things good and profitable; God himself being the principal Foun∣tain of all Goodness.

Men were first called Christians when Philip Converted and Baptised the Samaritans, and a certain Evunuch of Candaces, Queen of Aethiopia; this Evunuch Converted the Queen with her Family, and a great part of that Coun∣trey to the Faith of Christ. After∣wards in Antioch the Faithfull named themselves Christians.

Myrrh, which is an humour con∣gealed and constipated together with heat, is brought out of the Eastern parts, and chiefly out of Carmania: Pompeius in his Triumph over the Py∣rat's or Robbers of the Sea, brought it first into Rome.

N

NE-CROMANCY is said to be such a kind of Magick as is for the raising up of the Dead; as in Lu∣can one raised from Death, told the Adventures of the Battell of Pharsalia. Pyromancy is one part of it which pre∣dicted things by the Fire and Light∣ning; as Tenaquilla, the Wife of Tar∣quinius Priscus, prophesied that Servius Tullius should be King of Rome, because he saw the Fire environ his Head. The finding of this Pliny referreth to Amphiaraus. Hieromancy, that is a kind of prophecieing by the Aire, as by flying, feeding, singing of Birds, and strange Tempests of Wind and Haile. Hydromancy was a prophecy∣ing by Water, as Varro Write, ththat a Child did see in the Water the Im∣age

of Mercury; and in 150 Verses told all the success of War against Methridates King of Pontus. Geoman∣cy was a Divination, by opening of the Earth Chiromancy is a conjecture∣ing by beholding the lines and Wrink∣les of the hand, commonly called Pal∣usistry. The Sages or Wise Men of Per∣sia which in their Language were na∣med Magi, being strangely addicted to the honouring of their false Gods, were so extreamly foolish that they professed openly, that they could not only by the observation of the Stars know things to come, but also by the already mentioned pretended Arts, that they could bring to pass what they would, which illusions and false per∣swasions of theirs it becommeth all true Christians for to eschew and ab∣horre.

Naval Fights Minos made the first for Honour and Profit, Mer∣chandise being instituted to furnish Men with necessaries, by way of Exchange: but after Money was coined it was made use of more for pri∣vate Wealth. The Naval or Sea

Crown which was of Gold, was first set on his head which boarded his enemies Ship.

Nets were first said to have been invented by Arachne of Lydia, she taught the way of Knitting them to take Beasts, Birds, Fish and Fowl, she also Invented Flax, and Linnen as Pliny writes.

Noah made the first Altar. A∣braham, Isaac, and Jacob, did make their Offerings rather from their de∣votion, then from any Priestly Au∣thority.

Notaries, were appointed in Rome by Julius the first of that name, their Office was then to write the lives of Godly Martyrs and Confessors, to Register them for a perpetual exam∣ple of constant and vertuous living. Though, I am of Opinion that it was the Invention and de••ice of Cle∣ment, who Ordained seaven Notaries, to Inroll the notable Deeds of the Martyrs. And Antherius afterwards did more firmly rectifie them. But this now amongst other Offices is perverted to other worldly affaires.

Nuns, or the custome of Conse∣crating of Virgins, to make Vows of Chastity, was instituted by Pius the first, who also ordained that none should be made, before they were Twenty five years old; and that they might be Consecrated at no time but in the Epiphany or Twelfth-day, East∣er Even, and on the Feasts of the Apostles, unless it were when any professed, were in point of dying. And Sotherus caused that a Decree was made that no such prosessed should touch Cope or put Incence into the Censors the year of our Lord God 175. It seemeth to have taken it's Original from the Apostles which is proved by St. Paul's words, where he saith let no Widdow be chosen, before she be Threescore years of age, with divers of the like sayings.

O

THE Oath called Jones Stone, Which the Antients swore by and Held so Sacred, was after this manner, he that swore was to hold in one hand a stone, and then to pronounce these Words, If Know∣ingly I deceive, Jupiter cast me from my Gods, from my Countrey, and from all happyness, as I cast away this Stone.

The Orders of Chivalry, most whereof continue at this day amongst Princes are as followeth. The First and antientest of these Orders of Chivalry or Knighthood, is the Order of the Garter, Instituted in the year of our Lord 1348 in Bur∣deaux, chief City of the Dukedome Guyne in France, by Edward the Third

King of England, and then possessor of the Dukedome: which order he conse∣crated and dedicated to St. George: though the motive of the institution thereof, proceeded from the Loss of a Garter, which he supposed to have been the Countess of Salsburies. And it happened in this manner: As one day he was entertaining her with plea∣sant Discourse, a Garter chanced to unloose and fall down, at the Kings indeavouring to take it up, the Noble-men were supprised with a suddain Laughter: At which the Countess Blushed, to perceive her self rendered so Rediculous, and withall being dis∣pleased at some more than seemingly Familiarity that had passed, she said sharply to the King, and the rest, Ho∣ni soit qui maly pense: which in English, is, Evil to him that Evil thinketh. The King to pacific the Countesses displea∣sure, said, that before it were long, those Noble-men which had made a Jest, and Laughing at the Garter sal∣len down, should esteem themselves much honoured to wear it for a mark of Chivalry, and thereupon ordained

the said Order, and consecrated it to St. George, and made thereof Twenty-six Knights, and ordained that they should wear their Cloakes of Violet∣colour Velvet; their Hoods of Red Velvet, and under the left Knee a Blew Garter, Buckled with Gold, Garnished with precious Stones, and about it Wrought those words of the Countess of Salshuries; to this Splen∣dour he added a collar of Gold, full of Red and White Roses, with the Im∣age of St. George hanging thereon: and about those Roses were also Writ∣ten the same words in the Garter. There are of this order (as hath been said) Twenty-six Knights, of which the Kings of England are Soveraigns: and it is so much esteemed for its Ex∣cellency, that Eight Emperours, Twenty-two Forraign Kings and Dukes, and divers other Noble-men have been of it. About their Necks these Knights wear a Blew Ribbon, at the end of which hangeth the Image of St. George, upon whose day the instal∣lation of the new Knights is common∣ly celebrated, being the Twenty∣third

of Aprill. And although it was first ordained at Bourdeaux, yet King Edward determined the place of the solemnization thereof to be at the Church of Windsor, here in England; where at the same time he Founded Cannons, or a Cannonry, for the bet∣ter prosperity and greater flourishing of the Knights of the Order.

The second Order of Antiquity, is of the mnnunciation, instituted Anno Dom. 1356, by Amide the sixt of that Name; Duke of Savoy Sur-named the Green Knight. The Knights of this Order wear a great Collar of Gold, made winding, with three Laces, wherein are enterlaced these words, Fert, Fert, Fert, every Letter impor∣ting its Latine word, thus, F. Forti∣tudo, E. Eius, R. Rhodum, T. Tenuit: That is, his force hath Conquered Rhodes: At this Collar hangeth the Image of our Lady, and an Angel saluting her; from whence tis called the Order of the Annunciation. The Collar is Fifteen Links, to shew the Fifteen Misteries of the Virgin, each Link being Interwoven one with the

other, in form of a True-Lovers-Knot. The number is Fourteen Knights, the Solemnity is held annually on our Lady Day, in the Castle of St. Peter in Turin. This Duke ordained this Order in Memory of Amide the great Duke of Savoy, who succoured the Knights of St. John, when they took the Isle of Rodes from the Turks, in the year of our Lord 1310.

The third in Antiquity, is the Order of the Golden Fleece, Founded upon the Table of the Golden Fleece, that Iason with the other Argonant's went to seek in the Isle of Colchos, which is as if we should say that he went to the Mine of Gold, or else in Analogie to Gideons Fleece, as some will have it. This Order was first instituted by Philip the Second, Sir∣named the good Duke of Burgundy, in the year 1430: the compleat number of which Order were at the first Twenty-five Knights, but raised af∣terwards by the said Philip to Thirty∣one: and now there are as many as the King of Spaine shall be pleased to invest with it. They wear a Collar of Gold,

Interlaced with Iron, seeming to strike Fire out of a Flint, the word's ex ferro flamman, at the end hangs the Fleece, or Toisond'or: Their Cloaks and Hoods are of Scarlet, garded with Embroidery like flames of Fire. Philip appointed for the celebrating of that Order on St. Andrews day, being the Thirtyeth of November. But the Em∣perour Charles the Fifth, (Heir of the House of Burgundy, and chief of that Order) changed their Apparrel, and ordained that their Cloaks should be of crimson Velvet, and their Hoods of Violet coloured Velvet, and that un∣derneath they should wear a Cassock of cloath of Silver.

