Pansebeia, or, A view of all religions in the world with the severall church-governments from the creation, to these times : also, a discovery of all known heresies in all ages and places, and choice observations and reflections throughout the whole / by Alexander Ross.

The Contents of the Eleventh Section.

Of Religions Orders and opinions from the year 1500. till this day. 2. The order of Jesuites. 3. Of their gene∣ral rules. 4. Of their other rules. 5. Of their rules for Provests of houses, Rectors of Colledges, &c. 6. Of their rules for Travellers, Ministers, Admonitors, &c. 7. Of their priviledges granted by Popes. 8. Of other Orders in the Church of Rome. 9. How Abbots are consecrated at this time. 10. Wherein the Christian Orders of Knight-hood differ. 11. Of other Orders of Knight-hood besides the French. 12. of the Orders of Knight-hood in Germany, Hungary, Bohemia, Po∣land, &c. 13. The Orders of Knight-hood in Italy. 14. Of the Christian Military Orders in the East.

SECT. XI. (Book 11)

Quest. 1. WHat Religious Orders, and opinions in Religion are there sprung up in these latter times, that is, from the year 1500. till this day in the Christi∣an World?

A. In the year 1500. started up a new order,* 1.1 called Poor Pilgrims; these came out of Italy, into Ger∣many bare-foote, and bare-headed; some covered their bodies with linnen, others with gray cloth, carrying every one in his hand a wooden Crosse, but without scrip or bag, staff or money; drinking neither Wine nor Beere; feeding all the week,

except on Sundays, upon Herbs and Rootes sprinkled with salt: they abstained altogether from Egges, Butter, Milk, Cheese, Fish, and Flesh. In the Church they stretch out their arms in manner of a Crosse, and praying fell flat on the ground. They stayed not above four and twenty hours in any place, they went by couples begging from door to door. Among them were divers Priests, Deacons, and Subdeacons: this pennance they undertook voluntarily, some for three years, others for five or seaven, as they pleased, and at the end of their years returned home, and be∣took themselves again to their callings: they exclud∣ed from their Pilgrimage onely Monks and Women. About six years after, was instituted the order of Indians,* 1.2 under Pope Iulius the second, and Maximilian the first Emperor:

These were of the Carmalite race; and were called Indians, as I suppose from their intention to convert the Indians then dis∣covered;

they wore black cloaks, and over them white gownes, as appears by that verse of Franc. Modius: Qui tegimus pura pallia pulla ••oga. Under Pope Clement the seventh was instituted the order of the society of Divine love;* 1.3 these were devout people, who met in retired places, remote from the company of the vulgar: here they prayed, sung, administred the Sacraments, and did other acts of devotion; they were called also Theatini, from Theatinu••••; the Bishop∣rick of which place was rejected by Iohn Peter Carrafa, that he might the more freely enjoy that devout life, and give himself the more seriously to contemplate divine mysteries, and to regain the honour of the Clergy, so much degenerated from their former inte∣grity. He refused also the Bishoprick of Brundus••∣um, which Charles the fifth would have conferred upon him; yet afterward he was content to change his name from Iohn Peter to Paul the fourth, and to accept the Popedom. Of this society also were Caietan the Apostolical Proton••tarie, Boniface a no∣ble man of Piemont, and one Paul a Roman. In the year 1537. was instituted the order of Pauli∣ni,* 1.4 by a certain Countesse called Gastalia at Man∣tua, hence her disciples were named Gastalini. The

Brothers and Sisters of this Sect were by their own strength thus to came their flesh; they were to lie two and two together in one bed, but with a Crosse layed between the man and the woman, that they might not touch one the other.* 1.5 This course they were to use so long, till they had quite subdued the tickling of the flesh. But this order lasted not long; for the inconveniencies found in it occasioned the extirpation thereof.

Q. 2. What is the order of the Jesuites?

A. This order which is called the Society of Iesus,* 1.6 (because they take upon them to advance the Name, Doctrine, and Honour of Iesus more then other orders heretofore,) was instituted about the year 1540. by Ignatius Loyola of Cantabria, who being at first a Souldier,* 1.7 and receiving some wounds in the French War, of which he lay sick above a year, resolved upon recovery of his health, to renounce the world, and wholly to addict himself to the advancing of the name of Iesus; for this cause being ••ix and twenty years of age, he forsakes all, and travels to Ierusalem; thence (having done his devotion to the holy Sepul∣••hre) returns into Spain, where at Complutum and Salamantica, he gives himself to study; in the inte∣rim he took upon him to preach mortification, both by his Doctrine and mean habit,

though as yet he was furnished neither with sufficent learning, nor was he called; wherefore he was imprisoned, and examined by the Inquisitors, and being found zealous for the Roman faith, was dismissed, and thence goeth to Paris, where he studied ten years in great poverty and weaknesse of body, and was at last made Master of Arts.

In the year 1536. he returns to Spain with ten more of his profession, and from thence to Rome, to have leave of the Pope to travel to Ierusalem; but finding the peace broken between the Turk and Venetian, they go to Venice, and their did dresse the wounds and sores of poor people in Hospitals. Seven of these ten companions of Ignatius took the Priest-hood upon them, and preached up and down the territories of Venice; having neither temporal nor ecclesiastical

meanes to sustain them. After this they all go to Rome, where they are hated and molested by the Clergy, yet their society increased daily, and pro∣cured a confirmation of their order from Pope Paul the third, which since was ratified by Iulius the third, Paul the fourth, Pius the fourth, and the Councel of Trent.

At first they were not to have above 60. of their society; but afterward the Pope perceiving how needful this order was to the decaying Roman Religion, permitted all that were fit to enter into the same.

They have their chief or General, their coadjutors in spiritual things, such are their Priests, and professors of Divinity, Philo∣sophy, and inferiour Arts: Their coadjutors in temporals, who look to their clothing, dyet, and domestick affairs; their Scholars and Novices are maintained, least this order or society might faile, who are bound to obey their Superiors without doubting or inquiring into the nature of the thing enjoyned them.

This order differs from others, in that besides the three ordinary Vowes of Cha∣stity, Poverty, and Obedience, they binde them∣selves to the Pope, in undertaking cheerfully, readily, and without charging him, any journey ••he shall command for propagating the Roman faith:

the title also of Professor among them is more ho∣nourable then of Priest; for one may be a Priest many years, before he be admitted Professor. The Iesuites, instead of a hood, wear a Philosophical cloak,* 1.8 that is long and black; their cap resembling a crosse is called Bareta; this they do not wear abroad; their cassocks they call Solannas, which they tie with Silk girdles; And they spread so fast over the world, that above sixty years ago they had 256. Colledges.

Q. 3. What be the general rules to which the Jesuites are tied?

A. To examine their conscience twice daily; To be diligent in prayer,* 1.9 meditation, and reading; To be daily at divine service, at the times appointed to confesse their sins; To renew their Vows every year twice; To be abstinent on Fridays, not to preach without the Superiors leave; nor to keep money by

them, nor to have any thing in proper; To read no Books without leave, nor to meddle with any thing that is not theirs; To learn the language of the Coun∣try where they live; not to lock their Chests, or Chamber doors; Not to sleep in the night with the window open, or naked, or to go out of their chamber without their cloathes; Not to teach or learn without the Superiors leave; Not to drink be∣tween meals, or to eat abroad without leave, or to take Physick, or to consult with the Physitian, till they be permitted by the superior; To harken to the bell when it rings; To keep their beds neat, and chambers clean; To aquaint the Superior, when any is grievously tempted; To be obedient, humble, and reverent in uncovering the head to their Supe∣rior••, not to complain of one superior to another; To be silent, or else to speak briefly, with modera∣tion and submission; To avoid contentions, contra∣dictions, or speaking evil of one anothers native Country; let him onely reprove and command who is authorized so to do. Let none enter into another mans place, office, or chamber, without leave; whilest two are in one chamber, let the door stand open; Let no man mock another; Let no man at table put off his hat, except to his superior; No talk with strangers, or commerce by letters without leave; Let no man report idle rumours, nor divulge abroad what is done at home. None without leave may write any thing of instruction or consolation, nor meddle at all with secular affaires. Every one ought to instruct and exhort his Brother to confesse; Let none go abroad without leave, and he must shew the cause of his going abroad, and what effect it took, when he doth return; he must also write down his name, and aquaint the Porter whither he goeth, and must return before night. That when any travelleth he shall lodge no where but in a Ie∣suites Colledge, if there be any in that place; and shall be as obedient to the Superior there, as to his own. Let every one have these rules by him, that he may read, or hear them read, once every moneth; but the Coadjutors must read their rules

every week. They have also their Constitutions, wherein is shewed that the end of their Society is to do good to their own souls, and the souls of their neighbours, and that therefore they are bound to travell to and fro in the world; to confesse their sinnes to the Priest every sixth moneth, and then to receive the Body of Christ; to cast off all inordi∣nate affections of Kindred, Friends, and worldly things, to deny themselves, to take up the Crosse of Christ, and to follow him; to study humility, to aim at perfection and all other vertues, chiefly cha∣rity; to have a speciall care of the inward man; to imbrace poverty with cheerfulnesse, to give free∣ly of their spiritual things, as they have received freely; to study purity and chastity, and to be very vigilant over their senses, chiefly over the eyes and tongue. To be temperate, modest, decent and de∣vout in all things, chiefly at table. To labour dili∣gently for obedience, and to refuse nothing that the superior shall command. In confession to conceal nothing from the Ghostly Father. To study unity and conformity in judgements, and affections. To avoid idlenesse and secular affairs. To be careful to preserve health, and to avoid all excesse that may impare it,* 1.10 as too much watching, fasting, labouring, or any other outward pennance, and in sicknesse to to be humble, patient, and devout. To desire the Superior once every year that he would enjoyn them some pennance for their failings in the observation of their rules and constitutions, which ought to be heard or read, every moneth.

