The history of that great and renowned monarchy of China wherein all the particular provinces are accurately described, as also the dispositions, manners, learning, lawes, militia, government, and religion of the people : together with the traffick and commodities of that countrey / lately written in Italian by F. Alvarez Semedo ... ; now put into English by a person of quality, and illustrated with several mapps and figures ... ; to which is added the history of the late invasion and conquest of that flourishing kingdom by the Tartars ; with an exact account of the other affairs of China till these present times.

BELLUM TARTARICUM, OR, The History of the Warres of the Tartars in China, &c.

THe most ancient Nation of Tartars in Asia, the Pa∣rent of many Nations, hath been an Enemy to the Empire of China above four thousand years: during which time,* 1.1 they have had many sharp Wars with those of China, in which they, though sometimes worsted, yet for the most part, have remained the conquerors.

I call that Nation, Tartars, which inhabiteth the Northern parts,* 1.2 behind that famous Wall which stretching out above 300. German Leagues from East to West, hath ever served for a Rampart to hinder their irruptions into the said Empire.

This Country the Chineses having a defect of the letter R••anciently cal∣led Tata: comprehending under this name, not only the occidentall, but the Oriental T••rtars, hitherto much unknown to us in Europe, containing the Provinces, S••mahania, Tanyu, Niuche, Niulha••, and the like, from the lesser Tartary, and Kingdom of Cascor, to the Oriental Sea above Ia••ony, where they are separated by the Streight of Anian, from Quevira in Ame∣rica, if yet it be a Streight and not a Continent.

But it is not my intention to write all the Warrs which have passed be∣twixt them; but only of such as have happened in our memory and in my presence; All the rest shall appear at large in my Abridgement of the Hi∣story of China. And that we may proceed with more Order, it will be necessary to reflect, how and from whence those Troubles had their be∣ginning.

It is therefore first to be known, that the ancient Western Tartars, after they had subdued almost all Asia to their power,* 1.3 waged war against China, (of which Paulus Venetus,) and Ayton make mention under the names of Cataye and Maningin) and this before the times of great Tamberlain, who never subdued China, as some have falsly writ; for he flourished about the year MCCCCVI; in which time Taichangus, Emperour of China, and the second of the Taimingian Family (the Tartars being before beaten out

of his Kingdom) governed peaceably all the Provinces included within the compass of that Vast Wall which before I mentioned.

But the War which Paulus Venetus toucheth, betwixt the Chinesses and Tartars began in the year MCCVI. as their History and Chronology te∣stify, which lasting 77. years, at last the Tartars in the year MCCLXXVIII. having totally conquered all that potent Empire, extinguished the Imperi∣all Family of the Sungas, and erected a new Regal Family, which they cal∣led Iuena; of which Tartarian Race nine Emperors by descent, go∣verned in the Kingdom of China for the space of LXX. years in Peace and Quietness; and about the end of that War,* 1.4 came Paulus Venetus into China with the Tartars, as appeareth by his Writings.

In this tract of time, the Tartars forgetting their ancient Vigour of Mind and warlike Spirits, which the pleasures and delices of that Coun∣try had quailed and tamed, and being also weakned by so long a Peace, became of a softer temper, and received a deep Tincture of the Nature and Disposition of the Natives of China.

Whereupon a contemptible person (who was servant to one of those deputed to offer Sacrifice to their Idols) called Chu, presumed to rebell a∣gainst them.

This man commiserating the condition of his enslaved Country, and al∣sotouched with the ambition of Reigning, first acted the part of a Thief, or High-way man; and being of a Generous Nature, bold, and as quick of hand, as in wit; wanted neither Courage, nor Art, nor Companions, nor Fortune, to gather such a multitude as in short time made up the vast body of an Army; whereupon deposing the person of a Thief, he became a Ge∣neral; and with a bold attempt presumed to set upon the Tartars, and ha∣ving fought many battailes with them, obtained many singular Victories; so as in the year 1368▪ he finally drove them out of the Kingdom of China, receiving for so memorable an action, the whole Empire of China as a worthy reward of his Heroical Actions.

It was he first erected the Imperial Family of the Ta••inges, and being he was the first Emperour of that Race, stiled himself by the name of Hunguus; which signifies as much as, The famous Warriour.

After such an illustrious Action, it was no wonder if all the Provinces submitted to him, both as to one that was a Native of their Country; and also because they looked on him as a man who had redeemed them from Thraldome: for it is the Nature of the people of China to love and esteem their own, as much as they hate and vilifie Strangers.

Wherefore he first placed his Court at Nanking neer to the bank of that great River of Kiang, which the Chinesses, in respect of the huge Mountains of water which it discharges into the Ocean, call the Son of the Sea: And having speedily ordered, and established that Empire, fearing no Insur∣rections from these new redeemed Creatures, he was not contented to have chased the Tartars out of China, but he made an irruption into Tarta∣ry it selfe, and so followed the point of his Victory, as that he routed them several times, wasted all their Territories, and finally brought the Orien∣tal Tartars to such streights, as he forced them to lay down their Arms, to pay Tribute, and even begge an Ignominious Peace. This Storm of War

fell chiefly on the Tartars of the Province of Niuche, whither the Tartars of China being expelled were retired.

Afterward those Tartars every yeare, either as Subjects or Friends, came into China by the Province of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to traffick with the Inhabi∣tants; For, being brought to poverty and misery, they thought no more of making warre against China. The Merchandise they brought were seve∣rall, as, the root cal'd Gins••m, so much esteemed amongst the Chineses; and all sorts of precious skins, as those of Castor, Martais and Zibell••ns; and al∣so Horse-hair, of which the Chineses make their Nets, and the men use it in tying up their hair, as the handsomest dresse they can appear in. But those Tartars multiplyed so fast, as they grew quickly into seven Govern∣ments which they call Hordes; and these fighting one against another, at length about the year of Christ MDL. were united into one Kingdome, called the Kingdome of Niuche.

Thus stood China in relation to the Eastern Tartars; but to the Western Tartars they payed Tribute, masked under the Title of Presents, that they might desist from War.

For the Chineses esteem it very unhandsome to make war against any, if by any other means their Country can be conserved in peace and quiet∣ness, being taught this by their Philosophers.

But in the meane time,* 1.5 being over jealous of the Enemies to their an∣tient riches, they never left that great Wall, which extends from East to West, without a million of Souldiers to guard it.

Therefore this Kingdome of China being thus established in the Tai∣mingian Family,* 1.6 enjoyed a constant peace and quietnesse for CCL. years; and whilst the seven Tartarian Lords or Governours made civil wars, that renowned Emperour of China, known by the name of Vanley being the thirteenth Emperour of Taiminges Family, governed happily the King∣dome of China from the year 1573. to the year 1620. with as much Pru∣dence as Justice and Equity.

But in this time the Tartars of Niuche had so multiplied and spread themselves,* 1.7 after incorporated into a Kingdome, that they became daily more formidable to China: And therefore the Governours of the borde∣ring Provinces, consulted privatel•• amongst themselvs how they might curb and restraine these people within their limits: For their Governours have so much Power and Authority, that although they live as Slaves to their Prince, yet when there is question of a Common and publick good, they govern absolutely and uncontroulably; unless by some higher powers their orders be restrained.

First therefore the Prefects or Governours,* 1.8 did abuse the Merchant Tartars of Niuche when they came into Leaotung, which is a Province confines next to them.

Then again when the King of Niuche would have married his Daugh∣ter to another King of the Tartars,* 1.9 they hindred this marriage by represen∣ting some pretended reasons of State.

And finally, when the King of Niuche suspected nothing from them he conceived his friends,* 1.10 they took him by deceit, and killed him perfidi∣ously.

Wherefore to revenge these injuries,* 1.11 the Kings Son gathered a strong Army, and taking his time, found meanes to get over the great Wall I mentioned; and the great River being frozen, he presently set upon the great City Kaiyven, (or as others call it) Taxum, which lies upon the Con∣fines of Tartary, which he took in the year MDCXVI.

From this City he writ a Letter in Tartarian Characters to the Empe∣rour of China,* 1.12 which though writ in Barbarian Characters, yet contained nothing Barbarous. By this Letter, which he sent by one of their Indian Priests (whom they call Lama) in a very humble and submissive manner he declared to him, that he had invaded his Country to revenge the in∣juries he had received from the Governours of the neighbouring Pro∣vinces. But yet that he was ready to restore the City he had taken, and depose his Armes, if his complaints might be heard, and satisfaction gi∣ven him. The Emperour of China, called Vanley, having received this Letter▪ though otherwise of an eminent wisdome, and of as great expe∣rience, yet being now broken with Age, in this businesse seems to have proceeded with lesse Prudence than that which accompanied the former Actions of his life; For, thinking it not to be a business of that moment as that it deserved to be treated before him in his own Court, he remitted it to the chief Governours and Commanders. And these men puffed up with their usuall pride, thought it not fit so much as to give an answer to the Barbarian King, but resented it very highly that he durst be so bold as to complain to the Emperor of any injury received.

The Tartarian King,* 1.13 seeing they vouchsafed no answer to his just de∣mands, turning his anger into rage; vowed to celebrate his Fathers Fune∣rals with the lives of two hundred Thousand of the Inhabitants of China. For it is the custome of the Tartars when any man of quality dyeth, to cast into that fire which consumes the dead Corps, as many Servants, Women, and Horses, with bows and Arrows, as may be fit to atend and serve them in the next life: Though now since they conquered China, they have left off this Barbarous custome, being reprehended and correc∣ted for it by the Chinesses themselves.* 1.14 After this superstitious Vow, ad∣vancing his revenging Armes, he besieged Leaotung (which was the chief City of the Province of Leaoyang) with 50000. men. But the City was defended by exceeding many men, who generally were all armed with Musquets: The Tartars had nothing but their Scymetars, with Bows and Arrows, which they discharge with strange Dexterity and Art. But be∣cause they chiefly feared the musquet bullets,* 1.15 they resolved by a Strata∣gem to make that unknown Instrument lesse hurtfull to them than their enemies did imagin. For the Tartarian King commanded such as made the first on-set, to carry a thick hard board for their Shield, which was as good to them as a wooden Wall; these men were seconded by other Companies who carried Ladders to climb up the Walls; and the Horse came up in the Rear. In this manner he set upon the City in foure quarters, and received the discharge of their Musquets against his wooden wall; Then in a moment the scaling-ladders being applied, before they could charge again, they were upon the Walls and entred the City; for such is the quicknesse and nimblenesse of the Tartars (in which they excell all

Nations, and in which also they place their chief art) that in a trice, they either prevail in their designs, or retire: and the little skill the Chinesses had in the use of Musquets, was no small hinderance to the warre. For the Tartars quicknesse and nimblenesse not giving them time to charge a∣gain, being astonished with the sudden inundation of armed men, they presently fled which way soever they could; but being pursued by the swift Tartarian Horse, most of them perished in the taking of this great City,* 1.16 This City being taken, the Tartar like a Torrent over-run many o∣thers of lesse note; but amongst others, he took that Noble City Evamg∣ning, and overrunning most speedily the whole Country of Leaotung, he entred the Province of Pekin; and comming within seven Leagues of the very Imperiall City, He durst not advance, fearing the Enemy might compasse or surround him, because he heard that a world of men came in to help their distressed Prince. But the Tartar struck such a terrour into the hearts of all the Countries he had passed, as both Souldier and Citi∣zen quitting their Houses left the empty walls to the Tartarians possession; knowing the Tartar to have that custom and practise, to destroy and put all to fire and sword that did resist,* 1.17 and only pillage the Cities that sub∣mitted, leaving the Citizens alive, and treating them courteously. By which meanes having collected a world of riches, he returned to Leaotung victorious. And because his South-sayers had perswaded him that the standing of the old Walls were unfortunate, he beat them down, and compassed it about with new, fortifying them with new Munitions, and there proclamed himself Emperour of China:* 1.18 For although as yet he had taken nothing of China, but only the skirts of the Eastern Country of the Province of Leaotung, yet in his hopes & aspiring thoughts he had devou∣red the whole Kingdom: wherefore he was called in the China language Theienmingus, in the third year of his Reign, which was in that of one thousand six hundred and eighteen.

In this year, some in authority about the Emperour Vanley, demanded the banishment of the Priests, who did then preach the Christian Religi∣on to that Nation; But the Emperour (who in his heart loved Christanity, and those particularly that first planted that Religion amongst them) gave no eare for a long while to their demands; But at length overcome by the importunity of a chief Commander, who had ever been a sore Enemy to Christian Religion, and was called Xinchio, it was ordained and procla∣med that all those Fathers that did propagate Christan Religion should be banished the Kingdome. Upon which some of them were secretly concealed in severall Provinces by some Christian Governours, others being taken were carried in great Cages to Macao,* 1.19 wherein being shut up day and night, they suffered extreamly; whilst others also being whipt out of the Country, rejoyced to undergoe something for his sake whose name they bore; but that which added more affliction to all these mise∣ries, was the Emperour Vanley's Prohibition to all his to professe Christi∣an Religion. But, upon this occasion, the Christians of China (who from the horrid wildernesse of Infidelity, had been brought to the pleasant Pastures of Christianity) gave illustrious examples of their Faith and Constancy; but the longer Narration of this glorious persecution is reser∣ved

for another place. I only touch it here, to admire the Divine Provi∣dence of God, who raised so sharp War against China, when they neglect∣ed Christian Peace; and permitted, at the same time, these Tartars to take so deep a root in this Empire of China, as afterward grew to that height, as to extirpate the Royal Family of the Taminges, together with the King∣dom, at the very same time they went about utterly to destroy all Christi∣anity. But, (as ordinarily it doth) by this very persecution, Christian Re∣ligion grew to that height and greatnesse, that the Church glories to be∣hold it; whilst, (unlesse God vouchsafe to lend a potent helping hand,) the vast Kingdom of China is utterly overthrown.

In the mean time, the Chineses were very solicitous to expell this Enemy from the bowells of their Country; and first, they selected very chief and eminent men for Commanders and Governours; then they gathered an Army of six hundred thousand choise Souldiers. The King of Corea also sent to the Emperour of China, twelve thousand; with this potent Army therefore they went out in the beginning of March MDCXIX. to give Bat∣tail to the Enemy. The Tartars resolved to meet them with an undaunted courage; and for a good while the event and victory was very doubtfull; but in the end the Army of China was wholly routed, & their chief Com∣manders, with fifty thousand men▪ were all slain: The Tartars according to their custome, prosecute the victory with all quicknesse and diligence; for the same day they took and sacked two Cities which they burned. Af∣ter this, they over-run that whole Country, and came to the very Walls of Pekin, the Emperours Court; but durst not venture to besiege it, because they knew (besides the infinite number of Canons it contained) there was lodged fourscore thousand Souldiers in it.

But the Chineses confess that there was such a fear and consternation in the City, that the King thought to have left that City and gone into the Southern parts of the Kingdom: which he had effectually performed, had not some Commanders suggested; that his flight would give courage to the Victorious, and breed trouble and confusion in the whole Empire, be∣ing that to fly is nothing else but to yeeld up the land to the Enemy. Nay more, they say, the disorders were such in the City, that if the Tartar had come on, he infallibly had made himself Master of it. But the Enemy was more greedy of Prey; and therefore they dispersed themselves abroad, spoiling and burning all Towns and Cities, and killing and destroying an immense company of Chineses in a most cruell manner;* 1.20 and so leaving all these places dismantled and without Garisons, laden with infinite Riches, they returned victorious to Leaotung, where they had their first footing.

After these things had passed,* 1.21 that renouned Emperour of China call'd Vanley died, and left his Son Taichangus to succeed him; who begun to ga∣ther a new Army against the Tartars; but after four moneths reign he also died.

To him succeeded Theinkins,* 1.22 who as soon as he assumed the Crown, sent an Embassadour, with many magnificent Presents, and worthy of the China Monarchy to the King of Corea; The end of this Embassage was to thank him for the Auxiliary forces sent to his Grandfather, as also to com∣fort him for the losse he had received in the late service of China; & finally

to sollicite and presse for further succours;* 1.23 For it seems those of Corea, as they are nearer to Iapony, so they participate more of that warlike Spirit and Fortitude, than those of China do.

Besides, that he might more effectually divert the imminent danger of his Kingdoms ruin, he leavied new Forces throughout all the Kingdom; which he sent into the Province of Leaotung, to hinder the irruption of the Tartars any further into the Countery;* 1.24 And for their better supply with necessary Provision, he maintained a great Navie in the Haven of Thiencin to carry Corn and other necessaries for their maintenance.* 1.25 This Port of Thiencin is a Station to which an incredible number of ships resort, both by Sea and Rivers, from all parts of China. So as by this means, by a very short and compendious way, they were easily provided with all necessa∣ries. For all the whole Country of Leaotung is almost invironed with the Sea, and the furthest part is but two daies distant by water from this Port of Thiencin; but by land far more time is necessary.

Amongst other Commanders which came with succours to their Prince,* 1.26 there was one Heroick Lady, whom we may well call the Amazon or Pen∣thesilean of China. She brought along with her three thousand, from the remote Province of Suchuen, carrying all, not only Masculine minds, but mens habits also, and assuming Titles more becoming men than women. This noble and generous Lady gave many rare proofs of her courage and valour, not only against these Tartars, but also against the Rebells which afterwards riss against their Lord and Emperour. But now she came in this War to supply her Sons place, whom she left at home in his own King∣dom, as being yet a Child, and not able to perform that Homage and Du∣ty to which he was obliged. For in the mountains of the Country of Su∣chuen there is a King, not subject to him of China, but an absolute Prince; yet so as he receives the Honour and Title of a King from the Emperour of China; after which Investiture, his Subjects only obey him and pay Tribute; But because they surpasse all others in Valour and Courage, ther∣fore they are used by the Kings of China in warlick Affairs.

By occasion of this war the two noble Christian Doctours,* 1.27 Paul and Mi∣chael, found means to perswade the Emperour to demand of the Portuge∣ses of Macas, some greater Pieces, and also some Gunnes and Gunners; ho∣ping by this means also to restore the banished Fathers of Christianity, as also the Religion it self. And their Proposition took effect; for both the one and the other were sent for; and the Fathers who hitherto secretly ne∣gotiated the businesse of Religion were publickly admitted again, and ma∣ny new Souldiers of Portugal came to help the Army.

And God did most abundantly recompence to the Emperour this fa∣vour done to Christianity: For, before the Portugese arrived, his Army had cast the Tartars out of Leaotung, by means of the Inhabitants of that Coun∣try, who being much exasperated by the Tartarians cruelty,* 1.28 opened their City Gates as soon as the King of China's Army appeared, and rising a∣gainst their Garison, gave entrance to the Army. Insomuch as they reco∣vered the Metropolitan Town of Leaotung: For the King of Tartary be∣ing diverted by other Wars at home could not come soon enough to re∣lieve it: So as by this means the affairs of China began to recover Life,

and Strength, and the Tartars seemed wholly restrained.

