The history of the world the second part in six books, being a continuation of famous history of Sir Walter Raleigh, Knight : beginning where he left viz at the end of the Macedonian kingdom, and deduced to these later-times : that is from the year of the world 3806, or 160 years before Christ till the end of the year 1640 after Christ / by Alexander Ross ; wherein the most remarkable passages of those times both ecclesiasticall and civill, in the greatest states, empires, and kingdomes, are represented ; together with a chronologie of those times and an alphabeticall-table by the author.

The fourth Booke OF THE SECOND PART INTREATING Of the times from CHARLES the Great, till PHILIP the Emperour in the West, and the French Empire in the East, containing 400 Yeares. (Book 4)

CHAP. I.

The affaires of both the Empires under Charles in the West, under Nice∣phorus, Michael, and Leo in the East. 2. Of the Nations subdued by Charles.

CHARLES having obtained the name of Great for his con∣quests over the Saracens, Saxons, Danes and many other bar∣barous * 1.1 Nations, is brought to Rome by Pope Leo, who having [ 30] beene condemned to prison, and to lose his eyes for some crimes objected against him, escaped out of prison, and either by miracle received his sight again, or else hee did not totally lose it, the executioner taking pity on him. Charles was at Paderborn in Saxony with his Army, when the Pope came; who made no delay to follow his ghostly Fathers conduct to the Imperiall City with his Army, where having called a Synod to examine the crimes objected against the Pope; he was told, that the Bishop of Rome was not to be judged by any man. And therefore no crime being there alleadged against him, hee cleared himselfe by his owne oath, and so was absolved, and placed again, to the great griefe of his enemies, in his pontifi∣call [ 40] chair. To requite this favour of Charles; in S. Peters Church upon Christmas day▪ 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Pope solemnly pronounces him Emperour, setting the crown on his head, and the people with loud acclamations, saying: Long life and victory to Charles Augustus, crowned by God, the Great, the Peace-maker, Emperour of the Romans. Hence came the custome, that the Western Emperours received their Crowns from the Popes. For the Eastern Emperours had been now for a long time slighted at Rome, ever since they opposed Images. Charles now intends to subdue Sicily, but is retarded by Irenes Emhassadors, who promised marriage with her; this Embassie was acceptable to Charles, who hoped by this marriage to unite the two Empires again. But Aetius the Eunuch, who endeavoured to have his brother Leo then Governor [ 50] of Thracia and Macedonia to be Emperour, marred this match; and he was also de∣ceived, for Nicephorus (as we have said) obtained the Empire.

Nicephorus a perfidious and covetous man, spared not those by whose helpe hee obtained the Empire. Hee got by his faire promises Bardanas the Patrician whom the Eastern people had proclaimed Augustus, to relinquish his title, swearing hee should receive no prejudice by it; no sooner had Bardanas devested himselfe, and entred of his owne accord into a Monastery, but Nicephorus under hand caused his

eyes to bee thrust out, and then wept, as if this had been done without his know∣ledge. Then hee makes Stauratius the sonne (for the father was dead) his Co-Emperour, and shortly after fighting against the Saracens, hee lost the battell, nar∣rowly escaping himselfe. He fortifieth Ancyra of Galatia, and other townes to keep off the Saracens incursions: but basely hee made himselfe, his sonne, and his Empire triburaries to the Mahometans, who under Aaron being 300000 strong, overrun Romania. Hee promised to pay yearly 300000 peeces of silver for the Empire, and 3000 for himselfe and his sonne: binding himselfe also not to repair the Forts demolished by the Arabians. But shortly after Nicephorus as his man∣ner was broke the league; which brought the Saracens upon Cyprus, who overthrew [ 10] the Churches of that Island, and drove out the inhabitants: they also invaded Rhodes, but could not take the town, having lost their Fleet in a storm. Shortly after Aaron dyeth, to whom succeeds his sonne Mahomet, hee had civill warres with his brother which was pernicious to the Christians and Arabians of those places, many Churches and Monasteries were destroyed. In the interim Nicepho∣rus gives himselfe to wantonnesse, hee abuseth two Ladies of great beauty, and bestowes one Theophania another mans wife, an Athenian, and of kin to Irene, upon his son.

Nicephorus fearing Charles his increasing greatnesse sends Embassadors to prof∣fer * 1.2 him Italy, except so much as lay upon the Sea between Naples and Sipontum [ 20] or Siponio in the Apulia. He desired they two might live as brothers, that one might injoy the East, the other the West. It was also covenanted that Venice which had now stood 350 yeares, should be free from both the Empires. Yet this same year they drew upon themselves, both the Grecian and French Forces, for they had expelled Iohn their Duke: whom Nicephorus would have forced again upon them. But the French under Pipinus were sent by Charles to assist the Venetians. Who finding Obelerius the Tribune thrust out of the City, for favouring the French, fell fowle upon the Venitians; but having lost many of his men, and done no good, was forced to make a dishonourable retreat to Ravenna: yet Charles suffered the Greekes to enjoy Venice. Nicephorus the 9 yeare of his reign invades Bulgaria, to [ 30] be revenged on Crunnus king thereof, who had seised upon the souldiers pay by the way, as it was conveying from the Emperour to the camp. Hee had also taken Sardica, and killed many 1000 Romans. But was willing to make his peace with Nicephorus; and to give satisfaction; which proffer was rejected, and an army is sent to wast Bulgaria. But suddenly in the night Crunnus fals upon his camp, made great slaughter among the Romans, and killed Nicephorus himselfe in his pavil∣lion, whose head Crunnus fastned on a long pole, and carryed it about. Most of the Nobility were slain, all the arms and the imperial wealth in the Camp were carryed away; Stauratius Caesar received a wound in his neck, and fled to Byzantium, where many who hated the sonne of Nicephorus, intended to make Curopalates [ 40] husband of Procopia Stauratius his sister Emperour. Michael Curopalates perceiving the peoples inclination towards him, and fearing lest hee should bee prevented, procured also the souldiers good will, so the next day the Senat being called, he was saluted Emperor the third month after the death of Nicephorus. Stauratius hearing the acclamations of the people, put on a Monks habit, in which 3 months after he dyed of his wound, which did stink and fester.

Michael being setled desired the friendship of Charles and Pope Leo, propound∣ing a match between his son and one of Charles his daughter. After this he led an Army against the Bulgarians, but with ill successe, for the Barbarians prevailed, who wasted Thracia and Macedonia, and drove the Christians out of Beroea and An∣chialum; [ 50] many imputing these miseries to Image-worship, and wishing that the sonnes of Copronymus were sent for out of Panormus, to free the Empire from the Barbarians: these Michael punished with banishment, and the losse of their eyes. Crunnus propounded peace to Michael on this condition, that he might enjoy the ancient bounds of Bulgaria, and have liberty to receive fugitives; which being denyed him, hee fals upon Mesembria, and by the help of a certain Arabick Chri∣stian, whom Michael had defrauded of his pay, tooke it, and in it much trea∣sure.

Shortly after he gave such an overthrow to Michaels Army, that he having lost all, and in despaire ever to recruit again, fled and changed his robes with a Monks habit, and left the Empire to Leo the Armenian. Theophylact Michaels sonne, being already called Emperour, had his genitalls cut off, and hee with his mother Procopia and brothers were banished. Nicephorus reigned 9 yeares. Stau∣ratius the younger one year, and Michael almost 2 yeares. The Danes afore this had invaded England, and carryed away great booties, they were called Normans, a generall name to all the Northern people, their King Godefrid had warres with Charles, with whom hee quarrelled for invading the Nordalbing Saxons, now called Holsatians. Two years after Godefrid with 200 ships arrived in [ 10] Frisia, where having •…•…bdued the Frisons in a battell, imposeth a tribute upon them: but before hee could encounter with Charles, hee was killed by a souldier. To him succeeded Hemingus his brothers sonne, the same yeare that Pipinus king of Italy, Charles his eldest sonne who beat the Beneventins, and Venetian Captaines, departed this life; when upon the restoring of Venice to Nicepho∣rus, peace was concluded between the Greeks and Francs. The next year peace was concluded between the Francs and Danes; Hemingus sent him divers presents * 1.3 and then dyed, to whom succeeded Sigefridus and Anilo, who both were slain in battell, and 11000 with them of the Danes; Hazald and Reginfrid obtained Denmark the same time that Michael got the Empire of Byzantium. But these brothers were driven out of their kingdome by another faction, who had lived [ 20] in exile among the Suiones now called Swedes. This fell out the same yeare that Charles dyed of a Feaver and Pleurisie the 72 yeare of his age; having * 1.4 been King of France 47. of Italy 42. and Emperour 14. yeares. Hee was ho∣nourably buryed at Aquisgranum, now called Aix, (where he dyed) in our Lady Church built by himselfe. He was a wise, valourous, learned and fortunate Prince. He built divers religious houses, Churches and Colleages, hee instituted the 12 Peeres of France. He built a most sumptuous bridge over the Rhene neer Mintz. This bridge was counted halfe a mile in length, ten yeares were spent in build∣ing it: which a yeare before his death was burned downe, some say by casualty, [ 30] others by Ricolphus the Archbishop, because in the night time many robberies were committed there. He gave Teutonick names, (that being his own tongue) to the windes and moneths. Hee appointed proper Lessons for each Festivall day, to be read in Churches. He was canonized by Pope Alexander at the de∣sire of Frederic the first Emperour; and a hymne appointed to be sung to him at Aix. He subdued the greatest part of France, of Spain, of Italy, besides Pannonia, Saxony, Histria, Dacia, Liburnia, Dalmatia, and many barbarous Na∣tions. The Greeks with presents sought his friendship, so did Aaron Prince of the Saracens, who sent him an Elephant, a rich clock, and other Princely gifts. He bequeathed by his last will all his treasures on charitable and pious [ 40] uses. Hee never miscarried but that time he returned from his victory over the Moores in Spain, for as he was comming downe the Pyrenaean mountaines hee lost his Army, by the treachery of the Vascons, as we have shewed. 23 Me∣tropolitan Churches inherited his treasures; to wit, Rome, Ravenna, Millan, Fri∣uli, Gradus, Colen, Mintz, Saltsburg, Rowen, Trevers, Sens of old Senones, Vi∣sontium or Bisontium, Lions, Rhemes, Arles, Vienna, Tarentasia, Ebrodunum, or Yuerdon, Burdeaux, Turones or Tuo•…•…s, Bituriges. Charles had four wives, 1. Hermingardis daughter to Desiderius King of Lombardy, whom hee put away. 2. Hildegardis daughter to Godefrid Duke of Alemans, who bore to him 3 sons, Charles, Pipin, and Lodovic, and four daughters. 3. Fastrada a French Lady. [ 50] 4. Luitgarda an Aleman. By his Concubines he had other children, one of them called Pipin, who was crooked, with some others plotted treason against him, which he prevented, and cast his son into a Monastery. Among his three sons lawfully begotten he divided his Empire, to Pipin he gave Italy, to Charles Germany, to Ludovic France and hither Spain, but Pipin and Charles dyed before their Father. Pipin left one son Bernhardus and 5 daughters. Charles dyed the yeare after his brother, having subdued the Sorabi a people in Lusatia, and killed their King Mi∣loducus.

After the death of Charles the Great's two sonnes, the Saracens and Moores in∣vaded Italy, Charles sends his Grandchilde Bernardus, who tooke from them Ni∣cea in Gallia of Narbon, and Centum cellae in Hetruria, which some thinke to be Civita vechia. Pope Leo the third, after he was restored by Charles, sate 16 years, so in all he was Pope 20 yeares. Egbert subdued all the South part of Great Bri∣tain, and ordained it should be ever after called England. In Charles his time 10000 Saxons with their wives and children are planted in Brabant and Flan∣ders, and many Flemings are sent into Saxony. The 12 Peeres of France which Charles instituted were 3 Archbishops, 1 of Rhemes, 2 of Laudon, or Laon, 3 of Lingon or Langres. These were also Dukes: three Bishops; and Counts or [ 10] Earles: 1. of Bellovacum or Beauvais in Piccardy. 2, Of Novion or Noyon in Piccardy likewise. 3. Of Catalaunum or Chalon in the Dutchy of Burgundy. The six of the Laity were 1 three Dukes, 1. of Burgundy, 2. of Normandy, 3. of Aquitan or Gascony. Then 3 Earles: 1. of Flanders, 2. of Tholouse, 3. of Campania, which at this day are changed according to the pleasure of the King. Among other Nations subject to Charles, England also submitted to him, who sent thither Guido to subdue it. The clock and candlesticks which the Persian king sent to Charles he bestowed upon our Lady Church at Aquisgranum or Aix in Province. The Saracen King of Gallicea being subdued by Charles, received the Christian Faith. The Northern people that molested the Christians in Ire∣land [ 20] are driven out by the Scots. Crunnus the Bulgarian King was not con∣tented to carry about Nicephorus his head on a pole, but hee also at last made a cup of it to drink in. Charles erected 9 Cathedrall Churches, to wit, Monster, Winden, Osnaburg, Brem, Paderburn, Verden, Hamberg, Hildemen and Halberstad in Saxony. He used to have read to him in supper time S. Austin of the City of God. He caused Paulus Diaconus write the lives of the Saints.

In the East to Michael succeeded Leo the fifth. Hee subdued Crunnus that was now puft up with so many victories, and gave him a deadly wound by an arrow, who after this victory over Crunnus, commanded the abolition of Im∣ages, [ 30] banished Nicephorus the Patriarch, for withstanding his edict, and set up Theodatus in his roome. Michael Balbus conspired against him: for which treason hee is condemned to bee burned, but by the intreaty of his Empresse hee put off the execution to his owne destruction, till the solemnity of Christs Nativity was passed. In the meane while hee kept the key of the prison: but in the night time not being able to sleep, hee riseth and goeth into the prison, where hee seeth Balbus sleeping soundly upon the bed, and Papias his Keeper lying on the ground. At which Leo was much moved, and with his hand gave threatning signes, for Papias affection to his prisoner: one of the watchmen upon Leo's departure awaked Papias, and told him of the [ 40] Emperours being there, and of his anger; hee awakes Balbus and tells him what had happened: upon this they tell the Assasinats, that they must dis∣patch the Emperour quickly, or else Balbus who was condemned, would dis∣cover them. They being affrighted at this, without delay put on Priests habit, and joine themselves with the singing men in the Quire, having their swords under their garments, so while the Emperour was singing Divine Hymnes, with the rest they fall upon him, cuts off his head and hand; then run into the prison, breaks off the fetters from Balbus, and proclaimes him Emperour: then crowns him in the same Chappell where Leo was killed: they banish his wife, and 4 sons, after their privy members were cut off. Leo reigned 7 years and 5 months. [ 50]

CHAP. II.

The affaires of the Empire under Ludovic and Lotharius, in the West, under Mi∣chael Balbus, Theodosius, Theodora, Michael the second, in the East. 2. For∣raign affaires of those times and of the Church.

LUdovic (called the godly from his bounty to the Clergy and the poor,) about * 1.5 a month after his fathers death, removes from Aquitain to Aix; where hee began his reign. He renewes the league with Leo the Emperour of [ 10] Byzantium. Pope Leo being dead succeeds Stephen the fifth, who crowned Lu∣dovic at Rhemes the third yeare of his reign. To Stephen who sate but 4 months succeeded Paschalis who was Pope 7 yeares. Ludovic was like to be killed by the fall of a porch or gallery at Aix, by which fall hee was hurt in his body, and mortified in his minde. At the same time Sclaomirus King of the Eastern Sclavo∣nians revolted from him, and Bernhard in Italy raised an Army against him. But when Ludovic was marching with his Forces against Bernhard, his souldiers forsooke him, and so he surrendered himselfe to his Uncle. Ludovic having as∣sembled a Councell at Aix, condemnes the chief authours of Bernhards sedition; the Clergy men he punisheth with degradation, and the Laity with losse of their [ 20] eyes, and both with banishment. Among these were Anselmus Bishop of Millan, and Theodulphus bishop of Orleans or Aurelia. Bernhardus a few dayes after hee had lost his eyes dyed, which made Ludovic grieve for his rash sentence. Not long after this Irmengardis his wife dyed, by her he had 3 sons, Lotharius, Pipinus, and Ludovic: but the losse of his wife was recompensed, by the regaining of a lost king∣dome: for Sclaomir was brought captive, who not being able to excuse his rebel∣lion, is devested of his kingdome.

Ludovic after this marryed with one Iuditha, a Bavarian and his neer kinswo∣man, * 1.6 this marriage cost Frederic bishop of Utrecht his life, for he spoke against it, as unlawfull, whereupon Iuditha sent some Assasinats who murthered him at the [ 30] Altar. About the 7 yeare of his reigne, he had a cruell warre with Luidevicus King of Hungary; which war ended with the death of Luidevicus. Bernhard King of Italy being dead in the monastery, where his Uncle put him, Lotharius is made King of Italy, and Caesar by his father Ludovic, who marryed to him Irmengardis the daughter of one Hugo. Afterward he sent him into Italy, and desires Paschalis the Pope to proclaime him Emperour. This Paschalis was elected Pope by the Romans, without the Emperours knowledge; at which he was dis∣pleased; but quickly pacified again by the Popes excuse: who purged himselfe by oath, that hee had no hand in the murther of the Emperors servants at Rome. To Poschalis succeeded Eugenius the second who sate 4 yeares, and then gave [ 40] place to Gregory the fourth, who sate 16 yeares.

In Ludovic's time the Danes by Ebbo Archbishop of Rhemes were converted to Christianity, who caused Heraldus (that was lately after his banishment; set∣led again in Denmark by Caesar's means) to be baptized at Mintz, with a great multitude of Danes. About the time that Ranimir successour to Alphonsus in Spaine obtained a great victory of the Saracens, wherein were slaine 40000 Bar∣barians: but this joy lasted not long, for the Dane was expelled by Godefrids sonnes; the Saracens out of Spaine wasted Barcinone or Barcellone in Arragon now, but in Aquitain of old: the Bulgarians plundered Pannonia; for which cause many of their Commanders and Officers for their neglect were casheered. [ 50] The spoile that was done by the Saracens in Spain is repayd by Boniface Earl of Corsica who plunders the coasts of Africa, and doth not suffer the Saracens to settle their wealth in Sicily, which they tooke lately from the Governour there∣of under Balbus. Ludovic was severe against the rich apparell of the Clergy. But the Nobility perceiving that hee was altogether ruled by his wife Iuditha, they stir up Pipin King of Aquitania against his Father, as unworthy to reigne any longer; with him in this conspiracy Lotharius is joined, lately come out of

Italy. Iuditha is commanded from the Court, and the Emperour himselfe is threatned to be put into a Monastery, but the controversie was quickly taken up, the Emperour and his sonnes are reconciled; the Authours of the rebelli∣on are shut up in Monasteries, Iuditha is absolved, and restored to her dignity again, and Ludovic to his Empire by the Germans help. Barnhard Earle of Barcilona who was accused of adultery with her, (which was the maine cause of this rebellion of the sonnes against the father) profferred to vindicate his inno∣cency by his sword; but no adversary being sound, hee cleared himselfe by oath, and is also restored to his honor. Pipin would not give his consent to this, wherefore hee is confined to Aquae in Aragon: but he escaped thence into Gascony. Which [ 10] when his father understood, hee commanded that Pipin should be secured at Tre∣vers; but he having made his party in Gascony strong, and his brothers being animated by bad Counsellours to joine with him, they resolve to take armes, and to force their father to give over the Empire, the rather because they thought his love was altogether set on Charles the balde, his sonne by Iuditha. With these Pope Gregory the fourth combines, threatning to excommunicate the Emperor, out of a grudge, because Ludovic commanded that the Popes election should not be valid, unlesse it were examined and confirmed by his Legat. At length both Ar∣mies meet neer to Basil, ready to fight, but the Pope cunningly goeth over to Ludovic, pretending to reconcile him to his sonnes, but indeed to protract time, [ 20] that the Emperours army might be wrought upon his followers, to fall off to his sonnes: which partly by promises, partly by threatnings was effected. Ludovic being thus forsaken, went over to his sonnes camp hoping to be kindly used by them, but he was put in prison, and his power wrestedd from him. This unnatu∣rall fact was so odious to Varinus and Bernhardus, that they send Lotharius a challenge, either to set his father at liberty, or else to fight with either of them. He laid the fault upon the Bishops, and so leaving his Father in the Monastery of St. Dennis, retires to Burgundy, where he begins to fortifie himselfe, and to raise arms: in the meane while Ludovic by the help of his friends is restored againe to his right, and Lotherius being forsaken by his brothers, Ludovic and Pipin, [ 30] came humbly to his father and submitted himselfe to his mercy, who having sharply reproved him, gives him the oath of allegiance, which he took, and then returned to Italy. Ludovic stopped all passages towards Italy, that none might come thence into Germany without his knowledge. Ebbo that converted the Danes with divers other Bishops are degraded, and banished for their seditious counsels, the rest of the evill counsellours are pursued by Divine justice, for in the space of 7 weekes the plague swept them all away, in whose destruction Lu∣dovic rejoyced not, but prayed for them. Pipin the fifth yeare after he was repos∣sest in his power was struck with an untimely death, which was ushered by a co∣met, at the fight of this Ludovic presaged some evill comming, wherefore hee [ 40] by alms giving and prayers labours to divert Gods anger.

After this, by the perswasion of Iuditha, hee divides his Dominions among his sonnes. To Lotharius he gives the Empire, with Italy, and the South part of France, even to the river Maesa. The rest of France he bestowes on Charles the Balde Iuaitha's sonne, and to Ludovic he bequeathed Germany; who not con∣tented with his portion, laid claim to all beyond the Rhene, and so began to make new commotions. Augustus hastning to appease them is forewarned by a ter∣rible eclipse of the sun, that the light of the Empire should be removed, which fell out true the same month. For the Emperor dyed of grief, and of an Inposthume neer Mintz the 64 year of his life, the 28 of his Empire. Drogo his brother Bishop * 1.7 [ 50] of Metz in Lorrain, sometime the Capitol City of Austrasia, performed his fune∣rals there with great solemnity.

Michael Balbus a Phrygian born, a defender of heresies, a hater of disputations, a countenancer of all Religions, a denyer of the Resurrection, and of Divels, a maintainer of whoredomes, a rejecter of lawfull oaths, the sink of all wicked∣nesse: as he nefariously got the Eastern Empire, so he ruled it, or rather mis∣ruled it. He was called Balbus from his stammering tongue. He could neither

read nor write, and therefore suffered no children to be taught to read, left they should be learneder then himselfe. One Thomas who called himselfe Constantine, a Tribune, and who had defeated the Hagarins, strove to be Emperour; there∣fore with a great army besiegeth Byzantium: but Winter comming on he was forced to raise the siege, and return the next spring. Many encounters he had with Balbus: but at last by the help of the Bulgarians Thomas is defeated, & flyes to Adri∣anopolis where he was apprehended, upon the surrender of the City by famine, and tortured to death, his hands and feet being first cut off. Perinthus the Metropolis of Thracia, called also Heraclea from Heraclius, held out a great while against Balbus in defence of Thomas. So did also Panium, but they were at last taken. In the [ 10] meane while the Agarens of Spain seise upon Crete, and there settle, having made * 1.8 slaves of the Islanders. The Saracens of Afric invade Sicily, which they took by the treachery of one Euphemius, whom the Praetor of the Island should have executed for the abusing of a Nun; Balbus strove to recover these, but was still beat off with losse. Dalmatia likewise shook off the Graecian yoak, and became a kingdom. Thus the Eastern Empire being torn, Balbus dyed of a Phrensie and Strangury, or as * 1.9 some say of a Bloudy flux, having reigned 8 yeares.

To him succeeded Theophilus his son, who justly punished the murtherers of Leo Armenius, though they advanced his father Balbus from the prison to the Throne. He punished his wifes brother for building so close to a widows house, [ 20] that he stopt up her windowes. Many other acts of justice he did; and was a great enemie to Images. He burned off the fingers of one Lazarus a Monk, for painting or colouring of Images. He confessed that he never had to doe with any woman but his own wife, except one Lady, for which hee was sorry. He was a great lover of Musick. With divers successe he made excursions upon the Arabians. He took Sozopetra in Syria, Amira's native place, in requitall of which Amira took A∣morya in Phrygia (whence Theophilus derived his pedigree) killed many thou∣sands in it, and imprisoned the Nobility, whom Theophilus would have ransomed, * 1.10 but could not, whereupon with griefe hee fell sick and dyed the 13 yeare of his reign, the next yeare after Ludovic's decease, but before his death hee [ 30] had overcome and stain Theophobus whom the Persian Army of 30000 men had named Emperour.

In the reign of these Emperours Garsias King of Navar dyed, to whom after 4 years interregnum succeeded Eùnicus who was anointed King. The Bulgarians had received the Christian Faith the former age, but were since returned to Gen∣tilism, they are made Christians again under Ludovic. A. C. 817. afterward An. 860 they were totally converted under Theodora. Near Tulle in Belgica a maid lived 3 years without meat or drink. The Paulicians then flourished in Phrygia and Lycaonia, these were a new sect of Manichees patcht up of Judaism, Gentilism, and Christianism; these were favored by Balbus. By the skil of George a Venetian Priest, [ 40] at the charges of Ludovic water Organs were made at Aix. Ludovic parted with his right of election of the Popes and confirmed the Emperors former grants to them. S. Marks body is translated from Alexandria by Sea to Venice, to which a mag∣nificent Church is erected. The Feast of all Saints which had been 220 years before this time, observed in Rome, is now by Ludovic imposed upon France and Germany: the Saracens plunder in Italy, and rob the Vatican at Rome, but in their returne they made shipwrack. Alphonsus the third sirnamed the Great, reigns in Spain, Egbert in England, Kenneth the second son of Alpinus in Scot∣land.

To Ludovic succeeded his sonne Lotharius in the Empire. He would have sub∣jected [ 50] his brothers to him, as Emperour, and attempted to deprive them of their inheritance; making Ludovic to content himself with Bavaria, and Charles with Gascony, which they must hold of him in Fee. These scorning to be subject to their brother, and to loose their Patrimony, understanding also that hee had raised an Army against them, resolve to join their Forces together, and to withstand Lotharius: a bloudy battell is fought neer Antissiodorum or Aexer in Province, in this conflict above 100000 men were slain, on both sides, Lotharius

lost welnigh all his Army, and he was fain to fly to Aix, where he recruits his army; the next year his brothers meet him again in the field; but his souldiers being mind-full of their last great defeat, forsook him, so that he was forced to flye again. Yet doth not mean to give over, but recollects his Forces, and encampeth neer Matiscon a town in Burgundy, thither his brothers came with their Army; as they were ready to fight, the Peers of the Empire did so mediate between them, that Ludovic should have Germany for his share, Charles should injoy France, and Lotharius Italy with the Empire, and so much of Germany as lay between the two rivers, the Rhene and Mosell, hence the countrey was called from Lotharius Lotharin∣gia. Pipin the sonne of Pipin had Aquitania, which Charles not long after aim∣ed [ 10] at, not without great losse of his men, yet at last by force he got it, and shut up Pipins two sons, to wit, Pipin and Charles into two Monasteries, whence they made an escape, but were brought back at last. Ludovic Germanicus bestowed on Charles the Archbishoprick of Mints. Charles killed also Bernhard, his mothers favourite of old. Ludovic Germanicus subdued the Abotriti a people bordering upon Bulga∣ria, and killed their King, who was the cause of their revolt, and set Dukes or Go∣vernours over them. He caused 15 Bohemian Dukes to be baptized, and brought all their countrey in subjection.

About this time, the Normans with a great Fleet plundred the coast of France, and by the river of Loire entred into the bowels of the countrey as farre as [ 20] Paris. King Charles not being able to force them, perswaded them by mony to be gone out of his Kingdome. They had first infested the Spanish shoare, but were beat off by King Ranimirus, they molested also England, Frisland, and Sax∣ony, they overthrew Hamburg, which Charles the Great built as a bulwark to keep them out. At last they took the Isle Valacra, and called it Seland: so after they had done much mischief abroad, and had vexed France 20 years, they returned to Den∣mark laden with gold, where they destroyed one another with civill wars. Lotha∣rius the Emperour understanding that the Romans had a minde to deliver up the City to the Greek Emperours, hee made a journey thither; punished the authors of this plot, changed the Magistrates and reassumed his ancient right in confirm∣ing [ 30] the Popes election. Returning from Italy, he divides his Kingdomes among his 3 sonnes. He declares Ludovic Emperour and Lord of Italy. Hee placeth Charles in that part of France which of old was called Gallia Narbonensis, and Braccata, containing Languedoc, Provence and Dalphine. Lotharius the youngest is setled in Lotharingia or Lorrain: so being weary of the world, and sorry for the great mortality that was in all his Dominions by the plague, willing also to expiate his rebellion against his father; layeth aside his Empire, and entereth in∣to a Monastery called Brumia neer Trevers, where the next yeare after hee dyed, having reigned 15 yeares. His sonne Charles did not live long after his father. Lotharius having put away his wife Ditberga, marryed his Concubine Baldrada [ 40] the Bishop of Colens sister, wherefore he was excommunicate by the Pope, which cost him a journey to Rome; where he obtained absolution then having assisted his brother in suppressing the Saracens, in his return homeward he dyed of the plague at Placentia having lost a great part of his Army. This Lotharius had two sons by his Concubine; Lotharius the third and Hugo Duke of Lorrain. Ludovicus Ger∣manicus * 1.11 had long wars with the Sorabi, Bohemians, and Marcomans. He had three sons, Carolomanus the eldst who dyed of an Apoplexie, Charles surnamed the grosse and Ludovic. His daughter Ludgarta, lived a monasticall life; to Ludovic the third son of Germanicus the Empire fell.

In the reign of Lotharius the Arabian Mores plundered the coast of Campania, [ 50] seised upon Beneventum, sackt Cassinum and pillaged the Suburbs of Rome: then was Sergius the second Pope, before his Popedom he was called Os porci or Swines face, of which being ashamed hee changed his name to Sergius, whence it came to be a custome afterward for every Pope to change his name. He sate 3 yeares, to whom succeeded Leo the fourth, who fortified the City against the Saracens, and by the help of the Neapolitans and Cajetans overthrew their fleet. The Islan∣ders of Corsica and Sardina, were forced to leave their habitation to the Saracens,

and to dwell at Rome, Leo was the first that forbid laymen to be in the Quire at Masse time. He caused Cloysters or Schooles to be built neer the Churches. Leo fate 8 yeares, to him succeeded Benedict the third, who sate 2 yeares. After whom sate Nicholaus the first 9 years. He excommunicated Lotharius. In Spain Halàaragmau the third, and after him his son Mahomet reigned, who 3 times per∣secuted the Christians. The Saracens take the Isle Lipara, and in it they found the reliques of S. Bartholomew, which they abuse and disperse.

At Constantinople Theodora the wife of Theophilus the Emperor, reigned in her son Michael's his minority. She was given to Images, therefore repeals the acts of Theophilus against them, deposeth Iohn the Patriarch, and sets up Methodius, [ 10] who being accused of whoredome, cleered his innocency by shewing to the Judges his shrunk and dryed genitals. The Bulgarians rebell against Bogores their king, for being a Christian, but hee overcame them in a battell, and by Theodora obtained the inlargement of his territories. The Paulician Manichees, fell off totally from the Arabians, and infested the Provinces of the Empire with many incuisions. About this time Godaliscus the Monk mis-understanding St. Austins Doctrine of Predestination; taught that God absolutely decreed the salvation and damnation of men; and that Christ did not dye for all. Af∣ter Hincmarus Bishop of Rhemes, and Rabanus Bishop of Mints had refu∣ted him, Lodovic drove him out of Germany. Then lived Etelwoolph King [ 20] of England, who made his Kingdome tributary to the Pope. Kenneth the great in Scotland was yet alive. He by a stratagem of fish skins, with which in the night he was clothed, and speaking through a bugles horn, incouraged his Nobles to give battell the next day to the Picts which they did accordingly, supposing they had been warned by an Angell; and obtained such a victory as quite extinguished the Picts Nation.

