CAP. II.

De Capitis & Faciei Ossibus.

SImiae Caput (a) rotundum est, humano simile, cynocephali verò caput oblon∣gius. Ʋtriusque (b) Suturae adeo sunt obscurae, ut earum nullum appa∣reat vestigium. Propterea potiùs harmoniae dici merentur, quam suturae, quia rerum consutarum figuram non aemulantur. Attamen Volcherus Coiter sutu∣ras attribuit simiis, parum ab humanis discrepantes. In cercopitheco squam∣miformes desiderantur. (c) Frontis Os in calvariae basis sede, ad conjun∣ctionem Ossis sphenoidis, transvers â potius lineâ quàm sutura distinguitur: ampla oblongaque scissura homines divisum obtinent, in quam aliud Os instar cribri perforatum conjicitur, arctissimeque constringitur. At (d) Simiae Os Frontale ea in parte omnino continuum existit, & quâ nasus principium su∣mit, non longè ab ea sede, quae frontem constituit, alto & rotundo foramine parumper à lateribus compresso, illo foramine quod nervum visorium emittit, nonnihil ampliori, excavatum est. In ejus humiliori profundiorique sede, quatuor aut quinque alia foramina recta & lata cernuntur. In simia caudat a (e) Os Ethmoides admodum profundè in nares descendit, paulò infra eam regionem ex qua nasus exoritur. Harmoniâ per medium dividitur, & utrim∣que ab Osse frontis, quod etiam profundèr descendit effingi videtur. (f) Su∣perficies fellae Sphenoidis ad narium principium in Osse frontis non est plana & aequalis ut in homine, sed est eminentissima. In posteriori sellae eminentia glandulam excipiente, reperitur for a men exsculptum. In sellae (g) hujus sub∣stantia nulla latet cavitas ut homine. (h) Cavitates illae quae in apophysibus pterygoideis exsculptae sunt, maximae & profundae apparent, (i) Ossa, Breg∣matis, & Temporum, nec intus, nec foris, ullam demonstrant divisionem, quasi ex unico continuatoque Osse constarent. (k) In Osse temporum apophy∣sis Mastoidis deest, Styloidis exigua est. (l) Cavitas auris videtur unica, orbiculatim in plures gyros striata, nec tria Ossicula Malleolus, Incus, & Sta∣pes reperiuntur, quibus aliorum animantium aures instructae sunt, si credimus Casserio, sed ego semper observavi.

Page  62Os Zygωma (m), quâ parte ab Osse orbitario procedit, crassum & robustum est, atque ejus in medium lineâ potiùs quàm suturâ distinguitur. In homine veròtenue existit, & suturâ dirimitur.

Simiae Facies (n) rotunda est, cynocephali oblonga & antrorsum protuberans. Ossa verò Maxillae superioris respondent humanis. (o) Suturae sunt harmo∣niis, sive rimis similes, potissimum ea quae medium palatum intersecat. Sed pecutliaris sutura notatur, ab inferiore orbita incipiens, secundum longitudi∣nem maxillae ad caninum dentem cujusque lateris prorepit, ipsumque palatum dirimit.

Maxilla inferior (p) integra est, nullâ lineâ in mento dissecta, brevissima est corporis proportione, ita ut ex omni animantium genere nullum breviorem habeat, excepto homine. Extremitas quae cavitati temporum articulatur, est condylωdis, ut in homine. Quare non est gynglymoides haec articulatio, ut scripsit Volcherus Coiter.

(q) Simia in dentibus caninis & molaribus differt ab homine. Caninos quidem habet dentes humanis similes, in unaquaque maxilla binos, qui u∣trimque assident & accumbunt incisoribus. Singulas radices ut incisores ha∣bent, sed altiùs infixas robustioresque, minùs etiam ex anteriore parte, quàm posteriore pressas & angustas. Ac simia cynocephalos dentes caninos longiores prominentioresque, qiàm vera simia obtinet. Molarium dentium numerus in homine incertus est, authore Galeno: saepius enim in utraque maxilla sunt sexdecim, interdum viginti, nonnunquam viginti quatuor. At simiae sem∣per certus ac definitus molarium numerus. Differunt quoque Maxillares si∣miae ab humanis, in figura externa, & radicum numero, quamvis enim prio∣res duo molares simiae, ab humanis, aut nihil, aut certè parum discrepent, quia in simia primus inferior unum tantùm apicem obtinet: Attamen in posterio∣rum dentium mensis, secundum longitudinem maxillarum, profunda admo∣dum linea exsculpta est. Quant lineam altera etiam transversa, quae in quin∣to dente simiae non caudatae gemina est, intrinsecus & extrinsecus ad gingi∣vam usque protractata intersecat. Quo fit, ut singuli ejusmodi dentes emi∣nentias, ut plurimum quatuor in angulis (nam quinto six sunt) tres verò foveas in medio habentes, duarum serrarum mutuò sibi occurrentium modo committantur: quod profectò accuratissius Author Galenus explicare minimè praetermisisset, si molares simiarum descripsisset.