Q. 4. What other rules have they besides these common rules and constitutions?

A. They have rules for every particular officer a∣mongst them,* 1.11 As the Provincials rule is to use dili∣gence, fidelity, mildnesse, bounty tempered with seve∣rity in his government, to alter or adde nothing in the rules and customes of the Province, without the con∣sent of the General; in his absence or sicknesse, he may name (if the General do not) a Subprovincial; he must always have with him four Counsellors, with whom he may advise in matters of weight. He hath

power to chuse divers Officers, such as Masters of the Novices, the, Governours in spiritual things, Confessors, Preachers, and Readers, &c. He may dispense in di∣vers things, and admit such as he thinks fit for proba∣tion; and may dismiss also in some cases, if the Gene∣ral hinder not: none must be admitted, who have for∣saken the society, or dismissed, without a new exami∣nation and probation; he is to take care of the Masters and teachers in Schools and Colledges, what profici∣ency there is, what books are read, who are to study Divinity, and the learned tongues, that no Stage∣playes be acted, but in Latine, and such as are mod∣est; &c. He must confer no degrees in Divinity or Phi∣losophy without the Generals leave. The degree or title of Master and Doctor, must not be used among them. He may chuse Coadjutors in spiritual and temporal affairs. He must look to the Edifices, Re∣venues, and Lands of the society within his Province; to avoid Sutes in Law, yet to maintain their rights by Law, if need be; to look to all expenses and accounts, to avoid running in debt, and to have a care of the wardrob, and all the Utensils; that if any Lands or Goods be given to the society, the General be acquaint∣ed therewith, and some share thereof be given to the poor of that place, where the Goods or Lands are. He is to be obedient, faithful, and reverent to his Ge∣neral; to call Provincial assemblies at fit times, and to help other Provinces when need requires. To see that Masses be had, and Sacraments administred ac∣cording to the custom of the Roman Church; That Preachers and Confessors do their duties; That none be made Confessors, chiefly to women, but such as are well struck in years; That in time of infection he ap∣point such as may look to the sick; That he depart not out of his Province without the Generals leave; nor the Provost or Rector from his House, or Colledge without leave from the Provincial. That he be care∣full what labourers he sends abroad into the Lords Vineyard, that he give them full instruction; that they travel on foote, rather then ride. He must visit every place within his Province once a year, and first the Church, the place wher the Eucharist is keept, the

holy Oyl,* 1.12 the Reliques, Altars, Seats of the Confessors, &c. then the persons, with whom he must deale pru∣dently: & lastly, the Superior of the House or Colledge.

Q. 5 What rules have they for the Provosts of Houses, Rectors of Colledges, Masters of Novices, and Counsellors, &c

A.* 1.13 The Provost is bound to observe the common and particular rules; as also, all customes approved by the General or Provincial; to be careful of his Under∣officers, and Confessors; to impose ordinary pennance, such as publick reproof, to eat under the table, to kisse the feet of others, to pray in the refectory, to impose fasting, &c. He must have a Book, in which he must record what concerns the good of his house. He must see that all the rules and constitutions of the house be duly observed. That confessions be made at the appoynted times. That Scholars and Coadjutors not formed, renew their Vows twice a year. That e∣very other Friday he make an exhortation to obedi∣ence, pennance, patience, charity, humility, and o∣ther vertues. That he carry himself sweetly and wise∣ly to his inferiors, moderate in reproving and punish∣ing; to send (if occasion be) one who ma•• beg almes from door to door, for the Hospital, or who may ac∣company the Caterer, or who may preach in the streets. He must chiefly preserve love and unity in his house, and must read all Letters, that are either sent to, or from any under his charge, and must suffer none to have a seal, without the Provincials leave; let there be no armes nor musical instruments, nor wan∣ton Books, nor idle recreations within his house. The Provost may, if need be, preach and hear con∣fessions, but must not suffer Priests of the society to preach, and hear the Nuns confessions, except upon extroardinary occasion. He must take care that all spiritual exercises be duely performed, and divine service every day. Let there be seven hours allotted for sleep; and eight hours between dinner and sup∣per. Let the table be blessed, and thanks given according to the Roman Breviary; Let an hour be allowed for recreation after dinner and supper, and on Friday after evening collation half an hour, Let there be conferences touching cases: of consci∣ence

held twice a week, at which all the Priests should be present. Let there be an account taken every moneth of what is received and expended in the house. Special care must be had of those that la∣bour in the Lords Vineyard, that they may not want. If any thing of moment is to be done in the house, let the Provincial be acquainted therewith. Let no man keep a horse, except upon urgent occasion, and with the Generals leave. Women must not be permitted to enter into the house. Lands given by Will must be sold for the use of the society, but not without the Generals leave. Let no man walk a∣broad without a companion;* 1.14 let travellers of the Society be entertained kindly, &c. The Rectors of Colledges also have their rules, which are in a man∣ner the same with those of the Provosts. Which rules, and constitutions, must be read twice or thrice a year in the Refectory. The examiner also of those that desire admission, hath his rules; he must be a man skilful and discreet, who must signifie to his Superior how he findes the party affected and quali∣fied. If unfit, he must be cheerfully dismissed; If fit, he must aske him if he is resolved to for∣sake the world? and why? what induced him to be of this Society: If he be in debt, or subject to any infirmity; what is his age, his country, his parents, and their condition; if he be born in mar∣riage, of Christian parents, or of Hereticks; if he be a Seholar, where, and how long he hath studied; if he will be a Coadjutor, and content with Martha's lot? Then he must be well instructed in the consti∣tutions and rules of the Society.* 1.15 The Master of the Novices by his rules is tied to be courteous and loving to his Novices, to help, comfort, and instruct them upon all occasions: He hath power in some cases to enjoyn pennance on them, and in some cases to absolve them. He must also be well exercised in Basils Rules, Gregories Morals; Austins Confessions and Meditations, in Bernard, Bonaventure, Cassian, Dorotheus his Homilies, Caesarius, Ep••raim, Huge, and Richard de S. Victore, Vmbertus de Eruditione Re∣ligiosorum, Innocentius of contempt of the world, Tho∣mas

de Kempis of the imitation of Christ, and such like Books; for Histories he must read Gregories Dialogues, Gregory Turonensis of the glory of Confessors, and life of Saint Martin, Eusebius his Ecclesiastick History, Sulpitius of Saint Martins life, the select lives of the Fathers, the lives of Lippoman, and Suri∣us, Pet. Damianus, Pet. Cluniacensis of Miracles, the Indian Letters, and the life of Ignatius. The Pro∣bationer for the first three weeks is to be used as a guest: in which time he is to be instructed in the rules and constitutions of the house: Then must be examined, and must promise that in a years space after his enterance he shall part with all his estate: If he be a Scholar, he must read some lectures; if no Scholar, he shall do some handy-work. A General confession must be also made; what he brings with him into the house must be inventoried in a Book, where the day and year of his enterance, with his Country, must be registred, and subscribed with his own hand; he must also performe some spiritual exercises in his second probation, and he must be tried how he can serve for a moneth; and then for another moneth, he must be imployed in begging from door to door, to shew how willing he is for the love of Christ, to forsake all worldly hopes. And for a fourth experiment, fie must be exercised in some base employment, about the house. After this he shall be imployed in teaching the ignorant and Child∣ren the doctrine of Christianity, and must be tried with meane cloathes and diet, and with moderate pennance also: and must be instructed in the practise of devotion and mortification, and modesty, and must be made a chamber-fellow to one by whom he may profit. He must not speak with his kindred without leave, and witnesses, and therefore must not be in any such office as hath relation to strangers, as Caterer, Porter, &c. The Novices once a week must have a day of recreation. The Coadjutors must be taught the rosary. After all this, the Novi∣ces must be asked if they are able to undergoe the burthens of that Society; if they bo, let it be recorded, and then let them confesse to the Priest.

In the morning after the ringing of the bell, they must by their private devotion, prepare themselves for publcik prayer. Halfe an hour is allowed them, for dressing up their Beds and Chambers, then they must hear Masse, and exhortations, which are made to them twice a week for half an hour, the other half hour they shall repeat and conferr. Then the next day their Master shall propose them ways to overcome tentations and difficulties, the rest of the time till examination before dinner, shall be imployed in some exercise. Having recreated themselves an hour after dinner, at the ringing of the Bell, they shall repair to their Chambers to study; an hour af∣ter they shall repeat something to their Master, and twice a week they shall aske one another the grounds of Christianity; they must be silent, except in times of exercise and recreation: before supper, they shall pray, and so before they go to bed. After two years of probation, they are examined again, touching their resolution and constancy in that order, and then certain rules of modesty,* 1.16 and behaviour are prescribed them. The rules for Counsellors are, that they be sincere, judicious, faithful, intelligent, free from partiality,* 1.17 considerate, and not rash in giving sentence, to use few words, to submit to the judge∣ments of the Superior, to divulge nothing without him, to maintain his dignity, and with submission to give him their best advise, &c.