Michael having shut up his mother in a Monastery, undertakes the Easterne * 1.12 Empire. He was a drunken foole, a slave to his pleasures, his belly, and his flat∣terers, hee spent the whole treasure his mother Theodora left, upon his luxury and pleasures, and at last was fain to make money of his robes and houshold∣stuffe. [ 30] He was twice defeated by the Saracens: but his Uncle Petronas gave them such an overthrow, that hee killed their King Amirus, and tooke his sonne prisonner: but after Petronas was dead, the Saracens tooke head again, and seised on the Cyclades Islands, and with their incursions infested the Greekes in Sy∣ria, Michael besiegeth the City Samosata in Syria, but was beat off with almost the losse of his life. Hee made Bardas his Uncle by the mother, Caesar, and committed all to his managing. This Bardas advanced learning, by erecting Schooles, and professours of all Arts, to whom hee allowed good maintenance. Hee made great use of one Leo a learned man, who in the Isle Andros had been taught Rhetorick, Arithmetick and Philosophy by Michael Psellus. Amirumnes [ 40] the Saracen Prince offered to Theophilus this Michael's father, a great summe of money, if he would part with Leo, to teach the Sciences in his Dominions: but Theophilus considering the great happinesse and honour that learning brought to Greece, and unwilling the Agarens should out strip the Grecians in knowledge, would not part with Leo whom hee made Bishop of Thessalonica, which dignity hee lost under Theodora, for subscribing against Images. But Bardas for his Bi∣shoprick, gave him the Mastership of all the Colleges which hee erected. This same Bardas was excommunicate by Ignatius the Patriarch for devorcing his wife. But hee thrust Ignatius out of his place, and set up Photius a learned man: whose Bibliothec and Nomocanon are yet extant, with Balsomons [ 50] Notes.

In this Emperours time the Rossi or Roxolani, whom at this day wee call Moscs and Moscovites, inhabiting the North side of Taurus, with a Fleet invade the Euxin Sea, and lay siege to Byzantium, but were forced to return by stormy weather, without effecting any thing. Michael grew every day worse and worse and still more sottish: one time being in his sports, news were brought him that the Beacons were on fire, which signified the Saracens had invaded the Em∣pire.

He caused the watchmen and Beacons to be removed, that his sport might receive no interruption. He mocked all reverend ceremonies in the Church, cau-sing them to be acted in an Apish way, by histrionicall young fellows. He had raised one Basilius an Horse-courser, to be master of his horse; he was a poor ex∣ile; but said to be descended from the ancient family of the Arsacidae. He was so * 1.13 well beloved by Michael, that he heard his false accusations against Bardas, whom hee suffered to be murthered in his own sight, because he used to reprove him for his fooleries. Then he marries this Basilius to Eudocia his owne Concubine, and proclaimes him Caesar; in his mad humour he used to cut off the noses or hands and heads too sometime of his most familiar friends, in sport. The new Caesar [ 10] fearing lest he might be thus used, endeavours to prevent it, by the death of the tyrant, which was hastned by this occasion. A certain waterman highly extolling and flattering the Emperour, was by him clothed with the purple robe, then turn∣ing to Basilius (who frowned to see this sight) Have not I power (saith he) to make this man an Emperour as well as thee? Basilius fearing that Michael might speake in earnest; in the night when he was drunk and a sleep, he brake into his chamber * 1.14 with his associates and murthered him, having reigned alone 11 yeares with his mother 14. Basil of a horse-courser becomes Emperour, and rules the East 17 yeares. [ 20]

CHAP. III.

The affaires of the Empire under Ludovic the second. Carolus Calvus. Lu∣dovic the third, and Carolus Crassus in the West, and of Basilius in the East. 2. Offorrain affaires of these times.

LVdovic the second Lotharius his eldest sonne was made Co-emperour with his Father, hee with the help of his brother Lotharius stoutly opposed the Saracens at Beneventum: but having lost a great part of the Army by sick∣nesse, [ 30] he left the defence of the town to Adalgisus Prince of Salernum, who in the Emperours absence revolted to the Greeks, with all the towns of Samnium, Cam∣pania and Lucania. Ludovic to be revenged of this treachery, returnes into Ita∣ly, and recovered the revolted townes, even Capua at last which had made long resistance, and drives the Saracens out of Campania. But hee shewed himselfe a weak Prince, in suffering himselfe to be deluded and perswaded by Adelgisus, to disband his Army; which when hee had done, Adelgisus with fire and sword set upon his Palace having no sufficient guard, and forced him to sweare that hee would never come again within the confines of Beneventnm, and that hee would not revenge this wrong. But Ludovic was absolved shortly after by the Pope from [ 40] this forced oath, and so comming upon Adelgisus with an Army, drove him out of Italy into Corsica, and punished his friends that remained. So having setled I∣taly, he dyed at Millan the 20 year of his reign, without issue male, which ministred * 1.15 occasion of quarrell for the Empire, betweene his Uncle Charles surnamed the Balde king of France, and Ludovic king of Germany. But this controversie was betimes composed in a Synod, called by the Pope, in which by generall consent Charles is named Emperor, and is crowned by Pope Iohn the eight, at Rome whom some call Iohn the ninth.

Basilius the Macedonian having by the murther of Michael obtained the Greek * 1.16 Empire. He first of all redemands the money which Michael had profusely spent, [ 50] causing every man to restore who had not right to it. Yet when it was restored, he was content with the halfe, returning the rest again: hee preferred none to places of judicature, but such as were uncorrupt, and free from covetousnesse. His ears were open to all complaints, and he was a carefull provider for the poore. Photius the Patriarch suspended him from the Communion for his murther, wherefore he deposeth him, and sends for Ignatius who had been banished: having discovered a plot of his Grandees against him. Hee invests his three sonnes Constantine, Leo,

and Alexander with the Imperiall Ensignes: Of his fourth son Stephen hee made a Clergy man. Against the Eastern Agarens hee fought with good successe, and o∣verrun all Asia even to Euphrates, where hee tooke in many Castles, and so re∣turned in triumph to new Rome. Hee restores Photius againe to his Patriarchat, Ignatius being dead; and yet Photius for opposing Images had beene condemned * 1.17 by a Synod at Constantinople. Basilius by Nicephorus Phocas drove out of Apu∣lia (which with some other places adjacent belonged upon agreement to the Greek Empire) the Carthaginian Saracens which had invaded it, and took Ragusium (a [ 10] city in Sclavonia, where Epidaurus of old stood) from them, by the help of Lu∣dovic the second Emperour, and of the Venetians. Hee overthrew the Saracens power at Sea, and converted many Jewes to Christianity, to the profession of which he perswaded also the Rossi: and so he did the Bulgarians, whose King having entred into a Monastery, delivered the government to his sonne; but shortly after perceiving that he was falling back to Gentilism, reassumes his own power, depo∣seth his sonne, and puls out his eyes, and then makes his other sonne King. Basi∣lius also overthrew the Mahumetans, and slew Chrisochires their Prince, who had invaded the Greek Territories. Hee tooke in Caesarea of Cappadocia, and laid waste many of the countreys of the Agarens. The Saracens of Tarsis with their Amiras wrote defying letters to Basilius shewing that neither he, nor the sonne of Mary should be able to breake his power: against these Bragadoces Andrew a [ 20] Scythian and Patrician is sent, who so quelled them, that few of all that bragging Army were left: but Andrew is deposed for not taking in of Tarsus, and Stypejo∣ta, whose tongue was nimbler than his hand, was sent. He carelessely sate down be∣fore the wals, and neglected to intrench himself, wherefore he was suddenly surprised by the Saracen horse.

Ludovic and Basil joining their Forces together suppressed the Western Aga∣rens, and tooke the Sultan prisoner, who being brought in triumph to Capua, and suddenly laughing at the volubility of the chariot wheeles, was asked why he laughed, he answered, that he saw in the whirling about of the wheeles, the Symbol of humane inconstancy. For this saying Ludovic received him into favour, but hee was deluded by him, when he perswaded him to transplant to some other places [ 30] the chiefe families of Beneventum and Capua, to prevent insurrections, then he in∣formed those against whom hee gave this advice, that Ludovic meant to remove them, whereupon they fell off from him, and carryed back the Sultan into Afri∣ca, yet at last they were forced to submit to Ludovic. Basil having reigned 20 years, one day in his hunting was wounded by a Stagge, of which wound he dyed: the Stagge got him by the girdle on his horns, a Courtier for drawing his sword to cut the girdle, was unjustly put to death, as if hee intended to kill the Emperour. Hee left behinde him three sonnes above named, the fourth Constantine was dead, his daughters hee shut up in Monasteries. About these times some write that Pope [ 40] Ioan the woman lived, whom some call Iohn the seventh, some Iohn the eight. Nicolaus the first sate 9 years, to him succeeded Adrian the second, who was Pope 5 years. Photius the Patriarch calls a Synod at Byzantium against Pope Nicolaus, upon this a schism is made between the Greeke and Latine Churches; and then openly the procession of the Holy Ghost is opposed by the Greekes. Cyrillus and Methodius preach to the Sclavonians, and Dalmatians. Pope Adrian the second was the first that crowned Elfred the sixt King of England. Then was the Uni∣versity of Oxford erected, where 3 Colleges were built by the King. Some think the foundation of this Academy was laid in the Britains time in Wiltshire, and from thence translated by Elfred to Oxford. In Scotland reigned Donadus the fifth, [ 50] who overthrew the remainders of the fugitive Picts assisted by the English, and not long after was overthrown himselfe, in another battell by the English. His suc∣cessour Constantine the second defeated the Danes in Fife, and in a second bat∣tell was defeated by them.

Charles the Bald Grandchilde to Charles the Great, succeeded in the Empire, to Ludovic. He by bribes got the Popes good will, and therefore was preferred * 1.18 to his elder brother Ludovic, who entred upon France in his brothers absence,

but shortly after dyed abroad. About 37 years after the decease of his father Ludo∣vicus Pius; his sonne Carolomannus held Bavaria, Bohemia, Moravia, Carinthia, Pannonia three yeares. His other sonne Ludovic held Belgium, France, Saxony, and Thuringia, with the Earoli. Charles the grosse obtained Suevia, Alsa•…•…ia and Lorrain, till he got the Empire▪ Carolus Calvus his second wife was Rothildis the wi∣dow of Lotharius, the deceased Emperour, by whom hee had children, but they all dyed. Hee was a proud, but a cowardly prince; having made Boson his wifes brother Duke of Italy, prepares an Army against his brother who had invaded France, but understanding hee was dead, resolves to imploy his Army of 50000 men against his brothers sonnes, therefore hasteth towards Germany. Ludovic * 1.19 [ 10] the younger laboured what he could to make peace; but not prevailing, •…•…e with his people betake themselves to fasting and praying; after which hee marcheth with his small Army against his Uncle, whose great Army he so defeated, that he was faine to flye for his life. Carolus Calvus falls desperately sick upon this over∣throw, but being recovered, hee is sent for to Italy against the Saracens, who were fallen upon the Popes territories; as soone as hee arrived thither, hee makes Boson King, and sends his Army against Caroloman his cousin German; and then out of feare flyes to Rome, Caroleman forsakes Italy. Calvus about to return to France falls sicks at Mantua. It's thought he was poysoned by Zedechias a Jew * 1.20 his Physitian. His brother Ludovic King of Germany dyed the year of Christ 882. [ 20] Caroloman of Bavaria deceased two yeares before A. C. 880. Charles the Grosse succeeded in the Empire.

About that time Pasquintan and Varfrand Dukes of Britanny, having killed Sa∣lomon their King, fell at oddes between themselves; a cruell battell is fought, in which Pasquintan though backt by the Normans, is defeated by Varfrands small Army, and when Pasquintan renewed his Forces, hee was put to flight by Varfrand though sick in bed. Pope Iohan, the eight who sate ten yeares, crowned 3 Emperours in 4 yeares space, to wit, Charles the Balde, Ludovic the Stammerer, and Charles the Grosse. Swarmes of Locusts in France for one dayes space dark∣ned the air; till flying to the British Sea, with a sudden blast of wind are all drown∣ed; [ 30] * 1.21 upon this followes the plague and famine, which consumed the third part of the people.

Ludovic the third sirnamed Balbus or the the Stammerer, the son of Calvus, ha∣ving with much pompe and magnificence intertained Pope Iohan the eight at Ly∣ons is by him invested Emperor, and crowned by Hincmar Archbishop of Rhemes▪ * 1.22 He did not live long after, nor did he any memorable act: for he dyed the second year of his reign, not without suspition of poyson. He sent his crown as he was dy∣ing with his regall robes to his son Ludovic as yet but young. To whose share France fell, to his other son Caroloman, Burgundy. Ludovic in the year 882 dyed, Carolo∣man * 1.23 in 884. The Normans under Rollon their Captain seat themselves in that part, [ 40] which is from them called Normandy, it was called Neustria before. Theodoricus was created the first Earl in Holland.

Carolus the third sirnamed Crasso or Grosse, the youngest sonne of Ludovic the second King of Germany, obtained the Empire from the posterity of Ludo∣vic the third, he was brother to Ludovic the French King (who dyed a year after his eldest brother Caroloman) and great grand childe to Charles the Great. His two bro∣thers being dead, all Germany, Italy, and France did now belong to him. He was forced to let the Normans quietly injoy that part of France called Normandy from them: and upon Godefrid the Norman he bestowes Frisia with the daughter of Lotharius. His brother Ludovic tooke a part of Lorrain from the French. He [ 50] defeated 5000 Normans neer Scaldis, and was defeated by them in Saxony having lost 12 Earles, and 2 Bishops, among which was Duke Brunno the builder of Brunswick. His brother Caroloman dyed of the Palsie. This Charles the Grosse overthrew Hugo and Boson, who laid claim to the Kingdome of France. He thrust out Hugo's eyes, and clapt him up in a Monastery. He drove Boson out of Vienna, then posted to Rome where hee was crowned by Iohn the eight. Ludovic be∣ing dead, the Normans rage with fire and sword in Germany, they plunder

Utricht, Collen, Trevers (whose Bishops they slew) with many other townes. Lu∣dovic's only sonne at Ratisbone falling from a window broke his neck. Charles having made peace with Godefrid King of the Danes o•…•… the Normans, he caused him to be baptized. Pope Iohn the eight having sa•…•…e 10 yeares was poysoned, and then knockt in the head, his successor Martin the second sat not much above one yeare. Vido Earle of Tuscia, and Duke of Spoleto being guilty of treason, to a∣void punishment, cals into Italy the Mauritanian Saracens against him. Charles sends his Kinsman Berengarius, who overthrowes Vido. Hee at last cleered him∣self [ 10] by oath of the treason objected against him, and so is received again into Charles his favour. Caroloman the sonne of Balbus is wounded by a Boare as he was hunting, which cost him his life. Charles after much happinesse, and many victories, was faine to come under the tuition of his brothers sonne Arnulphus, whom the Francs, Saxons, Bavarians, and other Germans made their King at Francfurt. Because Charles had cast off his chaste and lawfull wife, and had gi∣ven too much advantages to the Normans enemies of his Kingdome: therefore * 1.24 finding all his friends to forsake him, he sent presents to Arnulphus desiring some maintenance for his life, which he obtained, and the next year dyed, having reigned almost 9 yeares.

In his time Rollon being setled in Neustria or Normandy bordering on the Bri∣tans, and Gallicocean, the capitall City whereof is Rothomagum or Roan, re∣ceived [ 20] the Christian Faith, and with it Charles the Simples (or as others say) Charles the Grosses daughter in marriage, and a new name also, for he was named Rupert, from whom descended the Norman Dukes, among whom was Richard the second, who by his sword conquered Apulia, Calabria and Sicilia, having dri∣ven out thence the Greeks and Saracens. This Carolus Crassus had for wife Richar∣dis daughter to the King of Scotland. About these times the African Agarens, overthrew Syracusis; Abdalla a new Caliph of Africa, abjured Mahomet, and fol∣lowed Haly; and withall changed the Saracen rites and Prayers; his nephew Elmedinallas having obtained Egypt set up his regall seat at Cair, equall to that of Babylon. The Rossi or Russi were miraculously converted to Christianity; [ 30] for the Bishop whom Basil sent for that end, cast his Bible in a flaming fire, which was found among the ashes untouched by the fire. It is reported of the Emperor Basil, that desiring to see his sonne Constantine who was dead, one Theodorus a Monk, represented him, as if he had been alive, for this Basil's other sonne Leo, accuseth him for a witch, but Basil favoured and admired him. Theodorus to bee revenged of Leo, counsels him to weare a dagger in his bootes privately, as a spell against all danger, and then informes his Father, that Leo meant to kill him, for he carryed a dagger in his bootes for that end: the dagger being found, Leo is laid in Irons, at which the people were much afflicted, crying out, Alasse Lord Leo: these words a Parrat learned, and one day as Basil was at dinner speaks them; at which he [ 40] being moved, and earnestly intreated by the people, Leo is set free. About that time also the Danes invade England again, and are expulsed, except such as became Chri∣stians. Theophylact is sent by Photius the Patriarch to be Bishop of Bulgaria. Charles the Grosse was the first that dated his Letters and Patents with the year of Christ: whereas the Eastern Princes, even untill the Councell of Basil used no other com∣putation in their subscriptions, but that of the World, according to Eusebius his ac∣count, which is erroneous. To Martin succeeded in the Popedome Adrian the third, who sate one year. He renews the Decree of Pope Nicolaus the first, to wit, that the Pope should be chosen by the Clergy and people of Rome without the Emperour. To him succeeded Stephen the sixt, or as some say the fifth, he sate 6 years. [ 50]

CHAP. IV.

Of Carolus Crassus and Ludovic the fourth in the West. 2. Of Leo and his son Constantine in the East. 3. Of the affaires of Italy, Germany, Spain, Scotland, and other passages of those times.

THE posteritity of Charles the Great, lawfully begotten failed in Carolus Crassus; for Ariulphus was of the fourth degree from him, or his Nephews * 1.25 Nephew, that is, the sonne of Carolomanus Germanicus by a Concubine He succeeded his Uncle Crassus, who had a sonne called Bernhard, by a concubine: [ 10] and Ludovic Balbus had a posthume sonne named Charles, but these were passed by, and the French choose for their King Odo or Otho the Earl of Paris, who had stoutly defended the City against the Normans▪ Him Arnulphus permitted to be King, conditionally that hee did homage and fealty to him: the Italians chose for their King Berengarius the sonne of Eberhard, Duke of Friuli: others chose Vido Duke of Spoletum, who defeated Berengarius in a battell, and forced him to flye to Arnulphus. Vido having got the Empire of Italy, enjoyed it but 3 years. For Berengarius by the help of Arnulphus obtained it, who stript him of his Empire, and drove him to Spoletum. Hee dyed the 3 yeare of his Empire, * 1.26 [ 20] vomiting bloud. His sonne Lampertus Emperour in name dyed in hunting. Ro∣dulphus the sonne of Conradus and Grandchilde of Hugo Abbas makes himselfe King of Burgundy, the Normans breake in upon France and Germany: the Hungarians upon Italy, Pannonia, Carinthia, and Moravia: the Christian Bri∣tains in a battell killed 15000 of the Inhabitants that were Gentiles. Arnulphus brought the Hungarians first into Germany, by whose help hee overthrew the rebelling Bohemians. The Normans at first defeat Arnulphus his Army, but in a second battell are so defeated by him that scarse were any left to carry home ti∣dings. The Danes who were then the chief of the Normans lost two Kings Gode∣frid and Sigfrid with 16 Ensignes▪ Berengarius being assaulted by an Army under [ 30] Lambert Vido's sonne was forsaken for his tyranny by his own souldiers, and so lost his Kingdome. Otho King of France is driven out by Charles the simple sonne to Balbus.

Arnulphus is forced to make another journey into Italy against Lambert, who was crowned by Pope Formosus. He layeth siege before Rome, and enters it by the guide of a Hare: which the souldiers pursuing with •…•…hooting towards the walls, and the Watch thinking that they were comming to assault runne away: and so the imperiall City, which from Pope Leo was called Leonina is surprised * 1.27 by a Hare. Arnulphus is crowned there by Formosus, and his enemies are put to death, the Romans take the oath of allegiance to him: the government of the City is committed to one Foroldus. Lambert in hunting was killed by Hugo Earl [ 40] of Millan, whose Father for rebellion hee had put to death, when he was King. From this time that Arnulphus is crowned, the Germans claim title to the Empire. The wife of Vido and mother of Lambert was then at Firmum, which shee held out against Arnulphus. Shee cunningly sends to him by his servant a * 1.28 poysonable drink, which put him in a Lethargy, and so the siege broke up. Ar∣nulphus the third year after his imperiall inauguration dyed of the lousie disease. This Kingdome of Italy begun by Berengarius, continued 80 years, till the 32 year of Otho the great, who thrust out Adelbertus. The Italian Kings were these, 1. Berengarius. 2. Vigo. 3. Lambertus. 4. Ludovic the sonne of Boson. 5. Hugo. [ 50] 6. Lotharius with his father. 7. Berengarius the second. 8. Adelbertus. To Adri∣an succeeded Pope Formosus who sate 5 yeares: some thinke that Charles the simple; the French King after the death of Otho, was the first that wore in his coat the three lillies. Rodulphus about this time erected the kingdom of Burgundy. To Formosus succeeded Boniface the sixt, or as some say Romanus, who was Pope 26 dayes. His successour Stephen the seventh sate one yeare. Hee hated Formo∣sus so much, that hee condemned and abrogated all his Decrees: drew his body

out of his tomb, robbed it of all its pontificall ornaments, and having cut off three of its fingers, commanded it to be flung into Tibris. Romanus succeeded who sate 3 months, and to him Iohn the ninth, who was Pope 2 yeares. It was agreed that the Bishop of Rome should be called Pope, and the Bishop of Constantinople Patri∣arch, and both Oecumenicall or Universall.

To Basil in Constantinople succeeded Leo his sonne, called the Philosopher * 1.29 for the love he had to learning. Hee remembring the wrong done him by The∣odorus Santabarenus the Monk in belying him to his Father, first degraded him (for now he was a Bishop) then caused him to be whipt, and then banished to Athens, where his eyes were thrust out by his command: and because Photins favoured [ 10] him, hee is deposed from his Patriarchall chaire, sent into a Monastery, and his brother Stephen placed in his roome. Hee was disliked by his people, for doat∣ing upon his Concubine Zoe, whom after his wifes death hee marryed. He made warres upon Angaeus or Berengarius Duke of Lombardy. Hee raised such cu∣stomes upon the Bulgarian goods, that they tooke up armes against him. Leo not being strong enough to master Simeon the Bulgarian King, cals in the Turkes bordering upon Isther, these were called then Hungarians, they at first de∣feated the Bulgarians, but at last were defeated by them: the battell was so great, that of the Bulgarians were slaine 20000. and most of the Imperialists were killed. [ 20]

One Basilius cousin german to Zoe, conspired with some others against Leo, but the plot was discovered by Samonas an Agaren, and Basil is banished. Leo's third wife was Eudocia who dyed in childebed. On the day of Pentecost as Leo was going into the Church, hee was knockt down with a cudgell, and nar∣rowly escaped death. One Alexander was suspected to be the Authour of this plot: but nothing could be proved against him, yet hee was quartered and burned. Leo entertained friendship with Arnulphus, and sent him divers pre∣sents. He would one night try how vigilant his guard was, by disguising him∣selfe, and bribing them with money, the first and second guard tooke money and let him passe, but the third would upon no tearmes, but beat him and impri∣soned [ 30] him. So knowing who were false, who true, hee expels the one from his Court, and advanced the other: hee reigned 25 yeares, then dyed, having left the Empire to his son Constantine which he had by his last wife and to his bro∣ther * 1.30 Alexander.

Ludovic the fourth son of Arnulphus succeeded his father in the West-Empire. His tutors were Otho Duke of Saxony, and Hatto Archbishop of Mints. In his minority there were many civill broiles. Zuendebold Arnulphus his bastard was killed by his own subjects whilest hee was striving to reduce them to his obedi∣ence. Ludovic the Emperour for a great summe of money made France tributary to the Hungarians, who upon this becoming insolent fall with fire and sword upon [ 40] the Italian cities beyond Padua. Ludovic the sonne of Boson drove Berengarius out of Italy into Bavaria, and upon this disbands his army thinking all was safe, but Verona which favoured Berengarius calls him again into Italy, who comming suddenly with his Army in the night seiseth upon Ludovic, and deprives him both of his eyes and kingdome: so Berengarius is saluted Emperour. About this time Nicolaus the Patriarch excommunicates Leo the Greek Emperor for his fourth marriage; Nicolaus was entreated to absolve him, but would not, where∣fore Leo deposeth him, and sends him into a Monastery, and then sets up Euthymi∣us Sincellus in his room. After Leo's death, his brother Alexander governed the Empire, or rather neglected it, giving himself to voluptuousnesse & gormandising. [ 50] He thought to have emasculated his pupil, but he was hindred by death, for having overcharged himself with too much meat and drink, as he was taking horse hee broke a vein, so that he dyed bleeding.

In Germany there were civill wars also in Ludovic's time; for Adelbert Earl of Bamberg, for 7 yeers stood out in rebellion against the Emperour, the Bishop of Mitzburg, and Conradus Earl of East Franconie, opposed Adelbert or Albert, who in this expedition lost his two brothers, wherefore to be revenged he treacherously

murthered Conradus. Ludovic summons him to appeare and to give account of this murther; but refused, whereupon an Army is levyed against him. Ha•…•…to Bi∣shop of Mintz perswades Albert to submit himselfe to the Emperour, which he did; and then immediately being condemned of high treason, he lost his head: his posterity afterward became Marquesses of Austria. There brake out also civill wars in Lorrain, and other places of the Empire, which brought the Hungarians out of Thrace into Bavaria, wasting Pannonia by the way. Ludovic with all the strength he could make fights them for three dayes together; in this battell hee lost the flower of all the German Nobility, and himselfe was forced to flye▪ the Hungarians pursue their victory with fire and sword, so that Ludovicus was faine [ 10] to buy peace of them for a great sum of money, which cost him his life; for up∣on this he grew sickly and melancholy, and in the 24 year of his age dyed, having reigned 12 years: in him ended the issue male of Charles the Great, from the be∣ginning of whose Empire, to the death of this Ludovic were 111 years. He dying childlesse ministred occasion of much trouble in the Empire, till by consent Henri∣cus * 1.31 Auceps was elected.

Alexandor Leo's brother on his death bed recommended the care of his brothers sonne Constantine being yet but 7 yeares old, to his mother, and to some of the Nobility: having made Phocas Generall of all the Land Forces, and Romanus an Armenian Admirall of the Seas: but Constantinus Ducas the son of Andronicus [ 20] aiming at the Empire, raised a faction against the young Emperour, which was quickly appeased by the Tutors and Praetorian Guard, who seised upon Ducas, and cut off his head. Then these Tutors began to tyrannise, which ca•…•…sed com∣motions in the City; and drew the Bulgarians against them, who sate down twice before the city; the siege could not be rai•…•…ed without much intreaty, and great sums of mony: they pillaged Hadrianople twice, and in their last expedition they wasted Thracia, and made incursions upon Macedonia. Constantine longing to see his mo∣ther Zoe, who was banished from the Court by Alexander; she is sent for, who short∣ly after takes upon her the government, and removes most of Constantines Tutors.

Romanus the Admirall having removed Constantines mother from the govern∣ment [ 30] and mued her up in a Monastery, he marryeth his daughter to him, and then setting him aside, makes himselfe and his own sonnes Emperors, and so ruled the Empire 26 yeares, but at last hee was taken by his sons and banished. These sons Constantine seiseth upon whom he shaveth and makes Priests of them: and then ruled all alone. He recovered in Italy from the Lombards Beneventum. Hee had no luck against the Saracens. He quieted the Turkes with money which he could not doe with armes, and converted many of them to Christ, at last he was poy∣soned by his owne sonne Romanus, after he had reigned 54. years, 13 with his fa∣ther, Uncle and Mother, 26 with Romanus his father in Law, and 15 years alone: but the poyson being not strong enough to kill him, he recovered and betook him∣selfe [ 40] ever after to a private life; sequestring himselfe from the world, in hill O∣lympus with one Theodor cus Syzicus a devout man: his life was equall to his reign, for he lived 54 yeares. Phocas Generall of the Land Forces was oppressed by the greatnesse of Romanus, and his eys put out. Romanus slighting his son in law Constantine so much, that he was fain to get his living by painting; Had made his owne sonne Christopher Emperour, but he dyed shortly after. At last Constan∣tine being deluded and abused 26 yeares together by Romanus, and his two other sonnes; by the help of Stephen his kinsman he layes hold upon Romanus whom he shaved, and banished to Prota a small Isle in Bosphorus Thracius. His 2 sons as they were with him at dinner, were suddenly by his command layd hold [ 50] on, put in Irons, and sent to keep their Father Romanus company in his exile, in which one of them Constantine by name, as he was striving to escape lost his life.

To Pope Iohn the ninth, who called a Synod at Ravenna in which he rescin∣deth all the decrees of Pope Stephen, succeeded Benedict the fourth, who sate 3 yeares: after him came Leo the fifth or sixth, who after 40 dayes was cast into pri∣son by Christopher the Priest, who invaded the Popedome; this having sate 7 moneths, was by Pope Sergius the third assisted by the French King imprisoned

and afterward made a Monk: so was also Christopher after he had sate 7 months. Ser∣gius the third succeeded, who was Pope 7 years. He rebuilt the Lateran church from the ground which fell down in his time. About these times Gregory called the Great, King of Scotland, subdued the Danes & Northern Britaines, went over to Ireland, besieged Dublin, and took it, where he was made Protector of Ireland, during the minority of young Duncan the Prince. After his returne into Scotland, he be∣gan to build the City of Aberden in a pleasant place betweene the two rivers of Dee and Done famous for Salmons, which beyond Seas are of more account, and dearer then any other Salmons. In King Milcolumbus his time, about the year of Christ 943. Cumberland with Westmerland are annexed to the Crown of Scot∣land [ 10] conditionally, that the Scots King should swear fealty to the King of England for those lands.

The race of Charles the Great having now failed; Conradus Duke of East Franconi (his sonne that was killed by Adelbertus) is by the Peeres of the Em∣pire * 1.32 made Emperour. Against him conspire Arnulphus Duke of Bavaria, Gisel∣bert Duke of Lorrain, and Burghard Duke of Suevia, who send for Carolus Post∣humus out of France, with whom Henry the son of Otho joyns his Forces. This dissension had broke out into a civill war, but that the eruption of the Hungari∣ans into Germany hindred it; these came with their whole strength upon Bavaria, but were defeated by Duke Arnulphus, with whom having made their peace, they [ 20] fell upon Italy: where they were overcome by money, not by armes, and so they return to Germany, making havock of all before them, so that Conradus was faine to buy his peace, by payment of an annuall pension. After this he proscribes his enemies, and drives Arnulphus out of Bavaria, who returns thither again, after the Emperours death. He beheaded the two brothers of the Duke of Lorrain: hee suspected the greatnesse of Henry the son of Otho Duke of Saxony, and the ra∣ther because he was one 〈◊〉〈◊〉 those who had formerly conspired against him; there∣fore he imployed Hatto the Bishop of Mintz •…•…ocatch him; Hatto by a golden chain thought to have intrapped him, or else by Conradus his army to force him; but Hen∣ry very wisely avoided the treachery, and fortunately defeated the Army. Hatto [ 30] being troubled in conscience for causing so much bloud to be spilt, removed himself from the Court, and was eat up by rats. After this Conradus fals sick; who notwith∣standing that Henry was his enemy, yet knowing his power and worth, names him Emperor, & so dyed: he reigned 7 years, & was the first of the German Emperors.

To Pope Sergius the third, succeeded Anastasius the third, who sate 2 yeares. * 1.33 About this time a new order of Benedictin Fryers, was instituted in Burgundy by one Otho or Oddo. Ennius the Goth King of Arragon drove out the Moores that were returned to Arragon and Celtiberia: there were at this time three eminent men in Spain, namely Ferdinand, who obtained the Kingdome of Cast•…•…le and Legio. 2. Garcias King of Navar, and 3 Sanctius King of Arragon. Garcias [ 40] his posterity lasted not long, therefore Navar hath been subject sometimes to the French, sometimes to the Spaniard.

CHAP. V.

