The history of philosophy, in eight parts by Thomas Stanley.

XENOPHON.

CHAP. I.

Xenophon, his Country Parents, and follow∣ing of Socrates.

Xenophon was an Atheni••n,* 1.1 son of Cryllus, of the Erchiean Tribe: The time of his birth is no where expressely delivered:* 1.2 Stesiclides affirms he died the first year of the 105. Olympiad. * 1.3 Lucian that he outlived 90. years: whence it is evident that hee was born at or before the first year of the 82. Olympiad, which if the learned Causabone had observed, he had not* 1.4 alter'd Athenaeus upon supposition, that he was but ten years old, the fourth year of the 89. Olympiad (the time of his Symposium) where∣as he was then no lesse then 36. years of age. Laertius saith, he flourished the fourth year of the 94. Olympiad. (Suidas reads, of the 98.) Or, according to others, that he flourished in the 89. Olympi∣ad with the rest of the Socratick Philosophers; of whom he became one upon this accident.

* 1.5 Meeting Socrates in a narrow lane, hee stopt him with his staffe, and asked him where all kind of meats were to be sold; to which Socrates made a serious answer: and then demanded of him, where it was that men were made good and virtuous! whereat Xenophon pausing, follow me then, saith he, and learn; from thence forward he became a Disciple of Socrates.

In the time of that great war betwixt the Lacedaemonians and Athenians, called the Peloponnesian war (the naturall for∣wardnesse of his spirit being perhaps excited by the example of his Master Socrates) hee was personally engaged in the fight before Delium, the first year of the 89. Olympiad•• wherein the Boeotians overcame the Athenians; in which defeat* 1.6 Xenophon in the flight unhorsed and thrown, down, Socrates (who his horse being likewise slain under him, fought on foot) took him upon his shoulders and and carried him many furlongs, untill the Enemy gave over the pursuit. This was the first essay of his military profession, which he afterward resum'd upon this occasion.

CHAP. 2.

Vpon what occasion he followed Cyrus into Asia.

* 1.7 ARtaxerxes succeeded Darius his Father in the Kingdom of Persia, Cyrus his younger brother having been sent for out of his Government of Lyd••a upon his fathers sicknesse, which is that first 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 placed by the Arundelian stone in the second year of the 93. Olympiad, confounded by* 1.8 a learned person with the latter, six years after) was imprison'd by his brother upon the accusation of Tissaphernes, but released by the mediation of his Mother Parysa••is. Being returned to his Government, he used all secret means to strengthen himselfe. the Ionian Cities were delivered to Tissaphernes by Artaxer∣xes, but revolted to him, all except Myletus. His pretences for levying forces were, the Garrisoning of those Cities, and his opposing Tissaphernes: Clearchus likewise raised for him many in Chersonesus, upon pretence of warring against the Thracians. He privately also kept an Army on foot in Thessaly under A∣ristippus: and Proxenus of Boeotia brought him forces as against the Pisidians; this Proxenus (who had been scholar to Gorgias the Leontine, and* 1.9 guest to Xenophon) sent to invite him to Cyrus, assuring him he should be of more esteem with him then of his own Country: Xenophon consulted with Socrates about this let∣ter, who doubting that if he took part with Cyrus, the Athenians would be disples'd with him (Cyrus having before aided the Lacedemonians against them) counsell'd him to ask the advice of the Delphian Oracle. Xenophon went thither, and demanded of Apollo to which of the Gods he should address his vowes and sacrifice for the good successe of his intended journey. Hee was answer'd, that he should sacrifice to those Gods to whom it was due: Returning to Athens, he imparted this Oracle to So∣crates, who blam'd him, because he had not demanded whether it was best to stay or no, but (as already determined to goe) how he might best perform his journey; Neverthelesse (saith he) since you have so proposed your demand, you must do as the Gods command: Xenophon having sacrificed according to the Oracles direction, took shipping, and at Sardis found Prox∣enus and Cyrus ready for their expedition into Asia, and was immediately recommended to Cyrus, being by both earnestly intreated to stay: hee continued with him* 1.10 not in any com∣mand, but as a volunteer,* 1.11 In which condition he did not any thing misbeseeming a souldier, whereupon he was in the num∣ber of those whom Cyrus esteem'd most.