But though Fortune seemed now to shew a smiling face for China, yet, as her custome is,* 1.29 she stood not long constant and stable: For the Tarta∣rian King having dispatched his affairs in Tartary, sent presently sixty thou∣sand Horse to besiege Leaoyang again;* 1.30 promising that himself in person would follow with greater Forces. And this Army took that strong City in the space of forty hours; both parties fighting with such vigour and fierceness, that thirty thousand of the Garison were killed, and the Tartars lost about twenty thousand of theirs. Nay the Chinesses affirm, that they had never woon the City, had not the Governor been corrupted by great promises of reward, to open them one of the Gates of the Town. But be it as it will, the Tartars woon the Town; The Vice Roy hanged himself for grief; The Kings Visitor was taken by the enemy, but could never be brought to submit himself, or to bestow the Title of a King upon the Bar∣barian; for which, in admiration and reward of his Constancy and Fide∣lity, he obtained life and freedom;* 1.31 but, knowing that according to the cu∣stom of China, he was guilty of death, only because he had fought unfor∣tunately, more cruel to himself than the barbarous Enemy, he hanged himself.

The Tartars having taken the City,* 1.32 proclamed by Edict, that they should kill none, if they would cut their hair, and use the Tartarians Habit. For the Tartars (that I may say something of their Manners, as my subject gives me occasion) do shave both the Head and Beard, reserving only the Mu∣stach••es, which they extend to a great length, and in the hinder part of their heads they leave a Tuff, which being curiously woven and plated, they let hang down carelesly below their shoulders; they have a round and low Cap, which is alwaies garnished round with some pretious skin three fingers broad, of Cast••r or Zibellin, & serveth to defend their Temples, Ears, and Foreheads from colds & other Tempests. That which appears above the skin being covered over either with curious red silke, or else with black and purple horse-hair, which they die and dresse most curiously; so as their appurtenances being decently joyned together, makes the cap both com∣modious and handsom. Their Garments are long Robes falling down to the very foot, but their sleeves are not so wide and large as the Chineses use, but rather such as are used in Polony, & Hungary, only with this difference, that they fashion the extremity of the Sleeve, ever like a Horse his Hoof. At their Girdle there hangs on either side two Handkerchiefes to wipe their face and hands; besides, there hangs a Knife for all necessary uses, with two Purses, in which they carry Tobacco, or such like Commodities. On their left side they hang their Scymiters, but so as the point goes be∣fore, and the handle behind, and therefore when they fight they draw it out with the right hand behind them without holding the Scabbard with the other. They seldome weare Shoes; and use no spurrs to their Boots, which they make either of Silk, or of Horse-skin very neatly drest; but they often use fair Pattins, which they make three Fingers high. In riding they use Stirrups, their Trappings are both lower and broader than ours, their faces are comely, and commonly broad as those of China also have, their colour is white, but their Nose is not so flat, nor their eyes so little, as the

Chineses are; They speak little, and ride pensively. In the rest of their manners they resemble our Tartars of Europe, though they be nothing so barbarous. They rejoyce to see Strangers: They no way like the grimness and soureness of the Chinesse gravity, and therefore in their first abords they appear more humane.

Having thus briefly described their manners, we resume our former discourse, and return to the victorious Tartars in the City they had taken▪ In which, finding many rich and wealthy Merchants of other Provinces, they published a Licence that they might depart with their Goods; and withall commanded them speedily to void the City;* 1.33 who presently obey∣ing the order, carried away all their goods and riches, little suspecting the perfideous treachery of the Tartars; For they had not gone three miles from the Town, but being set upon by the Tartars, they were plundred of their goods, and lost all their lives; which being done, they returned into the fearfull City, laden with Riches, the Citizens trembling, lest they might happely experience the like perfidiousnesse.

But the Tartar considering at how dear a rate he had bought the ma∣stering of that City, and fearing also to find the like provision and pre∣paration in other Cities, they durst not make any further attempt; for they knew well that the Emperour had not only fortified all the ancient places, but erected also new munitions, in the straights of many hard and rude passages.

And amongst all other strong Holds, that of Xanghai, scituated in the Island of Cu, was most eminent; containing a vast number of men in the Garrison, to resist the further progresse of the Tartarian Forces. But that which most of all repressed the Tartars, was the great valour of the incomparable Commander Maovenlungus; who having with his great Fleet taken an Island neer Corea in the mouth of the River Yalo, vexed much their Army in the Rear,* 1.34 and was victorious in severall Skirmishes against them; so that the Tartars bent all their care and thoughts against this their Enemy. This renowned person was born in the Province of Evangtung, where being neer the Portugese of Macao, he had much perfected himself in the Art of war, and he brought with him many great pieces of Artillerie, which he had recovered from the Ship∣wrack of a Holland Ship, upon the coasts of that Territorie. And because the Emperour of China had declared the City of Ninguyven to be the chief (in place of Leaoyang) (where also he had placed a new Vice-roy, and his Royall Visitor) therefore Maovenlungus placed the best part of his Ar∣tillarie upon the Walls of this City.

The Tartars therefore acted nothing till the year 1625. and because they resolved to besiege the new Metropolitan City of ninguyvne, they first purposed to trie Maovenlungus his fidelity;* 1.35 offering him halfe of the Empire of China, if he would help them to gain it; But that noble Soul of his, proved as faithfull, as valiant, by rejecting those demands with indig∣nation; and came presently with his Forces to succour the City Ninguyven which they besieged; by which means,* 1.36 the Tartars having lost ten thou∣sand men, were put to fight; and amongst the rest, the King of tartary's own Sonne was killed. Wherefore being furious with anger, they pas∣sed

the frozen Sea, and invaded the Island Thaoyven, where they killed ten thousand that kept Garrisons there, together with all the Inhabitants; and by this one A••t,* 1.37 having revenged their former discomfiture, they re∣turned into Tartary, not with a resolution to sit still, but an intention to re∣turne with greater Forces; By which retreat, all things remained quiet till the year 1627. in which the Emperour Thienkius dyed in the flow'r of his age,* 1.38 and with him the whole Empire of China seemed to fall to ruin and destruction; and, in the same year, the King of the Tartars, who had cruelly murdered many men, himselfe augmented the number of the dead.

After Thienkius, in the Empire of China, succeeded that unhappy Em∣perour Zungchinius, brother to the former,* 1.39 (of whom more hereafter.) And after Thienmingus King of Tartary, succeeded Thienzungus his Son, who changed the manner of his Fathers Government, and by good Councell began to governe the Chineses in courteous and sweet manner; but though he lived not long, yet he served for a good example for his Son to conquer China more by Civility and Humanitie, than by force of Armes.

In this year, great Maovenlungus Souldiers being insolent by want of acti∣on, grew very trouble some and offensive,* 1.40 by their R••pines and Disorders, to the Coreans, who were friends and Allies; and particularly they much exasperated the Province of Hienkin; insomuch that some of the Inhabi∣tants of that place, moved with indignation of severall passages, secretly treated with the Tartarian King, to invade the Chinesses Army, in the ha∣bit and attire of the Inhabitants of Corea, from whom they could expect no treason, being leaguerd with them in friendsh••p and amitie: to effect which design, these Traitours both to their Country, King, and the Emperour of China, promised their best assistance. This Coun∣sel pleased the Tartar; and therefore he sent a Vice-roy with a potent Ar∣my, to which the Coreans shewed the wayes,* 1.41 and guided them through all the passages; who falling upon the Chineses Armie (which suspecting nothing, was divided, and many stragling up and down the Country) made a huge Carnage amongst them. But when Maovenlungus perceived they were Tartars, he presently made head, rallied his forces, and vigo∣rously opposed all those sharp assaults. But yet at length he was forced to yeeld the Field; and therefore leaving a Regiment or two, to hold the E∣nemie in action whilst his Army retreated, he fled to his ships, and to the Island which he had fortified. The Tartars were vexed and grieved, both to see their victory so bloody, and also that Maovenlungus, whom they chiefly aimed at, had escaped with most of his Army; and therefore enra∣ged with anger, they fell upon the Corean Traitors, as false to them, and killed every man; (which action the King of Tartary himself afterward much condemned;) and then turning their wrath to the four Northern Provinces,* 1.42 which border upon Tartary, they wasted and destroyed them all in a moment.

In the mean time the King of Corea gathered an Army to resist the Tar∣tars; and Maovenlungus also, having recruited his Forces, came into Corea, to revenge the received losse. The victorious Tartars were come within

seven Leagues of the principallest City of all Corea. And, finding the King to have taken the Straights and Passages of the Mountains which lead, unto it, they desperately resolved to force their passage. The Battel was hardly begun, when Maovenlungus, after a long march, falls in upon their Rear: the Tartars finding themselves encompassed before & behind, nor any means to escape but by dint of Sword, fought most desperately, sustaining the shock of two Armies; such was the fury of this battell, as China never saw; for, (it is strange to write, yet very true) of the three Ar∣mies, none was victorous;* 1.43 but all, in a manner, destroyed. Of the Tartari∣an Armie fifty thousa••d were found wanting; The Corean Armie lost seveny thousand; and few or none escaped of the Chineses; for their Quarter being most commodious for the Tartars flight, they there made their most vigorous Charges, and so forced their way towards their own Country. So as none of them all gained the field, or could pro∣secute the course of a Victory. Yet the King of Corea made a shift to rallie so many together again, as to take possession of those his Countries which the Tartarians by their flight had left desolate. But the Tartars after all their losses, ceased not to make frequent in-rodes into the Country of Leao∣tung, and took all the Orientall part of it.* 1.44 From thence they made incur∣sions into the other part, and carried away great Preys and Booties; But they were alwayes so beaten, and so defeated, as they could never fix a constant habitation there. For by this time were arrived seven excellent Gunners from the Portughese quarters, which both by themselves,* 1.45 and by teaching the Chineses, advanced infinitely the King of China his affairs; especially where that Christan Vice-Roy, called Sun Ignatius, was Commander in chiefe; of whose affairs we shal say something hereafter.

In this conjuncture of affairs, the Emperour Zungchinius sent a new Commander called Yvenus into Leaotung, with a new Armie and full power to conclude a Peace with the Tartars,* 1.46 if they would admit it: For the disorders of the times had caused so many needy persons, Theevs, and Cut throats, that the Emperour grew more anxious how to suppresse this great domestick Enemie, which seemed to aim at the Kingdoms ruin, than he was of the Tartarian Forces. This Yvenus was a crafty and subtill wit, most eloquent both in speaking and writing; who by politick discour∣ses, drawn from his military experience, had wrought so much, not only upon the Emperours mind, but also upon all the Councell, that they e∣steemed what he concluded as a Law to be observed: Wherefore the Chineses put all their confidence in him; nor had they been frustrated of their hopes, had not this wicked man been more wedded to his own inte∣terest, and love of Riches, than to the publick good, and fidelitie to his Prince: For first he received of the Tartars a vast Summe of gold; which wrought so much upon him, as that having invited to a Banquet that most Valorous and Faithfull Champion Maovenlungus,* 1.47 whom the Tartars on∣ly feared, he there poisoned that great Commander. After this he made a most ignominious and shamefull Peace with the Tartars, condescending to all, that those that had fed him with Riches, could desire. But when the Emperour had perused the Treatie, he presently found his Plenipotentia∣rian had sold him, and therefore refused to ratifie or confirm the Articles.

What should Yvenus act in this exigent? That he might force the Empe∣rour to admit them, he perswaded the Tartars, in the year 1630. to enter China by another Country than that which was committed to his charge, promising them for his part, he would no way with his Army hinder their progresse. The Tartars knew that his avarice had so potent an As∣cendent over him, as that they need to fear no hurt from him; and upon that confidence admitted of his Counsell. Wherefore being secure from all assaults from any Enemie behind them, they entred the Province of Pe∣king, & at length besieged the Kings Court:* 1.48 Insomuch that his Councel perswaded him to leave the Imperial City, and retire to the Southern Pro∣vinces; but he protested he would rather die, than quit the Northern quarters; and not only so, but he forbade any to depart the Court, or Town besieged. In the mean time, the Tartars make many fierce as∣saults, and as often were valiantly beaten back with great losse and Carnage. Yvenus was called to resist the Tartars, for as yet his Traiterous Complo••s were not discovered. And lest he should discover his Trea∣son, he comes with his Armie neer the very Walls of the Court, which was of a vast extent, and as it were a great partition between the two Ar∣mies, from which both the Chinese and Tartars forces were perfectly dis∣cerned. But though Yvenus was under the Emperours eye, yet he acted little; for his only aim being to returne home laden with Riches, he ne∣ver desisted to perswade the Emperour to admit his conditions of Peace. So that the Emperour finding him evidently to be a Traitor, disclosing his intention to none of his Councel nor Governours, sends to invite him to a private Councel of war, giving also order that he should be admit∣ted into the City over the Walls, lest if any Gate should be open, the Tartar being so neer might presse in upon them; but indeed he ordered the businesse in this manner, lest he should bring his Armie into the City with him. Yvenus therefore knowing he had many chief men about the Emperous person, who were both his favourities and friends, and that none of them gave him the least sign of any distaste that the Emperour might conceive against him,* 1.49 boldly and securely presented himself at Court; and as soon as he appeared, he was presently arrested, and after some few questions, the Emperour commanded him to be killed. The Tar∣tars hearing of his death (before the China Armie had a new General assig∣ned) raise the siege,* 1.50 ransack all the Country round about, and after they had made excursions to the next bordering Province of Xantung, richly laden with all manner of Spoiles, returne to their first residence in Leaotung. From these times til the year 1636. the event of their Warrs was very va∣rious;* 1.51 but in general we observe, that the Tartars could never fix a foot in China, but they were presently beaten out again. In this same year Thienzun∣gus, King of the Tartars died; after whom, succeeded his Son Zungteus, Fa∣ther to him that now governs China, of whom we now must begin to treat.

This Prince, before his Reign, expressed much judgement in severall Occurrences,* 1.52 surpassing all the Kings of Tartary in Humanity, and obli∣ging courtesie: For when he was young, he was sent by his Father into Chi∣na, where he lived secretly, and learned the China's Manners, Doctrine and Language, and now coming to the Kingdom, he changed, and far surpas∣sed

all the Examples of his Predecessors: For having observed, that their too hard and cruel usage of the Chinesses, had been the principal obstacle of their advancement,* 1.53 to the end he might conquer that Empire he so much thirsted after, as well by Love as by Arms, he courteously entertain∣ed and cherished all those of China which came unto him, using all Prison∣ers with great sweetnes, and inviting them either to submit freely to his Government, or take their course with full freedom. The fame of his hu∣manitie was spred far and neer; which induced many Commanders and chief Officers to fly unto him; by whose means and help, at length he be∣came Emperour of that spacious and flourishing Country. For experience shews us, that Love and Humanity do work more upon mens hearts, in con∣quering and conserving Kingdomes, than Arms; and crueltie of the Con∣querors hath lost that, which strength of Arms had happily subdued. Wherefore when the Chinesses came to understand, that the King of Tar∣tary did not only afford them a refuge, but friendship, many great persons flying the Indignation of the King of China, sheltered themselves under the Tartars protection. For, by reason of the China's great Avarice and Perfidiousness,* 1.54 it's a necessary, (though most inhumane) Maxim, that those Officers perish, who have managed the Kingdomes Affairs with lesse successe. For they easily are brought to beleeve, that such unhappy events, do not proceed so much from the frown of inconstant Fortune, as it doth from the perfidie or negligence of the Commanders. So as if any fought unhappily, or if he lost the Country committed to his charge, if a∣ny Sedition or Rebellion happened, the Governors hardly ever escaped alive. Seeing therefore they found so much Humanitie in the Tartar, and so much Inhumanity in the Emperor, they rather chose to fly to the former.

By this occasion give me leave to relate what happened to that incom∣parable Commander (renowned both for Fidelitie and Fortitude) called* 1.55 Ignatius. This Heroick mind preferd his fidelitie to his Prince, before his life, before the Tartarian's protection, yea even before the strength of his formidable Army; and chose rather, with his unparallel'd Fidelity, to sub∣mit his head to a Block by an unjust sentence, than to abandon his Coun∣try, or once commit the least fault against his Soveraign, though guilty of much injustice towards Him:* 1.56 He might perchance have swayed the So∣veraign Scepter of China, if he would have hearkened to his Souldiers, but he rather chose to die gloriously, than to be branded with the name of a Traitor.

After this man therefore had gained several Victories against the Tartars, and recovered many Cities from their possession, so as he hoped shortly wholly to extirpate them out of China, His Souldiers being long without pay, seditiously plundred and pillaged a Town which had ever been faithfull to the King. Ignatius by several petitions and Remonstrances to the Emperour, had declared his wants of mony, and their want of Pay; but because he fed not those venal souls that mannaged the businesse for mony and presents,* 1.57 they alwaies suppressed his humble addresses for relief. Besides, this man being a very pious Christian, he did nothing in his go∣vernment, but what was conform to Reason and Justice; which was the

cause he incurred the hatred of all the ancient Prefect••; who usually recei∣ving Bribes from the contesting parties, demanded favour of Ignatius for their Clients. But it was in vain to intercede for any, unlesse the justnesse of the cause did also ballance their Petitions. And these men attributing this proceeding, not to vertue, but to his Pride, thinking themselves underva∣lued by him, dealt under-hand with the Prefects in the Court, to stop the Armies pay, that so they might destroy this innocent man. Moreover, he was envied by the Commanders in the very Court, because he came to this eminent dignitie by his own valour and industry; which they imagi∣ned was only to be given to Doctors, and Ignatius was but a Licenciat; as if the most learned must needs be also the most valorous. In this conjuncture of affairs, the Souldiers not contented with the seditious pillage, seeing the most imminent danger hanging over their most esteemed and beloved Go∣vernour, by reason of their folly, go about to perswade him to make him∣self King of that Province; nay more, to take the whole Empire to him∣self, as a thing due to his Prowess and Merits; promising their whole strength to effect the businesse; and also to extirpate those men about the Emperour, that aimed more to compasse their malicious ends, than to pro∣mote the general affaires of the Empire: But Ignatius, by pious admoniti∣ons, staved them off from further violence, made them obedient and quiet, commanded all to stand faithfull to the Emperour of China, and punished the chief of that sedition.

This supreme act of fidelity deserved a better esteem and acceptance, than th••t which was returned by the Emperour and his Court: who sligh∣ting this his allegeance, sent another Vice-Roy in his place, and comman∣ded him to appear in Court: He then perceived they aimed at his life; and the Souldiers suspected the businesse; and therefore, mad with anger, they all jointly rose in Arms for him, swearing they would live and die with him, and that he should not present himselfe at Court. It is our du∣ty (say they) to conserve thy life, which hast been so carefull of ours; and we have strength and courage enough to resist all the force of thy perfidious Ene∣mies.

