The sea-mans grammar and dictionary explaining all the difficult terms in navigation : and the practical navigator and gunner : in two parts / by Captain John Smith, sometimes governour of Virginia, and admiral of New England.

OF GUNNERY. BOOK II. (Book 2)

Being an Abstract of the Art of Gunnery, (or Shooting in Great Ordance and Morter Pieces:) Wherein the Principles of that Art are plainly Taught, both by Arithmetical Calculation, and by Tables ready Cal∣culated. With the Compositions for the making of several Fire Works, useful in War both at Sea and Land.

CHAP. I.

Wherein is declared the Names of all sorts of Ordnance, and their Appurtenances, with an Explanation of their proper Terms; and divers Observations concerning Shooting in them.

A Cannon Royal, a Cannon, a Demi-Cannon, a Culvering, * 1.1 Demi Culvering, a Saker, a Minion, and divers others: A Table of all which, with their Lengths, Weights, Char∣ges, &c. you have in the Chapter following.

To all these belong Carriages, whereon Pieces do lie, * 1.2 supported by an Axletree betwixt two Wheels, whereon doth lie the Piece upon her Trunnions, which are two * 1.3 knobs cast with the Piece on each of her sides, which doth

lie in two half-holes upon the two Cheeks of the Carriages, to raise her up or down as you will; over them are the Cap∣squares, * 1.4 which are two broad Pieces of Iron, doth cover them, made fast by a Pin with a fore lock to keep the Piece from falling out. That the Piece and Carriages is drawn a∣long upon Wheels every one doth know, if she be for Land-service, they have Wheels made with Spokes like Coach∣wheels, * 1.5 and according to their proportions strongly shod with Iron, and the Pins at the ends of the Axletree are called Linch-pins. * 1.6

If for Sea she have Trucks, which are round intire Pieces * 1.7 of wood like Wheels. To mount a Piece is to lay her upon her Carriages; to dismount her, to take her down. Her Bed is a Plank doth lie next the Piece, or the Piece upon it upon the Carriage, and betwixt the Piece and it they put their Quoines, which are great wedges of wood with a little handle at the end to put them forward or backward for levelling the Piece as you please. To Travas a Piece is to turn her which * 1.8 way you will upon her Platform. To dispart a Piece is to find a difference betwixt the thickness of the metal at her mouth and britch, or carnouse, which is the greatest circle about her Britch, and her muzzle Ring is the greatest circle about her mouth, thereby to make a just shot, there are divers ways to dispart her, but the most easiest is as good as the best, and that is but by putting a little stick or a straw that is strait into the Touch-hole to the lower part of the Cylinder or Concave, * 1.9 which is the Bore of the Piece, and cut it off close by the me∣tal, and then apply it in the same manner to the mouth, and it will exactly shew you the difference, which being set upon the muzzle of the Piece with a little Clay, Pitch, or Wax, it * 1.10 will be as the Pin of any Piece is to the sight, level to the Car∣nouse or Britch of the Piece, otherwise you may give her al∣lowance according to your judgment.

Taper bored, is when a Piece is wider at the mouth than * 1.11 towards the britch, which is dangerous (if the Bullet go not home) to burst her. Honycombed, is when she is ill cast, or * 1.12 over much worn, she will be rugged within, which is danger∣ous

for a Cross-bar Shot to catch hold by, or any rag of he wadding being a fire, and sticking there may fire the next Charge you put in her; and you may find it, if she be Taper∣bored, * 1.13 either with a crooked wyer at the end of a long-staff, by scratching up and down to see where you can catch any hold, or a light Candle at the end of a staff thrust up and down to see if you can see any fault. Britchings are the * 1.14 Ropes by which you lash your Ordnance fast to the Ships-side in foul weather. Chambers is a Charge made of Brass or Iron, * 1.15 which we use to put in at the britch of a Sling or Murtherer, containing just so much powder as will drive away the case of stones or shot, or any thing in her. In a great Piece we call that her Chamber, so far as the Powder doth reach when she is loaded.

A Cartrage is a Bag of Canvass made upon a frame or * 1.16 a round piece of wood somewhat less than the Bore of the Piece, they make them also of Paper, they have also Car∣trages or rather Cases for Cartrages made of Latin to keep the Cartrages in, which is to have no more Powder in them than just the Charge of your Piece, and they are closely co∣vered * 1.17 in those Cases of Lattin, to keep them dry, and from any mischances by fire, and are far more ready and safer * 1.18 than your Ladles or Budgebarrels. A Budgebarrel is a little Barrel made of Lattin, filled with Powder to carry from place to place for fear of fire; in the cover it hath a long * 1.19 neck to fill the Ladles withal without opening. A Ladle is a long-staff, with a piece of thin Copper at the end like half a Cartrage, in breadth and length so much as will hold no more Powder than the due Charge for the Piece it belongs to. A Spunge is such another staff, with a Piece of a * 1.20 Lambs skin at the end about it to thrust up and down the Piece, to take off the dust, moisture, or sparks of fire if * 1.21 any remain in her. And a Rammer is a bob of wood at the other end to ram home the Powder and the Waddings. Wad∣dings * 1.22 is Okum, old Clouts, or Straw, put after the Pow∣der and the Bullet. A Case is made of two Pieces of hollow * 1.23 wood joyned together like two half Cartrages fit to put in∣to

the Bore of a Piece, and a Case-shot is any kind of small Bullets, Nails, old Iron, or the like to put into the Case to shoot out of the Ordnance or Murderers, these will do much mischief when we lie board and board: but for Spun∣ges and Rammers they use now a stiff Rope a little more than the length of the Piece, which you may turn and wind within board as you will, with much more ease and safety than the other.

Round-shot is a round Bullet for any Piece: Cross-bar∣shot is also a Round-shot, but it hath a long spike of Iron cast * 1.24 with it, as if it did go through the midst of it, the ends where∣of are commonly armed for fear of bursting the Piece, which is to bind a little Okum in a little Canvass at the end of each Pike. Trundle-shot is only a bolt of Iron six∣teen or eighteen Inches in length; at both ends sharp pointed, * 1.25 and about a handful from each end a round broad bowl of lead according to the Bore of the Piece cast upon it. Langrel-shot runs loose with a Shackel, to be shortened when you * 1.26 put it into the Piece, and when it flies out it doth spread it self, it hath at the end of either Bar a half Bullet either of Lead or Iron. Chain shot is two Bullets with a Chain be∣twixt them, and some are contrived round as in a Ball, yet * 1.27 will spread in flying their full length in breadth; all these are used when you are near a Ship to shoot down Masts, Yards, Shrouds, tear the Sails, spoil the men, or any thing that is above the Decks. Fire-works are divers, and of * 1.28 many Compositions, as Arrows trimmed with Wild-fire to stick in the Sails or Ships-side, shot, burning. Pikes of Wild-fire to strike burning into a Shipe side to fire her. There is also divers sorts of Granadoes, some to break and fly in abundance of pieces every way, as will your Brass-balls, and Earthen-pots, which when they are covered with Quar∣tered Bullets stuck in Pitch, and the Pots filled with good Powder, in a crowd of people will make an incredible slaugh∣ter; some will burn under water, and never extinguish till the stuff be consumed; some only will burn and fume out a most stinking poyson smoke; some, being but only an Oil, being

anointed on any thing made of dry wood, will take fire by the heat of the Sun when the Sun shines hot. There is also a Powder, which being laid in like manner upon any thing subject to burn, will take fire if either any rain or water light upon it; but those inventions are bad on shore, but much worse at Sea, and are naught because so dangerous, and not easie to be quenched, and their practice worse, because they may do as much mischief to a friend as to an enemy, therefore I will leave them as they are.

There are also divers sorts of Powder, the Serpentine is * 1.29 like dust and weak, and will not keep at Sea but be moist. The common sort is great corned Powder but gross, and only used in great Ordnance. Your fine corned Powder for hand Guns is in goodness as your Salt-peter is often re∣fined, and from ten pence a pound to eighteen pence a Pound.

A Tomkin is a round piece of wood put into the Pieces * 1.30 mouth and covered with Tallow, and a Fid, or Fuse, a little Okum made like a Nail put in at the Touch hole, and covered with a thin Lead bound above it to keep the Powder dry in the Piece. Shackels are a kind of Rings but not round, made * 1.31 like them at the Hatches corners (by which we take them up and lay them down) but bigger, fixed to the midst of the Ports within board, through which we put a Billet to keep fast the Port from flying open in foul weather, which may easily in∣danger, if not sink the Ship. To cloy or poyson a Piece, is * 1.32 to drive a Nail into her Touch-hole, than you cannot give fire. And to uncloy her, is to put as much oyl as you can a∣bout the Nail to make it glib, and by a train give fire to her by her mouth, and so blow it out.

Compass Callipers belongs to the Gunner, and is like * 1.33 two half Circles that hath a handle and joint like a pair of Compasses, but they are blunt at the points to open as you please for to dispart a Piece. A Horne is his Touch-box, * 1.34 his Primer is a small long piece of Iron, sharp at the small end to pierce the Cartrage through the Touch-hole. His Lint stock is a handsome carved stick, more than half a yard

long, with a Cock at the one end to hold fast his Match, and a sharp Pike in the other to stick it fast upon the Deck or * 1.35 Platform upright. The Gunners Quadrant is to level a Piece, or mount her to any random. A dark Lanthorne is as well to be used by any body as he. For Mortars, or such Chambers as are only used for Triumphs, there is no use for them in the service: but for Curriours, Harquebuses, Muskets, Bastard muskets, Colivers, Crabuts, Car∣bins, long Pistols, or short Pistols, there belong to them Bandiliers, Bullet-bags, Worms, Scowrers, melting-Ladles, Lead, Molds of all sorts to cast their shot. Quarter Bullets is but any Bullet quartered in four or eight parts, and all those are as useful a Shipboard as on shore. For the Soul, Trunk, Bore, Fortification, the diversity of their Metals, and divers other curious Theorems or terms used about great Ord∣nance, there are so many uncertainties as well in her Mount∣ing, Levelling upon her Platform, as also the accidents that may happen in the Powder, the ground, the air, and differences in proportion, I will not undertake to prescribe any certain Artificial Rule. These proportions following are near the matter, but for your better satisfaction read Master Digs's Pantometria, Master Smith, or Master Bourn's Art of Gun∣nery, or Master Robert Norton's Exposition upon Master Digs's Stratiatico's, Nicholas Tartalia, any of those will shew the The∣ory at large. But to be a good Gunner you must learn it by practice.

CHAP. II.

How a Gunner ought to be Qualified.

SUpposing him to be a Christian fearing and serving the true God; and living in good repute and esteem among men. He ought (besides this) to be competently experienced in several Arts and Sciences; and especially in these following.

1. In Arithmetick both Vulgar and Decimal; whereby he may be able to work the Rule of Three (or Golden Rule) both Direct and Reverse, to Extract the Square and Cube-Roots, &c.

2. In Geometry, whereby he may be able to take Heights, Depths, and Distances; To take the true Flat of any Piece of Ground; and thereby to Mine or Counter-mine under the same, or any part thereof.

3. He ought to be Experienced in making of Ramparts, Cannon, Baskets of Earth, and Fire-works, both for Service and Recreation.

4. He ought to be acquainted with the Names of every member of which a Piece of Ordnance is composed, and to what use every member is appropriated.

5. He ought to know how to search and pry into the con∣ditions of any Gun or Guns committed to his charge: As to know whether truly bored, or taper bored; whether with or with∣out a Chamber; whether free from flaws (or Honey-combs.) To know what quantity of Powder will serve for a due Charge for each Piece, what Shot will fit; how many Matrosses to attend; how many Horses or Oxen will serve to draw any Piece, or (in case they cannot be had) how many men may serve.

CHAP. III.

Of such Necessary Implements and Instruments as a Gun∣ner that hath charge of Guns or Artillery ought to be furnished with.

CArriages, Wheels, Axletrees, Ladles, Rammers, Sheepskins to make Spunges; Gun Powder, Shot, (Plain and Cross Bar, and also Chain-shot), Canvas and Strong Paper to make Cartrages, Fire works, Hand-Spikes, to mount and dismount

Peeces; a Dark Lanthorn, and Budg-Barrels to carry Powder, Stocks, Match, Wedges, Tomkings, Priming-Irons, &c.

Also he ought to be furnished with these necessary Instru∣ments: (1) A Gunner's Height-Rule of Wood, or Brass, or Brass-circles, and a Pair or two of Compasses, one Pair with three Points to draw with Black Lead and Ink; and one plain Pair; and also a Pair of Callopirs, to take the Diameter of any Ring or Bullet. (2) A Gunner's Quadrant to level, ele∣vate, or depress his Gun; and Engines to try the strength of Powder, &c.

CHAP. IV.

Cautions that a Gunner ought to observe before he fire his Gun.

1. THAT in breaking up the Head of his Powder-Bar∣rels, he use a Wooden Mallet with his Iron Tool, and not a Hammer, for fear of firing.

2. That he give his Gun its due Charge of Powder, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 more. And if by trial (before he put in his Charge) he find that his Piece is not truly bored, he must then proportion his Charge according to the thinest side of the Metal, as shall be shewed in due place.

3. He is to consider that a long Wad of Hay or untwisted Ropes, wil make the Shot shoot wide of the mark.

4. He ought to see the Trunnions are truly seated in the Carriage; whether one Wheel be higher, or reverse faster than the other; whether the Platform be level or not, and also free from Stones or other impediments to hinder the motion of the Wheels.

5. If the Gun he is to discharge, Ile point-blank, or under-Metal, he ought to put in a sufficient Wad after the Shot, to keep it close to the Powder; for if the shot lie not close, the

Peece will be subject to break in that vacancy. But if his Piece be mounted to any Elevation, he need not put a Wad after the shot.

CHAP. V.

Of Gunpowder, and how it hath been made from time to time, and how it is made at this present.

ANno 1380 Gunpowder was made of Saltpetre, Brimstone, and Charcoal, of each a like quantity.

Anno 1410 it was made of three parts Saltpetre, and two parts of Brimstone and Charcole.

Anno 1480 it was made of Saltpetre eight parts, and of Brimstone and Charcoal each three parts.

Anno 1520 it was made of Saltpetre four parts, and of Brimstone and Charcoal each one part.

Gunpowder, as it is made in this Age, is compounded of Saltpetre six parts, and of Brimstone and Charcoal of each one part.

Musket-powder is now made of Saltpetre five parts, one part of Brimstone, and one of Coal.

And Cannon powder of four times as much Saltpetre, as of Coal and Brimstone, agreeable to that was made Anno 1520.

A pound of Powder as it is now made, (as it was experi∣mented in five several sorts of Powder here, little differing from each other, but the large corned Powder was the heavi∣est) one pound will fill thirty one Cubical Inches, and six hun∣dred parts of an Inch.

CHAP. VI.

Of the Names of the several parts or members of a Piece of Ordnance.

LEt this Figure represent the Ichnography of any Great Gun or Piece of Ordnance: In which,

[illustration]

A B is the Diameter of the Muzzle, the Concave Cylinder, or Bore of the Piece; and the Mol∣ding above that, noted with R S is the Muzzle Ring, or Cornice.

C is the Freeze.

C D the Neck.

E F the Astragal, or Cornice Ring.

G H the Reinforced Ring.

I K the two Trunnions.

L M the Chamber.

N the Base Ring, and the Touch-hole, marked out to fall just with the end of the Bore.

O the Cascabel, or Pummel.

P L the Vacant Cylinder from the Charge or Chamber, for the guide of the Shot.

M O the Breech.

M N the thickness of Metal at the Breech.

R is the Dispart, which is a piece of a small stick or Wyre, set perpendicularly upon the Muzzle-Ring of any Gun, of such length that the top of it may be equal (in height) to the upper part of the Base Ring.

CHAP. VII.

Of the several Pieces of Ordnance now in Use.

BEfore I proceed to the practice of this Art of Gunnery, I shall give you a brief View of the Names of the seve∣ral Peeces of Ordnance now in Use in this Nation, as also of four other Pieces used in Holland, and other parts of the Low-Countries; all which the following Table will express at one view.

The Table Explained.

The Table consisteth of nine Rows or Columes:

In the

• First, Is the Names of all Ordinance now in use.
• Second, Is the Diameter at the Bore, in Inches and 100 parts of an Inch.
• Third, Is the Weight of the Peece in Pounds.
• Fourth, Is the Length of the Peece in Feet, and 100 parts of a Foot.
• Fifth, Is the Quantity of Powder which will Load the Piece, in Pounds and 100 parts of a Pound.
• Sixth, Is the Diameter of the Shot for the Peece, in Inches and hundred part of an Inch.
• Seventh, Is the Shot-weights, in Pounds and hundred parts of a Pound.
• Eight, Is the Length of the Spoon of the Ladle in Inches and 100 parts.
• Ninth, Is the breadth of the Plate of the Ladle.

First, And here note, That in this Table, the Ladle is but 3 Diameters of the Shot in length, and three fifth parts of the Circumference.

Secondly, The Charge of Powder from the Cannon to the

A Table wherein is described the Names of all sorts of Ordnance, from the Cannon to the Base; Also the Lengths, Breadths, Weights, Diameters, &c. of Powder, Shot, Ladle, &c. belonging to each Peece.