* 1.12 Cyrus having drawn all his forces together, marched up and

gave battle to Artax••rxes (in the beginning of the fourth year* 1.13 of the nintie fourth Olympiad, when Xenenetus was Archon) at Cunaxa, five hundred Stadia from Babylon, by the River Eu∣phrates. Whilst he was viewing both Armies, he told Xenophon, who rode up to him, that the sacrifices were auspicious; then Xenophon gave him the Grecians word, Iupiter the pres••ruer. The Greeks prevailed against Tissaphernes; but Cyrus assaulting, the King, was through his too much forwardnesse ••lain; the Grecians thinking themselves Masters of the field, and Cyrus to be alive, returned to their Camp, which they found rif••ed by the enemy.* 1.14 The next day the King sending Phalinus to them, to deliver their armes, Xenophon answered,

That they had•• nothing left but their armes and valour; as long as they kept their armes, they might use their valour, sur∣rendring them, they were not Masters of themselves; It were indiscretion (saith he) to surrender what we have left, since thereby perhaps we may make our selves Masters of what you have.

Phalinus smiling, replyed;

Young man, you look and speak like a Philosopher; but assure your selfe, your valour will not over-master the Kings power.

Clearchus re∣turned this answer for the whole Army,

If we be esteemed friends, it will be better for him that we are armed, if ene∣mies, better for our selves.

Tissaphernes having made a Truce with Clearchus, perfidiously got him with foure other Com∣manders, Proxenus, Menon, (* 1.15 with whom Xenophon had parti∣cular enmity) Agias, and Socrates, twenty Captains of Cohorts, and two hundred common souldiers into his power; and de∣livering them up to the King, they were beheaded. The Greeks being summoned to lay down their armes, pretending that Clearchus was executed for treason discovered by Menon and Proxenus, who were very highly rewarded. Xenophon required to have them sent, who were fittest to direct them, being friends to both; whereto the Persians not able to answer, de∣parted.

CHAP. III.

How he brought off the Grecian Army.

* 1.16 THe Greeks finding themselves in such a strait, were in despair ever to see their Country again. Xenophon cal∣ling together the Officers of Proxenus, told them,

They were not to expect any mercy from the King, who had shewen none to the body of his dead brother, having fastned his head and hand to a Gibbet, and that they must reslove to put their safetie in their armes.

Apollonides a B••eotian al∣ledg'd, that there was no means of safety but in the Kings fa∣vour

and began to reckon the dangers wherewith they were surrounded. Xenophon answered.

That when upon the death of Cyrus, they marched up to the Kings armies, he laboured for a cessation, but when their Captains went to him unarm∣ed, he abused them; and that Apollonides deserved to be ca∣shierd, as the dishonour of his Nation.

Agasthias replyed, (which words Laertius ascribes to Xenophon)

he was an incon∣siderable fellow, whose ears were boared as the slaves of Ly∣dia: So they turned him out.

Having called together all the Commanders, Xenophon advised them to chuse new in the room of those that were lost, of whom he was elected in the place of Proxenus: Hereupon he put on his richest habit, as fittest either for death or victory, for* 1.17 his greatest delight was in fair polished armes, affirming, that if he overcame, he deserved such, if he were overcome and died in the field, they would decently expresse his quality, and were the fittest sepulchrall ornaments of a valiant man. His shield was of Argos, his breast∣plate of Altica, his helmet of B••eotia, his horse of Epidaurium; whereby Aelian argued the elegance of the person, in choosing such things as were fair, and esteeming him worthy of such. Thus adorned, he made an oration to the Army, advising them (from the examples of their late commanders) not to trust the enemy, but in order to their return, to burn their Cariages, and Tents: this advice was put in execution; Cherisophus a Lacedae∣monian had charge of the Van, Xenophon of the Reer, chosen (saith) Chio as well for his courage as wisdome, being in both excellent: betwixt these two there grew so great a friendship, that in all the time of the retreat they never had but one diffe∣rence; their march was directed towards the heads of those great rivers which lay in their way, that they might passe them where they were fordable; having crost the River Zathe, Mi∣thridates came up to them, and galled the Reer with shot, which the Greeks not able to requite, Xenophon provided two hun∣dred slings, and finding fifty horses fit for service, imployed among the Carriage, mounted men upon them, whereby ha∣ving frustrated the second attempt of Mithridates, they mar∣ched to Larissa, seated upon Tigris, thence to Mespila; in their march from thence, Tissaphernes overtook them with a great Army, but was twice worsted; whereupon (as the securest course) he seized on a Mountain, under which they must of necessity passe; Xenophon with a party gained by another way the top of that Mountain, not without much difficulty of pas∣sage and trouble; and to animate his souldiers, one of them, named Soteridas, murmured that he was on horse-back, where∣as himselfe marched on foot, opprest with the weight of his shield; which Xenophon hearing, alighted, took his shield from him, and thrusting him out of his rank, marched (notwith∣standing