But Ignatius was deaf to all these allurements,* 1.58 and studied by all means to sweeten their exulcerated minds; alwaies inculcating to them to die true and loyall to their Soveraigns service: chusing rather to water that ungratefull Soil of his native Country with the streams of his Blood, than either to spill his Enemies blood by the force and pow'r of his Souldiers, or to retire to the Tartarian King, which offered him so fair preferments. But many of his Captains fell off to the Tartars; following, in this, not his example, but that of many others, whom they saw eminently promo∣ted amongst the Tartars. Some of those that then fled from the Emperour, are now chief Commanders under the Tartarian King, in their China Em∣pire; some also have obtained the dignity of Princes, or Royolets in seve∣ral Countries, for the reward of their Valour and faithfull Service against China. So much more piercing is that wedge, which is made of the same wood.

But although hitherto these Tartarian Wars had caused great troubles & tempests in the China Empire, yet all things now seemed so calmed and pacified, as they seemed secure from any further danger; for the Western

part of Leaotung was strongly fortified, and there was a great Army in the Island of Cu, and the bordering quarters, which hindered the Tartars in the Eastern part of the Country,* 1.59 which they possessed, from further passage. But now the chiefest danger was from the Traitors and Theeves which were in the very Bowells of the Country; who finally destroyed it, and gave it up in Prey to the Tartars.

I touched somthing of their Commotions before, now we must treat a little more largely of their proceedings, that the Reader may see how the Tartars came to subdue and conquer China.

The first Combination of these Rovers appeared in the remote Coun∣try of Suchuen,* 1.60 who having pillaged divers Cities, and emboldened by prosperous successe, ventured to besiege the chief City of that Country call'd Cingtu; which they had infallibly taken, if that valiant Amazon, whom I mentioned before,* 1.61 had not come to relieve it with her Army; but by her valour they were beaten off with great losse; and, not being whol∣ly extinguished, they retired into the mountains to recruit their Forces. These were seconded by a like race of people in the Province of Queicheu, who took occasion of rising by reason of an unjust Sentence passed in a sure betwixt two Grandees of that Country; he who lost the cause being offen∣ded with the Governors. These roving companions, first kill'd all the Ma∣gistrates which had pronounced that unjust sentence; and then they defea∣ted the Vice-Roy his Army;* 1.62 yet afterwards he routed them with a new Army, but could not extinguish them. Besides these, the Famin increasing in the Northern quarters in the Countries of Xensi and Xantung, by reason of a great inundation of Locusts which devoured all, there riss up by this occasion, many loose fellowes which lived by Rapin. These men at first were few in number, and small in strength, and after only preying in little places, presently fled to the Mountains; but finding they got both Meat and Riches, with little labour and lesse cost, they quickly got Compani∣ons to re-inforce them; This Sedition being also much augmented by the Emperour Zungchinius his notable avarice,* 1.63 who so exhausted the people by Imposts and Taxes, as if it had been a year of the golden Age. The Prefects of the Provinces, not being able presently to represse the inso∣lency of those people, they daily increafed in courage and strength; Inso∣much as in several Countries they had eight very considerable Armies. They chose the strongest & valiantest men amongst them for their Com∣manders; and these persons being grown rich and potent by preying, de∣posed now the person of Ring-leaders of Theeves, and aspired to no lesse than to the Empire of China.* 1.64 And at first they fought one against another, every one pillaging another of what he could: But at length things were brought to that passe, that two of the Commanders being only left alive, these two prevailed with the Souldiers of those that were killed, to follow their Ensignes and Fortune; and they knowing well that if they were taken by the Emperors Officers, they could not escape a most certain death, ea∣sily resolved to shelter themselves under the Arms of these two victori∣ous persons.* 1.65 The name of one of these chief Brigands was Lacungzus; the second was called Changhienchungus; two notorious bold roguish fellows; who lest they should destroy one anothers fortunes by their ambitious

emulation, separated themselves far from one another, resolving both to pursue their prosperous fortunes. Licungzus therefore possessed himselfe of the Northern parts of Xensi and Honan; and the other tyrannized over the Countries of Suchuen and Huquang. But that we may not interrupt our discourse, by delivering the Acts of both these together, we will first treat of Licungzus his feats, being he was the cause of the Tartars coming to the Empire, (which he himself might have possessed, if his proceedings had been moderate and humane;) and of the other we shall speak hereafter. Therefore in the year 1641. these pilferers having got immense riches in the Province Xensi, made an irruption, in a vast body, into that delicious sweet Province of Honan,* 1.66 and went strait to the chief City called Caifung, which they besieged. There was in that place a very great and strong Ga∣rison, who by the benefit of Artillery mounted upon hand-wheeling Cars, forced them to quit the siege; then they fell upon all the neighbouring Cities, plundring, spoiling, and burning all they could master. Having hoorded up store of provision of Corn, and augmented their Army by a company of rascally Vagabonds and loytering Fellows, they returned a∣gain to besiege the Metropolitan City;* 1.67 but dispairing to take it by Force or Assaults, they resolved to ruin it by a long siege, that they might enjoy the immense Riches of that noble City; and though this Town be three great Leagues in circumference, yet they rounded it so by their lines, as nothing could enter the City; this drave them to some straits; for although the Purveyer for victualls had brought in good store of provision in the two moneths space in which they were absent, yet because that Province which used to be most plentifull, was now deficient in Corn, they could not make sufficient provision for six moneths siege, for such an infinite multitude of people as were retired within the Walls; Yet it held out most resolutely for the space of six moneths, in which time though they were brought to hard shifts, yet hoping alwaies for succour from their Empe∣ror, they would never submit to any conditions. I dare not relate to what an excesse this Famin came to; but it seems it surpassed the Famin of Hieru∣salem; a pound of Rice was worth a pound of Silver;* 1.68 and a pound of any old rotten skin was sold at ten Crowns; dead mens flesh was sold publick∣ly in the Shambles as Hogs flesh, and it was held an act of Piety to expose the dead in the streets for others to feed on, who shortly were to be food for others; but I will passe over, and conceal yet more horrible things than I have related. This City lies towards the South side of that vast and precipitate River which the Chineses call Hoang, because the streams al∣waies appear of a yellowish saffron colour; and because the River is high∣er than the plain levell downs, of a Leagues distance from the Town, they built upon the River side, a long and strong Bulwark of great square stones, to prevent all inundations. The Emperours Army, after long expectati∣on, came to relieve the Town, and advanced as far as these Bulwarks, and having considered the situation of the Country and Enemies Camp, it was thought the fittest & easiest way to raise the siege without giving battail, and to let in the water upon the enemies Army, by some breaches made in that long Wall or Bulwark. It was in Autumn when they took this reso∣lution, and the River, by reason of extraordinary rains, was swoln bigger

than ever before; and they, making the Sluces, or inlets, too great, and the Breaches too wide, gave way to such an Ocean of water, as it overran the walls of the Town (which were very stately and high) involving not on∣ly many of the enemies in its ruin and destruction;* 1.69 but also 300000. men, and the City it self perished in those floods of water. So the ancient City, which heretofore had been honoured by the Emperor's Residence, appea∣red no more a place of pleasure, but a vast Pool or Lake for Monsters of the waters to inhabit; for the houses of the Town were not over-run with wa∣ter, but also beaten down; and also the Church of the Christians, toge∣ther with their Priest, who was one of the Society of Jesus; who when he could timely enough have saved himselfe, chose rather to laydown his life for the sheepe: For that City had many Christians. The destruction of this City happened the ninth of Oct. 1642. about which time this famous Conductour of Theeves took the name of King,* 1.70 with an addition of Xun∣vang, which sounds as much as Prosperous, and so was stiled Licungzus the prosperous; and having in a manner taken all the Country of Honan into his Dominion, he returned into the Province of Xensi,* 1.71 and won it wholly to his subjection. When he came to Sigan, which is the Metropolis of Xensi, he found some resistance from the Garrison; but yet he took it in three daies, and for a reward and encouragement to his Souldiers, he gave it to them to pillage also for three daies space; and then he gathered up all the Corn of the whole Province, as well to keep all the Country in their duty to him, as also to leave no Provision for the Emperours Army. And now thinking himself secure of the whole Empire, he took the name of Empe∣rour upon him,* 1.72 and stiled the Family wherein he thought to establish this Dignity, Thienxunam, as much as to say, Obedient to Heaven; By which Title he perswaded the Souldiers and the People, that it was by the dispo∣sall of the Heavens that he should raign, that he might deliver the people from the Emperours Avarice, and extirpate those wicked Governours that so much vexed the Nation, & deliver them from all their perfidious plots. For he knew well, that this Glorious Title would be very acceptable to them of China, who beleeve that Kingdoms and Empires come only from Heaven, and are not gained by any Art or Industry of Man; and that his actions might carry a face correspondent to his illustrious Title, he began to use the People with all humility and sweetnesse; not permitting any Souldier to wrong or injure them;* 1.73 only he persecuted all the Officers call'd Presidents, which he could find, and all those he put to death; and as for those that had been Presidents, because he found them rich, he made them pay great Fines, and let them live; remitting all Taxes in the places he sub∣dued; severely commanding that the subjects should be treated with all civility and courtesie. So as all men applauding and loving so sweet and milde a Government, easily submitted to his Power and Dominion; but where the Governours use Tyranny, there the subject hath little care of Fidelity. There were in this City Sigan two Priests which served the Christians that were Jesuits, and suffered much in the saccage of the Ci∣ty, but being afterwards known for Strangers, they were used with all humanity.

In the mean time a third cause of this Empires ruin grew up in the

Court; which was hatched in the Emperour Thienkins his time: For that Emperour exalted an Eunuch called ••ueio,* 1.74 to such a height and power, as he gave the absolute, and soveraign Command into his hands, and pas∣sed so far, as alwayes to stile him by the name of Father. This extravagant power caused much Envy, Dissention, and banding one against another, amongst the Governours, Presidents, Commanders, and Counsellors: and the Eunuch also added much to incense the flame, by his indiscreet u∣sage of the favour he possessed; for if any man had touched him, either in word or writing, or expressed lesse respect unto him in conversation, or behaviour, or did not flatter the base fellow, he would presently give or∣der to put him to death, though he were a very eminent person; or at least degrade him from all Office or Dignity. By which means he exasperated many, and amongst the rest he offended Zunchinius when Prince; who now, by the death of his Brother without issue, was come to to be Emperour of China. This Emperour knew that the Eunuch had mo∣ved Heaven and Earth to hinder his coming to the Crown; but seeing he could not effect that, at least he maintained a seditious faction against the great ones, which finally proved the destruction of the Estate; For these men banding in two factions, studied more how to destroy one another, than to advance the publique good; yet both parties pretended the gene∣ral benefit, but both neglected it; Every party endeavouring to extoll and exalt his own Creatures into places of trust and power: All which when Zunchinius the emperour went about to redresse, he exasperated the minds of many of the Commanders against him; for as soon as he came to the Crown, he cruelly persecuted all that favoured the Eunuch; and in fine, killed this very Eunuch which had been his, Predecessors Favourite, to∣gether with many more of his partie; of which Tragedy I will only re∣late the Catastrophe. The Emperour Zungchinius resolving to destroy both the Eunuch & all his power, sent him an order to go visit the Tombs of his Ancestors, to consider if any of those ancient Monuments wanted reparation: the Eunuch could not refuse so honourable an imployment, which seemed rather an addition to his former hounours; but he had not gone far upon his journey, but there was presented to him (from the Em∣perour) a Box of Silver gilt, with a Halter of Silk folded up in it; by which he understood he was to hang himself by the Emperors order: which he could not refuse, being that kind of death (amongst the Chineses) is coun∣ted honourable, when it is accompanied with such formalities. But by this occasion the Emperour raised against himself new Factions and more Traitours, which held secret correspondence with the Theeves Army. Hence it came to passe, that no Army was sent to oppose them; or if any went, they did no manner of action, being alwayes hindered by the emu∣lation of others; nay it happened often, that when they might have taken great advantages, yet the occasion was neglected, lest the Commanders should increase other mens▪ Power and Credit, (by their Victories,) with the Emperour. These Dissentions and Emulations happend so seasonably to the Roving Army of Theeves, as that to come, to see, and con∣quer, was to them one and the self same thing, as I shall declare unto you.

Whilest these transactions passed in the Court,* 1.75 Licungzus Conductor of the Theeves, having setled all things in the Country of Xensi, passed to the East; and coming to the famous great River of Croceus, finding no bo∣dy to defend it, he passed over with as much facility, as it might have been maintained with ease, if there had been placed but a handfull of Souldiers. For this River runnes with a violent rapid course, and a vast Sea of waters from West to East; but being there was no man to defend it, they passing it easily, presently seized upon the chief and richest City in all those quarters, called Kaiangch••u, which is situated neer the South ••ankside of that River; and being carried on with a strong gale of For∣tune, he seized upon many other Cities, every one desiring either to free themselves from further vexation, or blindly and fondly submitting themselves to any new change of Government. For we commonly de∣light in varieties and novelties, and hoping for better, we find worse. On∣ly the City of Thaiyven made some resistance, but being presently subdu∣ed, was fined with great sumes of money for their temerity. The Emperour Zungchinius hearing the Theeves had passed the River Croceus, and were advanced to the very Confine; of Xensi (which borders upon the Province where he had placed his Throne and Royall Seat) he sent an Army under the Lord Marshal of China, to hold them at least in play, if he could not overthrow them; But this Army did just nothing; nay most of the Soul∣diers ran to the Thieving party, in so much as the Lord Marshal himself, called Colaus Lius, seeing Affairs grew so desperate, Hang'd himself for fear of further shame and dishonour.* 1.76 The Emperour hearing of the ill suc∣cesse of his Affairs, began to think of leaving the Northern parts, where his Royal City of Peking is situated, and to passe to Nankuing which is far more Southward; but he was disswaded from this intended course as well by his loyal, as disloyal subjects: by these, that they might give him up more speedily into the enemies hands, before their treachery was dis∣covered; and by the others, lest his flight might trouble the Kingdome more, and discourage all his Subjects from giving their best assistance; for they thought the City impregnable, being fortified with so strong a Garrison; nor did they doubt that the Kings presence would draw the for∣ces of the whole Kingdom to him. And their Counsel had been good, if the Court had been purged of Traytors.

In the mean time the Theeves Conductor,* 1.77 who was no lesse quick and nimble in execution, than witty in invention, sowing a Fox his tail to the Lions skin, caused many of his Souldiers in a disguised habit to creep in∣to that Princely City, and gave them money to trade in trifling ware, till he assaulted the walls with the body of his Army; for then they had order to raise sedition, and tumult in the City; and, considering they were a Company of desperate Fellows, and of a very low and base fortune, it is stupendious to think how they could keep so profound secrecy in a mat∣ter of so high concernment: But to this mine, which was prepared in the bowels of the City, he held a secret train of Intelligence, with the Lieu∣tenant of the City; who seeing the Emperours Affairs desperate, is said to have dealt with the Conductor of these Brigants about giving up the City unto their power; But, however it was, these Pilferers came in a

short time to besiege the Royal City of Peking. There was in that City a vast Garrison, and as great a quantity of Artillery; but on the Quarters up∣on which the enemy made their assault, there was none charged with Bullets, but only with Powder.

Wherfore being secure from any annoy from that side,* 1.78 in the year MDCXLIV. before the rising of the Sun, they entred the Metropolitan City of all China by one of the Gates which was opened to them; nor was there any long resistance made, even by those that were faithfull to their Prince; for the Souldiers of the Theef, which lay lurking in the City, made such a tumult and confusion, as none knew whom to oppose, in which respect they made a great slaughter, so as Lic••ngzus in this Ba∣bylonian confusion, marched victorious through the City, till he came to the very Emperours Palace; where though he found some resistance from the faithfullest Eunuchs, yet notwithstanding he presently entred that fa∣mous and renowned Palace; And that which exceeds all admiration, the enemy had passed the first Wall, and Precinct, and yet the Emp••rour knew nothing of so strange a passage; for the Traiterous Eunuchs, which were of most Authority, fearing he might escape by flight, deferd to ad∣monish him of his own danger, or of the taking of the City, till they saw he could not possibly evade: Who hearing this dolefull news, first de∣manded if he could get away by any means; but when he heard that all passages were beset, he is said to have left a Letter writ with his own Blood, in which he bit••erly expressed to all posterity, the infidelity and perfidiousnesse of his Commanders, and the innocency of his poor Sub∣jects; conjuring Licungzus,* 1.79 that seeing the Heavens had cast the Scepter into his hands, he would, for his sake, take revenge of such perfidious Creatures. After this reflecting that he had a Daughter Marriageable, who falling into the villains hands might receive some affront••, he called for a Sword, and beheaded her with his own hands in the place; then go∣ing down into an Orchard, making a Rope of his Ga••••er, he hung himself upon a Prune tree. Thus that unfortunate Emperour put a period, as well to that Empire, which had flourished so long with much splendor, riches, and pleasure, as to his Illustrious Family of Taimingus, by finishing his life upon so contemptible a Tree, and in such an infamous manner: To all which circumstances, I adde one more; that as the Empire was e∣rected by a Theef, so it was ••xtinguished by another; for although others were chosen to succeed him, as we shall relate hereafter, yet because they held a smal parcel of the Empire, they are not numbred amongst the Em∣perours. His example was followed by the Queen, and by the Lord Mar∣shall, who is call'd in their language Colaus, together with other faithfull Eunuchs; So as those pleasant Trees which served heretofore for their Sports and pleasures, now became the horrid and surest Instruments of their death. And this cruell butchering of themselves passed not only in the Court but also in the City; where many made themselves away, either by hanging, or drowning by leaping into Lakes; For it is held by this Nation to be the highest point of fidelity, to die with their Prince, and not to live and be subject to another.

Whilest these things were acting, Licungz••s enters the Palace Victori∣ous,

and ascending up to the Chair of State, sate himself down in that Im∣pariall Throne; but it is recorded, that in executing this first Act of Roy∣alty, he sat so restlesly and unquietly, yea so totteringly, as if even then that Royal Chaire would foretel the short durance of his felicity. The next day after,* 1.80 he commanded the body of the dead Emperour to be cut into smal pieces, accusing him of oppression and cruelty against his subjects; As if he, being a villanous Traitor, and a Theef, after the saccaging & burning so many Provinces, and shedding such an Ocean of blood, had been of a better disposition. So we often condemn others, when we do worse our selves, and remark, yea augment, the least faults of others, when we ei∣ther take no notice of, or diminish our own. This Emperour Zungchinius was Father of three Sons, of which the eldest could never be found, though all imaginable means was used for his discovery; some think he found means to fly away; others think he perished by leaping with others into the Lake; the two others being yet little Children, were by the Tyrants com∣mand beheaded three days after; his barbarous humour not sparing even innocent blood: Which disposition he made further to appear, when casting off that vail of Piety and Humanity, with which he had for sometime charmed the people, he commanded all the Principal Magistrates to be apprehended, of which he murdered many with cruel torments, o∣thers he fined deeply, and reserved the Imperiall Palace for his own a∣boad. He filled that most noble and rich City with ransacking Souldi∣ers, and gave it up to their prey and plunder; where they committed such execrable things, as are both too long, and not fit to be related. But by this his horrid cruelty, and Tyranny, he lost that Empire which he might have preserved by courtesie and humanity.