Q. 6. What rules have they for Travellers, or Pilgrims, for the Minister, for the Admonitor, and other offi∣cers?

A.* 1.18 Travellers must ease the wearisomnesse of their journey with spiritual fruits; every day when they begin their journey, they must say all the Letanies, and other prayers; their talk must be of heavenly things, that Christ may be their fellow-traveller. They must beg almes for the love of Christ, who was poor him∣self; let them accustome themselves to patience In bearing all injuries; let the stronger follow the weak∣er, and not go before; if any fall sick by the way, let one stay with him, to look carefully to him, to edifie in the Lord all such as give them entertainment. Let

them in all places shew good examples of holinesse and modesty. If they travel neer any House or Col∣ledge of the Society, they must not beg of strangers without leave from the Superior of that House or Colledge. Let none travel without his Superiors Letters Parents.* 1.19 The Minister or Controller of the house, is bound by his rules, to be assistant to the Provost or Rector, to be exact in all the rules, con∣stitutions and customes of the house, to visit every other day all the offices and chambers in the House or Colledge. In the Spring and Autumne he must acquaint the Superior that the dyet and cloathes of the Society must be changed. Let him be present with the Physitian when he visits the sick; every day he must know the Superiors minde touching the houshold affairs; and must acquaint him with what is fit to be done, and what is amisse. He must see that all things be in good order, and clean, that the gates be shut every night, to look to the windowes, candles, fires, and linnen. Let him see there be no disorders or quarrelling; he may supply the Superiors place in his absence, and may have an under-Mini∣ster. The Admonitor is tied by his rules,* 1.20 to put the Superior in minde wherein he faileth in his office. But this he must do with reverence and submission, and with advice of the Counsellors, and must not acquaint others what is done in this case: If the Superior be incorrigible after divers warnings, he must acquaint the higher powers: he must have a seal for those letters which are sent to the Superiors. The Iesuites have also rules in writing of letters. The Superior or Rector of House or Colledge, is to write every week to the Provincial, and so is he that is sent abroad to preach or convert, of all matters of moment concerning their Society; the Provin∣cials are to write once a moneth to the General; but the Superiors and Rectors of Houses and Col∣ledges once in three moneths; the Provincials must write once a moneth to Provosts, Rectors, and those that are sent abroad in messages; the Gene∣ral shall write to the Provincials once in two moneths, but to Rectors once in six moneths,

except there be urgent occasion to write oft∣ner; iest letters be lost or intercepted, they must be written divers times: and the coppies thereof, if they be to the General, must be recorded in a book: secrets must be written in characters or mystical terms. The letters written at Rome by the General, shall be read in the Houses and Colledges, and there safely lai∣ed up. He that hath the charge of spiritual things, is tied by his rules, to be carefull over the soules com∣mitted to him, in admonishing, instructing, exhorting, and examining.* 1.21 The Overseer of the Church, is by his rules bound to acquaint the Provost every Saturday of the next Feasts and Fasts, that warning may be given on Sunday in the Refectory at supper-time: He must every Saturday set down in writting, what Ce∣remonies are to be used the next week at the high Al∣ter. He must take care of the Masses and Prayers to be used for their deceased Founders and Benefactors, as also for the defunct of their Society. He must see that the Priests be shaved, and that they observe their rules. He must suffer no almes to be given for hear∣ing of confessions, or saying Divine Service, He must have special care of the Host, of the Holy Oyle, Cros∣ses, Chalices, Reliques, &c. When the Reliques are to be shewed, two Wax Candles must be lighted. He must look to the Fabrick of the Church, and must admonish the Superior to nominate preachers for the next day. He must take care over all the Church moveables, and keep an inventory of them. He must also take care of the linnen, candles, prayers, graves. When the holy linnen groweth old and uselesse, let it be burned, and the ashes thereof cast into the holy Pond or Lake; a Catalogue also must be kept of all the Masses that are to be celebrated by the Priests, and the prayers to be said by those that are not Priests, yearly, monethly, and weekly, besides extraordinary times;* 1.22 the Priests are tied by their rules, to be devout, holy, and reverent in the exercise of their Function; to observe all the Roman rites, uniformity, and decen∣cy; to be expert in cases of conscience, and diligent in hearing confessions; but the Confessor and Penitent must not see one another in time of confession; and

there must be an eye witness present, though not an ea••. witness, if the Penitent be a Woman Confessions must be heard from the morning till noon. The Priests may exhort the sick to make their Wills, but not to assist them in making thereof.* 1.23 Preachers are tied by their rules to teach sound & wholsom Doctrin, tending not to curiosity, but edification; to be diligent in reading the Scripture, and Fathers, to be exemplary in their conversation, to abst••in from reproving Princes, Bish∣ops, and Magistrates in their Sermons or any Reli∣gious Orders; to forbeare any expressions that may, move laughter, or contempt. Let them beware of Pride, Arrogance, Vaine-glory, or affected eloquence; let their gestures be modest and grave, let them chief∣ly commend the frequent use of confession, of the En∣charist, of good works, of obedience, of the Church Ceremonies, of pennance, prayer, &c, and let not their Sermons be extemporary, or exceed an hour. They that are sent to preach abroad in remote places, are tied by their rules to walk on foot, to live upon almes, to lodge in Hospitals, to aske leave of the Or∣dinary to preach, to take notice of the most devout people In every place where they come. They shall not onely preach, but likewise conferr, catechise▪ pray, administer the Sacraments, visit the sick, resolve doubts of conscience, compose differences, &c. They must strive to make all men their friends, and to pray for their persecutors, and bear their burthens patiently. Let them write every week to their Su∣periors, what progresse they make in their preaching, and other spiritual exercises; to preach to themselves as well as to others: and to do nothing but what they are inioyned to by their Superior••s.* 1.24 The Gene∣rals Proctor is tied by his rules, to entertain no Suites in Law, if he can otherwise 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them: to give an account of all his actions to the Provost Generall; to keep in books all accounts of expenses and re∣ceivings; to keep a lift of all Church 〈◊〉〈◊〉 united to their Colledges; to have a great care of all the Writings, Popes Bulls, Records; and other papers committed to his charge, &c. The Proctor of the House is tied by his rules, chiefly to have care of the

Houses, Records, and Money, how it is expended; and to give an account thereof to his Superiours. The Proctor of the Colledge and House of probation is tied by the same rules to be careful of the records and moneys; to keep a good account of what is layd out and received; and to write down all in his book.* 1.25 He that hath charge of the Readers at Table is bound by his rules, to take care that they have a loud, clear, and distinct voice; that they be perfect in what they read; that first they read a Chapter in the Bible, except in chiefe festivals, for them Homilies must be read concerning the day. Letters also from the Indies are to be read yearly. In the beginning of every moneth their constitutions and common rules, with Ignatius his Epistle of obedience must be read. In the evening after the Lesson, must be read the Martyrology of the next day. Leviticus and the Canticles, with some obscure Chapters in the Prophets are not to be read at all. Eusebius his history, Nice∣phorus, Gregories Dialogues, Ambrose, Austin, Bernard, with such like books, (whereof the Catalogue is set down in the rules) are to be read. The Superiour is to appoint what is to be read every day. He that hath the overseeing of the sick, is tied by his rules to be careful of them, of their dyet, Physitian, and all things else that may concern them;* 1.26 that his sub∣stitute called by them Infirmarius, have all kinde of physical Druggs, that he acquaint the Superiour with the sicknesse and quality of it; that every eighth day the sick receive the Encharist, that prayers be made for him, and all things performed which may tend to his comfort and recovery; if he die, that the corps (if without offence) be kept above ground foure and twenty houres, and then decently in∣terr'd. The Library keeper by his rules,* 1.27 must have still by him I••dex Expurgatorius, and that he keepe no prohibited books, to keep the Library locked, ex∣cept to those who are permitted to be in it, to keepe the books cleane, to write down their Titles, to have a Catalogue of them, to lend no book without the Superiours leave, &c. The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Minister of the House is to look to the Chambers, ••••••ectory,

Kitchin, Buttery, and other places, that all things be fit and in order. The Aedituus or Sexton must be subject to the Praefectus or him that hath the charge of the Church, to have a care of the sacred Vesti∣ments, of the Linnen, of the Host and Wine; he must in divine Service light two candles, and at the elevation of the Host a wax Torch or Taper, and then shall ring the bell; he must keep clean the Church Plate; before Masse or Sermon let him ring the bell, and the Virgins salutation bell, in the mor∣ning, at noon, and in the evening; and to ring the passing bell when any of the Society is departing: he must have a light continually burning before the Host; and there must never be wanting holy water; he shall deliver to the Praesectus all oblations that he shall finde; he must be careful of the Church-doors, to shut them at noon, and at Sun set: and whilest they stand open, he, or one for him, must not be wanting: he must suffer none to walk up and down, to make any noise, and let all things be kept cleanre The Porter must haue a list of all the Domesticks names, he must suffer none to go out without the Su∣periours leave: all letters he shall deliver to the Su∣periour; none that returns from the Country, must be let in till the Superiour know it: if Bishops or great men come in, let a Priest attend them, whilest he acquaints the Superiour. Let the keyes of the gate be delivered every night to the Provost or Re∣ctor: He must acquaint the Superiour if any poore be at the gate, or if any almes be given there, &c. The keeper of the Wardrobe must have an Inventory of all the cloathes in the house, and linnen thereof, of which he must be careful; he must every Saturday night furnish each chamber with cleane linnen, and carry away the soule every Sunday morning to the Washer. In Summer every fifteenth day he must give out cleane sheets; and in Winter every three weeks, &c. The Steward of the house must be careful of the Wine, and VVater, and Dyet of the Society; and to have the VVine-casks kept clean. He that hath the charge of the Hall or Re∣fectory, must look there be not wanting VVater,

Towels, Napkins, Tablecloths, which must be changed once or twice a week; that the due hours of refection be observed by ringing the Bell; that he have a list of all their names who are in commons; that the remainders of the meat be reserved for the poor; and that he have the names of the VVai∣ters at table every week, and of the Readers, &c. The Cook hath his rules, to be cleanly, frugal, diligent, to touch no meat in cutting or dividing with his hands, but with a fork; to cut as he is di∣rected by the Superiour; to dresse nothing for any particular man, except he be sick; not to be wast∣ful of the VVood; to keep a list of all things belon∣ging to the Kitchin. The Excitator who wakeneth the Iesuites in the morning, must goe to rest halfe an houre before others, that he may rise so much the sooner, ring the bell, and carry lights to every Chamber: a quarter of an hour after, he must visit each Chamber againe, and if he finde some in bed yet, he must tell the Superiour: another quarter of an hour after, he must ring to prayers; he that visits the Chambers at night, must ring or knock, that every one may examine his conscience: about a quarter of an houre after, he must ring to bed: and a quarter after that, he must see if every one be a bed, and the candles put out; if not, to acquaint the Superiour. Each House or Colledge hath one who buyeth all things necessary for the house; his rule is to be diligent and faithful in buying and employing the money delivered to him, that he may give a just account thereof.