he had also a horse-man Cuirasse) in his room: But the souldiers beat and reviled Soteridas, till they constrained him to take again his shield and place. When they had gained the top, the enemy, being prevented fled, and set fire on the villages.* 1.18 The Grecians, (intercepted by the River Tigris) marched over the mountains into the Country of the Carduchi, a people enemy to the Persians, rough and warlike, from whom they found such opposition, that in seven daies march through their country, they were put to continuall fights, and suffe∣red more distresses then the Persian had put them to, Fording the River K••ntrites, which bounds that country, they passed into Armenia, where having put to flight some troops of horse raised by the Kings deputies in these parts to oppose their pas∣sage, they marched without disturbance to the heads of Tigris, which they passed; thence to the River of Tele••od in west Ar∣menia, molested with extream snowes, losing many by extre∣mity of cold, till they came to the River Phasis, neer which li∣ved the Phasiani, Tacc••i, and the Chalybes; the Tacchi into whose country they first came, conveying their provision into strong holds, reduced the Greeks to great want, untill with much paines they forced one of them, where they took as much Cattle as maintained them in their passage through the coun∣try of the Chalybes, a stout Nation, of whom they could get nothing but blowes: thence they marched to the River Har∣pasus, so to the Scy••hini, where the Lord of Gymnias, a town in those parts, led them through the enemies country (which he willed them to burn as they went) to the Mountain Theches••, from whence they might behold the sea, to the great joy of the souldiers. Passing friendly through the country of the Ma∣crones, to the Colchian Mountains, discom••iting the Colchi, who opposed them, they arived at T••aprezond, a City upon the Eu∣xine sea, where was a Greek Colony; here they sacrificed and celebrated games:* 1.19 Cherisophus they sent to Anaxibius, the Lace∣daemonian Admirall, (with whom he was intimate) to procure ships for their transportation home. Whilest they stayed in ex∣pectation of his return, they maintained themselves by incur∣sions upon the Colchi and Dryla••; but he not coming, and their provision failing, Xenophon perswaded the Cities adjoyning to cleer them a passage by Land, which they took to Cerasus a Greek City, where mustering their men, they found but eight thousand six hundred left of ten thousand that went up with Cyrus; the rest consumed by enemies, snow, and sicknesse: They shared the mony that had been made by the sale of Captives, reserving a tenth for a offering to Apollo and Diana: Xenophon reserved his to be disposed at Delphi and Ephesus, From Cerasus they passed through the Country of the Mosyna••ci, a barbarous people, divided into factions; the stronger part despising their

friendship, they joyned with the weaker, whom they left Ma∣ster of all: Then they marched to the Chalybes, thence to the Tibarenes, passing quietly through their Country to Cotyora, a Greek Town and Colony of the Sinopians Thus far the Ar∣my marched on foot; the distance of the place where they fought with Artax••rxes to Cotyora, being one hundred twenty two encampings, six hundred twenty parasangs, ten thousand eight hundred twenty furlongs, the time eight Months.

Those of Cotyora refusing to afford them a Market or enter∣tainment for their sick, they entered the Town by force, and took provision, partly out of Pap ••lagonia, partly out of the Ter∣ritory of the Cotyonites; whereupon the City of S••nope to which Cotyora was tributary, sent Ambassadours to them, complain∣ing of this dealing, and threating to joyne with Corylas and the Paphlagonians; whereto Xenophon answered,

that they fear∣ed not, if need were, to war against them both, but could, if they pleased, gain the friendship of Corylas and the Paphla∣gonians as well as they.

Upon which answer, the Ambassa∣dours growing calm, promised them all friendship from the State of Sinope, and to assist them with shipping for the whole Army, it being impossible to go by Land, by reason of the Ri∣vers ••hermod••••, Halys, ••••is and Parthenius.

Xenophon had designed to plant a Colony there, but his in∣tention being divulg'd by Silanus, a Sooth-sayer, those of Sinope, and Heraclea sent to the Grecians, promising them not only a sufficient fleet, but desiring under hand Timasion a Greek Commander to promise the Army a good summe of mony to convey them to Tro••••; which offers Xenophon (who only desired the common good) perswaded them to accept, and to engage mutually, not to forsake one another till they were all in safe∣tie: those of Heraclea sent shipping, but not the mony; whereupon Timasion and other commanders fearing the soul∣diers, desired Zenophon the Army might go to Phasis, which he refused, but thereby was occasion'd a suspition that he should plot to deceive the Army and to bring them back to Phasis, whereof he acquitted himselfe. Here a generall inquisition was made of all offences since the death of Cyrus, and they were punished; some accused Xenophon for beating them, all which proved for just causes, one for offering to bury his sick com∣panion alive; some for forsaking their ranks; others for lying on the ground in the snow, or lingring behind. Thus were all things quietly setled.

CAAP. IV.

End of the Retreat.

