Orang-outang, sive, Homo sylvestris, or, The anatomy of a pygmie compared with that of a monkey, an ape, and a man to which is added, A philological essay concerning the pygmies, the cynocephali, the satyrs and sphinges of the ancients : wherein it will appear that they are all either apes or monkeys, and not men, as formerly pretended / by Edward Tyson ...

The Orang-Outang or Pygmie more resembled a Man, than Apes and Monkeys do.

• 1. IN having the Hair of the Shoulder tending downwards; and that of the Arm, upwards.
• 2. In the Face 'twas liker a Man; having the Forehead larger, and the Rostrum or Chin shorter.
• 3. In the outward Ear likewise except as to it's Cartilage, which was thinner as in Apes.
• 4. In the Fingers; which were much thicker than in Apes.
• 5. In being in all respects designed by Nature, to walk erect; where∣as Apes and Monkeys want a great many Advantages to do so.
• 6. The Nates or Buttocks larger than in the Ape-kind.
• 7. It had Calves in it's Legs.
• 8. The Shoulders and Breast were more spread.
• 9. The Heel was longer.
• 10. The Membrana Adiposa placed here, next to the Skin.
• 11. The Peritonaeum in the Groin entire; and not perforated, or pro∣truded, as in Apes and Monkeys.
• 12. The Intestines or Guts much longer.
• 13. The Intestines being very different in their bigness, or largeness of their Canalis.
• 14. In having a Caecum or Appendicula Vermiformis, which Apes and Monkeys have not: and in not having the beginning of the Colon so pro∣jected or extended, as Apes and Monkeys have.
• 15. The Insertion of the Ductus Bilarius and the Ductus Pancreaticus in a Man, the Pygmie, and an Ape was at the same Orifice. In a Monkey there was two Inches distance.
• 16. The Colon was here longer.
• 17. The Liver not divided into Lobes, as in Apes and Monkeys; but entire, as in Man.
• 18. The Biliary Vessels, the same as in Man.
• 19. The Spleen the same.
• 20. The Pancreas the same.
• 21. The Number of the Lobes of the Lungs, the same as a Man's.
• 22. The Pericardium fastened to the Diaphragm, as in Man; but is not so in Apes and Monkeys.
• 23. The Cone of the Heart, not so pointed, as in Apes.
• 24. It had not those Pouches in the Chaps, as Apes and Monkeys have.
• 25. The Brain was abundantly larger than in Apes; and all it's Parts exactly formed like the Humane Brain.
• 26. The Cranium more globous; and twice as big as an Ape's or Monkey's.
• ...

• 27. All the Sutures here, like the Humane: And in the Lambdoidal uture were the Ossa triquetra Wormiana. In Apes and Monkeys 'tis other∣wise,
• 28. It had an Os Cribriforme, and the Crista Galli; which Monkeys have not.
• 29. The Sella Equina here, the same as in Man; in the Ape-kind 'tis more rising and eminent.
• 30. The Processus Pterygoides, as in Man: In Apes and Monkeys they are wanting.
• 31. The Ossa Bregmatis and Temporum here the same as in Man. In Monkeys they are different.
• 32. The Os Zygomaticum in the Pygmie was small; in the Monkey and Apes 'tis bigger.
• 33. The Shape of the Teeth more resembled the Humane, especially the Dentes Canini and Molares.
• 34. The Transverse Apophyses of the Vertebrae of the Neck, and the Sixth and Seventh Vertebra, were liker the Humane, than these Parts in Apes and Monkeys are.
• 35. The Vertebrae of the Neck had not those Foramina for transmitting the Nerves; which Apes have and Man has not.
• 36. The Vertebrae of the Back, and their Apophyses Rectae like the Hu∣mane: and in the lower Vertebrae but two Apophyses infernae; not four, as in Apes.
• 37. There were but five Vertebrae of the Loins here, as in Man: in Apes and Monkeys there are six.
• 38. The Spines of the Lumbal Vertebrae strait, as in Man.
• 39. The Os Sacrum was composed of five Vertebrae, as in Man: in Apes and Monkeys there are but three Vertebrae.
• 40. The Os Coccygis had but four Bones, and these not perforated, as 'tis in Man: In Monkeys there are more Bones, and they are perforated.
• 41. In the Pygmie there were but seven Costae verae; and the Extreams of the Nothae were Cartilaginous; and the Ribs were articulated to the body of the Vertebrae. In Apes and Monkeys there are eight Costae verae; and the Extreams of the Nothae are ossious; and the Articulation is in the Interstices of the Vertebrae.
• 42. The Os Sterni in the Pygmie was broad, as in a Man: in the Monkey 'tis narrow.
• 43. The Bones of the four Fingers much larger than in the Ape-kind.
• 44. The Thigh-bone in it's Articulation, and all other respects, like the Humane.
• 45. The Patella round, not long; single, not double; as 'tis said to be in Apes.
• 46. In the Heel, the Tarsus, and Metatarsus, the Pygmie was like a Man.
• 47. The middle Toe in the Pygmie was not the longest, as 'tis in the Ape-kind.
• ...

• 48. These Muscles, viz. The Obliquus Inferior Capitis, the Pyriformis and Biceps Femoris, were like the Humane; whereas the same in Apes and Monkeys are different. And Note, That all the other Muscles that are not otherwise specified in the following Catalogue, were like the Humane also; but whether all the same Muscles in Apes and Monkeys resemble the Humane, Could not be determined, for want of a Subject to compare them with, or Observations made by others.