These are the prin∣cipal rules to which every Officer and Member of the Society is bound. Some of lesser note I have omitted for brevities sake, which may be seen at large in the Iesuites own rules, set out by themselves in one Book at Lyons, by their Superiours permission, Anno 1607.

Q. 7. What Priviledges have been granted to this Society from the Popes?* 1.28

A. Pope Paul the third, gave them power to make what, and how many rules and constitutions they pleased, towards the advancement of their Society:

to admit as many into their order, as their General shall please, whereas in the beginning they were stinted to sixty onely: he also excommunicates all such as shall either hinder, or not aid this Society. He gave them also power to preach, administer the Sacraments, hear confessions, absolve, &c. in any place where they please, and to have their Coadju∣tors, both spiritual as Priests, and Temporal as Cooks, Bakers, Caterers, Butlers, &c. on whom the Iesuites professed can conferr sacred orders. The Iesuites have this priviledge also to change their General, and he power to send them whither he pleaseth, and call them back again without asking leave of the Pope. They may also absolve all Hereticks confessing, and the General may excommunicate, and imprison De∣linquents. They are exempted from the secular power, and from all Taxes and Tithes; they may carry with them moveable Altars when they travel, and may disguise themselves into any habit; he that visits a Iesuites House or Colledge, shall have a plenary indulgence. They have also power to exercise all Episcopal Functions; namely, to ordain, anoint, ex∣orcise, confirm, consecrate, dispense, &c. All these privledges were given to them by Paul the third, in several Bulls. Pope Iulius the third, Pauls suc∣cessor, gave them a priviledge to erect Universities where they pleased, and to conferr what degrees they will; to dispense also with fasting, and prohibi∣ted meats. Pope Pius the fourth, confirmeth all the former priviledges. Pius the fifth, grants that such Iesuites as forsake their order by leave from the Pope or General, shall enter into no other order except the Carthusian; if they apostatise without leave, they shall be excommunicate; he gives them also power to read publickly in any University they come to, with∣out asking leave and that none must hinder them, but all are bound to hear them. Gregory the thirteenth, gave them power to have their Conse••vators, Iudges, and Advocates, and to recite their Canonical hours without the Quire, and to correct, change interpret, expunge and burn such books as they dislike, and to be the Popes Library keepers, and exempteth them

from being necessarily present at Processions or Fu∣nerals.* 1.29 By reason of these and other priviledges grant∣ed to this order; besides their own industry, they grew so numerous in the space of 75. years, that they had Anno 1608. as Ribadene••a sheweth, 293. Col∣ledges, besides 123. Houses, and of their Society were reckoned 10581. Out of their Colledges they raise a reven••e of Twenty hundred thousand Crowns yearly.

Q. 8. Are there no other orders in the Church of Rome?

A. There are divers more, but of lesse note, whose original is uncertain, both in respect of their Author and time,* 1.30 besides there be many subdivisions of one and the same order, as the Franciscans are subdivided into Observantes, C••nventuales, Minimi, Capuci••l, Col∣lectanei whose charge was to receive the money that is given them.* 1.31 Amadeani, Reformati de Evangelio; Chiacini cum barba, de Portiuncula, Paulini, Bosiani, Gaudentes, de Augustinis with their open shooes, Servi∣entes. All these differ little except in some smal matters. There be also some Monks called Ambrosiani,* 1.32 who wear red cloaks over white coats. Others are called Capellani,* 1.33 whose garments are partly black, and part∣ly blew. Chal••meriani wear a white crosse upon a white cloak.* 1.34 Cellarii, from their Cells are so called, and Brothers of mercy from visiting the sick, and carry∣ing the dead to the grave; in the inside they wear black linnen, on the outside a sooty colour garment: Clavigeri wear upon a black cowle two keys,* 1.35 intima∣ting by this, that they have power to open and shut Heaven. They make Saint Peter the Author of their order.* 1.36 Cruciferi, these bow their bodies and heads as they walk, go bare-foot, and wear a white cloak girt with a rope, they carry always in their hands a little wooden crosse. The Brothers of the Crosse wear a black cloak without a hood, and bear the Crosse before their breast.* 1.37 For••••ciferi, so called from wear∣••ng a pair of sheers on their cloak, by which they shew that they clip off all carnall lusts, as it were with a pair of sheers. They wear a black cloak and hood, these we may call Sheet-Brothers. The Brothers

of Helen, brag that they were instituted by Helen, Con∣stantin's Mother, after she had found out the Crosse; they wear a white garment, and on it a yellow Cross, Hospitalarii,* 1.38 so called from looking to Hospitals, they wear black; they differ from the former of this name, and so do the Cruciferi. The Brothers of Saint Iames wear a fandy-coloured garment, and shells hanging at it; they make Saint Iames their Patron. The Order of Ignorance: These Monks think it mans chief happinesse to know nothing.

This order of Igno∣rance is now the greatest in the world, and is like to swallow up all the Orders and Degrees of Learning, as Pharao's lean Kine did devour the fat. So much the more happy will this Order be, when it is fed with Tythes and Colledges.

There is an order of Ioannites differing from the former; these wear a read garment to re∣present Christs Blood, and on the breast thereof is woven a Chalice, to shew that in his Blood our sins are washed; they also hold a Book still in their hand. The order of the Valley of Iosaphat goeth in a Purple ••arment; these appoint Judges to decide controver∣sies of marriage. The order of Ioseph was erected in honour of Maries supposed Husband: These wear ash-coloured cloathes, and a white hood. The or∣der of Lazarus or Magdalen wear a green crosse upon a black cloak with a hood: there be two sorts of them, some contemplative, who are black within, and white without, using ordinary food, the others wear a brown or ••awny colour, and are active, their food is onely herbs and roots. The order of Nuns of Saint Mary de decem virtutibus, that is, Of the ten vertues, which consist onely in repeating the Ave Mary ten times: They wear a black Vaile, a white Coat, a red Scapular, and an ash-coloured cloak. There be two other orders of Saint Mary, the one wears a white coat, and a black cloak like Carmelites, the other are all white; there is also the order of Ma∣ries Conception. The order called Reclusi, shut themselves up between two walls, or in narrow cells, whence they never go out so long as they live. The order of Saint Ruffus, instituted by him; these go like the Canon Regulars, wearing a Scapular

over a linnen Surplesse, and a black coloured hood. There is an order of free Nums, who maintain them∣selves, and may marry when they will. The order of Speculari•• are so called from their looking glasses which they always carry; their inward garment is black, their outward white: They wear on their breast a black crosse.

Among the Romans it was counted an Effeminate trick for men to carry about a Looking glasse;* 1.39 therefore Otho is mocked by Juvenal▪ who speaking of the Looking glasse, calls it, Pathic••ge••t a∣men Othonis.

The order of the S••ellati, wore Stars on their cloathes; some of them have black gownes and black hoods, some have cloaks without hoods. Some other perty orders there are of small account.

Q. 9. How are the Abboots consecrated at this time?

A. If the Abbot be not a Monk,* 1.40 he is thus conse∣crated: On the consecration day, which is some Festival, or the Lords day, both the Bishop, and the Abbot elect, confesse, and fast the day before. In the Church two Chappels are trimmed up, me bigger for the Bishop, the lesser for the Abbot. On the Altar of the greater Chappel, stands a Crosse and four Candlesticks. At the foot of the Altar the ground is covered with Turkie Carpets, or Tapestry: there is also in the Chappel a Table placed for the Bishop, on which is clean Linnen, two Candlesticks, Basons with Towels, the Holy Water pot, with the As••ersory, the Censer, &c. Likewise the Bishops Masse-Ornaments; there be also three Chaites, one ••or the Elect Abbot, the other two for the two assist∣ant Abbo••s. The Bishop hath three Chaplaines. In the lesser Chappel for the Abbot, is an Altar with the Crosse, and two Candlesticks, with the Ponti∣fical and Missal; there is also a Table covered with clean Linnen, with Basons, and two Candlesticks, and the Ring which is to be consecrated, &c. The Bishop having prayed at the Altar, ascend∣eth his Chair of State over against the Altar, with his Mitre on his head; the Elect Abbot sits in his ordinary cloathes, between two ••••tred Abbots his assistants; then the Elect boweth himself to the Bishop, who riseth, taketh off