The Names of the several Peeces of Ordnance now in Use.	Diameter at the Bore	Weight	Long	The Load	Shots Diameter	Weight of Shot	Length of Ladle	Breadth of Ladle
Jucl 100 parts	Pound wight	F c 100 parts	poun 100 parts	Inch 100 parts	poun 100 parts	Inch 100 parts	Inch 100 parts
Cannon.	8.00	8000	12.00	32.50	7.50	58.00	24.00	14.75
Demi Cannon, Extra.	6.75	6000	12.00	18.00	6.62	36.00	22.75	12.0
Demi Cannon, Ordr.	6.50	5600	10.00 11.00	17.50	6.16	32.00	22.00	12.00
Culvering, Extraor∣dinary	5.50	4800	10.00 12.00 13.00	12.50	5.25	20.00	16.00	10.00
Culvering, Ordinary	5.25	4500	12.00	11.37	5.00	17.31	15.00	9.50
Culvering of the least size	5.00	4000	12.00	10.00	4.75	14.90	14.25	9.00
Demi Culvering, Ex∣traordinary	4.75	3000	10.00 12.00 13.00	8.50	4.50	12.69	13.50	8.50
Demi-Culvering Or∣dinary	4.50	2700	10.00	7.25	4.25	10.26	12.75	8.00
Demi-Culvering of the lesser size	4.25	2000	9.00 10.00	6.25	4.00	9.00	12.00	8.00
Saker, Extraordina.	4.00	1800	9.00 10.00	5.00	3.75	7.31	11.00	7.25
Saker, Ordinary	3.75	1500	9.00	4.00	3.50	6.00	10.50	6.75
Saker of the least size	3.50	1400	8.00	••:27	3.25	4.75	9.75	6.50
Minnion, Large	3.25	1000	8.00	3.25	3.00	3.75	9.00	5.00
Minnion, Ordinary	3.00	750	7.00	2.50	2.92	3.25	8.50	5.00
Faucon	2.75	750	7.00	2.25	2.58	2.50	8.25	4.50
Fauconet	2.25	400	6.00	1.25	2.01	1.31	7.50	4.00
Rabonet	1.50	200	5.50	0.75	1.28	0.50	4.25	2.50
Bale	1.25	200	••.50	0.50	1.13	0.50	4.00	2.00

whole Culvering is allowed to be about two Diameters of the Bore of the Piece. The Charge from the Culvering to the Mi∣nion, two Diameters and a half. And from the Minion to the Base, three Diameters.

CHAP. VIII.

How to find the Diameter of any Round Shot or Bullet, by knowing the Circumference: Or, By having the Cir∣cumference of a Shot, to find the Diameter.

I. Mechanically.

GIrt the Shot about with a Tape, or piece of narrow Rib∣band; then divide the length of that Line or Girt in∣to 22 equal parts, and 7 of those parts shall be the Diameter: So, if a Shot be 37 Inches about, the Diameter will be found to be 11 Inches 3 quarters, and somewhat more.

But if the Diameter were given, and the Circumference were required: Then divide the Diameter into 7 equal parts, and three times the Diameter, and one of the seven parts added to it, shall be equal to the Circumference: These ways are trou∣blesome, wherefore another way to find the Diameter of any Round Shot, or the Ring of a Gun, is by a pair of Calloper Compasses, which are Compasses bowed at the Points, I need not describe them, they are known well enough; but this work may be performed by the following Table for fin∣ding the length of a Dispart, and the Diameter or Circumfe∣rence of any Ring of a Gun or Shot, &c.

I. The Circumference of any Ring or Bullet, given to find the Diameter.

Find the Circumference of the Ring or Bullet in Inches and tenths of Inches in the first Column and head of the Table, and against the Inches in the first Column, and under the tenths

of an Inch at the head of the Table, you hand the Diameter in Inches, and 100 parts of an Inch.

Exam. Let the Circumference of a Ring or Shot be 23 Inches and 4 tenth parts of an Inch. Look for 23 in the first Co∣lumn, and against it, under 4 in the head of the Table is 7. 45 which is 7 Inches, and 45 hundred parts of an Inch, for the Diameter.

II. The Diameter given, to find the Circumference.

Look for the length of the Diameter given, among the Fi∣gures in the Table, and what number stands against it in the first Column, for they are the whole Inches in the Circumfe∣rence; also see what Figure stands over them, at the head of the Table, for those are the tenths of Inches of the Circumference.

Example. Let the Diameter of a Shot be 7 Inches, and 7 tenths, or 70 hundreds, of an Inch. Look for this number 7. 70 in the Table, and against it in the first-Column you have 24 Inches, and 2 at the head of the Table; so that the Cir∣cumference is 24 Inches and 2 tenth parts of an Inch.

Again, if the Diameter given were 13 Inches 62 hundred parts of an Inch, I look in the Table for 13. 62 and I find that 42 stands against it, in the first Column, and 8 over head; wherefore I conclude the Circumference to be 42 Inches, and 8 tenth parts of an Inch.

And this is either the Circumference or Diameter exactly and easily found by the following Table, for all Rings or Shot whose Circumference do not exceed 54 Inches.

III. By Arithmetick.

This being a thing so necessary for a Gunner to know, I will shew how it may be done Arithmetically.

The Proportion of the Diameter of any Circle, is to the Circumference therof (according to Archimedes) as 7 is to 22, and that was the reason that in the former ways you di∣vided the Circumference into 22 equal parts, and took 7 of them for the Diameter. But since Archimedes, other numbers have been found nearer the truth, viz. 113 and 355. Wherefore,

1. By the Diameter to find the Circumference.

As 113 is to 355:: so is the length of any Diameter (sup∣pose 23 Inches 31 hundred parts) to 73. 53, that is, 73 Inches, and 53 hundred parts of an Inch, for the Circumference.

The Arithmetical Work.

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

2. To find the Diameter:

2. By the Circumference to find the Diameter.

As 355 is to 113:: So is any Circumference, (suppose 1625 Inches 25 hundred parts) to 516. 77 ferè.

The Arithmetical Work.

〈 math 〉〈 math 〉

That is 516 Inches, and 77 hundred parts of an Inch (which is a small matter above 3 quarters of an Inch) for the Diameter; and according to this Rule is the following Table Calcula∣ted.

CHAP. IX.

A TABLE shewing how to find the Diameter of any Circle or Ring of a Gun not exceeding 54 Inches: Of excellent use for the easie and exact finding of the length of the Dispart of any Gun: As also of the Diameter of any Shot or Bullet: without Callopers, and also of Granada-Shells.

Tenth Parts of Inches.
Inches.	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
The Circumference of the Ring or Bullet in the Inches.
0	0. 00	0. 03	0. 06	0. 09	0. 13	0. 16	0. 19	0. 22	0. 25	0. 29
1	0. 32	0. 35	0. 38	0. 41	0. 44	0. 48	0. 51	0. 54	0. 57	0. 60
2	0. 64	0. 67	0. 70	0. 73	0. 76	0. 80	0. 83	0. 85	0. 89	0. 92
3	••. 95	0. 98	0. 91	1. 05	1. 08	1. 11	1. 15	1. 18	1. 21	1. 24
4	1. 27	1. 30	1. 34	1. 37	1. 40	1. 43	1. 46	1. 50	1. 53	1. 56
5	1. 59	1. 62	1. 65	1. 68	1. 72	1. 75	1. 78	1. 81	1. 85	1. 88
6	1. 91	1. 94	1. 97	2. 00	2. 03	2. 07	2. 10	2. 13	2. 16	2. 19
7	2. 23	2. 26	2. 29	2. 32	2. 36	2. 39	2. 42	2. 45	2. 48	2. 51
8	2. 55	2. 58	2. 61	2. 64	2. 67	2. 71	2. 74	2. 77	2. 80	2. 83
9	2. 86	2. 90	2. 93	2. 96	3. 00	3. 02	3. 06	3. 09	3. 12	3. 15
10	3. 18	3. 21	3. 25	3. 28	3. 31	3. 34	3. 37	3. 41	3. 44	3. 47
11	3. 50	3. 53	3. 56	3. 60	3. 63	3. 66	3. 69	3. 72	3. 75	3. 79
12	3. 82	3. 85	3. 88	3. 91	3. 95	3. 98	4. 01	4. 04	4. 07	4. 11
13	4. 14	4. 17	4. 20	4. 23	4. 26	4. 30	4. 33	4. 36	4. 39	4. 42
14	4. 46	4. 49	4. 52	4. 55	4. 58	4. 62	4. 65	4. 68	4. 71	4. 74
15	4. 77	4. 80	4. 83	4. 87	4. 90	4. 93	4. 97	5. 00	5. 03	5. 06
16	5. 09	5. 12	5. 16	5. 19	5. 22	5. 25	5. 28	5. 31	5. 34	5. 37
17	5. 41	5. 44	5. 47	5. 51	5. 64	5. 67	5. 60	5. 63	5. 67	5. 70
18	5. 73	5. 76	5. 79	5. 82	5. 86	5. 89	5. 92	5. 95	5. 98	6. 01
19	6. 05	6. 08	6. 11	6. 14	6. 17	6. 21	6. 24	6. 27	6. 30	6. 33
20	6. 37	6. 39	6. 43	6. 46	6. 49	6. 52	6. 56	6. 59	6. 62	6. 65

21	6. 6••	6. 72	6. 75	6. 78	6. 81	6. 84	6. 88	6. 91	6. 94	6. 97
22	7. 00	7. 03	7. 07	7. 10	7. 13	7. 16	7. 19	7. 22	7. 26	7. 29
23	7. 37	7. 35	7. 38	7. 42	7. 45	7. 48	7. 51	7. 54	7. 58	7. 61
24	7. 64	7. 67	7. 70	7. 73	7. 77	7. 80	7. 83	7. 86	7. 89	7. 93
25	7. 96	7. 99	8. 02	8. 05	8. 08	8. 12	8. 15	8. 18	8. 21	8. 24
26	8. 28	8. 31	8. 24	8. 37	8. 40	8. 44	8. 47	8. 50	8. 53	8. 56
27	8. 59	8. 63	8. 66	8. 69	8. 72	8. 75	8. 79	8. 81	8. 85	8. 88
28	8. 91	8. 94	8. 98	9. 00	9. 04	9. 07	9. 10	9. 13	9. 17	9. 20
29	9. 23	9. 26	9. 29	9. 33	9. 36	9. 39	9. 42	9. 45	9. 49	9. 52
30	9. 55	9. 58	9. 61	9. 65	9. 68	9. 71	9. 74	9. 77	9. 80	9. 84
31	9. 87	9. 90	9. 93	9. 96	10. 00	10. 03	10. 06	10. 09	10. 12	10. 15
32	10. 18	10. 22	10. 25	10. 29	10. 31	10. 34	10. 38	10. 41	10. 44	10. 47
33	10. 51	10. 54	10. 57	10. 60	10. 63	10. 66	10. 70	10. 73	10. 76	10. 79
34	10. 82	10. 85	10. 89	10. 92	10. 95	11. 98	11. 01	11. 04	11. 08	11. 11
35	11. 14	11. 17	11. 20	11. 24	11. 27	11. 30	11. 33	11. 36	11. 39	11. 43
36	11. 46	11. 49	11. 52	11. 55	11. 59	11. 62	11. 65	11. 68	11. 71	11. 75
37	11. 78	11. 81	11. 84	11. 87	11. 90	11. 94	11. 97	12. 00	12. 03	12. 06
38	12. 10	12. 12	12. 16	12. 19	12. 22	12. 25	12. 28	12. 32	12. 35	12. 38
39	12. 41	12. 45	12. 48	12. 51	12. 54	12. 57	12. 60	12. 64	12. 67	12. 70
40	12. 73	12. 76	12. 79	12. 83	12. 90	12. 89	12. 92	12. 95	12. 98	13. 02
41	13. 05	13. 08	13. 15	13. 18	13. 21	13. 24	13. 27	13. 30	13. 30	13. 34
42	13. 37	13. 40	13. 43	13. 46	13. 50	13. 53	13. 56	13. 59	13. 62	13. 65
43	13. 69	13. 72	13. 75	13. 78	13. 81	13. 85	13. 88	13. 91	13. 94	13. 97
44	14. 00	14. 04	14. 07	14. 10	14. 13	14. 16	14. 20	14. 23	14. 26	14. 29
45	14. 33	14. 36	14. 39	14. 42	14 45	14. 48	14. 51	14. 55	14. 58	14. 61
46	14. 64	14. 67	14. 70	14. 74	14. 76	14. 80	14. 83	14. 86	14. 90	14. 93
47	14. 96	14. 99	15. 02	15. 06	15. 09	15. 12	15. 15	15. 18	15. 21	15. 25
48	15. 28	15. 31	15. 34	15. 37	15. 40	15. 44	15. 47	15. 50	15. 53	15. 56
49	15. 60	15. 62	15. 66	15. 69	15. 72	15. 76	15. 79	15. 82	15. 85	15. 88
50	15. 92	15. 95	15. 98	16. 01	16. 04	16. 07	16. 11	16. 14	16. 17	16. 20
51	16. 24	16. 27	16. 30	16. 33	16. 36	16. 40	16. 43	16. 46	16. 49	16. 52
52	16. 55	16. 58	16. 62	16. 65	16. 68	16. 71	16. 74	16. 77	16. 81	16. 8••
53	16. 87	16. 90	16. 93	16. 97	16. 99	17. 03	17. 06	17. 09	17. 12	17. 1••

The Description of the Table.

The Table is Calculated from one tenth part of an Inch Circumference, to 54 Inches Circumference, which is large e∣nough for the Girt of the Base Ring of any Gun: Or for the Circumference of any Bullet or Granado Shell; for which pur∣poses this Table will be serviceable, as shall be shewed here∣after.

The Table consisting of Eleven Columns, the first Column of the Table (beginning at 0 Inches, and ending at 53 Inches) shews the number of whole Inches that any Ring of a Piece, or Girt of a Bullet is in Circumference. The nine Figures at the Heads of the Table, which are 0. 1. 2. 3, &c. (and are larger than the rest) signifie tenth parts of Inches of the Cir∣cumference of any Ring or Bullet. And the Figures in the other Columns are the Diameters of Circles, the Girt of whose Cir∣cumference are found in the Side and Head thereof.

The Use of the Table.

The Uses of this Table are principally two, First, by ha∣ving the Circumference of any Circle given, to find the Diame∣ter; or, Secondly, having the Diameter, to find the Circum∣ference.

Example 1. If the Circumference of a Circle be 18 Inches, and three tenth parts of an Inch, how much is the Diameter of that Circle?

Find 18 Inches in the first Column of the Table, and three tenths at the top of the Table; and right against 18, and un∣der 3, you shall find 5. 82, that is 5 Inches, and 82 hundred parts of an Inch, for the length of the Diameter of that Circle.

Example 2. If the Diameter of a Circle be 13 Inches and 75 hundred parts of an Inch, how much is the Circumfe∣rence of that Circle?

Look for 13. 75 among the Figures in some of the Co∣lumns of the Table, which number you will find to stand under the figure a in the head of the Table, and against 43 in the first Column of the Table, which shews the Circumfe∣rence of that Circle to be 43 Inches, and two tenth parts of an Inch.

CHAP. X.

Concerning the Disparting of any Piece of Ordnance, and how to find the length of the Dispart.

THE Dispart of a Piece, is the difference between the thickness of the Metal at the Muzzle and Breech of the Piece: And to find it there are several ways.

I. Mechanically.

Take your Priming Iron, and put it down right in the Touch-hole, till it touch the Metal at the bottom of the Bore, and upon the Iron make a mark level with the top of the Base Ring of the Piece: Then apply the Priming-Iron to the bottom of the Metal at the Mouth of the Piece; and upon it make ano∣ther mark, equal with the top of the Muzzle Ring of the Piece; so shall the distance between these two Marks, be the true length of the Dispart proper for that Gun.

Another way not much differing from the former may be thus:

Take a small Stick or Straw that is strait, and put it into the Touch hole to the lower part of the Cylinder (or Concave) of the Gun, and cut it off close to the Metal at the top of the Base Ring of the Piece; then apply it in the same manner to the Mouth of the Piece, and cut it off level with the top of the Muzzle Ring, so shall the little piece cut off be the Dispart; which being set upright upon the top of the Muz∣zle

Ring of the Piece with Clay, Pitch or Wax, it shall be the true Dispart.

There are other Mechanick ways to perform this Work, but the best of them are uncertain; wherefore I shall shew how it may be performed other ways.

II. By the foregoing Table.

Let the Girt of the Base Ring of a Piece be 42 Inches, and the Girt of the Muzzle Ring 31 Inches; and let the length of the Dispart for such a Piece be required.

Look in the first Column of the Table for 42 (the Girt of the Base Ring) and against it (in the next Column) is 13. 37. that is 13 Inches and 37 hundred parts of an Inch; for the Diameter of the Base Ring. Again, look in the first Column of the Table for 31. (the Girt of the Muzzle Ring, and a∣gainst it (in the next Column) is 9. 87. that is, 9 Inches and 87 hundred parts of an Inch, for the Diameter of the Muz∣zle Ring as before; the difference between these is, 3. 50. which is 3 Inches and a half; the half whereof is, 1. 75 (or 1 Inch and 3 quarters) for the length of the Dispart of such a Gun.

Another Example:

Let the Girt or Circumference of the Base Ring of a Gun be 37 Inches, and 4 tenth parts of an Inch: And let the Girt of the Muzzle Ring of the same Piece be 26 Inches and 6 tenths of an Inch: I would know the length of the Dispart for such a Gun.