THe Greeks, assoon as their fleet was ready,* 1.20 set sail for Harmond, the Port of Stnope, when Chirisophus met them with some Galleyes from Anaxibius, who promised them pay as soon as they should come into Greece. The Army desirous of a Generall, intreated Xenophon (with extraordinary testimony of affection) to accept that command: Xen••phon refused, either disswaded by inauspicious sacrifice, or unwilling to displease the Lacedaemonians, in putting by Chir sophus, who was there∣upon chosen, but soon after deposed, for refusing to ex∣tort a great summe from Heraclea, a Greek City, their friends: Xenophon also denying to be employed therein the Army thereupon became divided; they chose ten Captains out of themselves, with Chirisophus remained two thousand one hundred, with Xenophon two thousand foot and forty horse; Chirisophus went by land to meet Cleander Governour of Bizan∣ti••m, at the mouth of the River Calphas▪ leaving such shipping as he had to Xenophon who landing in the confines of Thrace, and of the Heraclean Country, marched quietly through the midst of the land: the Mutineers landing at Calphas, surprised and spoyled the country thereabout; the Thracians rising up against them, cut off two Regiments, and besieged the hill where the rest encamped, Xenophon on the way being inform∣ed of the desperate condition of these Greeks, went directly to the place, setting on fire as he went all that was combusti∣ble; the enemy fearing to be set upon in the night, stole away, as did the Greeks also, whom Xenophon overtaking in the way to the Port of Calphas, they embraced him with great joy, and ariving at the Haven, made a decree, that it should be death for any man to propound to divide the Army, and that they should depart the Country in their first order. The former Commanders being restored in the room of Chi∣risophus who died, they substituted Neon, who going forth with two thousand men to pillage the Country, was discomfitted by Pharnabazus Lievtenant to the King of Persia, and lost five hundred men; rest rescued by Xenophon, the Army by his encouragement marched through a large Forest defeating Pharnabazus, who opposed their passage there. Cleander came over to them, and having expressed much kindnesse to Xeno∣phon, and contracted hospitality with him, departed. The Ar∣my marched through Bythinia to Chrysopolis in the territories of Chalcedon.* 1.21 Thence Anaxibius the Lacedemonian▪ Admirall transported them to Byzantium, where hee had promised they

should as soon as they arrived receive pay, without which hee sent them out of the City, whereat the souldiers incensed, returned and entred the City by force, intending to spoil it: but Xenophon thrusting himself amongst the croud, disswaded them, and appeased the tumult, as it particularly attested by* 1.22 Chio an eye-witnesse. By this means they were brought to depart the City quietly, which as soon as they had done, Xenophon de∣sirous to go home, took leave of the Army, and returned to By∣zantium with Cleander. Anaxibius being put out of the Admiral∣ship, and thereupon slighted by Pharnabazus (at whose instiga∣tion he had treated the Greeks so hardly) desired Xenophon to return to the Army to lead them to Perinthus, whence they should be transported into Asia; The Army received him with much joy: when they came to Perinthus, Aristarchus the Gover∣nour would not suffer them to be transported: Seuth••s King of Thrace had invited them to aid him against Medocus, usurper of his Kingdom, with large offers of money to every souldier, of his daughter to Xenophon: to him therefore not knowing where to winter they went. At supper every one (according to the custom) drunk to the King, and made him a present: Xeno∣phon, who sate next him, rising up, and taking the cup, told him,

he gave him himself & all his Companions to be his faithful friends, and ready servants in the recovery of his Kingdom:

Herin their assistance did much advantage Seuthes: the Army wanting pay, Xenophon reproved Heraclides for not taking order about it; who threupon endeavoured to work him out of favour with Seuthes, to whom he brought the rest of the Com∣manders, counselling them to say, that if need were, they could lead the Army upon service as well as Xenophon; but they joint∣ly protested unto Seuthes, they would not serve at all without him: So he sent for Xenophon also, and being agreed to proceed, they march'd towards the Country of the Melinophagi as far as Salmydesson: which places having reduced, they returend to the plaines of Selybria: thither came Chaminus a Lacedemonian, Polinicus sent from Thymbro▪ who told them that the Lacedemo∣nians had designed war against T••ssaphernes, the charge thereof was committed to Thymbro, who desir'd this Army of Greeks to assist them, promising them good pay. Seuthes willingly yielded the Army into their hands; they sent Xenophon to demand their areares, which not without much importunity hee obtained. Thence they failed to Lampsacus, where Euclides a soothsayer of Xenophons acquaintance asked him, how much Gold he had brought? Xenophon protested hee had not had enough to carry him home, but that he sold his horse and other things which he had about him. The next day they marched to Ophryn••um, whither came Bito and Euclides to pay the Army; they being Xenophons friends, restored (refusing the price of redempti∣on)

his horse which he much loved, and had pawned at Lamp∣sa••us. Then marching forward by A••ra••yttium, and Kertonium; not Far from A••arna to the plain of C••ious, they reached Per∣gamus a Citty of Lydia. Here Hellas wife of Gongylus an Eretrian; mother of Gorgion, and Gongylus entertained Xenophon: By her information Xenophon surprised Asidates a rich Persian, with his wife and children, and all his goods: Returning to Pergamus, the Lacedaemonians, Captains ans Souldiers, by agreement gave him also an extraordinary share of horses, oxen, and other things; then came Thymbro, and taking the Army, joyn'd it to the rest of the Grecian forces, wherewith he made war against Tissapher••••s.

