A sure guide, or, The best and nearest way to physick and chyrurgery that is to say, the arts of healing by medicine and manual operation : being an anatomical description of the whol body of man and its parts : with their respective diseases demonstrated from the fabrick and vse of the said parts : in six books ... at the end of the six books, are added twenty four tables, cut in brass, containing one hundred eighty four figures, with an explanation of them : which are referred to in above a thousand places in the books for the help of young artists / written in Latine by Johannes Riolanus ...; Englished by Nich. Culpeper ... and W.R. ...

THE SIXTH BOOK OF THE ANATOMY AND PATHOLOGY OF John Riolanus, THE KINGS PROFESSOR OF PHYSICK. (Book 6)

A new Osteologia or History of the Bones.

Wherein he treates of the Bones, Ligaments and Gristles of the whole Body, by which the frame of the Body is compacted together, the Muscles being re∣moved, handling al the Diseases and symptomes which happen unto the Bones.

CHAP. 1.

THe Scope of Nature and of the Physitian about the Body of Man its Fabrick, are contrary, the one unto the others Nature intending to make up the Body of Man, begins at the most simple parts, and so proceeds by little and little to the more compounded ones, until she* 1.1 finish her work. But the Physician, that he may attaine unto the knowledg of this workmanship of Nature, proceeds gradually from the more compound unto the most simple parts; so that in his Analysis or Resolu∣tion, these parts are last which were first in the Composition. So when we pul

down an house, first we throw off the Ceeling, then we demolish the walles, and* 1.2 lastly we d••g up the foundation. Wee in like manner in our takeing asunder this House of Mans body by Anatomical Administration, do now in the last place treat of the Bones which are the foundation of the whole Body, and placed before al o∣ther parts. we shal consider of them in the way of a new kind of Osteologia or Hi∣story of the Bones, which is no less, •• necessary than the doctrine of the Skelleton of the Bones.

Having therefore explained and demonstrated the softerparts of the Body by way of Analysis, I proceed to the last and more solid parts thereof, which accord∣ing to the Synthetick method, or order of composition, are the first, such as are the Bones, which are now otherwise considered than when they are boiled and dried and so demonstrated.

Chap. 2 Of the great Profit of this new Osteologie, or Doctrine of the Bones.

THere is a two-fold Doctrine of the Bones; one is demonstrated in dried Bones,* 1.3 which have been prepared by boyling; the other is shewed in the Bones of the Body, whiles they remain naturally fastened one unto another. Both these Do∣ctrines are useful in the Art of Healing, and for such as would have a perfect know∣ledg in the Body of Man.

For in the dried Bones, in which commonly this Doctrine is taught, nothing is learned, saving the external shape, posture, and composition or frame of one with* 1.4 another: But a diligent observation of the Bones, while they are knit and fastened one unto another, is more conducing to practice. Because the fastenings of the Bones one unto another by Gristles and Ligaments, also by the several sorts of Arti∣culation, or joynting, are in some dried Bones quite different from what they are in such as be moist; for in dried Bodies you would think that some Cavities are hollow, and Cup-fashioned, the Cavities being empty, and bereaved of their Car∣tilages; which notwithstanding appear shallow in a fresh Body, the Cavities being full of Gristles; and contrary-wise, you would in a Skeleton say, that some Ca∣vities* 1.5 are shallow, which are deep in a fresh Body, the hollowness being encreased by a Gristle brim.

Moreover, The external Conformation and Quality of the Bones, is more evi∣dently discerned in the Bones of a Carkass, which loses much in Bones that are pre∣pared by boyling: as for example, the Gristly incrustations of the extremities, the Membrane which is about the Bones, and the Mucous, or slimy substance lod∣ged between the Bones; also the internal substance, or Marrow, or Marrowish Juyce, are manifestly discovered in the Bones of a fresh Body, which are not at all in dry and withered Bones.

And therefore in respect to the Practice of Physick, and the Cure of vitiated* 1.6 bones, and such as are broken, or out of Joynt, it is necessary, diligently to look into, and carefully to axamine in a dead Body, the Natural Conformation of the Bones, and their conjunction one with another. I do not dislike the use of dried Bones, to teach and demonstrate the vulgar Osteology, or Doctrine of bones, at* 1.7 which we must begin, as we have done in this Treat••e; provided the Demonstra∣tion of the bones in a dead Body, be afterward added to the former.

For by this Repetition, and Representation of the bones, we shal imitate the Or∣der* 1.8 and Design of Nature, which in the Generation of the Parts of our Body, is wont in the first place to form the bones; but she finishes, and perfects them after al other parts, for they grow as long as the body encreases, according to Aristotle. And if we beleeve Hippocrates in the Sixt Book of his Epidemicks; Women have their Courses, til their bones have attained their utmost perfection.

Chap. 3. What is to be observed in the Bones of a dead Body not boyled.* 1.9

IN the first place, you shal observe the Natural Constitution of the Bone, that you may discern the fault of a bone which is out of Order.

A bone in a living Body naturally disposed, ought to be, 1. Hard, to procure the bodies stability. 2. It ought to be Oyly without, because it is nourished. 3. It must be covered with the Periostean Membrane, that it may have sence; for if it lose the Periostium, it becomes senceless. 4. It must be white tinctured with a moderate redness, because it is a Spermatick part, and is nourished with the dewy vapor of the blood. 5. It must be hollow, or spongy, that it may continue the sub∣stance of Marrow, or a Marrowy Liquor to nourish it self withal. 6. It must be at the ends crusted with Gristles 7. It must be anointed as it were with an oyly moi∣sture, to facilitate its motion. 8. It must have a continued and even substance. And therefore you shal know that a Bone is misaffected, if it be soft, as Ruellius,* 1.10 Fernelius and Hollerius have observed, that in some persons the Bones of their Bo∣dies were by sickness become so soft and flexible, that you might bend them which way you pleased, like wax. Aristotle in the third book of his History of Animals, saies that bones are not flexible, neither are they apt to split, but only subject to break. Scaliger in his commentary adds: I have seen the thigh bone by reason of the venerious disease, or by use of I know not what medicaments, bowed like an horne. Geographers write that in a Country of Ethiopia, the inhabitants have na∣turally from their birth bodies so flexible, that they can turne and wind them into any posture. I have red in Hippocrates of a boy that was borne without bones, have∣ing the Principal parts of his body otherwise distinct. Forestus saw a boy made after the same manner in some of his members.

Wherefore if a bone shal be drie without, it declares a distemperature of the part: if it be white it argues want of heat, if red, inflammation; if black, rotten∣ness and blasting. If a bone be sensible, there is some secret fault in its substance, or in its periostean membrane. If it be solid and concrete without cavities or parts▪ it renders the body heavie and sluggish, and can containe no marrow. Plinie relates that there are some that lived having solid bones and without marrow, which are very rare and are termed Cornei. The signe of such a Constitution is never to thirst and never to sweat. They are called Cornei from the Cornel or Dog-tree; because the male Cornel has no pith or marrow. See Rhodiginus. Such a one the Syra∣cusian Lygdamus is reported to have been, who in the three and thirteth Olymp••ade was the first who at the Olympick Games, became Victor at all Exercises and won the Paneratian Crowne: his bones were found to have no marrow in them, as So∣linus relates in his 4 Chapter. Antigonus in his Book of wonders Chap. 8 Writes that the bones of a Lion are so solid that you may strike fire out of them as out of a flint; Howbeit Columbus denies that such bones are void of marrow. Which Epicurus, contradicting aristotle maintaines, as possible in the 8. Booke of Athenaeus his Deipnosophists. Aldrovondus has observed that among Fowles the Estrich has solid bones, void of marrow. But in case a bone should be deprived of its Gri∣stly Crust and of its periostean Membrane, it is moved with difficulty, and has no feeling at all. If a bone become uneven and prominent so as to have bunches upon it, it is termed Exostosis, which is an effect and concomitant of the venereous pocks when it is of long standing and confirmed, howbeit it may spring from some other cause. Finally being depraued and mishapen, or disjointed, it hinders and mars the Action of the whole body or its parts; and being divided in its substance, it argues solution of Continuity by some cleft or fracture. and although a broken bone by the mediation of a Callus becomes soddered together one the outside: Yet does it still remaine divided within.

Chap. 4. Of the Nourishment, Sence, and Marrow of the Bones.

While the Bone did live and was nourished, it had a twofold sustenance, the one* 1.11 remote, the other conjunct or immediate according to Aristotle, in his Book of the parts of live-wights. The remote Sustenance of the Bones, is the thicker and more ear∣thy part of the blood. The next or immediate is the marrow, or marrowy liquor, which is contained in the hollownes and porositie of the bones. Hippocrates in his* 1.12 Book de Alimento, saies that the marrow is the Nutriment of the bones, and there∣fore it is that they are Joined together or soddered up by a callus. How can it be* 1.13 (may some man say) that the blood should nourish the bones, seeing they have no veines, which are the channels to conveigh blood to all parts? Hippocrates saies in his book de Ossium Natura, that of all the bones, the lower Jaw-bone alone has veines. Galen indeed in his 8. Booke de Placitis, attributes unto every bone a Veine greater or Lesser according to the Proportion of the Bones: and in his Comment upon the first Booke of Humors, he saies that there is a Vessel distributing blood allowed to every bone. But he confesses in the last chapter of his 16. Booke de Ʋsu Par∣tium, that the veines of the Bones are so small and fine, that thay are not so much as visible in the larger sort of Animals or Live-wights, because nature according to the Necessity and Indigence of the Parts, bestowes upon some greater, upon other lesser Veines, moreover the little holes which are found about the extremities of the bones,* 1.14 do manifestly declare that somwhat there is which goes into the said Bones now their is nothing goes into the bones but little Veines. If we beleive Platerus, the Arteries doe no where enter into the bones, seeing the spirits can easily penetrate* 1.15 into any of the bones without the service of the Arteries to carry them. Neither do I conceive that there are little nerves diffused through the substance of the Bones to give them the sense of feeling, because all the feeling they are capable of, is by means of the periostean Membrane which does incompass them. Nevertheles Nico∣las Massa call's God to witnes that he saw a Man, who had an ulcer in his thigh, so that the bone was bare, in which bone there was a sence of paine, so that he could not endure to have it touched with a rough instrument in regard of the paines it caused, and it was freed from the periostean Membrane. Yea and he bored the bone, and found that it had the sense of feeling within the same, which he therefore thought good to declare, that Anatomists might be moved to consider, whether some branches of nerves do not Penetrate into the substance of the bones.* 1.16

We canot looke into the Cavities and Marrowes of the Bones; unles they be first broken. I observe a threefold Cavity of the bones and a threefold marrow.