The affaires of Italy, Germany, France, and other neighbouring countreys under Henricus Auceps, and Otho the Great. 2. The Easterne affaires under Constantine and his son Romanus. 3. The affaires of the Church.

HEnricus Auce•…•…s or Henry the Fowler (so called because he loved fowling) [ 50] the Nephew of Arnulphus the Emperour by his daughter Ludgarda was * 1.34 the first Saxon Emperour, Arnoldus Duke of Bavaria, thought by force of armes to obtain the Empire: but when both his Army and Henrys were ready to fight, he so mitigated Arnold with his wisdome and eloquence, that he sub∣mitted to the Emperor, and from him received power to establish the bishops of his own jurisdiction. The Hungarians for non-payment of the tribute promised by

Ludovic the Emperour, over-run Henry's countreys of Saxony, killing all the men that were above 14 years of age. Henry though sickly at that time, yet raised an Army, and fought the Hungarians neer Me•…•…burg in the confines of Saxony▪ Hee charged his souldiers to keep off with the Targets the first flight of arrows shot at them, and then suddenly to rush in upon them as they were making ready to shoot again, which they did accordingly, and by which meanes they got the victory, driving these Turkish Farmers-like sheep before them: few of them escaped, but either then were killed, or shortly after by the imprisoned malefa∣ctours who were set at liberty to pursue and destroy the rest of those Hungarians. So having quieted Germany, hee erects divers Offices called Marquisats, for [ 10] guarding and securing the Marches and borders of the Empire from forraigne force. Against the Danes he set up the Marquisat of Schls•…•…ic, whence came the word Danimarchia or Denmarck: against the Henets he erected the Marquisat of Brandeburg: against the Polonians and Bohemians the Marquisats of Lansberg and Misne: and against the Sorabi or Suevi, the Marquisat of Lusatia. He began also to build the Churches of Misnie or Meyssen in the upper Saxony, of Bren∣deburg, and of Havelburg. He caused Charles the simple (so called for his stu∣pidity) to submit the kingdome of France to the Empire, and to restore the king∣dome of Lorrain, which he took from Rudbert the sonne of King Odo, which Rud∣bert he killed in a battell, when he claimed from Charle•…•… the kingdome of France. [ 20] This Charles was shortly after apprehended in Gascony, and there committed to prison where he dyed the year following: his son flew into England. Rodulphus King of Burgundy takes possession of France, his kinsman Ludovic having extor∣ted from Berengarius the kingdome of Italy, which he shortly after lost, and his eyes to boot. But Berengarius recovered Lombardy, who would have forced Lambert to buy the Bishoprick of Millan, and put divers of his Princes in pri∣son, wherefore the Italians call in Rodulphus of Burgundy▪ Berengarius to re∣sist him, hires the Hungarians, and by their help takes or kills his factious sub∣jects, except Earl Giliberd whom he dismisses; but within 30 dayes Giliberd forgetfull of this courtesie, brings Rodulphus back into Italy, who being received [ 30] by all; Berengarius hath nothing left him but Verona. Three yeares after Berenga∣rius got an Army together of persons disaffected to Rodulphus; a bloudy battell is fought, in which Berengarius is defeated, and shortly after murthered by one Flan∣bert whom he had advanced, who for this murther was hanged by Melo Berenga∣rius his friend.

The Hungarians after the death of Berengarius rage through Italy, take and burn Ticinum. Rodulphus doats upon Ermengardis the strumpet, and neglects the publick affaires; wherefore he is forsaken by his friends, is forced to fly•…•… back into Burgundy and to leave the kingdome of Italy to Hugo Earle of Arles, who kept good correspondency with both the Emperours. In this meane time [ 40] great commotions are at Rome. Guido Marquesse of Tuscia husband to Marozia, who was thought to be Sergius the third's Concubine, enter's the City with an Army, kills Peter Pope Iohn's brother, in his presence stifles the Pope himselfe in prison with a pillow held to his mouth, sets up Iohn the eleventh, who was thought to be the bastard of Pope Sergius by this Marozia. After the death of Guido this King Hugo marries her; by whose meanes he got Rome, but was ex∣pelled again by Albericus the sonne of Guido the Marquesse by this Marozia. The King raging at this affront, revengeth himselfe upon Lambert Guido's brother, and puts out his eyes, then creates Boson Duke of Thuscia, and bestowes Pro∣vence upon Rodulphus, that he might not lay claim to Italy: after this Hugo o∣verthrows [ 50] Arnoldus Duke of Bavaria at Verona, and drives him back into Ger∣many. But he could not recover Rome from A•…•…bericus, though he had bestowed his daughter upon him, nor could he hinder the Saracens from wasting Fraxien∣tum▪ or keepe off the Africans from plundering Genua. God blasting all his en∣terprises, for his sacriledge •…•…nd whoredomes with his Concubines, among which was B•…•…rtha the widow of Rodulphus King of France.

Henry the Emperour overcame the Sclavi, besieged Prague, and made a league

with Wenceslaus Duke of Bohemia, who the yeare after was treacherously mur∣thered by his brother Bolesla•…•…s in the Church. He killed also 120000 Vandals in a great battell neer the Baltic sea, for wasting Saxony. He made Vornius King of * 1.35 Denmark pay him tribute, he suppressed also the Rhedarii a people of Sclavonia, and caused many of the Northern people to receive Christianity. Among the rest he made Chiupa King of the Danes to be baptized. At last having againe de∣feated the Hungarians, and distributed among the poore, that tribute for which they had raised this war, Hee dyed of a palsie the 18 yeare of his [ 10] * 1.36 reign.

At Constantinople Stephen the Patriarch was now dead, Tryphon a Monk is named his successour, but conditionally, that after a certain time he should re∣sign his Bishoprick to Theophylact, sonne to Romanus the Emperour, being yet very young, this Tryphon was unwilling to doe, till he was perswaded to write down his name on a blank; and then Caesars friends filled it up with a resignation of the Patriarchat; to which Tryphon was forced to stand, being (though ignorant∣ly) subscribed by him: and so a boy of 16 yeares old was made Patriarch.

Inger King of Russia with 15000 saile besieged Byzantium, but they were so de∣feated and dispersed that few of them returned home. Ludovic son to Charles the Simple, after his Fathers death is called home by Hugo. This Ludovic was called transmarin from his his travelling beyond the Sea. Hee found France [ 20] full of troubles, therefore marcheth with his Army to Lorrain, hoping to recover that which his Father resigned to Henry: but hee was thrust out thence * 1.37 againe by Otho the sonne of Henry, and Giselbert Henry's sonne in law, and Governour of Lorrain, with the rest of those that rebelled are killed by Otho.

Otho the first surnamed the Great, for his happy government of the Empire 36 yeares, the sonne of Henry by Mathilda the Saxon was annointed at Aix by the Bishop of Mintz. Hee first suppressed the Bohemians, and then put an end to a long and seditious war raised against him by disaffected persons, to their own ruine. Tancmarus Otho's brother because he had not the Marquisat of Brande∣berg [ 30] conferred on him, joines himselfe to Eberhard, Count Palatin, and Giselbert Duke of Lorrain, and so fell upon the town Barduic, and sackt it, but shortly af∣ter hee was taken and slaine. Eberhard armes Henry Otho's other brother against him, who is assisted by Frederic of Mintz, the Emperour having subdued the sons of Arnold Duke of Bavaria, who were in armes one against the other about their Fathers inheritance, and having repaired Magdeburg or the confines of Saxony, which he bestowed on his wife for her dowry, marcheth over the Rhene against his enemies, whom he subdued by good counsell more then by force. Many of them being struck with Divine terrour flung down their armes; and the rather when they perceived how resolute he was in defending the Churches rights, and [ 40] that hee would not consent to part with that upon any tearmes, which was de∣dicate to God. As he was at prayer in a Church of Alsatia, newes came to him that his chief enemies were overthrown by Conradus Duke of Suevia, that Eber∣bart was slain, and Giselbert drowned in the Rhene, that the Bishop of Mintz was forsaken by his people and gone they knew not whither. Henry Otho's brother find∣ing all had failed him, comes in black apparell to the Emperoar at Franckfurt, falls down at his feet, cals for mercy, promising ever after to be faithfull and obedient, and so he was pardoned.

Ludovic the French King, let fall the war hee undertook for recovering of Lor∣rain, and marryed with Otho's sister the widow of Gillebert. Bertholdus Duke [ 50] of Bajoaria marryed her daugher. Conradus took to wife Luidgard Otho's daugh∣ter, with whom he had Lorrain. Hermannus Duke of Suevia marryed his only daughter to Liuthulsus Otho's sonne. In Italy Berengarius the younger put him∣self under Otho's protection, which occasioned King Hugo to enter into a league with the Saracens whom he might have destroyed, after hee tooke Fraxinetum their strong garrison; but Berengarius by Otho's help got in a short time the I∣talians love, who disliked Hugo's government, whereupon Hugo retires to

Provence, where he dyed, and left his sonne Lotharius to the courtesie of Beren∣garius: who being setled in Italy, received in a tax 10 bushels of money towards the removing of the Hungarians thence: so much Hugo had payed heretofore. After this Otho with 32 Legions enters France, and sets Ludovic their King at liberty, who was confined for hanging up Herebert his fathers enemy, and for kil∣ling William of Normandy. Shortly after this Otho made wars with the Danes, whom he caused with their King Harald to embrace Christianity, which Harald afterward was deposed for his•…•…ll government by his own son Sueno: who destroy∣ed Religion again, for which he was highly beloved of his people, and 3 times by them redeemed from the pyrats, who had taken him. [ 10]

Shortly after this Lotharius Hugo's sonne dyed of a Phrensie in Italy. Beren∣garius his Governour besieged his widow Ade•…•…heide daughter to King Rodulphus and heir of Italy: the Queen with Pope Agapetus the second, implore Otho's help, who sends his son Luithulphus, and comes after himselfe with a greater Army. Berengarius and Albert or Albericus, are thrnst out of their kingdome. Adelheide is set at liberty, and marryed to the Emperour. The daughters of Berengarius are sent into Germany: then Conradus Otho's son in law is made Governour of Italy, who having taken Berengarius with his son conveys them into Germany: but Luithulphus or Ludolphus Otho's son disliked his fathers marriage: and Con∣radus found the Emperour not well pleased with his service in bringing Berenga∣rius [ 20] into Germany, wherefore they two conspire against Otho; and Berengarius having sworn fealty to the Emperour is sent back to Italy. But Aquileia and Ve∣rona are assigned for Henry Otho's brother: this dissension cost much bloud▪ but Conradus by surrendering Mintz to Otho, was made friends with his father in law: Ludolphus having seised upon Bavaria, seated himselfe in Ratisbone, where he was so st•…•…ictly besieged, that being pinched with famine, was forced in a poore habit to submit himself and to beg for pardon, which was granted him by his father, but he was sharply reproved by Henry his Uncle.

After this the Hungarians who were brought into Germany by the rebels, com∣mitted * 1.38 many outrages, but neer Augusta 100000 of them were overthrown by [ 30] eight Legions of Othos; Conradus who had heretofore called them in was slaine in this conflict. The Sclavi also at this time were destroyed in Germany. Her∣mannus Bilingus received from Otho the Dukedome of Luneburg. So after that Otho had overcome his brother Tanguardus, and subdued the Bohemians, Hun∣garians, and defeated the conspiracy of his brother Henry with his complices; and had forced Hugo Capetus Earle of Paris to restore France to Ludovic, in which expedition he lost his English Lady Editha: and after hee had broken the strength of Berengarius in Italy, and delivered the captive Queene Adelheide whom he marryed: after he had broken the plot of his sonne Ludolphus, and his sonne in law Conradus. After he had vanquished the Danes, and by the help of [ 40] Adaldagus Bishop of Hamberg, had converted them to Christianity, and setled 3 Bishopricks amongst them: after he had overcome the Heneti, and brought them also to Christianity: after all these noble exploits and good successe, hee is visited with an affliction, as it were with some water to temper his wine, in the death of his sonne Rudolphus, who had done him good service in Italy a∣gainst Berengarius, his body was honourably buryed by William his brother Bishop of Mintz in the Church of St. Alban. Ludolphus and William were Otho's sons by Editha.

The death of Ludolphus occasioned Berengarius to flie out again, being urged thereto by Pope Iohn the twelfth: so that Otho is called again into Italy; but be∣fore [ 50] he went, he called a Diet or Parliament at Ratisbone, where he declared his son Otho being 7 yeares old Emperour, and committed his education to William his brother; upon this he enters Italy, takes in Ticinum and the other Townes, pursued Berengarius, and in the way enters Rome, where he is by Pope Iohn sa∣luted Emperor, and all both Senat and people take the oath of allegiance: after this * 1.39 hee pursueth Berengarius, whom he tooke prisoner, and brought him to Germany, where hee was condemned to perpetuall imprisonment in Bamberg, where hee

dyed, with his wife. In the mean while the Pope repenting of what he had done, cals Albertus the son of Berengarius into the City; whereupon Otho makes ano∣ther journey to Rome; the report of whose march made the Pope and Albertus to flye: the Citizens take the Oath of allegiance the second time to Otho, and sweare never to create any Pope without the Emperours consent. Withall he cals a Synod here, in which Pope Iohn the twelfth, for his perfidiousnesse and other * 1.40 crimes is deposed: and Leo the eight is set up in his roome, who confirmed the Emperours assent in the election of Popes, with Anathema to those that should [ 10] oppose this decree. Otho also swore not to order any thing in the City without the Popes assent, which oath some think to be supposititious, but when Otho was gone, the Romans being corrupted by Albertus call home Pope Iohn, and depose Leo: after the death of Iohn one Benedict is chosen.

Otho hearing of the Romans revolt, returnes again with his Army, and besie∣geth the City so close, that they were forced by famine to yeeld. Pope Benedict * 1.41 is banished and committed to the custody of Adaldagus bishop of Hamburg, where he dyed: so Italy after 60 yeares trouble under divers Lords is setled by Otho. Pope Leo being dead, the Romans desire the Emperour to name his successour, he names Iohn the thirteenth, whom they presently imprisoned. Upon this Otho in a rage returnes to Rome, sets up again the Pope, hangs thirteen of the prime Authours of his imprisonment, whips the City Governour, sets him on an [ 20] Asse with his Face backward, and condemnes him to perpetuall imprisonment, then because he meant to stay sometime in the City, the better to settle the people, he sends for his sonne Otho, and there causeth him to bee declared Emperour.

Nicephorus of Constantinople sent to Otho to renew the old league between his Ancestors, & the French Emperors; to that purpose Otho demands Theophania the daughter of Romanus, and daughter in law to Nicephorus for a wife to his son; which the Greeks refused, and affronted his Embassadours, wherefore he pillageth Calabria and Apulia, and at last in spite of them carryed away Theophania, and married her to his son, then returns into Germany; where he makes one Her∣mannus Duke of Saxony, a man of mean extraction, but had done Otho good ser∣vice; and had faithfully governed Saxony in his absence. He bestowes on him [ 30] the inheritance of the Marquisse of Steden there. The last Duke of this race was taken by Henry the fourth, and imprisoned, where he dyed without issue-male. Then Otho among the Heneti erects the Bishopricks of Aldeburg, Havelburg, and Brandeburg, and subjects them to the Metropolitan of Hamburg. Amongst the Sorabi he makes bishopricks of Magdeburg, Mersburg, Cicen, and Wisnen. At last he dyed suddenly of an Apoplexy the 37 yeare of his reign being begun. * 1.42 He was buryed at Magdeburg: a little before his death, Hatto Bishop of Mintz, who succeeded William the Emperours son, was eat up by rats, for deluding the poore people whom he burned in a barn, calling them the rats of a common∣wealth. [ 40] Otho by Adelheide had 3 sonnes, Henry, Bruno, and Otho his successour, and one daughter Adelheide, whom he marryed to Hugh Capet Earl of Paris, and King of France. Otho founded a Church in Denmark called from his name O∣tensia or Othonia. In his time Pope Iohn the fourteenth called a great bell by his own name, whence came the custome of naming and baptizing bells. About these times the University of Lovan is founded by Iohn Duke of Brabant. Parnassus a City in Lombardy is overthrown by the Neighbours, and all the Inhabitants killed, for maintaining the heresie of the Anthropomorphites, they who recanted their heresie were spared, and permitted to build Crema, a town hard by. Ste∣phen the first King of Hungary, for his piety was canonised. William the se∣cond [ 50] Duke of Normandy was killed by Rollo: shortly after that Dukedome was turned into an Earldome, and seised upon by the French Kings, which mini∣stred occasion of long warre betweene France and England. Ethelstan King of England got from Otho Constantines sword, in the hilts of which was one of the nailes that fastned Christ to the Crosse. He obtained also the Lance with which his side was pierced, a peece of the Crosse, and of the Crowne of Thorns.

Romanus the younger having poysoned his father Constantine, reigned in Constantinople 13 yeares, 10 yeares whilest his father was alive, and 3 yeares alone. Hee was much addicted to luxury and wantonnesse, therefore was sur∣named the Childe. Nicephorus Phocas his Generall took Candace the chief town of Crete, whence the whole Island is called Candy, and expelled all the Saracens. * 1.43 Hee beat also the Saracens in Syria. At last Romanus having spoiled his body with lust and glottony, dyed, being 24 years old, a childe both in years and man∣ners. His first wife was Berta Hugo's daughter King of Italy: his second Theo∣phania of whom he had Basil and Constantine, and one daughter Theodora who mar∣ried * 1.44 to Zimisca, who afterward was made Emperour. [ 10]

To Pope Anastasius the third, succeeded Landus who sate 6 moneths. After him came Iohn the tenth 13 yeares, then Leo the ninth followed 7 moneths. Af∣ter Leo, Stephen sate 1 moneth. Iohn the eleventh his successour 4 yeares. Leo the seventh followed 3 yeares. Then came Stephen the ninth or eight 3 yeares. Martinus the third succeeded 3 yeares whose successour was Agapetus the second 7 yeares. To him succeeded Iohn the twelfth 9 years, then Leo the eight 1 year. Iohn the twelfth returning from his banishment sate 3 moneths. Benedict the fifth set up by the Romans against Leo the eight, was Pope 2 months. Leo being re∣stored sate 8 moneths: to him succeeded Iohn the thirteenth, who sate almost 8 yeares. In Scotland a great Army of Danes were defeated by means of one Hay [ 20] a country man and his two sons; the Scots at first were forced to flye being over∣powered by the Danes; but this Hay with his two sons being at plough, met them in a narrow lane, and upbraiding their cowardise, made them for shame return, who fell with that violence on the Danes, that they utterly destroyed them. Hay was rewarded with as much land as a Falcon could flye over at one flight, which was 6 miles in length. Whence came the noble family of the Hays, whose chief is Earl of Arroll.

CHAP. VI. [ 30]

The Eastern affaires under Nicephorus Phocas, Zimisces, Basilius, and Constan∣tinc. 2. Of the Western under Otho the second. 3. Of the Turks, and some other passages of those times.

Romanus being dead and his two sonnes Constantine and Basil, as yet too young to meddle with publick affaires, Nicephorus Phocas is by the Ea∣stern Army declared Emperour. He marryed with Theophania the wi∣dow of Romanus, He defeated the Saracens in Cilicia, recovered much of Asia and Syria, and took in Antiochia the Metropolis: but by Sea his successe was not [ 40] so good, for Manuel his Admirall lost his Fleet and Army, and was taken him∣selfe by the Saracens. Bringes the Chamberlain thought to have beene Emper∣our, and to that purpose was incouraged by Zimisces Generall of the Land Forces, to look after it; but he was hated by the people, therefore Nicephorus carryed it. Polyeuctus the Patriarch would have dissolved the Emperors marriage with Theo∣phania, pretending a spirituall affinity, because hee had been Godfather to one of her children; but in the Synod which was called for that purpose, it was conclu∣ded, that the Emperours marriage could not be hindred by such affinity. This Nicephorus was a good souldier, but a bad Emperour, for he oppressed the peo∣ple with heavy taxes, pinched them with hunger by ingrossing the corn, and rai∣sing [ 50] the price thereof. He abased the coin, and yet raised the value of it. Where∣fore knowing how hatefull he was to the people for his covetousnesse, and bad successe his Fleet had in Sicily, being spoiled upon the Syrtes by the rashnesse of young Manuel the Patrician; hee caused an high wall to be built round about his Palace; but that could not save him; for soon after the wall was finished, although he kept the keys of the gates himselfe, yet he was found out by Zimisca and the o∣ther conspirators, who being pulled up in baskets, got over the wall, and in the

night time break into his chamber, where the murthered him▪ Not long before his death, as he was in the Forum, the people railed and flung stones at him; some think his wife Theophania had a hand in his death, being jealous that hee would * 1.45 defeat her sonnes by her former husband, of the Empire, and confer it on his brother Leo. He was no friend to the Church, but envyed her wealth complain∣ing that it was mispent by the Clergy, therefore would not suffer any lands or money to be given by legacies, or other wayes on Churches or Clergy men. He dyed the 57 yeare of his age, and reigned 7 yeares. The Saracens be∣ing [ 10] inraged at the great losses they had sustained by Nicephorus in Syria, they burned downe the goodly Temple of Christs Sepulchre, with the Patri∣arch in it.

Nicephorus being murthered, Zimisces invades the Empire, whom Polyenetus the Patriarch would not crown, till he had cleered himselfe of the murther, and * 1.46 banished Theophania, (whom others call Theodora) and all the rest of the con∣spirators, and till he had repealed Nicephorus his Act concerning the election of Bishops, to wit, that none be chosen Bishops without the Emperours consent: all this being performed by Zimisces, and having sworn that he did not touch Nice∣phorus, He was crowned by the Patriarch, who about a month after dyed, to whom succeeded Basilius the Monk. Zimisces obtained a great victory over the Sara∣cens as they were besieging Antiochia. He made peace with Otho by sending [ 20] him his wife Theophania, who was crowned at Rome by Pope Iohn the fourteenth, He made Basil and Constantine the sonnes of Romanus, consorts with him in the Empire. He subdued the Rossians and Bulgarians, by Bardas Sclerus his wifes brother, who tooke the Bulgarian King prisoner, and made them sue for peace. After which victory he rode into Constantinople in a triumphant manner, carrying in waggons the plunder of Bulgaria, and the Image of the Virgin Mary with great solemnity▪ He caused stamp upon his gold and silver coin, this inscription, Iesus Christ King of Kings: at last having reigned almost 7 yeares, he was poysoned * 1.47 by Basil his Chamberlain, for reproving his covetousnesse, and threatning to take his place from him. Zimisces favoured the Manichees, and called them out of A∣sia into Europe. [ 30]

About these times Mieslaus Prince of Poland received the Christian Faith, and * 1.48 was baptized: from which year the Polonians began their Calender. Harald King of Denmark with his wife and sonne Sueno are baptized; who before worshipped Christ and Idols together, now they flung away their Idols being induced there∣to * 1.49 by Poppo a Clergy man, who carryed before the King a burning Iron in his hand, without hurt. Edgar King of old Albion (as he was stiled then) perceiving how England was obnoxious to forraign invasions, as first by the Romans, and then so often by the Danes and others; for want of shipping, causeth a great Navy to be built, which like wals should secure his Kingdome. Egbert had built some ships before, and 30 years after him Alfred, but they were either disused [ 40] or consumed by the enemy.

Otho the second being twice declared Emperour in his fathers time, once at Aix and the second time at Rome, is by all received, after his fathers death, except * 1.50 by Henry Duke of Bavaria his cousin german, who by the help of some Bishops, caused himselfe at Ratisbone to be proclaimed Emperour. Otho summons him to shew cause why he assumed that title, he perceiving his owne errour, and how few came to aid him, layeth aside his claime, and submits himselfe to the Emperour, who gave him his life, but banished him, and bestowed the govern∣ment of Bavaria upon Otho Duke of Suevia, his nephew by his brother Lu∣dolphus. [ 50] He caused also Harold the Dane, Mesico the Polonian, and Boleslaus the Bohemian, who had entred into league with Henry, to lay downe their Arms. But whilest Otho is thus imployed, Lotharius the French King by force of armes la∣boureth to regain Lorrain. Otho marcheth against him with an Army, at the re∣port of whose approach Lotharius flyes; upon this Otho pursues him, wasting and burning all before him, even to the walls of Paris, then having burned the suburbs, retreats with his Army homewards, Lotharius pursueth him in the rear;

many of Otho's souldiers were drowned in the river Axona, and many hee lost at Arduenna: and if he had not made the more hast, he had fallen into the hands of the French. Yet shortly after peace is made, and Lorrain is restored to Otho, though the French Peers stormed at it. Some parts of the country the Emperor assigns to the Bishops of Collen and Leege; the rest he bestows on Charles the brother of Lo∣tharius, conditionally that he should hold it in fee of the Emperour, as a Province of Germany.

Things at home being thus composed, Otho intends an expedition against the Greeks and Saracens. In his minority he had done his Father good service in A∣pulia and Calabria, against the Greeks: whom he drove out thence: but whilest [ 10] hee is busie at home, the Greeks by the help of the Saracens of Sicily, under Basil and Constantine recover these countreys again, being lost by Nicephorus▪ Otho to regain them raiseth a great Army of Germans and Italians, which under Otho Duke of Suevia expelled the Greeks out of their Garrisons of Istria and Dalmatia. At Beneventum a great battell is fought, in which Otho was defeated, and he himself hardly escaped: for he flung away his arms and clothes, that he might runne the more nimbly towards the Bay of Tarentum, where his wife Theopha∣nia was, but before he could get to the town, he was intercepted by the Sara∣cens, and so was fain to leap into the Sea, and there was taken by the enemies ships, who not knowing him, let him goe again for a peece of money, so he came * 1.51 [ 20] safe home; where he raiseth a new Army, and returneth into Italy, to fight the Saracens, whose Forces he utterly destroyed; after the battell he punisheth the Roman and Beneventan souldiers, who treacherously forsooke him in the first conflict; the chief Romans he put to the sword at a Feast, and the Beneventins he punished by the totall destruction of their City which he levelled with the ground. * 1.52 Shortly after he dyed at Rome, having reigned 10 years, and was buryed in St. Pe∣ters Church in a porphyrie tomb.

About this time Adelbert Bishop of Prague being weary of the Bohemians, went down to Pannonia, and baptized Geisa King of Hungaria; thence he went to preach in Borussia, where hee was torn in peeces by the Barbarians. To Pope [ 30] Iohn the fifteenth succeeded Benedict the fifth or sixth one year; he was starved to death in the castle of St. Angelo. His successour was Donnus the second, one year. Bouiface the seventh followed who sate 7 moneths. Benedict the sixth or seventh his successour sate 8 yeares. Stephen King of Hungarie sends to Pope Benedict to have the title and Crowne of a King conferred on him, which he obtained; but this favour was denyed to Miecisla•…•…s Duke of Polonia, who sent to Benedict the Bishop of Cracovia. St. Edward the sonne of Edgar King of England, and a hopefull Prince was murthered by his step-mother to advance her owne sonne Ethelred; whose Kingdome layd in bloud prospered not, but became tributary to the Danes; who laid heavy and yearly taxes upon the land, before which [ 40] time impositions called then Dane-gelt were not known in England. Otho had by Theophania Otho the third, yet a childe; Hugo or Ulricus Marquisse of Saxony, and 5 daughters. Otho's minority occasioned new troubles in the Em∣pire.

Zimisces being poysoned by Basil the Eunuch, the Eastern Empire came to Ba∣sil * 1.53 and Constantine the sonnes of Romanus the vounger. Constantine was more ad∣dicted to his pleasures, then to government. Basil being 20 years old; and Constan∣tine the 17. began to manage publike affairs by the advice of Basil the Eunuch. He recalled his mother Theophania to the Court, being banished thence. Fearing the greatnesse of Bardas Sclerus, so called from his harsh or hard disposition, who * 1.54 had done in the East great service, he tooke much of his power and command [ 50] from him, making him content with the government of Mesopotamia. But hee would not be content to be thus affronted, therefore raiseth all the power he had in the East against Basil, defeats his Army, and takes in Nicaea the Metropolis of Bithyn•…•…a: upon this Phocas Bardas is sen•…•… for from his banishment, and is made Generall of all the Forces of the two Caesars. He in a Duell having wounded Sclerus, put to flight all his disturbed Legions. Sclerus was •…•…ain to flye to Cosroes

the Sultan of Babylon; but being accused of treachery, he was imprisoned: So Basil being freed from civill wars, resolves to recover Calabria, and Apulia, Theopha∣nias dowry. Otho in the sixth yeare of his reign, marcheth into Italy with a great Army, to defend his wifes dowry. In the first conflict he defeated the Greeks and Saracens, in the second he was defeated, as we have said. About this time Olaus King of Noraway converted his country to Christianity, and sent shortly after some to convert Island.

Basil understanding that George Lord of the inward Iberia, had invaded the [ 10] bounds of the Empire, sends an Army against him, and forceth him to buy his peace for a great summe; till payment of which he gave his son as hostage, but he afterward stood not to his promise; therefore Basil's Army fell upon him, and utterly defeated his Forces. Hee subdued also the Saracens in Sy∣ria and Phaenicia. Shortly after he and the Bulgarians fell at variance for some wrongs offered by them to the Greeks. About which time the regall family of Bulgaria ended in Peter who was now dead. Thereupon 4 brothers of an ancient family strove for the principality: Three of these failed by death, the fourth Sa∣muel by name, taking advantage of the civill wars of Greece invades divers of their towns which he tooke. Basil upon this undertakes an expedition against Bul∣garia, where his Army miscarryed by the treachery of his Commanders. And withall Phocas who before had defeated Sclerus, now rebels against Basil. For he [ 20] finding himselfe slighted by Basil, whom hee had delivered from so great an enemy, invades the Empire; but hee was overthrowne in divers battels, and at last dyed suddenly. Basil also had good successe against the Bulgarians, by the industry of his Generall Uranus. He took some townes beyond Mount He∣mus, and the next year he invaded Bulgaria himself, and rebuilt the Greek Garisons in Thessalia that had beene demolished, about the time that Veremundus King of Spaine had overthrowne Almansor Lord of the Corduban Sara∣cens.

Samuel King of Bulgaria could not be quiet from molesting the Greeks, where∣fore Basil in the 38 year of his reign suddenly falling behinde the Garrisons that [ 30] kept the narrow passages between the hils, put them to flight, and withall tooke 15000 Bulgarians, whose eyes hee thrust out, leaving onely for every hundreth a Captain with one eye, to conduct the rest, these hee sent to Samuel, who be∣ing affrigted of so many calamitous people, became suddenly verriginous, and within two dayes dyed. His cousin German Bladislabus to be revenged, raised an Army, but this also was defeated, and he himselfe slain, so at last Bulgaria was to∣tally subdued, and the chief Nobility was transported to Constantinople. Hereupon shortly after the Crabits and Syrmium the chiefe City of Pannonia submitted to Caesar.

At the same time the Turkes, a race of Hunns inhabiting the North side of [ 40] Caucasus, were sent for, and imployed by Mahomet, Sultan of Persis and Media against the Persians, who were animated by Inargus (who was of the bloud royall of Persia) to rebell, and vindicate their liberty, from the Saracen yoake. Cosroes then had Bardas Selerus with many other Christian souldiers, he promised to set them at liberty, if they did defeat the Persians, which they happily did. So Sclerus having obtained the victoty, returnes to the Christians, and joines him∣selfe to Bardas Phocas, who was then contesting with Basil for the Empire. He cunningly sent his sonne Romanus as a fugitive to assist Basil; whilest he himselfe stayed with Phocas, to the end that if Basil prevailed, Romanus his sonne might procure his Fathers pardon; if Phocas prevailed, that then hee might obtaine his [ 50] sons pardon. Basil having got the victory, Romanus who was now become his favourite, perswades him to remove the Eunuch Basil, (by whose meanes Ze∣misces was murthered) from all government being he was hated by the people; this was accordingly done, Zemisces shortly after dyed of griefe▪ Phocas also dyed suddenly. Sclerus by his sonnes meanes is made the chiefe Steward of the Palace. But before came to Byzantum, hee lost his Eye-sight with age.