The fourth in Antiquity, is the Order of St. Michael the Arch Angel, instituted by Lewis the Eleventh of France, the first day of August, in the year 1469, and ordained that of that Order there should be Thirty-six Knights, which afterwards were aug∣mented to Three-hundred Gentlemen of Name and Arms, of whom he him∣self was chief and Soveraign, and af∣ter him his successors Kings of France.

the Brothers and Companions of this Order were bound at receiving of them, to forsake and leave all other orders, if they were of any, either of a Prince or any Company, only excepting Emperours, Kings and Dukes, which besides this Order, might wear that Order whereof they were chief, with the agreement and consent of the King and Brotherhood of the said Order of other Emperours, Kings and Dukes. And for the cog∣nissance of this Order, and the Knights thereof, he gave to every one of them a Collar of Gold, wrought with Cockle∣shells, Interlacing one another with a double pointing Ribbon of Silk, with Golden Taggs; the word, Imensi Are∣nor Oceani, which King Francis the First, because of his Name, changed into a White-Friers, or Franciscans Girdle, made af a Twisted cord, and caused to be hanged on that collar a Tablet of St. Michael upon a Rock, conquering the Devil. Of the institution of this Order, is a Book made containing Nin∣ty-eight Articles, wherein are set down the things whereunto the Knights of the Order are subject.

The fifth Order, is that of the Holy Ghost, institutéd by Henry the Third, King of France, on Newyears∣day, in the year 1579. It was called by the name of the Holy Ghost, because this Henry was on a Whitsonday chosen King of Poland. Of this Order is writ∣ten a Book, containing the Articles whereunto the Knights thereof were bound. Among which I have princi∣pally noted one, that is, to defend and sustain the Clergy: For that the King doth give to every one of them the Rent of certain Abbies, Religious Houses, or other Spiritual Lands, whereof they shall allow a certain Sti∣pend, to the entertaining of such a number of Religious persons in every Religious house under him, and for that benefit are sworn at the entring into the said Order, always to defend the Spirituality, and to maintaine the Clergy in their priveledges; but how they keep their Oath, it is easily to be discerned in every place of their spiritual possessions: with which I have been often times very much dissatisfied in, (for having oftentimes

tryed the courteous demeanour, that commonly Religious Men use to Strangers that come to visit their houses:) I have divers times been suffi∣ciently enformed by the Religious, how the King hath given the rents and Possessions of their Houses to the Knights of his Order, with the con∣ditions already rehearsed, which Knights allow them such bare exhi∣bition, that by reason it is not suffi∣cient to entertain the fourth part of the number of them appointed, many of them are constrained to forsake their houses, and beg, or else they must starve. The Pope considering what dismembring of Church Lands arriseth from this Order in the Realm of France, would not grant the Confir∣mation thereof: but notwithstanding the Popes mislike thereof t'is still main∣tained. The Collar of this Order is of Flowers de Lys, and Flames of Gold with a Cross, and a Dove on it Pendant, representing the Holy Ghost, Wrought in Orange tawny Velvet, garnished about with Silver Beams, which the Knights of that

Order wear upon their Cloaks, before their heart. Their Robe is a black Velvet Mantle, poudred with Lillies and Flames of Gold and Silver. None are admitted to this Order, who can∣not prove their Nobility by three De∣scents at least.

The Sixth Order, is of the Bath, brought first into England 1399 by He∣nry the Fourth; they are Created at the Coronation of Kings and Queens, and at the Installation of the Princes of Wales. Their Duty is to Defend true Religion, Widdows, Maids, Orphans, and to maintain the Kings Rights.

Obelisci or Pyramids, which may be called long broches or Spires, were great and huge stones in Aegypt, made by Masons, from the bottom smaller and smaller, of a large length, they were consecrated to the Sun, because they were long much like to the beams of the Sun. The First of them was instituted by Mitres, who reigned in Heliopolis being command∣ed by avision to make it, and so it was recouded and written on the same. King Bochis set up four, that were

every one of them 48 Cubits long: Ramesis (in whose time Troy was de∣stroyed, reared up one, Forty cubits in length, and another of 819 Foot, and every side was four cubits broad. Ptolomeus Philadelphus made one at Alexandria of four cubits. And Phe∣ron set up two in the Temple of the Sun, of a hundred cubits length a piece, and four cubits broad, on this occasion it fortuned that this King, for a great crime that he had commit∣ed. was stricken blind, and continu∣ed so ten years, and after by Reve∣lation at the City Bucis, it was told him that he should receive his sight, if he washed his Eyes with the water of a Woman, that was never defiled with any strange Man. but was al∣wayes content with her Husband. First he tryed his own Wife, and afterwards many others, till at last he received his sight, and Married her by whose Urine he was healed, and was recovered, and all the other with his first Wife he caused to be burnt. Afterwards for a remembrance he made his Oblation with the two afore∣said

Pyramids in the Temple of the Sun. Augustus Caesar brought two of these Broches or Spires to Rome, and set one in the great Tiltyard or Lists, called Circus. The other he set up in the field called Campus Martius.

Ointments, Pliny is of opinion, that they were used long before the Battel of Troy; for Jacob sent to his Son Joseph in Aegypt Ointments: and Moses that was three hundred and fifty years before the Siege of Troy, maketh mention of Ointments, con∣cerning the Sanctification of the Ta∣bernacle, and the Priests of the Old Testament. Pliny and Solinus report, that Alexander, when he conquered the Army of Darius, found amongst other Jewels, spoiles and things of value a Casket of Ointments, that he highly esteemed of. But Herodotus affirms that they were frequently used long before Darius time. For Cambyses Son to Cyrus sent Ambassadors to Aethi∣opus King of the Macrobians, with great presents, whereof a Box of Ointments was one. It is not certain when they first were used in Rome:

but I find in Pliny, that the five hun∣dred sixty fifth year of the City, An∣tiochus being Vanquished, P. Licinus Crassus, and Julius Cesar, then Cen∣sors, commanded that no Forraign or Strange confection of Ointments should be sold in the City.

The Original of the Heathen Gods, as the Scripture hath it, E∣phes. 6. was, When the Spirits of the air (the Rulers of this World) began to give Prophetical answers out of Images, made to resemble mortal men. and by their wicked Subtlety, did pre∣tend themselves sometimes to be of the Number of good Spirits, sometimes Coelestial Gods, sometimes the Souls of Valiant Lords: they brought Men into such error and perplexity, that in a short space they did alienate their hearts from the Religion and Reve∣rence of the true God, and so deluded them as to make them to repare to them for help, and to inquire their Oracles and Answers; which of pur∣pose had doubtful understandings, least their Ignorance should be percei∣ved. By these deceitful means they

were by divers Nations Deified, and sundry people after divers manners chose them for Gods, and with great reverence Worshiped them. These spirits of the Air that gave such doubt∣ful answers to them that euquired any question of them, were at the com∣ming of our Saviour Christ all de∣stroyed. For when he was carried into Aegypt, which was a Countrey full of Superstition and Idolatry, all the Idols of that Nation were over∣thrown and Fell to the ground at his comming. And in the time of Adrian the Emperour, both their wicked Sa∣crifices were abolished, and also the Oracles of Appollo at Delphos, of Ju∣piter Hammon in Aegypt, with the like vanities were subverted.

The Opinions of the Philoso∣phers, concerning the birth of Man, Were divers (Diodorus record∣eth) that they spake of two sundry manners of birth, and first stock of Mankind: for they which contend that the World was not generate and without any danger of Corruption, say also that Man hath been in a cer∣tain

Perpetuity, without Beginning. Of this Opinion were Pythagoras, Xe∣nocrates, and Aristotle, with other Peripateticks, affirming that all things in the Eternal World, which have been, or shall hereafte come to pass, are by Generation endless, and with∣out Beginning, and have only a cir∣cuit or course of Generations, where∣in both the Birth, and natural reso∣lution of things may be perceived. Others suppose this World had both an Original cause of Being and shall also end by Putrefaction, they hold Opinion that Man had a time of his Generation.