In the greater Cavites of the larger Bones, the Marrow is reddish; in the lesser Cavities of the smaller bones the marrow is white; In the spungy bones there is contained a marrowy Liquor.

In the meane while you shall observe, that the marrow within the Cavity of the* 1.17 Bones is compassed with no membrane, neither is it made sensible by any little nerves penetrating the substance of the bone, as Paraeus does imagine. Hippocrates himselfe, in his Booke de Principlis was the first that noted this. The Marrow of the Back-bone is not like that marrow which is in other Bones, for it alone has membranes, which no other marrow has besides it.

Chap. 5. Of Articulations or Jointings of the Bones.

LET us proceed to the Joinings-together of the Bones.* 1.18

There does concur to the Articulations of the Bones, the Head, the Cavitie, the Gristle, the Flegmatic moisture, and the Ligament.

Every Head is in its owne nature and original an Epiphysis, but in process of time it degenerates into an apophysis.

The Head is within of a Light spungie and porous substance, being filled with blood or with a marrowy Juyce, on the outside it is covered with a very hard shell or bark, very thin and compact, which is crusted over with a smooth and polished Gristle.

Now the Head of a Bone is a 1.19 great and long, or short and flat, which is termed b 1.20 Candylos

The Cavity of the Bone which receives the Head, is also crusted over with a Gri∣stle,* 1.21 which if it be deep, it is called in Greek a 1.22 Cotyle, if shallow, 'tis called b 1.23 Glene. It is somtimes encreased with a Gristlie brim, lest the bones should too easily slip* 1.24 aside, and fal out of their places.

And in the Cavities themselves, there is contained a clammy, thick, and Oyly* 1.25 Pituitous Humor, to procure a more easie, and expeditious motion of the Bones, so we grease the Axle-trees of Coaches and Carts, that the wheels may turn more easily and quickly. Through want of the foresaid Humor in such as have the con∣sumption, and are extreamly dried, while they go and stir their Limbs, one may hear as it were their bones knock one against another, and rattle in their Skins: As is proved by a memorable History, recorded by Symphorianus Campegius, in the Medicinal Histories of Galen; and as I my self have often times seen.

Now that the bones might be so knit together, as to make a Joynt, there is need* 1.26 of a Ligament or Band, whose substance is broad and round, its color white or bloo∣dy, such as is the round Ligament which fastens the c 1.27 Leg, and the d 1.28 Thigh, and that which unites the e 1.29 Astragalus with the f 1.30 Pterna, and that of the Astragalus with the three Bones of the Tarsus, which are termed g 1.31 Aeneiformia. For these bloody, or bloodyish Ligaments, are alwaies interposed between the bones, and are very hard; but those which are drawn about the Articulations, do alwaies appear white. So the Nerve-Gristly Ligaments, which are interposed between the Os Sa∣crum, and Os Ilium, are observed to be bloody in a Woman newly delivered of her Child.

Now every Conjunction of the Bones is made by Nature, either for Motions* 1.32 sake, or for Perspiration, or for the Passage of some certain Substance, or for the differencing of Parts, or for Security, and to preserve from violence.

Conjunctions of the bones for Motions sake, are seen in the Fingers, Wrists, El∣bows, Shoulders, Hips, Shanks, Ankles, Ribs, Spondyls; in a word, in al movable Articulations.

For Perspirations sake, we see bones joyned together in the Sutures of the Skul.

For to give passage to some substance or other; we see the like conjunction at the production of the Pericranium, and at the through-fare of some certain Vessels, which go partly out, and partly in; to which intent the Sutures of the Skull were contrived.

For Securities sake, and to avoid the violence of breaking, &c. we see the said Conjunction▪ in al such bones as are compounded of divers smaller ones.

For the differing of parts, certain conjunctions of bones seem to have been contri∣ved in the Bones of the upper Jaw.

Having laid this Foundation out of Galens 11. Book, de Ʋsu Partium, chap. 18. it is an easie matter to prove the sorts and differences of Articulations, out of the Doctrine of Galen himself.

The Bones are joyned one with another, some by Articulation, or joynting; o∣thers* 1.33 by Symphysis, or cleaving together.

A Joynt termed Articulus, is a Connexion of Bones, ordained either for motion, or for some other Cause.

In respect of motion, there are two sorts of Joynts▪ The one is contrived for manifest and strong motion, which is called Diarthrosis: The other is ordained for

an obscure and difficult motion, or for none at all, and it is called Synarthrosis.

Of the former kind of conjunction of bones, viz. Diarthrosis, there are three* 1.34 sorts; Enarthrosis, Arthrodia, and Gynglymos.

Of the second kind of Articulation, viz. Synarthrosis, there are in like manner three sorts, Enarthrosis, Arthrodia, and Gynglymos; because Synarthrosis, and diarthrosis, do differ only in the quantity of the motion; as Galen does teach in his Book de Ossibus, which also he manisestly declares in his Book de Dissect▪ Mu∣scul. Chap. 22. neare the end. and in the 13. Book de Ossibus.

But because a Synathrosis is ordained not only for motion, but for some other cause, as namely for perspiration, the transmission of some substance, the diffe∣rencing of Parts, and to save from harm by stress and violence; it comprehends three other sorts under it, viz. Sutura, Harmonia, and Gomphosis.

These six differences of Synarthrosis or joynting may be proved by sense and by* 1.35 Example. The a 1.36 Ribs are joyned to the b 1.37 Brest-bone by an Arthrodia, which in regard of motion may be referred to a synarthrosis. The c 1.38 Bones of the wrist are coarticulate with the bones of the d 1.39 Metacarpum (Galen de usu partium Lib▪ 2▪ Chap. 8.) but that synarthrosis is made by the way of Arthrodia. The e 1.40 Astraga∣lus is joyned to the f 1.41 Scaphoides with an obscure motion, which is Enarthrosis▪ Lib. de Ossibus, Chap. 24. Gynglymos is found in the Vertebras of the g 1.42 Back, which is to be counted as a kind of Synarthrosis; the Gynglimos of the other Vertebras, is a kind of Diarthrosis. Galen in his 26. Book de Compos. Med. secundum locos, and in his 12. Book de usu Partium, calls the sutures h 1.43 of the Head synarthroses. Also he cals the harmonia of the i 1.44 inferior Jaw-bone, synarthrosis, in his Comment upon the Ninth part of the second book de Fracturis. The bones of the Ste••••••n or Brest-blade k 1.45 being immovable, are joined together by a synarthrosis. From Galen in his book de Ossibus and other places of his Writings, I could prove, that the Jaw∣bone and the bones of the Brest-blade are Joined together by symphysis, because they grow together as the Person comes to yeares, so that no markes are remaining of their former distinction. So Galen in his Book de Ossibus, calls the Conjunction of the inferior Jaw-bone with the Chin, Symphysis.

Symphysis is an immovable union of the Bones, which is performed either with* 1.46 somwhat intermediate or without.

In regard of the threefold Medium, some Symphysis is called Synchondrodis, from the Cartilage Gristle which is the Medium of the Union▪ a second is termed syneu∣rodis, from the nerve which is the medium, a third is called Syssarcodi•• from the fleshy Medium. To which we may ad a fourth termed Neurochondrodis, because the Union is made by a Medium which is of a mixt nature, being partly nervy, and partly gristly. But more may be seen of this, in Galen his Doctrine of Bones.

The differences of symphysis, do appeare in the bones of the ^a lower Jaw, in the* 1.47 Bodies of the ^b Vertebras, in the bones of the ^c share one with another, and in the con∣junctions of the ^d ••l••an bones with the ^e Os sacrum, in the growing together of the vertebras of Os sacrum one to another, and of the epiphysis; and in the conjunction of the Os •• Sphenoides with the Occiputs bones, and in the conjunction of other bones, which in children were divided, but in persons come to years, they are found growing together by Symphysis, sine Medio; such as are described by Galen in his Book de Ossibus.

The Ligaments which knit the bones together and that flegmatick humor where∣with the bones are smeared, and the Gristles, both such as are common to divers bones articulated together, and likewise such as are proper to the particular bones to crust the ends of each of them: al these shal be treated of in our particular Muster and Surveigh of the Bones.

The Medicinal Consideration.

* 1.48

The General Diseases of the Bones are, Caries or Rottenness, and putrefaction,

which proceeds from a common, or extraordinary Cause, such as is the Venereal Pox.

Exostosis, or a swelled knot upon a bone, which arises from the foresaid Cau∣ses.* 1.49

Kedmata, mentioned by Hippocrates, which are Chronical Diseases, proceeding* 1.50 from defluxions, common to al Joynts, but especially infesting the Hip-bone. Of these kind of Diseases, ••ead the Medicinal Definitions of Gorraeus, and Foesius in his Oeconomia Hippocratis.

Of kin to this, is Paracelsus his Synovia, or Hydarthrosis, which is a continu∣al* 1.51 Flux of wheyish or blood-watry Humor, out of exulcerated Joynts, especially if the Nerves or Ligaments be Diseased. Hildanus in a peculiar Book on this Sub∣ject, proves that this Disease Synovia (which was first so called by Paracelsus) is the same with that Disease which is termed Meliceria, by Cornelius Celsus, Lib. 5. Cap. 26.

A sure thing it is, that the bones being diseased, do drop blood, and Galen ob∣served as much.

The bones are likewise subject to Fracture, or breaking, and Luxation, Dislo∣cation,* 1.52 or disjoynting. Now a Fracture of a bone, is a Division made in a bone by some external Cause, cutting, or bruising the same.

There are two sorts of Fractures, a straight one, and an oblique, or crooked* 1.53 one. The former is according to the length of the bone, or overthwart.