Amongst the other imprisoned Magistrates, there was one a venerable person called Us, whose Son Usangueius governed the Army of China, in the Confines of Leaotung, against the Tartars. The Tyrant Licungzus thereatned this old man with a most cruel death, if by his paternall power over his Son, he did not reduce him with his whole Army, to subjection and obedience to his power; promising also great Rewards and Honours to them both, if by his fatherly power (which they hold facred) he did prevail for his submission. Wherefore the poor old man writ to his Son this ensuing Letter.

It is well known that the Heavens, Earth, and Fate can cause these strange vicissitudes of Fortune which we behold; know my Son, that the Emperour Zunchinius, and the whole family of Taimingus are perished. The Heavens have cast it upon Licungzus; we must observe the times, and by making a ver∣tue of necessity, avoyd his Tyranny, and experience his liberality; he promiseth to thee a Royal dignity, if with thy Army thou submit to his Dominion, and ac∣knowledge him as Emperour; my life depends upon thy answer; consider what thou owest to him that gave thy life.

To this Letter his Son Usangu••ius returned this short answer. He that is not faithfull to his Soveraign, will never be faithful to me: and if you forget your duty and fidelity to our Emperour, no man will blame me if I for∣get my duty and obedience to such a father. I will rather die than serve a Theef.

And presently after the dispatch of this Letter, he sent an Embassador to the King of Tartary,* 1.81 desiring his help and force to subdue this Usurper of the Empire; and knowing that the Tartars abound in men, but want wo∣men, he promised to send him some store of them; and presented him with severall curious Silks, and sent him great store of Silver and Gold. The Tartarian King neglected not this good occasion, but presently marched with fourescore thousand men, which were in Garrison in Leao∣tung, to meet General Usangueius, to whom he expressed himself in these words. To the end to make our Victory undoubted, I counsell you to cause all your Army to be clad like Tartars, for so the Theef will think us all Tartars, seeing I cannot call greater Forces out of my Kingdome so soon as is required.

Usangueius, thirsting nothing but revenge, admitted all conditions, lit∣tle thinking (as the Chinesses say) that he brought in Tigres to drive out Dogs.* 1.82 Licungzus hearing the march of the Tartars, together with Usanguei∣us, knowing himself not able to resist, quitted the Court and Palace as ea∣sily as he had taken it: but he carried with him all the rich spoyls of the Court, and marched away into the Province of Xensi, where he establish∣ed his Court in the noble City of Sigan, which heretofore had been the seat of the Emperours. It is accounted that for eight daies space by the four Palace gates, there was nothing seen but a continuall succession of Coaches, Horses, Camels, and Porters, carrying away the preciousest treasures;* 1.83 though they left also much, because the enemy approached. Thus the immense Riches of Gold and Silver, which the Emperours of the Taimingean Family had at leasure hoorded up, in the space of two hundred and fourscore years, were in a moment dispersed. But although they fled very speedily, yet they could not avoid the swift Tartarian Hor∣ses; for overtaking their Luggage, and the Rear of the Army, they pilla∣ged and vexed them for eight daies; but yet they either could not, or would not passe the River Croceus, that so they might speedily returne to amuse the trembling hearts of the Territory of Peking. The Tartars re∣turne therefore victorious and rich into the City Peking, and there being admitted by the Chineses, they gave them the Empire. Where it is to be observed,* 1.84 that although Zungteus, the Tartarian King, dying at the first entrance into China, did not obtain that noble Empire he so much thirsted after; yet he gave those Instructions, of the manner of conque∣ring it, to his Councel, that they never desisted till they obtained it. This Prince dying, declared his Son of six years old, his Successor; comman∣ding all his own Brethren to manage the Childs Affairs with all fidelity and circumspection, making his eldest brother his Tutor; and all those brethren, being uncles to the Child, by a stupendious union, and never to be parallel'd in any ambitious Nation, exalted this Infant to the posses∣sion of the Empire.

These things being thus passed, Usangueius, seeing the Thief expelled, began to think of creating a new Emperour,* 1.85 one of the Taiminga's Fami∣ly, who was a Prince not far distant: But first being mindfull of his pro∣mises made to the Tartars, he offers them their rewards; he highly extols their Fortitude and Fidelity in the Kingdomes quarre••; and finally, desires them now to depart the Country quietly, and to entertain a strict alliance

and friendship with it, seeing they had abundantly revenged all former in∣juries. To this demand the Tartars returned a long premeditated answer, but far contrary to what Usanguei••s expected, which they delivered in these tearms.

We do not think it yet a fit time to leave you and this Empire, unless, having heard our Reasons, you shall still presse it; for we consider, that many of the Theeves are still extant, and seem rather dispersed than extinguished; and we hear that their great Conductor Licungzus, hath fixed his Imperial Seat in Si∣gan, the Metropolis of the Province of Xensi; by which means he still possesseth the richest and most populous Provinces, which are still under his Dominion. If we depart, worse is to be feared will follow: He feared us Tartars; when he hears we are gone, having now time to recruit his Forces, he will doubtlesse make new Invasions, and perchance we shall not be able to send new Succours: We therfore re∣solve to prosecute the Victory, and quite extinguish those Vagabonds, that so you may deliver the Empire to your designed King, in full peace and tranquility. Be not solicitous of paying our promised rewards, for they are as safe in yours, as in our own, hands. That which we now desire to execute, is, that which presseth most, and seems to us to require no delay;* 1.86 that you, with part of your Army and part of ours, ••arch speedily against Licungzus, and we with the rest, take our march to∣wards the Province of Xantung, to extirpate those Theeves that have setled there; By this means the peace of the Kingdome will be firmly established.

Usanguieus either did not understand the Stratagem, or if he did, he condescended not to irritate an Army which was in the Bowells of the Kingdom.

Before the Tartars (which were called) entred China, they sent into their own and other Kingdoms to raise as many men as possibly they could, to the end they might conquer the Empire after they had acquitted themselves of their promised assistance against the Theeves. But these Succours, not being arrived to re-inforce them, therefore they thought it best as yet to use no force, but gain time by fair words and new projects. But whilst this businesse was contriving,* 1.87 there came an immense compa∣ny of Tartars into the Empire; not only from the Kingdoms of Ni••che, and Ni••lham, but also from the old Occidental Tartary, and from a Country called Yupi, which is more Oriental, and lyes above the elevation of Iapon. This people is called Yupi, by reason they make their Coats of defence, or Breast plates, of fishes skin, which are in a maner impregnable. Nay, which is more, I saw very many who were come as far as the River Volga; which people these Tartars call Alga-Tartars, and I find they have a Notion of Muscovy, and Pol••••; but they are far more barbarous than the Oriental Tartars be; with these auxiliary Forces, came in the infant King of six years old, Son to the late deceased King of Tartary;* 1.88 and when these were joyned with the body of the Army, then they publickly proclaimed their right to the Empire, and openly declared their concealed intentions; and proclai∣med this child of six years old, Emperour of China, by the name of Xunchi; and the new erected Imperial Family they stiled by the name of Taicing. The Child of six years old took possession of the ancient Throne of his 〈◊〉〈◊〉, with a great Gravity and Majesty, from whence he delivered this judicious Speech to the Commanders and to his Army.

It is your strength and power more than my felicity (my dear and generous Un∣cles, & you the rest of my noble Commanders) which supports my weaknesse, and makes me so undantedly ascend and possess this Imperial Throne. My present as∣surance and this Chairs stability, I hope, is as happy a sign of my future prosperi∣ty, as its tottering proved unfortunate to the Thief Licungzus his Tyrannie. You see my first step to the Empire; But I know your valour to be such, that I look not only upon the Kingdom of China as my own, but conceive the Empire of the World, not only by me possessed, but also established. The rewards due to such in∣comparable Vertues, shall be no other than the riches of the Empire, and Royall dignities; proceed therefore valiantly and stoutly. The whole Court was a∣stonished to hear a Child of six years old speak such things, and hence con∣cluded, that fate or Heaven had elected him for King; the young Prince did assume his eldest Uncle, as his Tutor and Father, the same day he was ad∣mitted to the Empire: and therefore the Tartars in their language, called him Amahan, as much as to say, the Father King; which very thing, the China's express by the word Amavang.* 1.89 To this man therefore he remit∣ted all the Conduct of his Wars, and to him it is, the Tartars owe all their greatnesse and Dominion: for as he excelled in Counsel and Prudence, so also he was as eminent in fortitude and fidelity; and withall, by the strength and force of his Reasons and Counsels did ravish the wisest men amongst the Chineses; and his Justice and Humanity did wholly enthrall and en∣chant the popularity. To all which I adde those fugitive Magistrates, who, as I related heretofore, had fled to the Tartars (to avoid the Emperours in∣dignation) and did not a little promote their cause; for these men, some∣times by word and example, did seduce the hearts of the Subjects, and sometimes suggested excellent Counsels to the Tartars, against their own Country; and by both these means advanced themselves to high and emi∣nent dignities amongst the Tartars.

The same day some Bands of Souldiers were dispatched, with order to proclame Usangueius a Tributary King to this new enstalled Emperour; which they performed with great magnificence, adding to his name (as u∣sually they do) the Sirname of Pingsi, which sounds as much as Pacifier of the Western world: establishing his Kingdom in the Capital City in the Pro∣vince of Xensi. This Prince considering, that he could expect no more ho∣nourable Dignity from the lawfull Successour to the Empire of China; and that the Tartars were come into the Empire, in so vast a number, that he could never hope to Conquer them, found means to dispence with his hi∣therto uncorrupted fidelity, admitting the dignity, and submitting to the Emperour,* 1.90 and so he that had hitherto waged War for China against the theeves, now was forced to march against China to subdue its Provinces to the Tartarian Empire. And as he was a Great Commander, so also by the help of the Tartars he quickly drove out the Theeves from his little Kingdom of Xensi, where to this day he reigneth in the Metropolitan City of Sigan. But by these honours the Tartars removed him from the pra∣ctice of Arms, who remaining Armed, might have proved a dangerous Enemy.

It was hitherto never known what became of Licungzus;* 1.91 some think he was killed by Usangueius in the fight; though he never appeared more, nei∣ther

dead, nor alive, after this fight, in which all his forces were dissipated, or cut off. And with the same facility the Tartars subdued the Provinces of Peking and Xantung; where they immensly augmented their Armies, by the accesse of the China's Souldiers and Commanders which submitted to them; for the Tartarians admitted all, even the Conquered, to their Army, if they did cut their hair, and wear their habits after the Tartarian fashion: for in this Puntillio of habit and hair they were so rigorous, as they pro∣clamed it high Treason in all that did forbear it. Which Law, did many times endanger them, and disturb the whole frame of their Affairs: For the Chinesses both grieved, and fought more valiantly for their hair and habit, than for their Kingdom and Emperour; So as many times they chose ra∣ther to die, or lose their heads, than obey the Tartars in these Ceremonies; of which I could relate many examples, unlesse in this relation I had resol∣ved to be brief.* 1.92 But all these little rubs, did not hinder, but that in lesse than the space of a year, (not counting Leaotung) they had conquered Pe∣king, Xansi, Xensi, and Xantung, which are the four vast Northern Provin∣ces of China. In all which they changed nothing in their Political manner of Government, nay, they permitted the usual custom of the Philosophers of China to govern the Towns and Provinces; they left also the same Ex∣amens as were used for the approving of learned men; for by this prudent Counsel they wrought this effect, that having given the places of honour and trust to men of their own Creation, they found they supassed the ve∣ry Tartars in fidelity to them:* 1.93 yet they kept the Militia in their own hands, and the ordering thereof, and yet they stick'd not to admit even to these Offices, such of the Country as were faithfull to them; so, as in the Royal City they retained still the same Orders and degrees of Prefects, together with the six high Tribunals, as they were established in the former Em∣perours time: but so, as they were now compounded of Chinesses, and Tartars.

In the mean time the news of the Emperours danger came to the Sou∣thern parts of China, and the Prefects of every City gathering together ve∣ry great forces marched towards the City of Peking, but in their march they received the sad news of the Emperours death, and the taking of Pe∣king; they therefore speedily called back their Forces, and also all their Ships, which yearly used to carry Provisions to the Emperours Court; a little after this, they received the news how the Tartar was invested in the Kingdom and proclaimed Emperour.* 1.94 I was then my selfe in the great Ci∣ty Nanquin, where I beheld a strange consternation and confusion in all things, till at length having recollected themselves, the Prefects resolved to choose an Emperour of the Family of the Taiminges, whom they called Hungquangus. This man had come hither (flying from the Theeves) out of the Province of Honan, and being he was Nephew to that famous Em∣perour Vanley, & cosin Germain to Zungchinius the last deceased Emperour, they Crowned him with great pomp and ostentation, hoping for better fortune under his Government. As soon as this Prince was chosen, he sent ••n Embassage to the Tartars, begging Peace, rather than demanding it; for 〈◊〉〈◊〉 offered them all the Northern Provinces which they had taken; if they ••ould joyn in amity with him. But the Tartars well understood the Policy

of these Prefects and Counsellours; which was only to amuse them with a Peace,* 1.95 whilst they could recover their strength and force; And there∣fore they returned answer, that they would not receive as a gift, that which they had conquered by force of Arms; but seeing they had chosen a new Emperour, they might do well to defend him; but as for them, they were resolved to have all or nothing. This Legacy comming to nothing; whilst both parties prepare to take the Field,* 1.96 appears at Nankuing a young man, who gave himselfe out to be the eldest Son to the late deceased Emperour Zunchinius; and he gave no small evidences of this truth and Claime; nay, he was acknowledged by many of the Eunuchs. But the new elected Em∣perour Hunquangus, being strongly possessed with an ambition of raigning, would never acknowledge, nor admit him; but commanded him to be imprisoned, and killed, as an Impostor; though many of the Prefects en∣raged to hear of this order,* 1.97 hindered the execution of the sentence. But by this accident, things grew into a sedition, and the dispute was so high, that it gave occasion to the Tartars of assailing the Province and City of Nankuing; some of the Prefects winking at it, if not enticing them under∣hand to this exploit. The Tartars, vigilant to lay hold of all advantages, hearing of these emulations & divisions presently march out into the Ter∣ritory of the City of Hoaigan, and comming to the East side of the River Croceus, they passe over speedily by the help of their Boats; on the other side of this River stood the Army of China, which was so numerous, as if they had but cast off their very shoos, they had erected such a Rampart a∣gainst the Tartars, as all the Horse would hardly have surmounted it. But it is the resolution and valour in War, that carries the Trophies, not the number of men: for hardly had the Tartars set foot in their Boats, but the Chineses ran all away,* 1.98 as Sheep use to do when they see the Wolf, leaving the whole shore unfenced, to their landing. The Tartars having passed the River, finding no enemy to resist, enter the most noble Province of Nan∣king, and in a trice make themselves Masters of all the North part of the Country, which lies upon the great River of Kiang, which is so vast, as it is worthily called the Son of the Sea; where it deserves particularly to be noted as a rare thing in the Warfare of the Tartars, that before they enter into any Country, they chuse and name both the Governours, and Com∣panies, with all the Officers necessary for all the Cities and places which they aym to take; so as in a moment they run like a lightning, and no soo∣ner they possesse it but it is fortified, armed, and defended. There was one City in these Quarters which made a generous resistance to all their re-ite∣rated assaults,* 1.99 called Yangcheu, where the Tartars lost the Son of a little Royalet. This City was defended by that faithful Imperial Champio•• called Zuuis Colaus; but though he had a mightie Garrison, yet he was a•• length forced to yield, and the whole City was sacked, and both Citize•• and Souldier put to the Sword; and least the multitude of the dead Carca∣ses, should corrupt the Air, and ingender the Plague, they laid them all up∣on the tops of the Houses, and setting fire both to the City and Suburbs brought all to ashes, and to a total desolation.

By this progresse the Forces of the Tartar much encreased;* 1.100 for the Go∣vernours of many places, & several Regiments came to submit to his Do∣minion.

To all whom he, commonly, continued the same Commands and Offices they were established in before, and advanced many of them to higher dignity; and so by this Humanitie with which he treated all that came flying to him, and by the crueltie he used to those that resolved to make resistance to the Force of his Arms, he gained this, that most men re∣solved to partake of his sweet treatie, rather than of his cruelty; so he easily conquered all that which lies on the North side of that River, which I na∣med before the Son of the Sea. This River being a German League in breadth, and rising from the West of China, holds its course to the East, and divides the Kingdom into Northern and Southern Quarters; it also divides the Country of Nanking in the very middle; though Nanking the Metro∣politan and Royal City be placed in the Southern part. To Master this great Citie, they were to passe this River. They gathered therefore toge∣ther many Ships, to Conquer this new Emperial seat, and also the new set∣tled Emperour. The Fleet of China commanded by the most generous and faithfull Admiral called Hoangchoangus, lay towards the other side of this River. Here the Admiral fought so gallantly and resolutely, that he made it appear to the world, that the Tartars were not invincible; Till at length one of his own Commanders called Thienus born in the Citie of Leaotung, being corrupted by the Tartars, shot him with an Arrow to death: which Arrow fixed the unconstant wheel of Chinas fortune, and lost the whole Empire. But the Traitor, not contented with this perfidious Act, began himself to run away, and by his example drew all the rest to imitate this Ignominious Action. His impudence passed yet to a higher strain: for com∣ming to the Imperial Citie, and finding the Emperour preparing to retire, he joyned himselfe with him, as a faithfull friend, participating of his ad∣versity; till he saw the Tartars (who passing the River followed the Kings flight with all imaginable diligence) were come near him,* 1.101 & then he took the Emperour Prisoner, and delivered him to the Tartarian Army in the year MDCXLIV. This unfortunate Prince being thus betrayed before he had raigned full one year, was sent to Peking, and there upon the Town Walls was hanged publickly in a Bow string, which kind of death the Tartars esteem most noble. The pretended Son to the Emperour Zunchi∣nius, (whether he were true or false,) run the same course of fortune, when they had discovered him being kept still in Prison: for they did not onely put to death all those which belonged to the Imperial Family of the Tai∣minges by Consanguinitie, but after a diligent search extirpated all they could find, which belonged to them even by Affinitie; for it is a custom in Asia, if any one conquer a Kingdom, to root out all that belong to the Royal Family.