his Mytre, and saith some prayers: after this the Bi∣shop without his Mytre blesseth the Elects new cloathes, and besprinkles them with holy water, then he sits down, puts on his Mytre, and takes off the Elects secular garment; saying, The Lord take off from thee the old man, &c. and then cloaths him in a Monastical habit; saying, The Lord cloath thee with the new man, &c. This done the Bishop laying aside his Mytre, riseth and prayeth, and sits downe againe. Then the Elect riseth, and beseeching him with ben∣ded knees, and his hands on his breast, that hee would receive him, the Bishop riseth and prayeth o∣ver him; then the Elect being now made a Monk, promiseth Canonical obedience to the Bishop and his successors, fidelity to the Covent, continency and re∣nunciation to his own Estate; with this the Bishop receiveth him into the society of the Monks, and withal into the kisse of peace. After this the Elect Abbot goeth into his Chappel, where he is habited like a Priest, and thence brought between the two Ab∣bots assistants to the Bishop, who uncovering their heads, bow to him, and the elder of the two presents him to the Bishop, desiring he would ordain him Abbot of such a Monastery, according to the Apo∣stolical authority committed to him. Then the Popes Mandate is read; the Elect sweareth upon the Gospel, the Bishop asketh if he will be faithful over the flock committed to him, if he will reform his life, be so∣ber, humble, chast, and patient; if he will be subject, obedient, and reverent to the Pope and his successors; if he answereth I Will, then the Bishop prayeth that God will keep and strengthen him; if the Abbot be not exempted from Episcopal Jurisdiction, he is to promise obedience to the Diocesan and his suc∣cessors. This done, the Elect kisseth the Bishops hand, who standing before tht Altar makes confes∣sion, kisseth the Gospel and the Altar, which he doth also incense, and sayeth Masse. After this the Elect goeth to his Chappel where he is trimmed in the Abbots ornaments; and is brought againe before the Bishop, to whom he boweth himselfe, and then the Musick begins: the Bishop after this takes

the Pastoral staff, blesseth it and prayeth for the Elect Abbot, who all the while is on his knees, then the Bishop layeth both his hands on the Abbots head, prayeth, and giveth to him the rule of the order, whereof he is to be head, with an exhortation to be careful over them. After the Bishop hath blessed the Staffe, he besprinkleth the Elect with Holy Wa∣ter, delivereth him the Staffe, with an exhortation to use it with discretion. Then he blesseth the Ring and casts Holy Water on it, and puts it on the Ring fin∣ger of his right hand, and prayeth for him; this done, the Abbot receiveth the kisse of peace, then▪ retireth to his Chappel, thence returneth with his two assi∣stants, and presenteth to the Bishop two burning Ta∣pers▪ two Breads, two vessels of Wine, and kisseth his hand. Then Masse is said, the Sacrament administred, and the Abbot is solemnly blessed; at length the Mytre is blessed, and washed with holy water, which the Bishop puts on the head of the Abbot; saying, Lord we put on the ••ead of this thy servant the Helmet of Salvation, that he having his ••ead armed, may with the Hor••es of both Testaments appear terrible to the adversaries of the Truth, &c. At last the Gloves are blessed and washed, and put on the Abbo••s hands, who with his Mytre on his head,* 1.41 is by the Bishop brought to the Quire and set in his predecessors Chaire; whence he riseth, blesseth the people present, and thanks the Bishop. The rest of the day is spent in good cheer. The consecration of the Abbatesse and Nuns is much after this manner.

Q. 10. Wherein do the Christian Orders of Knight-••ood differ from one another?

A. In the Times, Authors, Occasions, Habits, Ends, Ornaments and Ceremonies of their instituti∣on. The first order of Knight-hood in France,* 1.42 was that of the Gennet, instituted by C••arls Martel, in memory of the great Victory he obtained against A••••dira••••, in whose Camp were found good store of Gennets▪ which are beasts like Spanish Cats in bignesse, with long and slender snow••s, their furres (whereof good store were found in the enemies Camp, and presented to Charls Martel) do smell like those of

Ci•••• 〈◊〉〈◊〉: From this beast the order is so called, consisting of sixteen Knights onely, who were col∣lars of Gold made of three chains, linked with red Roses enam••lled; at the end of this collar hung a Golden Genne••••. The order of the Crown Royal, (instituted by Charlemaigne,* 1.43 in favour of the Prisons, who had done him good service in his wars against the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 or ancient Saxons) wore on their breasts a Crown Royal in embroydery of Gold, wherefore this was called L' Ordye de la Coronne Royal. The or∣der of the Star instituted by King Robert of France,* 1.44 Anno 1022. was composed of thirty Knights, where∣of the King was chiefe. These wore cloaks of white Damask; on the left side of the breast, was embroy∣dered a Scar wrought in Gold, with five pointed beames. Their Oath was to say in honour of the Virgi•• Mary (whom they called Star of the Sea▪ and Lady of the Star) a Corons or Chaplet made up of five tenns of Ave Maries, and five Pa••er Nosters, with an Antheme.* 1.45 The order of the Broom Flow∣er, instituted by Saint Lewis the French King, did wear a collar composed of Broom husks, or codds, interlaced with Flowers de sys. King Lewis chose this Broom for his emblem, adding these words, Exaltat humiles, intimating that God had exalted him for his humility to the Royal Throne of France, in stead of his eld••••, Philip of France. The Knights of this order 〈…〉〈…〉 of white Damask. The order of the Ship,* 1.46 instituted also by Saint Lewis, for in∣couraging the French Nobility to attempt the Seas with him against the Saraoens, wore a collar inter∣laced with double Scallops (signifying the sandy shore) and doubl•• ••r••scents or halfe Moons, which with the Ship hanging thereat declared his enterprise was to fight with Infidels and Ma∣humetans, and to plant the Christian faith; Therefore these Knights were tied by their order to hear daily the office of our Saviours passion, to defend the Ca∣tholick Faith, Church, and Ministers thereof; and to protect VVidows, Orphans, and other afflicted people. The order of Saint Mi••hael was instituted by Lewis the eleventh,* 1.47 Son to Charls the seventh, in honour of

Saint Michael the French tutelar Angel, who com∣manded Aubert Bishop of Auranches to erect a Church to him on that Hill, which ever since hath been cal∣led Mount Saint Michael, frequented yearly with Pil∣grims from all parts of France: to whom also is dedi∣cated the nine and twentieth day of September, in memory of this Angel who fought against the English at Orleans; hereupon Charls the seventh took for his Oriflambe the image of Saint Michael, which was al∣ways carried before the King when he went to wars. They wear a collar of Gold made of Scallops fastned on small chaines, from which hangeth the Image of Michael treading on the Dragon. As often as any Knight misseth the wearing of this collar, he is to cause a Masse to be said, and to pay seven Sols and six Deniers Tournois. All the Knights are bound on the Vigil of Saint Michael to wait in their habits on the King from his Palace to the Church. On Saint Michaels day, they are to wait on the King in the same ornaments to Masse, and to offer each man a piece of Gold; that day the King is to entertain them at his Table; The next day they offer (being cloa∣thed in black) wax candles for the dead, for whom Masse and Prayers are said. Their oath is to main∣taine the dignity of the French Crown, and the Church.* 1.48 The order of the Holy Ghost was instituted by Henry the third of France, Anno 1579. in memory of his Nativity, Election to the Crown of Poland, and his comming to the Crown of France, all which hap∣pened upon VVhit-Sunday, when the Holy Ghost de∣scended upon the Apostles. The Knights of this or∣der wear a collar made of Flowers de Luce of Gold, cornered with flames of fire in••erwoven with some Letters, the first whereof is H. the first letter of Hen∣ries name. From the collar hangs the image of a Dove in the middest of a Crosse like that of Malta, all beset with beames and four Flowers de Luce. The King is chief of the order, whose oath is to maintain the Ca∣tholick Religion, and unity amongst his Subjects. The Knights are all bound to communicate every first day o•• the year, and on the day of Pentecost, and to swear their zeal to the Catholick Faith, and their fidelity

to the King and his successors. This order consisteth of the King, and one hundred Knights; among which are four Cardinals, five Prelates, the Chancellour, Provost, Master of the Ceremonies, the High Treasu∣rer, and Register. All the Knights are bound to wear the Crosse on their garment. The feast of this order is kept on the first of Ianuary, in which the King is accompanied to the Church by the Knights, and they after Masse are feasted by him at the Palace. At Even song, they for the deceased Knights wear black, and the next day offer wax candles for their souls, and then dine with the King again. The order of Christi∣an Charity* 1.49 was instituted by the same Henry, for the benefit of poor Captains and maimed Souldiers, to whom Rents and Hospitals were by him assigned. They wear on their cloaks an anchored Crosse, em∣broydered with white Sattin. The Knights of Saint Lazarus* 1.50 had their original at Ierusalem, but being ex∣pelled thence, were by Saint Lewis brought from thence, and entertained with great revenues, to the end they might look to the cure of leprous and other infected persons; but when these Knights became idle, and married, their Rents were taken from them, and a part thereof given to the Knights of Saint Iohn of Ierusalem. By Gregory the thirteenth, Emanuel Phil∣bert Duke of Savoy was chosen great Master of this order of Saint Lazarus, to whom he gave the command of all spittles for Lepers. The order of the Virgin Mary in Mount Carmel,* 1.51 consisting of one hundred French Gentlemen, was instituted by King Henry the fourth of France, and confirmed by Pope Paul the fifth, Anno 1607. They are tied to keep a feast every year the sixteenth of May, to the Virgin Mary of mount Carmel, to wear on their cloaks a Crosse of taway velvet, in the middest where of shill be the I∣mage of the Virgin Mary, entowered with beames of Gold: about their necks they shall wear an an∣chored Crosse of Gold, in the middest whereof shall be the Virgins Image enamelled. They may not mar∣ry above twice. They must ••ight for the Catholick faith. The order of Orleans* 1.52 was instituted by M••nsieur L••••ie of France, Duke of Orleans, Anno 1393. it is called