P

PHYSICK, some referr the in∣vention of it to Appollo, because the moderate heat of the Sun, seems to be the repeller of all Sickness. Others attribute the finding of it to the Aegyptians; but the enlarging of it to Aesculapius, who, besides other more rare Experiments, found out the way of drawing of Teeth. In Rome, Ar∣chagathus of Peloponesus was the first Physitian. In Aegypt and Babylon they used no Physitians, but brought the Sick Persons into the Streets & Publick places, that so the Passengers might tell them what manner of Medicine or Dyet was good for them: neither was it Lawful for any Man to pass by, till that he had spoke with the Patient. Afterwards the Aegyptians did so di∣stribute

the Art of Physick, that every Disease had a distinct Physition to look after it; one for the Head, another for the Eyes, others for other parts according as they excelled. Of Medi∣cines made by Herbs, we have already in another place in part discoursed. Chiron the Son of Saturn as he was re∣ported to have been so knowing in the virtue of Herbs, may be Accounted to have been one of the first inventers of Salves for Wounds and Sores: he found out the Herb called Centaurie, wherewith he cured the Wound that he had received from Hercules's Arrows falling on his Feet as he was handling of his Quiver. Mercury found out the use of Moly, and Achilles the virtue of Yarrow. Medicines made with Ho∣ney, were from Sol the Son of Oceanus: several Herbs also very necessary for Medicines; were discerned from those cures Beasts out of an instinct of Na∣ture made on themselves. Dittany by the Hare, which being Wounded with an Arrow, by the suddain Eating of it, is said to drive it out of her Body. Celandine, which is an Herb which is

much used for the cure of decayed Sight, was first perceived by the Swal∣low, that uses to Heal the Eyes of her Young-ones with it. The Boar in his Distemper cureth himself with Ivie. The Storke first taught men the use of Glisters, who finding her self very full, purgeth with her crooked Bill in her Fundament. The Weesel in combate with the Serpent preserveth it self with Rue, and the Stork with Origany; and in the same manner, Nature hath taught other Creatures particular Me∣dicines for their Distempers.

Painting, as Pliny expresses, Gy∣ges a Lydian did first invent, he devised Portrature in Aegypt. In Greece Phyr∣rhus the Cousin of Dadolus, according to Aristotles mind. But Theophrastus saith, that Polignotus an Athenian was the instituter of it: yet Pliny neither agreeth with Theophrastus nor yet with himself; for in the Thirty-fifth Book he saith, that Polignotus a Thalian, did first Paint Women in single Appar∣rel, and trimed their Heads with Kalls of sundry colours. The Aegyptians say that they had that Art Six-hundred

years before it arrived at Greece: And the Greecians affirmeth that it was be∣gun by the Siconians, and some of the Corinthians. Albeit, the most Authen∣tick Authors affim it took its original from the drawing of a man with Lines, in the process of time it was made more glorious with colours. Draw∣ing of Pictures with Lines and Shad∣dows Philodes an Aegyptian, or Clean∣thes a Corinthian devised. Telephanes a Siconian, and Ardices of Corinthus found this Art first, without colours; and Cleophantes of the same Countrey invented colours: Appollodorus was highly esteemed for the Pensil. In the same expertness Timageras, Pythyas, Polignotus, Aglaophon, with others that Pliny reciteth in his Twelft Book ex∣celled. And Baphael Sanctus, as also Vrbinate was very lively in expressing of the Face: since many others that stood on their Shoulders have perpetu∣ated their Names.

Paper, before the invention of it, men used to Write in Leaves of Date Trees, and sometimes on the Bark of Trees. Afterwards they Wrote their

minds publickly on Plates or Sheets of Lead, and their private Affaires in Tables of Wax; for Tables as Homer expresses were before the Sige of Troy. Paper was first devised by King Alex∣ander, as Varro saith, it was first made of Fenny Rushes, that grew in the Marsh ground of Aegypt. But Pliny will have it that it was used in the time of King Numa that Reigned Three-hundred years before Alexan∣der, and his Books which were found in a Chest of Stone in a Field, by L. Pitilius a Scribe, which were Written in Paper. In process of time, Paper that we now use, was invented; it was made of Linnen-cloath, beaten together in Mills for that use.

Parchment, as Varro Writes, was found in Pergamus, although the Jew∣ish Historians (as Josephus expresses) used Parchment: they Wrote also in Goats and Sheeps Skins in former times as Herodotus declares.

Printing, that rare Art and Miste∣ry, which hath preserved the best Au∣thors from the danger of corruption, was first found out in Germany at Mo∣gunce,

by one John Cuthenbergus a Knight; he invented also the Ink that PRINTERS Use, sixteen years after Printing, which was in the year of our Lord 1458. One Conradus an Almaine first brought it into Rome: Nicholas John∣son a French-man, did very much polish it, and now it is dispersed through most parts of the World. This No∣ble Art was first to Print Letters in Tin, Lead, and other mixt Mettall; 'tis a Divine and Heavenly invention: but it would have been more Marvellous if it had not been so common. It is strange and scarcely to be spoken, but 'tis as true as truth it self, that one Printer may Print so many Letters in one day, that the swiftest Scrivner or Writer is not able to do so much in a year. This Art was at the beginning in great Admiration, and of no less Lucre and Profit. It was first under∣taken with more boldness and confi∣dence then any certainty, and it was about Eeighteen years afterwards, be∣fore it was common in Italy. But by the industry of man's Wit, it grew to that perfection, that it is now arrived

to. Truly it had gone ill with all good Discipline (if it were now to have its beginning, seeing that for the most part people are grown so effeminate, and such epicures, for here Learning is not Al-a-mode, many of our Gentry will scarce take up Books if they lay in the High-wayes, which in times past were valued more then if every Leafe had been in Beaten Gold, that the greatest sums of Money would have been given for them. If this Art had not been found out in a convenient and happy time, the Noble Acts of all Nations had never been so manifest to the Word: In like manner the memory of Ancient antiquity had not been so restored, and the Divine Wisdome of the Phylosophers had been in danger of being lost, whatsoe∣ver hath laine obscure in a few written Copies these many Ages is now by this Art set forth to all immortali∣ty.

Poetry is a most excellent Art, for it comprehends all other Sciences: This Art is only given of Nature by a Divine inspiration, without which De∣mocritus

affirmeth there could never be excellent Poets; for it proceedeth not so much from Art or Precepts, as from the Divine inspiration and Spiritual power; and therefore Ennius called Poets Holy, because they have a spe∣cial prerogative. The beginning of this Art is very Ancient, and as Eusebi∣us saith, it flourished first amongst the Hebrews, that were long before the Greeks. For Moses the great Captain of the Jews, at that time he led the Children of Israel out of Aegypt into the Land of Promise, passing the Red-Sea, which by the power of God gave place to them, inspired by the Holy Ghost made a Song of Hexameter Vers∣es, to render thanks to God for that deliverance. And David the Holy Prophet of God, after he was dispatch∣ed and freed from all his troublesome and dangerous affairs in War, and had escaped the Assaults and Conspiracies of Treason, living in happy and pros∣perous times of Peace, devised many pleasant Tunable Hymnes for the praise of God in sundry kinds of Meter. For as St. Hierome saith, the Psalter of

David is in as good Number and Mea∣sure, as either the Greek Planudes, or the Latine Horace: sometimes in Al∣cens Numbers, sometimes in the Metre of Sappho, sometimes with half mea∣sures. What is more stately and high then the Song of Moses in Deutrinomy, and of Isaiah? more ancient then So∣lomons? more perfect then Job? we may more highly ascribe the invention of it to the Hebrews: 'tis nevertheless to be acknowledged that Orpheus and Linus, and after them Homer and He∣siod did publish and adorn this Art with all manner of rich Furniture. The Romans received it not till of latter times; for Livius Andronicus (as Tul∣ly writes) in the year 513, after the City was Builded (Cains Claudius Cento, and Marcus Tuditanus being Consuls) set forth the first Enterlude or Fable, a year before Ennius was Born. Be∣fore those days it was so despicaple, that if one had professed himself to be a Poet, he was imagined to be as bad as a Murtherer. The Author of Meter was Almighty God, who proportioned the World, with a certain order as it

were a Meter: For there is none (as Py∣thagoras taught) that can possibly doubt, but that there is in things Heavenly & Earthly, a kind of Harmony; & unless it were govern'd with a formal concord and described number, how could it so long continue? all other instruments that we poscess, are all fashioned by a manner of Measure. Diodorus assign∣eth the invention of Meter, which the Poets by a Spiritual influence used in their Works, to Jupiter, to the Al∣mighty God. Of Meters there are di∣vers kinds that have their Name either of the thing that is described therein, (as Heroical Meter is so called of the Wars of Noble men that are conteined in it) wherein also Appollo gave his Oracles, therefore Pliny saith we have that Meter of Pythius Oracle, or of the inventour as Aesclepiadicall, or of the quantity of Jambicks, because it con∣sisteth of a short and long, which Ar∣chilocus first invented, of the number of Feet as Hexameter and Pentameter, which is also called Elegaical. The Shepards Song Daphus the Son of Mer∣cury was first expert in: others in

process of time made a further pro∣gress in this Art.