Look in the first Column of this Table for 37 Inches, and among the great figures at the head, for 4 (which is the 4 tenths of an Inch) And then against 37 in the first Colum, and under 4 at the top, you shall find 11. 90, which is 11 Inches, and 90 hundred parts of an Inch (or 9 tenths of an Inch) for the Diameter of the Base Ring of the Piece: Again, look in the Table for 26 Inches in the first Column, and for 6 at the head of the Table, and right against 26 in the first Column, and under 6 at the head, you shall find this number 8. 47, which is 8

Inches 47 hundred parts of an Inch: Substract 8. 47 from 11. 90, the remainder will be 2. 57, the half whereof is 1. 28, that is 1 Inch, and 28 hundred parts of an Inch, for the true length of the Dispart of that Gun.

A Third Example:

	Diameter.
Girt of the Base Ring, 47 Inch. 3 tenths	15. 06
Girt of the Muzzle Ring 32 Inch. 5 tenths	10. 34
Their Difference	4. 72
The half 2 In. 36 hund. parts of an Inch, the Dispart	2. 36

And let this suffice for the use of this Table in this place.

All these ways here prescribed for Disparting of a Piece, do suppose the Piece to be truly bored; but if it be Chamber bo∣red, observe what followeth.

How to know whether a Piece be Chamber bored, or not.

First, find the Dispart of the Piece, by the Priming-Iron or a Stick, also find it by the Table; and if you find them two ways to agree, take that for the true Dispart. Take the Dis∣part by the third way, but if the Dispart taken by the seve∣ral ways differ, then that difference is the just difference of the Chamber from the true Bore of the Piece.

As for Example:

Suppose the Dispart found by the Priming Iron to be two Inches, and by the Table 3 Inches; it shews that the Cham∣ber differs from the true Bore, on each side one Inch; so that if the Bore of the Piece be six Inches high, the Chamber is but 4 Inches high.

This the Gunner ought to examine and enquire into, that he may make his Cartridges to load his Piece withal accordingly.

CHAP. XI.

How to know whether a Piece of Ordnance be truly bored or not, when it is in its Carriage: and lying Hori∣zontally.

PRovide a Pike-staff, which let be about one foot longer than the Bore of the Piece from the Touch. hole; and at the end thereof, fasten a Rammer head, that will justly fill all the Bore under the Touch-hole; and at the other end of the Staff, bore a hole big enough to put through a Rod of Iron about 16 or 18 Inches long, and at the end of the Rod hang a Bullet or Weight of about 7 or 8 pound; for this Weight thus disposed will cause the same part of the Rammer-head to lye always with the same part uppermost. Put this Instru∣ment thus prepared into the Piece, letting the Iron Rod and Bullet hang perpendicularly; then putting your Priming-Iron in at the Touch-hole, make a mark upon the Rammer-head: This done, draw your Instrument out of the Gun, and lay it upon a long Form or Table, letting the Rod and Bullet hang over the end of the Table as it did before out of the mouth of the Piece. Then observe, whether the mark you made up∣on the head of the Rammer when it was in the Piece, be just on the uppermost part of the same when it lyeth upon the Table; and if it be, the Bore of the Piece lyeth neither to the right or left hand: But if you find it to lie half or a quarter of an Inch either to the right or left hand, so much lyeth the Bore either to the right or left, and the Piece in shooting must be ordered and charged accordingly.

By what is here said, may be found whether the Piece in∣cline towards the Right or Left hand, but to know whether it lie also upwards or downwards, and not in the middle: Then,

to find which way; Take the Diameter of the Piece at the Touch-hole, as is before taught: Then take a piece of Wyre, and bend it a little at the end that it may catch at the Mettal when it is drawing out at the Touch hole. This Wyre thus prepared, put it in at the Touch-hole, till it touch the bot∣tom of the Metal in the Chamber, and holding it there, make a mark upon it, just even with the Touch hole; then pull up the Wyre till it catch at the Metal on the top of the Chamber, and make another mark upon it, the distance between these two marks, is the just Diameter of the Chamber: And the di∣stance between the first mark, and the end of the Wyre (half the Diameter of the Chamber of the Piece being sub∣stracted) will leave half the Diameter of the Piece, if the Piece be truly Bored: But if this number be more than half the Diameter of the Piece, before found, at the Touch hole; than the Bore lyeth too far from the Touch-hole, and the upper part of the Metal is the thickest: but if lesser, then the under part of the Piece hath the most Metal.

Example: Suppose I find the Diameter of my Gun to be at the Touch-hole 12 Inches; then with my Wyre, I find the Diameter of the Bore to be 4 Inches; and to the bottom of the Metal it is 7 Inches and an half; now half the Diameter of the Bore being 2 Inches, that added to the second mark up∣on the Wyre, or substracted from 7 Inches and a half, the first Mark, leaves 5 Inches and a half, which is less than half the Diameter of the Gun at the Touch-hole first found, by half an Inch; and therefore the greatest part of the Me∣tal is under the Bore of the Piece, and the Gun likeliest to break above.

And here note: If you were to make a Dispart for such a Gun as this, you are to make it half an Inch shorter then it will be found to be by taking the Circumference, and find∣ing the Diameters of the Rings at the Base and Muzzle: And the like is to be observed if the difference were greater, or the upper part of the Metal had been greater.

CHAP. XII.

Concerning Guns that are not truly bored; How to know what quantity of Powder must be allowed for their Loading.

SUppose the Diameter of the Metal of a Piece at the Touch-hole, be 16 Inches, and the Diameter at the Bore 5 Inches and a quarter, the Weight of the Piece 4850 pound: Now such a Piece will require 11 pound of Powder for its Loading: But I find the Bore to be an Inch out of its place, thence I conclude the thinest part of the Metal is 4 Inches and half a quarter, and the thickest side 6 Inches and half a quar∣ter, by which it appears, that one side is two Inches thicker than the other.

Now to find what quantity of Powder will be a sufficient Load for such a Piece, it must be computed from the thin∣est part of the Metal, which is here 4. 375 Inches, which doubled is 8. 75 Inches, to which add the Diameter at the Bore 5. 25 Inches, the sum is 14. 00 Inches, which call the lessor Diameter, and 16 the greater Diameter: And to find the quantity of Powder by Arithmetick, this is the Pro∣portion:

As the Cube of 16 (the greater Diameter) 4096, Is to the Cube of 14 (the lesser Diameter) 2744;

So is 11 pound (the Powder to be allowed if the Piece had been truly Bored)

To 7. 36 pound (the Powder to be allowed to the false Bored Piece.)

For, multiply 16 by 16, it produceth 256, and that again by 16, and it produceth 4096, which is the Cube of 16 the Greater Diameter.

Also, multiply 14 by 14, it produceth 196, and that again

by 14, produceth 2744, which is the Cube of 14, the Lesser Diameter.

Then Multiply 2744 (the Cube of the Lesser Diameter) by 11 (the Powder to be allowed, if the Piece had been truly bored) the product will be 30184: which number divided by 4096 (the Cube of the Greater Diameter) gives in the Quotient 7. 36 pounds of Powder, which will be a sufficient Charge for such a false bored Gun.

CHAP. XIII.

How to discover what Cracks, Flaws, or Honeycombs are in any Piece of Ordnance.

AS soon as ever you have discharged any Piece of Ord∣nance, let one be ready to cover the Mouth of the Piece close, and stop the Touch-hole at the same time; by which means you may know if any Cracks or Flaws do go through the Metal, for if any such be, a visible smoke will come through those Flaws or Cracks.

Otherwise: In a clear Sun shine day, with a piece of polish∣ed Steel (or plain Looking-Glass) reflect the Beams of the Sun into the hollow Cylinder of the Piece, so shall you have a clear shining light within the concave of the Piece, by which you may see all Flaws, Cracks, or Honeycombs.

And in case the Sun do not shine, get a Stick somewhat longer than the hollow of the Piece, and cut a notch at one end thereof, wherein to put a piece of a Candle; put this Stick with the Candle lighted into the Piece, by whose light observe (as well as you can) whether from one end to the o∣ther you can discover any Flaws, &c. in the Piece.

Lastly, If upon the outside of the Metal of any Piece of Ordnance, you strike a smart blow with an Iron Hammer; If you then hear a hoarse sound, doubtless there are Honey∣combs,

or such like Flaws: But if at any stroke you hear a clear sound, you may conclude that Piece to be sound, and free from Cracks, &c.

CHAP. XIV.

Concerning the Weight of Iron-shot, and Granado-shels.

Having the Diameter of any Cast Iron shot, you may find the Weight thereof.

FOR, it hath been generally agreed upon, that a Cast Iron-Bullet of 4 Inches Diameter will weigh 9 Pound, and so make that a proportion for all other Diameters: If so, then

As the Cube of 4 Inches, which is 64.

Is to 9 pound weight:

So is the Cube of any other Diameter, suppose 5 Inches (viz. 125.)

To 17. 58 pound for the weight,

Which is 17 pound and a half and somewhat more.

Another way to perform the same somewhat easier.

This way is done by Multiplication only, and so some∣what easier than the former, and it is a way which was disco∣vered by Mr. Valentine Pyne, late Fire-Master of England; and for the effecting of it, this is the RULE:

Cube the Diameter of the Bullet given, then Multiply that Cube number by 14, and cut off two Figures to the right hand, the Figures to the left hand are pounds weight, and the other two hundred parts of a Pound.

Example I. Let it be required to find the Weight of a Cast Iron Bullet, whose Diameter is five Inches, the same as in the other Example.

The Cube of 5 Inches is 125, which multiplied by 14, produceth 1750, from which cut off the two figures towards the right hand, and it will be 17. 50, that is 17 pound, and 50 hundred parts of a pound, which is just 17 pound and a half; and that is the weight required.

And this way (as he found it by often experience) comes nearer to the truth than the former, of 9 Pound to 4 Inches Diameter.

Example 2. Let the Diameter of a Shot be 6 Inches and seven Tenths of an Inch; and let the Weight thereof be required.

Multiply 6. 7 by 6. 7, the Product will be 44. 89 for the Square, and that multiplied again by 6. 7 produceth 300. 863 for the Cube of the Diameter of the Shot. Which 300. 863 multiplied by 14, produceth 4212082, from which five figures to the right hand being cut off (that is three for the Decimal parts in the Multiplicand 300. 863, and two, ac∣cording as the Rule directs) the Remainder will be 42. 12082, that is 42 Pound, and 12 hundred parts of a Pound for the Weight of the Shot whose Diameter is 6 Inches and 7 tenths of an Inch.

According to this Rule is the following Table made, which sheweth the weight of any Iron Shot, whose Diameter is given in Inches and Tenth parts of Inches; from one Inch to 20 Inches Diameter: in Pounds and 100 parts of a Pound weight.

The Use of the following Table.

Example 1. Let the Diameter of an Iron-shot be 13 Inches, what is its weight?

Look for 13 in the first Column of the Table towards the left hand, and against it in the next Column stands 307. 58, which shews that such a Shot of Iron will weigh 307 Pound, and 58 hundred parts of a Pound, which is above half a Pound.

Exam. 2. If a Cast-Bullet of Iron be in Diameter 11 Inches and 3 Tenths of an Inch, How much doth that Bullet weigh?

The Tenths of Inches.
Whole Inches in Diameter.
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
1	0.14	0.19	0.27	0.31	0.38	0.47	0.57	0.69	0.82	0.96
2	1.12	1.30	1.49	1.70	1.93	1.18	2.46	2.76	3.07	3.41
3	3.78	4.17	4.59	5.27	5.50	6.00	6.53	7.09	7.68	8.39
4	8.96	9.65	10.37	11.11	11.93	12.76	13.63	14.54	15.48	16.47
5	17.50	18.58	19.69	20.84	22.05	23.30	24.59	25.93	27.32	28.75
6	30.27	31.78	32.37	35.01	36.70	38.45	40.25	4••.11	44.02	45.99
7	48.02	50.11	52.26	54.46	56.73	59.07	61.46	63.92	66.45	69.03
8	71.68	74.40	77.19	80.04	82.97	85.98	89.05	92.18	95.01	98.69
9	102.06	105.50	109.01	112.61	116.39	120.03	123.90	127.78	131.77	135.84
10	140.00	144.24	148.56	152.98	157.48	162.06	166.74	171.51	176.36	181.30
11	186.34	191.47	196.69	202.51	207.43	212.92	218.52	224.22	230.02	235.92
12	241.92	248.02	254.22	260.52	266.93	273.43	280.04	286.78	293.58	201.2
13	307.58	314.73	322.00	320.37	336.86	344.46	351.80	259.99	367.93	375.99
14	384.16	392.45	400.86	409.39	418.04	426.81	436.70	444.72	453.85	463.11
15	472.50	482.01	491.56	501.42	511.32	521.34	531.50	541.78	552.20	562.36
16	573.43	584.26	595.21	606.29	617.54	628.91	6••0.40	652.04	663.82	67••.74
17	687.82	700.02	712.37	724.71	737.02	750.31	763.24	••76.27	789.56	8••2.9••
18	816.48	830.16	843.50	857.99	872.13	886.43	900.38	915.40	930.26	945.18
19	960.25	975.50	990.91	1000.31	1002.22	1039.00	1054.12	1075.32	1080.71	1103.33
20	1120.00	1136.19	1153.90	1170.92	1188.51	1202.41	122••.81	1241.81	1259.82	1278.1••

Look for 11 Inches in the first Column of the Table, and for 3 Tenths at the top of the Table, and right against 11, and under 3, you shall find 202. 51, which is 202 Pound and an half:

	Inch.		Pound.
And so a Bullet being in Dia∣meter	3.0	The Weight thereof will be found to be	03.78
9.6	123.96
13.4	336.86
17.2	712.37

Some other Uses of this Table.

THE Table is Calculated for 20 Inches Diameter of a Shot, or Bullet, but we have no Guns that carries a Bullet above 8 Inches, notwithstanding which, it was Cal∣culated to 20 Inches, for finding the weight of Granado-Shells, which are also made of Cast-Iron; and the Diameter of those may from Out to Out be near 20 Inches, and there∣fore I shall instance in one of them.

Exam. 3. Let there be a Granado-Shell whose Diameter from Out to Out, let be 19 Inches 6 Tenths; and the Diameter with∣in 15 Inches and 4 Tenths: What is the Weight of that Shell?

Look for 19 Inches in the first Column, and for 6 in the head of the Table, so against 19, and under 6 you shall find 1054. 1, Pound, which is the weight if it were a solid Shot; which number set down.

Then look in the first Column of the * 1.36 Table for 15 Inches in the first Column, and 4 in the head of the Table, and a∣gainst 15 and under 4, you shall find 511. 32 Pound, which is the weight of a Shot of 15 Inches and 4 Tenths Diameter. Now if you substract 511. 32 (the weight found by the Inner Diameter) from 1054. 40 (the Weight found by the Outer Diameter) the Remainder will be 543. 08 which is 543 Pound, for the Weight of the Shell.

The Diameter of the Shell without, may be found by its Circumference, as is before taught; or by a pair of Calloper Com∣passes:

And for the Diameter within that may be found by put∣ting in a Stick at the Fuse-hole, and measuring it by a Rule of Inches and Tenths: Or, (if the Shell be of equal thickness) by the thickness of the Metal at the Fuse-hole, which suppose to be 2 Inches and 1 Tenth; the double whereof is 4 Inches and 2 Tenths, and that taken from * 1.37 19. 6, the Outer Diameter, leaves 15. 4 for the Inner Diameter.

CHAP. XV.

Concerning the following Table of Cube-Roots.

THE following Table consisteth of two Columns, in the first of which towards the left hand is contained the Roots of all Numbers from 1 to 100, and of their Halves and Quarters.

So in the beginning of the Table, in the first Column you have 1.0, that is, one Inch, one Fathom, one Pound, &c. and under 1. 0, you have 1, 2, 3, standing one under ano∣ther, which is 1, 2, 3 Quarters of Inches, Fathoms, &c. and so on, from one Inch to 100.

In the second Column is the Cubes of all those Numbers which stand in the first Column: As against 2 in the first Co∣lumn you shall find 8 in the second, which is the Cube of 2; for 2 multiplied by 2, produceth 4, and 4 multiplied again by 2 produceth 8, which is the Cube of 2. Also against 2 and 1 quarter, you shall find 11. 39 which is the Cube of 2 and a quarter: And thus may you find that:

	Inch. Quar.		Cube.
The Cube of	4 0	is	64
5 1	144. 90
6 2	274. 62
7 3	465. 48

In like manner, if the Cube of any Number be given, the Root thereof may be found.

So if 32768 were a Cube-number given, and the Root there∣of were required:

Look in the second Column of the Table (which hath the word Cube at the head thereof) for this Number 32768, a∣gainst which you shall find (under the word Root) 32, which is the Root thereof, for 32 multiplied by 32 produceth 1024, and that again multiplied by 32 produceth 32768, which is the Cube of 32. And thus may you find that,

		Inch. Quar.
103823	Is the Cube of	47
30275. 25	14 2
926. 49	9 3
34. 33	3 1

The Use of the following Table of Cube-Roots, in the solution of several Questions, useful in the Art of Gunnery.

Quest. I. If a Bullet of Iron of six Inches Diameter weigh thirty Pound, what shall a Bullet of the same Metal weigh, whose Diameter is seven Inches.