The latter, or oblique is (if we beleeve Galen) too curiously differenced by the latter Physicians which have succeeded Hippocrates; for it is said to be Nail∣fashioned, when the Fracture is partly straight, and partly circular; another sort is called Alphi••••edon, when the bone is broken all to shivers.

Another sort there is, which is called Apotrausis, or Detractio, whereby a Fragment of the bone is so taken away, that there remains a mark in the surface of the Bone.

Another sort of Fracture, Hippocrates mentions, which he cals Apoclasma, and Galen terms Hapagma, when a bone is broken there where it is joyned with ano∣ther bone.

Luxation, or Disjoynting, is a Disease of the bone in Scituation, when it is re∣moved* 1.54 out of its place.

There is a two fold Luxation, or disjoynting of a bone; the one compleat, when the Head of the bone is slipt out of its socket, and this is called Exarthrema, a being out of Joynt.

The other is Incompleat, and termed Pararthrema, when the bone is in some* 1.55 measure only removed, and lengthened as it were, which is mostly seen in the sub∣luxation of the Thigh. In an Exarthrema, the Leg seems shorter than it was wont to be; in a Pararthrema it seems longer than usual.

The Causes of Luxation and Subluxation, that is to say, of perfect, and im∣perfect* 1.56 disjoynting of any Member, are external, or internal: The External are, a blow, a violent distorsion, or wrenching, a fall, and extension of a Member. The Internal causes are, a thin Humor, which does relax the Ligaments, or a thick Hu∣mor which by little and little, fils the Cavity of the Joynt, and at last thrusts out the bone, by reason of an Anchylosis, which is bred.

Now Anchylosis, is a fault in the Articulation of bones, whereby the Cavity of* 1.57 a bone, which ought to receive the Head of another bone, is filled up; be it what kind of Articulation it may be, either Enarthrosis, Arthrodia, or Gynglymos. Hereupon the bone thus diseased, either is held bowed in, or remains stretched out, and stiff. And in case without the foresaid Anchylosis, the Tendons of the one side shal in the Limbs be cut in sunder, the straight or crooked bones do no longer serve to bend or stretch out the said Limbs.

Chap. 6. Of the Bones of the Skull.

HAving diligently considered the Articulations, or joyntings of the Bones one* 1.58 unto another, let us now take notice what is observable in every particular bone being fresh, which is not to be seen in the Skeleton, or in dried bones. I will proceed from Head to Foot, according as I am wont to do in my Dissection, and Demonstration of these parts. Now my Demonstration of the bones is two-fold; the one I call Osteotome, or Bone-Dissection, in which the bones are separated each from other; the other I term Ossifragium, in which the bones are broken, that their inner structure may be discerned.

And in the first place, let us contemplate the two-fold Table of the Skull, or* 1.59 the double Skul-board which is thinner in Women, than it is in Men.

The uppermore is thicker, and harder, and more smoothly polished than the neather: but the lower is rough and furrowed as it were, that it might afford place for those Vessels which creep along the Dura Mater, from which some notable Vessels arise, which by the Ears do insinuate themselves between those two plates, or boards of the Skull, for to irrigate the intermediate space.

Now that same intermediate space, is a certain spongy Substance, which receives* 1.60 and contains a Marrowy Juyce, serving for the nutriment of those bones. The which Marrowy Juyce is reddish, by reason of blood flowing out of the smal Veins scituate in those parts; which is wont ••hen to flow out when the Skul of a living man is boared through with a Wimble, or other boaring Instrument. Now the Skull, according to Hippocrates in his Book de Vulneribus Capitis, is double in the* 1.61 middle of the Head, that is to say, hollow between two plates and boards, that it might contain a Marrowy Juyce to nourish the bones. Hippocrates adds, The whol Head, a smal part excepted, resembles a spunge ful of smal Caruncles, or lit∣tle bits of flesh, which if you press, and squeeze with your finger, you shal perceive blood to drop out of them: also you shal see smal Veins running up and down, which abound with blood.

Out of the foresaid Caruncles, being bruised with a vehement blow, the blood is squeezed, which putrifying, does corrupt the bone, which in the mean while ap∣pears sound on the out side: but the Sanies sweating out from the inner plate or Skul-board, does corrupt and putre••••e the very ••rain it self. And if so he when the Skul is razed, you see blood come forth, do not therefore conclude that the Fracture: penetrates the inner plate; because that blood flows out of the space which is between the two plates, or boards of the Skul.

That same spungy Hypersarcosis▪ or breeding of proud flesh, which grows up in* 1.62 wounds of the Head, is bred out of the foresaid Duplicature of the Skul-bone; as Hippocrates has observed. Touching the Fungous Excrescences of the brain, whether they are bred from the broken bone, or from the Dura Mater, see Sen∣nertus in the first Book of his Practice.

But Hippocrates his Caruncles▪ are vainly sought for in this intermediate space, whatever Fallopius pleads to the contrary in his Book of the Wounds of the Head, unless a man would call the pungy substance of the bones Sarcia, or Caruncles, in regard of their Function.

This intermediate space interpoled between the two plates of the Skul, is called* 1.63 by Hippocrates, Diploe. Howbeit, Galen contrary to the Opinion of the Antient Physitians, cals the second, and inmost plate of the Skul, Diploe, in the sixe Book of his Method of Healing.

The Use of this Diploe, Duplicature, or spungy substance, is three-fold▪ First* 1.64 to receive blood for the nourishment of the Skul Secondly, That the Fleshy Ex∣crescence in the Fractures of the Skul, might grow out of it: Thirdly, That the Fumes of the Brain might more easily be exha••ed.

Somtimes an Humor is collected between the two plates by way of transcolation,* 1.65

which being in process of time corrupted, does cause most excessive pains, which often happens in an ••iveretate Venereal Pox, when the Skul is knobbed, and bun∣ched with a certain Exostosis.

This double pla••e or board, of the Skul has been made by a wonderful contri∣vance of Nature, lest in al blows upon the Head, the wound should penetrate the whol substance of the bone. Hence it comes to pass, that somtimes one plate is cleft while the other remains unhurt.

The Whore-masters Pox does often-times eat through the external plate, and somtimes through both the plates, without killing the Patient, who lives a long time after; as Palmarius avouches in Chap. 4. of his Book de Lue Venerea. The like Example you may read in the 18. Chapter of Benivenius his Book de Abditis Morborum Causis. And I my self have often observed the same.

The Sutures, although they are a 1.66 very closely united in living Persons, yet are* 1.67 they somtimes very a••t to gape, and to move pain, as Galen reports, towards the end of his third Commentary in Officinam Hippocratis.

But they seem not at al inclined to any loosness, or gaping about the meeting to∣gether* 1.68 of the Sagittal and Coronal Sutures in Persons come to ripeness of Age, where a Fontanel is ^a made; and therefore I have often found by Experience, that this part may without any detriment have a Caustick applied thereunto. Which kind of Practice, Fabricius commends in his Chyrurgery; others dislike it as dan∣gerous, viz. Mathaeus de Gradis, Vesalius, Lib. 1. Cap. 6. of his Anatomy. Baptista Montanus in his 36. Counsel. Zechius in his Counsels. And Baptv∣••••a Carcanus in hi•• Book of Head-wounds. See Claudinus his Counsels. I confess, that somtimes in Children, this part being soft and gristly, is long ere it grow hand over that it is in grown persons; and Galen has seen it in such Yonglings to move and pant, Gal. Lib. 13. Method. Cap. 22. And in such a case to apply a Cautery, were dangerous. The Africans did burn an Issue in the Crown•• of their Childrens Heads; as Mercurialis shews from Herodotus. They did burn the Veins of the Crown of their Heads, with scalding Oesypus, or Sheeps Grease▪ and in case any Convulsion happened they did Remedy the same by the sprinkling of Goats piss thereon.

It is written by Herodotus, Aratus, and Arrianus in the Life of Alexander the* 1.69 great, that the Heads of the Aethiopians, and Egyptians had no Sutures, which gave Pareus occasion to write, That the Aethiopians and Moors, and those which inhabit hot Regions towards the South, and the Aequinoctial Line, have Skuls harder than ordinary, having none, or very few Sutures in them. The falsity where of did plainly appear, when I dissected a very swart••y Black-moor publick∣ly in the▪ Medicinal Schools▪ whose Skul was in al things like one of ours.

In the Head there are many remarkable Cavities, which the Anatomists call* 1.70 Sinus. These you shal diligently search for, that you may know whether they are void and empty, covered with a thin Membrane, and what communion they have one with another.

Now the Cavities are, on each side four. The Maxillary Cavity, which lies concealed within the upper Jaws. The Frontal Cavity, seated in the Forehead, by the Eye-brows. The Sphenoidean Cavity, which lies hidden under the Seat or Saddle of the Sphenoides. The Mastoidean, which is contained within the Mastoides. They are al empty, and covered over with a thin Membrane, only the Mastoidean, is hollow indeed▪ but has no Membrane, but is distinguished into se∣ven, eight, or nine little Cels, as we see in a Bee-hive.

The Entrance of the Maxilary Cavity within the cavity of the Nostrills, is to be seen on the side of Os Spongiosum.

The Entrance of the Frontal Cavity is seen in the highest and inmost pa••••s of the Nostrills.

The Entrance of the Sphenoidean Cavity we find to be deep. Within the nostrils the spongy bones being taken away.

The Ingress of the Maxillary Cavity, is evident without cutting the Bones. The Ingress of the Frontal Cavity is evidently perceived, the Frontal bone being cut in sunder above the Eye-brows: The Ingress of the Sphenoidean Cavity, is discer∣ned, as soon as the inner plate of the Sphenoides is taken away. The entrance of the Mastoidean Cavity, is contained in the left side of the Concha, neer the Apo∣physis Mastoides, and cannot be seen unless the arched Vault of the Concha be bro∣ken, or the porus auditorius pulled in peices.

Sylvius conceives and demonstrates from Galen that flegm being transmitted through the little holes of the upper plate, is collected and heaped up within the* 1.71 Sphenoidean cavity, and thence conveighed into the Palate: which way of the passage of Excrements, is by Vesalius, Columbus, Falopius, and Valverda rejected: who contradict Galen in this point, and maintain that this excrement is voided through the neighbouring holes which rest upon the Sella Sphenoidea.