Prose, as Pliny expresses, was first writ by Phiresides a Syrian, in the time of King Cyrus. For tis not to be que∣stioned, but that he that write Histo∣ries, write also Pross first; and Phe∣resides was long after Moses, which was 688 years after Joatham King of the Jews. In whose time the Olympiads began; and this Pheresides (as Eusebi∣us writes) was but in the first Olympi∣ad.

Pope Jone, she was after the time of Charles the Great, in the year from the Birth of Christ 154. She Gover∣ned the Apostolical Seat two years, some months and dayes, she held this for a Maxime.

Nascitur indigne per quem non nascitur alter; Indigne vinit per quem non vinit et alter.

The Purple Colour was found as Pollux writeth upon this occasion: He∣rades being in Love with a Beautiful

Lady named Tyro, as he walked by a Sea Cliffe, his Grey-hound chanced to find a Sheel called a Purple; and when he had crackt it with his strong Teeth, the orient colour of the Blood remain∣ed on his Snout: which flesh pleasant colour the Lady espying, threatned Hercules, that she would never admit him to injoy her, untell he brought her a Cloath dyed with that precious colour. Hercules, willing to accom∣plish his Ladies desire, got the Purple Fish, and carried the Blood to his Soveraign Lady. And after this man∣ner the Purple colour first began a∣mongst the Tyrians. The Emperours of Rome were the first that wore the Purple Robes, which have since been so honoured by Princes, so as it is now accounted for the Royal colour.

Pardons were first proclaimed by St. Gregory: This seed Sown by him, grew to a ripe Harvest in the time of Boniface the Ninth, who Reaped much Money for that Chaffe.

Parishes, after that the Priest∣hood was ordained, both least the care should be overgreat, and also that

every man might know what his charge was, and how far his Office extended, Dionisius in the year of our Lord 267, devised both in Rome and other places, Churches, Church-Yards, and Parishes to Curats, and Diocesses to Bishops, and commanded that every one should be contented with his prescript bounds.

Phylosophy, which Tully calleth the studdy of Wisdome, the searcher of Virtue, and expulser of Vice, (accord∣ing to divers opinions) was brought first out of Barbary into Greece, by Persia the Magi, for so they called their Wise men that excelled in Knowledge; in Asia the Chaldees; in India the Gymsophists; so called because they went Naked, of which Faction one Budas was chief. In France the Druider, in Phenice Ochus, in Thrace Xamolxis and Orpheus, in Libia Atlas. The Aegyptians affirm that Vulcanus the Son of Nylus found the first princi∣ples of Phylosophy. Lacertus Writes that Phylosophy began in Greece, that Maseas and Linus were the first Learn∣ed men; but Eusebius will have it, that

Phylosophy, like all other Sciences, sprung amongst the Hebrews, and from them the Greek Phylosophers, which were a Thousand years after Moses, which derived their Knowledge from them. Phylosophy, the Name of it was not used amongst them till the time of Pythagoras, for he called him∣self a Phylosopher, and the studdy of Wisdome Phylosophy: whereas for∣merly it was named Wisdome, and they that professed it had the Title of Wise men. There are three parts of it, one called Natural, another Moral, and the faculty of disputing called Lo∣gick: The Natural is of the World and the contents thereof, which Ar∣thelaus brought out of Jonia into Athens. Moral reformeth the Life and Manners of men; this part Socrates traduced from Heavenly things, to the use of Life, to discern good and bad. Logick inventeth reason on both parts; it was first said to have been found out by Zeno Eliates: others devide Phy∣losophy into Five parts, Natural, Su∣pernatural, Moral, Mathematical, and Logick.

The Potters Craft, that worketh things in Clay and Earth, Chotibus an Athenian is said first to have invented, as Pliny Writes in his seventh Book, but in his Thirty-fifth Book he ascrib∣eth the Original of it to Dibutades at Corinth, whom he saith by the help of his Daughter invented this Art, who after she understood that her Lover was to depart into a strange Nation, for the tender Love that she bore to him, she drew his Image on a Wall after the form of his shaddow by Can∣dle-light, which her Father filled and Fashioned with Clay, and made it into a figure and resemblance of his Body, and dryed it with the fire, and set it in the common Hot-house where the Maids and Women kept their Baths; and there it remained till Mummius destroyed Corinth. Deme∣ratus Father to Tarquinius Priscus, King of the Romans, first brought it into Italy. Lisistratus a Serenian, invented the making of Moulds, and found the way to work Images in them. The Potters Wheel or Frame (as E∣phorus writes) Anacharsis a Phyloso∣pher

of the Countrey of Scythia in∣vented. The chief Work-men in this Art were said to have been Demopholus, and Gorgosus.

Prayer was from the Beginning, Abel, prayed, Noah, Abraham, Isa∣ack and Jacob, with other Patriarcks fought God by prayer in all their doubtful affaires, and gave thanks for the good atchieving of them. Moses and Aaron with others, as Anna the Wife of Helcanah gave us an example of Prayer. But Christ is the first that shewed us any special form of prayer; as appeareth in the Gospel of St. Mat∣thew. There were devised by one Petrus Heremita of the City of Amiens, Beads to say the Ladys Psalters on, in the year of our Lord 1090. The same Peter the Hermit was the occasion that Pope Urbane stirred up the Christians to make a Voyage into Asia; at which time Jerusalem was recover∣ed.

Prreaching, or the first Sermon was by Moses when he had received the Ten Commandments, he then assembled the people together, and

acquainted them with the will of God: St. John the Baptist preached in the Wilderness of Jury, and so did our Saviour himself, and gave Authority to the Apostles and Disciples by speci∣al Commandment to do the same.

Prisons, Fetters, Stocks, Gines, Staves, with the like Instruments to punish Malefactors. Ancus Martius (as Livy saith) did first appoint them to keep men in Fear and good Order.

R

RHETORICK (Diodorus saith) was invented by Mercury: But Aristotle affirms that Epedocles was the first Author of the Oratorial Art. We may be sure, that not long after men were Formed, they received from God the use of Speech, wherein, when they perceived some words to be pro∣fitable, and some to be hurtful in ut∣tering of them; they appointed and compiled an Art of Speech or com∣munication, called Rhetorick. Rome was the Seat of Eloquence, where it was never forbidden, but in process of time (as it was found to be profitable & honest) was had in such high estimati∣on and so many partly for their defence, Glory and Ambition, employed their studies in it with such earnest endea∣vours,

that very many of the Com∣monalty were promoted into the de∣gree of Senatours, and atchieved much honour by it; Cornx and Thisias, be∣ing Sicilians, gave the first precepts in Writing of this Science, and their Counthey-man Leontinus Gorgias suc∣ceeded them: Demosthenes was the principal amongst the Grecians: a∣mongst the Romans M. Tullius Cicero, who had no fellow. Now as touching the effect and property of it, there are in it (as Cicero writes) five parts; first to invent Matter to speak, then for him that is to deliver his speech, formally to order his devices, next to polish it and furnish it with Ele∣gant terms and choise words, and to have his speech and oration in per∣fect memory; and last of all, to ut∣ter and express it with a comely gesture and posture, in such a manner as to delight; with the convenient and pleasant treatableness of it, which should as it were teach and plainly de∣clare the things, and move the passions and affections of the Auditors and Judg∣es, either to pitty or favour; or if the

cause permit or time require, to excite them either to mirth, or to a grave se∣verity, as the occasion shall require. In terms of this faculty, we make this difference, we call him that defendeth matters, and pleadeth causes an ora∣tor. A Rhetorition, is he that teach∣eth and professeth to be a School ma∣ster in that Art. A Declamater, he that is employed in feigned causes, either for his own exercise, or to instruct others therein.

Reliques were first instituted by Cletus and Anacletus, Bishops of Rome, who seriously went about to reverence those Martyrs, whose innocent Blood was spent for Gods cause. To this purpose they appointed a place where the Martyrs should severally have their Sepulchers apart from the Lay People, and by decree he was denounced ac∣cursed and sacreligious, that by word or deed hindred mens devotions from visiting the Tombs of the Apostles. Up∣on this institution Calistus the first Build∣ed a Church, beyond Tyber, a Church in honour of our Lady: and Constantine the Emperour edified to St. Peter, St. Paul,

and St. Lawrence Temples. This mat∣ter was by Gregory the Saint set for∣ward, to encrease Devotion: for he appointed the Lettanies of Saints, with Ora pro nobis, to be sung with Masses on Solemn dayes in the chief Temples of the City, promising them that re∣paired thither at such Solemn Feasts, Remission of their Sins by his Par∣don.