After this, they divided their Army into two parts; the one they sent to conquer the Mediterranean Provinces of Kiansi, Huquang, & Quang∣tung, which are all of a marvellous extent; the other, like a swift Torrent, over-run all,* 1.102 till they came to the very Walls of the renowned and vast City of Hangcheu, which is the head City of the Province of Chekiang. In∣to this City the principal fugitives of the Army of China were retired; and those not only of the common Souldiers, but many great Commanders, and Prefects; where they resolved to chuse a new Emperour called Lovan∣gus,

of the ancient Family of Taimingus: But this Prince would never as∣sume the Title of Emperour, but contented himself with the Title of King; thinking his fall would be lesse, and his death not so bitter, as if he fell from the Throne of an Emperour: but yet to the end to animate them to fight with more vigour than they had done heretofore, he pro∣mised them to take that Title when they had re-gained one Imperial City. He had not reigned three dayes (a shorter space than their personated Kings use many times to reign in their Tragedies) but the Tartars arrive; Which the fugitive Souldiers seeing, & thinking by this pinch of necessity to force their pay from the King and City, refused to fight before they had received their salary. It was on this occasion, that King Lovangus his heart, being not able to bear such a desolation of the City, of his people and subjects,* 1.103 as he foresaw, gave such an example of his Humanity and Piety, as Europe never saw; for he mounted upon the City Walls, and cal∣ling upon his Knees to the Tartarian Captains, begged the life of his Sub∣jects. Spare not me (quoth he) I wil willingly be my Subjects victime; & having said this, he presently went out to the Tartars Army, and was taken. This Illustrious testimony of his love to his Subjects had not wanted a reward to Crown so Heroick an Action, if it had met with a generous Soul, like that of Alexander or of Caesar. When they had the King Prisoner, they commanded the Citizens to shut the Gates, and keep the Walls, least either their own, or the Kings Souldiers should enter the City; and presently they fell upon the Kings men, whom they butchered in a most cruel manner, but yet the water destroyed more, than their Swords or Arrows; for many cast themselves headlong into the great River of Cian∣thang, which is a League broad, and runs neer the City; others leaping and overcharging the Boats in the River were presently sunck;* 1.104 others fly∣ing away full of fear and confusion, thrust one another at the River side into that unmerciful Element; and by all these many thousands perished. The Tartars wanting boats to passe this River,* 1.105 having thus expelled or killed the Souldiery, they returned Triumphant to the City, where they used neither force, nor violence; by which means this noble City was conserved, whose beauty, greatnesse, and riches, I hope to describe else∣where, not by hear-say, but by what I saw, in the three years space I lived in it, from which I lately came into Europe. This City of Hangcheu hath an Artificial Channel or Dike to pass by water to the Northern parts of Chi∣na; This Chanel is onely separated by the high part of the way like a Causeway from the River, which as I said, runs on the South part of the City. The Tartars therefore drew many Boats out of this Chanel over the Causeway into the River Cienthang, and with the help of these Boats they passed the River without resistance, and found the fairest City in all China, called Xaoking, prone enough to submit to their victorious Armes. This City in bignesse yields to many others, but in cleannesse and comli∣nesse it surpasses all: it is so invironed with sweet waters as a man may contemplate its beauty by rounding it in a Boat; it hath large and fair Streets paved on both sides with white square stones, and in the mid∣dle of them all runs a Navigable Chanel, whose sides are garnished with the like ornament, and of the same stone there are also built many fairs

Bridges and Triumphant Arches; the Houses also, (which I observe no where else in China) are built of the same square stone; so as in a word, I saw nothing neater in all China. They took this Town without any resistance, and so they might have done all the rest of the Southern Towns of this Povince of Chekiang. But when they commanded all by Proclamation to cut off their Hair,* 1.106 then both Souldier and Citizen took up Armes, and fought more desperately for their Hair of their Heads, than they did for King or Kingdome, and beat the Tartars not only out of their City, but repulst them to the River Cienthang: nay forced them to passe the River, killing very many of them. In truth, had they past the River, they might have recovered the Metropolis with the other Towns: But they pursued their victory no further, being sufficiently con∣tented that they had preserved their Hair, resisting them only on the South side of the shore, and there fortifying themselves. By this means the conquering Armes of the Tartars were repressed for a whole year. But the Chinois that they might have a Head, chose Lu Regulus of the Taimin∣gian Family for their Emperour; who would not accept therof, but would be only stiled, The Restorer of the Empire. In the mean time the Tartars had sent for new forces out of Peking, with which they left nere a Stone unturned, that they might get over the River Cienthang: but all was in vain, The drooping affairs therfore of the Chinois now breathed again, nay, ha∣ving gathered together more Forces, they promised themselves greater victories. But the ambition and emulation of rulling frustrated all their hopes. For the Commanders, and Presidents which fled out of the Pro∣vince of Chekian into the Country of Fokien, carried with them one of Taiminga's Family, called Thangus; and this man they chose King in the Country of Fokien, which confines with Chekiang. This Prince preten∣ded that the King called Lu, should yeeld up his right to him, both be∣cause he had but a few Cities under him, and also because he was fur∣ther removed from the Imperial Race, than he was. But King Lu, pretended he was Proclaimed by the Army, before him, and failed not to set forth his victories over the Tartars, By which two contentions, the Tartars kept the Crown; for these two Royalets, would never yeeld to one another, nor so unite their Armies, as joyntly to represse the Tar∣tars. Since therefore this petty King Lu had onely eight Cities under his command, whose Contributions were not able to maintain the necessary pay of his Army, he never durst venture to passe over the River, but en∣deavoured only to defend himself. But the Tartars sought all means possi∣bly to get over this River, yet they durst not venture to passe in Boats, be∣cause King Lu had many ships, and good store of Artillery which he had caused to be brought from Sea. But the Tartars felicity, and prosperous fortune, overcame this difficulty: for, as it happened, that year being dryer than ordinary, this River towards the South, where it runs betwixt high Mountains, and is deprived of the flowing of the Sea, had lost much of its depth;* 1.107 and here the Tartars Horse found it passable; and because the rudenesse of those Mountains, seemed a sufficient Guard to the Coun∣try, they found no Souldiers to resist; but as soon as the Clowns espied twenty of their Horse to have passed the River, they presently advertised

the Army, and they all betook themselves to flight, King Lu himself left the City Xaoking, and not daring to trust himself to the Continent, he took Ship and failed to the Island called Cheuxan, which lies opposit to the Ci∣tie of Nimpus; where he remains to this day safe, and keeps still his Regal dignitie;* 1.108 which Island being heretofore only a retreit for Fishemen, and some Clowns, now is become a potent Kingdom; by reason that many fly from China to this King Lu, as to their sanctuary to conserve the libertie of their Hair. In this Island there are now found three score and ten Cities, with a strong and formidable Army, which hitherto hath contem∣ned all the Tartarian Power and Forces, and watch for some happy occa∣sion to advance again their Kingdom in China, But by this means, the Tar∣tars took all the Cities and Towns of the County of Chekiang into their Dominion. One only City of Kinhoa, whose President was aswel a Na∣tive of the place, as also the Commander in chief, and my very singular friend, sustained the Tartars assaults for some months. But to the end the resistance of this City should not be a hindrance to the course of their Vi∣ctories, the Tartars divided their Army into three parts. The first part mar∣ched by the City Kiucheu, and the Mountains; the second by the City Ven∣cheu, and the Sea shore,* 1.109 into the Province of F••kien; and the third obsti∣nately besieged the City of Kinhoa. At which time I by leave from the Emperour Longuvus, resided in Henxus a City subject to that of Venchen, which presently after was besieged, and taken by the Tartars, together with many other neighbouring Cities. I dwelt in a very fair house of the City Venxus, the whole Town then being in a tumult by reason of the feare and flight of most of the Citizens. Assoone as I understood of the ap∣proach of the Tartars, I fixed over the fairest gate of the house, a red paper very long and broad, with this Inscription upon it. Here dwells the Europe∣an Doctar of the Divine Law. For I had observed the China Governours when they take any journy to affixe such Inscriptions upon the houses where they happen to lodge, that all men may take notice what great per∣sons are there. Likewise at the entrance of the greater Hall, I set out my greatest and fairest-bound books: to these I added my Mathematicall In∣struments, prospectives, and other optick glasses, and what else I thought might make the greatest show; and withall I placed the picture of our Sa∣viour upon an altar erected for that purpose. By which fortunate stratagem I not ont only escaped the violence and plunder of the common Souldier, but was invited, and kindly entertained by the Tartarian Vice-Roy: Who demanded of me whether I would with a good will change my China-ha∣bit, and cut off my hair. To which I readily consented; and so he comman∣ded me to be shaven there in his presence; and I telling him, that a shaven head would not so well suite with a China-Garment, he pluk't off his own boots, and made me draw them on, put his Tartar bonnet on my head, fea∣sted me at his Table, and accommodating me with his Passe, dismissed me to my ancient quarters in the noble City Hancheu, where we had a stately Church and Colledge: In the siege of Kinlna, the Tartars by reason of great Guns which continually plaid upon them, and by the wise conduct and courage of their noble Comman∣der, suffered many and great losses; insomuch as he forced them to pitch

their Camp further from the City; But at length they also brought Ar∣tillery from the chief City of the Province, by which they made so many breaches in the Walls, as these being in a manner dismantled, they found entrance; and burned and sacked it with all imaginable Hostility. The Governour blew up himself and all his Family with a Barrel of Gunpow∣der in his own Pallace, least he, or his, should fall into the Enemies hands.

The Province of Fokien is invironed with the bordering Countries of Quamgtung, Kiansi, and Chekiang; from all which it is separated by a con∣tinuall Chain of Mountains which are in breadth of three dayes journey to passe over; and withall, so full of ragged and ruggy Clifts, and obscure Vallies, as they make the very Paths horrid, dark and obscure at Noon day. Insomuch, as without any exaggeration, they may well be parallel∣led either to the Grecian Straits of Thermopolis, or to the Asian ruggy and strait passage of Taurus. These places might have been easily defen∣ded if they had but placed a few Clowns, to repel the Enemy, or crossed the wayes by any incumbrances; but the very imagination of a Tartar was grown so terrible to them, as they fled at the very sight of their Horses; leaving therefore these Mountains wholly ungarnished, the Tartars found a passage,* 1.110 but so very painful, and full of difficulties, as they were forced to leave much of their Baggage behind them; and lost many of their Horses, in those fearfull precipices; but by this meanes they took the Province of Fokien with as much ease, as it might have been defen∣ded; for they hardly spent as much time in taking it as a man would doe to walk the extent of it. The King himself named Lunguns (which signifieth a Warlike Dragon) shewed himself a fearful Sheep, flying away with a good Army of men, if that word rightly can be applyed to a numerous multitude that had no hearts; but his flght served him for nothing; for the Tartars following him with their swift and nimble Horses,* 1.111 shot all this flock of silly Sheep to death with Arrows. It is thought the King himself was involved in this Massacre, for he never appeared, nor was heard of af∣terwards.

Now because the whole Province submitted it self voluntarily unto them without any resistance, it did not only suffer little from the Tartars, but they had many choise and select Souldiers out of it; and having thus a∣gain recruited their Army, they made another irruption into the Countrie of Quamgtung; and its worth remarking, that the other Tartarian Com∣mander, who, when the Army was divided (as I related before,) had or∣der to subdue the Mediterranean Countries,* 1.112 with the same felicity and expedition passing victorious through the Provinces of H••qua••g and Kiangsi, entred also on one side of this Countrie of Quamgtung, whilst the other came in by Fokien upon the other fide; and because the Town of Na••kiung resolved to fight it out, they consumed it all, by fire and sword. So the poor Country of Quamgtung oppressed by a double victorious Army, was quickly over-run & subdued. After this, one of these victorious Armies, enriched with all the rarities of China, was called back to Peking, but yet they left a Garrison in every City, assigning in the name of the King of Tartars both Civil and Martial Officers, for the Countries Go∣vernment.

The happie successe in taking the impregnable Province of Fokien, is attributed by wise men, (to whose judgement I also submit) to a more re∣mote and hidden cause, which I will briefly relate. There was at this time a famous and renowned Pyrat called Chinchilungus; this man was both in the Province of Fokien, of which we are treating; he first served the Portu∣ghese in Macao; then he served the Hollander in the Island called Formosa, where he was known to all strangers by the name of Iquon. After this he became a Pyrat, but being of quick and nimble wit, he grew from this small and slender fortune, to such a height and power, as he was held ei∣ther Superiour or equal to the Emperour of China;* 1.113 for he had the Trade of India in his hand; and he dealt with the Portugese in Macao; with the Spa∣niards in the Phillippins; with the Hollanders in the Island Formosa, and new Holland; with the Iaponians, and with all the Kings and Princes of the Eastern parts in all manner of rich commodities. He permitted none to transport the Wares of China but himself or his, to whom he brought back the riches and the Silver of Europe and Indies; for after he once rather extorted, than obtained pardon of the King of China for his Pyracies, he became so formidable, as that he had no lesse than three thousand Ships of which he was Lord and Master. Now was he contented with this fortune, but aspired privately to no lesse than to the Empire; But because he knew he never should be accepted of the Prefects and people, as long as there was any of the Imperial Family of the Taiminges alive, he hoped by the Tartars means to extinguish them wholly, and after this was done, then he resolved to display his Banners and Ensigns in so pious a cause, as the driving out the common Enemy from the bowels of the Kingdom; and no doubt but under this pretext, they would all have followed, helped and e∣ven adored him, as their Saviour. It was therefore evident that he had se∣cret correspondence with the Tartars; and that he favoured them for his own profit; And that which made the businesse more suspicious was, that at that time when the Tartars made their irruption into Fokien, he was then declared Lord Marshal of the Kingdom, and all the Generals, Comman∣ders and Souldiers, were either of his affinity, or wholly at his Command and Obedience. And therefore it is no wonder, if the Tartars found an ea∣sie admittance into the Country of Fokien; of which they presently made him King Pingnan, (as much as to say; Pacifier of the South) and they added many other Dignities,* 1.114 and Offices of trust, that they might more specious∣ly illude him; for either they knew his aspiring mind, or else his great po∣wer and authoritie was suspicious and formidable to them; but yet all the while that the General of the Tartars remained in Fokien, they never ex∣pressed the least diffidence in him, but both with favours, courtesies, pre∣sents and honours, they studied how further to ingage him, and promised him the Government of many more Provinces. He made himself there∣fore secure of the Government of all the Southern Provinces; but all hap∣pened quite contrary to his expectation; for when this General of the Tar∣tars, who was observed as a little King, was to depart to Peking, the cu∣stom was for all the Officers of the Kingdom to conduct him, for some part of his journy, to give him an honourable farewell; which last duty of Civility, Iquan could not handsomely avoid, nor indeed, had he any reason

to be diffident in him; so as he left his Navie in the Port of Eocheu, and accompanied the Royolet with great splendor and magnificence. But when he came to take leave, and demand Licence to return, the General of the Tartars, invited him a long to Peking, where he promised him yet greater honours from the Kings own person, to reward his Merits. He endeavour∣ed by all imaginable impediments, to excuse this journey, but nothing was accepted, he was forced, by their kindnesse, to accompany them to Peking; and so he was taken by Art, who by Arms seemed Insuperable. He is yet detained in Prison in Peking, because his Brothers and Kindred hearing of his Captivitie, presently seazed on the Fleet; with which they have much infested China, as we shall touch hereafter.

In the mean time the other Army which had passed the Mediterranean Provinces of Huquang,* 1.115 Kiansi, and Quamgtung, invaded the Country of Quangsi. But here it was that the Arms of the Tartars which hitherto were held invincible, were shewed to beweak, & where they least expected op∣position, there they found a stop to their conquests. It happened that in this Province of Quangsi the Vice-Roy, called Khiu Thomas, was a Christian; and also all the Militia of that Country was commanded by Ching Lucas, whose family for five Generations has served the Emperours of China, with as much constancy and fidelity, as they did Christ. These two having ga∣thered many together, which fled from all parts into Quangsi, after the Tartars had taken many places in the Country, overthrew the Tartarians in a set Battail; and passing into the confining Province of Quamgtung, they recovered all the Western part of it. After this, that they might have a head to fight for, and who might command and govern them in all Oc∣currences, and withall, to draw the minds and hands of the Chineses to the common defence of the Country, knowing that in the City of Queilin, which is the head City of Quangsi,* 1.116 there was one of the Taiminges Fami∣ly living, who was Nephew to the Great Vanleius, they elected him Em∣perour, and called by the name of Iungley. This Prince fixed his Imperi∣al seat in the noble City of Chatking in the Province of Quamgtung, and hitherto has fought several times with the Tartars, with good successe. And in this Princes Court, the chief Euncuh called Pang Acbilleus, is the greatest favourite, and a great Servant of Christ, whom he hath long pro∣fessed sincerely to worship, both by word and deed; for, to propagate Christianitie, he has ever maintained a mission of Jesuites about him, by whose painfull endeavours many have embraced the Faith of Christ. And amongst others the very Mother of this Emperour, his Wife, and his el∣dest Son,* 1.117 Heir of the Empire, called Constantin, did all imbrace Christia∣nity. May this Man by the praiers of all Christians prove another Constan∣tine to the Empire of China. The Emperour himself is not averse from Christianitie, but hitherto he hath defer'd his Baptism, but yet he permit∣ted his Wife to send a Father of the Society, to do homage to the Sea▪ A∣postolick, as all Europe has heard. God of his goodnesse grant him that fe∣licity, which may redound to the universal good of China, and Gods grea∣ter glory.

But it was not only in Quangsi that the Chineses began to resume their courage,* 1.118 but in the Province of Fokien also, for no sooner was the Tarta∣rian

Army called back to Peking, but a petty Heathen Priest broke out of the Mountains of Fokien, with a band of seditious fellows, and subduing the Tartarian Garrisons took the fair City of Kienning, and many others from their subjection; and others which lay lurking in the Mountaines following his example, recovered also many other Cities; about which time also the friends and Kindred of the Captive Iquon did extremely in∣fest the Sea, and making descents upon the Land, vexed the Province ex∣tremely about the Quarters of Siuencheu, and Changcheu. At this time a chief Governour of the Tartarians, Vice-roy of two Provinces was at Cheksang; who hearing of these commotions came presently by night in great haste with all the force he could make, towards the Mountains of Fokien; for he with reason feared lest they should take possession of the Passages of those places, which if they had done, the whole Province had been re-gained. But when this Vice-roy, called Changus, found the Mountains and Passages clear, & no opposition made in such difficult pla∣ces, he then proclamed himself victorious, and his enemies persidious Re∣bels: wherefore coming without resistance into the Country,* 1.119 he besieged the City Kienning, which was defended by Vangus. This Siege held some weeks, but he never could take the place by force, and therefore ha∣ving lost many of his men by assaults, he judged it best rather to block up the place afar off, than to besiege it so close and neer. But yet by this, he hindred other forces from joyning with Vangus, so that he was not strong enough to sally out upon them.