Look in the Table for 6 in the first Column, against which you shall find 216, the Cube of 6: Also against 7 is 343 the Cube of 7. Then say by the Rule of Three:

As 16 (the Cube of 6 Inches.)

Is to 30 Pound, (the Weight of that Bullet):

So is 343 (the Cube of 7 Inches):

To 47. 64 (that is 47 Pound, and 64 hundred parts of a Pound) for the Weight of the Bullet of Iron, which is 7 Inches Diameter.

Multiply 343 by 30, the Product will be 10290, which divide by 216, the Quotient will be 47. 64 the Weight of the Shot required.

Quest. II. If the Diameter of a Shot be 3 Inches and 3 Quarters, and it do weigh 7 Pound 5 Ounces, (or in Decimals 7. 31) what will the Diameter of a Shot (of the same Metal) be whose Weight is 16 Pound?

The Cube of 3 Inches 3 Quarters is 52. 73, then by Pro∣portion say,

The Table of Cubes, and Cube-Roots to whole Inches, Halves and Quarters; or of any other Measure.

Root.	Cube
1 0	1
1	1. 95
2	3. 37
3	5. 36
2 0	8
1	11. 39
2	15. 62
3	20. 80
3 0	27.
1	34. 35
2	42. 87
3	52. 73
4 0	64.
1	76. 76
2	91. 12
3	107. 17
5 0	125.
1	144. 70
2	167. 37
3	190. 11
6. 0	216.
1	244. 14
2	274. 62
3	307. 55
7 0	343.
1	381. 07
2	411. 87
3	465. 48
8 0	512.
1	561. 52
2	614. 12
3	669. 92
9 0	729.
1	791. 45
2	857. 37
3	926. 86
10 0	1000.
1	1076. 89
2	1157. 62
3	1242. 30
11 0	1331.
1	1423. 83
2	1520. 87
3	1622. 23
12 0	1728.
1	1838. 26
2	1953. 12
3	2072. 67
13 0	2197.
1	2326. 20
2	2460. 37
3	2599. 60
14 0	2744.
1	2893. 64
2	3027. 52
3	3290. 46
15 0	3375.
1.	3546. 58
2	3723. 87
3	3906. 98
16 0	4096.
1	4291. 02
2	4492. 12
3	4699. 42
17 0	4913.
1	5132. 95
2	5359. 37
3	5592. 36
18 0	5832.
1	6078. 39
2	6331. 62
3	6591. 80
19 0	6859.
1	7133. 43
2	7414. 87
3	7703. 73
20 0	8000.
1	8303. 76
2	8615. 12
3	8934. 17
21 0	9261.
1	9595. 70
2	9938. 37
3	10289. 11

22 0	10648.
1	11015. 14
2	11390. 62
3	11774. 52
23 0	12167.
1	12568. 08
2	12977. 87
3	13396. 48
24 0	13824.
1	14260. 51
2	14705. 12
3	15160. 92
25 0	15625.
1	16098. 45
2	16581. 37
3	17073. 86
26 0	17576.
1	18087. 89
2	18609. 62
3	19141. 30
27 0	19683.
1	20234. 83
2	20796. 87
3	21369. 23
28 0	21972.
1	21545. 26
2	23149. 12
3	23763. 67
29 0	24389.
1	25025. 20
2	25672. 37
3	26330. 61
30 0	27000.
1	27680. 64
2	28372. 62
3	29076. 05
31 0	29791.
1	30517. 58
2	31255. 87
3	32005. 98
32 0	32768.
1	33542. 01
2	34328. 12
3	35126. 42
33 0	35937.
1	36759. 95
2	37595. 37
3	38443. 36
34 0	39304.
1	40177. 39
2	41063. 63
3	41962. 80
35 0	42825.
1	43800. 33
2	44738. 87
3	45690. 73
36 0	48656.
1	47634. 76
2	48627. 12
3	49633. 17
37 0	50653.
1	51686. 70
2	52734. 37
3	53796. 11
38 0	54872.
1	55962. 14
2	57066. 62
3	58185. 55
39 0	55419.
1	60467. 08
2	61629. 88
3	62807. 48
40 0	64000.
1	65207. 51
2	66430. 12
3	67667. 93
41 0	68921.
1	70189. 45
2	71473. 37
3	72772. 86
42 0	74088.
1	75418. 90
2	76765. 62
3	78128. 30
43 0	79507.
1	80901. 83
2	82881. 86
3	83740. 23
44 0	85185.
1	86644. 26
2	88121. 12
3	89614. 67
44 0	91125.
1	92652. 20
2	94196. 37
3	95757. 61
45 0	9733••.
1	98931. 64
2	100544. 46
3	102175. 05
46 0	103823.
1	105488. 58
2	107171. 87
3	108872. 98
47 0	11059••.
1	112329. 01
2	114084. 12
3	115857. 42

49 0	117649.
	119458. 95
	121287. 37
	123134. 35
50 0	125000.
	126884. 39
	128787. 62
	130709. 80
51 0	132691.
	134611. 33
	136590. 87
	138589. 73
52 0	140608.
	142645. 65
	144703. 12
	146780. 17
53 0	148877.
	150993. 70
	153130. 37
	155287. 11
54 0	157464.
	159661. 14
	161878. 62
	164116. 54
55 0	167375.
	168654. 08
	170953. 88
	173274. 48
56 0	175616.
	177978. 51
	180362. 12
	182766. 92
57 0	185193.
	187640. 45
	190109. 37
	192599. 85
58 0	195112.
	197645. 89
	200201. 62
	202779. 29
59 0	205379.
	208008. 28
	210644. 87
	213311. 23
60 0	216000.
	218711. 26
	22144••. 13
	224201. 67
61 0	216981.
	229783. 20
	232608. 37
	235456. 61
62 0	238328.
	241222. 64
	244140. 62
	247082. 04
63 0	250047.
	253035. 57
	256047. 87
	259083. 98
64 0	262244.
	265228. 01
	268336. 12
	271468. 42
65 0	274625.
	277805. 95
	281011. 37
	284241. 35
66 0	287496.
	290775. 39
	294079. 63
	297408. 79
67 0	300753.
	304142. 33
	307546. 87
	310976. 73
68 0	314432.
	317912. 76
	321419. 12
	324951. 17
69 0	329199.
	332092. 70
	335702. 37
	339338. 11
70 0	343000.
	346688. 14
	350402. 62
	354143. 54
71 0	357911.
	361705. 08
	365525. 87
	369373. 48
72 0	373348.
	377149. 51
	381078. 12
	385033. 92
73 0	389017.
	393027. 45
	397065. 37
	401130. 86
74 0	405224.
	409344. 89
	413493. 62
	417670. 30
75 0	411875.
	426107. 83
	430368. 87
	••••4658. 23

76 0	438976.
	443322. 26
	447697. 12
	452100. 67
77 0	456533.
	460994. 20
	465484. 37
	470003. 61
78 0	474522.
	479129. 64
	483736. 62
	488373. 04
79 0	493039.
	497734. 58
	502459. 87
	507214. 98
80 0	512000.
	516815. 01
	521660. 12
	526535. 95
81 0	531441.
	536376. 95
	541343. 37
	546340. 36
82 0	550408.
	556426. 39
	561515. 62
	568357. 97
83 0	571787.
	576969. 33
	582182. 87
	587427. 73
84 0	592604.
	598011. 76
	603351. 12
	608722. 17
85 0	614125.
	619559. 70
	625026. 17
	630525. 11
86 0	636056.
	641619. 14
	647214. 62
	652842. 54
87 0	658503.
	664196. 07
	669921. 87
	675680. 48
88 0	681472.
	687296. 51
	693154. 12
	699044. 92
89 0	705669.
	710926. 45
	716917. 37
	722941. 86
90 0	729000.
	735091. 89
	741217. 62
	747377. 29
91 0	753571.
	759798. 82
	766060. 87
	772357. 23
92 0	778688.
	785053. 26
	791453. 12
	797887. 67
93 0	804357.
	810861. 20
	817400. 37
	823974. 61
94 0	830584.
	837228. 64
	843908. 62
	850624. 04
95 0	857375.
	864161. 58
	870983. 87
	877841. 98
96 0	884736.
	891666. 01
	898632. 12
	9••5634. 42
97 0	915672.
	919747. 95
	926859. 37
	934007. 36
98 0	941192.
	948413. 39
	955671. 62
	962966. 79
99 0	970299.
	977668. 33
	985074. 87
	992518. 73
100	1000000.

As 7. 31 Pound (the weight of the Shot of 3 Inch. 3 Quar.) Is to 52. 73 (the Cube of 3 Inch. 3 Quarters:

So is 16 Pound (the Weight of the Shot whose Diameter is sought.)

To 115, Which Number being found in the second Co∣lumn of the Table (or the nearest to it, which is 107. 17) the Root answering to this Number is 4 Inches 3 Quarters, for the Diameter of the Shot, whose Weight is 16 Pound.

Quest. III. If a Saker whose greatest thickness is 11 Inches and a half, do weigh 1900 Pound: What will the Weight of another Saker be, whose greatest thickness is eight Inches and three Quarters.

By the Table I find the Cube of 8 Inches 3 Quarters to be 669. 92, and the Cube of 11 Inches and a half to be 1520. 85:

Then say by Proportion:

As 1520. 85 (the Cube of the Diameter of the Piece whose Weight is known)

Is to 1900, (the Weight of the Piece:)

So is 669. 92 (the Cube of the Diameter of the Piece whose Weight you would know),

To 837 Pound almost.

Multiply 669. 92 (the Cube of 8 Inch. 3 Q.) by 1900 (the Weight) the Product will be 1272848. 00) which divided by 1520. 85, the Cube of 11 Inch. 3 Qu.) the Quotient will be 837 Pound almost, for the Weight of the Piece (or Saker) whose greatest thickness is 8 Inch. 3 Quar.

This is, if the two Pieces were of the same Metal, (as both Brass:) But if the Piece whose Weight you seek had been Iron: then having performed all the former work, as if they had been both Brass; you must then work another Proportion: For, the Proportion of the Weight between Brass and Iron being as 16 to 18 (as I have shewed in the following Chap∣ter XVI. of this Book) Brass being the heavier: Then say, As 18 (the Weight of Brass)

Is to 16 (the Weight of Iron),

So is 837 (the Weight of the Piece if it had been Brass),

To 744 (the Weight thereof, it being of Irou.

Quest. IV. If a Saker of 3 Inch. 3 Quar. Diameter at the Bore, require 4 Pound of Powder for her Charge, What will a Demi-Cannon of 6 Inches and a half Diameter at the Bore re∣quire for her Charge?

The Cube of 3 Inch. 3 Qu. is 52. 73: And the Cube of 6 Inch. and a half is 274. 62;

Then say, As 52. 73 (the Cube of 3 Inch. 3 Quart.)

Is to 274. 62 (the Cube of 6 Inch. and a half),

So is 4 Pound (the Load for 3 Inches 3 Quarters),

To 20. 81 Pound (the Load for 6 Inches and a half.)

You are here to Note, That the Demi-Cannon should be fortified so well as the Saker: The Cube of the Diameter of the Demi-Cannon is. 274, of the Saker 52; the Weight of the Saker 1600: What should the Weight of the Demi-Cannon be?

Say, As 52 (the Cube of the Bore of the Saker),

Is to 274 (the Cube of the Bore of the Demi-Cannon),

So 1600 (the Weight of the Saker),

To 8431 (the Weight that such a Demi Cannon should be of, to bear such a Charge proportionably to the Saker.)

But suppose the Demi Cannon to be no more then 6000 Weight; then Multiply 6000 by 20. 81 (the Charge already Calculated), the Product will be 12486000, which if you divide by 8431 (the Weight the Demi-Cannon should be of) the Quotient will be 14. 8, that is 14 Pound and 8 Tenths of a Pound, which will be a sufficient Charge for such a Piece.

Quest. V. A Granado-shell being 14 Inches Diameter, and two Inches and a half substance in Metal, what is the weight of the Metal, and the content of the Concavity of the Shell in Cubical Inches.

1. The Cube of 14 the Diameter of the Shell, is 2747; which multiplied by 11, the Product is 30184, and that di∣vided by 21, the Quotient is 1473⅓, which is the solid In∣ches in the whole, Metal and Concave both, as if it were a a solid Buller of 14 Inches Diameter.

2. For the Concavity, the thickness of the Metal being 2½ Inches, the double thereof is 5 Inches, which substracted

from 14 Inches, there remains 9 Inches; for the Diameter of the Concave of the Shell; then the Cube of 9 is 729; which multiplied by 11 produceth 8019; and that divided by 21, the Quotient will be 381⅞ for the solid Inches con∣tained in the Concavity of the Shell: the 381 being Sub∣stracted from 1437, (omitting the Fractions in both Numbers) the remainder is 1056 Inches, the Cubical Inches of the Metal.

3. And because one Cubical Inch of Cast-Iron is by ex∣perience found to weigh 4 Ounces, multiply 1056 by 16, (the number of Ounces in one Pound), the Product will be 16896 Ounces, which divided by 4, the Quotient will be 4224, and that Number divided by 16, (the Number of Ounces in one Pound), the Quotient will be 264 Pounds, for the Weight of the Granado Shell.

Quest. VI. By the Mould and Burthen one Ship being known, how to build another Ship of the same Mould, of any assigned Burthen, greater or lesser.

Suppose a Ship of 100 Tun, is found to be 44 foot long in the Keel, 20 foot broad upon the Midship beam, 9 foot deep in the Hold, and did Rack it with the Stem forwards 13 foot, and offward 7.

If (according to these Dimensions) you would build a Ship whose Burthen should be 200 Tun, the several Dimensions of the Members may be found as followeth.

1. For the Keel, it being 44 foot, the Cube thereof is 85184, double this Number (because the Ship you are to build is double the Burthen of the other, viz. 200 Tun), and it makes 170368, the Cube-Root whereof is 55, 441 foot; which is 55 foot, 4 Inches▪ of an Inch, for the length of the Keel.

2. For the breadth upon the Midship-beam 20 foot; the Cube of 20 is 8000, the double whereof is 16000, whose Cube-Root is 25. 20 foot, that is 25 foot, 2 Inches and ½ of an Inch, for the breadth upon the Midship-beam.

3. For the depth in Hold 9 foot, the Cube of 9 is 729, the double whereof is 1458, whose Cube-Root is 11. 34 foot; that is 11 foot, 4 Inches for the depth in Hold.

4. For the Rack forward 13 foot; the Cube of 13 is 2197, the double whereof is 4394, whose Cube is 16. 38 foot; that is 16 foot, 4 Inches and a half for the Rack forward.

5. For the Rack offwards 7 foot; the Cube of 7 is 343 the double whereof is 686, whose Cube-Root is 8. 82 foot; which is 8 foot, 9 Inches, and ¼ of an Inch, for the Rack offwards.

This is the natural way of working of these and the like Proportions, but when you have many Lengths to find, you may ease your self of extracting so many Cube Roots, for having found out one of them by the Cube-Root, you may find out all the rest-by the Golden Rule of Proportion: Thus, having found the Length by the Keel to be 55. 44, and you would find the length of the Midship-beam proportionable to this, which in the Ship of 100 Tun was 20 foot: Say,

As 44 the length by the Keel of the Ship of 100 Tuns,

Is to 55. 44 the length by the Keel of the Ship of 200 Tuns,

So is 9 foot, the depth in the Hold of the Ship of 100 Tuns,

To 11. 34, the depth in the Hold of the Ship of 200 Tuns.

And so of all the Members, as in this Synopsis,

1. For the Midship beam:

As 44 is to 55. 44, so is 20 to 25. 20:

2. For the Depth in Hold:

As 44 is to 55. 44, so is 9 to 11. 34:

3. For the Rack forward:

As 44 is to 55. 44, so is 13 to 16. 38:

4. For the Rack offward:

As 44 is to 55. 44, so is 7 to 8. 82:

Or thus, having the proportion of one Cube to another Cube, you may work by that in this manner.

The Cube of	1 Being 1. 000	thereof is
2 The Double	1. 260
3 The Triple	1. 442
4 The Quadruple	1. 557
5 The Quintuple	1. 710
6 The Sextuple	1. 817
7 The Septuple	1: 913
8 The Octuple	2. 000

And thus, by the foresaid Supposition a Ship of 100 Tuns being 44 Foot by the Keel, the Length of the Keel for a Ship of 200, 300, 400 Tun, may be found by these Proportions:

For a Ship of	200 Tuns.	Say, as 1. 000 is to 44, so is	1. 260	to	55. 440 Feet.	the length by the Keel:
300 Tuns.	1. 442	63. 448 Feet.
400 Tuns.	1. 557	69. 828 Feet.
500 Tuns.	1. 710	75. 240 Feet.
600 Tuns.	1. 817	79. 94 Feet.
700 Tuns.	1. 913	84. 172 Feet.
800 Tuns.	2. 000	88. 000 Feet.

And from these few Proportions may be deduced many more, but these shall suffice to shew the use of the Cube-Root in this particular.

CHAP. XVI.

Concerning the Proportion of the Weights of Iron, Lead, Stone, &c. And how by knowing the Weight of one Shot of Lead, to find the Weight of another of the like Dia∣meter of Iron or Stone.

THE Proportion between Lead and Iron is as 2 is to 3; So that a Shot of 3 Pounds Weight of Lead, will be of equal Diameter to one of Iron of two Pound Weight.