The reason of Gallen and Sylvius is, that it is better the excrements should be strained, and kept up for a season in those Cavities, than that a man should be continually spitting, and holding his mouth evermore open. For although the Sphenoidean Cavities, are in the dissections of dead bodies empty, and appear not to be ful either of flegm or serosities: probable notwithstanding it is, that the serous humor which flowes and distils out of the Choana, through the sive-like plate of the Sella equina, is transcolated into the Cavities which are beneath, and from them powred back by certaine oval and sufficiently wide Holes, and voided forth into the spungy bones of the Nostrils: neither do they deny, that a part of the serosities, does sweat through the porosities of the inferior table or plate, into the palate. But the serous humor received in the spungy bones of the Nostrils, does by little and little sweat out and pass away, when by its quantity or quality, it provokes nature to an exctetion. For to what purpose think you has Nature fra∣med* 1.72 those cavities? Has she done it to make the scul so much the lighter? or that they might be conduit heads or storehouses of aire, which is of necessity breathed in, for the Generation of animal spirits? But they cannot be storehouses, because they are a fingers breadth distant from the frontal Cavities, nor have they any conti∣nuation or conjunction with them. Againe the Aire which is required to be ex∣ceeding pure, would be defiled by passing to and fro through the spungy bones. Furthermore in the many dead bodies which I have dissected, some of which might be snotty and flegmatick, I never found the mammillary Processes any larger than usuall. But by those passages flegm ought to be derived unto the Os Eth∣moides or Colander Bone; or fluctuating unto the Basis of the brain, it ought of its own accord to flow unto that place, because the foremost Ventricles of the Braine, are seldom perforated before, so as to have a through▪ fare into the No∣strils.

Wherefore I conceive that al the snot and flegm of the nostrils is not straind* 1.73 through the Colander Bone, but that it flows down into the Palate through the four pipes or channels of the Choana, or that being collected in the Cavities of Os-Sphenoides, if it pass through the little holes of the Plate of Os Sphenoides, it may be derived into the Spungy bones of the Nostrills.

The said spungy bone is ful of holes being distinguished, with bony Cells, in which smal Caruncles or bits of flesh are contained, which being swelled, the dis∣ease Polypus is bred.

Afterward you shal consider the Passage of the Nostrils into the Palate, by these* 1.74 cavities which are distinguished by the Osa 1.75 Vomer. At the roote of the pterygoi∣dean Apophysis, there appeares an hole compassed with a Gristle, which is the ex∣tremity of that passage, which reaches from the* 1.76 Ear to the Palate, by helpe where∣of Deafe persons heare, it a man speak into their mouth when it is wide open. Also by help hereof the Ear is most easily purged with masticarories.

The Medicinal Consideration.

In the Skul, by reason of the space contained between the two plates thereof, hard* 1.77 tumors are bred, and almost of a bony nature; yea and some are truly bony, such as are hornes. An hard, ful and oblong tumor is called Tesiudo, of kin to which is the Tumor Talpa, which also is called Topinaria.

There is another tumor which is termed Natta, and growes sometimes chiefly in the Back, which hangs by a smal root. This threefold tumor, if timely care prevent not, is wont to grow to a greater Bulke. Hornes are wont to grow out in the Skul, the forehead, and else where; yea and upon other bones. I have seen an horne a finger long, which grew out of the lower part of the Leg, like a spu••. Of these kind of Hornes Sennertus has neatly treated, in the fist Book of his Practice.

Besides these Tumors the Fracture of the scul is frequent, which proceeds from* 1.78 a Violent and external Cause. And it is either without or with Contusion.

There is a threefold fracture without Contusion, the first is termed diacope, when an Arrow or dart falls upon the Head and peirces deep, the second is called Aposcheiparnismos, which is a kind of planing or shaving as it were, when a piece of the bone is pared away: the third is termed Hedra which is a gap or ra••e made by the cut of a weapon.

A fracture with Contusion, if it be strait and in the bone smitten, and immovable,* 1.79 it is termed Fissura or Rima, by the Greeks Rogme: if it be in another bone besides that which was smit, it is termed apeichema, that is to say, a resulting clest, like the Rebounding of an Echo. If the bone be moved and broken, there is a threefold fracture reckoned; viz. engeisoma, which is a depression of the skul to the Mem∣brane or Meninx of the Braine; Ecpies•…•…a which is a depression of the said Scul di∣vided into thinner and smaller bits: camaroosis which is a vaulted Elevation of the broken Skul. Enthlasis so called, is indeed a contusion but without fracture, be∣ing as it were a flexure or bowing of the soft scul. Which kind of contusion is seen in brasen vessells, as pans and kettles &c. when they are battered only and not broken.

In the Bones of the scul we often find a Caries and Exostoosis proceeding from a* 1.80 common Cause, but more often from the Whores Pox.

Chap. 7. Of the Inferior Jaw-Bone.

The inferior a 1.81 Jaw-bone is in such as are of yeares one continued bone, without* 1.82 any shew of division, as far as to the Chin.

Its Articulation is very loose, being fastened with an orbicular Ligament.

A movable Gristle is spread over the knob thereof, to procure the freeer motion▪

Within the Jaw-bone there is a crease or Channel cut out, ordained to containe the Vessells, which is separated from the cavity which containes the marrow, that is might afford a smal postion of the vessels to every tooth.* 1.83

This Channell of the Vessels is situate in the middle of the Jaw-bone, and is mani∣fest; and therefore Hyppocaates writ in his book of the Nature of the Bones, that of all bones only the lower jaw-bone has veines.

Cahp. 8. Of the Teeth.

Afterwards you shal with an Instrument made for that purpose, draw out by the roots one tooth of every sort, that you may contemplate the Roots and Liga∣ments of the Teeth, and the forme of their holes or socke••s.

When the Teeth are broke, you shal find them stuffed with a slimy substance and with threds, which are the vessels.

The Cavities are more evident in teeth which are withered and dried; it is the best way to compare the fresh teeth and the dried ones together, and to observe the difference.

But that you may discerne your selfe and demonstrate unto others the distribu∣tion* 1.84 of vessels, viz. of little veines, arteries and nerves into the Teeth: you shal take this course. You shal take an Oxes or a Rams neither jaw (in which these vessels are more apparent) and cut it on the inside, and open it until the marrow and Nerve appeare. The marrow being taken away, And the Membrane of the nerve being torne, the Nerve comes in sight, being composed of many little strings, from which certaine fine threds and other things resembling veines and Arteries, be∣ing wove together, do enter beneath into the Cavities of the Teeth roots.

To the a 1.85 Dog-teeth and the b 1.86 Cutters a nerve is carried which is more thick than ordinary. To the c 1.87 Grinders according to the quality of their Roots, there is a triple or quadruple very smal and exceeding fine nerve distributed.

Then drawing a Grinder or Cutter leisurely out of its hole, you shal see very smal sibres inserted into the roots of the Teeth, which you shal reckon to be nerves.

The teeth being pulled up cleane by the Roots, in the lowest part of the said* 1.88 roots, there appeares a matter which is partly fibrous, bred of the vessels, and partly clammie, which fastens the tooth into its hole as it were with Glew, by the way of Syssarcosis. An Oxe or Sheepes-tooth being cut asunder in the middest, the inter∣nal substance being clammie, is manifestly interwoven with vessels.

All these things may be evidently demonstrated in the teeth of an Oxes, Calves, or Sheeps Jaw; they are not so clearly discernable in Man; nevertheless you may perceive the roots of the teeth to be bloody and that a nerve creeps closely into the Roots. But in dried teeth the roots are hollow.

Chap. 9. Of the Bone Hyoides, and of the Ligaments.

There is a Ligament placed under the Beginning of the Musculus Digastricus or twibellie; which is produced from the Apophysis styloides as far as to the Angle of the nether jaw.

The situation, colligation and structure of the a 1.89 Os Hyoides ought diligently to* 1.90 be observed in a dead Body, because they cannot be seen in a skeleton.

It is placed in the Throat under the lower jaw-bone, hanging upon the Apophy∣sis of the Styloides by the helpe and assistance of Ligaments.

It is made up of five bones, the middlemost of which being the greatest and the* 1.91 broadest, is termed Basis b 1.92 linguae, from which on either side there shoo••es forth a little c 1.93 horn, which is for the most part gristly, seldom bony, being fastened to the upper sides of the Cartilago▪ Thuroides, which two little hornes are accounted for the sixt and seventh bones.

It is worth our consideration which Galen observes in his seventh book of the use* 1.94 of the Parts Chap. 19. How that this same bone is kn•••• and fastened not only by Muscles; but it fastened by Ligaments and membranes unto the Apophyses of the Styloides, and to the upper Hornes of the Thyroides; least one Muscle being pal∣sied, that same counterpoise and equability in the motion of the Muscles should be dissolved, whereby it should come to be drawen on one side more than the other, or slip downwards, which would bring great detriment, and discommodity not only to the voice, but also to the swallow.

Nature providing against this Inconvenience, hath tied and fastened it by four Ligaments to the Stoyloidean Apophyses, and to the Cartilage or Gristle which is called Thyroides.

Howbeit, the Hyoidean Bone does in women appear smaller and thinner, and consists of fewer little Bones, whose use is supplied by the suspensory Ligaments, which in them are longer than in Men.

You shal likewise observe that only the Epiglo•••••••• is received in the Cavity of Hyoides, the Tongue resting it self upon the upper side of the basis.

Chap. 10. Of the Heads Motion, and Ligaments▪

THe Head is moved by a straight, or oblique motion upon the •• second Vertebra,* 1.95 which in its hinder part is a fingers bread••h distant from the first ^b Vertebra. And the first Vertebra is so closely and firmly fastened to the hind▪ part of the Head, that it cannot be stirred, or agitated so much as with ones Hand.

Also the Tooth-fashioned ^c Apophysis is so fastly united to the ••ody of the se∣cond Vertebra, that in the bending, and oblique motion of your Head, you may not hurt the Spinal Marrow.

Hence you may be assured of the verity of that Opinion of Vesalius, and other Anatomists, touching the motion of the Head, how it is moved upon the second Vertebra, both in its right, and oblique motions.