The Prince of Iberia being now dead, Basil seiseth upon it. He recovered also

Media and Chazaria the 4 yeare of his Empire, and made the Princes of Tripoli, Damascus, and others who were plundering the Territories of Antioch, to become his tributaries, thus being puft up with victories and wealth (for he had heaped to gether 200000 talents of gold, besides jewels, pearles, and an infinite masse of silver) hee began to slight both citizens and souldiers, and to account of learning as a thing uselesse, which made him more feared then loved of his people. So intending to recover Sicily from the Saracens, sends his Fl•…•…t before with a purpose * 1.55 to follow himself, but his journey was hindered by death. He had lived and reigned 72 years, 50 alone, and the rest of the time he was Co-emperour with his Father; then with Nicephorus, and after him with Zimisces. [ 10]

After the death of Basilius his younger brother Constantine ruled the Empire 3 years, by others rather then by himself. For he could scarse spare so much time from whoring, drinking, dicing, hunting, and Stage playing▪ Under him divers towns of Syria and Phenicia, re-assumed their liberty, and killed their garrisons. He sent twice to suppresse the Saracens in Italy and Sicily, but did no good. Yet by his Generall Constantinus Diogenes, Governour of Syrmium and Bulgaria, hee drove away the Scythians beyond Isther. The Governour of Samos over∣threw the Saracen Fleet which had wasted the Cyclades. Hee caused Ro∣manus Argyrus to marry his daughter Zoe, having taken his former wife * 1.56 from him, whom hee shaved, and put into a Monastery; but the third day af∣ter [ 20] the marriage, he died the 70 yeare of his life: in his hast and furie he used to kill or blind his chiefe Courtiers, and then to weep and repent when it was too late.

Cosroes the Saracen being dead, Mahomet his successour inferiour in strength to Pisasirius Prince of the Babylonian Arabians, was fain to call in the Turkes (as we have said) for his assistance: by whose help he overcame the Babyloni∣ans and Indians: but having other enemies to buckle with, he was loath to let the Turkes goe home, till they had done the rest of his work; therefore hee de∣taines them in Persis, and besets the river Araxes (over which they were to pass) with strong guards. The Turkes were highly incensed, that they should be forci∣bly [ 30] kept from their native countrey by him who quietly injoyed his own country by their meanes: wherefore in a rage they forsooke him, and being about 3000 tooke possession of the mountaines, and fell to plundering the Saracens. Mahomet to drive them out of their strong holds sends 20000 men, who were put to flight by Tangrolipex Mucaletus the Turish Prince. The Sultan inraged at this disgrace, blindes many of the Captaines who were sent against the Turkes, and so terrified his Army with threatnings, that most of them fell off from him to the Turkes. The Sultan to be revenged raiseth an Army of 500000 men, who were all defeat∣ed by the Turkes. So Araxes being now made passable, the Turkes came swarming in upon the Territories of Babylon, and so they obtaine the Saracens [ 40] Kingdome.

CHAP. VII.

The affaires of the Western Empire under Otho the third, Henry the second, and Conradus the second. 2. Divers passages of England, Scotland, Italy, France and other parts of Europe. 3. Of some Popes.

OTho the third, as yet a childe succeeded to his Father, for whose sake hee * 1.57 [ 50] was beloved, though disaffected by some because his mother was a Greek. Therefore Henry his cousin german, and Duke of Bajoaria took upon him to be young Otho's Protector, and to rule the Empire: but the Saxons being mindfull of their oath and allegiance to Otho, by the help of the Princes got the young Emperour again out of Henrys hands, and restored him to Theophania his mother, and Adelhida his Grandmother, under whom he was bred in all kind of divine and humane learning. His mother some few years after dyed, so that his

Grandmother had the sole education of him, till he by the evill counsell of some green heads, puts her away. In his minority new troubles sprung up, Cr•…•…scentius the Roman Consul will have the City choose an Emperour of their own, and cast off the Germans in France. Lotharius makes wars upon Germany for the Duke∣dome of Lorrain, which O•…•…ho the second took from him. In Germany Henry the Bavarian returning from banishment, after the death of Otho Suevicus, not onely recovered Bavaria, but aimed also at the Empire.

When Otho was come to yeares of discretion, he falls upon setling the Empire: in the interim Lotharius was forced by death, to give off his challenge of Lorrain. His sonne survived his Father but one year: Charles also dyed, the brother of [ 10] Lotharius, as he was challenging the kingdome of France, which Hugh Capet Earle of Paris invaded and obtained now the whole race of Charles being ex∣tinct. This Hugh began the third race of the French Kings which hath lasted till this day: the first race began in Meropheus or Clodoveus, and ended in Hilde∣ricus. The second which began in Pipin and ended in this Ludovic the last. Hu∣go acknowledged Otho for Emperour, and permits Otho the son of Charles to en∣joy Lorrain as in fee from the Emperour. But debarres him from his right in France.

Otho having setled Germany, bends his whole strength to appease the distra∣ctions of Rome and Italy. Therefore understanding that Crescentius did domi∣neer in Rome, and had thrust out the Pope, he marcheth thither with his Ar∣my, [ 20] but in the way at Ravenna, newes came to him, that the Pope was dead, wherefore he appoints for his successour Brunno his kinsman, son to Otho, Duke of Suevia, and nephew to Ludolphus, whose name was changed to Gregory the fifth. He is sent before to Rome, the Emperour with his Army followes, who be∣ing let into the City, pardons Crescentius upon his submission, and then is crowned Emperour by the Pope. All things being there setled, he marcheth back toward Germany, but he was not gone far, when Crescentius thrusts out Gregory, and sets up Iohannes Placentinus a wealthy man, and withall fortifieth the City with Bul∣warkes against a siege. Hee shuts himselfe up within that strong and spacious [ 30] building called then Moles Hadriani, being his buriall place, then the tower of Cre∣scentius, now the castle of St. Angelo. Otho hearing of this, returnes to Rome, the Citizens open the gates, presuming on pardon, which was promised to Cre∣sentius, if he did deliver up his strong hold, which he did; but the promise was not kept; for Crescentius being carryed on a jade through the City, with his face backward, and torn by the people, was at last hanged with 12 more of his associ∣ates, Iohannes Placentinus had his nose cut off, and his eyes put out, and then was flung down headlong from the Capitoll: the other Senators that were ac∣cessary to this plot Otho banished into Saxony. Upon this sedition it was agreed between the Emperour and Pope, that the Germans alone should have power to [ 40] choose their Emperour, and the Pope to confirme the Election. When hee is chosen he was to be called Caesar, when confirmed by the Pope, Augustus. By which meanes all factions both in Italy and France, for the imperiall place and dignity should be prevented. And Italy with Germany should be the stronger u∣nited against the incursions of Saracens, Turkes, and other barbarous Nations. This would be a meanes also to quiet the Italian Princes, who fell out among themselves, and ambitiously striving for the Empire destroyed one another, and chiefly by this the Popes power was bridled, who tooke upon him to nominate Emperours, which caused much bloud shed. There were 7 electors appointed to avoid confusion and quarrels, to wit, 3 Bishops of Mintz, Colon, and Tre∣vers, [ 50] and 4 secular Princes, the Palsgrave, Duke of Saxony, Marquesse of Brandeburg, and King of Bohemia: but whether these were ordained then by Otho or afterward, when the Empire was in the Family of the Suevi, is uncer∣taine.

Otho having setled the Empire, undertakes a pilgrimage to the bones of Adel∣bert in Polonia, where being magnificently entertained by Boleslaus Duke of Poland, by way of recompence, hee named him King: and erected there an

Archbishoprick at Gnesnau, under which were Crocovia, Colberge, and Vioti∣slaen, Suffragans. He was forced to make a new journey to Rome, to appease the commotions there raised by the Pope, for being excluded from the Emperors election. There he fell in love with the widow of Crescentius pretending to marry her, but when she perceived, that hee meant no such thing, upon his returning to Germany, she presents him with a paire of poysoned Gloves, which killed him the 30 yeare of his age, of his Empire the 19. He dyed childlesse, his former wife * 1.58 Mary, daughter to the king of Arragon, he caused to be burned, because she had false∣ly accused and caused to be put to death a young Noble man, with whom shee was in love, for that he would not pollute the Emperours bed at her instigation; [ 10] to be revenged of him, she accuseth him as if he meant to ravish her, where∣upon he was condemned and executed. But his wife shortly after to prove his in∣nocency, carryed in her hand a burning iron without hurt: Which induced Otho to doe justice on his perfidious Empresse. Otho's bowels were interred at Augusta or Ausburg, by Henry of Bavaria his successour, who bestowed on them a marble tomb: his body was buryed at Aix. He was a prince indowed with so much wisdome, learning and piety, that hee was called the wonder of the World.

In Otho's time are recorded strange prodigies, as uncouth earthquakes and * 1.59 Comets, showres of wheat and little fishes out of the clouds. In Sicily neer Ae∣tna [ 20] were heard strange cryes and yellings, which were then supposed to be the complaints of tormented soules in purgatory, whence the feast of All souls was or∣dained. * 1.60 Fire brake out of the river Rhene which burned down the neighbouring villages. Great Frosts in the midst of summer, which destroyed grasse and corn, whereupon followed plagues and famine, and the eruption of the Sclavonians upon Saxony. Vlodomirus Duke of Russia is made a Christian.

To Benedict succeeded Iohan the fourteenth, who was Pope 3 months, and then was imprisoned; whereupon Boniface the sixth was re-inthroned, and sate foure months, his successour Iohn the fifteenth sate 8 moneths: to him succeeded Iohn the sixteenth, who was Pope 10 yeares. Gregory the fifth his successour 2 yeares. [ 30] Iohn the seventeenth a Greek and Magician, thrust out Gregory for 10 months, but was himselfe deprived both of his dignity, eyes, and life by Otho, and Gregory restored, to whom succeeded Cerebertus or Sylvester the second, a Mathemati∣cian and Philosopher, and therefore in that rude age, he was thought to bee a witch. He was first Archbishop of Rhemes; then of Ravenna, lastly of Rome, where he sate 4 years.

Much about the same time the Empire of Germany, the kingdom of France, Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia were established; and the kingdome of the A∣rabians in •…•…orduba which had continued 300 yeares, had its period: and then * 1.61 began the Hebrew tongue to flourish there, under R. Ioseph, who turned the [ 40] Thalmud into Arabick, then an Academy of Saracens was erected at Ba∣bylon.

In England the Danes were generally massacred for their intolerable tyranny and oppressions, whereupon Swain King of Denmark armed with rage and power, came with a great Fleet, and conquered this land, drove King Ethelred to Normandy, but upon the death of Swaine he was called home; whose Forces Knute or Canutus Swaines sonne defeated. Ethelred being dead, his sonne Ed∣mund Ironside fought divers battels with the Danes, not without good successe, till at last he was betrayed and utterly defeated, and so Canutus obtained the Kingdome. But neither Swaine nor his sonne Canutus had such good successe in [ 50] Scotland, for in two severall battels they were worsted: in the first Swaine was utterly defeated, and hardly escaped with his life: in the second Canut was so weak∣ned, that hee was forced to sue for peace, in which it was agreed, that the Danes should depart Scotland, and that neither Scots nor Danes should molest one a∣nother, during the lives of Micolumbus the Scots King, and Swaine the Dane. Yet this Millcolumbus or Malcolme, whom the Danes could not hurt was after∣ward murthered by some of his own subjects in his bed, because of some oppres∣sions

committed, or at least permitted by him upon his Nobility; but ven∣geance pursued the murtherers immediately after, even the same night; for ha∣ving mistaken their way in the snow, they fell into a lake, in which they were all drowned, men and horse, as they were flying away, the ice breaking under them.

Otho the third being dead without children, Henry the second succeeded: hee was Duke of Bavaria, a Saxon by bloud, but a Bavarian by birth: He was the ne∣phew of Otho the first by his brother. In the beginning of his reign he was oppo∣sed by Ethard, Marquisse of Saxony, whom Lotharius and Benno Dukes of Saxony killed. Henry also Marquisse of Austria, with his brother Brunno Bi∣shop [ 10] of Ausburg made insurrections against him, but they were quickly suppres∣sed. So having setled things at home he went against the Heneti, who had fallen off from Christianity, which they had imbraced in Otho the firsts time, and were now become heathen Idolaters, having first destroyed their Churches, and mur∣thered their Bishops. But Henry brought them again under the obedience of Christ, and made them rebuild their Churches, then he endowed the Bishopricks with new reveneus, chiefly that of Marburg, to which he assigned a great part of the Earldome of Marburg. Having subdued the Heneti, he made wars upon the two Boleslaii, the one king of Poland, the other Duke of Bohemia: these having flowen out into open hostility against him, he caused to submit to his obedience, [ 20] and to doe him homage. He converted also the Earldome of Bamberg (Earle Rinold being dead without children) into a Bishoprick, and so inriched and ho∣noured it, that hee made the chief Princes of Germany the Bishop of Bamburgs Vassals, and to doe him fealty, so that the Electors as yet hold of him in Fee, whatsoever they enjoy as Electors. He suppressed also the insurrection of Henry, and Theodoricus brothers to Cunegunda his wife, who stormed because they could not enjoy their sisters estate being now dead, and which the Emperour had distri∣buted among the Clergy men. These two brothers raised an Army against him; invaded and took Ausburg, then thrust Brunno the Emperors brother thence; but the Emperour overthrew them both in a battell, and deposed Henry from his [ 30] Dukedome, yet afterward upon submission, restored him.

Hermannus Duke of Suevia being dead, he made Ernesius husband to Gisel his cousin german Duke thereof, and so having setled the troubles of Germany, he addresses himselfe for Italy, to take possession thereof as Emperor, to suppresse * 1.62 the Greeks and Saracens there, and to subdue Arduinus whom the Bishops and Nobility had proclaimed Emperour at Millan, who in two great battels was over∣thrown by the Emperour and slaine. Henry was taken prisoner himselfe, but ha∣ving deceived his Keepers, leapt down from the wall, and so broke his thigh, which made him halt ever after, whence he was called Henry the lame. After this victory he was crowned Emperour by Pope Benedict. After this hee marcheth [ 40] * 1.63 towards Apulia and Calabria, against the Greeks and Saracens, who were strug∣ling for that part of Italy, a share whereof William Duke of Normandy had ta∣ken from them under Otho the third, and at last that whole country of Magna Grae∣cia became subject to the Normans. But at this time Henry subdued both the Greeks and Saracens, and tooke from them their New Troy, which the Greeks had lately built in Apulia; in that same place where anciently Hannibals campe lay. This was the third journey that Henry made into Italy, and the last. In his re∣turn * 1.64 homeward, he had conference with Robert King of France, about setling the State and Church: and to that purpose they appointed to give the Pope a meeting at Ticinum, but death prevented this, for the next yeare after he dyed at Gro∣ning * 1.65 [ 50] the 52 yeare of his life, and was buryed in his own Church of Bamburg. Hee reigned 22 yeares. Being childlesse, hee nominated Conradus for his successour. Hee was a pious and a munificent Prince who, (as they say) lived perpetually chast with Cunigunda, though marryed. Hence hee was called Saint.

In his life time he had many wars with the Polonians, Bohemians, Italians, Rus∣sians, Greeks and Saracens, in all which he had good successe. He had a dange•…•…s

war with Baldwin Earle of Flanders about the Dukedome of Lorrain, which he gave away after the death of Duke Otho, to Godefrid Prince of Arduenna: but Henry by the helpe of Robert King of France, and Richard Duke of Normandy took Gant and wasted Flanders, so that Baldwin was fain to submit, who recei∣ved in Fee from the Emperour, the Isle of Zeland, with the City Valentina. In the time of this Henry, the Turkes tooke Jerusalem from the Saracens, and over∣threw the Temple which Constantine had built there. The King of Denmark with a great train went to Rome, to intreat the Pope that the Churches of his king∣dome might be exempted from the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Hamburg: the Pope promised to send a Cardinall thither, for that purpose, but nothing was [ 10] done in that matter till Gregory the seventh, who subjected all the Churches of Denmark, Swethland and Noraway to the bishop of Breme. The Transilvani∣ans by the meanes of Stephen King of Hungary received the Christian Faith: for he tooke Giula with his wife and children prisoners, who being released were all baptized. Canutus King of Denmark and England, obtained also the kingdome of Norraway. Rainimir the sonne of Sanctius Major was first King of Arra∣gon. To Sylvester succeeded Pope Iohn the seventeenth or eighteenth, who sate 4 moneths: his successour Iohn the nineteenth sate 4 yeares, to whom succeeded Sergius the fourth, who was Pope two yeares. Benedict the seventh or eight sate 11 yeares: and so many yeares sate his successour Iohn the nineteenth or twentyeth. [ 20] Canutus King of England marryed Emme widow to king Ethelred. He went a∣bout to extirpate those of the royall bloud of England; therefore sent away the two sonnes of the late king Edmund, and his brother, to be murthered abroad; but they were by divine providence preserved. Hee went to Rome, and freed the Saxon Schoole which the Kings of England had erected there, from all im∣position.

From the Saxons the Empire of the West is translated to the Francs in the per∣son * 1.66 of Conradus the second, who is called Salicus because the country of Franco∣nia was called Salia, from the river Sala, whence came the Salique law, with the French, which by the Salii or Francs were driven out of Franconia. The Em∣pire [ 30] continued in the Saxon Family about 100 years; this Conradus was de∣scended of the ancient Gibelins in Franconia. Hee marryed with Gisil Henry the Emperours kinswoman by whom hee had a sonne called also Henry. In the beginning of his reign he was threatned with wars by his cousin german, and competitor for the Empire, Cuno the younger. By Ernestus also the Emperors sonne in law, by Frederic of Lorrain, by Boleslaus King of Poland, and Ro∣bert King of France, but all these clouds he dispelled by his wisdom and dexterous carriage.

The third yeare of his Empire he prepares an Army for Italy, to quiet the commotions there: and withall holds a Parliament at Aix, where he declares his [ 40] sonne his successour: whom 3 yeares after he made Duke of Bavaria, Duke Henry brother of S. Cunigunda being dead. Hee caused those of Papia who had demolished his Palace to rebuild it, hee quieted the people of Ravenna, who would have driven him out of the City, and rewarded a souldier who for him had lost a leg in that skirmish, with a boot full of silver. From thence he went * 1.67 to Rome, where he was crowned Emperor by Pope Iohn, and was conducted to his chamber by two Kings, namely Canutus King of England, and Rodulphus king of Burgundy. At Rome two souldiers falling out about an Oxe hide, the one being an Italian, the other a German, raised such a tumult that many were slain in it, the Romans being worsted, were fain to beg pardon bare footed with ropes about their necks; which they obtained. Conradus bestowed Apulia upon the Normans to be [ 50] held by them in fee of the Emperour for the defence thereof against the Greeks.

Whilest Conradus was in Italy, Frederic of Lorrain, Cuno of Wormatia, and Ernestus of Alemannia Dukes conspired against him; but Frederic dyeth be∣fore the plot came to maturity. Cuno was glad to demolish all his fortifications to o•…•…ain the Emperours favour. Ernestus having pillaged Alsatia and Burgundy was

at last forsaken by his souldiers, and so yeelded himselfe a prisoner; but afterward flying out againe, was so hotly pursued by the Emperours guard that they inclo∣sed him within a wood, and slew him. About this time Conradus brought Mi∣seco the Polonian in subjection, who had expelled his brother Otho out of the king∣dome by the means of Gisell the Emprisse, he was reconciled to Conradus, and was restored to the third part of Poland. He q•…•…iered also the Francs, French, * 1.68 and Bohemians and Stephen King of Hungary, who made war upon Conradus for the Dukedome of Bavaria, which he claimed as his sonnes right, being the childe of Henry the Saints sister: but the war ended by the death of Emericus Stephens sonne. [ 10]

Rodulphus King of Burgundy by his will bequeathed his kingdome to Conra∣dus: but Otho nephew to Rodulphus by his sister laid claim to it, and thought by * 1.69 the sword to obtain it, but he lost both it and his life to boot, being killed in the battell, and so Burgundy was made a Province of the Empire, having continued a kingdome, from the death of Carolus Calvus 144 years. It was made a king∣dome under Arnulphus, it was afterward parted into the Dutchy, which the Emper∣our retained, and the county which fell to the King of France, this Rodulphus who gave it away was the tenth and last king.

After Conradus by his sonne Henry had subdued the Bohemians, he marryed him to C•…•…nelinda daughter of Canutus king of England and Denmark; she being brought to bed of a daughter to him, dyed in Italy, and was buryed in Limburg, at that [ 20] time the bishop of Millan with some other bishops of Lombardy, raised a faction against the Emperour, which he supprest by taking in of Millan, Parma, and the o∣ther rebellious towns, and by banishing the seditious bishops. So having quieted Lombardy, he returnes to Germany, and puts his sonne in possession of Burgundy. Hermannus Duke of Suevia being dead of the plague in Italy, the Emperour be∣stows that Dukedome on Otho nephew to Otho the third, Emperour by his sister, * 1.70 at last he dyed suddenly at Utricht in Frisia the 15 yeare of his reign, the year be∣fore dyed St. Cunigund, and St. Stephen, king of Hungary. Conradus was a valiant and wise Prince; he shewed princely magnanimity in his warre against Miseco [ 30] king of Poland, whom Vdalricus the Bohemian tooke prisoner, when hee fled to him for shelter. The Emperour hating the treachery of him that did betray his trust, would not countenance the Traitour, nor receive the King as a pri∣soner. Hee was buryed at Spire in the Church which he built himself.

About this time in Ferdinand the Great, were united the kingdomes of Castil, Navar, and Legido, by the marriage of Sanctia the onely sister and heir of Vere∣mund, and at last Aragon also by the death of Ramirus his base brother. In Eng∣land to Canutus succeeded his sonne Harald, who reigned but 4 yeares, in which time hee banished his stepmother Emme, and put out the eyes of Alfred her sonne by Ethelred, and cast him into a loathsome prison, where he dyed. In Scotland king Donald did homage to Canutus for Cumberland. Hee was murthered by Macbeth [ 40] his cousin german, who got himselfe to be proclaimed king. The Danes had so ma∣ny overthrowes in Scotland, that they vowed never to returne thither in a hostile manner, for not onely were they destroyed by the sword, but many of them were poysoned with the juice of seeds of Solanum somniferum, an hearb we call Night∣shade mingled with their bread and wine. [ 50]

CHAP. VIII.

The affaires of the Eastern Empire under Argyropolus, Michael, Calaphates, Zoe, Theodora, and Monomachus. 2. Of the Turkes and Popes of those times. 3. Of the Polonian, Hungarian, English, Scottish, and other affairs.

COnstantine the Greek Emperour being dead, Romanus the third, called Argyropolus, from his too great bounty, or rather prodigality, succeeded. Hee to ingratiate himselfe with the people took off the tribute, which [ 10] they called allelengium; imposed on all rich men by Basil. This was to bee paid by wealthy men to the children of those souldiers which had dyed in the warres to confirme his title. He put away his wife, and married with barren Zoe the daugh∣ter of Constantine, she being 50 yeares old, and he 60. He inriched the bishops who had been beggered before: and banished Theodora Zoes sister into an Island upon suspition: and sent Constantine Diogenes for affecting the Empire into a strong tower, where he killed himselfe by leaping from a high window, lest he should be forced to discover others that were of the plot with him. He beat the Saracens at Sea, but was beat by them on the land: for as hee was striving to reco∣ver the townes of Syria, which his predecessour had carelessely lost, he was over∣come and forced to flye to Antioch; whereas hee might have had these townes [ 20] without losse of bloud, had hee hearkened to reason rather then to ambition, whilest he st•…•…ived to extort that by force, which was proffered in love; yet by the help of Amiras of Tripolis, who had fallen off from the Egyptians, he tooke in two castles in Syria: but could doe no good against the Saracens in Sicily nor against the Normans in Apulia being aided by Conradus Caesar. Under him George Ma∣niaces took Edessa by storm, where finding the Epistle which as they say Christ wrote with his owne hand to King Algarus, he sent it to Constantinople: but short∣ly after this Romanus by exactions oppressed the people: and because hee could not make his old barren wife fruitfull, hee began to slight her, at which the libi∣dinous woman being impatient, began to dote upon Michael the Paphlagonian. [ 30] This the Emperour suspected, but Michael by oaths denyed there was any af∣fection betweene Zoe and him, for which perjury he was taken with the Falling∣sicknesse, which abated Romanus his suspition; for hee thought that Zoe could not affect one troubled with that disease: but at last Romanus was poysoned by Zoe, and being one day in the bath, the adulterer held downe his head in the water, till hee was almost stifled, and then being laid in his bed, dyed immediately, having reigned 5 yeares, and 6 moneths, to whom by Zoes help succeeded Michael.

Michael for his adultery and murther is rewarded with the Eastern Empire, at first he shewed himselfe a good Governour, but not so good a Scholar as his pre∣decessour, [ 40] * 1.71 who was skilled in the Greek tongue, in Philosophy, and in the laws. All the while that Michael was Emperour, his Dominions were vexed with co∣mets, plagues, siccity, sterility, earthquakes and locusts, which so devoured the fruites of the earth, that the Inhabitants were faine to change their habitations: these locusts were by a strong winde carryed into the Hellespont, and there drown∣ed, but after they were left dry upon the shoare, they revived, and for 3 yeares together wasted Thracia, till at last they were destroyed at Pergamus. At first Michael made much of Zoe, till hee was throughly setled, afterward he kept her up so close, that all her servants were removed from her, and none suffered to see her, or speak with her▪ but by leave of the Captaine of the watch, who exami∣ned [ 50] the cause of their comming. Some thinke Michael was visited with an evill spirit, which to palliate, he called the Falling sicknesse. Hee made three yeares peace with the Amiras of Egypts widow. Under him George Maniaces by the help of France recovered all Sicily from the Saracens, after they had possest it 230 yeares, who were at civill warres among themselves. But Stephen foolishly let the Sultan escape, for which being sharply reproved by Maniaces, hee was accused by Stephen as if he had aimed at the Empire. Upon this George is imprisoned,

and Stephen made Governour of Sicily, who in a short time lost it all againe; Michael falling into an Hydropsie, and so unfit for government, and being touched in conscience for his murther and adultery, entred into a Monastery, where hee * 1.72 dyed, having first named for his successour Michael Calaphates, his nephew by his sister, he reigned 7 yeares. In his time a Thracian woman killed a certain stran∣ger with his own sword, for offering to ravish her, which fact was so approved by the Thracians, that they crowned her with garlands, and flung out his body into the streets, who as a self-murtherer lay there unburyed.

Michael Calaphates the sonne of Stephen who lost Sicily, was adopted successor by Paphlago, and confirmed by Zoe, who made him swear, he would be faithfull [ 10] and loving to her, but he quickly forgot his oath and duty. For he banished Zoe, and deposed his Vncle Iohn from his Government, by whose help he obtained the Empire, when he fell on his knees to Zoe, beseeching her to confirm Michael's adop∣tion. He emasculated most of his kindred: but for this his insolency, the people of Constantinopl•…•… rose in armes against him, calls home Zoe with her sister Theodora, makes them lay downe their monasticall habit, and assume the imperiall; in the tumult 3000 Citizens were slaine by the Praetorian Guard, yet the Citizens prevailed who thrust Michael▪ with his uncle Constantine into a Monastery, and then put out their eyes, and drove them out of the City. Not long after old Zoe marryed againe to Constantine Monomachus whose former wife was [ 20] the nephew of Romanus Argyropolus, him Michael had banished upon suspition of his too much familiarity with Zoe. But now hee is called home, with his wife Sclerena: so now the Empire is guided by one man and three wo∣men.

This Constantine Monomachus is confirmed in the Empire, which he much weak∣ned * 1.73 by his prodigall wasting of the treasure, which made him lay heavy taxes on the borderers of the Empire, to keep off forraigners, but the borderers grew carelesse, and let all break in that would, when they saw the treasure exhausted, and the burthen lye on them, they knew their condition could not be worse under strangers. Michael Governour of Dyrrachium, (now Durazzo a City in Mace∣donia on the Adriatic,) under Monomachus was killed with 40000 souldiers by [ 30] the Scythians, who had wasted the Triballians and Servians people in Mesia join∣ing upon Pontus. George Maniaces, was animated by his Army to invade the Empire, which he did; but he was slaine in Bulgaria; though his Army had the better of the Imperialists, and so this war ended. Leo Torencius kinsman to Mono∣machus did also enter in competition for the Empire, which Monomachus percei∣ving, caused him to be shaved with intent to put him in a Monastery. But hee be∣ing well beloved by the Maccdonians, was received at Adrianopolis, where hee quickly raised an Army, with which hee besiegeth Byzantium, and had taken it, but that he was dull and neglected his opportunity, permitting the Emperours Forces to increase, by which in divers battels he was overthrowne, and at last [ 40] taken alive by his enemies, who thrust out his eyes. Vladomirus Prince of Russia, for having had one of his men killed at Byzantium in a quarrell, raised an Army of 100000, which in boats made of one peece of timber, called Monoxyla hee brought afore Constantinople; conditions of peace were offered him, which hee refused, therefore his Army and Fleet in Gods just judgements were utterly o∣verthrown. The Bossini a people of the East, were subdued by Monomachus.

At this time the Turkes were grown so strong, having taken Babylon, and subdued Media, that they send an Embassie to the Emperour Monomachus offering to make a league with him, conditionally that he will become tributary to the [ 50] Sultan, but the Embassadour was slighted, and sent back without any answer; whereupon the Turkes overrun the Eastern Provinces, even to the Sea Coast of Byzantium, where they encampe over against the City. Monomachus had lately subdued the Pazinacae a people of Scythia; and having converted them to Chri∣stianity, placed them in Bulgaria: he sends 15000 of these to Iberia to fight a∣gainst the Turkes; who had taken Liparit•…•… the Iberian King prisoner, and made him swear never to raise a•…•…s against the Sultan any more. But these

Pazinacae would go no further then Chrysopolis, therefore they swim their horses over the Hellespont, and join themselves to their country men, wasting Thra∣cia, Macedonia, and other parts neer Constantinople: at last, after divers skir∣mishes, they make a league for 30 yeares: in the meane time the Turkes make ha∣vock of all without control; for the borders lay open, being the Garrisons were discharged for want of pay. But the Turkish conquests were a little stopped by a victory obtained against them by the President of Media, and by the ci∣vill warre that fell out betweene the Sultan of Persia and his brother A∣braham.

Monomachus being long troubled with the Gowt, fell at last into a Pleurisie and * 1.74 [ 10] dyed, having reigned almost 13 yeares. He left the Empire to Theodora Zoe's sister, who dyed not long before, being 70 yeares old, Shee reigned alone almost 2 yeares: so finding her selfe aged and sickly, by the intreaty of the Peers, she names Michael Stratioticus for her successour and then dyed. To Pope Iohn the * 1.75 nineteenth or twentyeth succeeded Benedict the eight or ninth, who sate 13 yeares. But his chair was invaded by Sylvester the third, who sate one moneth, and then was forced to surrender his pontificate to Benedict again, and in this schism Gregory the sixth is chosen, who sate 2 years: so that now Rome is like the three-headed Cerberus. After them came Clemens the second, who sate 9 moneths: and after him Damascus the second, who was Pope 23 dayes; then came Leo the ninth, who sate [ 20] 5 yeares. About these times Casimir of a Monk and Deacon became King of Po∣land, being the next heir, with whose orders and vowes the Pope dispensed Queen Raxa the mother of this Casimir, for her mis-government was fain to flye from the fury of the people, with this her young sonne; for not onely had shee incensed her own subjects, but the Russians also who broke in upon the North, and the Bohemians who pillaged the South part of Poland. In memory of this dis∣pensation given to Casimir, the Polonian Knights, at certain solemnities in the Church use to weare long white surplusses, after the manner of Priests and Dea∣cons; the Plebeians were taxed by the Poll to pay yearely one penny towards the maintenance of a perpetuall light in Saint Peters Church: they were [ 30] also injoyned to bee shaved on the crowne like Monkes, and to weare short haire.