The Proporti∣on between	Lead	and	Brass	is as	24	to	19
	Stone	4	1
Iron	Brass	16	18
Iron	Stone	3	8

By these Proportions, may be easily Calculated (in case Iron-Shot be wanting, and Lead or Stone may be had), what Diame∣ter and Weight, Shot either of Lead, Brass or Stone ought to be of, to fit any Piece of Ordnance: And from these Proportions the following Table is Calculated, for all Shots of Lead, Iron, and Stone, from two Inches Diameter to 8 Inches Diameter, by Inches, Halves and Quarters.

A Table shewing the Weight of any Shot of Iron, Lead, or Stone, from 2 to 8 Inches Diameter.

Quar. Inches	Lead, Po. Ou.	Iron, Po. Ou.	Stone, Po. Ou.
2 0	1 10½	1 1	6 7
1	2 6	1 9	0 9
2	3 3	2 2	0 12
3	4 5	2 14	1 1
3 0	5 10	3 12	1 7
1	7 2	4 12	1 13
2	8 15	6 0	2 4
3	11 0	7 5	2 12
4 0	13 7	8 15	3 6
1	16 0	10 10½	4 0
2	18 15	12 10¼	4 12
3	22 5	14 14	5 9
5 0	26 2	17 5	6 8
1	30 2	20 1	7 8
2	34 11	23 2	8 11
3	39 3	26 6	9 14
6 0	45 0	30 0	11 4
1	51 0	34 0	12 12
2	57 0	38 0	14 4
3	62 0	42 0	15 12
7 0	72 0	48 0	18 0
1	79 8	53 0	20 0
2	87 0	58 0	22 12
3	96 0	43 0	24 0
8 0	106 0	71 0	26 10

By this Table you may see, That if a Gun carry a Shot of 5 Inches and a half Diameter, that Shot, if of Lead, will weigh 34 Pound 11 Ounces.—If of Iron 23 Pound 2 Oun∣ces: If of Stone but 8 Po. 11 Ounces, and so of any other, as in the Table.

Note, The Stone here meant is Marble, Peb∣ble, and such like, other Stone being more soft and porous; and con∣sequently lighter.

Also Note, That in load∣ing your Gun for a Stone-shot you are not to give her the same Charge of Powder as for one of Lead or Iron, but abate according as the Proportions of the Metals are.

If you compare this Table with the former Table of Cube Roots, you shall find the Cube of each Number bear the like proportion one to another, as the Weight of each Bullet is one to another of the same Metal.

Example. The Cube of 3 and 3 Quarters is 52. 73:

The Weight of an Iron-Shot, which is 3 Inch. 3 Quart. is 7 Pound 5 Ounces, (or Decimally) 7. 31:

The Cube of 4 Inch. 3 Qu. is 107. 17:

The Weight of an Iron Shot of that Diameter is 14 Pound 14 Ounces (or Decimally 14. 87) which is 4 Ounces more than double 7. 31, for 7. 31 doubled is 14. 62.

So likewise 52. 73 doubled is 105. 46, which does not exceed 107. 17 (the Cube of 3 Inch. 3 Quart.) being so doubled.

CHAP. XVII.

Concerning Gunpowder, and to find what quantity will fill any Granado Shell or Cartridge.

IT hath been often Experimented in the Tower of London, that one Pound of Powder will fill 31 Cubical Inches, and 600 parts, which is, a little above half one tenth part of an Inch: This being allowed, it will be no hard matter to know what quantity of Powder will fill any Granado shell, or Cartridge. For the Proportion will be,

As 33. 06 Cubical Inches,

Is to One Pound of Powder;

So is any other Number of Cubical Inches,

To the Number of Pounds of Powder that will fill those Inches.

Whether it be Granado shell or Gartridge.

But this work being something troublesome, I shall here exhibit a Table, which by inspection only, will tell you what quantity of Powder will fill any Granado-shell, whose true Diameter is known, provided the Shell be perfectly Round.

A Table shewing what Quantity of Powder (in Pounds and hun∣dred parts of a Pound) will fill any Granado Shell whose Diameter is known:

Tenths of Inches.
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Whole Inches in Diameter:
1	00. 01	00. 02	00. 03	00. 04	00. 05	00. 06	00. 07	00. 08	00. 10	00. 12
2	00. 14	00. 16	00. 18	00. 20	00. 28	00. 26	00. 28	00. 32	00. 37	00. 41
3	00. 45	00. 50	00. 55	00. 61	00. 66	00. 72	00. 79	00. 86	00. 92	01. 00
4	01. 08	01. 16	01. 25	01. 34	01. 44	01. 54	01. 64	01. 75	01. 86	01. 98
5	02. 11	02. 22	02. 37	02. 51	02. 65	02. 80	02. 96	03. 12	03. 29	03. 46
6	03. 64	03. 83	04. 02	04. 17	04. 42	04. 63	04. 84	05. 07	05. 30	05. 54
7	05. 78	06. 03	06. 29	06. 56	06. 83	07. 11	07. 40	07. 70	08. 00	08. 31
8	08. 65	08. 96	09. 30	09. 64	09. 97	10. 25	10. 73	11. 10	11. 3••	11. 89
9	12. 29	12. 70	13. 13	13. 56	14. 00	14. 45	24. 92	15. 39	15. 87	16. 36
10	16. 86	17. 35	17. 89	18. 42	18. 97	19. 52	10. 08	20. 66	21. 24	21. 83
11	22. 44	23. 06	23. 69	24. 32	24. 98	25. 64	26. 32	27. 00	27. 70	28. 41
12	29. 14	29. 87	30. 57	31. 37	32. 15	32. 93	33. 72	34. 53	35. 35	36. 19
13	37. 04	37. 91	38. 77	39. 67	47. 56	41. 48	42. 41	43. 36	44. ••••	45. 28
14	46. 26	47. 26	48. 27	49. 30	50. 34	51. 40	52. 47	53. 56	54. 66	55. 77
15	59. 90	58. 04	59. 21	60. 39	61. 58	62. 78	64. 0••	65. 24	66. 50	67. 73
16	69. 06	70. 36	71. 68	73. 02	74. 37	75. 74	77. 12	78. 53	79. 94	81. 38

The Use of this Table.

Exam. 1. If the Diameter of a Granado-Shell, be 7 Inches, how many Pounds of Powder will fill the same?

Look for 7 in the first Column of the Table towards the left hand, and right against it you shall find 5. 78, which is 5 Pound, and 78 hundred parts of a Pound, which is some∣what above 3 Quarters of a Pound: And so much will fill such a Shell.

Exam. 2. Suppose the Diameter of a Granado-Shell to be 15 Inches and 4 Tenths of an Inch: How much Powder will fill that Shell?

This is such a Shell as was mentioned in the Third Example of Chap. XIV.

Look for 15 Inches in the first Column of the Table to∣wards the left hand, and for 4 Tenths of an Inch in the head of the Table; and against 15, and under 4, you shall find 61. 58, which is 61 Pounds, and 58 hundred parts of a Pound, which is somewhat above half a Pound.

CHAP. XVIII.

Concerning the Allowance of Powder for the Charge of any well Fortified Gun either Brass or Iron, according to the Weight thereof, from one hundred to ninety hundred Weight of Metal.

A well Fortified Gun, hath her Metal at the Vent or Touch-hole as thick as her Diameter at the Bore: Now Gun∣ners do allow three Ounces of Powder for every hundred Weight of Metal in Iron Guns: and Four Ounees for every hundred Weight of Metal in Brass Guns: According to this Allowance.

How much Powder must be allowed for the Charge of an Iron Gun, whose Weight is 22 hundred.

The Allowance for Iron Guns being 3 Ounces, Multiply 22 (the hundred Weights) by 3 (the allowance for Iron Guns) the Product will be 66, which divide by 16 (the Oun∣ces in one Pound) the Quotient will be 4 and 2 remaining, which is 4 Pound and 2 Ounces; So that 4 Pound and 2 Ounces of Powder, will load such an Iron Gun.

But for a Brass Gun of the same Weight you must Multi∣ply 22 by 4, and the Product will be 88, which divided by 16, the Quotient will be 5 Pound and 8 Ounces remaining, and so much must be allowed for a Brass Gun of 22 hundred Weight.

And according to this Rule the following Table was made both for Brass and Iron Guns, from one hundred weight to 90 hundred Weight.

A Table shewing what Quantity of Powder is to be al∣lowed for the Charge of any Brass or Iron Piece of Ordnance.

C. W	Brass. Po. Ou	Iron. Po. Ou
1	00 04	00 03
2	00 08	00 6
3	00 12	00 9
4	01 00	00 12
5	01 04	00 15
6	01 08	01 2
7	01 12	01 5
8	02 00	01 8
9	02 04	01 11
10	02 08	01 14
11	02 12	02 1
12	03 00	02 4
13	03 04	02 7
14	03 08	02 10
15	03 12	02 12
16	04 00	03 0
17	04 04	03 3
18	04 08	03 6
19	04 12	03 9
20	0•• 00	03 12
21	05 04	03 15
22	05 08	04 2
23	05 12	04 5
24	06 00	04 8
25	06 04	04 11
26	06 08	04 14
27	06 12	05 1
28	07 00	05 4
29	07 04	05 7
30	07 08	05 10
31	07 12	05 13
32	08 00	06 ••••
33	08 04	06 3
34	08 08	06 6
35	08 12	06 9
36	09 00	06 12
37	09 04	06 15
38	09 08	07 2
39	09 12	07 5
40	10 00	07 8
41	10 4	07 11
42	10 8	07 14
43	10 12	08 1
44	11 9	08 4
45	11 04	08 7
46	11 8	08 10
47	11 12	08 13
48	12 0	09 ••••
49	12 4	09 3
50	12 8	09 6
51	12 12	09 9
52	13 0	09 12
53	13 4	09 15
54	13 8	10 2
55	13 12	10 5
56	14 0	10 8
57	14 4	10 11
58	14 8	10 14
59	14 12	11 1
60	15 0	11 4
61	15 4	11 7
62	15 8	11 10
63	15 12	11 13
64	16 0	12 0
65	16 4	12 3
66	16 8	12 6
67	16 12	12 9
68	17 0	12 12
69	17 4	12 15
70	17 8	13 2
71	17 12	13 5
72	18 0	13 8
73	18 4	13 11
74	18 8	13 14
75	18 12	14 1
76	19 0	14 4
77	19 4	14 7
78	19 8	14 10
79	19 12	14 13
80	20 0	15 0
81	20 4	15 3
82	20 8	15 6
83	20 12	15 9
84	21 0	15 12
85	21 4	15 15
86	21 8	16 2
87	21 12	16 5
88	22 0	16 8
89	22 4	16 11
90	22 8	16 14

The Use of the TABLE.

If an Iron or Brass Gun do weigh 57 hundred Weight, what Quantity of Powder must be allowed for her Charge.

Look for 57 in the Column of the Table that hath C W at the top of it, signifying hundred Weight; and against 57 (towards the right hand) you shall find 14 Pound 4 Oun∣ces for to Load a Brass Gun; and 10 Pound 11 Ounces to Load an Iron Gun of 57 hundred Weight.

CHAP. XIX.

Concerning Cartredges, how to make them, and fit them, fitting for the Bore, or Chamber of any Piece of Ord∣nance.

I. How Cartredges are made:

CArtredges are made of Stiff Paper, or Canvass, the breadth of which must be three Diameters of the Bore of the Chamber of the Gun for which it is made, and about four Diameters for the length: These pieces (if Canvass) must be sewed about a Former, which is a round piece of Wood, which must be a very little less than the Diameter of the Bore (or Chamber) of the Gun; unto which a Bottom of Can∣vass must also be sewed: But if you make your Cartredge of Paper, then must you rowl the Paper about the Former, and paist the Edges together, and also fit a Bottom thereto.

II. How to fill Cartredges.

The Diameter of the Cartredge, and the Pounds of Powder that will Load the Piece, being known to find the length of the Cartredge when filled.

Let the Diameter given be 6. 3 (that is 6 Inches and 3 tenth parts of an Inch) and let the quantity of Powder be 14. 5 (that is 14 Pound and a half:) And let it be required, to find how high the Cartredge must be filled, that it may hold just so much Powder.—To effect this it will be requisite to find the Area of the Circle of the Cartredge in Inches and De∣cimal parts of Inches: to find which this is the Proportion:

As 28, Is to 22;

So is the Square of the Diameter 39. 69 Inches,

To the Area, 31. 18 Inches.

Multiply 6. 3. the Diameter in it self, and the Product will be 39. 69 Inches, which is the Square of the Diameter; this (always) Multiply by 22, and it produceth 873. 18, which divide (always) by 28; and the Quotient will be 31. 18 In∣ches, and so many Square Inches are contained in the Area of the Circle of the Cartredge.

Exam. The Area thus found, the Weight of Powder for Load∣ing 14. 5 Pound, and the number of Cubical Inches in one Pound of Powder, viz. 31. 06 known: To find how high the Cartredge must be filled.

This is the Proportion:

As the Inches in the Area of the Circle 31. 18, Is to the Powder allowed for Loading; 14. 5 Pound,

So is the Cubical Inches in one Pound of Powder, 31. 06, To the depth of the Cartredge to be filled 14. 4 Inches:

Wherefore,

Multiply 31. 06 (the Inches in one Pound of Powder) by 14. 5 Pound (the allowance for Loading), the Product will be 450. 370; which divided by 31. 18 (the Inches in the

Circle of the Cartredge) the Quotient will be 14. 44 Inches, which is 14 Inches, and 44 hundred parts of an Inch, and so high must the Cartredge be filled.

This is the Arithmetical way to perform this Work, but it may be much abreviated by help of this little Table follow∣ing, which will require but one single Multiplication.

Inches in the Diam. of the Cartr. or Sh.	Tenths of Inches in the Diameter of the Cartredge or Shot.
0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
In. 1000 parts.	In. 1000 parts.	In. 1000 parts.	In. 1000 parts.	In. 1000 parts.	In. 1000 parts.	In. 1000 parts.	In. 1000 parts.	In. 1000 parts.	In. 1000 parts.
2	9. 889	8. 970	8. 173	7. 471	6. 868	6. 330	5. 852	5. 427	5. 046	4. 704
3	4. 395	4. 117	3. 863	3. 641	3. 432	3. 229	3. 053	2. 890	2. 740	2. 601
4	2. 473	2. 353	2. 243	2. 141	2. 044	1. 954	1. 879	1. 791	1. 717	1. 648
5	1. 582	1. 522	1. 463	1. 408	1. 357	1. 308	1. 258	1: 218	1: 175	1: 127
6	1. 099	1. 063	1. 6••9	0. 996	0. 966	0. 930	0. 908	0. 881	0. 855	0. 831
7	0. 806	0. 785	0. 763	0. 742	0. 722	0. 703	0: 685	0. 667	0. 650	0. 634
The Quantity of Depth of the Cartredge, that one Pound of Powder will fill.

The Use of this Table.

I. The Diameter of a Cartredge being given to find how much of that Cartredge one Pound of Powder will fill.

Exam. 1. If the Diameter of a Cartredge (or the hollow Chamber or Cylinder of a Gun) be 5 Inches, how much thereof will one Pound of Powder fill?

Look for 5 Inches in the first Column towards the Left hand, against which stands 1. 582, which is one Inch, and 582 thousand parts of an Inch, and so much will one Pound of Powder fill of that Cartredge or Cylinder.

Exam. 2. If the Diameter of a Cartredge, or Cylinder of a Gun be 4 Inches and 3 Tenths, how much thereof will one Pound of Powder fill?

Look for 4 Inches in the first Column, and for 3 tenths in the head of the Table, and against 4 and under 3, you shall find 2. 141, that is, 2 Inches, and 141 thousand parts of an Inch, and so much will one Pound of Powder fill.

II. The Diameter of the Cartredge, 6. 3 Inches, and the quantity of Powder that will Load the Gun, 14. 5 Pound, being known, to find how much of the Cartredge must be filled to hold so much Powder.

Look for 6 Inches in the first Column, and for 3 in the head of the Table; and against 6, and under 3, you shall find 0. 996, that is, no Inches, but 996 thousand parts of an Inch; and so much will one Pound of Powder fill: Now if you multiply 0. 996 by 14. 5 (the quantity of Powder to Load the Gun) the Product will be 14. 44, that is 14 Inches, and 44 hundred parts of an Inch, and so high must the Cartredge be filled: agreeable to the former Example.

CHAP. XX.

Concerning Carriages for Pieces of Ordnance, and how they should be made.

1. MEasure the length of the Cylinder of the Gun; once and a half that length should the Carriage be.

2. Measure the Diameter of the Bore of the Piece, four of those Diameters is the depth of the Planks at the fore-end: In the middle three and a half: At the end next the Ground two and a half: And in thickness one Diameter.

3. The Wheels should be one half the Length of the Piece in height: The Saker and Minnion Wheels must exceed the former by one twelfth part: The Faucon and Fauconet by one sixth part.

CAUTION:

If you find that the Ground is not level on which your Carriage stands, and that one Wheel is higher than the other: The Trunnions out of due place: The Piece not lying truly in the Carriage: The Carriage not truly made: you must get these things amended before you shoot. Otherwise never expect to make a true Shot.

CHAP. XXI.

Concerning Shooting in Great Ordnance, and how to Load your Gun Artificially, either with Powder or Cartredge.