Ringing of Bells, were first ordained by Sabinianus that the peo∣ple might be assembled together to hear Divine Service at certain hours of the day: and John the 22d de∣creed, that Bells should be tolled eve∣ry day three times Morning or Even∣ing, that every one should say three times the Ave-Maria.

Royal Ornaments of the Ro∣mans, were Fardels of Rods, the Axe, the Garland of Gold, the Chaire of Ivory, the Kyrtil or Cope, Charriots, Trapped Horses, Mantles of State, Embroidered Gowns, with all other Royal Apparel, the Tuscanes were very early in their choice of rich Habits, whom Tarquinius Priscus sub∣dued.

Rome, hath been taken Eight times; First by the Gaules under the conduct of Captain Brennus, the year of the Foundation of the City 365, and the year of the World 4835 and the year before Christ 364. This Brennus is by the Brittaine and English Chronicles reported to have been a Brittain, and Brother to Be∣linus, King of Brittain; but neither the Chronicles of Rome nor of Gaule do express any such matter. Rome was the Second time taken by Alaricke, King of the Gothes, after he had held his Seige before it for the space of two years: Which befell the year of the Foundation of the City 1164, the year of our Lord 412, and the 25 year of the Emperour Honorius. It is written in the Chronicles of Constanti∣nople; and in other Histories, that as Alarick (being a Christian) March∣ed with his Host towards Rome, a certain Monke, of a Holy Life, came to him, who having Audience admonished and councelled him to break off that evil purpose, and to remember that he was a Christian.

and that for Gods sake he would mo∣derate his Wrath, and that he would not take pleasure in the shedding of Christian Blood, since that Rome had not in the least respect offended him: unto whom Alricke answered, thou must understand, Man of God, that it proceedeth not of mine own will, that I goe against Rome, but contra∣rily ile assure thee that every day there commeth unto me a Man, which con∣straineth and importuneth me there∣unto, saying unto me hasten thee, go against Rome, destroy it utterly, and make it desolate. At which words the Religious Man being astonished durst not reply, and so the King per∣sued his enterprise. Rome was Third∣ly taken by Genserick, King of the Vandals, the year of the Foundation of the City 1208, the year of Christ 456, who Sacked and Burnt it in many places, this was in the Emperour Marcians time. Rome was Fourthly taken by Totila King of the Goths, who because he could not obtain peace of the Emperour Justinian, command∣ed the Citizins to avoid the City, and

afterwards burnt, and sacked, all the whole City; defaced the Walls, and the Capitol, and rendred it almost de∣solate, insomuch that it could never since be repaired according to the first Form, although a while after, Bellisa∣rius Peopled and repaired a Great part thereof. And recalling the old Inha∣bitants, very much Fortifyed and Strengthened the Walls. This deso∣lation happened the year after the Foundation of the City 1300; after Christ 548, in the 21st year of the Emperer Justinian. Rome was the Fifth time taken by the same Totila King of the Goths; after that Belisa∣rius had repeopled and repaired it. It was the Sixth time taken by the Moores and Sarazens followers of Mahomet in his Law, which in great Multitudes came into Italy, and in the year of our Lord 333, Gregory the Fourth then fitting in Rome, and governing the Empire, Lewis the First beseiged it, took and Sacked the City, pro∣phaning the Temple of St. Peter: La∣ding their Ships with Plunder and Pri∣soners. Rome was the Seventh time

taken by Henry the Fourth of that name Emperour of Germany, Gregory the Seventh then sitting in the Chaire: this time Rome was also most cruelly De∣stroyed, by reason that both the Ar∣mies of the Pope and the Emperour Skirmished, and Fought for a long time within the City, and the Capitoll, which was then again repaired; this was in the year of our Lord 1082: An∣thony writes that Rome was very much endamaged at this time also, by rea∣son of the lamentable execution per∣formed by the Normans on the Popes side, and the Germans for the Empe∣rour. Rome was last taken by Charles Duke of Bourboun: who being slain as he scaled the Walls at the first As∣sault, the Souldiers being without a head, in revenge, committed all manner of Enormities, and Barbarous cruel∣ties, saving that they burnt not the Churches, though they spoiled and robbed them without any considera∣tion of their Holiness: For a great part of the Army were Germans, and most of the Germans Lutherians, this ruine happened in the year of our Sa∣viour

1527, Clement the Seventh, then sitting in the Chair.

S

A SATYRE, is a Poem that sharply rebuketh Vice, not re∣garding of any Persons. There are two kinds of Satyrs, the one which was both amongst the Greeks and Ro∣mans, in Antient times used for the diversity of Meters much like a Come∣dy, but that it is more wanton. De∣metrius of Tharsus and one Menipus a bond-man, whom Marcus Varro did counterfeit, were expert in this way of writing. The Second manner of Writing of Satyres was railing, only ordained to enveigh against Vice, they were devised of the Romans upon

this occasion. When the Poets that wrote the old Comedies, used to handle for their Arguments not only feigned matters, but also things really done, which although at the first was tollerable, yet afterwards by reason that they were so sharp and bitter, a∣gainst every one that they pleased to have a fling at, there was a Law made, that no man should afterwards repre∣hend any person by name. The Ro∣mans in the place of these Comedies, substituted such Satyres, as they had newly invented: afterwards began the new Comedi, which concernes gene∣rally all men of mean estat; and hath less bitterness and railing, but is more pleasant and full of pastime for the Auditors. Of these Comedies Menan∣der and Philemon were Authors, who abated of the tartness and crabbedness of the old writings, of them Caecilus, Nevius, Plautus and Terentius, learn∣ed to compile Comedies, although (as Quintilian will have it) they ne∣ver arrived to the least proportion of their Patrons, because as he writes they never attained to the least pro∣portion

of their Patrons, because the Latin tongue is not so fit to receive the Ornaments of Eloquence, as the Greek tongue is. The Satyres had the names of Barbarian Gods that were Rude, Lascivious, and Wanton in be∣haviour; In this form of writing Luci∣lius, Horatius, Persius, Juvanal, were the most eminent.

The Twelve Sybils, the First was of Persia named Samberta, or Per∣sica, She amongst other Prophesies said, The Wombe of the Virgin shall be the Salvation of the Gentiles. The Se∣cond was of Lybica; one of her Pro∣phesyes was, The day shall come that men shall see the King of all living things, and a Virgin Lady of the World shall hold him in her Lap. The Third was Themis surnamed Delphica, for that she was Born and Prophesied at Delphos: Her Predictions was, A Prophet shall be Born of a Virgin. The Fourth was, Cumaea, born at Cimeria a City of Campania in Italy, she Pro∣phesied, that God should be Born of a Virgin, and converse amongst Sinners. The Eifth was Famous Erythrea, who

had her Birth at Babylon: who more especially Prophesied a great part of our Christian Religion, in certain Verses recited by Eusebius, the first Letters of every of which Verses being put together; make the words, Jesus Christ, Son of God, Saviour. These Verses were Translated into Latine by St. Austine. Lib. 18. and the 23 in his Book de Cinitate Dei: the substance whereof followeth. The Earth shall sweat the signs of Judgment: From Heaven shall come a King which shall Reign for ever, that is to say, in hu∣mane Flesh, to the end, that by his presence he shall judge the World, so the unfaithful as well as the faithful shall see God with their eyes aloft a∣mongst his Saints; and in the end of the World the Souls of Men with their Bodies shall appear; whom he shall judge when the roundness of the Earth untiled, shall be full of Clods of Earth and Grass; Men shall cast away their Idols, and all their precious Jewels, the World shall be consumed with fire, he shall peirce the inferiour parts, and break the Gates of Hell; then to

the flesh of Saints shall be given free and clear Light, and the evil shall be burned with Eternal fire: all Secrets shall be opened, and every one shall know the secret of his Neighbour, and God shall discover the Consciences and Hearts of all men: then shall there be Lamentation and gnashing of Teeth, the Sun and the Stars shall loose their Light, the Firmament shall be dissol∣ved, and the Moon shall be darkned, the Mountains shall be thrown down, and the Valleys shall be made equal with them; there shall be nothing in the World higher then another, Moun∣tains and Valleys shall be made plain, all things shall cease, and the Earth shall be dryed unto powder and dust, the Fountains and Rivers shall be burned likewise: Then shall a Trumpet sound from Heaven. Di∣vers other things were Prophesied by this Sybil, and because they were ob∣scure, and therefore not to be com∣prehended by the Gentiles before they came to pass; she said they shall think me a false and blind Prophetess, but when that they shall see these things