Berengarius the Archdeacon broached his doctrine against Transubstantiation, which afterward he recanted, whether willingly or by force, is doubtfull. The dignity of Cardinalls began about this time to be in request. At Rome was found a Gyants body uncorrupted, which being set up right, was higher then the City walls: Its Epitaph was this, Here lyeth Pallas the sonne of Evander, killed by Turnus his Lance. The Hungarians fell off again to Pelagianism, and killed the Clergy: but Andrew the fourth King of Hungary, made it death for any man in his Kingdome to professe Paganism. [ 40]

In England Hardiknut son of Knut by Queene Emme succeeded to Harold, whose body he caused to be untombed, the head struck off, and flung into the Thames. He punisheth such as were guilty of the death of Alfred his brother by the mother. Hee offended the whole State by grievous taxes; he called home Edward his other halfe brother out of Normandy; then dyed suddenly the se∣cond year of his reign: and in him ended the Danish Kingdome in England, ha∣ving lasted but 26 yeares under these 3 last Kings. Edward the Confessour is crowned. He was son of Ethelred, and is commended for his gentlenesse, con∣tinency, * 1.76 and piety, who with his touch cured certain diseases. Yet the Earl God∣win made insurrections against him, because hee favoured the French too much [ 50] that were about him, being led altogether by them: till at last hee made his peace with the King; whereupon the French forsook both Court and Kingdome: which occasioned the first difference with France. This Prince having reigned 24 yeares * 1.77 dyed, his corps was interred in the Church of Westminster, which hee had founded a little before. In Scotland Macbethus having treacherously murthered King Duncan, invaded the Kingdome, and for 17 years possessed it, untill Milco∣lumbus the slain Kings sonne being assisted by King Edward of England with 10000 men, recovered it from Macbethus.

CHAP. IX.

The troublesome affaires of the West, under Henry the third, and Henry the fourth. 2. The affaires of Italy, Spain, Portugal, Sicily. 3. The Popes of those times.

HEnry the third, sirnamed the Black, from the colour of his hair, succeed∣ed to his Father Conradus, against him Vratislaus king of Bohemia made * 1.78 warre by the assistance of Peter King of Hungary; in this warre Henry [ 10] lost the chief Commanders of his first Army. His expedition against the Bohemians was frustrated, because they had stopped all the passages and high-wayes by cut∣ting downe the woodes. But in his second expedition hee forced them to sub∣mit, and to pay the annuall tribute which they had refused. Hee had another war against the Hungarians, who had deposed King Peter grandchilde to Stephen for being too favourable to strangers, and for maintaining of Christian Religion: but pretending his mis-government; Ovo was the King they set up against him. Henry employes Leopold Marquisse of Austria, who having recovered a great part of Hungary, forced this new King to beg for peace and pardon, which was granted him: but afterward falsifying his oath and promise, hee renewed the war [ 20] in which hee was utterly defeated, put to flight, and at last being apprehended, was brought to Peter, and was by the sentence of the Peeres of Hungary beheaded. But Peter would not bee induced to forsake Christianity and to professe Paganisme, wherefore the Hungarians conspired against him, and * 1.79 sent for his kinsman Andrew whom they had banished; him they made King, and put out Peters eyes, who shortly after dyed at Alba Regia.

After this Henry marryed with Agnes the daughter of William Prince of Picta∣via: hee rejected the Musitians and Players that came to the wedding, think∣ing these fooleries farre below his imperiall gravity: but hee could not enjoy peace long; for Godefrid Duke of Lorrain entred into league with the French [ 30] king▪ and with Baldwin of Flanders, to expell his brother Gottello out of his part of the Dukedome, that so hee might injoy all alone: this so incensed Henry that hee caused him to bee apprehended and imprisoned, yet upon his submissi∣on hee let him goe, and sent him with aid to Pope Leo the ninth against the Normans. In the meane while Benedict the ninth, Sylvester the third, and Gregory the sixth. Anti-Popes made such stirs in Rome and Italy, that the Emperor was forced to repaire thither, and to call a Synod at Sutrinum not far from Rome. In this Benedict, who had set up his residence in the Palace of Lateran, Sylvester at S. Peters, and Gregory at S. Marks, were all three deposed, and Sindeger or Suideger Bishop of Bamburg was elected, who was named afterward Clemens the second. [ 40] In this Synod also was confirmed the former Act, that no Pope should be chosen without the Emperors consent.

After this Henry being crowned Emperour by this Clement, marcheth with his Army into the farther part of Italy, to compose the differences betweene the Normans and Lombards, some whereof were yet remaining there: so all things there being setled, Hee returnes for Germany; but before hee could get out of Italy Pope Clement the second is poysoned, and immediately after him Pope Damasus; therefore hee was faine to choose Pope Leo the ninth, who was the third hee chose before his departure from Italy. This Leo being af∣terward to stay in Rome, accompanies the Emperour into Germany, where in [ 50] the Councell at Mints assembled there by Henry; the Pope was forced to submit and give way to the Bishop of the place, who claimed it as his due.

After Henry returned from Italy, hee made an expedition into Hungary, a∣gainst Andrew their King, to revenge the death of Peter; but hee had no successe in this interprise: onely Andrew the King was slaine by a fall from his horse, and trode under foot. Hee banished Conradus of Bavaria, for his mis-govern∣ment,

and for entering into league with the Hungarians, who at last made their peace with the Emperour by promising to pay a yeerly tribute, and to furnish him with Auxiliaries upon all occasions. Conradus dyed in his exile: where∣upon Henry made his young sonne Henry the fourth Duke of Bavaria, being but 2 yeares old, and got him to bee declared Emperour. Then hee sent back Pope * 1.80 Leo into Italy with an Army under the conduct of Godefrid Duke of Lorrain to suppresse the Normans, who at first were put to flight, but recollecting their dispersed Forces overcame their overcommers. Shortly after Godefrid marryed with Beatrix the widow of Boniface Marquise of Tuscia in Italy, Henry suspe∣cting * 1.81 that Godefrid (whose Faith was wavering, and spirit ambitious) by this mar∣riage [ 10] aimed at the Empire, returnes with an Army into Italy to put a stop to Godefrids intentions; in the interim hee crownes his sonne at Aix, being 4 yeares old. Hee stayed a yeare in Italy, where having setled all things hee in∣vades * 1.82 the Sclavi of Lusatia, by whom his army was totally routed, and he shortly after dyed of grief, after he had lived 40 years, and reigned 17: he was buryed at Spi∣ra neer his Father Conradus, he was a good and mild Prince: his first wife was daugh∣ter to the King of England, who dyed childlesse. His second wife Agnes bore him Henry the fourth.

This Henry the fourth was 7 yeares old, when his Father dyed, who committed to his wife the care of this Prince: and his education to Conra∣dus [ 20] a Noble man of Suevia. Shee was also trusted with the Government of the Empire, which prudently shee managed for 5 yeares space: but afterward be∣ing deposed by the plot of some Princes in Saxony, shee lived privately in a Mo∣nastery. The young Emperour is conveyed fraudulently into Saxony by the Bishop of Colen. Ecert Marquisse of Saxony, and Otto the Saxon who lately had obtain∣ed Bavaria of the Empresse, pretending that they would breed the youth in Mili∣tary Discipline, and State affairs which he could not learne under his mother, but rather effeminateness; whereas indeed their aime was, either to procure to themselves the Empire, or at least the administration thereof during the childes minority. In the interim the souldiers grew licentious and outrageous for want of disci∣pline, [ 30] and having got to themselves a fit Captaine Otto the brother, begot of William Marquisse of Thuringia by a Concubine, they began to rob and plunder Saxony, this theevish Army of robbers was at last defeated by Bruno and Ecbert brothers, Marquisses of Saxony, being assisted by the Emperours Forces, the battell was fought above Mesburg, where the young Emperour was placed a little way off from the Army, as a terrour to the enemy, and a spectatour of the victory. In this conflict Bruno was slaine, and so was Otto the ring-leader of the robbers, whose in∣heritance in Thuringia was seised on by Ecbert Marquisse of Saxony, who erected a Colledge of Canons at Naumburg, and translated thither from Cyzicum, the Epi∣scopall Seat. [ 40]

Henry being 13 yeares of age, undertooke the managing of the State; and first hee assisted Salomon his kinsman King of Hungary, against Bela who thrust him out of his kingdome: this Bela's Army Henry overthrew, and re∣established Salomon in his kingdome: then hee waged warre against the Sclavi of Lusatia with good successe; but the Saxons storming that the Empire should bee any where, except among themselves conspired against the young Emper∣our, the authour of this conspiracy was Otho Duke of Bavaria, whom a little before Henry had sent into Italy with the Bishops of Colen and Trent, to confirm the Italians in their allegiance to the Emperour, and to demand the ordinary tri∣bute. Otho by insinuating himselfe with the Princes of Italy, brought a suspition [ 50] upon himselfe, that hee aimed at the Empire. The chiefe actors with him in this conspiracy were the Bishops of Magdeburg and Halberstad, with some Dukes and Marquisses. But he quickly overthrew their Forces by the help of Rodulphus of Suevia, and others. This Rodulphus being desirous to take up the differences, and end the war, interposed himselfe as a Mediator between the Emperour and them; but they rejecting all meanes of reconciliation, were apprehended and imprisoned, after∣ward

escaping out of prison, they grow more eager and fierce against the Emper∣our then before. Otho the Bavarian was not indeed in the battell, yet he was con∣victed of treason against the Emperours life, wherefore hee lost Bavaria: which caused him to raise new Forces against Henry out of Saxony and other places.

Pope Gregory the seventh, called Hildebrand before, was chosen without the * 1.83 Emperours consent against the ancient lawes of election, Henry to bee revenged of this wrong; raiseth an Army, but hee was pacified by Gregory for the pre∣sent, who not long after makes a decree, that henceforth the Emperour should have no hand in the Popes election, and withall cites Henry to make his appear∣ance [ 10] in the Court of Rome, to answer to such things as should bee objected a∣gainst him, concerning his wicked life and simoniacall practises in permitting all Bishopricks and Church-dignities to be bought and sold. At this the Bishops of Germany stormed, but the Saxons were glad, who assist the Pope against Henry. Hee therefore to cleere himselfe repaires to Rome in the midst of * 1.84 Winter, that the sentence of excommunication against him might bee taken off. Hee was forced to stay from morning to evening bare-foot, and without any •…•…ood before the Popes Palace, ere hee could bee admitted into his presence, which was not till the fourth day after, then being admitted, and sharply reproved by the Pope, hee is injoyned to dismisse his Army, to •…•…orbeare medling [ 20] any more with the government of the Empire, or else to hold it of the Pope, and withall to call a Parliament. The more fierce was Gregory against him, because hee had called a Synod at Wormes: wherein Gregory was condemned of Simonie. To cleare himself of which he took the Sacrament, imprecating against himself sudden death, if hee were guilty of the crime of Simonie, and wishing the Emperour to doe the like, which he refused, affirming that he would make it ap∣pear in the Parliament, how he had discharged his duty in managing the Empire.

But the Pope fearing lest Henry should gather strength again, and revenge the affronts put upon him, sends his Decree to bee proclaimed in Germany, whereby Henry is excommunicate, and by the instigation of the Saxons a crown [ 30] of gold is sent to Rodulphus Duke of Suevia, with this inscription; The rock gave to Peter, and Peter to Rodulphus the Diadem. Rodulphus upon the perswasions of * 1.85 the Bishops of Mints and Colen, that hee was bound to obey the Pope and not to keepe Faith to him who was excommunicate; accepts the Title of Caesar, and is crowned at Mints; and so takes possession of the Empire; forgetting what favours hee had received heretofore from the Emperour. Then he prepares an Army against him, relying on his owne and the Saxons power, with whom joined divers Bishops and Dukes. But the Francs and others abhorring this perfidiousnesse; under Duke Godefridus Bilioneus in the Emperours absence at Rome, raise an Army to defend his right. Henry understanding by the Bishop [ 40] of Strasburg what was done, steales away out of Rome, sends a new Duke in∣to Suevia, drives Rodulphus his Garrisons out of Mints, encounters with the Saxons in nine severall battells, in the fourth whereof Rodulphus is de∣feated, deadly wounded, and his arme cut off; which when it was present∣ed to him as hee was dying, confessed that with this hand he had confirmed his faith to Henry which he falsified, and so accusing the Bishops for their wicked counsels, dyed. When it was told the Emperour that Rodulphus was richly intomb∣ed. I envy not that honour to him (saith he) but wish that all my enemies were thus entombed.

Rodulphus being slaine Henry converts all his force and fury against the Pope, [ 50] from whom hee meant to recover his rights, which hee had invaded, but first hee calls a Synod at Brixia, wherein hee causeth Gregory to be excomunicate and depose•…•…, and imprisoned in the Castle of St. Angelo, having named for his suc∣cessour Clement Bishop of Ravenna: whom hee brought to Rome after two years * 1.86 siege, and there placed him being consecrated in the Pontificall chair, and was by the same Pope declared Emperour, and crowned with his wife Bertha. In this

expedition Henry corrected the Normans for assisting the Pope. But the Saxons after Rodulphus his death renew their Forces, and make Hermanus Prince of Lorrain Emperour by the Popes command. He fought with Henry, and over∣came him neere the town of Wurc•…•…burg: but hee was quickly driven thence in∣to Saxony, where he thought to re•…•…ew the warre, but was forsaken by his souldiers. Hee at last by the fall of a gate which hee was besieging was * 1.87 slaine with many others. After him Ecbert Marquisse of Saxony invaded the Empire: but hee shortly after was slaine by Henry's guard in a Mill, whither he had fled. Thus the fury of the Saxons was by so many bad successes some∣what abated; but the Popes indignation increased: for Urban the second, stir∣red [ 10] up against Henry, his sonne Conradus by his first wife; who by his fa∣ther had beene made Governour of Italy, but he being taken away by untimely death, Paschalis the second sets up his other sonne Henry against him whom his Father had named his successour in the Empire. Hee by the help of the Saxons, wrung the Empire from his Father, whom the Bishop of Mints in * 1.88 the presence of his sonne disgracefully devested of all his imperiall ornaments. But whilest the old man went about to raise new Forces to revenge this * 1.89 wrong, he dyed at Leodium the 56 yeare of his age, and the 49 of his reign▪ whose Body was not buryed in 5 yeares space after his death, at last it was removed from Leodium to Spira, where it was intombed neer his Fa∣ther. [ 20] This war against Henry lasted 38 yeares from the time he went out of Rome till he dyed. He had two wives, by the first he had Conradus, who having marryed Rogers daughter of Normandy, called himself King of Italy, but shortly after dyed, and was buryed at Florence He had another son Henry the fifth, who succeeded him.

In Henry the fourths time divers Bishops & Princes of Germany made an expedi∣tion into the Holy land, but with ill successe, for most of them were destroyed by the Turks & Saracens, for of 7000 scarse 2000 returned home. In Spain Anful king of Gallicia after some years siege took from the Saracens there greatest City Toledo, and there established the Christian Religion. This age produced the Carthusians [ 30] by Bruno of Colen: and the Cistertians by Robert Abbat of Molismum: the old Benedictines were much degenerated from the rules of their Ancestors. We shewed before that the Normans had taken Apulia from the Greeks; William the son of Tancredus was the first Prince there, then Drogo, to whom succeeded Hunfrid. After him came Robert Wiscardus, who were all brothers: this Robert helped the Pope * 1.90 against the Emperour, and subdued Calabria with Sicily, whereupon Gregory the seventh excommunicated him; but afterward he submitted to the Pope, and was * 1.91 contented to hold these Provinces in fee of the Church, paying a yearly revenew to the Pope. The next year Robert with 15000 overthrew Alexius the Greek Em∣perours great Army of 100 and 70000. Hereupon Alexius for a great summe of [ 40] money procures Henry the fourth to invade Roberts Territories, but he imployes the money against Pope Gregory the seventh, whom he shuts up in prison; takes pos∣sion of the Palace of Lateran where he placeth Guibert the Anti-Pope. Robert re∣turning with his Army, drives home the Emperour to Germany, punisheth the re∣bellious City, sets Gregory free, and brings him to Salernum where he dyed: and * 1.92 shortly after followed the death of Robert, who left the Dukedomes of Calabria and Apulia to his son Rogerius.

About these times Henry by extraction a French man having marryed Theresia * 1.93 the daughter of Alphonsus the sixth King of Castile, with her got the Earldome of Lusitania or Portugall. He by his valour drove out and subdued the Saracens, and [ 50] so obtained the principality of Lusitania, which was the beginning of the kingdom of Portugal: The Temple of the holy Sepulchre, which was demolished by Sultan Calipha, is rebuilt by the permission of Daber Caliph of Egypt, at the cost of Mono∣chus and Argyropilus. The Vandals and Sclavi having killed Gottschalus their Governour with all religious persons they revolt again to Paganism, which is now the third time. The Church service or Liturgy in Spain was compiled by S.

Leander and S. Isiodor called Mozarabum is changed by Gregory the seventh. One Peter an Eremit, and afterward a Captain in the Holy War, was the first that taught to pray upon beads. The Dukedome of Bohemia is now erected into a * 1.94 Kingdome: for Vratislaus because he subdued Leopoldus Marquisse of Austria, is by Henry the Emperour at Mintz declared King, and crowned by Gilbert Arch∣bishop of Trevers. The Italians by the perswasion of Pope Victor invaded Africa, where they killed 100000 Saracens, and overthrew their chief Cities. Abstinence from flesh on Saturdayes is injoyned by Gregory the seventh. The States of Ve∣nice and Genua contend for the mastery of the Sea, both of them having done good service for the Holy War. But at last the Venetians obtaine the totall com∣mand [ 10] of the Sea. Roger Duke of Normandy was the first King of Sicily, Apulia and Calabria: to whom succeeded his sonne William surnamed the Wicked.

To Pope Leo the ninth succeded Victor the second, 2 years after him came Stephen the seventh, by some the 9, by others the 10, he was brother to Gotfrid of Lorrain. He being sent to Byzantium cals a Synod, at which because the Emperor and Patri∣arch would not be present the Cardinal departed, & with Apostolicall indignation, beat the dust from his Sandals, he was chosen Pope after this without the Emperors suffrage: and subjected the Church of Millan to the See of Rome, having been in∣dependent 200 yeares. He sate but 7 months, to him succeeded Benedict the ninth or tenth, who having sate 9 months, was thrust out by Gerard Bishop of Florence, [ 20] called Nicolaus the second, though some make these two distinct men.. He caused Berengarius openly confesse that the true body of Christ was eaten in the Sacra∣ment, which opinion was confirmed by Lanfrancus, who wrote Bookes to this purpose. He was Pope 3 yeares, to whom succeeded Alexander the second, who had been Bishop of Luca: against him was set up Cadulus Bishop of Parma, who comming twice to Rome with a great Army, thought to obtain the Pontificate by force, but could not. Alexander sate 11 years, his successour was Gregory the seventh, who was Pope 12 years. He could shake fire out of his sleeves when hee was angry: he inhibited the marriage of Clergy men, which Henry the fourth com∣manded; [ 30] in those dayes marryed Clerks were called Henrician hereticks. Against this Gregory Henry advanced to the chair one Guabert or Gilbert, assuming the name of Clemens the third, who was Pope (but not without opposition) 17 years: after him came Victor the third, who sate one year, and then was poysoned, to whom succeeded Vrban the second, who sate 13 years. He animated the western Princes to undertake the Holy War.

CHAP. X.

The Eastern affaires under Stratioticus, Ducas, Diogenes, Michael, Botoniates, [ 40] and Alexius. 2. The Holy War and Kings of Ierusalem, and new orders of Knighthood. 3. The affaires of Cyprus, Portugall, England, Scotland, and the Popes of this time.

IN the Greek Empire to Theodora succeeded Michael Stratioticus, so called, be∣cause a meer souldier, being unskilfull in Government, and all things else; * 1.95 for which cause he was chosen by the Eunuchs of the Palace; that he bearing the title, they might in effect rule the Empire. But he slighting the souldiers, and Nobility; he being very aged, besides his want of skill, the Army chose Isaacus [ 50] Comnenus to be Emperour, against whom Stratioticus sends Theodorus, with an Army, but he was defeated by Comnenus, whereupon Stratioticus willing to make his peace, sends to assure Comnenus that he will make in his last Will him heir of the Empire, with which Comnenus seemed to be contented, till he saw that Stra∣tioticus under hand did bribe the people and Nobility, to the end they would not give their consent to his election. Therefore Comnenus sends the Patriarch to

degrade him, who as he was perswading Stratioticus to pa•…•…t willingly with the Empire, asked the Patriarch what reward he should have for leaving an earthly kingdome; he answered, that he should receive an heavenly for it: Vpon this, hee resigned the Empire, having reigned one year, and then takes himself to a Monasti∣call * 1.96 life.

Comnenus succeeded, who first deposed the Patriarch that advanced him, then fals upon the Church revenues, to fill up his exhausted t•…•…asure. He made warre upon the Hungarians, and Bossini, and forced them to beg for peace. One time as he was hunting, he was so affrighted with the sight of an horrible Boare (which some thinke was an apparition) and with sudden lightning and thunder that he [ 10] fell from his horse, after hee had reigned 2 yeares, and 3 months, and having resigned the Empire to Constantine Ducas, he betooke himself to a private life.

Ducas was so covetous that to spare charges he disbanded a great part of his Ar∣my, and garrisons, giving thereby boldnesse to the neighbouring Nations to invade * 1.97 that little of the Empire which was left; whereupon the Uzzi a people of Scythia, being 60000 in number past over the Isther, and invaded Macedonia and Greece. Ducas being destitute of souldiers for want of pay, betakes himselfe to prayers and tears, by which armes God was overcome, who sent a plague among the Uzzi, which swept away most of them: the remnant were destroyed by the Bulgarians: * 1.98 these calamities were forewarned by an earthquake, which overthrew divers houses [ 20] and Temples: there shined also a Comet as big as the Moon at the full, but as the Moon increased, this decreased and vanished. Ducas advanced Iohannes Xiphili∣nus of Trapezuntium to the Patriarchate, affirming that he had rather obtain ho∣nor by scholars then by souldiers. Having reigned 7 yeares and 6 months, he dyed of a lingring disease in the 61 year of his reign: he recommended the Empire to his wife Eudocia, whom he caused to sweare that shee would never marry again, nor leave the Empire to any, except to his three sons, Michael, Andronicus, and Constantine. Shee therefore undertook the Government, but finding that the Em∣pire was much weakened, and the enemies thereof increasing dayly, and that there were need of a stronger defender then her self, resolves to break her oath, and so [ 30] marryeth 7 months after her husbands death with Romanus Diogenes, a good soul∣dier, who became Emperour shortly after.

Diogenes against his promise made to Eudocia, excludes her out of the Govern∣ment, and undertakes the Empire alone, that he might without opposition reco∣ver the honour of the Eastern Empire, almost l•…•…st, by reason the Turkes had in∣vaded Asia, which they were like to carry cleer away having no Garrisons to re∣sist them. Therefore he marcheth into Asia against the Forces of Aspasales Ca∣liph of Babylon, whose seat was now in Persis, he by his Sultans had sent two Armies, one into Cappadocia which he wasted, the other into Syria: with these Diogenes encounters, defeates them, takes Hierapolis and Alepus, and seiseth on their plunder, which they had laid up in Neocaeseara. His next expedition was [ 40] into Cappadocia, where he had divers encounters with the Barbarians, who by the help of the Armenians overthrew the greatest part of them. After this pre∣suming on his good successe, he would needs fight with Azan the Sultan, who of∣fered him honourable conditions of peace, but he rejected them. He fought stout∣ly with the Turkes, then towards the Evening returned into his Camp. Androni∣cus the brother of Constantine Ducas, supposing Diogenes had fled; withdrawes his Forces suddenly, and leaves him for a prey to his enemy: but hee perceiving how he was betrayed, resolves to fight again notwithstanding, which he did cou∣ragiously, and killed many of the Turkes, but at last by the fall of his horse which was wounded, he was taken by the enemy and brought to the Sultan, who first [ 50] troad upon his neck, and then commiserating his case, used him with all respect, and having made a league with him, after he had honoured him with divers rich presents, he lets him goe home, where hee found harder usage; for being hated by Eudocia and her children, in his absence, the Empire was conferred on Michael the eldest son of Ducas, who besieged Diogones in Adena, then

caused him to deliver up the towne, upon assurance that hee should receive no hurt, but Michael against his oath, thrust out his eyes, his head for want of good looking to putrified, and so he dyed, having reigned almost 4 years. * 1.99

To him Michael succeeded, whose sirname was Parapinacius from pinatium the fourth part of medymnus, which was a measure equall almost to two of our bushels, because in his time was a great famine, in which this measure of corn was sold at a deer rate. A little before this famine was born a monster with Goats feet, and one eye in his forehead, upon which followed a great plague. This Michael gave himselfe more to study then to government, under Psellus the Philosopher whose Arithmetick is yet extant; hence it came to passe that the Eastern Empire was ru∣ined [ 10] for want of a good Emperour. For the Turkes subdued all the countryes about Pontus, and erected a Kingdome, called yet Turcomania. Towards the West the Croats or Heneti overrun all the countrey even to Byzantium, and at last seated themselves in that part of Illyris or Pannonia, which of old was cal∣led Liburnia now Croatia. The Crabats or Servians infested Bulgaria. The Em∣pire being thus without a guide, Nicephorus Botoniates, who was descended of Nicephorus Phocas, enters into a league with the Turkes of Asia, and Nicepho∣rus Briennius Duke of Dyrrachium sets up a new Kingdome in Thracia, Botoni∣ates at the same time possesseth Nicaea. Briennius is overthrowne by Ruse∣lius Latinus, wherefore Botoniates growing potent by the Turks power, made [ 20] Michael give up his Empire which he did willingly, and entred into a Monastery, with his wife Mary, hav•…•…ng reigned almost 7 yeares. In the Patriarchat to learned Xiphilinus succeeded Cosmus a dunce.

Botoniates succeeds in the Empire, who first of all suppresseth Briennius and * 1.100 kills him, then he defeats Constantine Ducas, the sonne of Michael whom the Army had proclaimed Emperor at Chrysopolis: but the brothers Alexii con∣spired against Botoniates, and by the help of the French besiege Constantinople, which having taken, they raged promiscuously upon all ages and sexes. Then they thrust Botoniates into a Monastery, after he had reigned 3 yeares. So the Empire is divided among the brothers. Alexius he had the imperiall title and [ 30] * 1.101 power, his brother Isaacius by a new name is called Sebastocrator: the third called Adrian, is named Protosebastos, and the youngest Sebastos. These four divided also the revenues of the Empire amongst▪ them, so that there were not meanes left for the Emperour to resist an enemie.

Alexius wanting money fell to exactions and rapine, in stead of gold and sil∣ver coin, hee made use of brasse, yet would have all his taxes and tributes to bee paid in gold. Neer Epidamnum he received a great overthrow by the Normans under Duke Robert. He lost the Islands of Chius, Lesbus, Samus and Rhodes to the Turkes, under their Captain Zacchabus, who also tooke from the Greekes Creet and Cyprus. Alexius also had warres with the Bosini who overthrew [ 40] * 1.102 him, and made him buy his peace, by assigning them some lands to dwell in. He was also defeated by Godefrid of Bullion in his expedition into the Holy land: he lived 70 yeares, and reigned 37. a little before his death all his friends forsook him, so finding himself slighted, dyed with grief, having first named his son Ioh•…•… * 1.103 Emperour. His body was buryed without any solemnity: he was Co-Emperour with Henry the fourth.

In these Emperours time the Holy war was undertaken by Godefrid Duke of Lorrain with his brothers Eustachius and Baldwin, by Robert of Normandy, Hugh brother to Philip the French King, with divers others. Peter the Eremit had undertaken an expedition before this, but with ill successe, his Army, which con∣sisted [ 50] of 40000, came to nothing, for they were utterly destroyed by Solyman the Turk, after they had suffered much by the Bulgarians, in their march to∣wards Asia; there were also before Godefrids two other Armies sent, these were defeated by the Hungarians: but Godefrid had better successe, who having sold his patrimony, the Dukedome of Lorrain to the Bishop of Leodium, spent it all upon this expedition, which he undertooke about the middle of August,

and arrived with his whole Army before the end of that year at Constantinople. He mustered his Army at Chalcedon now called Scutari, and found that it consi∣sted of 600000 Foot, and 100000 horse, their badge was a red Crosse on their shoulder. The Turks had subdued all from Pontus to the Hellespont in the space of 40 yeares; the Greeks and Saracens being driven out thence; and both the Ca∣liphs of Babylon and Egypt much weakened, they had also subdued Palestina, and taken in Jerusalem: but this they did not enjoy above 8 yeares, for it was retaken a∣gain by the Saracens.

The first conflict the Christians had was at Nicaea, with Solyman the Turkish Sultan, and first of that name, whose great Army they overthrew, and after 26 [ 10] dayes siege took the town, and in it the Sultan Solymans wife. In •…•…4 yeares space they subdued Lycaonia, Cilicia, Syria, Mesopotamia, and Comagena, all the Turkes being either destroyed or fled: these victories so affrighted the Saracens, that the Calypha of Egypt, by Embassadours was glad to sue for peace. They besieged Antioch and after 9 months took it. But the Sultan Belchiacor sent an other Army of Persians, who besieged the Christians within the City, so that they were pinched with famine; the Greek Army sent by Alexius to raise the siege, durst not venture upon so numerous an Army of Saracens, wherefore the western Christians within perceiving they were in a desperate condition made a furious sally upon the enemy, whom they routed and put to the flight. The Sa∣racens [ 20] lost here above 100000; but the Christians shortly after this victory lost 50000 by the plague; at last they besiege Jerusalem no•…•… in the Saracens pos∣sion; and after 38 dayes siege took it, not without much difficulty, for they * 1.104 were so famished, that they went praying for 8 dayes together bare footed about the walls, and at length were animated to fall on again by a glittering Target which they saw in the air over Mount Sion. The City being take•…•…, and so much bloud shed, that it came up to the horses knees; Godefrid who first scaled the walls, was by generall consent made King; but he would neither take the Title nor Crowne in that place, where our Saviour had been crowned with Thornes, where hee had suffered death, and so much dishonour; yet there [ 30] he established the foundation of a new Kingdome, which the Saracens possessed a∣bout 360 yeares.

Baldwin the Kings brother was now in possession of Cilicia, Comagena, and Mesopotamia, and was honoured with the Title of Earl of Edessa which is a City in Comagena called Rages in Tobias's History, at this day it is named Orpha. Tancredus nephew to G•…•…scardus by his sister, obtained the * 1.105 Government of Tiberias. Boemundus Prince of Tarentum, who was one of the undertakers of this expedition, got the government of Antioch: But this yeare proved fatall to many Princes, for Godefrid King of Jerusalem dyed, having reigned one year. Boemundus Duke of Antioch was taken by the [ 40] Turkes, whom Tancredus Earl of Tiberias succeeded. William Rufus King of England was killed by chance. Henry of Lovan was slain in running a tilt. Briti∣staus King of Bohemia was murthered by a high way robber as he was returning from hunting.

To King Godefrid succeeded his brother Baldwin Earle of Edessa. He by the help of the Fleet of Genua took Caesarea of Palestine, Ptolemais, Tripolis, and Berythus, with other townes, the third part of which is assigned to the Ge∣nuans. Apamea also and Laodicea townes of Syria, were taken about that time, and so was Carrae of Mesopotamia by Boemund (who had been ransomed) and Tancredus. But they lost it again, whilest they were striving for the superiority of it. Hereupon Boemund returnes to Italy: but having married with Constantia [ 50] the daughter of Philip King of France, he returns to Antioch. Robert Earl of Flan∣ders with Eustachius the Kings brother, goe back again to their owne countries. Baldwin having taken the Isle Pharos in Egypt, after he had ralgned 18 yeares dyed.