WHen you come to Charge your Piece, set your Bondge-Barrel on the Wind-side thereof; and causing one of your Matrosses to hold the same aslope, thrust your Ladle in∣to the same, filling it full of Powder, and then strick it with a Ruler: Then fixing your Thumb just under the Staff of the Ladle, thrust the same home to the Chamber of the Piece, where the Powder is to lie, turning the Ladle so, as your Thumb be directly above the Staff, so will the Powder empty it self cleanly out of the Ladle: Then draw out the Ladle, and with the Tampion at the other end of the Staff, thrust home the Powder, causing one of your Assistants to hold his Finger or Thumb close on the Touch-hole: then take a round close wad of Hay, (or untwisted Rope) thrust in the same with the Rammer head which is at the end of the Spunge Staff, and with it give three or four good strokes; this done, put in your Bullet with a Wad after it, if the Piece be not ele∣vated; but without any Wad after it, the Gun being eleva∣ted, for then there is no fear of its rowling out.

If you Load your Gun with a Cartredge (which is the best way) put the Cartredge home, with the Rammer, and after it a sufficient Wad.

CHAP. XXII.

How to give Level with a Piece of Ordnance to make a Shot at any mark within Point blank.

FIrst, set your Dispart upright upon the Muzzle-Ring just over the Center of the Mouth of the Piece: Then go to the Base Ring, and make a mark upon the highest part thereof, which is just over the Cylinder (if the Piece be true Bored) and take that for your true line.

This done, go to the Breech of the Piece, and hold your head about two Foot there from, bringing your Eye, the mark upon the top of the Base Ring, the top of the Dispart, and the Mark you are to shoot at, all into one right line: which may be done by causing a Matross to raise or fall the Gun with an Hank-spike, as you shall direct him; and then stop the Motion of the Piece with a Coyne; then Prime the Peece, and give Fire.

CHAP. XXIII.

Shewing how to amend a Shot, which (by some accident) doth carry over, under, or wide of the Mark intended.

WHEN you have made one Shot, which doth not an∣swer your expectation, it must be either Higher, Low∣er, or Wide of the Mark, or both: To remedy any of which observe these following Rules:

First, If at the first Shot you find the Piece to shoot directly over the Mark; Then so much make your Dispart longer, that the top of it may be just seen from the top of the Base Ring to the stroke of the Shot; and with this new Dispart level your Piece and give Fire.

Secondly, If the first Shot had strook just under the Mark, then bring the Piece to its former position, and mark how much the Dispart is over the stroke of the Shot, and cut off of it just so much as being at the Breech of the Piece, you may discern the top of it, the Mark on the Base Ring, and the stroke of the Shot, in a right Line; and when you have brought it to such a length, level the Piece as before; Prime and give Fire.

Thirdly, If the first Shot had strook on the right hand of the Mark; to mend it, you must level the Piece as before; then standing at the Breech of the Piece, observe the stroke of the Shot over the Dispart, and on that part of the Base Ring which you then look over in a right line towards the Dispart and stroke of the Shot, set up a Pin with a little soft Wax: Then level your Piece to the Mark by this Pin and the Dispart, and then doubtless you will make a good Shot.—For when you level by the Metal of the Base Ring, where the Pin is pla∣ced, and the Mark, the Piece standing at that direction, look over the top of the Dispart, from the mark in the Base Ring, and you shall find the Piece to lie so much to the Left, as the former Shot strook to the Right of the Mark; and should now in all probability hit the Mark.

Fourthly, If the first shot be both wide, and too high, or too low; then use both the foregoing Directions:—First, Re∣gulate the Dispart by making it longer, or cutting of it shor∣ter, by the First and Second Directions hereof, the Shot be∣ing Lower or Higher, and then make Use of this Third Dire∣ction, for Shooting Wide: Which things being done with care and diligence, will doubtless mend a bad Shot.

CHAP. XXIV.

Concerning a Gunner's Ruler, for the Elevating of any Piece of Ordnance to any degree of Mounture, supplying the Use of the Gunner's Quadrant.

FOrasmuch as a Quadrant can∣not at all times be conveni∣ently used; as when the Wind is high: Also in taking the depth or profundity of a Valley, or altitude of a Hill, &c. For the removing of all which inconveniencies this Gunner's Rule was invented, the Description and Figure whereof follow:

[illustration]

The. Gunners. Ruler. Standing. upon the Breech of a Peece

The Description of the RULER.

The Ruler may be of any length, with a large Slit in the middle for a Slider to move in, and in the Slider a Hole to look through: The Ruler must be slit quite through at the bottom, and a piece of Brass fastned over it; but at the top it may be left whole for half an Inch or more; in which whole part, a Nut may be fastned, through which a Screw must pass, to raise or depress the Slider as occasion requires: On both sides of the Slit, the Ruler must be divided into Feet and tenth parts of a Foot; and every one of those parts into 10 more, so then every Foot will be divided into 100 parts.—Through the Center of the little Hole, a small Line must be drawn quite thro' the Slider, which will shew at what height the Sight-hole standeth from the Base Ring of the Gun.—Also there must be an Index to hang on the edge of the Ruler, and under it a small Pin, perpendicular to the Pin on which the Index hangeth; which is to set the Ruler per∣pendicular or upright.

The Use of the RULER.

THe principal Use of the Ruler is (as I said before) to Elevate any Gun to any degree of Mounture. To per∣form which, there is to be used with the Ruler, this brief Table of Natural Sines following.

The use of the Table.

EXample 1. Suppose a Gun, which is 8 Foot, and 7 Tenths of a Foot Long, between the Base and Muzzle Rings, the which Gun being Mounted and Disparted, is to be Elevat∣ed to 2 Degrees and 6 Tenths of a Degree of Mounture.

A Table to be used with the Gunners Rule.

	Tenth Parts of a Degree of Mounture.
0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Whole Degrees of Mounture.
0	00000	00174	00349	00524	00698	00873	01047	01222	01396	01571
1	01745	01920	02094	02269	02443	02618	02792	02967	03141	03316
2	03490	03664	03839	04013	04188	04362	04536	04711	04885	05059
3	05833	05402	05582	05756	05931	06105	06279	06453	06627	06801
4	06975	07150	07324	07498	07672	07846	08020	08194	08368	08542
5	08715	08889	09063	09237	09411	09585	09758	09932	10106	10270
6	10452	10626	10780	10973	11147	11320	11494	11667	11840	12014
7	12187	12360	12533	12706	12880	13053	13226	13399	13572	13744
8	13917	14090	14263	14436	14608	14781	14954	15126	15299	15471
9	15643	15816	15988	16160	16333	16505	16677	16849	17021	17103
10	17365	17537	17708	17880	18052	18224	18395	18567	18738	18910
11	19081	19252	19423	19595	19766	19937	20108	20279	20450	20620
12	20791	20962	21132	21303	21474	21644	21814	21985	22155	22375
13	22495	22665	22835	23005	23175	23245	23514	23684	23853	24028
14	24192	24362	24531	24700	24869	25038	5207	25376	25545	25713
15	25882	26050	26219	26387	26556	26724	26892	27060	27228	27396
16	27564	27731	27899	28067	282••4	28401	2856••	28736	28903	29070
17	29237	29404	29571	29737	29904	30071	30237	30403	30570	30736
18	30902	31060	31233	31399	31565	31730	31896	32061	32227	32392
19	32557	32722	32887	33051	33216	33381	33545	33710	33874	••••••••8
20	34202	34366	34530	34694	34857	35021	35184	35375	35511	35674
21	35837	36000	36162	36325	36488	36650	36812	37002	37110	37295

Forasmuch as the Gun is to be elevated 2 degrees and 6 Tenth parts of a degree; Look for 2 degrees in the first Co∣lum of the Table, and for 6 parts of a degree in the head thereof; And against 2, and under 6, you shall find this Number, 04536, which multiply by 8. 7 (the length of the Gun in Feet and decimal parts of a Foot) the Product will be, 0394632. from which cut off (towards the right hand) five Figures for the Number taken out of the Table, and one for the 7 Tenths in length of the Gun, in all six Figures, then will the Product stand thus 0. 394632, which 0 to the left hand is no Feet, but the 3 following is 3 Tenth parts of a Foot, and the 9 following is 9 Tenths of a Tenth part of a Foot, which is neer 4 Tenth parts of a Foot, and to that Number on the sides of the Ruler, must the stroke (and hole) in the Slider be brought, and then the Ruler is rectified for that Ele∣vation

Exam. 2. Suppose a Cannon, whose Length is 11 Foot and 3 Tenths of a Foot, were to be Mounted to 14 deg. and 4 Tenths of a degree, to what divisions on the sides of the Ruler must the Slider be set?

Look in the first Columb of the Table for 14 deg. and for 3 Tenths in the head of the Table, so against 14, and under 4, you shall find this number 24869, which being multiplyed by 11. 3 Foot, the length of the Gun, the Pro∣duct will be 2810197; from which cut of 5 Figures for the number in the Table, and 1 for the 4 Tenths in the length of the Gun, it will stand thus 2. 810197, which is 2 Foot, and 8 Tenth parts of a Foot, and to that number on the Sides of the Ruler, must the Slider be set, to mount the Can∣non to 14. 4 deg. of Elevation.

CHAP. XXV.

A Table, and the Use thereof, whereby you may give Level to a Piece of Ordnance, without the Gunners Rule or Quadrant, to any degree of Mounture under 11 degrees.

The Length of the Gun.	Degrees of Elevation.
1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Five Foot	1 3	2 6	3 8	4 11	5 14	6 16	7 19	8 21	9 25	10 28
Five and a half	1 14	2 28	3 42	4 56	5 70	6 84	7 98	9 12	10 26	11 40
Six Foot	1 22	2 44	3 66	4 88	6 10	7 38	8 58	9 78	11 8	12 29
Six and a half	1 36	2 72	4 8	5 44	6 80	8 17	9 53	10 89	12 25	13 63
Seven Foot	1 47	2 94	4 41	5 88	7 35	8 82	10 30	11 77	13 24	14 73
Seven and a half	1 58	3 14	4 71	6 28	7 85	9 42	10 99	12 57	14 14	15 71
Eight Foot	1 68	3 36	5 4	6 72	8 40	10 8	11 76	13 34	15 12	16 82
Eight and a half	1 79	3 58	5 37	7 16	8 95	10 74	12 53	14 32	16 12	17 92
Nine Foot	1 89	3 79	5 68	7 58	9 47	11 37	13 27	15 18	17 8	18 98
Nine and a half	2 0	4 0	6 0	8 0	10 0	12 10	14 2	16 3	18 4	20 4
Ten Foot	2 10	4 20	6 30	8 40	10 30	12 61	14 73	16 84	18 96	21 8
Ten and a half	2 21	4 41	6 69	8 88	10 81	13 28	15 48	17 68	19 89	22 10
Eleven Foot	2 31	4 62	6 93	9 24	11 56	13 88	16 20	18 51	20 82	23 14
Eleven and a half	2 42	4 84	7 26	9 68	12 10	14 53	16 95	19 37	21 80	24 21
Twelve Foot	2 53	5 06	7 59	10 17	12 65	15 18	17 71	20 25	22 78	25 33
Twelve and a half	2 63	5 20	7 89	10 52	13 15	15 78	18 41	21 4	23 67	26 33
Thirteen Foot	2 74	5 48	8 22	10 96	13 70	16 44	19 48	21 92	24 68	27 40
Thirteen and a half	2 84	5 68	8 52	11 36	14 20	17 4	19 88	22 72	25 56	28 42
Fourteen Foot	2 95	5 90	8 85	11 80	14 75	17 70	20 65	23 60	26 56	29 53

The Use of this Table.

If you are destitute both of a Quadrant or a Gunners Ruler, yet may you Level a Gun to any degree of Mounture under eleven deg.

Exam. 1. Suppose you have a Gun whose length is 9 Foot and half, and you would elevate it to 5 degrees of Mounture.

Look in the Table for the length of the Gun, 9 Foot and a half, in the first Columb of the Table, and in that Line under 5 deg. you shall find 10. 0, which is just 10 Inches, wherefore take any strait stick, and cut it off at that length, which set perpendicularly upon the top of the Base Ring, and level over the top of the Stick, as if it were the hole in the Slider of the Ruler, and the top of the dispart upon the Muz∣zle Ring, and you will make a good Shot.

Exam. 2. Suppose your Gun were 12 Foot long, and you would Mount her to 7 degrees of Elevation.

Look for 12 Foot long in the first Columb, and for 7 deg. in the head of the Table, and against 12 Foot, and under 7 deg. you shall find 17. 71, which is 17 Inches and 71 hun∣dred parts of an Inch (which is almost 3 quarters of an Inch) a Stick of that length set perpendicularly upon the Base Ring, you may level over it by the top of the Dispart on the Muzzle Ring, as if it were through the hole in the Slider.

But if you would Level without a Dispart, then take the Dispart off, and lay it to the foresaid Stick, cutting so much of it off, as was the length of the Dispart; then set the re∣mainder of the Stick upon the Base Ring, and bring the top of the Stick, the Metal of the Muzzle Ring, and the Mark in one Right line, then Prime and give Fire, and doubtless you will make a good Shot.

CHAP. XXVI.

Concerning Shooting at Randon:

HE that would learn perfectly to Shoot ot Randon, ought, to draw his Piece into a level ground; Where, First, Shooting level, let him observe the distance in Feet or Paces, from the Gun to the Graze of the Bullet: Then mount his Pieee to one degree, and mark where that doth graze, noting the distance as before; Then, to 2, 3, 4, &c. degrees, to Ten degrees, and by these Elevations and Distances make a Table, by which Table, you may, by the Rule of Proportion, find how far another Piece will carry her Shot from degree to degree of Elevation:—But, because, it is probable, that every ordi∣nary Gunner cannot have leave or opportunity (the charge being great) to make such Experiment, I shall here exhibit to your View, a short Table of Mr. N. N. by him made out of a Saker 8 Foot long, Loaded with 3 Pound of Powder; At the first Shot (at one deg. of Mounture) she conveyed her Shot 1125 Feet, or 225 Paces: The second Shot, at 5 deg. of Mounture she conveyed her Shot 2180 Feet or 416 Paces: At the third Shot, at 7 deg. of Mounture, 505 Paces: And the last at 10 deg. 630 Paces: In which Experiment, he loaded his Piece with loose Powder exactly Weighed, also he weigh∣ed the Wad, and beat down the same with the like (or equal) strength; and let the Piece cool half an hour between each Shot:

Degrees of Elevation	Randons in Paces, 5 f. to a Pace.
1	225
2	274
3	323
4	370
5	416
6	461
7	505
8	548
9	589
10	630

Now by this Table and the Rule of Propotion may be found to what elevation another Gun must be mounted to reach any distance required:

Exam. Suppose I find by my first Shot, that the Bullet grazed from my Gun 704 Paces, the Mounture of the Peece being 4 deg: How much must I Monnt her, so that she may convey her Shot 900 Paces?

These distances of Randons are to be proportioned to those in the Table, by this Anology.

Saying

As 704 Paces, (the Graze of the Bullet at 4 deg. of Mounture,) Is to 370 (the Paces against 4 deg. of Mounture)

So is 900, (the number of Paces to be Shot) To 473, the Number to be found in the Table answer∣able to the Degrees of Mounture required.

Therefore, multiply 370 (the number against 4 deg.) by 900, (the number of Paces to be Shot,) the Product will be 333000, which divided by 704 (the Graze of the Bullet at the first Shot) and the Quotient will be 473; which number I should seek in the Table, but finding it not there, I take 461 the next less, against which stands 6 degrees, and 505 the next greater, against which stands 7 deg. the difference between these two numbers is 44, which shews the Piece must be Mounted to 6 deg. and on third part of a degree for to reach the distance of 900 Paces: For 461 is less by 12 then 473, which is neer one third part of 44 the difference.

This Table beforegoing was deduced from an experiment made by Mr. Nat Nye the Master Gunner of Wortester in Anno 1647. But this Table being very short, and the use of it so absolutely necessary for Gunners (especially in Land Service) I shall exhibit to their view Two other Ta∣bles tending to the same purpose, long since calculated by an able Mathematician, viz. Mr. Henry Bond, which with their Uses take as followeth.

The First Table of RANGES.

D.
1	8758
2	7813
3	7077
4	6482
5	5991
6	5581
7	5234
8	4932
9	4669
10	4440
11	4237
12	4055
13	3889
14	3741
15	3606
16	3483
17	3370
18	3266
19	3279
20	3080
21	2996
22	2978
23	2845
24	2776
25	2712
26	2651
27	2593
28	2538
29	2486
30	2437
31	2391
32	2344
33	2300
34	2260
35	2221
36	2183
37	2146
38	2111
39	2077
40	2044
41	2012
42	1981
43	1952
44	2007
45	2041
46	2076
47	2113
48	2150
49	2189
50	2230
51	2272
52	2317
53	2363
54	2412
55	2463
56	2516
57	2572
58	2633
59	2695
60	2762
61	2832
62	2908
63	2989
64	3075
65	3168
66	3268
67	3376
68	3493
69	3621
70	3762
71	3916
72	4086
73	4276
74	4489
75	4732
76	5006
77	5303
78	5690
79	6263
80	6641
81	7274
82	8059
83	9061
84	10430
85	12330
86	15140
87	19850
88	29250
89	37480
90	00000

The Second Table of RANGES.