When the noyse of these commotions came to Peking, the Emperour presently sent a new supply to appease these tumults; and this fresh Army comming to joyn with the other,* 1.120 brought the City to great streights; but yet they could not win it, til at length they found means by a rare inventi∣on to transport their Canons over the Mountains upon Porters Shoulders, by which means they dismantled the Town, and put all whatsoever to the Sword, to the number of thirty thousand persons, as my own friends writ unto me; and not content with this, they set fire on the Town, and brought it all to ashes, by which means, the stately Church erected by the Christians for the service of God, was also consumed by that de∣vouring flame; yet the Priests that served in that Church got out miracu∣lously as Lot did out of Sodom; which name was appropriated to this Ci∣ty, by reason of that infamous vice. This City being taken, it was no hard matter to recover the Countrie; for some fled to save themselves in the Mountains, others ran to the Sea, and so when this new Army had pacified all, they were called back to Peking; where it is not amisse to ob∣serve the policy which the Tartars use in the Government and ordering of their Army: They are ever calling back some, and sending out others; in which proceeding they aim at two things; first to keep the Countries in awe and subjection, by seeing variety of Troops continually passing up and down; and secondly, to provide for the poorer sort of Souldiers; for the wealthy Souldier is called back to recreat, and ease labours, and the poor Souldier seeing his Companion grown rich, takes heart and courage to run the same course upon hopes of the like good fortune.

Yet for all these preventions and cautions, their Empire was not so

established, but by frequent rebellions it was often indangered; and parti∣cularly by one Rebellion, which now I will relate, which shaked shrewd∣ly the foundations of the new Empire. The Kingdome of China is of so vast an extent,* 1.121 as it is a businesse of main importance, to distribute judici∣ously the Armies and Garrisons. Now because the Tartars alone cannot suffice to furnish both, they are forced to use the help of the Chineses themselves, although they have a speciall care never to leave or place ei∣ther Commander or Souldier, who is a Native, in the same Country; yet this care could not exempt them from several Treasons, and Rebellions; though they distribute & order their Militia, with great circumspection; for the chief Commander or Governour resides in the Metropolitan Ci∣ty, whom all inferiour Officers obey. This man maintaines alwayes a compleat Army, which he commands to march, when he hears of any risings. Every City has also their own proper Governour, with a compe∣tent number of Souldiers, but those for the most part are Tartars, and these are Chines. But all this Politicall, and well-established Government could not defend them from Traitors amongst themselves. The first man that did revolt from them was one Kinus Governour of the Province of Kiangsi,* 1.122 This man was born in Leaotung, and because it is a Country that borders upon Tartary, the King commonly most confides in the Natives of that Province. It happened I know not how, that this Governour, by rea∣son of some corruptions, and Avarice of the Visitor of the Country, had some contests with him, which grew by little and little to a secret hatred;* 1.123 and although they both dissembled their private malice, as usually they do in China, yet at length the flame broke out to the ruin of the Country; for being the one was Governour of the Armes, and the other of Justice, there was a necessity of often meetings, & feastings also. It happened once that whilst they were feasted with a sumptuous Banquet, they were also entertained by a pleasant Comedy; in which the Actors were attired with the habits of China, which were more comely and fairer than those which the Tartars use; upon which occasion Kinus turning himself to the Visitor said, Is not this habit better, & graver than ours? This innocent speech was interpreted by his corrival Judge, as if he had contemned the Edict about changing of Habits, and expressed too much love to the Chines Garments, before those of the Tartars; and of this he sent an Expresse to advertise the Emperour.

But the Governour Kinus, had corrupted a Secretary, which served the Lord Chief Justice; who gave him intelligence of all that passed in word or deed in his Masters House. And as soon as he had notice that this Letter was sent to the Court, he presently dispatched those, who inter∣cepted the Packet; which the Governour having read, went presently armed to the Judges Palace, whom he suddenly killed. Then presently he with the whole Province revolted from the Tartars, and with the great ap∣plause of all the Chineses, he submitted himself to Iungley the new elected Emperour. One only City called Cancheu, which was governed by an in∣corrupted Tartar, refused to submit; which was the whole, and only cause, that the Tartars did recover the two Provinces Kiansi and Quamtung; both which Provinces revolted at the same time with their Commanders, and

both submitted also to the new elected Emperour.* 1.124 ••ihuzus was Gover∣nour of Quamgtung at that time, who resolved to joyn his Forces with Ki∣nus, and so to cast the Tartars out of the Empire; which it is believed they might have effected, if the Governour of Cancheu, which is the Key and entrance into four Provinces, had not cunnigly undermined all their de∣signes and intentions. But this man hearing that Lihuzus had revolted, and marched to joyn his Army with Kinus, dispatched to him this deceitfull Letter,* 1.125 I have not hitherto submitted to Kinus, because I knew his forces were not equal, nor able to resist the Tartars: But seeing thou, most renowned and valiant Captain, beginnest also to march against them, my hopes concerning them are at end, I am thine, and imbrace thy cause; whensoever thou shalt come, or send, I will render my City to thee or thine. But in the mean time he sent to all the Governours in Fokien, to send him secretly all the possible succour they could raise altogether. Lihuzus having received the Letter marched to∣wards him, cheerfully, and confidently; But though he found the Gates of the City open, yet he was furiously repelled by the Tartarians oppositi∣on; which unexpected accident so astonished his Souldiers, as many of them perished, and amongst the rest it is thought himself was killed, for he was never heard of after.

This reverse and crosse fortune did much disturb the progresse of the Emperour Iangley's affairs; though Kinus in the mean time had many sin∣gular victories over the Tartars; for when the chief Governour of all the Western parts of China, who had placed his chief Seat in Nanking, had gathered great Forces to represse his aspiring mind, yet he was severall times routed & overthrowne by him; and if Kinus had pursued the course of his victories, he might have come to the very Walls of Nanking; but he was sollicitous of the City of Cancheu, which obliged him to a retreit; for neither was it safe for him to leave an enemy behind him, nor could be receive victuals from the Emperour Iungley, but by Cancheu, which is the natural descent of the River; and therefore when he heard of Lihuzu's de∣feat, he presently besieged that City with his whole Army; But whilst he was besieging this City, there came, unfortunately, a new Army of Tartars from the Imperiall City of Peking, which had order to recover this Pro∣vince of Kiangsi; and therefore Kinus was forced to raise his Siege to op∣pose their entrance by the Northern parts of the Country; And at first ha∣ving a vast Army, and used to the Tartarian warfare, he fought both va∣liantly and happily; but not being able to sustain any longer their redou∣bled violent assaults,* 1.126 he was forced to retire for his security to Nanchang, the chief City of that Country; which City the Tartars durst not venture to take by force, but resolved to reduce it by a long Siege; for which end they gathered together a Company of Country Clowns to make a large and spacious Trench round about the City to the River, and there they placed Ships, so as no Provision could possibly enter. This City of Nan∣chang is great and extremely full of inhabitants, besides the multitude of Souldiers which defended it at that time; so as although Kinus had made great Provision for a Siege, yet after some moneths he came to great want and pennury; and yet he held it out though many dyed, expecting stil some succours from the Emperour Iungley, which could not be sent; because

the Souldiers of Quamgtung could never subdue the City of Chancheu, by which his succour was to passe; wherefore Kinus being brought to great extremity, expressed his mind to his Souldiers in these words, There is no further hope, (my faithful Companions) but in our own valour and strength, we must force our way through the Tartarian Army by dint of Sword; be couragi∣ous, and follow my example.* 1.127 And having ordered all affairs, he suddainly made a Sally out of the Town upon their Trenches; where, though he found a vigorous opposition, yet, with great difficulty, he passed and for∣ced their Trenches, by which means he saved himself and his Army, ha∣ving killed many Tartars; for it is constantly reported that Kinus with a good part of his Army lives in the Mountains, expecting there some good occasion to renew the War.

He being thus escaped,* 1.128 the Tartars pillaged the City, and put all the Citizens to the sword; for it is the Tartars custom to spare all Cities which submit to them; and to those which have made resistance before they be taken, they are more cruell; but they never spare or pardon those Cities which revolt after they have once been taken. In this Slaughter they killed the two Priests which there assisted the Christians; and their ancient and fair Church was burned in the City. After this, the Tartars easily recover∣ed the whole Country, and having appeased all, and left new Garisons in all places, the Army returned victorious to the Royal City of Peking. In the mean time this Court prepared new Armies to reduce Quamgtung with the other Provinces which acknowledged Iungley for the Emperour of China; for the Tutor to the young King of Tartary, finding the defections and rebellions in the Southern parts to be very frequent, resolved to give those Quarters over to some Tributary Royolets,* 1.129 the better to contain those Countries in their duties; wherefore in the year MDCXLIX. he sent three Armies, consisting partly of Tartars, and partly of Chineses, under three Tributary Princes, to govern these Provinces with absolute power and Dominion; one of these was King of Fokien, another of Quamgtung, and the third of the Province of Quangsi; but with this condition, that first, of all they should joyn their Forces to recover the Country of Quamgtung, and drive away the Emperour Iungley. But we shall say more of this here∣after; now having seen the Rebellions of the South, let us look a little back on the Rebellions in the North against the Tartars also.

In these Northern parts the Chineses shewed their desire of Liberty as much as they had done in the South; where the Commanders though o∣verthrown, yet not taken, retired into the abrupt and precipitious Moun∣tains, where they held Counsel, how they might shake off the Tartars Do∣minion; three of these heads inhabited the thickest and highest places of that mountanous Country;* 1.130 the chiefest of whom was called Hous; this man being strong in men, invited the rest to joyn with him, to deliver his Country from this miserable thraldome; one of them consented, the o∣ther could not come, but sent him two thousand men to assist him; so as Ho∣us marched out with five and twenty thousand men; which was no con∣temptible Army if they had been as couragious, as numerous: He put out a Proclamation, in which he challenged the Tartars, and threatened them all extremities; and to the Chineses, he promised all liberty and freedom;

and upon these hopes, many Towns and Cities admitted him very willing∣ly. Sigan, the Metropolitan of the Country, was the only place able to re∣sist him, having within its Walls three thousand Tartars, and two thou∣sand selected men of China, who served the Tartar. The Governour of this Town hearing of Hous his motion, gathered all things necessary for a long Siege, till a new supply of Tartarian Forces could be sent him. But when be heard that all the Towns and Cities in the Country did voluntarily submit themselves to Hous,* 1.131 to prevent the like effect in this City, he resol∣ved to murder all the Citizens most barbarously; nor would he ever be re∣moved from this unhumane sentence, till the Vice-Roy commanding and perswading, and the Citizens promising all faithfull service, at length he changed this Tyrannical Counsel. But he commanded under pain of death, that the Chineses, who loved so much their Hair, that they only cut a little of it away, about their Temples, should hereafter shave it off wholly and totally, that so he might distinguish the Citizens from any others, if per∣chance they entred: he ordained besides, that if any spoke more than two together, they should all be presently killed; he forbad all men to walk up∣on the Walls, or to walk in the streets by night, or to keep a fire or candle in his house by night; and finally disarmed all, declaring it death to in••••inge any of these orders.

These things being thus ordered,* 1.132 he sent out some Scoots to discover the enemies strength, who were partly killed, and partly came flying back to the City; but this Tartarian Governour, as well to make an oftentation of his strength, as of his security, commanded the City Gates to be left open, nor would he permit the Draw. Bridge to be raised or pulled up, to shew he feared nothing. But for all this, the Commander Hous besieges this Ci∣ty afar off, (which was three leagues compasse,) out of the reach of their Artillery; and to the end he might make a shew of greater forces than in∣deed he had, he joyned to his Army a company of dull headed Clowns, by which means he made up a body of thirty thousand men. The Gover∣nour of the City seeing such an Army, as appeared, believed them all to be Souldiers, and lest his Citizens should joyn with them, he thought again of cutting all their throats; but his friends ever diver••ed him from this outragious cruelty; and it diverted him from such horrid projects, when he walking upon the Walls, saw the Chineses under his colours fight so valiantly against Hous; for when he saw this, he used to cry out in their Language, Hoo Manzu, (as much as to say) O good Barbarians; for so the Tartars call the Chinaes, as conquering Nations use to expose the conquer∣ed to scorn and derision; and he crowned this scoff with these words, Mauzaxa Manz••, as much as to say, Let the barbarous kill the barbarous; and when they returned victorious, he did not onely praise them, but gave them Mony, and other precious rewards, which were exposed to publick view upon the Walls, to animate them to high and generous exploits; so as Hous finding no Body stir in the City, as he expected, could do nothing; besides, there came new succours to the Tartarian Army, which when Ho•••• understood by his spies, he presently retired. But yet this flight did not serve his turn, nor could he wholly escape the Tartars hands, for the Horse∣men pursuing them, fell upon the Rear, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 many, c••••rying away

great store of Riches, which the Commander distributed in such propor∣tion, as he gave most to such as were wounded; what became of Hous af∣ter this action, is unknown, and therefore I conclude, that these Northern revolts produced no other effect, but the spoyl, Rapin and Plunder of all those Quarters, as it had produced the like, in the Southern parts. The Tartars having happily overcome all difficulties hitherto, fell into another by their own insolency;* 1.133 from the year MDCXLIX. the Emperour of the Tartars, being now grown up to mans Estate, desired to Marry the Daughter of the King of Tayngu, who is Prince of the Western Tartars, hoping by this match, to conserve the friendship of him, whose Forces he feared; for this end he sent his uncle to him, who was King of Punang. This Prince passed by the impregnable City of Tartung; which as it is the last City towards the North, so also it is the Key and Bulwark of the Pro∣vince of Xansi against the irruption of the Western Tartars, for it commands all the Souldiers which keep the many Fortifications of those Quarters, where a fair Level down extending it self beyond that famous. Wall, I mentioned heretofore, gives a fit occasion for the incursion of the Tartars. The Women of this City are held the most beautifull of all China; and therefore it happened, that some of the Embassadours followers did ravish some of them; and also carried away by a Rape, a Person of quality, as she was carried home to her Spouse, which was a thing never heard of here∣tofore amongst the Chines••s. The people had recourse for these injuries to Kiangus, who governed those Quarters for the Tartars; who hearing of this grosse abuse, sent to that petty Prince Pauang, to demand the new Married Lady to be restored, and to desire him to prevent future disorders in that nature; but he gave a very slight Ear to such complaints; and there∣fore Kiangus himself went unto him, who was not only slighted, but even cast out of the Palace.* 1.134 His anger was quickly turned into rage; which made him resolve to revenge that injury by the Tartars bloud; he therefore Musters up his Souldiers, and presently falls on the Tartars, kils all he could encounter; the Embassadour himself being let down by the Walls of the Town, hardly escaped by swift 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Then Kiangus displayed a Ban∣ner, wherein he declared himself a Subject to the Empire of China, but na∣med no Emperour in particular, because perchance he had heard nothing of the Emperour Iung••••y, by reason of so vast a distance. But, however, he invited all the Chineses to the defence of their Country,* 1.135 and to expell the Tartars; and many Captains as well as Souldiers, came into him•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 even the very Western Tartars against whom he had ever both Arms, be∣ing promised great rewards, sent him the Forces which he demanded. This accident extremely troubled the Court; for they knew well that the We∣stern Tartars did both aspire to the Empire of China, and also were envi∣ous at their prosperous course of fortune; they also knew that they were more abundant in Men and Horses than they were; for from hence it is they bought all their best Horses, and they feared that now they should have no more; and therefore they resolved to send presently a good strong Ar| my against him, before he should gather a greater strength. But 〈◊〉〈◊〉 who was as crafty as valiant, and one who by long experience knew how to deal with the Tartars, first feigned to fly with his Army; But in the 〈◊〉〈◊〉

he placed very many Carts and Wagons, which were all covered very carefully as if they had carried the richest Treasures they possessed, but in real truth they carried nothing but many great, and lesser, pieces of Artil∣lery, with their mouths turned upon the Enemie: all which the Tartars perceiving, presently pursue; they fight without any order, and fall upon the prey with great Aviditie; but those that accompanied the Wagons, firing the Artillery,* 1.136 took off the greatest part of the Army; and withall, Kiangus wheeling about, came up upon them, and made a strange carnage amongst them; and after this he shewed himself no lesse admirable in Stra∣tagems than in fortitude and courage; when he fought a set pitched Field, with a new recruited Army of the Tartars, in which he obtained so noble, and renowned a victory, that he filled all the Court at Peking with fear and trembling; for by this means victorious Kiangus had gathered so vast an army, as he counted no lesse than a hundred and fortie thousand Horse, and foure hundred thousand foot, all men having recourse to him, to defend their Country against the Tartarian army; and therefore Amavangus, Tutor to the Emperour, thinking it not fit to commit this businesse to any other, resolved himself to go against Kiangus, and trie the last turne of for∣tune for the Tartars;* 1.137 he therefore drew out all the eight Colours, that is, the whole Forces that were then in Peking; for under these eight colours are comprehended all the Forces of the Kingdom of China, whether they be Natives or Tartars; the first of which is White, called the Imperial Ban∣ner; the second is Red; the third is Black; the fourth is Yellow; and these three last are governed and commanded by the Uncle of the Emperour, but the first is immediatly subject to the Emperour; of these four colours by several mixtures, they frame four more, so as every Souldier knows his own colours, and to what part of the City to repair, where they have ever their Arms and Horses ready for any expedition;* 1.138 so as in one half hour they all are ready; for they blow a Horn just in the fashion of that, which we appropriate usually to our Tritons, and by the manner of winding it, they presently know, what Companies and Captains must march, so as they are ready in a moment to follow their Ensign, which a Horse-man carries tied behind him, though commonly none but the Commander and En∣sign knows whither they go: this profound secrecy in their exercise of War, has often astonished the Chineses: for many times, when they thought to oppose them in one part, they presently heard they were in another Quarter: and it is no wonder they are so quick, for they never carrie with them any Baggage, nor do they take care for Provision: for they feed them∣selves with what they finde, yet commonly they eat Flesh, though half rosted, or half boyled; if they find none, then they devour their Horses, or Camels: but ever when they have leasure, they go a hunting all manner of wild Beasts, either by some excellent Dogs and Vultures, which they bring up for that end,* 1.139 or else by incompassing a whole Mountain, or large Field, they beat up all the wild Beasts into a circle, and drive them into so narrow a compasse, as that they can take as many as they please, and dis∣misse the rest. The earth covered with their Horse-cloath is their Bed, for they care not for Houses, and Chambers; but if they be forced to dwell in Houses, their Horses must lodge with them, and they must have many

holes beaten in the Walls; but yet their Tents are most beautiful, which they fix and remove with such Art and dexterity, as they never retard the speedy march of an Army. Thus the Tartars train their Souldiers to hard∣nesse for War.