Of the Kings Provinces, through which they passed, the Go∣vernours were these; A••tim••s of Lydia, Artacam••s of Phrygia, Mi∣••••ridates of Lacaonia, and Cappodocia; of Cilicia;* 1.23 Syennesis: of Phaenicia and Arabia, Dernes; of Syria and Assyria, Belesis: of Baby∣lonia, Roparas: of Media, Arbacas, of the Phasiani and Hesperitae, Te••ibazus, the Carduchi, Chalybes, Chaldaeans, Macrones, Colch••, Mo∣synaechi, Coeti, and Tibareni are free Nations; Paphlagonia gover∣ned by Coryla; the Bithynians by Pharnabazus, the Europaean Thracians by Senthes; The totall number of the Ascent and De∣scent is two hundred & fifteen encampings, one thousand one hundred & fifty parasangs, thirty four thousand two hundred fifty five furlongs; the time of the Ascent and Descent one year and three months.

CHAP. V.

His following of Agesilaus, and banishment.

* 1.24 AF••er this expedition the defeat in Pontus, and breach of pro∣mise of Senthes King of the Odrysians; Xenophon went into Asia with Agesilaus King of the Lacedaemonians, to whom he delivered for a sum of money the souldiers of Cyrus, and beloved infinitely, ••as 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Aemilius Probus saith, he conversed intimately with him: ••lcero, that he instructed him. Plutarch affirms, that by his advice Agesilaus sent his sonns to be educated at Sparta, to learn and art them, which none was more excellent how to obey and command. Agesilaus. passed into Asia the first year of 96▪ Olympiad; He warred successefully with the Persian, but the year following was call∣ed home by the Lacedaemonians to help his Country invaded by the Thebans, and their allies, whom the Persian had corrup∣ted, thereby to withdraw the war out of his Country. Xenophon in his returning with Agesilaus out of Asia into Boeotia, appre∣hending the danger of the war they were entring into, when he came to Ephesus left one half of the gold* 1.25 which he had re∣served for an offring out of his share (of •• the money which the

Army divided at Cerasunt in their return the expedition of Cyrus,) with Megabyzus Diana's Priest, willing that if he esca∣ped the danger of that war, it should be restored to him, if he miscarried, consecrated to Diana, and either made into an Image dedicated to the goddesse, or disposed some way that he should conceive nmost acceptable to her: the other half hee sent an offring to the Athenian treasury at Delphi,* 1.26 inscribing thereon both his own name, and that of Proxenus, his prede∣cessor in the command of that Regiment. Agesilaus returning, wasted Boeotia, and overcame the Thebans and their allies in a great battell at Coronea* 1.27 particualrly described by Xenophon, who was there present.

During the absence of Xenophon out of his own Country, the Athenians (because he took part against the King of Persia, their friend, & followed Cyrus,, who had assisted the Lacedemonians a∣gainst them,* 1.28 supplying Lysander their General with mony for a Navy) proclaimed a decree of bainshment against him:* 1.29 Ister saith, he was banished by the decree of Eubulus, and called home by the same; Laertius, that he was banish'd for Laconism, upon his going to Agesilaus; Some place this decree in the third year of the 96. Olimpiad, but the writer of the History of Cyrus, his ex∣pedition inplyeth, that it was before his first return out of Asia, affirming that before the delivery of the Army to Thymbro, Xe∣nophon ignorant of this decree, intended to have gone home.

CHAP. VI.

How ••e lived at Scilluns, and at Cotinth.

THe Lacedemonians to requite him for suffring in their cause,* 1.30 maintained him at the publique charge, and pur∣chasing Scilluns of the Eleans, built a Town there, and bestow∣ed a fair house and land upon Xenophon, whereupon hee left Agesilaus and went thither, carrying with him his wife named Philesia, and his two sons which he had by* 1.31 her, Diodorus and Gryllus, called the Dioscuri.* 1.32 Pelop••das a Spartan 〈◊〉〈◊〉 sent him Captives for slaves from Dardanus for a present, to dispose of them as should please him.