accomplished, they will remember me, and call me not false Prophetess, but the Prophetess of the Almighty God. The Sixt was Samia, Born in the Isle of Samos; she said, he being rich shall be Born of a poor Maid; the Creatures of the Earth shall adore him, and praise him for ever. The Seventh was cal∣led Cumana, because she prophesied at Cumas, a Town of Campania in Italy; her prophesie was, that he should come from Heaven, and reign here in pover∣ty; he should Rule in silence, and be Born of a Virgin. She is affirmed to have Written nine Books of the Sybils, they were all presented by an old Wo∣man to Tarquinius Superbus, but he not willing to pay so great a Sum of Money as was demanded, denied them: whereupon the old woman being vex∣ed, Burned three of them, requiring as much Money for the other six, as for all: which being denied, she also Burned the other three, asking as much for the other three remaining as for the rest, which Superbus amazed, gave, and the old Trot vanished. The Books contained manifest prophesies of

the Blessessed Kingdome of Christ, his Name, his Birth, and Death: they were burned by the Arch Traytour Stilico, so that those Prophesies which are now extant, are only such as are extracted out of other Writings. The Eight was Helle-spontica, Born at Marmisea, in the Territory of Troy; her Prophesie was, that a Woman shall descend of the the Jews, called Mary, and of her shall be Born the Son of God, Named Jesus, and that with∣out Carnal copulation; for she shall be a Virgin before and after his Birth, he shall be both God and Man, he shall fulfill the Laws of the Jews, and shall add his Law thereunto, and his King∣dome shall remain for ever. The ninth was of Phrygia, and Prophesied in the Town of Ancire: one-of her sayings were, The Highest shall come from Heaven, and shall confirm the Counsell in Heaven, and a Virgin shall be shewed in the Valley of the Desarts. The tenth was Albunea, Surnamed Tyburtina, because she was Born at Tyber, Fifteen Miles from Rome; her Prophesies was that the invisible Word

shall be Born of a Virgin; he shall con∣verse amongst Sinners, and shall of them be despised. Lactantius Finuianus rehearsed divers of their Prophesies, without making any particular menti∣on of them: it is the opinion of some that they are to be referred more espe∣cially to Sibylla Samberta, who Wrote Twenty-four Books in Verse, chiefly Treating of the comming, miracles and life of Christ, whereunto the sayings of all the other Sybils are conforma∣ble. St. Austine likewise in his Twen∣ty-third Chapter of his Book de Cini∣tate dei, reciteth these Prophesies as followeth: Then he shall be ta∣ken by the wicked hands of the Infi∣dels, and they shall give him Buffets on his Face with their sacrelegious Hands, they shall Spit upon him with foul and accursed Mouths. He shall turn unto them his Shoulders, suffering them to be whipped; yea he shall hold his peace, not speaking one word, to the end, that none shall know from whence his Words proceed. He shall also be Crowned with Thorns; and they shall give him Gall to eat, and Vinegar to

drink: Behold the Feast that they shall make him, insomuch that the igno∣rant and blind People shall nevertheless not know their God conversing amongst Men: But they shall Crown him with Thorns, mingling for him Gall and Vinegar: then the Vaile of the Tem∣ple shall be rent, at Mid-day it shall be dark Night for the space of three hours. So the Just shall dye the Death, and this Death or Sleep shall continue three dayes: and when he shall have been in the Bowels of the Earth, he shall rise again and return to Life. Lactantius, Lib. 4. Chap. 15. rehears∣eth these Prophesies of them: He shall raise the Dead, the Impotent and Lame shall walk and run nimbly, the Deaf shall hear, and the Blind shall see, the Dumb shall speak: and that with five Loaves and two Fishes, he should nourish in the Desart Five-thousand men, and the frag∣ments thereof should be sufficient to satisfy many more. Many other things were foretold by these Sybils, as well of the ruins of great States, as of what they predicted of Christ. The Eleventh they called Epyrotica: some were of

opinion that she should be the same that Phrigia was, she came from Tro∣as to Dodona, where she Prophesied, and was like the other denominated from the place: others write that she was called Phaenni, so writes Johannes Tsetses: she Prophesied that the true word should proceed from a Virgin, how he should willingly come down from Heaven, and seem poor to the World: yet should govern all things, whose Rule and Kingdom should never cease, and that he should be both God & Man, and that this his Kingdom should principally reside in the Souls of Men; whom he would govern and save to another life, thus Laelius Cleophassis, and others affirm. Colophonia Lampusia was the Twelfth, she came out of Greece, from Colophonia a City of Jo∣nia, she Prophesied of the changes of Kingdoms, and Inundations, Earth-quakes, and of Wars: she said that God was only to be adored, that he was angry at Vice, and punished it that he did delight in holy and upright men: She Prophesied also, that the whole World should be Burnt, and wish∣ed

them to adore that God while they lived here, which could punish them so severely hereafter for their contempt.

The First Ship. which was cal∣led the Arke, Noah made, wherein he preserved from the danger of the Water, all the Living Creatures that were to multiply the World, and that was the first Pattern that all others made their Ships after. Strabo Writes that Minos King of Creet had the first Rule of the Sea; but Diodorus affirms that Neptune had the Empire of it be∣fore him, for he invented the feat of Rowing in Boats, and gave directions as to the making of a Navy, and was made Admiral of it by his Father Sa∣turn. Pliny reports that King Erich∣thr as first devised Boats, and Rowed in them in the Red-Sea: some Write that the Trojans used them first in the Narrow Seas, called Hellespontus: some imagine that they were invented in the English Sea, and covered with Lea∣ther and Hides of Beast. Danaus was the first that used any Ship when he Sailed out of Aegypt into Greece, as Pliny recordeth, although some sup∣pose

it to be the Samotracians, and some Atlas that found it. Jason made the first Galley, which Sesostrias King of Aegypt used after him, Aeytheus in∣vented the Barge with two order of Oars on a side; Amocles of Corinth, that with three course of Oars on a side; the Carthaginians that with four Oars on a side; and Nesichthon of Sala∣mis, that with sive Oars on a side, which the Romans made in the first Punick Battell; Zinagoras a Syracissan devised that with six rows of Oars. Hippius a Tyrian conceived the making of the Lighter. The Cyrenians invented the Hoy or Gallion. The Phenicians the Keel or Demy-Bark. The Rhodi∣ans the Brigantine. The Cyprians compleated the Bark. The Germans the Boats of one piece. The Illyrians the Cock-Boat or Lighters. Rhud∣ders were invented by the Copians, the broad Oars the Plateans devised. Sails Icarus found the use of, but Dio∣dorus saith it was Aeolus. Daedalus in∣vented the Mast, and the Cross-piece whereunto the Saile is fastned. Fer∣ry-Boats the Athenians or the Salami∣nians

are said to have found: Close Galleys were invented by the Thasians. The Tyrrhenes devised the Anchors, and Eupalamus made it with two points of Teeth; but some refer it to Anacharsis, who also invented the Tackle of a Ship. The Stern of a Ship Piseus devised. Tiphis found out more perfectly the use of the Stern after the example of the Kite, which in her flying turneth all her Body with the turning of her Taile. Minos Fought the first Battell on the Sea. Merchandise was first instituted to fur∣nish men with Necessaries, by way of Exchange: but after when Money was Coined, it was made use of more for mens private Wealth, then for any common profit, and for that cause, Cicero calls it a Servile Craft: Al∣though Plutarch writes that Thales, Solon, Hippocrates and Plato were occu∣pied and employed in this Art. The Carthaginians as Pliny expresses in his seventh Book, were very early in it, but Diodorus will have Mercury to be the first that was cunning in it. Pliny in his tenth Book, saith that Liber other∣wise

called Dionysius, invented the Trade of Merchandise. And there∣fore it may be imagined that the Car∣thaginians Learned the Trade of Mer∣chandise of Dionysius: But the Hebrews (as Josephus affirms) used Buying and Selling in the time of Noah; and Jo∣seph was Sold to Merchants, and carri∣ed into Aegypt.

Saluting with Kisses, this cu∣stome is very Antient, for it was the manner of the Hebrews to kiss strangers at their first meeting, as Jacob kissed Rachel, before he expressed that he was of her kindred; and Laban, after he knew him to be his Sisters Son, em∣braced him with his Arms and kissed him. The Romans custome was to kiss their kinsfolk, but afterwards it was extended to further familiarity, and is now too often used Laciviously; Al∣though in Rome it was an Ordinance, that the women should kiss their kin∣dred, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that if she had drank any 〈…〉〈…〉 to the Law made 〈…〉〈…〉 drinking of Wine, by 〈…〉〈…〉 might be discovered, and 〈…〉〈…〉 her intemperance.