D.
1	1. 142
2	1. 280
3	1. 413
4	1. 543
5	1. 669
6	1. 792
7	1. 911
8	2. 028
9	2. 142
10	2. 253
11	2. 361
12	2. 467
13	2. 572
14	2. 674
15	2. 774
16	2. 872
17	2. 968
18	3. 063
19	3. 156
20	3. 248
21	3. 339
22	3. 428
23	3. 516
24	3. 603
25	3. 689
26	3. 774
27	3. 858
28	3. 941
29	4. 024
30	4. 105
31	4. 186
32	4. 267
33	4. 347
34	4. 426
35	4. 505
36	4. 584
37	4. 662
38	4. 740
39	4. 818
40	4. 895
41	4. 972
42	5. 050
43	5. 127
44	4. 985
45	4. 902
46	4. 819
47	4. 736
48	4. 653
49	4. 570
50	4. 487
51	4. 403
52	4. 318
53	4. 234
54	4. 148
55	3. 062
56	3. 976
57	3. 889
58	3. 800
59	3. 712
60	3. 622
61	3. 532
62	3. 440
63	3. 347
64	3. 253
65	3. 158
66	3. 062
67	2. 963
68	2. 864
69	2. 762
70	2. 659
71	2. 554
72	2. 448
73	2. 339
74	2. 228
75	2. 114
76	1. 998
77	1. 880
78	1. 758
79	1. 634
80	1. 506
81	1. 375
82	1. 241
83	1. 102
84	0. 960
85	0. 812
86	0 661
87	0. 504
88	0. 242
89	0. 174
90	0. 000

The Use of the Two Tables.

Question 1. If a Gun does carry a Shot, at 13 deg. of Moun∣ture 763 Paces: What is the Horizontal Rainge of that Gun?

Look in the first Columb of the first Table, for 13 the degrees of Mounture, against which you shall find 3889, Multiply this number by 763, the Paces that the Gun car∣ried at 13 deg. of Mounture, the Product will be 2967307, from which cut off four Figures towards the right hand and it will be 296. 7307: So that the Gun will carry at the Horiz∣ontal Rainge 296 Paces, and 7 Tenths of a Pace.

Also, If a Piece carries her Shot, at 16 deg. of Mounture 1074 Paces, the Horizontal Rainge of that Peece will be found to be 374 Paces:

Question 2. If a Gun carries a Shot 296 Paces and 7 Tenths of a Pace at the Horizontal Rainge, how many Paces will she carry at 13 deg. of Mounture:

Look in the first Columb of the Second Table for 13 (the degrees of Mounture) against which stands 2. 572, this number multiplyed by 296. 7 (the Horizontal Rainge of the Piece) the Product will be 7631124, from which cut off 4 Figures, and it will be 763. 1124, that is 763 Paces, and so far will that Gun carry its Shot at 13 deg. of Mounture, which is answerable, and proves the foregoing Question.

In like manner you may find, That if a Gun at its Horizontal Rainge carry her Shot 374 Paces, at 16 deg. of Moun∣ture it will convey her Shot 174 Paces.

Question 3. If a Piece carry her Shot 543 Paces at 11 degrees of Mounture, how far will she convey her Shot at 19 deg. of Mounture?

Multiply the number standing against 11 in the first Table,

which is 4237, by 543 (the Rainge at 11 deg. of Mounture) the product will be 2300691. Then multiply this product by 3: 156 (the number standing against 19 in the second Table) and this second product will be 726. 0980796, from, which seven figures being cut off towards the right hand, the remainder will be 726, and so many Paceswill she Rainge at 19 deg. of Mounture.

And thus, If a Peece at 6 deg: of Mounture convey her Bullet 132 Paces, you shall find that at 12 deg. of Moun∣ture she will convey it 181: 75 Paces:

CHAP. XXVII.

How you may make a good Shot at your Enemies Light in a dark night.

TO perform this, dispart your Piece, with a piece of lighted Match, then bring your Gun, so that you may see the top of the Metal at the Breech of the Piece, the coal of the Match, and the Light you are to Shoot at, all in one Right Line; Which done, give Fire.

CHAP. XXVIII:

How to make a perfect Shot in a dark night, at any mark (within the reach of the Piece) that you can see in the day time.

MOunt your Piece to the Mark in the day time (as is be∣fore directed) and set down at what degree of Moun∣ture is elevated, then cut a strait stick which shall reach from the middle of the Mouth of the Piece, perpendicularly down to the Platform, where make a Mark: Also, cut ano∣ther stick which shall reach from the middle of the Breech of

the Piece to the Platform, and there make another Mark, through which two Marks draw a right Line, extending it 4 or 5 Foot beyond the Marks, which call, The Line of directi∣on. Then in the night Season, Load your Gun with such quantity of Powder and Weight of Shot, as you know your Gun will carry to the Mark, then bring your Gun just over the Line of Direction, and by help of your two Sticks, you may bring it to the like elevation it was in the day time. All this being done, Prime and give Fire.

CHAP. XXIX.

How to make a good Shot at a Company of Souldiers pas∣sing by; or at a Ship sailing up a River.

THe Gun being Charged with its due quantity of Pow∣der and Shot, and upon a Level Rainge, right against some Mark (as a bush Tree, &c.) between which, and the Gun, the Souldiers are to March, then when the Souldiers be∣gin to hinder your Sight from the March you before observ∣ed, give Fire; and doubtless you will do good Execution.

Also, to level at a Ship Sailing up a River, the Gunner must elevate his Piece by some Cloud (if he have not some eminent Mark on the other Side of the River) and when the fore part of the Ship shall come to be against the Mark, im∣mediately give Fire.

CHAP. XXX.

Some Reasons, Why one and the same Piece of Ordnance at the same Elevation, charged with the same quantity of Powder, and directed to the self same Mark, and dis∣charged several times, shall have different Rainges.

FOr farther satisfaction in this particular. I must refer my Reader (as I said at the beginning hereof) to such Au∣thors

as have particularly discoursed of the Philosophical rea∣sons hereof; As to Mr. Digs in his Pantometria and Stratiaticos; Mr. Smith, Mr. Bourne, Mr. Norton, Nicholaus Tortalia, and of late experimented by a painful man, in finding out the rea∣sons of these Experiments, my loving Friend Mr. Robert An∣derson; But shall here insert an Experiment made by Mr. Nat Nye sometime Mr. Gunner of the City of Worcester, which take as followeth, viz. I have (saith he) discharged a Piece seven times in the space of 50 minutes with the like Weight of Powder, Shot, and Elevation, and have found their Rainges as followeth, viz.

The	First	Shot was Conveyed	416	Paces.
Second	436
Third	440
Fourth	432
Fifth	425
Sixth	410
Seventh	394

So that the greatest difference from the first Shot was about 24 Paces.

The Reason of these things is this. At the First Shot, the Bullet found the Aire quiet.—And at the Second Shot, it did not only find the Aire stirred with the first Shot, but also tending towards the place at which it Shot, and because it is more easie to move and penetrate that which is already mov∣ed and open, then that which is close and quiet, it followeth that the Second Shot, finding in its Rainge a lesser resistance then the first did, it did out Shoot the first.

A Second Reason is, At the first Shot the Powder being put into the Piece, doth oftentimes find the same somewhat moist, by which means the Powder will not fire quickly, as when the Piece is dry, and temperately warm, for this warmth, will somewhat dry up the moisture which is in the Powder, and cause it to fire sooner, wherefore the Powder doth not work so forcibly in the first Shot, as it doth in the

second.—The Third and Fourth Shots will be much like the Second. And now I will give you the reason, why as the Piece grows hotter, one Shot will not exceed the last before it, but every time come shorter and shorter.

The Piece waxing hotter, and by how much the hotter, by so much the more attractive is the concavity of the Piece made; and because the Shot is driven forth, or expelled, with no other thing then by the airy exhalation, or wind caused through the Salt-Peter; therefore, by making such a Piece the more attractive with the more heat, which sup∣peth and retaineth continually more and more of that Wind which should serve to expel the Bullet; the vertue expulsive in that Piece, doth continually, more and more decrease, and the Shot flyeth not with that swiftness as it did before, although the two first things; that is, the breaking of the Aire, and the drying of the Powder every time more and more doth help much the Rainge of the Shot; which aid and help, as it is to be believed, that somtimes it supplyeth, and, per∣chance, gives advantage to that expulsive virtue which con∣tinually the Piece doth diminish or sup in, according as it heateth: So that the Third and Fourth Shots, will not be much differing from the Second Shot; nevertheless, in con∣tinuance of time, the said two accidents (that is, the opening of the Aire, and drying of the Powder by the heat of the Piece,) cannot supply the Third accident; that is, the virtue attractive, by reason, the attraction is augmented as the Piece heateth. And this caused my Sixth and Seventh Shots to convey the Bullet 22 Paces shorter then the First.

CHAP. XXXI.

Concerning Shooting in a Morter-Piece, and of several Fire-Works, both for Sea and Land Service.

MOrter Pieces are made of the same Metal (Brass or Iron) as Ordnance are made of; in the making (or Casting) whereof these proportions are to observed.

Suppose the Diameter at the Bore to be Nine Inches. Then

The Length of the Morter must be 18 Inches.

The Chamber in which you load with Powder 3 Inches Di∣ameter, and 4 Inches and a half deep.

The Thickness of the Metal about the Touch hole, 3 Inches. And

The Thickness of Metal at the Mouth of the Morter one Inch and a half

To Prepare Granadoes for a Morter.

The Diameter from out to out of the Metal of a Granado Shell, ought to be one tenth part of an Inch lesser then the Diameter of the bore of the Morter, be∣cause of cording them to sling into the Mouth of the Morter, and also for fear of secret Cracks, Flaws or Hony Combs, which can∣not easily be discerned; let them thus prepared, justly fit the bore of the Morter.

[illustration]

A Granado.

To make Fuses for Granado Shels.

In every Granado Shell, there is a hole left to put in a Fuse, or peece of wood in form of a Fawset for a Spigot, which hole is to be one quarter the Diameter of the wooden Fuse; and the length of the Fuse must be about three quarters of the

Diameter of the Granado Shell, and made taper, and when filled with the Composition Following; it must be gently driven in amongst the Powder that is in the Shell, leaving a little of it without.

The Composition for the Fuse.

Take one Pound of Powder, four Ounces of Salt-Peeter, one Ounce of Brimstone, all beaten to Powder, and sifted se∣verally through a fine Searse. These ingredients well mixed together, making your Composition fit for use.

How Granadoes are to be Charged in the Morter.

Great care ought to be taken in the Loading and Charg∣ing of the Morter, and for the safe and effectual performance thereof, observe these following Directions.

First, Weigh the Powder which you put into the Chamber very exactly, and after it put in a close wad of Hay; which done, cut up a Turf of the ground, that may fill the botome of the Bole or Bore of the Morter, next to the Wad, which is better than a Tampion of wood.

Secondly, Your Grannado being prepared, sling it into the Mouth of the Morter; observing to have the Fuse of the Granado just in the Center of the Mouth of the Morter.

Thirdly, Go to the Breech of the Morter, and there thrust up a Wyre into the Touch-hole, to make all sure, and then prime it with good dry Powder, such as you may be sure will take Fire, for upon this, both your own Life, and the safety of the Morter (besides the disgrace) do depend.

Directions for Firing,

Provide small Fuses, of about one quarter of an Inch bore, three quarters of an Inch in thickness; and eight Inches long. Fill these with good Powder dust, moistned with Oyle of Salt-Peter, moisten it but a little, and put it in with an Iron

Rammer. Then try whether you like the time that they con∣tinue burning, and if you find they burn too slow, lessen your quantity of Oyle of Peter; but if too last, adde more Oyle thereto.

All things being thus ready, Thrust the Pike of your Lin∣stock in at one end of the Fuse, you intend to give fire at; and bid one of your Assistants come on one side of the Mouth of the Morter, and give fire to your Fuse, wherewith fire the Fuse in the Morter, and then with speed give fire to the Touch-hole. It is far more certain to fire a Morter piece with Fuses then with Match, which doth often fail.

How to Level the Morter Piece that it may make an ef∣fectual Shot at any Mark assigned.

You ought (as in finding the Rainges of other Pieces of Ordnance) to get leave to try One, Two or Three Shots for practice, without breaking of the Shell, which you may thus effect.

First, Fill the Shell with powder, then put it out again, and Weigh it exactly, and fill the Shell again with the like weight of Earth.

Secondly, Take a Fuse, and at the end of it tie 3 or 4 ounces of powder, which put down with the Fuse amongst the earth first making way for it by thrusting in a Staffe,

Thirdly, Level your Morter by help of a Square or Quadrant to (always) above 45 degrees, and what degrees you mount it to note down carefully.

Fourthly, All things being ready, and the Shell in and prim∣ed; cause One or Two to go and observe whether the Fuse burn all the while the Granado is flying, and when the 3 or 4 Ounces of powder takes fire, for hereby you may mend your Fuse, and try whether it will keep fire.

Fifthly, These things observed, Measure that distance, and note it down under the degrees of mounture, as also the Weight of the powder the Morter used to convey the Shell that distance. And when you have thus done two or three

times, you may gain experience both of your Fuse, and of the true Range of the Piece: which obtained, if you are to storm a Fort or Castle

Sixthly, Take the distance to the Town, Fort, or other thing you are to shoot at, by which (and your former ex∣periment) you may find at what degree of Mounture your Morter is to be elevated to reach such a Town, or the like; and that by the Reverse Rule of Proportion: Thus:

As the distance when you made your trial,

Is to the degrees of the then Mounture;

So is the distance to your designed Place,

To the degrees to which the Morter must be elevated to reach that designed Place:

EXAMPLE.

Imagin that you made your Experimental Shot at 46 deg of Mounture, and the Shell flew 320 Paces; how many de∣grees must the Morter be elevated, to cast its Shell 280 Pa∣ces, the distance that the place you are to shoot at, is distant from the Morter?

Multiply 320, by 46, the Product will be 14720, which divide by 280, the Quotient will be 52 Paces, and almost a half, and to so many degrees of Mounture must the Morter be mounted to convey its Shell 280 Paces.

Some Cautions relating to the foregoing Section, concerning the Morter Piece.

1. Let your Powder (when you are to shoot often to the same place) be all of the same strength and goodness.

2. Use not Tampions of Wood, but a Wad of Hay and a Turf of Earth, both rammed in with the like strength.

3. Try your Shells before you fill them, by putting in a little Powder, and firing it, immediately stopping the Fuse-hole with Clay, for if any Smoke come out, the Shell is defective.

4. Weigh every Shell before you fill it, and make them all of one Weight, by putting in thereto so many Mus∣ket Bullets as will make their Weight even.

5. Fill your heaviest Shell with Powder (for that will con∣tain least Powder) which done, pour it cut again, and weigh it very exactly; for such a quantity (and no more) will serve all your Shells.

To make Granado's to be cast out of Mens Hands.

These small Granadoes are of no less esteem than the grea∣ter, either for Offence or Defence: To make them, First fill those small Shells with fine Gun-powder, then make Fu∣ses of one Pound of Gun-powder, six Ounces of Salt peter, and one Ounce of Charcole: Of if you would have them of less durance, you may make them of the Composition for Great Granadoes: Knock the Fuse up to the head within one quar∣ter of an Inch, which is only to find it out by in the Night: Stop well the rest of the hole in the Granado, (and other flaws if any be) with soft Wax, then Coat it with Pitch and Hurds lest it should break with the fall; and be sure, that as soon as you have fired the Fuse, you cast the Granado out of your hand.

Of the PETARD.

[illustration]

A Petard.

These Petards are made of Copper and Brass mixed; and their dimensions are sitted ac∣cording to the use for which they are prepa∣red; there being three chief uses of them, and so many sorts there are, viz. some for blowing up and breaking of Bridges; others for Gates that have Percullisies belonging to them; and the third sort for ordinary Gates

1. Those for Bridges are commonly 11 Inches long, and at the breech seven Inches and a half about, and 5 Inches wide within; the Metal at the breech must be one Inch and a Quarter thick, and at the neck half an Inch thick, besides the Muzzel-ring; the mouth must be 10 Inches wide, and to the Touch hole must be added a Pipe, as is in the Figure.

2. The second sort for Gates with Percullisises, must be 9 Inches long, almost half an Inch thick at the neck, and an Inch thick at the breech, the mouth must be about 7 Inches wide, and the outside of the breech must be six Inches wide, and the inside four Inches.

3. The third sort, which is for Gates and Palisadoes, must be seven Inches long, one fifth part of an Inch thick at the neck, and three quarters of an Inch at the breech, the mouth must be 4 Inches wide, at the outside of the breech it must be 3 Inches and a half, and at the inside thereof 3 Inches.

The Charges for these Petards are to be of the finest pow∣der that can be got, beaten hard in the Petard, yet not to break the Gun, then must it be stopt close in with a Board of about an Inch thick, justly fitted thereunto with Wax melted to stop the Crivesses about to keep out water, you must not charge it up to the top, but leave the breadth almost of two Inches empty, which must be filled up with Two close stopped in, and a linnen Cloth bound about the Petards neck to keep it close in.

The Touch hole must be stopped with a Cork, and over that a Sear-cloth to keep it from the Wet.

The Charge for this sort of Petard, is 5 or 6 pound of pow∣der. Those of the second sort from 3 to 4 pounds. And for the smallest, from one pound and a half, to one pound.