To him succeeded his cousin German Baldunus de Burgo: in his time was in∣stituted

the order of the Knights of St. Iohn of Jerusalem, afterward of Rhodes: these were to wait upon the King in his expeditions against the common enemy, to defend and enlarge the bounds of Christianity; to cleare all the wayes of Pil∣grims to Jerusalem from theeves and robbers. These did good service whilest they were assisted by Christian Princes, but being forsaken by them, they were for∣ced to give up Rhodes to the Turke, and to containe themselves within the small confines of Malta. After them sprung up two other Orders of sacred Knight∣hood: to wit, the Templars and Teutonics, the Templars had one Hugo De Pa∣ganis, and Gaufred for there Authours: these seated themselves in Jerusalem, and were to guard the pilgrims from the Sea side to Jerusalem, and back againe. [ 10] But in processe of time they dispersed themselves into all parts of Christendome, aiming at nothing but wealth, greatnesse, and luxury, being quite degenerate from their first institution; so that the Christian Princes having aforehand plotted their destruction did suddenly at once extirpate them, after they had continued about 200 yeares, in the reigne of Henry the seventh Emperour. The chiefe Master of this Order had his seat at Jerusalem. The Teutonics from their profession and * 1.106 Symbole were called Marians, their beginning was at Ptolemais in the time of Henry the sixth Emperour, where certaine rich Citizens of Lubec and Breme built a large Hospitall for strangers who should be of that Order; from thence plan∣tations were derived into Germany; their first Master was one Henry Walpodius [ 20] These Colonies growing numerous and wealthy, in the time of Frederic the second, subdued Prussia and Livonia, and kept out the barbarous Nations from these parts: but when these Knights grew loose, effeminate, and carelesse, Prussia and Livonia were torne from the Empire. King Baldwin having defeated the Turkes at Da∣mascus, * 1.107 and the Saracens of Egypt, and taken in Tyrus, dyed in the 13 yeare of his reign.

Baldwin being dead, the Princes fell at variance among themselves, which increased the strength and courage of their enemies. Fulco son in law to Baldwin is made king, in whose time there was nothing but civill jarres about the princi∣pality of Antioch: he having reigned 11 years dyed at Ptolemais, by a fall from his [ 30] horse in hunting, leaving two young sons Baldwin and Almericus.

Baldwin was assisted by Conradus the Emperour by land, and Lewis the French King by Sea. But Conradus having lost his Army in the siege of Damascus and * 1.108 Ascalon returnes home. Baldwin having at last taken Ascalon, dyed at Bery∣thus the 24 yeare of his reigne: to whom succeeded his brother Almericus, he invaded Egypt, and fought with Saracon the Sultan, who had driven the Caliph out of Egypt. Hee had warres also with his successour Saladin, but with no successe. Almericus dyed the 12 yeare of his reigne, leaving a young son Bald∣win, who being leprous, and despairing of ever having children, made Baldwin sonne of William Marquisse of Montferrat, his sisters sonne, his successour, whom [ 40] Guido his Father in law poysoned, that hee with his wife Sibylla might obtaine the Kingdome, whereupon Raimundus the young Kings tutor made warre against Guido, hee to strengthen his cause drawes Saladine out of Egypt, which was the o∣verthrow of that kingdome of Jerusalem, for hee took upon surrender Ptolemais, Asotus, Berythus, and Ascalon: and after one moneths siege Jerusalem, 88 yeares * 1.109 after it was taken by Godefrid.

Sibylla with her foure children were killed in the tumult, her sister Isabella the wife of Humfredus Toronius was carryed away by Conradus Marquisse of Montferrat, hoping in her right to obtaine the kingdome: hee was mur∣thered, and Henry Earle of Campania and Lord of Tyrus, marryed with Isa∣bella, [ 50] but refused the title of King of Jerusalem, because Guido Lusignanus a French man laid claime to it in the right of Sybillas children, whose Father in law hee was. He helped Richard King of England with money when he was about to recover the Christians losses in Asia, and for this mony Cyprus was pawned or sold to Guido; after Richard had seised on the Island and had taken Alexius Comnenus prisoner. His posterity held Cyprus till the death of Jacobus Lusignanus,

the last King, and then it came into the possession of the Venetians. For his Widow being a Venetian borne, and too weake to buckle with the power of the Turkes, resigned it to the Venetians: who held it almost 100 yeares pay∣ing a yearely tribute of 40000 Crownes to the Egyptian, and after to the Turkish Sultan. But they lost it to Mustapha Generall of the Turkes under Selymus the second: As for the Kingdome of Jerusalem, Iohn De Breen was the last Christian King thereof in Syria or Palestine, whose daughter Yeo∣land marryed to Fredric Emperour and King of Naples, who in her right called himself King of Jerusalem, which title the King of Spain retaines as being King of Naples.

In this Holy Warre the Venetians, Genuans, and Pisans did much good service [ 10] by Sea, and inriched themselves with the spoils of Syria: the Genuans commanded the Aegean, Bosphorus, Hellespont, Thracian and Euxin Sea; the Venetians were masters of Creete, Peloponnesus, the Cyclades, Thessalonica, and Isles of the Io∣nian Seas; these two States having oppressed the Pisans, contended long about the mastery of the Sea with various successe, till at last at Me∣thon the Genuans were overthrowne, and so the Venetians became absolute Masters.

About this time began the Kingdome of Portugal in Alphonsus the sonne of Henry Earl of Lorrain. This Henry marryed with Taresia the daughter of Al∣phonsus the sixth king of Spain, who took Toletum from the Saracens. Henry [ 20] obtained Portugall for his wifes portion, whose sonne Alphonsus was con∣tent at first with the Title of Duke: but having subdued the Saracens, hee was saluted King by the souldiers. The Monastery of Clarevall was erected and S. Barnard made the first Abbot thereof, S. Agnes instituted her Order of Nuns at Jerusalem. Otho Bishop of Bamberg converted Pomerania to * 1.110 the Faith.

In England King Harald was assaulted by his younger brother Toustain and Harfager King of Norway, both by Sea and Land; but these both were slaine, and Harald obtained the victory. Shortly after William Duke of Normandy, * 1.111 [ 30] pretending a right to the Crowne of England, by the last Will of King Edward his kinsman, landed in Sussex, where a bloudy battell was fought, in which Ha∣rold was slaine, and with him almost 61 thousand English; and so ended the Sa∣xon line, about 500 years after the first comming in of Hengist. William was re∣ceived into London and crowned on Christmas day at Westminster by Aldred Archbishop of York; the next spring William returnes to Normandy to settle his affaires there, and takes with him the chiefe of the English Nobility: fearing lest they might revolt in his absence. Upon his return there were divers discon∣tents and rebellions at Exeter, Oxford, and chiefly in the North, the Nobility be∣ing discontented with Williams bounty towards the French: but hee subdued them * 1.112 all, and defeated also afterward another rebellion in the Isle of Ely. Prince Edgar [ 40] Williams competitor, with many of the English Nobility were fled to Scotland, who were protected by King Malcolin: whereupon VVilliam with a puissant Ar∣my enters Scotland, where both Kings conclude a peace. Edgar submits, and is restored to grace, and a faire maintenance. Roger Fits-Auber with many others * 1.113 conspire against William; but the fire was discovered before the flame broke out, and so the plot vanished; after this the king in the 13 yeare of his reign subdues Wales. In Normandy his son Robert rebels against him, which drew VVilli∣am over thither with an Army, Robert lying in ambush with 2000 men, fell upon the King, defeated his Forces, unhorsed the King himselfe, and wounded him in the arme, but hee was cured at Rouen, and reconciled to his sonne, who rebells * 1.114 [ 50] the second time: and upon his fathers arrivall, submits againe to him at Bur∣deaux: but VVilliam brings him into England, and employes him against the Scots: for now the league was broken betweene the two kings. After this * 1.115 his sonne Henry, and Louis the French kings eldest sonne fell out at Chesse, and wounded each other; which occasioned a Warre betweene the two Fathers:

the French with Robert invade Normandy, VVilliam enters France, and at Rouen is reconciled the third time to his sonne Robert: a short peace was made, which was quickly broken: for VVilliam refuseth to doe homage for the king∣dome of England, though hee was content for Normandy. The French king mocking him for his great belly, made VVilliam enter France againe, * 1.116 where at Mantz he was hurt, and thence conveyed sick to Rouen, and so ended his Warre. VVilliam changed the lawes, and puts them in French, al∣ters the tenures: but the customes of Kent we represerved by the mediation of the Archbishop Stigand. Hee seised on all the Forrests and Chases of the kingdome. Hee dis-peopled for 30 miles space the countrey of Hamshire on [ 10] the Sea coast, and made it a Forrest. Hee seised upon the Plate, Jewels, and Treasures of the Monasteries, pretending that the rebells had hid their wealth there as in priviledged places: he relyed much upon the advice of Lanfranc an Itali•…•…n born, and Archbishop of Canterbury, he dyed at Rohan the 74 yeare of his age, and 21 of his reigne: his Corps lay three dayes neglected, till his youngest sonne Henry had it conveyed to the Abbey of Cane, where it could not bee interred, untill the ground wherein hee lay was purchased. To Robert his eldest sonne hee left the Dukedome of Normandy, to VVilliam his third sonne England; to Henry the youngest, his treasure with an yearely pension: his second sonne Richard was slaine by a stagge in the Forrest; where VVilliam [ 20] the second also was slaine by an arrow, and Richard the sonne of Robert Duke of Normandy broke his neck. Hee erected seven Abbyes of Monkes, and 6 of Nuns, besides his munificence to 9 Abbies & 1 Nunnery in Normandy. In England he founded one Abbey where he fought his first battell, and two Nunneries, one at Hinching-brooke in Huntingdonshire, and the other at Armthewt in Cumber∣land.

William the second succeeded, who was faine to make an agreement with his * 1.117 elder brother Robert, who challenged the Crowne in right of Primogeniture, by paying to him 3000 Markes per annum. Odo Bishop of Bayeux, with divers of the Nobility, conspire against VVilliam, and invites Robert into England, but [ 30] the King by ingratiating the people to him, and by granting them many freedomes, disappointed the plot, takes in divers Forts; which his enemies had possessed against him, and trnasports an Army into Normandy, where hee tooke many places from Robert, though assisted by the French: at last a peace is made betweene them, * 1.118 that the Surviver of either of them should succeed to the rule both of England and Normandy. After this VVilliam assists Robert, against his brother Henry, who had taken the Fort of Mount Michel, for not repayment of the money which Henry had lent Robert against VVilliam: the King was like to have been * 1.119 taken prisoner, as hee was alone on the Sea shoare neer the Fort, had not rescue come the sooner, for his horse being lost, hee defends himselfe with the saddle [ 40] from the darts shot at him: at last Henry is reconciled with his brothers, and was allowed to hold in morgage the Countrey of Constantine, till the money was payed: but when the day came, for want of payment Robert is imprisoned, and * 1.120 forced to renounce the Countrey of Constantine. This was after Roberts re∣turne from Scotland, who was imployed there against Malcoline. After this Robert raiseth Forces to recover the Castle of Dampfront in Normandy taken by Henry, and inveighes against VVilliam for underhand dealing, but he passeth over with an Army into Normandy, and fees the French King to forbeare aid to Duke Robert. Hee thereupon made his peace with VVilliam: who upon his return made warre upon Scotland, and Wales; in Wales the Earle of Shrews∣bury * 1.121 [ 50] used much cruelty, but was afterward shot in the eyes, and tumbled into the Sea. Robert of Mouberry raised a sedition against VVilliam which was by his diligence soon ended. Robert being dead in the Holy expedition, King VVil∣liam obtaines Normandy, and so became more insolent, laying heavy taxes on his people, keeping Bishopricks vacant, that hee might receive their revenues, taking money of the Jewes, and selling all spirituall preferments, which hee profusely spent

on buildings, and on the French to keep them quiet, he makes another expedition in∣to Normandy against Conte de la Fles•…•…he, who had surprised the City of Mains, him he takes prisoner, and after releases him: at last hee was shot by Walter Terell a Norman in the new Forrest, being 43 yeares old, and having reigned * 1.122 12 years.

In Scotland Milcolin or Milcolumbus sirnamed Canmore, reigned. He brought in the titles of Dukes, Marquisses, Earles, Barons and Knights. The Nobility before were called Thanes. He entertained Prince Edgar with his mother and sisters, and divers of the English Nobility, which fled to him from the tyranny of William the Conquerour. He marryed Margaret eldest sister to Bdgar: then [ 10] many English planted themselves in Scotland. In the midst of Stanmore was e∣rected a Crosse of stone called Recrosse or King-crosse, with the King of En∣glands statue and armes on the one side, and the King of Scotlands on the other. This Crosse divided the two kingdomes. He erected the Churches of Durham and Dunfermling. He delivered Edgar to VVilliam, but upon honourable tearms. He was threatned with a civill warre at home by the Moravians, Rossians, Ca∣thanesians and Islanders; but the quarrell was composed by the mediation of the Clergy. The insurrection in Galloway was suppressed by one VValter, whom for his good service the King made chief Steward of Scotland: whence the sir∣name of Stewarts had its originall. He erected two Bishopricks, to wit, of Murry [ 20] and Cathnesse. He abolished that barbarous law of Eugenius, which authourised the new marryed Brides to prostitute their Virginity to their Lords. As Malcolme was besieging Anwik Castle which VVilliam Rufus had surprised, hee was slaine by one Robert Mowbray, who delivering the Castle keyes to the King on the point of his lance, runne him through the eye; hereupon Mowbray was called Percie, of whom are the Earles of Northumberland. Prince Edward in revenging his Fathers death was also slain; this double losse was the cause of queen Margarets death. He reiged 36 yeares, his body with his sons were translated from the Abbey of Tinmouth, to the Church of Dunfermling.

At Rome to Urban the second, succeeds Paschalis the second, who sate 18 years: [ 30] he called a Councel at Lateran: in which he anthematiseth Henry the fourth; another Councell he calleth at Florence against Fluentinus Bishop thereof, for holding that Antichrist was then borne. He caused Henry the fifth, in his Fathers life time call a Synod at Northusen in Thuringia against Simony and the marryed Clergy. The Synod called at Trecassina in France, was called by Paschalis for the same end, he cals also another Synod at Lateran, in which he excommunicates Henry the fifth, for medling with investitures of Bishops. In Paschalis his time were 3 schismaticall Popes. [ 40]

CHAP. XI.

The Western affairs under Henry the fifth, and Lotharius Duke of Saxony. 2. The Eastern under Calojohannes. 3. The affairs of France, Spain, England, Scotland, Denmark, &c. with the Popes of those times.

HEnry the fourth being dead, but not buryed (for his body by the Popes command, lay five yeares without sepulture) Henry the fifth, his sonne succeeded. Hee first punisheth Henry Duke of Lorrain, Robert Earle [ 50] of Flanders, with Colen, Norinburg, and some other cities, who were faith∣full * 1.123 to Henry the fourth: then he assists Almus King of Hungary against Coloman. Shortly after hee made war upon the Polonians, for denying to pay the ac∣customed tribute to the Emperour; but the Bohemians his Auxiliaries fal∣ling off from him, he lost the battell, and was forced to give off the siege of Glo∣gove,

and to make his peace with the Polonian. In the fifth yeare of his reigne hee entereth Italy with an Army, to regaine his right of investiture of Bishops and Abbots by the crosier staff and ring. A right which the German Emperours have obtained for above 300 yeares, ever since Charles the Great; on the other side Paschalis claimed that right as belonging to the Clergy and people of Rome: and whereupon Henry besiegeth the City, takes it, and in it the Pope and Cardinalls: which hee imprisoned, till his privi∣ledges were confirmed; which being done, and crowned Emperour, hee re∣turns into Germany, where hee bestowes an honourable funerall on his Fa∣ther at Spire, but the Clergy storming at the Popes concessions, and Henry's [ 10] power in Ecclesiastick dignities, they cause him to repeale his former grants, and to excommunicate▪ Henry for his Simony, and withall they stir up the Saxons to rebell, by the Bishop of Mints, who travelled through Saxony incouraging the people to joine with Lotharius their Duke. Rodulphus Marquisse of Bran∣deburg, and Sigefrid Palatin of Saxony, (w•…•…ose l•…•…fe the Emperour had late∣ly spared) with divers others side with Lotharius. But Henry in a great battell overthrew all these Forces, and slew Sigefrid: after this victory hee marry∣ed with Mathilais the King of Englands daughter at Mints, where Duke Lotharius in sackcloth submitted himsel•…•…e to the Emperour, who pardons him. [ 20]

But Lotharius shortly after this, forgetfull of his pardon, with the Bishop of Halberstad, raise new tumults, and with a great Army of Saxons, en∣countered with the Emperour in the County of Mansfield, and defeated him: in this conflict Hugerus Earl of Mansfield Henry's chiefe Generall was slaine, and hee himselfe was forced to flye, and to remove as farre as hee could from the fury of his domestick enemies. Hee goeth into Italy, being sent * 1.124 for to take possession of the inheritantance of Mathildis widow, who was sister to Ecbert Marquisse of Saxony. This yeare was terrible by reason of strange thunderings, earthquakes, and apparitions in the aire. Pascalis hear∣ing that Henry was marching towards Rome, went into Apulia, where hee [ 30] raiseth an Army of Normans, with which as soone as hee came to Rome, hee dyed, to whom succeeded Iohan Cajetan, who tooke the name of Gela∣sius the second. Hee refused to absolve Henry from his sentence of excom∣munication, wherefore hee is deposed, and one Berdinus or (as some call him) Mauritius a Spaniard is made Anti-Pope, whom afterward Calixtus who suc∣ceeded, Gelasius tooke prisoner, and banished, having excommunicated the Em∣perour again; wherefore hee is forced to returne into Germany, with a resolution to punish Mints for the perfidiousnesse of their Bishop; but hee durst not, because hee understood that the Saxons were making new preparations against him by the Popes instigation. Gelasius not being suffered to live at Rome, retires him∣selfe [ 40] into France, where hee dyed the first year of his Pontificate, and there Guido of Vienna called Calistus the third, is made Pope by the Cardinals at Cluni∣acum; who refused the Pontificall habit, till the Romans had confirmed his ele∣ction. Hee continuing the Papall hatred against Caesar, at Sutrium seiseth on Berdinus the Anti-Pope, who having set him on a Camell, leads him to Rome in triumph, where being disgracefully used, hee is thrust into a Mona∣stery.

The Emperour finding himselfe too weake to resist the Popes power, being backt by France, Italy, the Normans, Saxons and others, is perswaded by his Peeres to yeeld, and to resign againe the investiture of Bishops, and electi∣on [ 50] of Priests to the Pope, which hee did: and this agreement was publiquely proclaimed at Wormes with great acclamations of the people, who hoped by * 1.125 this for perpetuall serenity. In the meane while Rogerius Prince of Sicily, slight∣ing the Emperours threats and exhortations, invades Apulia and Calabria, in the absence of Duke VVilliam, by the instigation of Calistus the Pope, the Vene∣tians drive the Babylonian Turkes from the siege of Joppe, and after 4 months

siege take in Tyrus the Metropolis of Phoenicia, having •…•…irst covenanted with William. Viceroy of Palestine, that they should enjoy the third part of the Maritime townes they tooke in. Shortly after the Pope dyeth; Henry having composed the troubles in Belgium raised by Lotharius of Saxony, having also aided Henry the king of England, his Father in law against Levis the French king, he makes a journey to Utrich, to settle the disorders of that * 1.126 place, where he fell sick and dyed the 19 year of his reign. In his time Otho Bi∣shop of Bamberge converted Pomerania to the Christian Faith. Henry dying childlesse, left Franconia to Conradus of Suevia, who after Lotharius was Emper∣our, he repaired the City of Norica, and built a Monastery to S. Aegidius, which he [ 10] greatly inriched.

Lotharius Duke of Saxony was made Emperour by the instigation of the * 1.127 Pope, and Saxons, who were willing to assume their ancient dignity and power. Conradus Henry the fifth sisters sonne, who had got Franconia by Henry the fifth, as his Father had obtained Suevia by Henry the fourth, challenged the Empire in right of his mother; yet Lotharius carryed it. Conradus hoping to prevent Lotharius, hastneth for Italy to obtaine the Popes confirma∣tion, having secured Ulma, Norimberg, and Auspurg for him, but he spoiled his cause by invading of Lombardy, and accepting there of a Crowne from the Archbishop of Millan, thnugh it was but of iron; for Pope Honorius [ 20] excommunicates him; so that he was forced to forsake Italy; but when hee returned to Germany, hee found the Cities which he had fortified, all surrendred to Lotharius, whereupon finding all helpe failed him, by the mediation of S. Bernhard who flourished at that time, he was reconciled to Lo∣tharius.

Lotharius being setled, upon the request of Pope Innocent the second, he came * 1.128 with an Army into Italy, to suppresse the faction at Rome, which had set up Anacletus an Anti-Pope: when he came, the faction fled, and he was crowned Emperour by Innocent, whom he brought back to the City, being driven out by a prevailing party. Lotharius demanded the Emperours rights back again from [ 30] Innocent; but being disswaded by the Pope and S. Bernhard whom hee brought with him, to claime that which had caused so much trouble and bloudshed, lets fall his •…•…emand. After this, he made a second expedition in∣to Italy against Roger King of Sicily, who had invaded the Churches lands. Wherefore having passed the Apenius without resistance, he takes in Ancona, * 1.129 Spoletum, and other towns, and by the help of the Pisan Fleet pursues Roger by Sea and Land, so that he was forced to abandon Italy: which at last being setled the government of Apulia was committed to Reginaldus, and of Thus∣cia to Henry his son in law, but as he was returning into Germany, through the groves of Trent, hee fell sick in a poore cottage, and dyed the 13 year of his [ 40] reign, and was buryed in a Monastery of Saxony, called from him Lotharia Cae∣saria.

Before this last expedition into Italy, Lotharius pacified the troubles of Den∣mark, which were occasioned by Magnus King Nicolaus his sonne, who had murthered Canutus his cousin German. Ericus brother to this Canutus im∣plored the Emperours aid against the murtherer, who with his Army quieted the Cimbrians a while; but after hee was gone Ericus with his Forces which consisted most in horse, fell suddenly on Magnus his quarters, kills him with most of the Danish Nobility. Shortly after Nicholaus Father to Magnus was murthered with his guard in his own Palace; by this meanes [ 50] Ericus obtained the kingdome of Denmark. Lotharius authorised Vernerius to gather together and to teach the Roman Lawes, which had been neglected above 600 years. Rome and Bononia were the places appointed for this read∣ing. About this time also Gratian the Monk compiled together the Popes Decrees, to which many additions have been made by the subsequent Popes. From hence sprung up the Canonists and Schoolemen; the one maintained

the Popes Hierarchy, the other his Doctrine, which Schoole doctrine was compiled afterward in Frederic the firsts time by Lombard, called the Ma∣ster of the Sentences, on whom Thomas, Scotus, and innumerable Schoole∣men have commented. Lotharius had by his wife Rixa one sonne, who dyed young, and two daughters, the one he marryed to Henry the proud Duke of Ba∣varia, to whom he gave Saxony, the other he bestowed on Lovis the bearded Earl of Turingia.

In France to Hugh Capet succeeded his sonne Robert, who built many Churches and Monasteries: he reigned after his Fathers death 36 years: to him * 1.130 succeeded his sonne Henry the first, who placed William the bastard sonne [ 10] of R•…•…bert Duke of Normandy in his Fathers inheritance, having slain 30000 Normans, he dyed the 28 yeare of his reign, whose sonne Philip a childe succeeded, Baldwin Earle of Flanders was his Governour. He was excommu∣nicate by Pope Vrban, for repudiating his wife, and marrying another, but two yeares after, he was absolved and reconciled, he reigned 49 yeares; to * 1.131 him succeeded Lovis the sixth surnamed the Grosse: for some difference be∣tween him and the Archbishop of Rhemes, he would be anointed at Orleans, and crowned by the Bishop of Senon. He saw 5 Popes in France, to wit, Vrban, Paschalis, Gelasius, Calixtus, and Innocent. He reigned 30 years, the Monastery * 1.132 of Clarevall was erected in his time, the first Abbat whereof was S. Bernhard. [ 20]

Alphonsus the seventh was called Emperour of Spaine, by his death the kingdomes of Legio and Castile were divided in his two sonnes Sanctius and Ferdinandus, in his time the Arabians in Spaine called Almohades, would suffer no Christians to live amongst them under pain of death. The ninth generall Councell, and first among the Latines called the Lateran of 900 Bishops and Priests was held, about the recovering of the Holy Land from the Saracens and Turkes. The Synod of Rhemes was summoned by Gelasius and held by Calixtus against Simony, in this the Emperour was excommunicate. And coun∣cel also was held at Neapoli in Samaria for reforming of Manners. Lovis is excom∣municate by Stephen bishop of Paris, for invading the Churches rights. Af∣ter which hee lived not long, besides he lost his sonne Philip as hee was [ 30] riding through Paris in his regall ornaments, by a fall from his horse, by which he dyed suddenly. One Tamdemus authour of the Adamites, seduced many people at Antwerp; against whom was set up Norbertus bishop of that place, who was authour of that order which was called Premom stratensis; from the place where hee retired him selfe. In a Synod held in France, it was ordained that the Knights Templars▪ should weare a white cloak, of which order there were not at first above nine; but in the space of 50 yeares they grew to be 300; abounding in wealth, besides innumerable inferiour brethren, which they called servants; their office was to defend the high-wayes and pilgrims to∣wards [ 40] or from Jerusalem, as the Knights of Saint Iohn were to provide lodgings and use hospitality.

In the East to Alexius Comnenus whilest he was yet alive succeeded his sonne Calojohannes, a better and greater man then his Father; for hee sub∣dued the Turkes in Asia, the Scythians and Tartars in Europe, who had swarmed like Locusts into Thracia and Macedonia in time the of Alexius Comnenus. These Calojohannes drove out, he suppressed also the Huns neer Belgradum: a place famous for the slaughter of the French by the Hun∣garians, * 1.133 as they were marching towards the Holy Land. He sent Embassa∣dours to congratulate Lotharius his victory against Rogerius, whom he drove [ 50] out of Apulia. He afterward entred into league with Conradus Suevus. He was a rich Prince in money; therefore bought Antioch for a great summe from Raimund Prince thereof, finding some resistance as he went to take possession, hee wasted Syria: he tooke Sosopolis the strong City of Pamphi∣lia by a stratagem, causing his men to ride as neere as they could to the Workes, and let flie their arrowes at the Garrison, and then to runne away

towards the Woodes, purposely to toll the Garrison from their strong hold, which was done accordingly, and so the Grecians wheeling about entred the Towne. He tooke Castamon from the Persarmenians, and returned with triumph to Byzantium; but this happinesse lasted not long, •…•…or shortly af∣ter Tanismanius the Turk, and then Mahumet recovered what they had lost, and Gangra to boot with the strong City Pontus: at last, as hee was hunt∣ing of the wilde Boare in Cilicia, he hurt his left hand with one of the poysoned arrowes which fell out of his quiver, whereby it gangrened, and his whole body was infected, so he dyed the 25 yeare of his reigne. The Physitians would have had his hand cut off; but hee refused, saying, [ 10] One handed Caesar was not fit to governe the World. He had four sonnes, two dyed before him; of the other two▪ he chose Manuel the younger, to succeed him, finding Isaacius the elder of too harsh and fierce a na∣ture to governe. About this time dyed Iohn a Stampis, who had lived a∣bove 360 yeares, for he was a souldier under Charles the Great, and dyed under Lovis the Grosse.

In England Henry the first sirnamed Beauclerke for his learning, the youngest sonne of William the first, was crowned after his brothers death, * 1.134 Robert being then in Apulia: hee recalls Anselme Archbishop, furnisheth the vacant Bishopricks with fit men, relieves the Laity of their pressures, and [ 20] punisheth the Ministers for their exactions. Ralph Bishop of Durrham is imprisoned for his evill counsells to the late King: the Court is reformed, the lights in the night are restored, which were forbidden by William after the coverfeu bell. He marryed Maude daughter to Margaret late Queen of Scots, and Neece to Edward Atheling: but Robert having returned in∣to Normandy, arrives at Portsmouth with a strong Army to recover the Crowne: the Armies being ready to encounter▪ for avoiding bloud a peace was concluded, that Henry should be King during his life, paying to Ra∣bert 3000 markes per annum. 2. That Robert surviving should succeed. 3. That all Robert's friends should bee pardoned. After Roberts departure [ 30] Henry assumes the investitures of Bishops, which Anselmus opposed; Henry sends to the Pope Pascalis to let him know the collation of church dignities was derived to him from his predecessours. Anselme opposeth the Ambassa∣dours at Rome, wherefore hee is banished: but by the Popes perswasions Anselme is restored, and the King forbeares to meddle with the Church. In the interim Robert de Belesme Earle of Salisbury fortifies his Castles, and combines with the Welch against the King, but in 30 dayes his castles were retaken, and his complices scattered, and the Earle banished into Nor∣mandy, where combining with William Earle of Mortaigue, he commits ma∣ny outrages, Robert conniving at the same, and afterward joining with these [ 40] Earles, raised Forces against King Henry, who being invited over by the Nor∣mans weary of Roberts oppressions, and incouraged by Pope Pascall, fights against his brother and defeats him, then brings Robert prisoner to England, commits him to the castle of Cardiffe, where hee lived 26 yeares; his eyes were put out for attempting an escape: so Henry after his brothers death * 1.135 became absolute Duke of Normandy: hee kept good correspondency with Scotland, and France; hee sent into Wales a colony of Flemmings, which much infested this countrey: he had some debate with the Earl of Flanders, about the payment of a pension, which the Earl claimed, but the debate was more verball then reall. But after this Lewis the Grosse, had some quarrels [ 50] with him about the Dutchy of Normandy, which was intertained by the quarrell between the Pope, and Henry the fifth Emperor. The King of England having marryed Maude his daughter to him, animates him against the French, who supported the Pope against him; but by the mediation of the French King Lovis, the Emperour submits to the Pope: all differences are taken up betweene them and Lovis; so that the King of England was disappointed;

yet hee continues his quarrell with Lovis, for procuring Fulke Earle of An∣geou to seize upon the countrey of Mayne, and animating Baldwin as is said against him for with holding his Pension which was paid by the conquer∣our onely to Baldwin the fifth Earle of Flanders during his life, and was up∣on courtesie continued by succeeding kings. But Henry beat the French, and at last they were reconciled. After this the Welsh rebelled, and were subdued by him: but hee was much afflicted for the losse of William the young Prince, who was drowned returning to England, with many persons of honour, and their attendants to the number of 140, besides 50 Mariners. After this the Emperour being dead, Henry marryes his daughter Maude to Geffery Plan∣tagenet [ 10] the sonne of Foulke, Earle of Aniou, by whom shee had three sonnes, Henry who was King after Stephen, Geffery and William. The first Parliament * 1.136 Henry established in Salisbury consisting of the three Estates: about 5 yeares after the death of Anselme. Ralph Bishop of Rochester, is made Archbi∣shop by the King, and gives him his investiture, but Thurston the Kings Chaplaine, who was designed for Yorke, refuseth to sweare obedience to Canterbury, appeales to the Pope, who absolves him, invests him, and gives him the Pall: the king is forced to submit in this also to the Pope: at last having reigned 35 yeares, he surfeted on a Lamprey, and dyed, he was buryed in the Abby of Reading, which he had founded. He erected two Bishopricks [ 20] of Ely and of Carlyle: and founded the Monasteries of C•…•…rcester, Reading and Shyrborne. Hee compounded withPriests for annuall Pensions to keep their wives. He levyed but two taxes on his people, the one was to maintain his wars against France, the other to preferre his daughters marriage with the Emperour: in him ended the issue males of the Conqueror. He built the mannor of Woodstock, and inclosed the Park with a stone wall.