〈…〉〈…〉 proceedeth from

Worms the Spinning and Weaving of it, Pamphila the Daughter of Platis, devised in the Isle of Coos.

The Septemviri, or the Seven Electors of the Emperour of Germany, and of the Peeres or Paires of France, The Election of the Emperours of Ger∣many is in the manner following, the Seven Princes Electors called Septem∣viri, meet early about fix of the clock in the Romanco, there they Consult untill nine, from thence they go in solemn order into St. Bartholomews: of them there are three Ecclesiastical, and and four Temporal; the three Eccle∣siastical that is to say the Arch-Bishop of Mentz called the Arch-Chancellor of High Germany, being the first; next the Arch-Bishop of Collen, called the Arch-Chancellor of Italy: and then follows the Arch-Bishop of Tryers, called the Arch Chancellor of France, all in their State befitting so great a Ma∣jesty: Then the four Temporal that is to say, the Marquess of Brandenburg, great Chamberlaine of the Empire, with a Massy Key of Gould: then the Duke of Saxony Lord high Marshall,

beareth the Sword before the Empe∣rour, and is likewise Arch-Sewer in carring the Plate to the Table; then the Elector of Bohemia the Taster, or else Cup-Bearer to the Emperour for the Triumph. These are the only E∣lectors of the Emperour, they after∣wards descend from their seats, and there before the Audience take a So∣lemn Oath, one after another in these following words. I doe Swear upon this Evangelist before me, that with all my Faith which I owe to God, my dili∣gence and care which I owe to the Empe∣rour, without former reward, or future hope of greater Honour, that I will chuse with all my Faith and Truth a Just and fit Man for the Kingdome of Rome, as much as in me Lyeth, After these and many other ceremonies: they proclaim him King of the Romans, Heire of Augustus, and Emperour of Germany. In the Realm of France, to be a Peer is the greatest Dignity under the King, for that in many things they have all∣most equal Authority with Kings, for Peer in the French tongue signifyeth equal. But because it will be too pro

lixe a subject to discourse of all their Prerogatives, it shall suffice only to num∣ber them, and each of their Offices at the Sacring or Coronation of a new King. These antient Peers are twelve in number, whereof 6 are of the Clergy, & six are Lay-men: the 6 of the Clergy with their offices at the Coronation, are the Arch-Bishop & Duke of Reins, who hath his accustomed charge to anoint and consecrate the King: the Bishop & Duke of Lacon, whose office is to bring the holy Ampoule, or divine Water, wherewith the King is anointed; the Bishop & Duke of Langres, whose office is to bring the Scepter & the hand of Ju∣stice, the Bishop and Earl of Beanais, bringeth the Kings Cloak, the Bishop & Earl of Chaalous, attendeth with the Kings Ring; the Bishop & Earl of Noy∣on, waites with the Kings Girdle. The six Temporal Peers with their Offices at the Coronation, are the Duke of Bur∣gundy. Dean or chief of the rest; whose Office is to carry the Kings Crown: the Duke of Guyen carries the 1 st. square Banner; the Duke of Normandy brings the 2d. square Banner, the Earl of Tho∣louse carries the Kings Spurs; the Earl of

paigne hath the mannagement of the Royal Banner, or the Standard of War: the Earl of Flanders bringeth the Kings Sword. And although the first five temporall Peerdoms are uni∣ted to the Crown, and the sixt be uni∣ted to another Prince, yet at the Kings Coronation there are other No∣ble men appointed to supply their roome and Offices. These are the twelve antient Peers, although since their creation others have been made, which though they have like Authori∣ty to judge in the Court of Parliament, yet they want Offices at the Kings Co∣ronatian, and bear not that Majesty that the other Peers doe, for that they are not of so great Antiquity.

A Sanctuary (as Statius writes) was made first by Hercules Nephews in Athens, and was called the Temple of Mercy. For then it was not lawfull to take any man violently, that re∣paired thither for Assistance and Pro∣tection: Notwithstanding whatsoever is otherwise expressed by Prophane Authors questionless Moses who was long before Hercules, did institute three

Franchised Towns, whether it was permitted for them to go, that had done any Murther unawares; or by Chance-Medly. Next after him Ro∣mulus ordained a Sanctuary in Rome, to increase his Citizens, and to have the greater number to build and people the City. There was a Sanctuary in the Isle Calvaria, dedicated to Neptune, and another in Aegypt at Campus con∣secrated to Hercules; and another at Osyris. and in Syria, one hallowed to Appollo. There were many others in Christendome; King Henry the 8 th. (amongst his other reformations) be∣cause of the great crimes and enormi∣ties that were commited concerning them, thought fit amongst his other devastations to put them down.

Swearing, was first ordained by the Emperour Justinian, which was that men should swear by the Sacred Writ the Gospell: and now a dayes all that swear, lay their hand upon the Book and kiss it, saying, So help me God, &c. Because as the Gospell of our Religion and Faith, may for no cause be violated; so an Oath in no case may be broken.

T

TEMPLES or, as they were afterwards called Churches as Diogenes supposeth, were caused first to be built by Epimenides in Crete. But Victruvius affirmeth, that one Ptthius a Carpenter, made the first Temple in Prienc, in the Honour of Pallas. He∣rodotus saith the Aegyptians Instituted Temples first. In Rome, Romulus build∣ed the first Temple, to the worship of Jupiter Feretrius. To Almighty God Solomon the King of the Hebrews, builded the first Temple 3102, years after the Creation of Adam in Jerusa∣lem. Amongst other Temples that of Ephesus, built in a noble City so called was very famous. It was in the Coun∣trey of Jonia, it was built in the 32d. year of the Reign of King David, by

Androchus the Son of Codrus King of Athens. The Amazons and most part of Asia, did contribute to the Erection of it in honour of Diana; the like where∣of was not in all the World; and therefore it was accounted amongst the seven wonders of the World: it was building 215 years. It was placed in a Miry ground for the better a∣voiding of Earth-quakes: There were 127 Pillars in it, made of their Kings one by one, which were in height 60 Foot; whereof 36 were caried with most admirable work∣manship. The length of the whole Church was 425 Foot, and the breadth 220. All that took this Church for Sanctuary had great immunities and priviledges: there were also so many Gifts and Monuments given to this Church from all Natians and Cityes, that none in all the World might be compared to it for Wealth. St. Paul Preached at Epesus three years, and Converted many to the Faith. St. John also, the Evangelist dyed in this City. But this sumptious building was de∣stroyed and set on fire in the Reign of

Galienus the Emperour, by one Ero∣stratus, who having performed many noble Exploits in War, and other∣wise, when that he perceived himself to have been deprived both of reward and fame, to leave a continual remem∣brance of his Name for one flagitious and horrible Act, did with great fires and monsterous flames consume this faire Church, and reduced it to Ashes, thinking thereby (as hath been said) to have been remembred to perpetui∣ty; but he was mistaken, for there were general Edicts and Proclamati∣ons made, that no man should presume upon Pain of Death, so much as to put his Name in any Writing or Chroni∣cle, to the intent that he might have been Buried with an everlasting Obli∣vion.

Triumphs, the first of them was entered by Dionysius, when he was replenished with the spoils of many Countreys, afterwards they were received of sundry Nations, as the Captains of Carthage upon their great successes, Triumphed. Romulus, after he had conquered Acron King of

Ciniveus, was Crowned with Lawrell and carried in a Charriot with four Horses, entered into the City of Rome Triumphantly, and dedicated his prey and spoyls to Jupiter, as Dionysius writes. Although, Eutropius saith, that Tarquinius Priscus first Triumphed after his conquest of the Sabines. Ca∣millus was led in a solemn Triumph with white Horses in a Gilded Char∣riot, his Browes incircled with a Gar∣land of Gold, all the Captains follow∣ing the Charriot, with Chains and Fetters about their Necks; and the Senate going before into the Capitoll of Jupiters Temple, where they offer∣ed a white Bull, and then returned. It was Lawful for none to Triumph, but such as were Dictator, Consul, or Pretor. Although, Cneus Pompeius, (as Cicero writes) Triumphed, though he was but of the Order of Knights.