Scilluns was near Olympia,* 1.33 eminent for celebration of the Games, which Megabyzus coming to see restored to Xenophon the money which he had left in his custody, wherewith* 1.34 by ad∣vice of the Oracle he purchased a portion of land, and conse∣crated it to Diana in a place designed by Apollo, through which ran the River Selinus, of the same name with that at Ephesus, running by Diana's Temple; the River was stored as well with shell-fish as others, the land with all kind of beasts for game;

he built also a Temple, and after with the consecrated money offering the tithes of the fruits of the land to Diana, all the Ci∣tzens and Neighbours, men and women, were invited to the feast, where they had from the Goddesses allowance, bread, wine, and part of the flesh of such beasts as was either taken out of the consecrated ground, and sacrificed, or killed in hunt∣ing with the Sons of Xenophon and other Citizens exercised a∣gainst the time of the feast out of the sacred ground, and out of Phaloe were taken wild Boars, Goats, and Staggs; the place lies in the way betwixt Lacedaemonia and Olympia, twenty Sta∣dia from the Temple of Olympian Iupiter. In the sacred ground were woods and hills, stored with trees sufficient to maintain swine, Goats and sheep, whereby the beasts of carri∣age of such Merchants as come to the feast are maintained plentifully: about the Temple a Grove of fruit-trees of all sorts. The Temple was an imitation in little of that at Ephesus: an image of Cypresse here resembling that of Gold there: A Pillar near the Temble bare this inscription, GROUNDS A∣CRED DIANA. HE WHO POSSESSETH IT LET HIM PAY THE TITHE OF HIS YEARLY ENCREASE, AND WITH THE SURPLUS AGE MAINI AIN THE TEMPLE, IF HE NEGLECT, THE GODDESSE WILL TAKE ORDER FOR IT.* 1.35 At this place. of retirement Xenophon employed his time in hunting, and writing Histories, inviting his friends thither.* 1.36 of whom a∣mongst others came Phaedo and Aristippus, much delighted with the situation, building, and trees planted by the hand of the owner.

* 1.37 At length a war arising betwixt the Eleans and Lacedae∣monians, the Eleans invaded Scilluns with a great Army, and before the Lacedemonians came to their reliefe, seized on the house & lands of Xenophon; His sons with some few servants got away privately to Lepreum; Xenophon first to Elis, then to Lepre∣um to his sons, and lastly with them to Corinth, where he took a house and continued the rest of his life. During this time the Argives, Arcadians, and Thebans, jointly opposed the Lace∣demonians, and had almost opprest them, when the Athenians made a publique decree (* 1.38 mentioned by a Xenophon) to suc∣cour them; Xenophon sent his Sonns upon the expedition to A∣thens, to fight for the Lacedemonians; for (as Diocles affirms) they had been educated at Sparta in the discipline of that place.

This enmity ended in a great battle at Mantinea in the se∣cond year of the hundreth and fourth Olympiad: Diodorus without acting any thing memorable, gave off safe, and had afterwards a son of his brothers name. Gryllus was ranked op∣posite to the Theban horse-men: the Thebans having by the valour of their Generall Ep••••minondas got the better of the day, a resolute company of Spartan horse-men broke in upon him,

of whom was Gryllus, who slew Epaminondas with his own hand, as Pausanias affirmes to have been attested both by the Athenians, and the Thebans, adding, that he had seen at Ahtens a picture of the battle at Mantinea, confirming the same; and that at Mantin••a was erected a Pillar with the statue of Gryllus on horseback. In this noble action Gryllus lost his life, the newes of whose death came to Xenophon at Corinth, as he was sacrificing,* 1.39 Crowned with a Garland; as soon as he heard his son was slain, he took off his Garland, and laid it aside; then demanding after what manner he died, it was answered, sigh∣ting stoutly in the midst of his enemies, of whom, having slain many, he fell at last himselfe: Hereupon Xenophon took again his Garland, and putting it upon his head, proceeded to sa∣crifice, not so much as shedding one tear, only saying I knew that I had begot a mortall;* 1.40 and calling the Gods to whom he sa∣crificed to witnesse, that the vertue of his son gave him more cōtent, then his death sorrow.* 1.41 Innumerable were the Epitaphs and Encomiums that were written upon Gryllus, to please Xe∣nophon whence may be collected in how great esteem he was.

That he made a visit to Dionysius Tyrant of Sicily (but at what time is uncertain) is implied by* 1.42 Athenaeus, who relateth, that being at a feast of his, compelled by the Cup-bearer to drink, he called the Tyrant by name:

What is the matter Dyonysius (saith he) your Cook though excellent in that art doth not enforce us to eat against our inclination?

CHAP. VII.

His Death, Person, Vertues.