In Scotland Malcolme being dead, the Crowne was usurped by Donald, who was assisted for that end by the king of Norreway, which so exasperated the people, that they sent for Duncan Malcolmes sonne out of England, upon whose approach Donald fled, being forsaken by his people, the sixth moneth after hee [ 30] had invaded the kingdome. Neither did Duncan continue long, for his govern∣ment was so harsh that hee was hated by his people, upon which Donald got Makpender Earle of Mermes to murther him, and then returning from banish∣ment, invaded the Crowne againe, but in the third yeare of this second invasion hee was taken and imprisoned, where he first lost his eyes, then his life. To this Donald Malcolmes brother succeeds Edgar Malcolmes sonne, who lived peaceably 9 years, he built the Monastery of Coldingam, who dying without issue, his bro∣ther Alexander succeeded. This king in the very beginning of his reign, was assaul∣ted by an Army of the discontented youth of the kingdom, whom he defeated near the river of Spaea. Afterward hee was assaulted in▪ the night as he was asleep, [ 40] by some assasinates, who were let in by one of the groomes of his bed-cham∣ber; but he suddenly awaked, flew to his sword, killed the groom, and six of the assasi∣nats, and so hotly persued the rest; that few of them escaped, After this delivery he built the Church of St. Michael at Scone. Having also escaped drowning in a storme; he erected a Church to St. Columbus, and inriched the Church of St. Andrews. He dyed without issue; to whom succeeded his brother David; who * 1.137 gave himself to building and repairing of Churches and Monasteries, he built Holy rood house, with 9 other Abbeys, and two Nunneries, one at Carlile, the other at Berwick, and two Abbeys near New-Castle. To the 6 former Bishopricks, he added four more, to wit, Ross, Breichin, Dunkeld, and Dunblane, allowing them [ 50] large revenues out of the Crowne Lands, by which hee impoverished his suc∣cessours. Hee possessed Huntington, besides Northumberland, Cumber and Westmerland. Hee walled Carlile: and had some quarrels with king Stephen of England, which were shortly after composed. Maude the Empresse sent her sonne Henry (who succeeded Stephen afterward) to receive the order of knight∣hood * 1.138 from king David his great Uncle, whose eldest sonne Prince Henry of

Scotland dyed, to the great griefe of the kingdome, his eldest sonne Mal∣colme David caused to bee declared Prince of Scotland, and made William his second sonne Earl of Northumberland: at last David dyed the 29 yeare of his reign.

In Rome to Paschalis who sate 18 yeares; succeeded Gelasius the second one yeare; Berdinus called Gregory the eight was Anti Pope. To Gelasius suc∣ceeded Calixtus the second five yeares: his successour was Honorius the se∣cond five yeares: his Anti-Pope was Celestinus the second. To Honorius suc∣ceeded Innocent the second 14 yeares. When hee came into France, the Parisian Jewes presented to him the Volume of the Law wrapped up in a [ 10] rich cover of cloth; to whom hee said: Almighty God, remove the vaile from your hearts: He annoints at Remes Lovis the yoanger King of France.

CHAP. XII.

1. A briefe History of Egypt from Augustus, till the Turkish conquest. 2. The western affaires under Frederick Barbarosse. 3. Divers passages [ 20] of Italy, Germany, and Denmark, and the other Holy VVarre. 4. Di∣vers occurrences, and the Popes of these times, with some passages of Tartaria.

AFter Aegypt had been subdued by Augustus Caesar, it remained subject to the Romans till the Empire was translated to Greece, and then it was under the Greek Emperour till being weary of their oppressions, they called in the Saracens, whose Calipha they chose for their Governour, and so shaked off the Graecian yoke; this Calip•…•… was descended from Mahomet the Impostour, and different both in Government and profession from that other Caliph of Babylon. [ 30] The last Caliph of Aegypt being much troubled by Almericus, who in the king∣dome of Ierusalem succeeded Baldwin, craved aid from the Sultan of Syria, who sent thither Sarraco with an Army which overthrew Almericus, and drove the Christians quite out of Aegypt, this being done he suddenly seised upon the Ca∣liph, whom he imprisoned, and dasht out his brains, and then makes himself king of Aegypt, to whom succeeded Saladin his nephew by his brother. He overthrew the Christians in Syria and Palestine, and brought their kingdom of Ierusalem to nothing. To him succeeded his brother, whose posterity reigned till Melechsala; he finding his best and oldest souldiers almost quite extinct by reason of his continuall wars with the Christians, and not daring to confide in the treacherous and effemi∣nate [ 40] Egyptians, buyes of the Tartars, who had lately broke into Asia through the Caspian Straights, and had subdued the Cappadocians, where of old dwelt the Colchi, •…•…beri, and Albani along the Euxin Sea (at this day they are named Men∣grellins, Georgians, and Siberians) he bu•…•…es I say of the Tartars their captive slaves, transports them into Egypt, & trains them up in Military discipline, by their help he overcame Levois the French king at Damitia, in Aegypt, which was the old Heliopolis or Pelusium, takes him prisoner, and destroyes his brother Robert, with his Forces, who was got farther into Aegypt, for this good service Melechsa∣la, chose out of them a guard for his own body, but not long after he was mur∣thered, by this new guard, who seised on the kingdome after it had been possessed [ 50] by the posterity of Sarracon about 100 yeares.

These slaves having now made themselves kings, chose Alcair of old called Memphis or Babylon, for the seat of their kingdome: the country out of which they came is now called Cercassia, the inhabitants are of the Greek Religion with the Muscovites and Raxolans, their children were wont to be sold, and by Mer∣chants transported by Sea to Alexandria, and thence to Memphis, where abju∣juring

Christian Religion, they were sent to schoole to be instructed in the Ma∣humets Religion, and then were trained up in Military affaires, and so were im∣ployed in the wars, which custome the Turkes learned, in making of their Jani∣saries: these were called Mamaluchs, which signifieth circumcised. None were admitted either to the regall or equestrall dignity in Egypt, but those that were thus born, and educated, so that neither the Mamaluchs children did inherit their fathers equestrall, nor the Sultans children, the regall honor. The first slave that ob∣tained the kingdome was Turquemenius, he was intituled the Sultan, and so were all the succeeding Kings, as before they were called Caliphs. This new Sul∣tan released King Lewis from his imprisoment, and grew so insolent and imperi∣ous [ 10] over his fellow slaves; that he was murthered by Cothus, who for this fact was saluted king by the Army of slaves, and was after he had overcome the Tartars, slain by Bendocader, who succeed•…•…d. He drove the Christians out of Syria, and recovered Antioch. After he had much wasted Armenia, he was poysoned at Damascus. Melechsait succeeded, whom Elpis thrust out of his throne and murthered. He took from the Christians Tripolis, Sidon, Beritus, and Tyre and razed them, so made them unusefull for the Christians, he was murther∣ed by one of his guard in the camp, his successour Melechseraph, or Vstrephus tooke Ptolemais the last Christian towne, and razed it to the ground. He was murthered by his guard, as he was hunting, to him succeeded Melechnasar, and [ 20] after this Melechadel, with divers others, till Caithbeius, whose names are scarse known, much lesse their actions. This Caithbeius was a great scourge to the Turkes under Bajuzet the second, whom he overthrew in two great battels, his sonne Mahomet succeeded contrary to their custome, therefore he was deposed, and upon this arose divers factions in the Court: so that in three yeares were five Sultans, the two last were Campson, Gaurus, who reigned 16 yeares, at last siding with the Persian against the Turk, Selimus the first was overthrown and slain in the battell. The last was Tonombeius, whom Selimus overthrew, tooke prisoner, and hanged him up in the gate of Memphis, so ended the Ma∣maluchs kingdome, having continued 260 years. Egypt since that time remains [ 30] a province to the Turks.

Conradus the Emperor before his death named Frederic the first, called Barbarossa and Aenobarbus from his read beard, for his successor, though he had a son of his own now at years; at this time Henry of Austria, and Henry of Saxony his sonne in * 1.139 law did contend for the Dukedome of Bavary. This controversie was so taken up by the Emperor, that Henry of Austria was honoured with the title of Duke, who before was but a Marquisse; and had withall a part of Bavaria assigned to him. He held a Dyet at Mersburg, where he composed the difference between Canutus the son of Magnus, Sueno the son of Ericus, and Wooldemarus the son of Canutus whom Magnus slew, which three contended for the kingdome of Denmark: there it was [ 40] agreed that Sueno should hold the kingdom of the Emperor, Canutus of Sueno, and VVoldemar should be bound to appear such a day in the high Court: so Frederic having in some sort quieted Germany, he makes an expedition into Italy, being cal∣led upon by the banished Apulians, and some Cities of Lombardy, which were oppressed by the Millanois, who aimed at a Soveraign Dominion. He used great severity against Verona for excluding him the gates, because he was not as yet con∣firmed by the Pope. Millan for a time submitted to him; then having crossed the Appenin, he enters Rome, where he is crowned by Adrian the fourth, not without great tumults and opposition of the people, so that he was forced to fight within the City in his own defence; in this conflict many were taken and slain, and many [ 50] drowned in Tiber. After this he returned into Germany, where he composed the difference between Arnold Bishop of Mints, and Herman the Palatin; the Bi∣shop he spared because of his age, and order, being a Church-man, but hee caused Herman for troubling Germany with a needlesse war, to carry a dog upon his shoulders, holding him by the hindmost legs before all the people; which then was accounted a great punishment. Hee caused also Bolislaus King of Poland to

pay a fine or mulct, for neglecting to bring into the Emperiall Exchequer his yearly tribute.

But whilest the Emperour was imployed at home, the Millanois made new work for him abroad, by oppressing their neighbour Cities, and drawing many into their rebellion; with whom Pope Adrian conspired, who also exasperated Frederick by sending him word, that the Empire was at his disposing, to give it, to whom he pleased; wherefore he thought it time now, to look to himself, therefore with an Army he passeth over the Alpes, falls upon Millan which hee took by storm, and was about to destroy it, but upon the submission of the citizens, with naked sword about their necks, and crosses on their breasts, falling downe at his [ 10] feet, he spared it, yet he imposed on them a mulct of 9000 markes, and injoined them to build him a Palace in the city, and resign over to the Empire their coin, * 1.140 harbours, and customes, and withall to repair the towns of Cumae and Lauda, which they had spoiled. But scarce was Frederic gone thence into Burgundy, when the Mil∣lanois enter into a new confederacy with other cities, with William of Sicily, and a great number of Cardinals, animating the Pope to excommunicate him, because he made the Bishops to doe him homage, for their temporalties, which he affirm∣ed were given him by the bounty of his predecessors, hereupon the Millanois stone Frederic's Embassadours, and intend by some assassinates which they had hired ei∣ther to poyson or stab him; wherefore he enters Italy again, overthrows Crema, [ 20] a confederate city with Millan, fights with the Millanois army, defeats them, and besiegeth their city. Adrian in the mean while as he was preparing the thunder of excommunication against him, is choaked with a flye in his drink, and so dyed: but before his death he bound 14 Cardinals by an oath, not to choose any man Pope but him who would oppose Caesar and maintain the cause of Millan, and of VVil∣liam the Sicilian. Hence two Popes are chosen, one Roland named Alexander * 1.141 the third: by the Millan faction, the other Octavian named Victor by the Emper∣ours side, to whom were joined the kings of England, Denmark, Hungary and Bohemia: a Synod is called at Papia, where Alexander is cited to appear; he con∣demnes that Councell, and refuseth to come, affirming himselfe to be above Coun∣cels; [ 30] he excommunicates also Frederic for holding with Victor, and procures the greater part of Italy and France to side with him: upon this Frederic fals again up∣on Millan furiously, takes it by storm, overthroweth it to the ground, and soweth salt on it; then the chief actours of this last rebellion were condemned and beheaded, * 1.142 the rest wandering up and down in Italy, and destitute of all help and comfort, set up a new order called Humiliati.

Pope Alexander in the mean time was not idle, but drew France, Spaine, and England to his party. Venetians also with Padua, Verona, and others places join with him against Frederic. The Romans call home Alexander; the townes of Lombardy cast out the Emperours garrisons, and all arm against him. In the in∣terim [ 40] Victor the Anti-Pope dyed at Luca; in whose place was substituted one Guido of Crema, who takes the name of Pascalis. Frederic is forced to return againe into Italy, where having crossed the Pope, he takes Ancona; encounters with the Roman army at Tusculum, where they lost 15000. He enters the city; Alexan∣der flyes, and Pascalis is placed in the Palace of Lateran; the Romans take the oath of allegiance to Frederic. But he lost divers principall men in this fight, besides there dyed of the plague the Bishops of Colen, Ratisbone, and Spire, with Frederic the sonne of Conradus Caesar, and divers other prime Commanders; this loss with the news of the Greek Emperour, who had promised aid to Alexander conditionally, that he would restore to him the Western Diadem, and the jea∣lousie [ 50] he had of the Italian treacheries, made him to returne in hast to Ger∣many.

About this time; after VValdemar had killed Sueno, the murtherer of Canutus he obtained the Kingdome of Denmark; and made divers expeditions against the Sclavi, who with their Piracies infested the Danish Islands. He brought Niclotus Duke of the Sclavi into great straights, that he was forced to destroy many of his

owne townes; Henricus Leo. And Albertus Ursus wasted most of his countrey and peopled it with Flemings, Hollanders, and Frislanders, who erected divers Churches there. Rostoch was built by Primislaus sonne of Niclotus. Waldemer o∣vercame the Rugi. Ericus King of the Sueci subdued the Finlanders. The Mer∣chants of Breme and Lubec, by their arms brought the Livonians to Chri∣stianity. Dantsick is built by the Danes in the mouth of the river Vistula. In Italy the rebels by the assistance of Alexander and the Greek Emperour, rebuild Millan, they build also another City, which from the Popes name, they called Alexandria, and peopled it with 150000 men. Frederic to hinder the Popes pro∣ceedings, prepares a fift expedition into Italy, after he had demolished the wals and [ 10] * 1.143 fortifications of Mints, which had lately murthered their Bishop Arnoldus, and had banished Christianus his successour: for Conradus the Popes Bishop of Mints, was joined with Alexander, and mainly opposed the Emperour, who sent Christianus the banished Bishop into Italy, He did good service there for Frederic, in recover∣ing Ancona a Sea town, from the Greeks. The third year after he came thither, by the addition of Caesars Forces he besieged Alexandria, which held the Caesa∣rians play a long time to their great losse. Where•…•…ore hee was forced to make peace with them: and so disbands imprudently a great part of his Army, where∣upon the Lombards revolt again: Frederic is fain to send back for his disban∣ded men; and because the power of Henricus Leo was great in Germany, as [ 20] being Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, having also conquered the country of the Sclavi, and being likewise in league with Waldemar King of Denmark; having besides done good service at Jerusalem: the Emperour earnestly implores his help, which hee favouring the Pontifician party, denyed, pretending that hee was aged and infirme of body. Frederic was vexed at this denyall, yet ven∣tured upon the Ligurians, and was by the treachery of the Brixians overthrown. His Eagle is taken, and he knockt downe from his horse, being missed 5 dayes, it was thought generally, that he was dead, but the fift day he shewed himselfe at Ti∣cinum, where the Bishops all protested to forsake him, if he did not submit to the Pope. [ 30]

In the mean time Alexander mistrusting the Romans, fled to Venice in a Sea mans habit. Otto Frederic's son with a Fleet of 50 ships pursues him. The Venetians in defence of the Pope, encounters with Otto, defeats him, takes 48 of his ships, the other two being sunk, and carryes him prisoner to Venice. The Pope to reward this good service, bestowes on the City a ring of gold, with which they should espouse the Sea to them, which custome is yearly observed upon A∣scension day by casting a ring into the Sea. Frederic having lost both his sons, the one by death, the other by captivity, finding also that his enemies increased both in number and power, and that he was not able to help the afflicted Christians in Asia; in this turbulent condition of the West, resolves by the advice of his [ 40] friends to agree with the Pope; who would condescend to no agreement, till * 1.144 Frederic should come, and falling downe at the Popes feet, should petition for absolution: then that hee should quiet Italy, and lead his Army into Asia. Frederic having consented, repaires to Venice; and at the Gates of S. Marks falls down at the Popes Feet, who sets his foot on his neck, saying: thou shalt walk upon the Basilisk and Aspe, and upon the Lion, and the Dragon thou shalt tread. Frederick replyed: not to thee but to Peter. Yes saith the Pope, both to me and to Peter.

The Pope having honoured Venice with many priviledges, returnes after 18 years wars into Rome, where he calls a Synod, in which he assumes the power of [ 50] canonizing of Saints, to him and his successours alone. The Waldenses there are condemned and decreed, that they should be suppressed by force of Armes. Peter Lombard is unjustly condemned of heresie, concerning the Trinity. It was also decreed that none should be held for Pope, but he who was chosen by the major part of the Cardinals, and that the Roman Magistrates should sweare obedience to * 1.145 him and his successours, and then dyed.

Frederick returns to Germany, to fit himself for his Asiatick expedition; to that end he calls a Diet at Bamberg, where he accuseth Henricus Leo of Trea∣son, condemns, and proscribes him, commanding the neighbouring Princes to invade his Castles and Dominions; he gave away Saxony to Bernard of Anhalt, and Bavaria to Otto of Wittelsbach, for their good service to him: yet Leo by the means of Henry King of England, his father-in-law, obtained so much of his land again from Frederick as now the Dukes of Brunswich and Luneburg do possesse. The Duke of Bohemia for his good service to Frederick at Millan, obtained the title of King, or at least a confirmation of it. Some think the seven Electors had their original at this time. It is certain, that before this, the [ 10] Marquesse of Brandeburg and Palatine of Rhene were of small account, and Bohemia but a Dukedome. After this, Frederick declared his son Henry, Caesar, by * 1.146 girding his sword to him. In the Diet at Mentz the next year, Pope Lucius the 3. and Frederick quarrelled about the Roman Consuls, whom the Pope would have abolished, and therefore was thrust out of Rome by the Citizens; they quarrelled also about the Principality of Maulds or Mathildis, which Caesar challenged as given to the Empire, the Pope as due to the Church; be∣sides Caesar chose Rodolphus for Bishop of Trevers, but the Pope set up Voloma∣rus being nominated by the greater part of the Canons; therefore Lucius re∣fuseth to confirm Henry in his Regalities, except his father would give over [ 20] the Empire. At Millan the marriage was celebrated between Heary Fredericks son, and Constantia the daughter of William King of Sicily, by which means * 1.147 Apulia and Sicily returned again to the Empire: This Henry escaped a great danger at Erford: for as he was composing a difference between Conradus of Mentz, and the Lantgrave of Thuringia, the floor of the chamber yeelded, where they with many others were; four Earls, and divers Gentlemen fell down into a sinke or privy, where they had an uncleanly death. Pope Lucius died at Verona, to whom succeeded Urbanus, called Turbanus, from disturbing the peace of Italy, in raising his Country-men the Lombards against Frederick, whom he was about to excommunicate, but that death prevented it: Some [ 30] think he died for grief at the losse of Ierusalem. To Urban succeeded Gregory the 8. who died at Pisa the 57. day of his Pontificat; his successor was Clement the 3. who by his Edict urgeth the Holy-war against the Sarazens, for Saladin the Sultan of Aegypt had taken five and twenty Cities from the Principality of Antioch, which City also had been lost by the corruption of the Patriarch who was bribed, had not the unexpected arrival of the Sicilian fleet under William hindred it.

The Christians having lost all in Syria and Phaenicia, except Tripoli, Tyrus and Antioch, having lost their Army, and the Crosse, the Templers and Hospitalers being slain by Saladine, and Ierusalem surrendred: Frederick, assisted by Richard [ 40] of England and Philip of France, prepares an expedition into Syria; therefore advancing the Crosse, he gathered an Army of 30000. Isaacius the Eastern Emperor made some resistance, fearing lest Fredericks intent might be to sub∣due the Grecians; but afterward understanding the truth, he furnisheth him with shipping and provision: he passed over the Propontis into Asia, but the French and English supply could not come soon enough, being hindred by storms. Frederick recovered Cilicia, and killed multitudes of Turks at Iconium which he took, & upon the Sultans submission restored it; then he drove Sala∣dines forces out of Armenia; but unhappily as he went into the river Serra, or as some call it Cyduus, to swim, he was carried away by the stream, and with [ 50] much difficulty drawn out by the souldiers, he remained speechlesse for three dayes and so died, having reigned 38. years: he was a valiant Prince, but full of troubles; by the father he was of the Gibeline race, and of the Guelphs by the mother; he was buried by his son Frederick in Tyrus, who undertook the re∣mainder * 1.148 of the war, conducted his Army to Antioch, and there left a strong Garrison; thence he went to Laodicea, ready to revolt to the Sarazen, which he

pacified, and fortified, he took also Berythus and other Towns, then went to relieve Ptolemais, where he died of a pestilent Fever, and most of his Army. By his second wife Beatrix, Frederick had five sons, Henry his successor, Frederick of whom I spake now, Otto Earle of Burgundy, Conradus Duke of Suevia, and Philip Duke of Tuscia, who reigned after his brother Henry. Its written of Barbarossa, he so much honoured Pope Urban, that he lighted from his horse when he rid to meet him, and held the Popes stirrop; but afterward he raised the cruel faction in Italy between the Pontificians which they called Guelps, and the Caesarians called Gibellins, from the two families in Germany, between which of old was deadly feud: shortly after his death the third Holy-war [ 10] ended, about which time two Orders of Knighthood were made in Spain, the one of Calatarava, the other of S. Iago or Iames; but I finde that these Or∣ders were more ancient, for Santius King of Toledo instituted the Knighthood of Calatrava, An. 1130. so called from the Province where they were setled; their garment was black, and on it a red-crosse: The Order of S. Iames was much more ancient, being by King Ramiro instituted when he defeated the Moors at Compestella; at which time St. Iames of Compestella was honoured with many priviledges, and great riches, their Ensign was a Red-crosse in form of a sword.

About these times Petrus Aboilardus or Alardus, broched many dangerous [ 20] errors in Divinity, against whom under Lewis the younger, a Councel is held at Senon. From Petrus de Bruis sprang up the Petrobrusiani called Sacra∣mentarians. Gilbertus Porretanus Bishop of Poictou was deposed for denying the Divine-Essence to be God, but upon his recantation he was restored. The Archbishoprick of Lisbon in Portugal is erected, and the four Archbishopricks in Ireland, to wit, Armagh, Dublin, Cassils, and Touman. By Pope Adrian, William is crowned King of both Sicilies, which he holds in fee, then began Sicily to be called Peters-Patrimony. Livonia or Li•…•…and is converted to the Faith by S. Menardus, who by Pope Alexander the 3. is made Bishop there, where now is Riga the Metropolis. [ 30]

Much about this time also, the Tartarians, a mighty and warlike people, but without setled habitation, wandring up and down the vast Northern Coun∣tries of Europe and Asia, being subject at first to that great Lord called Uncam or Presbyter-Iohn, to whom they paid the tenth of their Beasts for tribute; but he fearing their multitudes which daily increased, resolves to disperse them into divers Countries, which so displeased them, that they forsook their for∣mer places, and went further North, refusing to pay any more tribute to Un∣cam; then they chose for their King one Cingis Can, who in a short time grew * 1.149 so great, that they subdued nine Provinces next them, and at last came upon Uncam with a great Army, and slew him, and so Cingis possessed his state, and daughter too, which Uncam refused to bestow upon him in marriage, when he [ 40] desired it; the successors of this Cingis waxed so potent, that they over-run the great Country of Cathaia, wasting many times the Dominions of the Turks, Muscovites, Polonians, Hungarians and others, of whose antiquities and actions I dare not speak, because for the most part fabulous and uncertain: They are of different Religions, some Christians, some Mahumetans, and some Pagans. About this time, a certain mad Sardinian lived a long time in * 1.150 woods and desarts among the Deer, feeding on grasse, and walking upon all four like beasts; one day as the King of that Island was hunting, he was taken and brought to his parents, who would neither speak to them, nor taste either [ 50] of bread or wine, but eat grasse; in the night he made an escape to the woods, and was never afterward seen. The Order of Heremites, called Williamites from William Duke of Glascony their author, sprung up at this time, they were to follow the rules of S. Austine▪ The eleventh General Councel, and second of the Latines, was held in the Latheran by Pope Alexander; there the Wal∣denses so called from Waldo of Lions, are condemned, and the Popes election

by Cardinals alone established. Petra a town beyond Iordan, is made a Bishop∣rick. The Iewes are persecuted in France and Germany, for crucifying a Chri∣stian child. The Carmelites Order began in the Desarts of Syria, which after∣ward * 1.151 was brought into Europe, by Albert Patriaroh of Constantinople. There was long debate between the Popes and the Romans, about the government of the City, and form of Magistrates: this difference lasted fifty years, from Innocent 2. till Clement 3. who at last prevailed. * 1.152

In Rome to Pope Innocent 2. succeeded Celestine 2. five moneths: his suc∣cessor was Lucius 2. eleven moneths: to whom succeeded Eugenius 3. S. Bernards disciple, who sate eight years, to him he wrote his Books of Consideration: his successor was Anastasius 4. one year: to him succeeded Adrian 4. an English∣man, [ 10] who had before his Popedome converted the Norwegians to the faith, he sate almost five years: Alexander 3. succeeded, who sate one and twenty years, longer then any other Pope except S. Peter, who sate five and twenty years; Silvester 1. and Adrian 1. who reigned three and twenty years; his Antipopes were, Victor 4. Calixtus 3. and Paschalis 3. To Alexander suc∣ceeded Lucius 3. four years; he was the first that was created Pope by the Car∣dinals alone: his successor was Urban 3. one year, whom Gregery 8. succeeded for one moneth and 27 dayes: Clemens 3. succeeded for three years. [ 20]

CHAP. XIII.

The Eastern affairs under Manuel Comnenus, Alexius, Andronicus, Isaacius and Alexius Angeli. 2. The affairs of France, Spain, Denmark, Constantinople, Rome, England and Scotland, in these times, with divers other passages. 3. Henry the 6. Emperor.

TO Calojohannes in the East, succeeded Manuel Comnenus, a perfidious, turbulent, and unhappy Prince. Conradus the Emperor of the West, and [ 30] he, married two sisters: yet by his treacherie and conspiracie with the Saracens, the Armies of Frederick and Lewis the French king were overthrown; for Conradus having crossed the Thracian Bosphorus, entred Asia, where he was * 1.153 promised to be furnished with all necessaries by the Greeks, who both de∣ceived him, and betrayed all his counsels to the Sultan of Iconium, whereby the German army was spoiled with famine and the sword, and unknown dan∣gerous wayes: wherefore the Emperour was forced to bring away the re∣mainders of his army, and to send Frederick his brothers son post, to acquaint the French army who were going to Iconium, of the Greeks treacherie; for they had suborned some to tell the French, that Iconium was delivered up to [ 40] the Germans, purposely to bring them to the same miserie: it was said that the Greeks mingled chalk and lime with their flower, by which they poysoned the Latines. Conradus stayed a while at Ephesus. The French at the river Meander were beaten by the Turks. Roger the Sicilian, to revenge the Latines wrongs, with a Fleet of ships takes Corcyra, and wastes all the Greek coast. At last Con∣radus and the French arrive at Syria; Lewis hasteneth to Iudaea. Conradus be∣ing brought to Ptolomais, and thence to Ierusalem, gave way to besiege Damas∣cus, which cost the Latines much blood; for having taken the suburbs, the City was upon surrender, till the Princes began to quarrel who should be go∣vernour; the old souldiers perceiving that Theodoricus of Flanders was like to [ 50] carry it, removed their camp to the other side of the City, and so permitted the inhabitants of the suburbs to get within Damascus, which so angred the Em∣peror, that he left the siege, and returned home by Constantinople ingloriously: the French followed the next Spring, and were like to be surp•…•…ised by the Greeks, had not Roger encountred with Michael Palaeologus, Manuels chief Commander.

At that time, Roger brought from Chalcis Silk-makers into Sicily and Apulia. Another Fleet of Christians at that time took Lisbone, and the Country about from the Saracens; that City was delivered to Alphonsus, made lately Duke of Lusitania by the King of Castile. The Danes and Saxons brought the Sclavi to Christianity. Lewis returning from Sicily into France, put away his wife Elianor, pretending the unlawfulnesse of that marriage, by reason of consanguinity: she presently married to Henry of Anjou, King of England and Duke of Normandy by right of his mother, Earle of Angiers and Turon by the father, but by the right of his wife Earle of Poictou and Duke of Gascoigny, which occasioned great war between England and France. Legats are sent from Armenia to Pope Eugenius, to be instructed in the mysteries of Christia∣nity; [ 10] who brought news, that Presbyter-Iohn that great Eastern Prince had overrun Media and Persia, purposely to invade Ierusalem; The Turks also up∣on the departure of Conradus and Lewis, chiefly the Sultans of Damascus and Iconium, began again to make excursions upon the Christian territories. Iosce∣linus Earl of Edessa, as he was at stool, was surprised and imprisoned. Noradinus made excursions upon Antioch. Manuel the Greek Emperor obtains Edessa from Baldwin the 3. and within a year lost it to Noradine. Raimundus Prince of Antioch is slain by Noradine, whose widow Reinold of Castle married, and with∣her obtained Antioch: He suppressed the high-way robbers of Cilicia; and for [ 20] want of his pay from the Greek Caesar, plunders Cyprus; and afterward to pre∣vent a greater war, submits to Manuel. The Templers and Hospitallers, though much inriched with booties, deny to pay their Tenths any more to the Patri∣arch of Ierusalem, having for mony procured immunity at the Court of Rome. In Manuels time lived Eustathius, Homers Interpreter, and Bishop of Thessalonica, who manfully resisted Manuel, endeavouring to corrupt the Christian doctrine with some points of Mahumetanisme. As this Emperor had many faults, yet some good things he had in him; for he was very bountifull, in forcing all his treasures upon the Sultan of Iconium, when he was in want of money, (but I should rather call this prodigality:) He was also tender-hearted; for not [ 30] only sent he Greek Chyrurgions to cure his son-in-law, Baldwin 3. king of Ierusalem, who had broke his arm in hunting, but he himself also on his knee did use to soment and bind up the Kings broken arm: He shewed also his piety, before his death, in repenting that he had entertained Astrologers, or hearkned to their predictions, finding them by experience to be false and de∣lusorie, for they had promised that he should live fourteen years longer then he did, therefore by his hand-writing he condemned their impostures; he reigned 38 years, and died the 60. year of his age; a little before his death he * 1.154 resigned his Empire, and imbraced the Monastical life; he had two wives, one was Conradus Caesars wifes sister, the other was daughter to Raimund Prince of [ 40] Antioch, of whom he had Alexius his successor.

This Alexius was betrothed to Anna daughter of Lewis the French king, which exasperated the Greeks, fearing the Latines would become too great in Byzantium: therefore they send for Andronicus the cousin-german of Ale∣xius, living in exile among the Turks in Chaldaea; he raiseth an Army, which he brings in view of Byzantium, having first overthrown the forces of Proto∣sebastus, who undertook the protection of the young Caesar; afterward Andro∣nicus puts out his eyes, and imprisoned him: So being admitted to the go∣vernment, he thrusts out all the Latines, and many of them he murthers; then undertakes the protection of Alexius, whom he carried on his shoulders to the [ 50] Church to be crowned; then having removed all that might oppose him out of the way, he accuseth Xene, Alexius his mother, of treason, as if she had plot∣ed with Bela king of Hungary against the State, and so strangles her; shortly after he strangles the young Emperor, being but fifteen years old, and having reigned but three, whose body being wrapped up in lead was let down into the sea.

Andronicus having murthered Alexius, reigns alone, and marries with Anna or Agnes who had been betrothed to Alexius, being as yet but eleven years old, and he an aged man. He took Nicaea and Prusia, exercising all kind of cru∣elty * 1.155 on his enemies who had fled thither. Alexius, Manuels Nephew, and the Latine souldiers flie to William king of Sicily, who to revenge the wrongs re∣ceived from Andronicus, took Thessalonica & Dyrrachium, using all kind of cru∣elties against the Citizens. In the mean time Andronicus rageth like a savage beast at Byzantium, upon the living and the dead also, causing them to be drag∣ged out of their graves: Understanding that one whose name began with these letters, I. S. was to be his successor, and that it was Isaacius Angelus, he [ 10] sent one to kill him, who was killed by him; whereupon Angelus fearing the cruelty of Andronicus, fled into the Temple; the people immediately in a great tumult salute him Emperor. Andronicus perceiving that he was hated by the people, forsaken by his souldiers, and pursued after by William of Sicily, he thought to escape by sea, but could not by reason of the storms; therefore he is laid hold on, brought back to the City, set with his face backwards on a lean scabbed Camel, his right hand being cut off, and one of his eyes thrust out, at last is brought upon a theater, where he is hang'd by the feet upon two posts, and there by the enraged multitude is torne in peeces by pincers and flesh∣hooks, he crying out in the mean while, Lord be mercifull! and, Why do you [ 20] bruise the broken reed! So he died after two years reign, and in him ended the Comneni.