For seeing the Head cannot be moved with a circular motion upon the first Ver∣tebra, because such things as are moved with a circular motion, ought to rest upon one single Bafis. Yet the Opinion of Galen might be confirmed, by that Natural growing together of the two first Vertebra's of the Neck, which were joyned and fastened together in a certain Soldier, who having in the year 1611. killed a Man in a Tavern, was hanged, and his body brought into the Anatomical Theatre of the University: where while his bones were boyling to make a Skeleton, it was obser∣ved that the two first and uppermost Vertebra's of the Neck, did Naturally grow to∣gether; yet did he in his life time freely move his head every way, as I have been in∣formed by others. Celsus, before Vesalius and Columbus, described the motions of the Head, in these words:

The upmost Vertebra does altogether sustain the Head, receiving the smal pro∣cesses thereof through two ^a Cavities: whence it comes to pass that the head is bunched above, beneath, on every side. The second is inserted into the first, for as much as concerns the circuit thereof. The upmost part is terminated with a smaller circle, and therefore the upmost incompassing the second, gives way to the Head to be moved side-longs also.

In the Articulation of the Head, three Ligaments are observed; the one is cir∣cular,* 1.96 which compasses the first and second Vertebra within, as far as to the hind∣part of the Head.

The other two do appertain unto the Tooth-fashion'd Apophysis: the one fa∣stens the said Apophysis unto the body of the first Vertebra; the other arising from the top of the Apophysis Odontoides, is inserted into the Hind-part of the Head.

Chap. 11. Of the Inside of the Ear.

LEt us now approach unto the internal Cave of the Ear, which has been inaccessi∣ble* 1.97 to the antient Physitians, and let us diligently surveigh the admirable Ar∣chitecture thereof.

There are contained three Cavities within the same, disposed in the sciruation and order following. The first is the a 1.98 Concha, the second b 1.99 Labyrinthus, and the third is the c 1.100 Cochlea.

In the Porch of the Concha, is placed the d 1.101 Tympanum, which is not green as* 1.102 Pauvius imagines, neither is it directly opposed to the external hole of the Ear, but

stretched out slantwa••es before the same, lest any smal matters should fall, or fly into the Ear, and finding the passage cleer and open, should hurt the Drum. Whe∣ther anything be fallen into the Ears, may in such as are living, and have wide Ears, be seen in the Sun, or by holding a Candle neer the same.

Now the whol structure of thee 1.103 Concha wherein three little Bones, the Tim∣panum;* 1.104 the string annexed to the Tympanum, and a Muscle are contained, are to be seen at one cast of the Eye in yong Children and Infants: The Au••icular Apo∣physis, which is then an Epiphysis, being pluckt away with the point of a Pen∣knife; which must be done within the Skul.

But in grown Men, which are come to maturity, all these cannot so well be seen* 1.105 and demonstrated, because whiles the Os Lithoides, is cut up towards the hind∣part of the head, it is impossible but that somwhat appertaining to the internal structure of the Ear, should be pulled in pieces.

And thus you shal break the Os Petrosum, the Marrow of the Brain being taken away, and the Ear pluck't up by the Roots, and the circumjacent flesh being re∣moved.

The Os Lithoides, comprehending the Aedisice of the Ear, you shal cut asunder with very wel-steeled, and extream sharp K••ives, beginning at the external passage.

Then having pulled back the vaul••ed roof of the Ear, that is to say, having ta∣ken off the upper part of the Os Lithoides, you shal see the three little Ear-bones,* 1.106 viz. The Malleolus, or Mallet; the Incus, or Anvil; and the Stapes, or Stir∣rup.* 1.107 * 1.108 * 1.109

Then you shal see the ^a Drum with its string, and smal Muscles fastened to the little bones, both within and without the Drum; which are indeed more plainly to be seen in other living Creatures, than in Men.

For in Men you can discern only one Muscle, which is seated on the left side of the* 1.110 internal Eare towards the hind-part of the head, being fastened to the little head of the Maller or hammer.

But there are found two Tendons, or rather Ligaments; one which staies the tail* 1.111 or handle of the Mallet; and a second which is fastened tothe up per corner of the Sti••••••p.

〈◊〉〈◊〉, or little Nerve, is stretched out upon the Mallet, that it may hold and* 1.112 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Mallet upon the Drum.

Moreover, in a Skul newly boyled or dried, you may discern the three little Ear∣bones within the Concha. If you shal peep in fore-right into the external passage, and hold your Eye close, with benefit of a cleer day-light, or of a Candle, you may draw the said little bones every one of them out with a pin.

Chap. 12. Of the Clavicula.

THe Clavicula in its ^d Articulation to the Sternum, has a soft Cartilage, or* 1.113 Gristle interposed, that it might more easily give way, in motions of the Arm and Shoulder-blade.

You shal observe why it is formed after the manner of an Italian S. The Cla∣viculae* 1.114 are tied and fastened together, by the Mediation of a strong Ligament.

Chap. 13. Of the Breast-bone.

THe Sernum, or Breast-bone, is in persons come to yeers, of a bonyc 1.115 substance, but different in Nature from the rest of the bones, because it is of a reddish color.* 1.116 * 1.117

Galen wil have it compounded of seven Bones, so as that the several bones of the* 1.118 Brest do by way of mutual articulation, answer to the several true Ribs, which Hippocrates seems to confirme. The Brest bone a 1.119 growing together in it selfe, has oblique discriminations, there where the Ribs are fastened unto it. Howbe••t in persons growne up, there are three, seldom four divisions remaining in the Brest bone.

Valverda saies that the Brest-bone is compounded for the most part of six or seven bones, which in elderly persons, do so grow together, that it seems compo∣sed, only of two or three Bones.

Sometimes also, though very seldom, it consists of eleven bones, as I saw at Rome in the yeare 1554. ••n a girle about seven years old, this bone divided into sixe bones, of which the five last, were cut from the bottome to the top, through the length of the Bone.

Bartholomew Eustachius ads, how that it many times fals out, which none has yet observed, that the Bones of the Brest-bone, the first and last excepted, viz. al the middle ones, or at least some of them, are divided by a most evident line, somtimes streight and somtimes crooked, through the midle longwayes: by which meanes it comes to pass, that the Brest bone is reckoned to consist frequently of ten nine, seven, or eight bones.

Somtimes the Brest-bone is peirced through the middle with a large Hole, which* 1.120 was observed by Sylvius and Eustachius, being ordained for the transmitting of Vessels. I have my selfe often observed the same, especially in women.

In one woman the hole was so large, on the inside of the Brestbone, as that a man might put his little singer into it, and her Chest did consist of thirteen ribbs on each side.

Nicolas Massa brags that he was the first observer of that Hole in the Brestbone, that somwhat might thereby breath forth of the Mediastinum and the neighbour∣ing parts of the Brest, or rather to give passage to the Vena Mammaria which is spred and branched forth into the Duggs.

In large-dugd and corpulent women, their larg dugs being removed, I have ob∣served the Brest-bone to be sharpe and the Brest narrow, which was the Cause of shortness of Breath in such women, the which narrowness of Brest was caused, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the weight of their Duggs.

That representation of the Breastbone as branched or jagged, is not true no•• na∣tural:* 1.121 for the Brest-bone according to Galen resembles a Dagger or sword, where∣upon the whole Bone, is by some termed Xyphoides or sword-like bone.

The Gristly a 1.122 Branches being taken away from either side, which are parts of the Ribs, the Hast of the Dagger or sword Handle, wil be in the upper part, and its point in the Cartilago b 1.123 Xiphoides.

The figure of which Swordlike Gristle or Cartilago Xiphoides, by such as are* 1.124 diligent observers, is found to be various: for somtimes it is single and triangular, somtimes it is double, and like the Herb Hippoglossum, Horsecongue or Tongue wort it has the larger part resting upon the smaller: somtimes it is tripartite and resem∣bles a Trident; and other whiles it is bipartite resembling a ••ork or Rake.

Nicolaus Massa saies that the Barbarous writers call it malum Granatum, the Pomgranate, as resembling the flower of that Apple.

Galen conceives that it is placed there to defend the stomach and the Septum* 1.125 Transversum. But because the stomach is far distant there from, it seemes to be framed only for the midtifs sake, or rather to hold up the Liver, fastened thereto by a ligament.

Amatus Lusitanus, in the 95. Cure of his fift Centure, observes that the Carti∣lago* 1.126 Xiphoides is bored through for perspirations sake, that the filthy vapors of the the stomach might by that hole breath out; which is a simple Conceit.

For unless the Cartilage is biparti••e, it is perforated to give passage for the vena mammaria interna, and in wounds if there be no hole in the Brest-bone, it is found in the Cartilago Xyphoides.

This Cartilage being pre••sed down and crooked in, does so hurt the Liver being* 1.127 seated beneath it, that infants are by that means killed with an Atrophy or Con∣sumption, and in growen persons it ••au••es perpetual vomiting, until it is reduced to a natural posture.

Chap. 15. Of the Ribbs.

Every Rib does consist of a twofold substance, the one of which is a 1.128 bo••y, which* 1.129 makes up the greatest part •••• of the Rib; the other is b 1.130 gristl••e, of unequal length, which is joined to the Brest-bone, by that sort o•• Articulation which is called Ar∣throdia, that in the ••••seing and falling of the Chest, it may yeild more easily. But they have another a••••••culation with the vertebras of the Back-bone which is two∣fold in every Rib.

Now there are seven, which are called true and perfect Ribs, because they are* 1.131 joyned to the Brest-bone by way of Arthrod••a; unto which sometimes an eighth is added, which has been found more than once in the dissection of some bodies, be∣ing fastened to the Roo••e of the Cartilago mucro••ata.

And ••his is the Cause why Aristotle, whom Plinie thought it no disparagement to imitate, has reckoned up sixteen true Ribs.

The five lower are called d 1.132 Bastard and Imperfect Ribs, because they do not* 1.133 reach unto the Brest-bone, but are terminated in a long Cartilage which is reversed upwards, and so grov one unto another.* 1.134

Chap. 16. Of the Back-Bone.

The Musculous flesh wherewith the Back-bone is covered being removed, its ad∣mirable* 1.135 figure is e••sil•• discerned, which is partly streight and partly oblique, som∣times bending inward and sometimes outward, which Hippocrates first discovered, and Duretus, Hippocrates his Ghost has described in Coacis.