also the order of the Porcupine, because there hangs the picture of this beast from three chains of Gold, which Monsieur took for his Device, to ••et Iohn of Bourgong••e his mortal enemy know that he w••••ted not arms and courage to be revenged on him, for his wicked and bloody intentions. The order of the Golden Shield* 1.53 was instituted by Lewis the second, third Duke of Burbon, firnamed the Good Duke; in the Golden Shield was a bend of Pearles, whereon was written Allon, which is as much as Allons in French, that is, Let us go all together to the service of God, and de∣fence of our Country. He instituted also the order of the Thistle,* 1.54 called also the order of Burbon in honour of the Virgin Mary, Anno 1370. consisting of six and twenty Knights, who wore a belt, in which was em∣broydered the word Esperance in Capital letters; it had a buckle of Gold, at which hung a tufft like a Thistle; on the collar also was embroydered the same word Esperance with Flowers de Luce of Gold, from which hung an Oval, wherein was the Image of the Virgin Mary, entowered with a Golden Sun, Crowned with twelve Stars of Silver, and a Silver Crescent under her feet; at the end of the Oval was the head of a Thistle. The order of Anjou* 1.55 or of the Crescent or halfe Moon, was instituted by the good King Rene, being Duke of Anjou; and King of Sicily: The Symbol of the order was a Crescent of Gold, whereon was ingraven this word Loz, which signi∣fies praise; this the Knights wore on their cloaks or gownes; there were of this order six and thirty Knights. The order of Saint Magdalen* 1.56 was institu∣ted by Iohn Chesnel a Noble Gentleman of France, An. 1614. out of a Godly zeal to reclaim the French from their quarrels, duels, and other sins, that by remem∣bring the repentance of Mary Magdalen, they might with her learn to repent. The Crosse which might serve to wear on the cloak, or about the neck, had at three ends three Flowers de Luce; the foot stood in a Crescent, in the middest was the shape of Magdalen; the Croffe is beset with Palm•• to shew this order was instituted to encourage Voyages to the Holy Land; within the Palmes are Sun beames, and foure

Flowers de Luce, to shew the glory of the French Nation. The Knights are tied by their vow to aban∣don all hazardous gaming, blasphemie, reading of prohibited and vicious Books, &c. Their habit is of skie-colour. Their Collar is made up of the let∣ter M. doubled with L. and A. to expresse Mary Magdalen, King Lewis, and Queen Anne, interlaced with double hearts, wounded with darts of Gold crossed; the Ribband is Crimson, from which hangs an Oval, having Mary Magdalen on the one side, and Saint Lewis on the other. The device about the Oval on the cloak is, L' amour de Dieu est pacifique. They had a house allotted them neer Paris, wherein were ordinarily five hundred Knights, bound to stay there, during two years probation; at the end of which, they shall take the Oath of the order of cha∣rity, obedience, and conjugal chastity; they must also abjure all duells, quarrels, and assasinates. The Knights that live abroad shall meet every year at their house called the lodging royal on Mary Magda∣lens Festival day, to communicate and to give an ac∣count of their actions to the Great Master. The Knights that live in the house, must on all Sundays and Festivals be assistant at Divine Service; the Knights have their Academy for all kinde of exercise. But this order as it began, so it ended in the person of Chesnel.* 1.57 The order of Bretaigne, or of the Hermine, and Ears of Corne, was instituted by Francis Duke of Bretaigne, Anno 1450. it was called of the Ears of Corne, because the Golden Collar was made in the form of Ears of Corne,* 1.58 at the end of which hung by three small Golden chains a little white beast, called an Hermine; his word or Motto was, A Ma Vie; intima∣ting, that whilest he lived he would preserve his courage, purity and integrity, resembled by the Ermine which is so loth to defile his white skin by run∣ning through durty and boggy places when he is hun∣ted, that he will rather suffer himself to be caught; whose skin is in great request for Furs. This order consisteth of five and twenty Knights of the Ears of Corne, so called, to signifie that Princes should be careful to preserve Husbandry.

Q. 11. What other orders of Knight-hood were there in Christendome, besides those of the French?

A. In Flanders was instituted the order of the Golden Fleece by Duke Philip,* 1.59 in the City of Bruges, Anno 1429. in memory of the great revenues which he raised by Traffique of Wooles; or else in memory of Gideons Fleece, or of the Golden Fleece at Colchos. This order consisted of thirty Knights, the Duke be∣ing chief. The Great Collar was made of double Fusiles enterwoven with Stones and Flints sparkling flames of fire. The Flints were the Armes of the ancient Kings of Burgundy; the Flames did signifie the swiftnesse, fiercenesse, and terror these Knights should shew to their enemies, to this purpose was this Motto, Ante ferit quam flamma micet. From the Collar hung a Golden Fleece. The Patron of this order was Saint Andrew: The Knights were to keep three Festivals; on the first day they wore Scarler, to shew that Heaven and Glory is got by Martyrdom and effusion of Blood. On the second day black, to shew their grief for the dead. The third day white Damask, to shew their purity. The order of the Garter* 1.60 was instituted in England Anno 1347. by King Edward the third, consisting of five and twenty Knights, under the Patronage of Saint George. The great Collar was of Gold, composed of white and red crosses knit in manner of true love knots, instead of which knots the Thistles of Scotlands order were combined by King Iames, who united the two orders as he did the Kingdoms. From the Collar hangeth Saint George on Horse-Back with the Dragon at his feet. In England were instituted the Knights of the Bath* 1.61 by King Henry the fourth, as some write, who made six and forty Knights, who having their seve∣ral Chambers in the Tower, watched and bathed themselves on Saturday night, and on Sunday▪ they were made Knights; At high Masse in the evening before the Ceremony, they were cloathed with gray cloth like Eremites, to shew they were willing to renounce the world for Christ; the next day they swear To love God, defend the Church, honour the King, and to protest the oppressed: and then they lay aside their

Monks habit, and are richly cloathed; then they mount on Horse-back, having on the front-stale the signe of the Crosse, and so they ride to the King, who girdeth them with the Girdle and Sword, and com∣mandeth two ancient Knights to put on their Gilded Spurs. At dinner they wait on the King, after which they present their Swords to God on the high Altar, and redeem them again with mony. These and other Ceremonies of the Knights Batchelors, or of the Bath, may be seen at large in our own Histories. The order of the Thistle,* 1.62 or of Saint Andrew in Scot∣land was instituted by King Achaius, who made a League offensive and defensive with Charles the Great, Anno 809. The Collar is made up of Thistles and Rue, the one being full of prickles, and not to be touched without hurting the skin, the other is good against Serpents and poyson. The Motto is Nemo me impure lacessit, intimating that he wanted not power to de∣fend himself, and offend his enemies. At the Collar hangeth the picture of Saint Andrew with his Crosse. The order of the Lilly,* 1.63 or of Navarre was instituted by Prince Garcia the sixth of that name, in the City of Nagera, Anno 1048. where the Image of the Virgin Mary issuing out of a Lilly, was discovered in the time of the Kings sicknesse, who thereupon suddenly re∣covered his health; and in token of gratitude insti∣tuted the order of Knights of Saint Mary of the Lilly, consisting of eight and thirty Knights, whereof he was chief. They sware to expose goods and for∣tunes to preserve the Kingdom of Navarre, and to ex∣pel the Moores. Each of these weareth•• Lilly on his breast, made of silver, and a double chaine of Gold, interlaced with this Gothish letter 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 which stands for Mary, At the end of the chaine hangeth a Flower de Luce, carrying the same letter crowned. The Knights are tied to divers, services and prayers, to confesse also and to communicate. The order of Saint Iames of the Sword was instituted Anno 1158.* 1.64 under the reignes of Alphonso the nineth King of Castile, and of Ferdinand King of Leon. The Knights wear on their breasts, and on the left sid•••• Scallo••∣shell.