Out of all these Ensignes Amavangus chose the choicest men to accom∣pany his person. And besides, he took part of those which he had depu∣ted to follow the three Royalets which he dispatched to the South, order∣ing them to take as many out of the severall Garrisons through which they passed, as might supply this defect. But although Amavangus had so gallant, and such a flourishing Army, yet he never durst give Battail to Kiangus, lest he might seem to expose the whole Empire of the Tartars to the fortune of one Battail;* 1.140 So that although Kiangus did frequently offer him Battail; yet he ever refused to fight, expecting still to hear what re∣ply the Western Tartars would make to his Proposition of his Nephews Marriage; for he had sent a Legate to that Tartarian King with pretious gifts, as well to demand his Daughter for the Emperour of China, as to desire him to afford no succour to the Rebel Kiangus: The precious gifts of Gold, of Silk, of Silver, and of Women, obtained whatsoever he de∣manded; and therefore Kiangus seeing himself deserted of the Tartars, that he might provide as well as he could for his own affairs, returned to the City Taitung, of which he soon repented himself, when it was too late; for Amavangus calling in an innumerable number of Pezants, in the space of three dayes, with an incredible diligence, cast up a Trench of ten Leagues compasse, which he so fortified with Bulwarks and Ramparts, that in a trice he blocked up that City. Then did Kiangus see his errour in granting them leasure to draw their Trench, which he knew would debar him from all manner of Provision. And therefore being enraged with anger, as he was a man full of mettal, and a great Souldier, turning him∣self to his Souldiers, he said, If I must dye, I had rather dye by the Sword, than by Famine; and upon this marched out presently to the Enemies Trench with his whole Army. Here it was that both the parties fought most ob∣stinately, the one to seek his Passage, the other to hinder his Advance; so as the fortune was various, and the victory doubtfull, untill an unlucky Arrow transpier••'d Kiangus;* 1.141 and in him all the hope of China perished. His Souldiers seeing him dead, partly ran away, and partly submitted to the Tartars, who received them with all courtesie and humanity; for they had cause enough of joy, to see they had escaped the danger of losing the Empire, and that they had conquered so formidable a Commander. But yet they Plundered the City Taitung, and burned the City of Pucheu, where the Church of the Christians also perished. From hence the Tartars returned to Peking, where I saw them enter overladen with Riches and triumphant Laurels; But Amavangus pursued his journey to the Western Tartars; where he ratified his Nephew Xunchius his Marriage, and brought back with him an infinite Company of Horse from the Tartars of the Kingdome of Tanya.* 1.142

In the mean time, the three Royalets which went to the Southern Kingdomes, to pacifie those unquiet Provinces, tooke their journey by the descent of the River Guel; and when they passed through that Pro∣vince,

which the Emperour had given the Tartars to inhabit, and culti∣vate, after he had expelled the Chineses for their Rebellion, most of these Pezants, being wholly ignorant of tilling and manuring the ground, as ha∣ving never been used to mannage a Spade or a Plough, but their Swords; these men, I say, desired earnestly these Princes, that they might accom∣pany them in these Wars, and in their expeditions; Two of these Princes rejected their Petitions; but the third called Kengus without any consent or order from the Emperour, listed them amongst his own Troups; up∣on which they joyfully changed their rustical instruments into weapons for war; when the Emperour heard of this proceeding, he sent word to Ken∣gus to dismiss them; but he pretended various excuses, and did neglect the Emperours orders. He therfore commanded the supreme Governour of all the Southern Quarters who resides ever at Nanking either to take Kengus a∣live, or cause him to be slaine. He presently cast about how to compasse the Emperours command with all secrecy, & received the three Royolets with all sorts of divertisements, of Comedies, Banquets, & the like pleasures, as if he had received no distastful order from the Emperour. And when the day was come that they resolved to prosecute their journey by the great Ri∣ver of Kiang, the said Governour contrived his businesse so, as he met them again in the River, and under pretence of taking his last farewell, he entertained them nobly with a Royal feast, and in as Royall a Junck; which in China are so magnificent, as they resemble rather some gilded Palaces than floating Vessels. In this Princely Ship he entertained these Princes in all jollity and mirth, untill their Army had advanced a good way before, and then he declared to Kengus the Emperours order; who presently promised all submission, and to returne to Nanking with him, if he would onely permit him to go to his Ship, which expected him in the River, to order some little affairs of his own; which being granted, he no sooner got into his Ship,* 1.143 but, knowing he could not avoid death by ano∣ther mans hand, he chose rather to be his own executioner; and so hang∣ed himself. Yet for all this, the supreme Governour in the Emperours name, granted to this Mans Son the same Dignity and Province which had been conferred upon the Father; and thus the three Royolets joyning again, having passed Nanking and Kiangsi, came at length into the Pro∣vince of Quamtung, to carry on the War against the Emperour Iung∣ley; and at their first entrance, they took many Cities, which durst not op∣pose the strength of their Armies; onely, the City of Quangcheu resolved to try its fortune and strength.

This City of Quangcheu is a most rich and beautiful place, environed with large waters; only the Northern Gate joines to the Continent, on all other sides it is entrable only by boate. In this Town was the Son of the Captive Iquon whom I mentioned before; besides, there was a strong Garrison to defend it, and amongst others many fugitives from Macao, who were content to serve the Emperour Iungly for great stipends; and by reason the Tartars had neither Ships, nor skill to govern them, and that the Town had both the one and the other, it is no wonder if they endu∣red almost a whole years Siege, having the Sea open for their relief; the Tartars made many assaults, in which they lost many men, and were ever

beaten back, and vigorously repelled. This courage of theirs, made the Tartars fall upon a resolution of beating down the Town Walls, with their great Cannon, which had such effect, as in fine they took it the 24. of November MDCL. and because it was remarked that they gave to one of the Prefects of the Town, the same Office he had before, it was suspected it was delivered by Treason.* 1.144 The next day after, they began to Plunder the City, and the sackage endured from the 24. of November till the 5. of December, in which they neither spared Man, Woman or Child; but all whosoever came in their way were cruelly put to the Sword; nor was there heard any other Speech; But, Kill, kill these barbarous Rebels; yet they spared some Artificers to conserve the necessary Arts, as also some strong and lusty men, such as they saw able to carry away the Pillage of the City; but finally the 6 day of December came out an Edict, which for∣bad all further vexation, after they had killed a hundred thousand men, besides all those that perished severall wayes during the Siege. After this bloody Tragedy, all the Neighbouring Provinces sent voluntarily their Legates to submit, demanding mercy, which they obtained by the many rich presents which were offered. After this the Royalet marched with his Army, against the City Chaoking, where the Emperour Iungley held his Court; but he knowing himself far inferiour in Forces, and unable to resist, fled away with his whole Army and Family, leaving the City to the Tartars mercy.* 1.145 But whither this Emperour fled, is yet whol∣ly unknown to me, for at this time I took Shipping in Fokien to the Philip∣pines, and from thence I was commanded to go for Europe, by those whom I must not disobey. But I make no doubt, but the Emperour retired into the adjoyning Province called Quangsi.

Now to give the Reader a little touch how the Tartars stand affected to Christianity; in the Metropolitan City of Quangcheu, which (as I now related) was utterly destroyed, we had a stately Church, and there was a venerable person, who had the care and superintendency of all the Christians,* 1.146 whose name was Alvarus Semedo a Jesuit; this Man they took & tyed hand & foot for many dayes, and threatned to kil him every houre, unlesse he would deliver the Christians Treasures; but the poor man had no Treasure to produce; so as he suffered much, till at length the King heating of his case, took pitty of his venerable gray Heirs and comely Person, and gave him not onely his life and liberty,* 1.147 but a Bible, and a Breviary, together with a good summe of Money for an Almes; and finally a House to build a Church for Christians; and this is lesse to be wondred at from him, be∣cause heretofore he had been a Souldier under that famous Sun Ig∣natius, whom I mentioned before, where he knew what belonged to Christianity, and also had seen the Jesuits in his Camp, from whence he fled to the Tartars. Nor is it onely this Tartar that favours us Christians, but in a manner all the rest do love, honour, and esteem those Fathers, and many have imbraced our Religion, nor do we doubt but many more would follow their example, if we could enter Tartary, as now it is pro∣jecting, where doubtlesse many great things may be performed, for the reducing of that Nation to the Faith of Christ; and perchance God has opened a way to the Tartars to enter China, to give Christianity a passage

into Tartary, which hitherto to us hath been unknown and inaccessible.

About this time also they made War against the Kingdome of corea; who of late years became also Tributary to the Tartars, upon condition that they should still conserve their Hair and Habits:* 1.148 but now the Tartars would needs constrain them to conform themselves to the Tartarian fashi∣on; and therefore all that Kingdome revolted from the Tartars; but my departure hindred me from knowing since what has passed.

But all these glorious victories were much eclipsed, by the sorrowfull death of Amavangus,* 1.149 which happened in the beginining of the year MDCLI. He was a Man to whom the Tartars owe their Empire in China, and such an one as whom both Tartars and Chineses loved and feared, for his prudence, Justice, humanity, and skill in Martial affairs. The death of this Potentate did much trouble the Court; for the Brother to this Man called Quingtus, would needs pretend to the Government of the Empire, and of the young Emperour Xunchius; but both the Tartars & the Chineses resisted his claime, alledging, that, being of sixteen year old, he was able to govern the Kingdom himself; & in conformity to this opinion, all the Pre∣sidents deposed the Ensignes of their Offices, refusing ever to receive them from any, but from the young installed Emperour Xunchius. To which Constancy the King Kuintus, Uncle to the Emperour, prudently yeelded, lest he should exasperate the minds of many, and raise greater troubles in the Empire.

But I cannot doubt, but the death of Amavangus, must needs endanger the Tartarian Empire, and bring all their affairs into great disturbance; for they will hardly find a Man so beloved, feared, and expert in all Military Discipline and Government as he in effect shewed himself to be; but time wil teach us, what will become of all, for since his death we have no certainty of any relation.

Now let us turne the threed of our discourse as I promised here a∣bove, and consider the fortune and success of the other Great Brigand, ca∣led Changhienchungus, to let the Reader understand how the Tartars did invade, not onely the Mediterranean and Oriental parts, but also the Occi∣dental Quarters of that vast Kingdome.

But before I begin to speak of this monster of nature, I must ingenious∣ly confess,* 1.150 I am both ashamed, and also touched with a kind of horrour, to declare his villanies, both in respect they seem to exceed all belief, and therefore I may perchance be held to write Fables; as also because it is no grateful thing to make reflections on such Subjects; yet I may sincerely pro∣test, that I have in my hands a long relation of all his Acts, written by two Religious persons, who were then in the Province of Suchuen to exercise their Functions, which Country was the Theater of all his Brutalities, which I shall relate; and because I judge these two persons to be of an in∣corrupted Faith, I judge therefore that a mortal Man might arrive to this pitch of wickedness and inhumane Cruelty. I therefore gathered out of that relation, what I here relate; which is nothing else but a vast Masse of such abominable Cruelty, as I doubt not even the most mildest Reader wil take the Authour to be no Man but some horrid wild Beast, or rather, if no more execrable name occurres, some Devill trans••vested in our humane Nature.

This monster, like a wild Bear, entred into divers Provinces, filling all with Rapin, Death, Fire and Sword, with all other imaginable miseries; for he had a mind to destroy all, that so he might have no enemies, or leave any alive that might revolt from him, but only content himself with his own Souldiers; and oftentimes he spared not these. But the Province of Suchuen, where he usurped the Title of a King was the chief Theater of his barbarous crueltie; for after he had afflicted and vexed the Provinces of Huquang and Honan, and part of that of Nanking and Kiangsi, he entred the Province of Suchuen in the year MDCXLIV. and having taken the principal Citie called Chingtu, in the heat of his fury he killed a King of the Taimingian Race, which here had established his Court; as he hath done also to seven other Grandees of the same family. These were the Preludes of the Tragical Acts,* 1.151 whose Sences I go about briefly to describe, that so Europe may see, what a horrid and execrable thing an unbridled and armed crueltie appears to be, when it furiously rageth in the darknesse of Infi∣delitie.

This Brigand had certain violent and suddain motions of furious cruel∣tie, and maxims drawn from the very bowels of vengeance its self; for if he were never so little offended by another, or suspected another to be offended with him, he presently commanded such to be massacred; and having nothing in his mouth but murder and death, he often for one single Mans fault destroy'd all the Family, respecting neither Children, nor Wo∣men with Child; nay many times he cut off the whole Street where the offender dwelled,* 1.152 involving in the Slaughter, as well the innocents as no∣cents. It happened once he sent a man post into the Country of Xensi, who being glad he was got out of the Tyrants hands, would not return; to re∣venge this imaginary injury, he destroyed all the Quarter of the Citie in which he dwelt, and thought he much bridled his fiercenesse, that he did not wholly extinguish all the Citie. To this I adde another unhumane Act, about his hangman, whom it seems he loved above the rest, because he was crueller; this man dying of a disease, he caused the Physician who had given him Physick to be killed; and not content with this, he Sacri∣ficed one hundred more of that Profession to the Ghost of his deceased Officer.

He was affable and sweet towards his Souldiers; he plaied, banquetted, and feasted with them, conversing familiarly with them; and when they had performed any Militarie Action, with honour and valour, he gave them precious gifts of Silks and Monies; but yet many times he comman∣ded some of them to be cruelly put to death before him upon very small cause, especially such as were of the Province of Suchuen where he raigned; (whom he intirely hated, because he thought they did not rejoyce in his Royal dignitie.) Insomuch as he hardly ever did any publick Action, which though it began like a Comedie, yet had not in fine, the sad Catastrophe of a Tragedie;* 1.153 for if, walking out, he did but espie a Souldier ill clad, or whose manner of Gate or walking was not so vigorous or Masculine as he desired, he presently commanded him to be killed. He once gave a Soul∣dier a piece of Silk, who complained to his fellows of the poornesse of the piece, and being over-heard by a spie, (of which he had a great number)

who presently acquainted him with what was said, he presently comman∣ded him, and this whole Legion which were of two thousand men, to be all Massacred.

He had in his Royal Citie some six hundred Prefects, or Judges, and men belonging to the Law,* 1.154 such as managed the principal Offices; and in three years space there was hardly twentie left, having put all the rest to se∣veral deaths for very slight causes; He caused a Sergeant Major which the Chineses call Pingpu, to be flea'd alive, for having granted leave to a China Philosopher, without special order, to retire a little to his Country House. And whereas he had five hundred Eunuchs taken from the Princes of the Taimingean Family, after he had put their Lords to death; he commanded all these to be cruelly put to death; onely because one of them had presu∣med to stile him,* 1.155 not by the Title of a King, but by the bare name of Changhienchungus, as if he then were no Theef.

Nor did he spare the Heathenish Priests, who sacrificed to their Idols. These sort of men, before he came into this Country, having feignd many crimes against the Priests, which preached the Faith of Christ, had raised a bitter persecution against them; which God of his goodnesse did turn so much to their good, as they had permission to teach and preach publickly the Law of Christ. But after this Tyran•• came into the Countrie, the chief of these Heathenish Priests was apprehended for some words let fall against him, and in the presence of the Fathers, who by accident were then at audience with the Tyrant, he was beheaded; And although they had learned of Christ to do good for evill, yet knowing the phrenetical anger and fury of this monster, who used to punish those that interceded, with the punishment of the offender, they durst not make any motion for the least favour. It is true, this cruel Beast loved these Fathers, and would of∣ten converse with them, whom he experienced wise and learned, and he would often call them to the Palace to entertain him in discourse; but they knowing well his precipitous anger, went ever prepared for, and expect∣ing death; and indeed they were thrice deputed to death; and a fourth time escaped also by Gods particular providence, as we shall relate in time and place. But he was not contented with the death of one of these same Hea∣thenish Priests, but having got together about twentie thousand of the same profession, he sent them all to hell, to visit their Masters whom they had served. And then he would applaud himself, as if he had done a ve∣ry Heroical Action, saying to them, These men would have taken away your lives;* 1.156 but Thiencheu, so they call God, which signifies the Lord of Heaven, has sent me to revenge your cause, & inflict due punishment upon these wretches. He would often confer also with the Fathers of Christian Religion, and that so properly, as a man would take him for a Christian. He praised, and highly extolled the Religion of Christians, which he well understood, partly by the conferences which he frequently had with the Fathers, and partly by reading their books, which for the Instruction of Christians they had writ in the China language; & hath often promised to build a Church to the God of Christians, worthy of his magnificence, when he once came to be Emperour of China; and indeed all the works he erected were ver•• splendid and magnificent; but he polluted them all with the blood of the

Workmen; for if he found they had but committed the least errour, or the least imperfection, he presently put them to death upon the place.

On the North part of the Country of Suchuen, where it confines with the Province of Xensi, lies the strong City called Nanchung, which though it be seated in the County of Xensi,* 1.157 yet in respect, it is both so strong and of so great an extent, it is held to be the Key of both the two Provinces. The Tyrant endeavoured by all industry to make himself Master of this important place, as being a convenient passage to the rest; wherefore in the year MDCXLV. he levied a vast Army, consisting of one hundred and fourscore thousand men, all Natives of the Countie of Suchuen, be∣sides those of his own, which had alwaies followed him. He sent before this numerous Army, which besieged the Town a long time, but found so rigorous resistance, that they began to be weary, and about fourtie thou∣sand of those Souldiers of Suchuen revolted to the Prefects which govern∣ed the be-leagured Citie; by which means the Army was constrained to return to the Tyrant, without any memorable Action: and he being en••a∣ged with anger to see them retire, commanded all the rest of the Souldiers of the Province of Suchuen, (which were in number one hundred and four∣tie thousand,)* 1.158 to be all massacred by the rest of the Army. This horrible Butchery lasted four daies; in which slaughter he commanded many of them to have their skins pulled off, which he filling with straw, and sowing on the head, commanded to be carried publickly and visibly into the Towns where they were born, so to strike more terrour into the hearts of the inhabitants; and after all this, yet he had such a malitious hatred against this Country, that he never ceased to vex and torment it, even when it was in a manner left desolate. Many unexpert persons, without head or guide, did take Arms against him, but he quickly dispersed them, being wholly unexperienced in Military Discipline; others that were wiser, leaving the City, retired into the Mountains, which were in a manner the onely men who escaped his fury.

After this he called all the Students of the Country to be examined for their degrees, promising to give those honours, to whomsoever should deserve them best; and the Chineses are so bewitched with the desire of these dignities,* 1.159 that they did not conceive the perfidious Stratagem of the Tyrant. There appeared therefore in the publick Hall deputed for that Ceremony about eighteen thousand persons; all which he comman∣ded his Souldiers to massacre most barbarously, saying; These were the people who by their cavilling sophisms, sollicited the people to rebellions.

I have a horrour to relate so many unhumane slaughters, and yet I see my self over-whelmed with new ones; for what an addition is it to all his related barbarities, to tell you, That he never spared Children, Boys, nor Girls, no nor M••trons with Child, and ready to lye down? what an excess of all inhumanity to take the Prefects Wives;* 1.160 when their Husbands were condemned, but yet alive, and to expose these Women to all kind of vil∣lanies; and then to kill them? This was so resented by many, as they rather chose to kill themselves, than to undergoe so infamous and publick an opprobry to their honesty. I forbear to relate more of such detestable and execrable examples, lest I offend the ears and minds of the Reader by such abominations.