Isaacius Angelus by the popular faction is made Emperor: he at first com∣plied * 1.156 with the people, and eased them of many burthens; he overthrew the Sicilian fleet sent against him, and took the two chief Commanders Richard and Baldwin; but undeastanding that King William was preparing another Fleet for revenge, he made his peace with him: He was much troubled with two false Alexii, who called themselves the sons of Manuel; but having sup∣pressed them, he gave himself to luxury, wantonnesse, and oppression. He had ill successe against the Mysians or Wallachians, who rebelled against him: He [ 30] strove to hinder Barbarossa's march through Thracia, but so doing he procured his anger, to his great losse: He sent a Fleet to regain Cyprus from Isaacius Comnenus the Tyrant, but with no successe: He committed sacriledge in rob∣ing the Churches. At last he was seised upon by his own brother Alexius An∣gelus, (whom he had redeemed from the Turks with much gold, and made him his Consort in the Empire) and was by him deprived both of his eyes and government, the 10. year of his reign, being deluded by the Astrologers, who made him believe that he should reign two and thirty years: His son long after got him out of prison, who upon the change of aire and diet shortly after died. [ 40]

Alexius Angelus, who changed his sir-name, and would be called Comnenus; * 1.157 having blinded his brother, invades the Empire; but as he was riding in tri∣umph with the Crown on his head, the Imperial horse (having more wit then the people that chose this Tyrant) flung him down, with which fall the Crown broke, an ill presage. He gave himself to rioting and tyrannie: he threatned to kill Alexius the younger, son to Isaacius, who therefore fled to Venice, where he procured the Venetian and French assistance. At that time Boniface Mar∣quisse of Montferrat, Baldwin Earl of Flanders, with divers other Commanders, were met at Venice, to have their assistance in their expedition to Asia, which was promised with a great sum of mony, conditionally that they would assist [ 50] the Republike to besiege the Town Iadera, that had revolted from them to the Hungarians, which accordingly was performed. In the mean time Alexius arrives, complaining of his Uncles tyrannie, his Fathers imprisonment, and his own banishment; promising them great matters, if they would aid him to put down the Tyrant.

Upon this a Fleet is prepared of two hundred and fifty ships, in which were thirty thousand Foot, and a thousand Curisers. Alexius the Tyrant, in the interim, suffers his Towns to be taken in the East by the Sultan of Iconium, and his Armies to be beat by the Schythians and Wal∣lachians. The Venetian fleet sets saile from Dalmatia, and arrives into the Bay of Byzantium, having broken the Iron-chain which secured the Bay: Upon this, the Tyrant robbed the Emperours Tombes, and fled with a great treasure of gold, having reigned eight yeares. The City∣gates are opened to the besiegers, and the Citizens adore their old Emperor, whom the Latines had delivered out of prison and re-installed: but the peo∣ple desire that young Alexius might be joyned with his father Isaacius; this [ 10] was granted, conditionally that the old man would ratifie his sons promises to them: but the people murmured and fretted, that so much treasure should be given to the Latines as was promised, crying out, that the Empire was pawned by a Child, to a proud and covetous Nation; hereupon the Latines being in∣censed fall to plundring, not sparing the Churches, they set on fire the Saracens Synagogue, by which a great part of the City was burned; there is no end of their exactions: The two Emperors sate still, permitting their deliverers to pay themselves; whereupon the enraged multitude, by the instigation of Alexius Ducas a stout man, met together in the great Church, railing against both the [ 20] Caesars, calling them evil Angels, and threatening to choose another Emperor; in the interim old Isaacius dieth, and one Nicolas Canabus is named Emperor: Alexius upon this sends back for Boniface the Marquis, and the Latines, to put down this new Tyrant. Ducas (sirnamed Murzuffus, from his hanging-brows) comes privately to Alexius, counsels him to flie betimes from the fury of the people, and therefore gets him to come out of the palace, pretending that he would protect him; but he presently thrusts him into a dark dungeon, and then strangles him the 7. moneth of his reign, and withall drawes Canabus out of the Temple: for some time he defended the City against the besiegers; at length he goeth out to treat with them, but was beat back with losse; he sustained the siege a while, but finding the City unable to hold out, he gets a∣way, [ 30] the 76. day of his government, carrying with him Euphrosine the Empress, and her daughter Eudocia, with whom he was in love. Theodorus Lascaris son∣in-law to Alexius Comnenus fled likewise. At last the Grecians fall to petition for quarter, submitting themselves to the Latines, who used them with all kind of rigor and tyrannie. Thus the chief Grecians departing out of the City, and the rest yielding themselves, Byzantium and its Provinces fall now into the power of the Latines. After this, Murzuffus or Murziphlus is apprehended in Peloponnesus, brought to Byzantium, where his eyes were thrust out, and he flung down from a high tower by the Latines; the people raged on the dead [ 40] carkasse, tearing it in peeces.

The City being taken, fifteen men are selected who should name the Em∣peror: the Venetians were to name a Patriarch of their own Nation, if so be the Empire should not fall to them: So the Earls of Flanders and S. Paul named five men apeece, Montferrat and the Allobroges as many more, the Venetians name the rest; the suffrages fell to Baldwin Earl of Flanders, to whom was given the half of the Cities, of the Provinces, Tributes, and other things which they had conquested in the war. Thus the City being setled, they march into Thra∣cia, where all places between Byzantium and Adrianopolis are surrendred. Baldwin to gratifie his fellows, declares Boniface the Marquis King of Thessaly, [ 50] and bestowes the Isle of Crete (which Boniface had got as a gift from Alexius Angelus, and which he willingly resigned) upon the Venetians; this occasioned the emulation betwixt the Venetians and Genuois. So now the Eastern Empire * 1.158 is transferred from the Greeks to the French.

In France, to Lewis the Grosse succeeded Lewis the 7. called the Younger: he married with Alienora the daughter of William Duke of Gascoign. He made his expedition into Palestina, where he lost his Army by the Greeks perfidi∣ousnesse * 1.159 (as we have said) after a years stay he returns, and divorceth Alienora; * 1.160 then marrieth with Mary, or as some call her Beatrix, daughter to Alphonsus 7 Emperor of Spain, and Alienora (as is already said) married with Henry Duke * 1.161 of Normandy and King of England. This Lewis died at Paris the 44. year of his reign. To him succeeded Philip, called Augustus, and Adeodatus: he was made * 1.162 King in his fathers life-time: He banished the Iewes out of France; and with Richard of England went to Palestina, where with the confederate Princes he * 1.163 [ 10] took Acona, and returns the same year into France: He had five years war with Richard of England; he obtained two victories, one over the English at Poictou, another over Otho the Emperor in Flanders; he died the 43. year of his reign after his fathers death. In his time was held a Synod at Paris, in which the Clergy parted with their Tythes, for promoting the war against Saladine the Turk: he much enlarged and beautified Paris. In his time a custome arose in France, that when any Priest was dying, he laid on his breast a paper containing the true faith of the Resurrection, because at that time some made question of it. Then also did some Citizens of Breme and Lubec set up the Order of the Marian souldiers at Ptolomais, after the form of [ 20] the Teutonick order, which two are by some confounded: Colonies of them were translated into Germany, to subdue the Sclavi and other Northern infidels.

In England, after the death of King Henry, Steven Earle of Boloigne, sonne and heire-apparent of Stephen Earle of Bloys, and of Adela the Conquerors daughter, made himself King, albeit he had solemnly vowed to King Henry to further the succession of Mauld the Empresse, and Henry's daughter. He seised on the treasure of his unkle King Henry, and disperst it among such as he knew would stand him in need. He created divers Noblemen and Knights, and released the Dane-gilt, causing some rigorous lawes to be mitigated: He much advanced the Clergie with priviledges and immuni∣ties, [ 30] exempting them from the Temporal Magistrate: he erected many Forts and Castles: he gave all Cumberland to David King of Scots and uncle to Mauld the Empresse, that he should not help her to recover her right; he also made Davids eldest son Earle of Huntington; yet not long after (in her quarrel) he wasted the North with fire and sword, till he was forced with losse to retreat by Thurston Archbishop of York. In the sixth year of his reigne, Mauld, with her base-brother Robert Earle of Gloucester, landed with an Army, which was much increased by the accesse of English and Welsh: the King with his Army encounters the Empresse; a bloody battell was * 1.164 [ 40] fought, in the end the King is taken, being forsaken by his common∣souldiers, and sent to the Castle of Bristol, and after three moneths set at liberty, to free the Earle of Glocester who was taken prisoner. The Empresse is received into London, where she was like to be surprised, for refusing to restore King Edwards lawes; therefore she suddenly flies to Oxford, where she is unexpectedly besieged; but cloathing herself, with her chiefest com∣plices, in white, she escaped by the benefit of the snow, and got away in a ship to Normandy; After this was peace. In the 17. yeare of this Kings reign died Geoffery Plantagenet husband to the Empresse; and Henry Short-mantle her eldest son married Elianor (as was said already) heire to the Earle of Poictou. This Henry was encouraged to invade England, which was his due [ 50] in the right of his mother; He therefore arrives with his Army, whom King * 1.165 Steven encounters, whose only sonne Eustace was unfortunately drowned, which caused a peace; for Steven being childlesse, adopted Henry, and pro∣claimed him heir-apparent to the Crown: the Prince returns to Normandy,

and the next yeare after King Steven died, the nineteenth yeare of his Reigne: he was buried in the Abbey▪ of Feversham in Kent, which he had founded. And so in Henry, the Saxon blood is again restored to the Crown.

As Henry was besieging one of his Castles in Normandy, which was sur∣prised * 1.166 by the French, newes came to him of King Stevens death: He was advised to raise the siege, and hasten for England; but he resolves not to stirre till he had taken the Castle, which upon this was surrendred: then he sailes into England, and is crowned. He reformed the Common-lawes, and divided the Kingdome into sixe Circuits, appointing Judges twice every yeare to ride these Circuits. He banished the strangers, who had [ 10] flocked hither in great multitudes, and such of the Nobility as had ad∣hered too much to King Steven: He caused most of the Inland-castles to be demolished: He seised on all Crown-lands which had been aliena∣ted, and resumes into his own hands Cumberland, Northumberland, and Huntington: He married Geoffery one of his youngest sonnes, to Constance daughter of Conaccus Duke of Britany, by whom he had that Dutchy; his youngest sonne married with Adela King Lewis of France his daughter; and he bestowed his daughter Mauld on Henry Duke of Saxony, about which time died the Empresse his mother. He never suffered his Souldiers [ 20] to be idle, but did still exercise them at home or abroad. In the 19. year of his Reigne, he sailed into Ireland, and made himselfe by his Victories Lord of that Country. He caused his eldest Son Henry, and his wife Margaret * 1.167 the French Kings daughter, to be Crowned twice; himself, the second time, serving as a Sewer at his Sons table; who then bragged, That his Father was but the Son of an Empresse, but himselfe the Son both of a King and Queen.

His sonnes Henry, Geoffery, and Iohn, with the Earles of Leicester and Chester, and William King of Scots, took part with the French against him; yet Henry prevailed, and pardoned his Sonnes and Lords for this rebellion. Prince Henry died before his Father, and Iohn was poysoned by a Monk. [ 30] The rebellions of his Sonnes put him into a Feaver, which killed him in four dayes: He died in Normandy, the five and twentieth yeare of his Reigne, and was buried at Founteverard in France. He was a fortunate, wise, and valiant Prince: but unhappy in his Childrens rebellion; his vain dotage on Rosamond, whom he loved above his chaste wife Elianor; and in his quarrel with Thomas Becket Lord Chancellour, and Archbishop of Canterbury, who would not be invested by the King, but went to Rome, and received his Pall from Innocent the second, and was made a Legate: at his return, he surrenders his Chancellorship and Great-seale to the King, not shewing him any reason why he did so. Upon this discord between Henry and Thomas, the Clergie grew insolent without controll; [ 40] whereupon the King calls a Parliament, in which King Stevens Law for exempting the Clergie from the Temporal power, is abolished, by the con∣sent of the Bishops, even of Becket himself at last, but with much adoe; who after he had sworne to allow this act, yet relapses, and obtaines the Popes pardon for this sin of his: hereupon the King seiseth upon all Beckets Tem∣poral lands, and demands an account of 30000 marks, which he had in his Chancellorship turned to his own use: This Becket refused to doe, and went privately to Rome; after whom the King sends letters to the Pope, complain∣ing of Becket; but the Pope took his part, and threatned the King with excom∣munication, [ 50] unlesse he were restored. In the interim he is recommended to the Abbot of Pontinyack in France, to whom the King sent to have Becket turned out, and withall forbids accesse from the Pope into England, Beckets friends also are banished: The Abbot fearing the Kings displeasure, perswades Thomas to leave his house; then did Lewis the French king procure him better enter∣ment,

and animated the Pope against King Henry; who sails over into France, and in the French Kings presence proffered to restore Thomas and his friends, if he would take the former oath and subscribe; which he utterly refused to doe, except he might adde this exception, Salvo •…•…onore Dei; which highly displeased the King, who returns into England: two Legats with an Inter∣dict against him came from Rome, which made him passe over to Normandy to conferre again with Becket, who was still the same man; so the King was forced to restore him. The young King Henry was also offended with him, for refusing to absolve the four Bishops whom he had suspended for perform∣ing the solemnities to him without his leave, and so was confined to his house in Canterbury; but within foure dayes after, Becket was murthered by foure [ 10] assasinates in his own Church, for which the Pope accuseth the King, and en∣joyns him to war three years in person in Palestina, but this he redeemed by erecting three Religious houses; he visited Beckets shrine, walking bare∣footed from London to Canterbury as he was enjoined, and there was whipped by all the Monks; the four murtherers died miserably in exile, within four yeares.

Richard sirnamed Cour-de-Lion, king Henry the 2. his eldest son now living, succeeded his father: he first of all enlargeth Queen Eleanor his mother, who * 1.168 had been restrained by Henry, for disliking his wantonnesse with Rosamond. [ 20] She governed the kingdom, till her Son c•…•…me home from Normandy: she set at liberty prisoners for small offences, and paid many of their small debts: in this her son Richard did imitate her, pardoning ordinary offences, and freeing all his debtors. He made his brother Iohn Earl of Lancaster, and married him to the Earl of Glocesters heire; he gave him also Nottingham, Devonshire, and Cornwal; but he proved unthankfull, in affecting the Crown. This Richard in a short time by his bounty exhausted all his fathers treasures. He was per∣swaded by the Pope, to accompany in person Frederick the Emperor and Philip Augustus of France, into the Holy-land; Sicily is the place appointed for their meeting: And because he would not be burthensome to his people in taxing [ 30] them, he sold his Forts of Barwick and Roxburgh to the Scots King for 10000l. he sold also the Earldom of Durham to the Bishop; he made sale also of divers Honours and Manors. Having fitted himself for this expedition, he commits the government of the Kingdome to William Longchamp Bishop of Ely, who shortly after was made the Popes Legate. Then he sailed to Cyprus, being driven thither by tempest; which he won, and sold to the Templars for 30000 marks: Thence he sail'd into Sicily, where he discontented Philip the French king, because he denied him a share in his conquest of Cyprus, being he was ab∣sent when it was taken, and because their covenant of equal-sharing extended only to the Holy-land; yet they agreed for the present, and proceeded to∣gether [ 40] in their journey, having good successe against the Turks; they took many Towns and Forts, and among the rest Acon, where Richard pull'd down the Banner of Archduke Leopold set on the walls, saying, that his own Banner should be first set up, seeing he first entred the City; at this Philip was much displeased again with Richard, so that he returned in a rage home, carry∣ing with him the Forces that belonged to the Emperor and to Leopold: King Richard notwithstanding, by the help of some Christian Princes with him, persued his victories against the Turks; and then returned to Cyprus, which he won from the Templars, and exchanged it for Ierusalem, with Guido or Guy of Lesingham, the last Christian king, whence Richard was stiled King of Ierusa∣lem. [ 50] In the mean while, the Bishop of Ely (son of a Cow-herd) did so tyrannise over the kingdome in his Protectorship, that he became odious: wherefore * 1.169 perceiving how he was hated, went disguised in a womans habit to Dover, purposing to leave the kingdome; but he was discovered, and by the people dragged up and down, and after sent to the Tower; but when the King re∣turned, he was restored to his offices: shortly after, as he was travelling to

Rome, he died. In the Kings absence, his brother Iohn seised upon many Towns and Forts, angry that Ely was preferred to him in the Protectorship: K. Philip also made many incursions into Normandy; which caused king Richard to for∣sake his Conquests in Asia: but in his return he suffered shipwrack, between Aquileia and Venice, and by swimming saved his life; he was shortly after taken prisoner by Leopold in Austria, and sold to the Emperor Henry the 6. for 60000 marks, from whom he ransomed himselfe for 100000 pounds: then he rides post to Normandy, raiseth an army, and revengeth himself upon the French king. In this mean while his brother Iohn repaires to him, with humble submission and acknowledgment of his disloyalty, laying the fault thereof upon Ely's mis∣government; hereupon Iohn is received into the Kings favour. Richard, upon [ 10] his return, ransacked the Monasteries, taxed the people, and resumed all the Mannors, Castles, and Offices he had sold, into his hands, to pay his ransome, 80000. l. whereof he paid, the rest was discharged by Leopold, whom the Pope excommunicates for making Richard a prisoner, after his good service in the Holy-war. He caused himself to be again crowned King; then transports an * 1.170 Army into France, where at the Castle of Chalous neer to Lymois he was shot with an arrow, of which he died within three dayes, the 9. year of his reign; but before he died, he won the Castle, causing all to be put to the sword ex∣cept the malefactor, whom he pardoned. In the beginning of this Kings reign, [ 20] * 1.171 Robin-Hood and Little-Iohn robbed and spoiled many rich misers and userers; but Robin being betrayed bled himself to death, so his theevish rout was dis∣persed. King Richard was buried at Fonteverard in France, at his fathers feet: he left three parts of his treasure to his brother Iohn, and the fourth to his servants.

In Scotland, to David succeeded his grandchild Malcolm, against whom Sumerled Thane or Earl of Argile rebelled, whose Army was defeated, and he * 1.172 driven into Ireland by Gilchristius Earl of Angus. King Henry of England, for∣getfull of his oath which he made to king David when he knighted him, that he would never trouble him nor his posteritie for those lands he held in Eng∣land, [ 30] took the jurisdiction of Carlisle from the Archbishop of Glasco; then he caused this young King to swear him fealtie at Chester, and carried him against his will over with him into France, thereby to keep the Scots from invading England, and to bring Malcolm in dislike with the French king. At his return into Scotland, he endeavoured to pacifie the offended Nobility, excusing him∣self, that what he did in assenting to king Henry's demands, was by force; and so they were pacified for the present. After this, Malcolm is invited by Henry to the Parliament at York, where he is accused for assisting the French; there∣fore his lands in England were forfeited to the Crown: upon his return home∣ward, the people were so incensed, that they had almost seised on him in his house at Berth: He complained to his Nobility, how he had been circumvent∣ed [ 40] by Henry, wherefore a war is proclaimed; the two Armies met at Carlisle; but to avoid blood-shedding, Henry was contented to leave Cumberland and Huntington to Malcolm, and only take Northumberland from him; to which Malcolm against the mind of his Peers assented, and therefore was despised by them: Upon this the country of Galloway rebels, but in three battels they were defeated by Gilchrist Earl of Angus. The Moravian rebellion was worse, in which the Kings forces were beaten first; but a new Army being sent, the Mo∣ravians were quelled, and most of them killed or fled. Sumerled took occasion by these tumults, to invade the sea-coast with an Army, having the assistance [ 50] of malecontents; but he was apprehended, and his forces defeated. The Par∣liament * 1.173 proposeth a marriage for the King, being now 22 years of age; but he refuseth to marry at all, preferring Celibate to the married life, and shewing that he had provided an heire for the Crown. So all being quiet at home and abroad, he gave himself to repairing and building of Religious houses, and died shortly after, the 25 year of his age, having reigned above 12 years. * 1.174

To Malcolm succeeded his brother William. He is called upon by king Henry to do homage for Cumberland and Huntington; for that cause he repairs to him, and withall remands Northumberland as his due. Henry promised to satisfie him the next Parliament, at which he was desired to be present: thither when he came, Henry going over to France with his Army, takes William with him against his will: having stayed there some time, with much adoe he got leave to go for Scotland, whither when he arrived, he fals to settle the kingdome, and to build forts: then he sends Embassadors to Henry, to demand Northumberland: Henry being busie in the French war, was content to part with a share of North∣humberland, but not with all; afterward this share caused a new war, for Wil∣liam demanded the rest, and Henry was sorry for giving so much; Armies are [ 10] raised, and incursions made on both sides; at last they came to a parley, in which William unexpectedly was surprised by 400 horse in ambush, which he thought to have been Scots, and carried into France. Having staid there some time, he ransoms himself, by delivering unto the English four garrisons, viz. Edinburgh, Sterlin, Rosburgh, and Barwick, with fifteen hostages, till the sum agreed upon was paid; in the mean time he is dismissed, who being returned home, he with his Nobility swear fealty to the King of England, till these gar∣risons were redeemed; then he quiets the tumults at home. King Henry de∣mands, that the Bishops of Scotland should acknowledge the Archbishop of [ 20] York for their Metropolitan, which they refused to do, for this cause they com∣plained to Pope Alexander 3. who freed the Scotish Bishops from subjection to the English yoke. Shortly after this, Gilchrist kills his wife the Kings sister, for being found in adultery: he is summoned to appeare to answer for this mur∣ther, who refuseth, therefore is proscribed, his houses pull'd down, and his whole estate forfeited: Some years after this, the King returning from Murry, where he overthrew Donald Baan that had rebelled there, meets with Gilchrist in the habit of a begger, whom demanding what he was, fell flat at the Kings feet, confessing his miserable condition; at which the King being moved with pity, considering his former greatnesse and good services, restored him to his [ 30] ancient honours and estate.

King Richard having succeeded Henry, and preparing for his Eastern expe∣dition, * 1.175 sends home the Scots hostages, and restores to William his three garri∣sons, (for Edinburgh-Castle was redeemed before, upon the payment of the fourth part of the ransome) he frees him also and his successors from all bar∣gains and covenants made with king Henry; in requital of which favour, Wil∣liam sends him towards his charges in the Holy-war 10000 marks, and sent his brother David Earl of Huntington to wait on king Richard, who in his return from Syria was shipwracked, sold by the Egiptians, bought by the Venetians, and sent home the 4. year after his departure from Scotland. King Richard also [ 40] being returned, was visited by king William and his brother, with a present of 2000 marks: here William fell sick, and it was rumoured through Scotland that he was dead; which gave occasion to Harald Earl of Orkney and Cathnesse, to pick a quarrel with the Bishop of Cathnesse, and then to thrust out his eyes, and cut out his tongue; but VVilliam being returned, he caused Harald to be apprehended and hanged, having first put out his eyes, and emasculated all his * 1.176 male-children. This same year Alexander king VVilliams son was born.

King Iohn of England quarreled with VVilliam, for refusing to aid him a∣gainst Philip the French king; therefore began to erect a garrison over against Barwick, which the Scots threw down again: upon this Armies are raised on [ 50] both sides; but without any blowes, a peace was concluded, and agreed, that Williams two daughters should marry Iohns two sonnes, and that no garrison should be built neer Barwick. After this, William lost his youngest sonne, with his nurse and fourteen more, by the sudden inundation of Tay, which drown∣ed a great part of Berth in the night-time, so that the king hardly escaped him∣self; therefore he caused the Town to be built in a more safe place upon the

same river, and called it Perth, now S. Iohns-town. After this it was agreed be∣tween the two kings, Iohn and William, that for the time to come, the children of the Scots kings should do homage for their lands in England, but not the kings themselves. Not long after this, William died, the 74 year of his age, and of his reign 49. * 1.177

In Rome, to Clemens 3. succeeded Celestine 3. who sate 4 years and 7 moneths: he excommunicated all France for king Philips divorce, who had repudiated his wife Gelberga; he confirmed the Teutonick Order, prescribing to them the rule of S. Augustine, with a white-garment and black-crosse, injoyning them to say in 24 houres, the Lords Prayer, Creed, and Ave Maria, 200 times. To Celestine succeeded Innocent 3. who sate 18 years and 7 moneths: He sent [ 10] some Religious men to convert the Tartars, who by the Sarazens perswasion preferred Mahumetanisme to Christianisme; some think this was done after∣ward by Innocent 4. He also procured Livonia to imbrace the Christian faith: under him was held the 12. Oecumenical Councel at Lateran, at which were present two Patriarchs, of Constantinople and Ierusalem, seventy Archbishops, four hundred Bishops, twelve Abbots, and eight hundred Priors; in this Synod the word Transubstantiation was confirmed. About this time sprang up the Order of Predicants by Dominicus the Spaniard, of which are recorded to have been 4143 Monasteries: the Minorites Order by Francis the Italian, [ 20] of these were 90000. in Platina's time: the Carmelites, by Albert Patriarch of Ierusalem; the Eremites Order also of S. Austin, & the Order of the Holy-Trinity.

In Germany, Henry 6. succeeded to his father Barbarossa, whose wife Constance * 1.178 daughter to Roger king of Sicily, was married out of a Monastery; by her Sicily was annexed to the Empire: when she was fifty years old, she was brought to bed at Panormus of Frederick 2. in a publike Chappel which Henry had built to that purpose, that it might be seen the child was not supposititi∣ous. He was resisted in the beginning of his reign, by the Bishops of Colen and Liege, with whom the Burgundians sided, but they were quickly suppressed by Henry, after he had put the Bishop of Liege to death, who was more active a∣gainst him then the other. After many conflicts, he quieted the Sicilians and [ 30] Apulians who would have revolted from him, and put divers of their ring∣leaders to exquisite torments, fleaing some of them alive, blinding others, and thrusting sharp pikes through them; some that aimed to be Kings, he crowned with Iron-crowns red-hot: for this cause he was named Henricus Asper, Henry the rough or sharp. In Italy he placed new Governours, to keep them from rebellion: Being well used at Cremona and Bononia, he gave them power to coin their own mony. The death of Saladine, (who caused his shirt to be car∣ried in his funeral, with this acclamation, Here is all that is left of the great Con∣queror of the East!) gave hopes to Henry of some good to be done in Syria; [ 40] therefore he prepares an expedition, and to that purpose sends great forces before, under the Bishop of Mentz and divers other Commanders, who took Ioppe from the Saracens, and fortified divers Towns: but as Henry was coming after with his supplies, he fell sick of a feaver at Messana, where he died; some think he was poysoned by his wife, for his adulteries; he was buried at Pa∣normus in a Porphyrie tomb, having reigned somwhat above seven years: his son Frederick was now five years old, whom he committed to the care of his brother Philip; him he had made Governor of Hetruria, and married him to Irene the sister of Alexius the Greek Emperor. Henry's death hindred the Chri∣stians * 1.179 progresse in Syria. [ 50]

In Spain, the Numidians, Moors, and Africans, being arrived in great fleets, set upon Alphonsus king of Castile, whom they overthrew, and laid waste his country, so that the French were afraid they would passe over the Pyrenean hills thither: this expedition of the Moors into Spain, was occasioned by the Danes, Frislanders, and Hollanders, who in several fleets set upon and wasted the coast of Barbary: in revenge whereof, the Moors fell upon Spain.

Notes

• * 1.1

  4770. A. C. 800.
• * 1.2

  A. C. 810.
• * 1.3

  A. C. 811.
• * 1.4

  4784. A. C. 814.
• * 1.5

  A. C. 814.
• * 1.6

  A. C. 826.
• * 1.7

  4810. A. C. 840.
• * 1.8

  823. 828.
• * 1.9

  829.
• * 1.10

  841.
• * 1.11

  869.
• * 1.12

  855.
• * 1.13

  866.
• * 1.14

  867.
• * 1.15

  875.
• * 1.16

  876.
• * 1.17

  878.
• * 1.18

  875.
• * 1.19

  876.
• * 1.20

  877▪
• * 1.21

  874▪
• * 1.22

  879▪
• * 1.23

  882.
• * 1.24

  888.
• * 1.25

  887.
• * 1.26

  894. 899.
• * 1.27

  896.
• * 1.28

  899.
• * 1.29

  899.
• * 1.30

  911. 900.
• * 1.31

  912.
• * 1.32

  912.
• * 1.33

  918.
• * 1.34

  919.
• * 1.35

  925. 936.
• * 1.36

  936.
• * 1.37

  939.
• * 1.38

  955.
• * 1.39

  962.
• * 1.40

  963.
• * 1.41

  964.
• * 1.42

  973.
• * 1.43

  961.
• * 1.44

  963.
• * 1.45

  969.
• * 1.46

  969.
• * 1.47

  975.
• * 1.48

  965.
• * 1.49

  966.
• * 1.50

  967.
• * 1.51

  982.
• * 1.52

  983▪
• * 1.53

  975▪
• * 1.54

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.55

  1025▪
• * 1.56

  1028▪
• * 1.57

  984▪
• * 1.58

  1001.
• * 1.59

  995.
• * 1.60

  997.
• * 1.61

  1000.
• * 1.62

  1005.
• * 1.63

  1014.
• * 1.64

  1022.
• * 1.65

  1024.
• * 1.66

  1024.
• * 1.67

  1026.
• * 1.68

  1032.
• * 1.69

  1035.
• * 1.70

  1039.
• * 1.71

  1034.
• * 1.72

  1041.
• * 1.73

  1042.
• * 1.74

  1054.
• * 1.75

  1055.
• * 1.76

  1042.
• * 1.77

  1065.
• * 1.78

  1039.
• * 1.79

  1050.
• * 1.80

  1053.
• * 1.81

  1055▪
• * 1.82

  1056.
• * 1.83

  1073.
• * 1.84

  1076.
• * 1.85

  1080.
• * 1.86

  1084.
• * 1.87

  1088.
• * 1.88

  1105.
• * 1.89

  1106.
• * 1.90

  1074.
• * 1.91

  1080.
• * 1.92

  1085.
• * 1.93

  1100.
• * 1.94

  1086.
• * 1.95

  1056.
• * 1.96

  1057.
• * 1.97

  1059.
• * 1.98

  1067.
• * 1.99

  1071.
• * 1.100

  1078.
• * 1.101

  1081.
• * 1.102

  1196.
• * 1.103

  1198.
• * 1.104

  1099.
• * 1.105

  1100.
• * 1.106

  1190.
• * 1.107

  1131.
• * 1.108

  1162.
• * 1.109

  1187.
• * 1.110

  1105.
• * 1.111

  1065. 1066.
• * 1.112

  1074.
• * 1.113

  1078.
• * 1.114

  1080▪
• * 1.115

  1082▪
• * 1.116

  1087.
• * 1.117

  1087.
• * 1.118

  1088.
• * 1.119

  1091.
• * 1.120

  1092.
• * 1.121

  1094.
• * 1.122

  1100.
• * 1.123

  1109.
• * 1.124

  1109.
• * 1.125

  1122.
• * 1.126

  1125.
• * 1.127

  1125.
• * 1.128

  1132.
• * 1.129

  1137▪
• * 1.130

  1060.
• * 1.131

  1108.
• * 1.132

  1137.
• * 1.133

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.134

  1100.
• * 1.135

  1106.
• * 1.136

  1014.
• * 1.137

  1124.
• * 1.138

  1139.
• * 1.139

  1155.
• * 1.140

  1158.
• * 1.141

  1160.
• * 1.142

  1162.
• * 1.143

  1173.
• * 1.144

  1177.
• * 1.145

  1181.
• * 1.146

  1183.
• * 1.147

  1186.
• * 1.148

  1139.
• * 1.149

  1162.
• * 1.150

  1171.
• * 1.151

  1177.
• * 1.152

  1188.
• * 1.153

  1147.
• * 1.154

  1180.
• * 1.155

  1183.
• * 1.156

  1185.
• * 1.157

  1195.
• * 1.158

  1204.
• * 1.159

  1137.
• * 1.160

  1147.
• * 1.161

  1150.
• * 1.162

  1180.
• * 1.163

  1191.
• * 1.164

  1142.
• * 1.165

  1151.
• * 1.166

  1154.
• * 1.167

  1174.
• * 1.168

  1189.
• * 1.169

  1191.
• * 1.170

  1193.
• * 1.171

  1199.
• * 1.172

  1153.
• * 1.173

  1163.
• * 1.174

  1165.
• * 1.175

  1190.
• * 1.176

  1199.
• * 1.177

  1214.
• * 1.178

  1191.
• * 1.179

  1199.