Os Hyoides (r) humano firmè simillimum existit, praeterquam quod me∣dium ipsius ossiculum amplius est, quàm in homine, & posteriore sede insigni∣orem ostendit cavitatem, gibbis ipsius laryngis partibus invehitur, fitque pro∣pugnaculum cartilaginis scutiformis. In illa enim lata oblongaque apophysi, interiores partes Ossis hyoidis efformat, quae deorsum adeo producitur, ut in∣star clypei cartilagini thyroidi obtendatur.

Page  63 (a) The Cranium of our Pygmie was round and globous, and it seemed to be three times as big as the Head of a Common Monkey; for, that I might the better compare them, I procured the Sceleton of a Mon∣key, which I found was exactly the length or that of our Pygmie: though at the same time we shall see, that in several of the Parts, 'twas vastly different. For measuring the Head of our Pygmie by a Line drawn round from the Nose, over the Orbit of the Eyes, to the Occiput or hin∣der part of the Head, and so to the Nose again, I observed 'twas Thir∣teen Inches. The Cranium of the Monkey measured there only Nine In∣ches and a quarter. The girth of the Head of the Pygmie, from the Ver∣tix round by the Ears to the Vertix again, was Eleven Inches and an half: in the Monkey 'twas only Seven Inches and an half. The longi∣tudinal Diameter of the Cranium of the Pygmie was Four Inches, of the Monkey Two Inches and a quarter. The latitudinal Diameter of the Cranium of the Pygmie was Three Inches and above a quarter; of the Monkey a little above Two Inches. The profundity of the Cranium of the Pygmie, from the Vertix to the Foramen where the Medulla Spinalis passes out, was about Three Inches and a quarter; in the Monkey Two Inches. So that in the largeness of the Cranium, the Pygmie much ex∣ceeds the Monkey, as also Apes, and more resembles a Man.

(b) The Sutures in our Pygmie perfectly resembled those in an Humane Cranium; The Sutura Coronalis Sagittalis, and Lambdoides being all serrated or indented very curiously, as in Man. In the Lambdoidal Suture I observed Nine Ossa triquetra Wormiana. In the Cranium of a Monkey I found the Coronary Suture for the most part to be Harmonia, and only for a little space to be serrated towards the middle, where it meets the Sagittal Suture. The Sagittal Suture here was indented throughout. The Lambdoidal Suture, as extended from the Sagittal of each side for about half an Inch, was serrated; then the Suture disappeared, and there was formed here a rising ridge of the Cranium, which was continued to that Apophysis which makes the hinder part of the Os Zygomaticum. There was no such bony ridge in the Cranium of the Pygmie. In the Monkey too I saw the Squammous Sutures very plain, tho' Riolan denies them; which like∣wise in our Pygmie was very apparent. Our Pygmie therefore in the Structure of the Sutures exactly resembled a Humane Cranium, and more than Apes and Monkeys do: For in them the Coronary and Lambdoidal Sutures were only in part serrated; and they had no Ossa triquetra Wor∣miana.

(c) In our Pygmie there was an Os Cribriforme, as in Man; 'twas a∣bout half an Inch long, and a quarter of an Inch broad; in it I num∣bred about Thirty Foramina; here was likewise that long ridge, (which is call'd Crista Galli) as in a Man, to which the Dura Mater was fastened.

Page  64(d) In the Cranium of the Monkey there was no Crista Galli; and where the Os Cribriforme should have been, there was a hollow Passage which led towards the beginning of the Nostrils, at the end of which there might be a small Os Cribriforme perforated with four or five holes. But this Part appeared very different from the Structure of a Humane Skull, as likewise from our Pygmie; which was occasioned chiefly by the great bunching in of the Bones of the Orbit of the Eye, tho' our Pygmie too had these Bones more protruded in, than they are in a Humane Cranium.

(e) This appeared more in the Cranium of a Monkey than in our Pygmie; tho' here too 'twas somewhat more than in a Man's Skull.