Let us therefore suppresse these impurities, and passe to what happened in the year MDCXLVI. when the Tartars entred into the Province of Xensi to give him Battail, so as he was forced to go out to meet them, And, to the end he might leave the Country behind him with more security, he resolved to cut off all the inhabitants, (except those which inhabited the North-East Quarters by which he was to passe, and therefore must needs reserve these Creatures to assist and furnish his Army with all ne∣cessaries; and therefore he deferred their death to another time.) First therefore he commanded all the Citizens of what quality or condition so∣ever, that did inhabit his Metropolitan City of Chingtu to be bound hand and foot, which was done by a part of the Army, which he had called in; and then riding about them, (which vast multitude is related to have been above six hundred thousand Souls,) he viewed them all with lesse com∣passionthan the cruellest Tygre would have done; whilest in the mean time, these poor victims with lamentable crys,* 1.161 which penetrated the very vault of Heaven, and might have moved a heart composed of stone or Rock, holding up their hands, begged of this outragious Tyrant to spare the lives of his innocent people. He stood a while Pensive, like an astonished and amazed Creature; so as it seemed to be an imperfect Crisis, wherein humane nature struggled a little with those bowels, and that heart which was composed of all cruelty; but presently returning to his beastly nature, Kill, kill, saith he, and cut off all these Rebels, upon which words, they were all massacred in one day out of the City Wals, in the presence of this bloo∣dy monster. Those Religious persons, which were there, the Fathers of Christianity, resolved to make their addresses for the Tyrant to save their converts lives; and though all men judged it a desperate attempt, yet they obtained the lives of those they claimed. So as they distributed them∣selves at the City Gates, and as their Clients passed bound to the Sham∣bles, they mercifully unbound their Shakles, and rescued them from death. By which occasion also they performed another acceptible Sacri∣fice to God, in Baptizing an infinite number of Children, which the Soul∣diers willingly permitted, so as the horrid and execrable cruelty of this Tyrant proved as advantagious to these little Angels, as Herods slaughter did to the Blessed Innocent••.

They write,* 1.162 that in this massacre there was so much blood spilt, as made the great River of Kiang, which runs by the City, to increase and swell visibly; and the dead Corps being cast into the River, and carried downwards to the other Cities, did denounce unto them, that they were to expect no better Treaty from this Tyrants hands. And it quickly pro∣ved true, for he dispatched his Army to the rest of the Cities, and killed all that he could lay hands on; and thus this Tyrant did bring that popu∣lous Province of Suchuen into a vast wildernesse. After this, he mustered all his Souldiers in a Field, which in every City of China is deputed for that end, and is called by the Natives Kioochang; in this place, he deli∣vered himself thus unto them, I hope by your valour to obtain the Empire of the world, when I have expelled the Tartars; but I desire to see you yet quicker and nimbler than hitherto you have been; you all know, to free you from all bur∣dens and heavy luggage, how I sunk threescore Ships full of Silver in the River

of Kiang; which I can easily recover, to reward your pains and merits, when I shall once have obtained the Empire; (he had indeed sunck the Ships, and kil∣led the Ship men, to conceal the place;) but there remaines yet a greater en∣cumbrance, which retards much our journey, and all our enterprises, which is your Wives, which are a heavy burden to you all; Therefore now put on a gene∣rous resolution; There will not be wanting other exquisit Women, when we are come to possesse the Empire; and although as Emperour I ought to have some Prerogative, and make a difference betwixt you and my Royall person, yet I am content in this, to give you all a leading example,* 1.163 which may serve as a President. After this Speech, of three hundred handsome and beautiful Maids, which he kept for his voluptuous pleasures, he onely reserved twenty to serve his three Queens, and commanded all the rest to be killed upon the place. The Souldiers presently followed the example and command of their cruel Tyrant, and cut off the heads of innumerable innocent Women, as if they had been their mortal enemies.

Having now no more men in the Province of Suchuen to put to death, he turned his fury and hatred against the Cities, Houses and Palaces: for whereas he had built himself a very stately and magnificent Palace in the City of Chingtu, he consumed that, and with it, a great part of that noble City with fire; besides he cut down all Trees and Woods, that they might profit no man. And thus (as he said) having purged his Army, he match∣ed on into the Province of Xensi to meet the Tartars, but as he marched, if he found any man remaining alive, he commanded him to be killed. And not content with all this, if he espied any Souldier which marched either too far before, or too far behind, though the fault were never so little, he killed him presently. He killed all his sick or weak Souldiers, that they might be delivered (as he said) out of so miserable and ruined a Country. I suppresse many more passages of his cruelty, because I will hasten to the Catastrophe of this Tragedy.

He was no sooner entred into the Province of Xensi, but one of the Emperours Uncles meets him with five thousand Tartars,* 1.164 the Body of the Army marching after him; five Horsemen are sent out before the Army (as usually they do amongst the Tartaes;) who if they be well received of the enemy, they take it as a sign of Peace and submission; but if they receive any Act of hostility, then the Army marcheth up to sight. These Horsemen were espied by the Tyrants Scouts; who presently brought him Tydings of their approach. But he laughed at the news, and jestingly asked them, If the Tartars had learned to fly. He drove at that time, many persons bound before him, which he intended to massacre, and amongst the rest two of the Jesuits, for asking leave to returne into Suchuen, which was the Country they had undertaken to convert to Christianity. But the suddain death of this Arch-brigand delivered them all from the imminent danger; for at the same time came in his chief Commanders, assuring him the Tartar was upon him; upon which news, he being of a bold and couragious humour, burst out of his Tent, and without either head-piece or brest-Plate, snatched up a Lance, and went out with a few, to view the enemy. The foresaid five Tartars presently assaulted the Tyrant; and the first Arrow was shot,

(happy to the Tartars,* 1.165 and many others,) pierced the heart of that mon∣ster of Cruelty, killing that Man•• who had an intention to make an end of all Men; and who from the base condition of a raskally Theef, pre∣sumed to take the Sacred Title of King and Emperour. The head being down, the Tartars easily seized on the body of his Army; many of the Souldiers submitted to them, others were killed, others ran away; and the poor inhabitants of the Province of Suchuen received the Tartars as their Saviours.* 1.166 By which means this Province which is the most We∣stern in China, and borders upon the Kingdome of Tibet, became subject to the Tartarian Empire.

When they had established Garrisons, and all their other Affairs in that Country, they prepared to returne to the Royall City of Peking; leading with them the two Captive Priests, which they had found in Chains, as a present most acceptable to the Tartarian Emperour; there I saw them, and left them in great veneration and honour in the year MDCL.

But this victorious Conquerour returning crowned with Laurels, was ill received and worse recompensed,* 1.167 by his Brother the great Amavan∣gus, (who was the Emperours Tutor;) and in stead of a deserved tri∣umph, he received an unworthy death; for being to make a march of many Months, to undergo much labour, and many troubles, it happe∣ned so, that he lost more Men in marching than in fighting; upon which he was accused of great negligence in governing his Army; and being of a generous nature, he thought he deserved high praise, but no blame, and therefore he took his Tartarian Cap, and scornfully trampled it upon the ground, (which is the greatest sign of indignation, which they can expresse;) upon which fact he was committed to a Prison pro∣per to those of the blood Royall which he accused of any Crime; But he scorned to be the first of the Tartarian Family, which should suf∣fer this opprobry in China; and therefore before he was carried to this Prison called by the Chinese Coaciang, he hung himself miserably in his own Place.* 1.168 A Gallant Prince, and worthy of a better fortune. Ma∣ny think this disgrace to have grown from Amavangus his eldest Bro∣thers emulation; but I think that Amavangus was affraid that this Man, though wanting no courage, yet of a precipitit nature, would quickly ruin the Tartarian affairs, by his rash proceedings. And here I will put a peri∣od to this brief Narration of the Tartars War to the year MDCLI. in which year I was sent to Europe, by those that may command me. In which relation if there be nothing else worthy of admiration, yet it seems wonderfull to consider, that in seven years space they conquered more ground, than an entire Army could have walked through in the whole length & breadth thereof in that space of time; for they over-ran the twelve vast Provinces of China; besides the immense extents of Lea••tung, and the Kingdom of Corea.

What since has past, in such vicissitude of fortune, I know not; but as soon as God shall blesse me with a prosperous re∣turne into my beloved China; or that my friends acquaint me with any new Occurrences by Letters, I will procure that all Europe shall understand the Issue of these prodigious revolutions.

FINIS.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The Tartars were ancient Enemies to China.
• * 1.2

  Who are the Tartars.
• * 1.3

  The Tartars conquered China hereto∣fore. Tamberlain never tooke China.
• * 1.4

  The Tartars Emperours of China.
• * 1.5

  A great Ga••i∣son upon the Wall against the Tartars.
• * 1.6

  A long Peace in China.
• * 1.7

  The Tartars think of inva∣ding China.
• * 1.8

  The first cause of the Tartari∣an war.
• * 1.9

  The second cause.
• * 1.10

  The third cause.
• * 1.11

  The first irrup∣tion of the Tartars into China.
• * 1.12

  The Tartars Protestation a∣gainst China.
• * 1.13

  The Barb••∣rous and super∣stitious Vow of the Tartari∣an King.
• * 1.14

  The chiefe Ci∣ty of Leaoyang besieged and taken.
• * 1.15

  A Stratagem against mus∣quets.
• * 1.16

  Many other Cities taken▪
• * 1.17

  How the Tar∣tars used their conquered Towns.
• * 1.18

  The Tartar calls himself Emperour of China, An. 1618.
• * 1.19

  God punished China for their persecution of Christians.
• * 1.20

  The Tartars return with great Riches.
• * 1.21

  The Emperour Vanley dyes, Taichangus succeeds and dyes.
• * 1.22

  Theinkins is chosen.
• * 1.23

  Those of Corea more valiant than the Chineses.
• * 1.24

  New prepara∣tions against the Tartars.
• * 1.25

  The Port of Thiencin very commodious.
• * 1.26

  The valiant Amazon of China.
• * 1.27

  The first in∣vention of the Christians to advance Chri∣stianity.
• * 1.28

  The Tartars are cast ou••.
• * 1.29

  The Tartars make war again.
• * 1.30

  They besiege Leaoyang, and take it.
• * 1.31

  Constancy rewarded by the Enemy.
• * 1.32

  The Tartars Habits and Manners.
• * 1.33

  The Tartars perfidiousness.
• * 1.34

  The valiantest Commander of China.
• * 1.35

  The faithful∣nesse of the Commanders in China.
• * 1.36

  The overthrow of the Tartars.
• * 1.37

  Their cruelty.
• * 1.38

  The Kings of China, and Tar∣tary both died.
• * 1.39

  Zungchinius chosen Empe∣rour of China. Thienzungus more milde than his Prede∣cessors.
• * 1.40

  The Souldiers Insolencies ex∣asperate the Country of Co∣rea.
• * 1.41

  The Tartars are b••ought into Corea.
• * 1.42

  Corea wasted.
• * 1.43

  The Fight and slaughter of 3. Armies.
• * 1.44

  The Eastern part of Leao∣tung is under the Tartar.
• * 1.45

  The Portugese send succour.
• * 1.46

  A crafty Com∣mander of the China Army.
• * 1.47

  M••ovenlung•••• poisoned.
• * 1.48

  The Kings Court besie∣ged.
• * 1.49

  The perfidious General killed
• * 1.50

  The Tartars ••orrage all the Country of Pe∣king, & depart.
• * 1.51

  The King of Tartary dies; another suc∣ceeds.
• * 1.52

  Zungteus the new King of Tartary, pru∣dent & milde.
• * 1.53

  Mildenesse and Gentleness to be used in Conquering Nations.
• * 1.54

  A barbarous Principle of the Chineses.
• * 1.55

  Ignatius the chief Comman∣der of the Christians unjustly killed.
• * 1.56

  Ignatius his fidelity.
• * 1.57

  Ignatius his Piety.
• * 1.58

  He chuses rather to die, than either to reign, or to serve the Tartars.
• * 1.59

  The Theeves in China, a chief occasion of its overthrow.
• * 1.60

  Severall Theeves.
• * 1.61

  They are defeated, but not vanquished
• * 1.62

  Famin augments the Theeves.
• * 1.63

  And the Emperour his avarice.
• * 1.64

  The Comman∣ders aspire to the Empire.
• * 1.65

  The names of the chief felons
• * 1.66

  They vex seve∣ral Provinces.
• * 1.67

  They besiege the noble City Caifung.
• * 1.68

  An unheard of Famin.
• * 1.69

  The City of Caifung is drowned.
• * 1.70

  The General of the Theeves takes the Title of a King.
• * 1.71

  He takes the Country of Xensi.
• * 1.72

  Calls himself Emperour.
• * 1.73

  The Theeves good Govern∣ment.
• * 1.74

  The Prefects Discord was another cause of the ruine of China.
• * 1.75

  The Theevs take the Pro∣vince of Xensi.
• * 1.76

  The Emperour of China is troubled,
• * 1.77

  The Stratagem of the Theef.
• * 1.78

  The Royall City of Peking is taken.
• * 1.79

  The Emperour having kild his Daughter han∣ged himself.
• * 1.80

  The Theefs Tyranny and cruelty.
• * 1.81

  The Tartars called into China against the Theeves.
• * 1.82

  The Theeves fly from the Tartars.
• * 1.83

  They carry a∣way the Trea∣sures of the Palace.
• * 1.84

  Zungteus King of the Tartars dyes.
• * 1.85

  The Tartars refuse to de∣part China.
• * 1.86

  ••••eir Craft 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Decei••.
• * 1.87

  A great com∣pany of Tartars enter China.
• * 1.88

  The Tartars seise upon the Empire of China. Xunchiis crow∣ned the first Emperour of the Tartars 〈◊〉〈◊〉 China.
• * 1.89

  The fidelity of the Kings Tu∣tor called Amavangus.
• * 1.90

  Vsangueius forced to serve the Tartars.
• * 1.91

  It is not known what became of Licungzus.
• * 1.92

  The Tartars subdue several Provinces.
• * 1.93

  They changed no Laws of the Nation.
• * 1.94

  Hungquangus Crowned Em∣perour in Hanquin.
• * 1.95

  The Tartars admit no Peace
• * 1.96

  Zunchinius his Son appears at Nankuing.
• * 1.97

  He causes trou∣bles in China.
• * 1.98

  The flight of the Chineses.
• * 1.99

  The City Yangcheu resist∣ing the Tartar is taken and burnt.
• * 1.100

  The Tartars take several places.
• * 1.101

  The Emperour Hunquangus is taken and kil∣led.
• * 1.102

  The Tartars run to the Ci∣ty Hangcheu.
• * 1.103

  King Lovingus love to his Subjects.
• * 1.104

  Many of the Kings Souldi∣ers drowned.
• * 1.105

  Hangcheu is taken.
• * 1.106

  The Chineses defend their Hair.
• * 1.107

  The Tartars passe the River, and recover the City Xa••king.
• * 1.108

  The Island of Cheuxan be∣comes a Kingdom.
• * 1.109

  The City of Kinhao is taken and destroyed.
• * 1.110

  The Tartars take in Fokien very easily.
• * 1.111

  King Lunguus slain.
• * 1.112

  The Provinces of Quamgtung is taken.
• * 1.113

  A famous Py∣rate in China.
• * 1.114

  The Tartars deceive the Py∣rat, and take him prisoner by meer Art.
• * 1.115

  The Tartars overthrow Quangsi.
• * 1.116

  Iungley made Emperour of China.
• * 1.117

  The Heir to the Empire becomes Christian.
• * 1.118

  Theeves infest the Province of Fokien.
• * 1.119

  Changus the Commander of the Tartars besieges Kien∣ning in vain.
• * 1.120

  It is at length taken and ra∣zed.
• * 1.121

  How the Tar∣tars dispose their Garri∣sons.
• * 1.122

  Kinus Gover∣nour of a Pro∣vince rebel∣leth.
• * 1.123

  The hatred betwixt the two Prefects disturbs the Country of Kiansi.
• * 1.124

  Many places revolt from the Tartar.
• * 1.125

  The deceipt of the Governour of Cancheu.
• * 1.126

  Kinus besieged by the Tartars.
• * 1.127

  Kinus breaks out of the City.
• * 1.128

  The City of Nanchang is destroyed.
• * 1.129

  Three Kings created with as many Armies against Iungley the Emperour of China.
• * 1.130

  Hous riseth against the Tartars.
• * 1.131

  The barbarous resolution of a Tartarian Governour.
• * 1.132

  The chief City called Sigan is besieged.
• * 1.133

  The Tartars insolencies produced great danger.
• * 1.134

  Kiangus riseth against the Tartars.
• * 1.135

  Kiangus gathers great Forces.
• * 1.136

  Kiangus over∣throws the Tartars by a stratagem. He bears the Tartars again.
• * 1.137

  Amavangus himself goes against Kian∣gus.
• * 1.138

  The Tartars Banners.
• * 1.139

  The Tartars delight in hun∣••ing.
• * 1.140

  Amavangus, durst not fight with Kiangus.
• * 1.141

  Kiangus is killed.
• * 1.142

  Xanchius the Emperour Marries.
• * 1.143

  Kengus hangs himself.
• * 1.144

  The City of Quang••hen is taken and pil∣laged.
• * 1.145

  The Empe∣rour Iungly flyes.
• * 1.146

  The Author of the Relation of China.
• * 1.147

  The Tartars offer a Church to Christians.
• * 1.148

  Corea revolted from the Tar∣tars.
• * 1.149

  Amavangus dyeth.
• * 1.150

  Changhien∣chungus a cruel Tyrant.
• * 1.151

  He kils divers Princes.
• * 1.152

  For one offen∣ding, he puts all to death.
• * 1.153

  His hatred to the people of Suchuen.
• * 1.154

  He cuts off a Legion for one mans fault. He kils many City Officers.
• * 1.155

  And he killed also the Eu∣nuchs.
• * 1.156

  For one mans fault he kils twenty thou∣sand.
• * 1.157

  He endeavours to take Han∣chung.
• * 1.158

  He kil•• 140000 men most cruelly.
• * 1.159

  He kils all the Students.
• * 1.160

  He kils the Children and exposes the Matrons.
• * 1.161

  He kils 600000 in the City Chingtu.
• * 1.162

  Many Chil∣dren Baptized.
• * 1.163

  He kils all the Souldiers Wives.
• * 1.164

  He burned his Palace in the City of Ching∣tu,
• * 1.165

  The Tyrant is slain.
• * 1.166

  The Province of Suchuen is made subject to the Tartars.
• * 1.167

  One of the Emperours Uncles is ill re∣ceived.
• * 1.168

  He hangs him∣self.