Xenophon being* 1.43 full of years (which according to* 1.44 Lucian ex∣ceeded ninety) died at Corinth, in the first of the hundreth and fifth Olympiad, Callidemus, or Callimedes being Archon, at what time Philip son of Amintas began his raign in Macedonia. He had an ingenious modest look, long, thick hair, handsome (to use the words of Laertius) beyond expression, Adroit in eve∣ry thing, particularly addicted to horses and hunting skilfull in Tacticks, as his writings attest; devout, a great lo••er of sacrifices, skilfull in in∣terpreting them; an exact imitatour of Socrates, temperate, as ap∣pears from his saying that* 1.45 It is pleasant: hungry, to eat herbs; thirsty, to drink water. So candid and ingenious, that* 1.46 when he might have stollen the writings of Thucydides which lay con∣cealed, he chose rather to publish them with honour.

In a word, he was a person every was absolute, as well for action, as contemplation. Xenophon.(saith* 1.47 Eunapius) was the only man of all the Philosophers who adorned Philosophy with his words

and actions; he describes morall 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in his discourses and writings: in his ac••ions he was singular; as to his conduct, a most excellen•• Gene∣rall. Alexander had not be••n great, i•• Xenophon had not said, even the perfunctory actions of valtant persons ought to be recorded.

* 1.48 He was the first that committed the disputes of Socrates his Master to writing, and that with much sidelity, not inserting excursions of his own, as Plato did, whom for that reason, as * 1.49 ••gellius observes, he argueth of falsehood; that there was a great enmity betwixt these two is affirmed by the same Au∣thor; who, as a proof thereof alledgeth, that neither of them, names the other in any of their writings:* 1.50 only observes, that Xenophon mentions Plato once in his 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, over∣seen by Agellius. This enmity is further acknowledged by * 1.51 Athenaeus and Laertius, confirmed by the Epistle of Xeno••hon to Aeschines, wherein he condemnes Plato, that not being satis∣fied with the Doctrine of Socra••es, he went to the Pythagore∣ans in Italy, and to the Aegyptian Priests; arguments of a mind not constant to Socrates. That he was at difference with* 1.52 Ari∣stippus also, argued from his writings.

Laertius hath two Epigrams concerning him, the first upon his going with Cyrus into upper Asia.

Great Xenophon at once made two ascents, To Asia in person, and to Heaven by fame: His stile and action (lasting Monuments) Lay to Soc••atic-wisdome equall claime.

The other upon his banishment.

Thee the Cecropians, noble Xenophon, Banish'd the••r land, 'cause Cyrus ••hou didst aid; But strangers prov'd far kinder then thy own: What Athens ow'd thee, was by Corinth paid

Laerti••s reckons seven Xenophons, this the first, the second and Athenian, brother to Nicostratus, Author of the Theses; besides many other things, he writ the lives of Pelo••idas and Epaminon∣das; the third, a Physician of Coos; the fourth writer of the History of Hannibal: the fifth, writer of fabulous Monsters: the sixt, of Paros a statuary: the seventh, an old Comick Poet: Suidas reckons three more; one of Antioch, the second of Ephe∣sus, the third of Cyprus: Historians, or rather writers of Ro∣mances; that of the first called Babylonica, of the second Ephesi∣ica in ten books; of the third Cypriaca: the story of Cynaras, Myrrha, and Adonis.

CHAP. VIII.

His writings.

DIonysius Halicarnassaeus saith, that Xenophon was a studious aemulatour of Herodotus, both in words and language: His stile (according to Cicero)* 1.53 soft and* 1.54 sw••et (melle dulcior) s•• ••••ffering from the noise of Oratours in the Forum: in his voice,* 1.55 the Mu∣ses seem to speak, whence he was sirnamed the Attick Muse; or according to others, the Attick Bee, a Title formerly conferr'd on * 1.56 Sophocles. His stile and manner of writting isat large discoursed upon by Aristides, Adrianensis in an expresse tract, erroneously ascribed to Hermogenes.

The Books of Xenophon (which* 1.57 Scipio Africanus had alwaies in his hand, and* 1.58 Cicero adviseth to read, as very profitable in many things) were (as reckoned by La••rtius) fortie, which seve∣rall persons distinguish severally; hte generall titles these.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the li••e and discipline of Cyrus (as Cicero renders it) in eight books, written non ad historiae ••idem (though* 1.59 Diodorus Siculus seems to take it in that quality) sed ad effigiem justi imper••i; no•• as a faithfull History, but the description of an exact Prince: Whence* 1.60 Ausonius saith, in relating the vertues of Cyrus, he hath given rather a wish then a history, describing, not what he was, but what he ought to have been.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; the going up of Cyrus the younger into Asia, in se∣ven Books; each of which (as Laertius observes) hath a Pro∣oem, the whole none: Masius suspects that Xenophon was not the Author of this book; the Bishop of* 1.61 Armach ascribes it to The∣mistogenes, though owned as Xenophons by Plutarch, Cicero, Diony∣sius Halycarnaessuus, Hermogenes, Laertius, Athenaeus, and others.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; the Greek History, in seven books, continuing where Thucydides left; the same was done by Theopompus, but he went nor further then sixteen yeers, Xenophon to fortie eight.