Every where between two vertebras, a thick cartilage is placed in the middle* 1.136 like glue. Galen •••• his Booke de Ossibus, writes that it is an hard and in some sort Gristlie Ligament.

All the vertebrae o•• turning Joynts of the Back, are covered on the outside with* 1.137 an hard membrane; and within they have a strong membranous ligament, drawen a long from the hig••est vertebra as low as to the Os sacrum, which is there placed and wrapped about (besides two other membranes) to defend and preserve the spinal Marrow.

I have often found in bodies that were hanged and burnt, and have been informed* 1.138 by the Executioner, that it is a ridiculous fable, which the Cabalists relate of a certaine Vertebra, viz. that in the Back is found a certaine Vertebra which they have termed Luz. out of which as from a seed, the Bones shal be regenerated and spring up at the General Resurrection. This Bone Luz ••o called, Cornelius Agrippa and Vesalius wil have to be in the foote.

Howbeit Hieronymus Magius in his sift Book de Exustione Mundi, relates that Adrianus learned experimentally of Rabbi Joshua Ben Anime, that the foresaid Bone is one of the Vertebra's of the Back.

For he found in the Back bone, one bone that a milstoneturning upon it would not breake, the fire could not burne it, the water would not dissolve it, and at last being layed upon an Anvil and smitten with a sledge or smiths-hammer, it was so

far from being broken in the least, that the Anvil was crackt and the sledge broken the Bone receiveing in the meane while no detriment. Which is as false as false can be. For all the Vertebrae, may be broken in peices, burnt and reduced to ashes.

Whence we may judge what credit is to be given to the Cabalists, who in things manifest, do so impudently mock and abuse us.

If Aristotle had observed the structure of the eleventh or twelfth vertebras, he* 1.139 would not have written in his third Book de part Anima, That the Back is fleshy, but the Loines without flesh, because the Bending-places of al parts are voide of flesh.

But the Loines are more fleshy than the Back. But the Articulation of the twelfth vertebra is different from al the rest, being the Cause of all Motion which is performed thereupon, for both above and beneath, it receives, and is not received, as is observed, in other Articulations of the Vertebrae.

From the Loines you shal descend to the Coccyx or Crupper-Bone, and you shal observe its structure consisting of three bones, its spungy reddish substance and* 1.140 triangular shape.

Which Part we read does in some Nations sprout out like a taile. Pliny re∣cords in the 22. the Chapter of his seventh Book, that in India there is a race of Men that have hairie tailes, and are incredible swift. And Paulus venetus, in the 28 Chap. of the fift Book of his Travells, does avouch that in the Kingdom of Lambri, there are men that have tailes like doggs a span long: who dwel not in Cities but in the Mountaines.

The Nubiensian Arabick Geographie mentions a tailed Nation, in an Island of the Eastern seas which is called Namaneg. Page 70. I suppose that it is but a fable which Historians relate touching the Kentish-long-tailes in England, how that God to revenge the Injury done to Tho. Becket the Archbishop of Canterbury, caused Tailes to sprout out of the Kentish Crupperbones.

When the Crupper-bone suffers a Luxation inwards, a man cannot (according to Avicen) draw his Ankles, towards his buttocks, neither can he bend his Hams, which is confirmed by the Experience of Ambrosius Pareus. This Impediment is caused by compression of a very thick nerve seated on the hind-side of the Leg, which creeps along neare the Crupper-bone. The said bone is easily reduced, by a mans finger put into the fundament.

In the next place you shal fal to dissect the Vertebras of the back, that you may contemplate the admirable fabrick of the spinal Marrow, wiz. how in the extreem* 1.141 parts thereof the nerves are parted, ending in the shape of an Horse-taile; by rea∣son of millions of little nerves woven together, which being agitated in water and dishevelled, do express the shape of an horses taile.

Now you shal dissect the Vertebre in this manner; Haveing taken away all the ribs at their joynts, you shal fasten the Back-bone to the table with two iron hooks above and beneath your section, as ••oiners are wont to fasten their boards. Then with your incision knives you shal forcibly cut on every side about the conjuncti∣on of each Vertebra, in order cutting off every vertebra, with their oblique apo∣physis which helpe their articulation, til you come unto the Os sacrum. This is a painful work; but he that would eate the kernel, must of necessity crack the shell.

Before the fistula ossea be cut off to discover the spinal marrow: a few things are to be premised touching the natural constitution of the spinal marrow, and the Ori∣gination of the Nerves.

The Spinal Marrow springs from the Braine and pettie▪braine, and though it* 1.142 appeare like the marrow of the Braine, yet is it in some things unlike, because softer and besides its two membranes propagated from the Menings, wherewith it is infol∣ded, it is incompassed with a third membrane strong and nervous, which hinders the spinal marrow from bruiseing or breaking, when we stoop or any waies bend our Backs. I am not certaine whether or no, that same membrane which is propagated from the Crassa Meninx have any pulsation: nor whether the spinal marrow be divided into two cavities according to the length of the back-bone as far as the loines.

Certaine it is, that the spinal a 1.143 marrow descending by the b 1.144 ••istula ossea, grows

continually harder, and smaller, til it come unto the Loines, where it spends it self into littlec 1.145 cords, and springs resembling an horse-taile; that in that part where it suffers violent motions, it might be out of danger of breaking.

The Nerves of the spinal Marrow are made up of divers little threds, fastened d 1.146 one to another, and contained in the tenuis Meninx: which little filaments or thred∣dy substances, do rise so much the higher, by how much more the spinal marrow des∣cends.

And that nature might by all meanes possible provide for the security of the Ner∣ves;* 1.147 when they come forth of the holes of the vertebras, she has compassed them aboue with a thick substance, which does so closely and firmely knit and bind •…•…o∣gether the sibres of the nerve, that they cannot be drawen asunder one from an∣other.

After which knot and egress, they are easily separated. But I besech you ob∣serve* 1.148 the cunning Industry of Nature in the going forth of a nerve. Which that it might be less subject to rupture, seeing that it is as yet cloathed only with the tenuis Meninx, she has not drawen it through that hole which is nearest its original, but through a lower, which when the nerve has passed, it does not go unto the next rib, but descends to a lower, which when it has reached, it is divided into two, and turnes back the lesser branch towards the spina, and carries the greater to the fore parts.

It is a Question amongest Anatomists how the Animal faculty can with the spirit* 1.149 be carried through the Nerves into the whole Body; because in none of the Nerves except the optick, there is found any hole or pore or spungy substance; but we find them all solid, woven together of many smal threds according as the Bulke and magnitude of every one requires.

Caesalpinus in his 5 Book of Peripatetick Questions, supposes that those little threds are a multitude of smal veines and Arteries, which make up one body as it were a fagot, being continuations of the Branches of the Rete mirable, which may be imagined, but cannot be demonstrated: or at least that between the little mem∣bran•…•… Co•…•…ry nerve, a very thin animal spirit is diffused which runs swiftly to the utmost 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the limbs.

But I see ••ot how Caesalpinus can demonstrate such a continuation of the Rete mirabile with the Nerves of the spinal marrow.

Out of the spinal marrow a 1.150 28 pare of nerves do take their Rise, seven out of the* 1.151 Neck; twelve out of the Back; five out of the loines; foure from the Os sacrum, the branches whereof to search out, is a wearysome peice of worke, and must be done in a dead body provided for that intent alone, and with diligent Inspection.

The medicinal Consideration.

The dignity of the spinal marrow with reference to the necessity of Life, is equal* 1.152 to that of the Brain, and therefore Hyppocrates termed it Aion, because he belee∣ved that the vitality of the animal was placed therein: as Erotianus proves in his Onomasticon and after him Foesius in his Oeconomia Hippocratis.

Plato in his Timeus does acknowledge the spinal marrow to be the foundation of Life Beneath the Head. and Hippocrates himselfe teaches that men have most grie∣vous sicknesses and hard to cure a••iseing from the marrow of their Back: for a fluxion thereinto causes a consumption, and its drying up and withering is a greivous disease, and a Man dies if the marrow of his Back be wounded. In a word, Hippocrates in the 2^d of his Predictions saies that if the spinall marrow be diseased, either by rea∣son of a fall or upon any other occasion, or its owne accord, the Patient becomes both ••ame in his Thighs, so that he feels not when he is touched; and also in his Belly

and bladder impotent, so that at first he voids neither Urine nor dung, save upon meer necessity▪ but when the disease growes older, both dung and Urine come away of themselves, without any forcing of the Patient, and a short while after he dies the death.

From a flux into the Back-marrow an hidden and undiscernable Consumption arises: but when it flows back into the Vertebra's and the flesh, a Dropsie is ingen∣dred; so saies Hippocrates in his Book de Locis in Homine. How the consump∣tion of the Back proceeds from the Marrow, the same Hippocrates does accurately teach us in his •• Book De Morbis.* 1.153

Before we declare the Diseases of the Ossea ••istula, I must shew you the natural figure of the spina or Back bone; which is Ithuscolios streight bow'd through the whole length of it: but in the Neck and Loyns it is Ithu-lordos streight bowed inward, in the back it i▪ Ithu-cuphis streight bowed outward, and therefore it is easie* 1.154 to declare the disea••s which viciate the Backbone, such as are Lordosis, Cuphosis, Sco∣liosis, and, Seisis.

Lordosis, is a disease of the Backbone, when the vertebras thereof, are out of their* 1.155 place, and turned inward or forward.

Cuphosis, is a disease of the Backbone, when its Vertebra's are dispointed and* 1.156 turned outwards or backwards.

Lordosis happens in the Back, as Cuphosis in the Neck and Loins.

Scoliosis is a crooking or wreathing the Backbone to one side.* 1.157

Scisis is such a Commotion of the Vertebra's of the Backbone, as that they re∣maine indeed in their places, but so as their frame and fashion is disordered.* 1.158

Scoliosis is the Inclination of the Back-bone to one side or another, when we goe, depends upon some fault in the twelft Vertebra of the Back, where the motion of the* 1.159 Back-bone, is performed.

This Vertebra is received by its Neighbours above and beneath, and does not re∣ceive, as all other Vertebra's doe beside.