About their neck they wear three chains of Gold, from which hangs the form of a sword, being of red Sattin embroidered, and a Scallop shell upon the same sword. The red sword signified their victo∣ry over the Arabians, with whose Blood their swords were dyed. The Scallop shell was a mark of their Pilgrimage to the Holy Sepulchre of Saint Iames; these they gather on the Sea shore, and fasten them to their hats or hoo••s; who go on Pilgrimage. This order took first beginning in Galici•• under the homage then of Leon; at first these Knights lived in common with the Monks of Saint Helie, and shaved their Crowns, vowing chastity, poverty, and obedience, but afterward they married; they both were of Saint Austins rule. This order was also established in Por∣tugal; above six hundred Knights were of this order. Many Lords of Spain hold it an honour to wear the habit of Saint Iames. The great Mastership of this or∣der was incorporated to the Crown of Castile, Anno 1493. by Pope 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the sixth. The order of Saint Iulian,* 1.65 called of the Pear-Tree, was instituted in the Kingdom of Leon, Anno 1179. and was approved by Pope Alexander the third, L••cius the third, and Inno∣cent the third; The Knights have the Pear Tree for their 〈◊〉〈◊〉. But after A ph••••so the ninth King of Leon, beca••e Master of the City Alcantara, which he took from the Moors and bestowed it on the Great Master of 〈…〉〈…〉 and this gave it to the Master of the Pear Tree; These Knights of the Pear Tree stiled themselves Knights of Alcant••ra, and forsaking their former Armes, were the Green Crosse Flower de 〈◊〉〈◊〉 on their brests; they live under the order of Benedict. They first professed Chastity, but Pope Paul the fourth permitted them to marry. The Great Mastership of this order was by Pope Alexander the six 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Spaniar•• united to the Grown of 〈◊〉〈◊〉, in favour of King 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Arragon, and Queen ••••abel his wife. The or∣der of Calatravs was ••ounded in the Kingdom of Ca∣stile-Anno 1158.* 1.66 under the Reign of Sancio the third, and sixth King of Castile. They were called Calatrav•• from a Castle of that name taken from the Moors, and given to the 〈…〉〈…〉, but they fearing their

own weaknesse, surrendered it to the King Sancio of Castile, who gave it to certain Monks of the Cistertian order, who offered themselves to keep this frontiered Castle; Hence arose the order of Calatrava. They wear a red crosse Flower de luced. Pope Alexander the third approved this order; at first these Knights wore Scapularies and robes of white, but Pope Benedict the third dispensed with them for that Monkish habit, and they were permitted by Pope Paul the third, to marry once onely. At last the Masterships of Saint Iames, of Calatrava, and of Alcantara were an∣nexed to the Crown of Spain, in favour of Charles the fifth Emperour and King of Spain, who enjoy the re∣venues of these three great Masters. The order of the Band or Red Scarffe,* 1.67 was instituted in Castile by Al∣phonso the 11th, Anno 1330. King of Leon & Castile. The Knights wore a broad Ribband of red Silk, and are bound to accompany the King in his Wars, to be va∣liant, sober, courteous, discreet, &c. The order of the Dove,* 1.68 or Holy Ghost, was instituted in Segobia in Castile, Anno 13••••, by Iohn the first of Castile. They wore a colla•• linked with Sun beams, whereat hung a Dove of Gold, enamelled with white, as if it were flying down from Heaven. But this order ended with the institutors life, to wit, the same year of his institu∣tion.* 1.69 The order of Saint Saviour of Montreal, called the order of Arragon, was instituted in Arragon, Anno 1120. by Alphonso the eighteenth, King of Navarre, and first of Arragon. The Knights wore a white robe, and on the breast an anchored red crosse; their rule was like that of the Templars, to whom they succeeded in Montreal, but only that they had power to marry. The order of our Lady of M••ntesia,* 1.70 or of Valencia, was instituted in the Kingdome of Valencia, Anno 1317. by Iames the second, King of Arragon, upon the extir∣mination of the Templ••rs. The Statutes of this order were answerable to that of Calatrava, under the rule of the Cistertians, whose cloathing they were dispen∣sed withal to wear. Their Crosse was that of Saint George, a full red crosse which they wore on their breast.* 1.71 The order of the Looking Glasse of the Virgin Mary was instituted by Ferdinand the Infant of Castile,

Anno. 1410. upon a memorable Victory he had over the Moores. The Collar of this order was composed of Bough-pots full of Lillies, interlaced with Griffons. The order of Iesus Christ was instituted in Portugal An. 1320. by Dionysius the sixth King of Portugal:* 1.72 the Knights wear black, and upon their breast a red crosse, and another white over the red. Pope Iohn the twenty second confirmed this order Anno 1320. gave them the rule of Saint Bennet. Pope Alexander the sixth gave them leave to marry. This order as that of D. Avis was annexed to the Crown of Portugal.* 1.73 This order D. Auis was instituted in Portugal under the first King Alphonoso Henriquez Anno 1147. under the rule of Saint Bennet. They beare for their Armes the crosse like that of Alcantara,* 1.74 with two black birds like Ravens.

Q. 12. What were the orders of Knight-hood in Ger∣many, Hungary, Bohemia, Poland, &c.

A. The order of the Dragon was institu••ed in Ger∣many,* 1.75 by the Emperor Sigismund, Anno 1418. upon the condemnation of Husse, and Hierom of Pr••gue. The Knights did wear on high days a Scarlet cloak, a double Golden chaine, at the end whereof hung a Dragon overthrown, her wings seeming broken; and daily they wear a Crosse Flower de Luced with green. This order was famous throughout Germany, and Hungary. The order of Austria and Carinthia, or of Saint George,* 1.76 was instituted by the Emperor Frede∣rick the third, first Arch-Duke of Austria, Anno 1470. The Knights wear a white coat, and a red crosse; they were bound to guard the Frontiers of Germany, Hungary, Austria, Styria, and Carinthia, against the Turks.* 1.77 The order of Poland, or of the white Eagle, was instituted by King Ladistaus the fifth, Anno 13••5. The Knights wear a triple chaine of Gold, whereat hangs an Eagle Crowned. The order of Denmark, or of the Elephant, was instituted by Christierne the first, King of Denmark,* 1.78 Anno 1478. The Collar which the Knights wear, is composed of Elephants, with silver Castles on their backs; at the end whereof hangeth the picture of the Virgin Mary, beset with Sun beams, and a Crescent under her feet. The order of Sweden,

or of Iesus, or of the S••raphims, was instituted by Mag∣nus the fourth, King of Sweden, Anno 1334▪ The Col∣lar of this order is composed of Cherubins, and Pa∣triarchall Crosses, in memory of the siege ••aied to the chief City of Vpsala. At the end of the Collar hung an Oval, bearing these three letters, I H S. that is, Iesus Honainum Salvator, with ••our nailes enamelled whire & black, to shew our Saviours Passion. The order of Cleve, or of the Swan,* 1.79 is at this day h••ld up by the Princes descended of the House of Cleve▪ who do bear the Swan for their order, Crests, and Supporters of their Ar∣mes. Of the order of Pr••ssia called the Marian or Te••∣tonick, we have spoken already. The order of Livonia, or of the Sword-Bearers,* 1.80 was instituted Anno 1203. by Albert a Monk of B••eme, with some rich Merchants, who our of zeal to fight against the ••nfidels of Livo∣nia, renounced the world, and rowed obedience, and chastity, in the pres••nce of Bishop Albert, who pre∣scribed them the rule and habite of the Cistertians; a long white Cass••ck, with a black hood, having on the left side, neer to the shoulder, a red Sword; and on the breast two Swords acresse, with the points downward. This order was confirmed by Pope In∣n••cent the third.* 1.81 The order of Saint Gall in Switzer∣land, was instituted by Frederick the second, Emperor Anno 1213. when he came on Pilgrimage to the Abby of Saint Gall, the and instituted that order which he cal∣led the order of the Bear, giving to the chief Lords thereof Collars, and Chaines of Gold, at the end whereof hung the form of a Bear of Gold, enamelled with black. The Abbot was to conferr this order every sixteenth day of October, being the Feast day of Saint Gall, the Apostle of the Germans. This order was instituted to the memory of Saint V••sus, Mar••y∣red before the Temple of the Sun at Soleuerre.* 1.82 The Ca••tons of the Switzers honouered this order, till they fell off from the House of Austria; now it is quite lost.

Q. 13. What are the orders of Knight-hood in Italy?

A. The Popes have been sounders of divers or∣ders.* 1.83 Pope Iohn the twenty second at Avignion, insti∣tuted the order of Iesus Christ, Anno 1320. They did

wear a Crosse of Gold enamelled with red, and in∣closed with another Crosse. Pope Paul the second in∣stituted at Rome the order of the Holy Ghost, Anno 1468. The Knights wear a white Crosse. Pope Alex∣ander the sixth instituted the order of Saint George, Anno 1498. They carried a Crosse of Gold, entower∣ed with a wreath made in form of a Crown. Leo the tenth instituted the order of Saint Peter, Anno 1520. These wore within an Oval of Gold the effi∣gies of Saint Peter, at the end of a Tortis of Chaines of Gold. These were to guard the Sea Coasts against the Turke. Paul the third established the order of Saint Paul, Anno 1540. Pope Pi••s the fourth erected the order of the Pies, Anno 1560. Their charge was to carry the Pope when he went abroad in publick. He would have them take place of the Knights of Malta, and of the Empire•• Sixtus Quintus ordained the Knight-hood of Lauretto Anno 1587. to whom he erected our Lady Church at Louretto, for a Cathedral. At Rome also, there be some Church-men of the order of Knight-hood, as the Knights Hospitallers of Saint Anthony. The General of this order is called Abbot of Saint An∣thony of Vienna; the principals of this order do wear on their black Cassocks, Cloaks, and Gownes, a double Saint Anthonies Crosse, that is, two T. T. of blew Sattin; the meaner sort wear but one. The Knights of the Virgin Mary ••yere instituted by brother Bartholmew, Bishop of Vicenca, a Domi∣nican, Anno 1233. and confirmed by Pope Vrban the fourth▪ the Knights follow Saint Dominick's rule, wearing a white Cassock, with a red Crosse on the breast, with two Stars. Their cloak is of gray colour. Their charge is to take care of Widowes and Orphans, and to reconcile differen∣ces between Man and Wife. They lived at home with their Wives and Families, and not in Co∣vents. Hence they were named Fratres Ga••dentes, Brethren of joy. The order of the Glorious Virgin mary was instituted at Rome, Anno 1618. by three Brothers, Pedro, Iohn Baptista, and Bernardo. They were confirmed by Pope Paul the fifth, who with