Agesilaus, of which piece Cicero saith, that Agesilaus would not suffer his picture or statue to be made, this book alone surpasseth all pi∣ctures or images in his praise.

The Republick of the Lacedaemonians, and the Republick of the Athe∣nians, which* 1.62 denieth to be Xenophons.

The defence of Socrates, and them emorialls of Socrates, which perhaps is that history of Philosophers mentioned by Suidas.

Oeconomicks, the last book of the memorable discourses, wherewith* 1.63 Cicero was so much delighted, that in his younger yeers he translated it.

Symposium, accommodated to the fourth yeer of the eighty

ninth Olympiad, for which reason reprehended by Athenae∣us, as erroneous in Chronology; vindicated by the learned Casaubon.

Hie••ro, Or, of a Kingdome.

The accompts of revenues.

Of Horses.

Of Horsemanship.

Of Hunting.

Epistles.

Besides these which are extant, Xenophon seemes to have written other things;* 1.64 Valerius Maximus and* 1.65 Pliny cite his Per••plus.

There is a treatise of Aequivokes under Xenophon's name, but made and imposed upon the world by Annius.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Lae••••.
• * 1.2

  Laert.
• * 1.3

  de Longave.
• * 1.4

  Anima••••. ••. 12.
• * 1.5

  Laert.
• * 1.6

  Strab. 9. Laert.
• * 1.7

  Xenoph. expe∣dit cyr. lib. 1.
• * 1.8

  Ad Gre••. Epoch. c••n. Chron. pag. 113.
• * 1.9

  Xen. lib. 3.
• * 1.10

  Xen. lib. 3.
• * 1.11

  Chio. Epist. ad Metrid.
• * 1.12

  Xenoph. lib. 1.
• * 1.13

  Laert.
• * 1.14

  Xenoph. lib. 2.
• * 1.15

  Laert.
• * 1.16

  Xe••ph. lib. 3;
• * 1.17

  Aelian. var. hist. 3. 24.
• * 1.18

  Xenoph. lib. 4.
• * 1.19

  Xenoph. lib. ••.
• * 1.20

  Xenoph. lib. 6.
• * 1.21

  Xenoph. lib. 7.
• * 1.22

  In ••pis••ola ad 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.23

  Which per∣haps was a common name to the Kings of that Country, as Ptolomy to those of Aepypt▪ see Thales chap.
• * 1.24

  Laert.
• * 1.25

  Supr. chap. 36.
• * 1.26

  Xenoph. lib. 5.
• * 1.27

  Agesil
• * 1.28

  〈◊〉〈◊〉
• * 1.29

  Laert.
• * 1.30

  Laert. Paus••n. Eliac.
• * 1.31

  Suid.
• * 1.32

  Laert.
• * 1.33

  Xenoph. de ex∣ped. Cyr. 5. Laert.
• * 1.34

  ••trab. 8.
• * 1.35

  Laert.
• * 1.36

  Epist. Socra∣tic. 1••.
• * 1.37

  Laert.
• * 1.38

  G••••c. 〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.39

  Laert. Aelian. var. hist. 3. 3. D. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••pi∣taph. Nepot. ad Heliod. Stob. Serm. 106.
• * 1.40

  Val. Max. 5. 10.
• * 1.41

  Laert. citing Aristotle
• * 1.42

  Deipnos. lib. 10.
• * 1.43

  Laert.
• * 1.44

  De long••v.
• * 1.45

  Athen. de∣ip••. 4.
• * 1.46

  Laert.
• * 1.47

  Pro••m.
• * 1.48

  Laert
• * 1.49

  Lib. 14.
• * 1.50

  De Histor. Graec. 1. 5.
• * 1.51

  Lib. 3.
• * 1.52

  Laert. vit. Aristipp.
• * 1.53

  Brut. & de oratore. lib. 2.
• * 1.54

  Orator.
• * 1.55

  Cic Orat.
• * 1.56

  Vit. Sophocl.
• * 1.57

  Cicer. Tusc. quaest. 3.
• * 1.58

  De senect.
• * 1.59

  Lib. 15.
• * 1.60

  Grat. act.
• * 1.61

  Annal.
• * 1.62

  Laert.
• * 1.63

  Office. 2.
• * 1.64

  8. 13.
• * 1.65

  7. 48.