For it is Joynted not by way of Gynglimus but by way of Arthrodia; and therefore if its Apophyses either upper or nether shal be depressed; it cannot sustaine the ••ru••ke of the body bolt upright in motion, but it must of necessity leane to one side or another: and this fault comes to People when they are Childr•…•… be∣ing brought into the world with them, or caused by ill carrying, or b•…•… of the softnes of those Vertebra's while the Child is forced to use its Legs, ••••oner than is fitting.

I have shewed another Cause of halting according to Galens doctrine in my Chapter of the Thighs. Those two Causes of halting are irreparable and incurable. The Luxation of the second Vertebra of the Neck, causes a squinzie, which in few hours does choak the Patient, becaus it cannot be restored into its place.

The diseases of Os sacrum are of great Moment, whether they be tumors or ulcers, by reason of its natural constitution, the whole Bone being in a manner spungie, ••i∣stulous, and perforated within and without: and therefore when this Bone is Dis∣eased, ••he Patien is in danger of his Life, as Hippocrates observes in his Book de Glandulis.

In his third book De Fracturis he gives us to understand, that the Os sacrum be∣ing exulcerated, is not cured without very great difficulty, which Galen also con∣•…•…s in his Comments. Langius in his Epistles, relates, that he saw two gallant Gentlemen worne away with incredible raging pain, their Os sacrum being putrifi∣ed: so that in conclusion they consumed away and dyed.

Chap. 16. Of the Scapula.

Having diligently Viewed the trunk of the Body, you shal proceed unto the* 1.160 Limbs▪ and you must principally observe the Articulation of the * 1.161 Scapula or Shoulder-blade with the b 1.162 Arme, which is made by the way of Arthrodia, by the

coming between a most thick and nervous Ligament, which does round about em∣brace the whol Joynt.

Also four muscles viz: the c 1.163 Supraspinatus, d 1.164 infraspinatus the e 1.165 Rotundus minor,* 1.166 and f 1.167 Subscapularis, doe with their broad tendons incompass the said joynt.

The Cavity of the g 1.168 Head Omucopole, being not sufficiently proportioned to re∣ceive* 1.169 the Shoulder: which was so contrived to make the motion more easie and free, but it is augmented with a Gristle which crowns the Lips of its Cavity.

Then you shal discover under the h 1.170 Deltoides a broad and remarkable Ligament,* 1.171 which reaches from the Shoulder-tip as far as to the Coracoides Apophysis, that it may hold in the Arme aloft, to prevent Luxation upwards.

Afterwards you shal observe the extremity of the * 1.172 Clavicula articulated with* 1.173 the Shoulder-tip or Acromium, which is therefore termed Catapleis, although Ga∣len in the 12. Chapter of his Book of the dissection of Muscles, does call the first up∣per Rib by that name, because its placed beneath the Clavis. Ruffus Ephesius cals the Acromium, the coupling▪band of the Clavis and Scapula: but Eudemus saies that it is a very little Bone, which in children is a most exact gristle, which though in process of time it degenerate into a Bone, yet until they be 18. years old, it retains much of the substance of a gristle contrary to the nature of al the other bones. Some whiles it grows so highly together with the spine of the Scapula, that in a per∣son of middle age wrastling or exerci••eing▪ it may easily be seperated, which hap∣pened to Galen, as himself tels us in his first Book de Articulis.

The like accident he observed in another, as he relates in Comment. ad Part. 1. Sect. 1. de Officina. Hippocrtes himself takes notice of the Luxation of this Bone, in his Articulis: where he saies that the Acromium or shoulder-point is of a diffe∣rent nature in mankind, from that which it is in other Creatures.

Upon the Neck of the scapula rests an ^a Apophysis which in children is an Epi∣physis:* 1.174 from the likeness to a Crowes bil or an ancher, it is termed coracoides and ancuroides. It prohibits the shoulder from slipping out on that side, according to Galen in Com. in part 1. Sect. de Art; and therefore it was framed for the se∣curity and strength of the Articulation.

For when the Actions of the Hand and arme are forwards, the shoulder would easily be unjointed, unless it were retained by the coracoides: and therefore the laxation of the shoulder is seldome towards the fore part; Hippocrates did observe it once, and Galen saw it five times at Roome, as himself relates in his comment: ad Part. 4. Lib. 7. de Articulis.

Now the pars of the Scapula he thus distinguished: as much of the whol Com∣missure* 1.175 or Joynting, as is subiect to the sight he caled Omos; & that part which is un∣der the knitting of the shoulder, he called Epome, which we terme Acromion: and that broad part of the Scapula which is scituate behind, and is covered with muscles, is by Galen termed Omoplatae.

From this place we may gather & fish out the Interpretation of an obscure passage in Cornelius Celsus, in his eighth Book Againe from the Neck two broad bones on ei∣ther hand doe goe vnto the Scapulae, our Countrymen call them Scoptula operta, the Greeks terme them omoplatas, Celsus cals them Scopula operta, because they stick out* 1.176 like boughs of Trees, and are scituate in the upper part of the Chest. For the tops of Mountains were by the ancient Latins termed Scopula, which Tertullian in his Book de Pallio, cals Montium Scapulas. Also the smal branches of trees were called Scopi, hence the phrase Vvarum scopi vine branches used by Varro in his first Book de Re Rustica. Cato speaks of Scopulae myrti Myrtle branches.

It is worth observation which Women by long experience have learned viz. that* 1.177 broad shoulderd Men doe for the most part beget great Children, because they are very hot hearted. And Galen sais in his Arsparva, that by how much the Heart is hotter,

by so much the Chest is larger. And therefore Forestus his wives Mother, would not marry her daughters to broad brested and broad shouldered Men: for she was afraid least they should die in their travil by reason of the largness of their Chil∣dren, which Forestus saies he had often seen come to pass in the 70 Observation of his 28. Booke.

The Cause of this is as hard to assigne as of another inconvenience, with which* 1.178 the young maides of France, especially the Gentry are infested: Whose right shoul∣der is frequently higher and fuller than their left: so that among an hundred virgins you shal hardly find ten that have wel proportioned shoulders.

Whether it is caused by the more frequent and stronger motion of the right arme, whereby the shoulder blade in widened, and raised up, by meanes of the interjacent muscles lifting themselves up. Ad thereunto that in persons that are growen up; their right shoulder is more heavy than there left, if we beleeve Amatus Lusitanus in the last Cure of his 4 Centure.

Why is the right Hand stronger than the left? and why are there so few Ambo∣dexters* 1.179 that can use both hands alike? Is it because the Lungs and Liver doe incline more to the right side than to the left? Or is it because Nurses when they teach chil∣dren to go, do draw them on by their right hand.

Is it because Mothers would maketheire daughters low shoulderd while they study to make them smal and waspe-wasted? For as Terence long since said, if a Girle have a good habit of Body and burnish a little, they say she is a champion or wrastler, and therefore they pinch their bellies and withdraw their food, and though naturally of good constitutions, they never leave tampering til they make them like Bull-rushes; mere waspe-wasted Rush-Candles. Which is done, not without manifest detriment to their Health; whiles by the overgreat pinching in of the lower part of their Chest, the upper parts thereof are inlarged, whence pro∣ceedes that same sticking out of their shoulders, or from contorsion of the Back-Bone, its natural shape is vitiated and depraved.

Chap. 17. Of the Humerus, Cubitus and Radius.

In all shoulders about the middle and inward part towards the Ribs, there is a* 1.180 manifest open hole tending downwards, and evidently percing into the substance of the Bone, through the which a remarkable veine does insinuate it selfe into the Cavity of the Bone, that it may nourish the inner Marrow; whence it comes to pass, that the whole marrow of this Bone appeares bloody when the Bone is broake.

The Articulation of the a 1.181 Brachium with the b 1.182 Cubit, is fastned and incom∣passed* 1.183 with a membranous and nervie Ligament.

The c 1.184 Radius is adjoined to the Cubit, that it might direct the oblique motions of* 1.185 the Arme, which are performed downwards and upwards, which motions, haveing taken away the Muscles, you may observe, by turnning the Radius to and fro back∣wards and forwards.

The d 1.186 Cubitus and the e 1.187 Radius, do in the middle way part one from another,* 1.188 that the Radius in a semicircular motion, might be more freely moved, and that a larger seat might be afforded for the muscles, which in that part are many.

Between this space there is interposed a membranousa 1.189 Ligament, by helpe of* 1.190 which the Cubitus and Radius are more nearely and straitly combined, and the interior muscles are separated from the external. It helpes also the equality of their motion, that both might be bent, or stretched outright at one and the same time.

These two Bones, are in their extremities fastened together, by a very different* 1.191 joint; above, the Cubitus receives the Radius, but beneath, the Cubitus is recei∣ved

by the Radius, the Bulke and thickness of the substance being changed. For the Radius is at the wrist thicker, that receiveing the greater part of the wrist, it might more conveniently move the same by an oblique motion. But the Cubitus at the Brachium is broader, because that bone alone is articulated with the brachium; the Articulation of the Radius with the knob of the Brachium, is thin.

Lastly you shal observe, whether or no the styloidesb 1.192 apophysis of the Cubit do touch the wrist, being fastened thereunto by way of a joint. Hippocrates observed the external part of the Cubit to be dislocated, in Lib de Artick. Which kind of Luxation Dalechampius observed, as himself avers in his Comments upon the Sur∣gery of Paulus Aegineta.

They who deny that the Cubit in a Man does touch the wrist, do alleage that there comes between them a thick and moveable Gristle, which fills that space; and in very deed that same Cartilage or Gristle, seemes to be adjoyned by way of a supplement.

Chap 18. Of the Wrist.

Thec 1.193 wrist and d 1.194 Radius, are joyned one to another by a nervous▪ Ligament, which infolds the Articulation.

Moreover another ^e Nervous ligament, is observed, being shap'd like a Ring, which compasses the wrist round about, which conteines within it the tendons which are carried through the cavity of the wrist, and which lie upon the back of the wrist, saveing some particular ones: howbeit on the outside it seems smal.

The Wrista 1.195 bones are eight, disposed into two orders or rankes.* 1.196

The first order consists of three bones.

