The history of philosophy, in eight parts by Thomas Stanley.

EVBVLIDES.

a 1.1 EUBULIDES a Mile••ian succeeded Euclid. some affirm, that Demosthenes the Oratour was his Scholler, and that Demost∣henes not being able to pronounce the Letter R, he taught him by continuall exercise to do it. He was a great enemy to Aristotle, and much aspersed him.

In Dialectick he invented many kinds of Interrogation or argu∣ment, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Lying; 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the occult; 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Electra; 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Vailed; 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Sorites; 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the horned; 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the bald: Of which thus Demosthenes.

The Oratours sharp Eubulides knowes With subtle forked questions how to pose, Speech from Demosthenes not sweeter flowes.

These are severall kinds of Sophisms, whichc 1.2 Aristotle in gene∣rall defines Eristick Syllogismes: from this School borrowed and enlarged afterwards by the Stoicks.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, termed byc 1.3 Athenaeus 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, byd 1.4 Cicero mentiens, is a captious reasoning not to be dissolved; named, as most of the rest, not from the form, but matter; the ordinary example being this:e 1.5 If you say that you lye when you speak truth, you lye: But, you say that you lye when you speak truth; therefore you lye. Such is that in f 1.6 Africanus, A man having foure hundred (Crownes) disposeth in Le∣gacies three hundred; next he bequeaths to you a piece of ground worth one hundred Crownes; provided, his Will be not lyable to the Falcidian Law, [by which all Legacies are made void, if the surplusage remaining for the Heires, amount not at the least to the fourth part of the Goods] The Question is, what right you have. I say, the question is not to be resolved, being of that kind which the Dialecticks call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, what part soever we take for true will prove false. If we say the Legacies are valid, the Will comes within compasse of the Falci∣dian Law, whereby the condition being defective, the Legacy is invalid. Again, if because the condition being defective, the Legacies are not valid, it is not lyable to the Falcidian Law; and if the Law take not place upon the condition, you are not to have what was bequeathed you. So much was this Sophisme esteemed, thatg 1.7 Seneca affirmes, many Books to have been written upon it:h 1.8 Laertius reckons six distinct Trea∣tises of Chrysippus.i 1.9 Athenaeus and Suidas averr, that Philetus a Choan dyed of a Consumption, occasion'd by excessive study up∣this Question only.

Electra, named (likewise) from the chiefe Examples; of which thus Lucian: Electra the illustrious Daughter of Agamemnon, knew and knew not the same thing. Orestes unknown standing by her, she knew that Orestes was her Brother, but she knew not that he was Orestes.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉▪ the vailed; named also from the matter, thus in∣stanc'd by Lucian. CHR. Answer me, Do you know your Father? MERC. Yes. CHR. What if I should bring one unto you vailed, what would you say, that you knew him or not? MERC. That I did not know him. CHR. And yet that man proves to be your Father; therefore if you `knew not the man, you knew not your Father. MERC. No truly; but, ••pul off his vail, and I shal discover the truth. Of the same kinde is that of the Sophists, whichk 1.10 Aristotle affirmes, Socrates (in Plato's Meno) vainly labours to resolve; Do you know all Paires are even or not? The other answering he knew it. The Sophist brings forth a pair of some thing which he had held hidden under his Cloak, and askes, Did

you know that I had this Even pair or not? the other confessing he knew not, Then saith he, you know and know not the same thing.

Sorites, By Cicero termedl 1.11 a Cervalis, who defines it to be m 1.12 when any thing by degrees is added or taken away: as a Heap (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) is made by adding a grain, or rather asn 1.13 Iulianus, when from things Evidently true, by very short Mutations the Dispute is led to such things as are Evidently false; the same,o 1.14 ulpian, The Common ex∣ample mentioned byp 1.15 Cicero,q 1.16 Laertius,r 1.17 Sextus Empiricus, and others in this: are not two a few? are not three so likewise? Are not four the same? So on to ten. But two are a few, and therefore ten.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the horned; Denominated as the rest from the Exam∣ple, what you lost not you have, you lost not Hornes, therefore you have Horns. Repeated by Seneca, Agellius and others. Of this kinds 1.18 St. Hierome observes that to bee which the Pharisees objected to our Saviour. He came (saith he) from Galilee to Judea, wherfore the faction of Scribes and Pharisees asked him whether it were lawfull for a man to put away his Wife for any cause, that they might Entrap him by a Horned Syllogisme, whatsoever he would answer being liable to excepti∣on: if he should say a Wife might be put away for any cause, and ano∣ther taken; he being a Professor of modesty should contradict himself; but if he should answer, a Wife ought not to be put away for any cause, he should be accounted guilty of Sacriledge, & judged to do contrary to the Doctrine of Moses, and by Moses of God. Our Lord therefore so tempers his an∣swer, that he passeth by their trap, alledging for Testimony the sacred Scripture and Naturall Law, opposing the first Sentence of God to the second, which was granted not from the will of God, but Necessity of Sin. The same Father instanceth another of the same kind proposed to him,t 1.19 I was assaulted at Rome by a very Eloquent person, with that which they call a Horned Syllogism, so as which way soever I turned I was more entangled. To marry a Wife saith he, is it a sin or not? I plain∣ly, not thinking to avoid his ambush, said, it is not a sin; He then pro∣pounded another Question, in Baptism are good works remitted or Evill? I with the like simplicity answered, sins are remitted: when I thought my self secure, Hornes began to bud out on each side on me, and the hidden forces to discover themselves, if saith he to marry a Wife be not a sin, and that Baptisme remitteth Sinnes, whatsoever is not remitted is re∣served.

Notes

• a 1.1

  Laert.
• c 1.2

  Yop. ••. 4.
• c 1.3

  Deipn. 8.
• d 1.4

  Divinat. 2.
• e 1.5

  Cic. L••cull.
• f 1.6

  Lib. 5. quest.
• g 1.7

  Epist. 6. 45.
• h 1.8

  Vit. Chrysip.
• i 1.9

  Deipn. 8.
• k 1.10

  Analy. poster. 1. 1.
• l 1.11

  Divin. 2.
• m 1.12

  Cic. Luc••l.
• n 1.13

  Digest. lib. 1••
• o 1.14

  Lib. 48. ad Sabin. in tit∣de verbor. & rer. sig••ifit.
• p 1.15

  In Lucullo.
• q 1.16

  In Chrysip.
• r 1.17

  Adv. L••gic.
• s 1.18

  Lib. 5. i•• Mat.
• t 1.19

  Epist. 83.