(f) The Sella Equina in our Pygmie was exactly like a Man's. In a Monkey I observed it more rising and higher. In the middle of the Sella Turcica seu Equina of our Pygmie, I observed a Foramen; and the same I found in a Humane Cranium I have by me.

(g) In our Pygmie I did not observe those two Cavities under the Sella Turcica which are to be met with in a Humane Skull. But the Bone here was very spungy and cavernous, and might answer the same end, tho' not formed perfectly alike.

(h) These Cavities in our Pygmie, were nothing so large as they are in a Monkey, but conformable to the Structure of this Part in an Hu∣mane Skull. And in our Pygmie too, I observed the Pterigoidal Processes as they are in Man, but I did not find them in the Monkey.

(i) The Ossa Bragmatis and Temporum in our Pygmie were very plain∣ly distinguished by an indented Suture. In the Cranium of the Monkey these Bones were divided by a lineal Suture call'd Harmonia.

(k) The Mastoid and Styloforme Process in our Pygmie were very little, yet more than in the Monkey; but herein our Pygmie rather imitates the Ape-kind.

(l) Because I would not spoil the Sceleton, I did not examin the Or∣gan of the Inward Ear: But am wholly inclined to Riolan, who tells us he always found those Three little Bones, the Malleolus, Incus, and Stapes there; and no doubt but they are to be met with in our Pygmie. Tho' Casserius therefore thinks Galen does not mention them, and never observed them, because they are not to be found in Apes: But Riolan tells us the contrary.

(m) The Os Zygomaticum in our Pygmie was not half so big or large as in the Cranium of the Monkey; herein therefore our Pygmie more re∣sembles a Man.

Page  65(n) Tho' the Face of our Pygmie was rounder than an Ape's, as that is than a Monkey, and a Monkey's more than the Cynocephalus, yet 'twas not altogether so much as a Man's; the upper Jaw being proportionably longer and somewhat more protuberant. The Bones of the Nose too in our Pygmie more resembled the Ape-kind, than the Humane, being flat and simous; hence simia; and not protuberant and rising as in Man.

(o) The Suture of the Palate in our Pygmie was just the same as in a Man. In a Monkey I observed that peculiar Suture Riolan mentions, but did not find it in the Pygmie: Only in the Palate of the Pygmie I obser∣ved a Suture, not from the Dens Caninus, as was in the Monkey, but from the Second of the Dentes Incisores.

(p) In our Pygmie the under Jaw was perfectly closed at the Mentum, as 'twas in the Monkey; and 'tis so in a Man. Galen (83) tells us, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. i. e. That of all Animals a Man hath the shortest Chin, or under Jaw, in proportion to his Body; then next to a Man, an Ape, then a Lynx, then Satyrs, and after these the Cynocephali. And I may add, of all Apes, our Pygmie hath the shortest. The Articu∣lation of the under Jaw in our Pygmie was Condyloides, as 'tis in Man; and not Gynglymoides, as Volcherus Coiter and Barthol. Eustachius observe.

(q) Our Pygmie had in each Jaw before, four Dentes Incisorcs; then following them, of each side a Dens Caninus; then after them of each side, Four Dentes Molares, in all Fourteen Teeth in each Jaw, in both Twenty eight. But our Subject being young, I observed that all the Teeth were not perfectly grown out of the Jaw-bone, and could perceive some of the Molares, that still lay hid there, or were not much exerted. In a Monkey in each Jaw there were two Dentes Incisores before; then four Dentes Canini, two of each side; then eight Dentes Molares, four of each side. The Number of the Teeth in each Jaw, and in the whole the same as in the Pygmie: only the Monkey had four Dentes Canini in each Jaw, the Pygmie had but two, as in a Man: Or at least in the Monkey, the two first of the Canini seemed to be Amphibious, between an Incisor and Caninus; being not so broad as the two first Incisores, nor so much exerted or extended as the two other Canini were. In the number of the Teeth our Pygmie imitated more the Ape-kind than the Humane: But in the Structure of them, more the Humane than the Ape-kind; for the Mensa or Supersicies of the Melares, was not so serra∣ted as the Monkey's, but liker Humane Teeth.

I have omitted the Printing the next Paragraph in Ri•lan, because I Page  66 would not be tedious: And for the same reason, do not here particu∣larly describe each Bone in the Head and Jaws of our Pygmie; for where I do not remark otherwise, 'tis to be understood, that all those Parts are the same in a Man, our Pygmie and the Ape-kind.

(r) There was nothing particular that I observed in the Os Hyoides of our Pygmie that was different from that of a Man's.