To make Darts or Fire-Arrows.

[illustration]

A. Fire. Dart. or. Arrow.

Provide a long Staff, and joyn unto it an Iron head, and about the middle of that head of Iron, having first made a Bag of strong Canvas, in form of an Egg, leaving open at the end a hole to fill the Bag with the Composition following,

Take one Pound of Salt-peter, half a Pound of Gun-powder, and as much Brimstone in Powder, mix all these together with Oyl of Petriol; with this Composition fill the Bag, round about the Arrow-head, and bind all about with nealed Wyre.

For the Priming of these Darts or Arrows, Dip Cotton-Week into Gun powder wet with water, and let the Cotton be well dried before you use it.

For the joyning of the Staff to the Arrow head, let it be done very slightly, that the Arrow-head being fastned into any thing, those may be deceived that intend to pull out the Head, for they will pull out the Staff only.

How to make Fire-Wheels to be cast out of Mens Hands.

For the making of these, you are to use these Ingredients: Take four pound of Powder in Dust, one pound of Charcoal∣dust, two pound of Tar; two pound of Salt-peter; and one pound of Rozen: All these Ingredients being well incorpora∣ted,

[illustration]

A Fire Wheele.

and heat over a gentle fire; steep Toe or Flax in the same, and then wrap the Toe or Flax about a Hoop, and then cover all this again with Pow∣der-dust; and when you use them, givefire to them, and cast them among your Enemies; the Hoops ought not to be too big; but if you will, you may bind two of them a cross, like a Tavern-Bush, and then fire and fling them as a∣fore.

To make a Composition to fill Pikes, Darts, Javelines, Trunks, Balls, and other Fire-works; to defend a Ship or Breach, or to enter the same: Or to stick into the side of a Ship, or other Place.

Take of Powder bruised eight Pound; Peter in Roach one pound; Peter in Meal one pound; Sulphur in Meal two pound; Rozen three pound; Turpentine one pound; Vert-de∣greace half a pound; Bolearmonick 5 Ounces; Bay Salt six Ounces; Colofonia 3 Ounces; Arsnick 2 Ounces. Mix these very well together: This Composition when fired will burn very furiously with a Blew and Greenish colour.

The Cases, Bags or Balls, which you fill with this Com∣position, must (when filled) be Armed about with strong Twine or Cord, and then covered over with this mixture, melted in a Pot.

Pitch 4 pound; Lin-seed Oyl one pound; Turpentine 5 Oun∣ces; Sulphur one pound; Tar 5 Ounces; Tallow one pound.

Your Fire-works thus prepared are fit for service at any time; but when this outer Coating is cold, bore two holes with an Iron Bodkin, filling the same with fine Mealed Pow∣der, putting in a small stick at each hole, which take out when you prime them for firing.

Fire-works made of the Composition, and Arming as afore∣said, may be ordered so as to be thrown out of mens hands, shot out of a Musket, or out of a Cross or Long Bow; which may be of good use to fire Sails, Thatched Houses, Stacks of Corn or Hay, &c.

To make a Composition that will burn and feed upon the water.

Take of Mastick half a pound; White Frankincense, Gum Sandrake, Quick Lime, Brimstone, Camphire, Gun powder, of each one pound and a half; Rozen one pound; Salt-Peter four pounds and a half: All these mixed together when fired will burn violently and feed upon the water.

To make a Composition that will burn under the Water.

Take of Brimstone one pound; Gun-powder ten Ounces; Salt-Peter one pound and a half; Camphire beaten with Sul∣phur and Quick-silver: Mix these well together with Oyl of Peter, or Lin-seed Oyl boyled; fill a Ball or other Case of Wood, or Tin, with this Composition; Arm it as before, and ballast it with Lead at the bottom; make a small hole at the top, and fire it well and throw it into the Water.

FINIS.

OF THE MEASURING OF Heights, Depths, and Distances.

I. How to take the Height of a Tree, Tower, Steeple, or o∣ther upright Building, by the Length of the Shadow thereof.

[illustration]

Fig. I.

LEt BA be a Castle-Wall, or the like, and the Sun shining casts the Shadow thereof upon plain ground to C, now having a Walking-staffe in my hand, I set that upright at the end of the shadow of the Wall at C, and I find; that my Staffe casts its shadow to E, where I make a Mark, as also another at C, then measuring my Staffe, I find it to be 38 Inches long, and measuring the length of the shadow thereof CE, I find that to be 46 Inches. Then Imeasure the length of the Shadow of the Castle Wall AC, and I find that to be 30 foot, which is 360

Inches: Now for the height of the Castle Wall, you must work by the Rule of Proportion thus: Saying,

As CE, the Length of the Shadow of my Staffe 46 Inches,

Is in proportion to the Length of Staffe CD, 38 Inches!

So is AC, the Length of the Shadow of the Wall 360 Inches!

To 435 30/••8 Inches, for the height of the Castle Wall; which you may call 436 Inches.

For, If you multiply 46, the Length of the Shadow of the Staffe, by 360, the Length of the Shadow of the Wall, the Product will be 16560, which being divided by 38, Inches the length of the Staffe, the Quotient will be 435 10/18 Inches, which reduced into Feet is 36 foot 3 Inches and 30/38 of an Inch which you may call 4 Inches, and so high is the Castle Wall:

II. How to take the height of a Watch-Tower, by the Sha∣dow, when you cannot come to the bottome of it, to mea∣sure the length of the Shadow.

[illustration]

Fig. II.

LEt AB, be a Watch Tower, whose height I would know, by the Shadow thereof, but there is a Moat about it, as

BC, so that I cannot come to measure the Shadow thereof; However,

I come near to the Moat side, and there I find the Shadow of the top of the Tower to cast at C, where I erect my Staffe CG, and that casts its Shadow to H; I measure the Length of my Staffe, and I find it 4 foot, or 48 Inches; and the Length of the Shadow thereof CH, I find to be 32 Inches, these two I note down.

Then, some time after, (when the Sun is lower) I come again to the place, and find the Shadow of the top of the Tow∣er to cast at D, where again I erect the same Staffe of 4 foot long, and find that it casts its Shadow to E, and that the length of the Shadow thereof, DE, is 4 foot 5 inches, or 53 inches and somewhat better, this I also set down, and then I measure the distance between the two places where the Tower casts its Shadow, at the First and Second time of my Observation, name∣ly, the distance CE, and find it to be 10 foot, or 120 inches.

And now having all these numbers set down, I come to find the Height of the Tower AB, by help of the Rule of Pro∣portion, as followeth.

(1) As DE, the length of the Shadow of the Staffe DF at the Second Observation, 53 Inches:

Is to 48 Inches, the length of the Staffe;

So is 10 foot (or 120 Inches) the Length of the Shadow be∣tween the two places of Observation C and D,

To 108 Inches, or 9 foot.

Which number 9 foot, or 108 Inches, set down

And say again by Proportion,

(2) As 48 Inches the Length of the Staffe GC,

Is to 10 foot (or 120 Inches) the distance between the two places of Observation C and D;

So is 108 Inches (the Number before found)

To 270 Inches, the Height of the Tower, which reduced into Feet is 22 foot 6 Inches.

III. How to take the Altitude of any upright building, or the like, by a Bowle of Water.

[illustration]

Fig. III.

TRavelleing a long the Road I see a May-pole, as KL, the height whereof I would gladly know, but having no Geo∣metrical Instrument, I procure a Bowl of fair Water, which I set down upon the ground, at M. And then, when the Water is still in the Bowl, I go backward, in a right line from the May-pole, till I see the Shadow of the top of the May-pole in the mid∣dle of the Water; which I do when I come at N, and at N, I make a Mark upon the Ground: Then do I measure the di∣stance from the foot of the May-pole at L, to the Bowl of Water at M, and find it to be 175 Inches: Also, I measure the distance from the Bowl of Water at M, to the place of my standing at N, and find that to be 72 Inches: Then I measure the Height of my eye from the Ground ON, and find that to be 60 In∣ches; These things known, I say by the Rule of Proportion.

If 72 Inches distance MN, give 60 Inches Altitude NO;

What Altitude shall 175 Inches the distance LM give?

Answer 145 60/72 Inches.

For, if you multiply 175 by 60, the Product will be 10500, which divide by 72, the quotient will be 145 60/••2, that is almost 146 Inches, which is, 12 foot 2 Inches for the height of the May-pole K L, required.

IV. How to take the height of any upright Building, that is approachable, by two Sticks or Rulers joyned toge∣ther, Square-wise.

[illustration]

Fig. IV.

LEt P Q be some Structure, standing upright upon plain Ground, whose height you require.

Go unto some convenient Court, Yard, Garden, or other piece of level Ground adjoyning to the building to be measured, then take your Square in both your hands, holding it perpendicu∣lar, which you may do, by having a Thread and Plummet as T V, hung upon a pin near the top of the Square at T, Then keeping it in this posture, go backwards, or forwards, (as oc∣casion requires) till your Eye being at X, you can see the other end of your Square at T, and the Top of the Building at P, all in one Right-Line, which when you do, make a stand, as at S

Then measure the height of your Eye from the Ground X S, with a string, and set that length upon the Ground from the place of your standing at S, to R: Then measure the distance from R, to Q, for that shall be equal to the height of the build ing P Q, and is here 210 foot.

V. How by help of this Square, standing upon a Platform of a known height, to find the distance from the Plat∣form, to any Tree, River, or other Object that is remote from you,

[illustration]

Fig V:

LEt A B be a Platform, whose Perpendicular height is 100 foot; being upon the top thereof at A, I would know how far the Oake at C, is distance from the bottom of the Plat∣form at B.

Upon the top of the Platform at A, I erect a Pike or Javeline 12 foot long, more or less, upon which, I hang the Angle of my Square: And I look with my Eye at D, along the side of my Square, till I see the bottom of the Oake at C, and in this position I fix my Square, with a Screw or the like, to the head of the Javeline: Then from D, I extend a thread or Line by the side of my square, til it touch the Platform at E, and then I measure the distance upon the Platform from A to E, and find it to be 24 foot, 6 Inches, then by proportion I say

As 12 foot, the Length of the Javelin D A,

Is to 24 foot and a half, the distance measured upon the Pla∣form A E,

So is 112, the height of the Platform and Javelin together B D.

To 228 foot 8 Inches, for the distance B C.

VI. How to take the distance from the place of your standing upon level Ground, to any Tree, Tower, or other thing, remote from you, though you cannot come neer the same, by your Square.

[illustration]

Fig. VI.

STanding at F, I see a Coundit-head at G, whose distance from F where I stand, I would know, but I cannot come neer it for a River between F and G; However,

At F, I erect a Staffe of 4 foot high, (or 48 Inches) as F H, upon the end whereof I hang the Angle of my Square, and I look by the side thereof, till I see the foot of the Coundit-head at G, and fixing my Square there, I extend a line from H, by the side of the Square, till it touch the Ground at K: Then measuring the distance between F and K, I find it to be 3 foot or 36 Inches: Then by the Rule of Proportion I say,

As 36, the distance K F,

Is to F H, the Length of the Staffe 48 Inches:

So is 48 inches, the length of the Staff F H.

To 64 inches; for the Distance F G,

For as often, as K F, is contained in F H,

So often is F H, contained in F G.

VII. How to take the Breadth of a River by the Square.

[illustration]

Fig. VII.

THere is a River M P O, whose breadth I desire to know: Up∣on the brow of the River at M, I set up my Staff M L, which is 60 inches (or 5 foot) long, and hanging my Square upon the end thereof at L, I look by the Side thereof, till I see the Brow of the River on the other side at O, and there fixing my Square, I extend a Thrid by the Side thereof, from L to N, then measuring the distance L N, I find it to be 15 inches (or 1 foot 3 inches) then I say by Proportion,

As N M, the distance measured; 15 inches

Is to L M, the length of the Staff 6 inches.

So is L M 60 inches.

To M O, 240 inches, (or 20 foot, for the breadth of the Ri-River M O.

VIII. How to take the Distance between Two (or more) Places, without coming near any of them, by a Two Foot Joynt Rule.

[illustration]

Fig. VIII.

[illustration]

Fig. IX.

LEt the two remote Places given, be A and B, whose di∣stance I would know, but I cannot approach, or come near either of them, and I have no other Instrument but my Two Foot Joynt Rule; however, I make choice of a Place at C, from whence I can see both the Places A and B, and there I set up a Staff whereon to rest my Rule, and opening it to a Square Angle, I look by one side of it, till I espie my first place, at A, and there keeping it fast, and level, I look by the other side of the Ruler, and cause a Mark to be set up in a

right Line from C, at a competent distance from C, as at D, 150 foot, then close in your Rule, till by the side thereof you see your second place at B, keep your Rule at that Angle:

Then having a sheet of Paper, or upon a Board, as Figure IX. draw two Right Lines thereon, as K L, and L M, ma∣king a Right (or Square Angle) at L.

Then bring your Ruler, (it being still kept at the Angle it was when you looked to B,) and lay the Center of your Ruler upon L, and by the side of it draw a Line L M, and, because your measured distance between C and D was 150 foot, take 150 quarters of Inches (150 of any equal parts that you have upon your Ruler) and set them down upon your Paper or Board, from L to M.

Then take your Rule and go to D, and set the Center of it upon the Staff, look by one side thereof to C, and by the other to A, then bring the Rule to the Board, and lay the Cen∣ter thereof on M, and one side upon the line M L, and by the other side, draw a Line at length as the Line M O, crossing the Line L K in O, so shall O, upon your Board, represent the Place A in the Field: Again, Take your Rule, and go to D, and there resting it upon the Staff, look by one edge to A, and by the other to B, and keeping it at that Angle, bring it to the Board, and lay one Side upon the Line M O, and by the other draw the Line M P, crossing the Line L N in the Point P, so shall P represent upon the Paper the Second Place B in the Field, and being measured upon the same Scale whereof L M was measured, it will be found to be 250 foot, and that is the distance from A to B. And by this means you may find the distances of all the Places in the Figure, if you measure them upon the same Scale as L M, or O P were mea∣sured, and so shall you find

The Distance	L O	to Contain	128	Foot
L P	317
M O	200
M P	220

X. How to take the Distance between One or more Places, by a Ten Foot Rod (divided into Inches) only.

[illustration]

Fig. X.

[illustration]

Fig. XI.

STanding at A, I would know how far it is to the Tree at B, though I cannot come near it.

Standing at A, I measure in a right Line from thence 30 foot, from A to a: And then looking towards D, I measure out 30 foot more, and from A to C; and measuring the di∣stance a C, I find it to be 25 foot, which laid down upon Pa∣per do make the Triangle A C a, of which draw the Line A a out at Length,

Then standing at C, I measure in a right Line towards B, 25 foot, from C to b, and the distance between a and b, I

measure to be 20 foot, which makes the Triangle C a b, Draw the Side C b at Length, till it cross the former Line A a, ex∣tended in B; So shall the Line A B, (being measured by the same Scale that the other Lines were laid down by) be found to contain 82 foot, and such is the distance between A and B.

And according to this Method, may the distances from seve∣ral Places be measured, As in Figure XI. Where stand∣ing at G and H, you may find the distance between E and F; and also, all the other intermediate distances, as from G or H, to E or F, as also the distances G E, G F, H E, H F, &c. as by the Figure is evident.

FINIS.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The Names of Ordnance.
• * 1.2

  Carriages.
• * 1.3

  Trunnions.
• * 1.4

  Capsquares.
• * 1.5

  Wheels.
• * 1.6

  Linch-pins.
• * 1.7

  Trucks. To mount a Piece. To dismount a Piece. Beds. Quoines.
• * 1.8

  Travas, Dispart. Mouth. Britch. Carnouse. Muzzle.
• * 1.9

  Cylinder. Concave. Bore.
• * 1.10

  How to dispart a Piece.
• * 1.11

  Taper bore.
• * 1.12

  Honycomb.
• * 1.13

  How to find it.
• * 1.14

  Britchings.
• * 1.15

  Chambers.
• * 1.16

  Cartrage,
• * 1.17

  Cases.
• * 1.18

  A Budg-barrel.
• * 1.19

  A Ladle.
• * 1.20

  A Spunge.
• * 1.21

  A Rammer.
• * 1.22

  Waddings:
• * 1.23

  Wood-cases.
• * 1.24

  Round-shot. Cross-bar∣shot. To arm a shot.
• * 1.25

  Trundle-shot.
• * 1.26

  Langrel-shot.
• * 1.27

  Chain-shot.
• * 1.28

  Fire-works. Arrows of Wild-fire. Pikes of Wilp fire. Granadoes of divers sorts. Brass-Balls.
• * 1.29

  Powder. Serpentine∣powder. Gross corned. Powder. Fine corned Powder.
• * 1.30

  A Tomkin. A Fid.
• * 1.31

  Shackels:
• * 1.32

  To cloy a Piece or poy∣son her. To uncloy.
• * 1.33

  Compass-Callipers.
• * 1.34

  Horne. Priming Iron. Lint-stock.
• * 1.35

  Gunners Qua∣drant. Dark Lant∣horn. Mortars. The names of small Pieces. and their Im∣plements. Bandillers. Bullet-bags. Worms. Scowrers. Melting-Ladles. Lead-Molds. Quartered shot.
• * 1.36

  〈 math 〉〈 math 〉
• * 1.37

  〈 math 〉〈 math 〉