his successors were to be Great Masters thereof. Their Covent is in the Palace of Lateran. They are bound to defend the Christian Faith, the Catho∣like Church, to suppresse the Turkes, to be Nobly ex∣tracted. The Knights Layicks of this order, and Knights Priests that are beneficed, are to wear about their necks a Ribband of blew Silk, and a Golden Crosse enamelled with blew, and on the Cloak a Crosse of blew Sattin, to shew the colour of the Virgins garment which she wore, to wit, of a blew-skie-colour; but the Knights Chaplains are to wear the blew crosse on their cloaks, but not about their necks. Within the crosse is a round circle, wherein is M. S. standing for Maria Sancta, with a Crowne. About the circle are twelve silver beams, represent∣ing the twelve Apostles; each branch of the Crosse hath nine Tracts, demonstrating the nine Orders of Angels; the four ends of the Crosse are four Lillies, to shew that the Virgin is the Lilly of the Vallies; at the ends of the Crosse are four Stars, figuring the four Evangelists.* 1.84 At Venice there is the order of Saint Marks Knights, instituted when Saint Marks Body was brought thither from Alexandria.* 1.85 At Genoa are the Knights of Saint George, and so divers Cities of Italy have their peculiar orders of Knights-hood. In Sav••y there is the order of the Annunciation,* 1.86 of which we have already spoken. The Collar of this order is composed of Roses and Love-Knots, where∣unto hangs an Oval, containing the Angell, holding a Scepter, and saluting the Virgin, over whom ho∣vereth a Dove. We have also spoken of the orders of Saint Maurice, and Saint Lazarus. The former of these two began Anno 1440. when Amadis the se∣venth, first Duke of Savoy, retired to the Desart of Ripaille, to preserve the memory of that valiant Knight, as of his Lance and Ring. They follow Saint Austins rule. The order of Saint Lazarus was united by Gregory the thirteenth, to that of Saint Maurice; these are Cistertians, and have divers privi∣ledges and immunities.* 1.87 The order of Florence, or of Saint Stepben Pope, was instituted by Cosmo de Medicis, first Duke of Florence, Anno 1561. in honour

of Pope Stephen the ninth, Patron of Florence. They follow Saint Bennets rule, and have the same Priviledges with the Knights of Malta. They weare a long gowne of white Chamble••, on the breast a red crosse, like that of Malta. The order of the Precious Blood of Christ, was insti∣tu••ed by Vincenti•• de Gonzaga the fourth Duke of Mantua,* 1.88 and second of Montferrat; Anno 1608. in honour of Christs Blood, some dropps where∣of are kept in Saint Andrews Church at Mantua. The Collar is composed of Ovals of Gold, and these two words, Domine Pro••asti; in the Ovals are flames of fire, burning about Gold-Smiths melting pots full of pieces of Gold. At the end of the Collar within an Oval, are two Angels standing upright,* 1.89 holding a Chalice and Pixe Crowned, on the Table whereof are three drops of blood, with this Legend about the Oval, Nihil isto tri∣ste recepto.

Q. 14. What were the Christian Military orders in the East?

A. The order of Cyprus,* 1.90 and of Luzignan, or of the Sword, was instituted by Guye of Luzignan, King of Ierusalem and Cyprus, Anno 1195. The collar of this order was composed of Cordons of white Silk twined into love knots, interlaced with the letters S. and R. at this hung an Oval of Gold, with a sword in it; about the Oval was en∣graved these words, Securitas Regni. Of the other Eastern orders wee have already spoken; name∣ly, of that of the holy Sepulchre, instituted by Baldwin, the first of that name, and second King of Ierusalem, Brother to Godfrey o•• Bulloigne, Anno 1103. They were at first Canons Regular of Saint Austins order, permitted to live in Ierusalem by the S••••acens: after they were Knighted, retained their white habit, whereon they carried the Crosse of Ierusalem, such as the Kings bare in their Armes. Pope Innocent the eighth, Anno 1484. united these Knights to the Hospitallers of Saint Iohn; but this Union lasted not long; for the Knights married, w••ereupon Pope Alexander the sixth took the pow∣er

of conferring this order himselfe, giving power to the Guardian of the holy Sepulchre, who is al∣wayes a Franciscan, to conferr this order on Pil∣grims to the Holy Land, provided they take their Oath on the Holy Sepulchre. Wee have also spoken of the Hospitallers of Saint Iohn Baptist of Ierusalem, instituted by Baldwin, first King there, Anno 1104. Likewise of the Knights Templars, instituted under Baldwin, the second, third King of Jerusalem, Anno 1119. Of these I will make no further mention. There were other orders in the Holy Land, as the Knights of Saint John of Acres, Of Saint Thomas, Of Saint Gerion, Of Saint Blaze, &c. but these were of small note, and are now lost. See Favines Theater of honour.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Order of poor Pilgrims.
• * 1.2

  Of Indians.
• * 1.3

  Of Divine love or Theatini.
• * 1.4

  Paulini.
• * 1.5

  See Hospini••n, Franc. Modius, Nauclerus, and others.
• * 1.6

  Of Iesuites:
• * 1.7

  Ignatius Loyo∣la.
• * 1.8

  See Christianus Franken in Col∣loq. Iesuit. Surius, Hospi∣nian, &c.
• * 1.9

  Iesuites, their rules.
• * 1.10

  Of these pas∣sages see the Iesuites rules printed toge∣ther in one Book at Lyons, Anno 1607.
• * 1.11

  Iesuites, their constitutions and rules for Provincials.
• * 1.12

  Of these passages see more fully in the forenamed Book.
• * 1.13

  Iesuits, their rules for Pro∣vosts.
• * 1.14

  Their rules for Rectors of Col∣ledges and the Examiner.
• * 1.15

  Their rules for Masters of the Novices.
• * 1.16

  Their Counsel∣lors rules.
• * 1.17

  Of these things see the Iesuits book afore named.
• * 1.18

  Their rules for Travellers.
• * 1.19

  Their Minister or Controllers rules.
• * 1.20

  Admonitor his rules.
• * 1.21

  Overseer of the Church, his rules.
• * 1.22

  Priests their rules.
• * 1.23

  Preachers, their rules.
• * 1.24

  Generals Pro∣ctor, his Rules.
• * 1.25

  Readers, their rules.
• * 1.26

  Infirmarius.
• * 1.27

  Librarii.
• * 1.28

  Priviledges granted by di∣vers Popes to the Iesuites.
• * 1.29

  Of all their priviledges see the Popes Bulls and A∣postolical Letters, print∣ed at Rome by their Superi∣ors leave, in the Iesuites Colledge Anno 1568.
• * 1.30

  Franciscans, subdivided into divers Orders.
• * 1.31

  Observantes.
• * 1.32

  Ambrosiani,
• * 1.33

  Capellani.
• * 1.34

  Cellarii.
• * 1.35

  Clavigeri.
• * 1.36

  Cruciferi.
• * 1.37

  For••••cifer••;
• * 1.38

  Hospitalarii,
• * 1.39

  Of which see Seb. Frank in Chron. Franc. Modius, Heu∣terus de reb. Burgaund. Hospi∣nian, &c.
• * 1.40

  Abbots, how consecrated.
• * 1.41

  See Alber••u•• Castellanus in Pontificali, and Hospinian out of him.
• * 1.42

  Knights of the Gennet.
• * 1.43

  Of the Crown Royall.
• * 1.44

  Of the Star••:
• * 1.45

  Of the Broome Flower.
• * 1.46

  Of the Ship.
• * 1.47

  Of S. Michael.
• * 1.48

  Of the Holy Ghost.
• * 1.49

  Of Christian Charity.
• * 1.50

  Of Saint Laza∣rus.
• * 1.51

  Of the Virgin Mary in Mount Carmel.
• * 1.52

  Of Orleance or Porcupine.
• * 1.53

  Of the Golden Shield.
• * 1.54

  Of the Thistle.
• * 1.55

  Of Anjou.
• * 1.56

  Of Saint Magdalen.
• * 1.57

  Of Britaigne or Hermine.
• * 1.58

  They that would see these orders described at large, let them read the Hi∣story of An∣drew Favine, Parisian, and Advocate in the Court of Parliament.
• * 1.59

  Of the Golden Fleece.
• * 1.60

  Of the Garter.
• * 1.61

  Of the Bath.
• * 1.62

  Of Saint An∣drew, or the Thistle.
• * 1.63

  Of the Lilly, or of Navarre.
• * 1.64

  Of Saint Iames of the Sword.
• * 1.65

  Of Saint Iuli∣an, or the Pear∣tree, or Alcan∣••rara.
• * 1.66

  Of Calatravs.
• * 1.67

  Of the Band or Red Scarffe.
• * 1.68

  Of the Dove.
• * 1.69

  Knights of S. Saviour of Montreal.
• * 1.70

  Of Montesia.
• * 1.71

  Of the Looking Glasse.
• * 1.72

  Of Iesus Christ.
• * 1.73

  Of D. Avis.
• * 1.74

  See Favine, &c.
• * 1.75

  Of the Dragon.
• * 1.76

  Of S. George.
• * 1.77

  Of the White Eagle.
• * 1.78

  Of the Elephant.
• * 1.79

  Of the Swan.
• * 1.80

  Of the Sword-Bearers.
• * 1.81

  Of Saint Gall.
• * 1.82

  See the Histo∣ries of these places.
• * 1.83

  Divers orders of Knights at Rome.
• * 1.84

  Knights of Ve∣nice.
• * 1.85

  Of Genoa.
• * 1.86

  Of Savoy.
• * 1.87

  Of Florence.
• * 1.88

  Of Mantua.
• * 1.89

  See the above named au∣thors.
• * 1.90

  Knight-hood i•• the East.