Truce, which was called a cove∣nant of Peace for a Season, was insti∣tuted by Lycaon; it was made some∣times for years, as the Romans made a Truce with the Veientes for Forty years; with the Cerites for a hundred:

sometimes a Truce was made for hours, as Caius Pontius a Samnite, re∣quired of the Dictator of Rome a Truce for six hours. Leagues of Peeace Theseus is said to have ordained in Greece; Diodorus assigns them to Mer∣cury; but the truth is, they were in frequent use long before that time in Assyria and Aegypt, and namely a∣mongst the Hebrews, for Jacob made a League with Laban; and Moses of∣fered conditions of Peace to the Prin∣ces of the Countries, by whom he pass∣ed: and after him Joshua confirmed a Bond of Peace with the Gibeonites. The ceremonies and manner of the making and confirmation of the Leagues of sundry Nations, were di∣versifyed according to their several customes.

Tragedies and Commedies, had their beginning of the oblations, as Diodorus writes, which in old time men devoutly offered for their fruits to Bacchus. For as the Altars were kindled with fire, and the Goat laid on it, the Quire in honour of Bacchus sung this Meter called a Tragedy; it

was named so, either because a Goat, which in Greek is called Tragos, was the reward appointed for him that was Author of the Song, or because a Goat is so noysome and hurtful to the Vines, whereof Bacchus was the first inven∣ter, which Sacrificed to Liber; or of the Grounds or Dregs, which in Greek is called Tryx, with which the Stage-Players used to Paint their Faces, be∣fore that Aeschylus devised Visards. But the first inventer of them after the mind of Horace, was Thespis-Quintilian saith, that Aescylus set forth the first publick Tragedies, though he acknowledges that Sophocles and Euripidus did adorn and furnish them more gallantly. In Rome Livius Andronicus made the first Tragedy, wherein Accius, Paccunius, and Seneca excelled. The Comedies began at what time (the Athenians being not yet assembled into the City) the Youth of that Contrey, used to Sing solemn Verses at Feasts, abroad in the Villages and High-wayes, for to get Money: They were so named of the Greek word Comos, for a Banqueting, or

Come a Street, and Ode a Song, yet it is uncertain amongst the Grecians who invented them first. In this kind of Writing, Aristophanus, Eupolis, and Cra∣tinus were the most eminent; in a Tra∣gedy, Noble Persons, as Emperours, Kings, Princes, Dukes, Lords, &c. are brought in with a high Style. In a Comedy, Amorous dalliances, Love affaires, Diversitie, several Tunes, Cheats, &c. are most concerned.

V

VERMILION or Red-Lead, was first found in Ephesus, by Gallus an Athenian. This colour was in Rome esteemed for Holy, insomuch that on their Feastival dayes, they Painted the Face of Jupiters Image with it, and the Bodies of them that Triumphed.

Uows, the custome of making of them, was borrowed from the He∣brews, which used to make Vows to God; and divers other Countreys of the Gentles more blindly used to make such Vows to their false Gods.

Uoyces, which were used to be gi∣ven in great consultations, Judgments and Elections were first ordained by Palamedes.

W

WRITING, after the man∣ner of the Aegyptians, was instead of Letters, by Herogliphicks to make use of the Images of Beasts, Birds, &c, declaring their minds by the shapes and figures of them: As by the Bee they signified a King Ruling his Com∣mons and Subjects with great modera∣tion and gentleness; by the Goshauk, they meant a speedy performance of their affaires, and so for other things.

Watches and Wardings, were first appointed by Palamedes. Watch∣words were first used in the Battell of Troy; at the same time when Simon found out Beacons and Fires.

Wine, which proceeds from the Vine (Diodorus writes) that Dionysius did first perceive the nature of it, and

taught the Grecians to Plant it, and to press the Wine out of the Grape, as Saturn did in Italy. Some would have it to be Icarins the Father of Penelope, that found the virtue of the Grape in Athens; who is reported to have been slain by the Husbandmen when they were Drunk. Atheneus in one place writeth, that Orestus Son to Dencalion, first discovered the Vine about Mount Aetna in Sicily. In another place he sayes, that it was found in the City Plinthina in Aegypt. Aruntes a Tirrhen, banished out of his Countrey by Luci∣non, whom he brought up of a Child, carried the first Wine into France. But before all these, Noah was the first that either Tilled the Land, or Planted the Vineyard; and when that he had tasted too much of the Fruit of the Grape, he was Drunk. Wine Taverns were set up first by the Lydi∣ans, a people of Asia, which also found out and invented divers Games. Staphylus (as Pliny saith) was the first that allayed Wine. But for all these generally entertained Opinions the Poets will have Bacchus to be the first

deviser and God of it, and that he taught those Countries how to make Ale of Barley which had no Grapes growing, into this Drink the Germans afterwards put Hops and called it Beer.

The Winds were first observed by Aeolus, as 'tis reported from the prog∣nostication of the Inhabitants of the Islands about Sicily, who by the smoak of the said Isles three dayes before, were said to know what Winds they should have. Aeolus for his great insight in∣to the Nature of them, hath by the general consent of Poets, the Domini∣on over them attributed to him. The Winds as some divide them, are said to be four, according to the four prin∣cipal Regions of the Aire; those that are more curious in their search and in∣quiry of their Natures, will have them to be no less then eight. And especially one Andronicus Corestes, who Builded a Terret in Athens, and set on every side of it, the Images of the Winds graven, against the Rigion whence the Winds came, they were placed on Pillars of Marble, and in the middle he set a Brazen Image of

Triton, which he had made so, that it would turn with a Gust and stand with its Face towards the Wind that blew, being so devised as to point with a Rod to the Image of the said Wind; which hath been since imitated and used in most Countries; for 'tis an usual custome to set up Wea∣ther-cocks or Fans, to show out of what Quarter the Wind bloweth.

The seven Wise Men of Greece, who lived (as one saith) when there was a scarcity of Wisedom, were as followeth, Bias he was born in the Ha∣ven Town of Prieane, in the Countrey of Jonia. Solon was of the Island of Sa∣lamine: Chilo was of Lacedemonia; Cle∣obolus had his birth at Lindus in the Isle of Rhodes: Pittacus was of Mity∣lene in the Isle of Lesbes: Thales recei∣ved his first breath at Miletum in Greece: the last of them was Periander King of Corinth.

The wonders of the World, were reputed seven of the same num∣ber of the Wise men of Greece. The first were of the Walls of Babylon built by Semeramis of stone joyned together

with a strange kind of slimy and glu∣ish Morter, which grew in the Mines of those Countryes; and especially in the Lake, where stood in time past So∣dome and Gomorrah, now called Asfa∣tilda. These walls according to the Town, were built in a quadrangle, and contained in circuit (as saith Pliny in the 26th chapter of his sixt Book) 60 miles, so that every square was fifteen miles long, they were 200 foot high, and 15 foot thick. To build these walls were hired by Semiramis, out of divers Countryes for a long space 300000 men. The Second was the Pil∣lar of the Sun, offered by the Gentiles unto Jupiter. This Pillar stood in the Isle of Rhodes, and was made of Iron in the form of a man, of incredible great∣ness, insomuch that a man could scarce Fadom the great finger thereof. After it had stood 56 years, it fell down by reason of an Earthquake, and so lay till the Island was won by the Souldan of Aegypt, who carried as much mettall a∣way as loaded 900 Camels. The Third, were the Obelisci or the Pira∣mids of Aegypt of which we have al∣ready

discoursed. The Fourth was the Mansoleum of Mansolus King of Caria, Husband to Artimesia: this woman for the great love she had to his Memory, burnt his body, drunk his ashes beaten to a powder, thinging no Sepulcher so worthy of him as her own body, the re∣mainder of the powder which she found it impossible for her to drink, she buried in his Famous Tomb. This Mo∣nument was of a most excellent kind of Marble, it was 411 feet in circute, and 25 cubits high, it was invironed with 36 Pillars, most curiously carved. The Fifth was the Temple of Diana at E∣phesus of which in 'its proper place we have also discoursed more at large. The Sixt was the Image of Jupiter Olympus, in Achia all of Porphyry, an infinite number of little pieces being wonderfully joyned together: this Sta∣tue or Image besides the excellency of the work, was more especially admi∣red for the greatness thereof, and was the more Famous, by reason that the Games called the Olympiades were there kept. The Seventh was the Tower Pharos, nigh to Alexandria in

Aegypt; built by Ptolomeus Philadel∣phus King of Aegypt, to direct the Passengers which way to approach the Haven thereabouts, by burning of pitch or other light materials: This Tower was of a marvelous height, and of singular Workmanship; the building whereof cost according to our Money 4800000 Crowns, some Authors set down for the Eight Wonders, the Gardens and Orchards upon the walls of Babylon.