The second is made up of foure bones. The fourth bone is over and above, out of ranke and order; but we may with Sylvius refer it to the first order, Seeing it rests upon the third bone of the first order. Howbeit Vesalius accounts it a sesa∣moidean bone, because in this place it fills an empty space. But how can it have the use of sesamoidean, seeing it is not interposed between Bone and Bone? It hangs over another, that it might forme that cavity, which is in the inner part of the wrist, and to this bone the Muscle Cubiteus flex or carpi does adhere.

The three wristbones of the first order, being joyned together, do make a cavi∣ty,* 1.197 which receives two Bones of the second order, which being joyned one with an∣other, do make the joints Head: whence you may know that the first order is ob∣scurely moved with the second, and that ^c the articulation is by way of Arthrodia, and in a dead body, having taken away the tendons, you may discover this mo∣tion.

The rest of the wrist bones, being articulated with the Metacarpium, do cause no motion at al, or a very obscure one. It is very rare to find nine bones, in the wrist; howbeit some have found so many.

Chap. 19. Of the Metacarpium, Fingers and Sesamoidean Bones.

After the wrist followes the b 1.198 Metacarpium which is framed of five bones, if we beleive ••elsus and Rufftus, whom Plinie does favour, when he attributes only two joints unto the thumb; Lib. 11. Cap. 43.

Galen does better, who separates the first bone of thea 1.199 Thumbe. from the Me∣tacarpium,* 1.200 because it is joined to the wrist by an Arthrodial diarthrosis, with evi∣dent

motion. But the bones of the metacarpium are articulated to the wrist by way of synarthrosis, without motion. Ad hereunto, that this bone is shorter than the bones of Metacarpium, is not conterminous to them; has a contrary situation and a different motion.

For the Thumb is termed pollex a pollendo, because it alone is equivalent to the* 1.201 other four fingers. That it might be strong and substantial, it was requisite that it should have three bones; & that it might performe manifest and strong motions, it has peculiar muscles and they are affixed unto the first Bone. When the Atheni∣ans would render the Aeginetae, their emulators, wholy unfit for warfare and Naviga∣tion, they cut their Thumbs of. And we cal such as are casheired for their cowar∣dize Polletrunci, thumb-les companions. They were by the antients in way of merriment termed Murci.

The Metacarpium therefore is compounded, only of four bones, two of which are immoveable, the other two which are under the ring finger, are manifestly moved.

In that same space where the Thumb is joyned to the Brachialis, there is a cer∣taine cavity, in which the Arabian Cautery was usually celebrated, which is largely and elegantly described by Gesnerus in his Appendix to the Art of Chirurgery.

And it is no wonder if some at this day undertake to cure the venereal pox, by ap∣plying mercurial water to this part, which ea••es, through the skin, and pe••ces so deep as to flux the patient.

In the hollw of the hand, a transverse ligament is observed, which connects the* 1.202 row of fingers to the bones of the Metacarpium.

Within the palme of the Hand you shal find divers Sinewy-Ligaments.

There are a few sesamoidean bones found in the Inside of the Hand▪ There are none in the outside. They are found hidden among the first jointings of the fingers.

The Thumb in its second and third joint has some sesamoidean bones; in the first joint it has none.

Now to find the sesamoidean Bones either in the hand or foot, you shal this do.* 1.203 You shal so cut out the tendons that stretch out the fingers, that you be careful not to take away the cartilages of the joints which are under them, which may seeme to be the sesamoidean bones.

Under these tendons, most frequently in the hand, especially in hard bodies, you shal perceive a certaine hardness sometimes gristlie, sometimes bony. Then you shal cut crosswise the Ligaments of al the joints, until you make them appeare, their inside in the hand, their outside in the foote; in which side, you shal find the sesamoidean bones; haveing first cut asunder the ligaments wherewith they are infolded, or drawing them a little back, upwards towards the roots of the fin∣gers.

Chap. 20. Of the Os a 1.204 Ilium and b 1.205 Thigh-bone.

From the Armes you shal proceed unto the Inferior Limbs.* 1.206

Between the Os sacrum and the Tuberous bunching out of the Ischium, there intercedes a Great and strong Ligament.

Beneath the seame or growing together of the share-bone there is another Liga∣ment stretched out.

And a c 1.207 circular Ligament comprehends the Articulation of the Thigh with the socket of Os Ischij, which being cut away, another ^d Ligament somwhat long and bloody appeares.

The said bloodyness is caused by reason of Certaine little veines which creepe

through the Acetabulum of the Huckle-bone.

That same Ligament which is brought out of the top of the thigh-bone, is fasten∣ed and strongly driven into a cleft which is in the foreside of the Acetabulum: which being relaxed, and drawn from its place, there fals out such an halting as is in∣curable: in which the Thigh, though perfectly put in Joint, will still stip out a∣gain.

That same tabes Coxaria, P••••isis ischiadica, mentioned by Hippocrates in his* 1.208 Book De morbo Sacro, and elswhere, it is worth youre observation: when by rea∣son of an Impostume or a fluxion into the Hip-bones Cavity of Acetabulum, the Ligaments cotrupt and putrify, and the Hip grows lank and leane. It was an inge∣nious observation of Hippocrates: all Bones vitiated, cease to grow; if the part containing be corrupted, it infects the part contained. wherefore if the Huckle∣bone be corrupted, the Thigh-bone cannot remain untainted; which disease I have often observed.

The oval hole of the a 1.209 Huckle-bone called thuroides, from its resemblance of a* 1.210 door, is ascribed unto the share. It was contrived for lightnes sake, and is exactly covered with an hard membrane, which does sever the Musculos obturatores, which rest on either side thereupon.

That is false which Aristotle has written in his fourth Book of the Live-wights Chap. 10. that no four footed Beast has Huckle-Bones.* 1.211

In the Thigh-bone you shall observe the b 1.212 shape thereof, bunching out on the foreside, and saddle-fashiond behind, for the convenience of sitting and firme walk∣ing. Which figure Hippocrates observs in his Book of fractures, and advises when this bone is broken, that care be taken to preserve the same.

For such whose Thigh-bone is streighter than it ought to be, are crook-legd, and are same in their knee; and they cannot stand nor goe, with-out trembling.

But they whose thigh-bones are very crooked, they stand more firmly either on one Leg or on both, than they who have streight thigh-bones.

The Neck of the Thigh-bone, is somwhat long-fashioned and oblique, that it* 1.213 may pass along the tendon of the Rotator Infernus. But Galen supposes it was made for that end, viz. to leave space for muscles, which were to be placed in the lower part, and for great Veins, Arteries, nervs and kernels, which are quartered neare the divisions of the Vessels.

They whose Thigh-bone is shorter-necked than ordinary, have their groins narrow and compressed, and when they walk are constrained to halt on one side, and are termed Vatii. so sais Galen in his third Book de Ʋsu Partium.

For the Thigh-bone does contribute much to the rectitude and stability of the Body, by that same oblique Longitude of its Neck; whence the cause may be given why men naturally halt to the one side or the other, or to both sides, their Feet and Legs being of equal length; which no man yet assigned, nor observed.

The lower end of the Thigh-bone Joind to the Leg is termed the Knee, which is* 1.214 fastned by a two-fold ligament. One of them is ^b circular, and compasses both the Bones round about.

The other being ^c placed between the two bones, is somwhat Long-fashioned and bloodyish, through neighbourhood of such veins, as descend through the Ham into the Leg: it arises, from the middle-space of the knobs of the Thigh-bone, and is in∣serted into the middle Eminency of the Knobs of the shank. Sick people often speak of this Ligament when they talk of a burning heat in their Knees.

Upon the Knobs of the shank-bone two semicircular Gristles are fastened, which hold the same Knobs more stable, that they may not swerve, in violent motions and contorsions of the thigh. See Galen touching the of the shank-bone, in its Articulation with the Thigh-bone. Lib. 2. de fracturis.

That Part which is opposite to the knee behind, is termed Poples the Ham, being* 1.215 empty and void. The Uessells which pass that way being removed, an empty space is observed, interposed between the two knobs, which Pliny seems to have under∣stood

in the 45. Chapt. of the. 11. Book of his Natural History. In the knee it self, the conjunction of both, as well the right as the left, is on the foreside double (it should be on the hinder side) there is a certain emptiness like cheeks, which being perced, the spirit fl••es out as from a Cut Throat.

Wherefore I have alwaies observed the wounds of the Ham to be deadly, not on∣ly* 1.216 for the dissipation of the spirit, but also by reason of cutting assunder such re∣markable vessels, viz. Veines, Atteries and nerves, which creepe through that hinder part of the thigh, which being cut, inevitable death follows.

The society and sympathy between the knees and Cheeks is wonderful, which is* 1.217 described by the Author of that Book De Ordine Membrorum, which is fal••ely ascribed to Galen: How that the knees being affected and afflicted, the eyes con∣dole and weepe, by reason of that old acquaintance of the knees and eyes, or Eye lids in the womb, where the child touches its Eyes and Sustaines them with its knees.

Chap. 21. Of the Patella.

Upon the Articulation of the thigh and leg a smal bone is placed, which they* 1.218 call a 1.219 Mola or Patella, the whirle bone of the Knee.

It growes unto the knee, not fastened by any Ligaments: but only being a 1.220 glewed to the tendons of the muscles of the shanke, it is so held close upon the knee.

If you take a diligent view, you shal observe a Ligament somewhat bloody, which* 1.221 does firmely knit and b••nd the Patella to the hard fat which is palced beneath.

The office of this bone, is to defend the joint to guard the bowing and bending of the Part, and to render the motion more facil: for it hinders the extension of the leg from passing out of a right line; and when we sit with our knees bent, it keepes the thigh from luxation forward. And because the whole Body incl••nes forward, it hinders us from falling when we go downe a steepe Hil.

This Galen found by experience, in a certaine young man that was a wrastler, in whom, as he was wrastling, the Patella was disjointed, and did a••c••nd towards the thighbone, whereupon two inconveniences followed, viz. a dangerous bending in his knee, and a trouble in going down Hil: and therefore he could not go down hil without a staf. Paraeus observes in the 22. Chapter of his 14 Book, that he never saw anie that had the Patella broken, but they halted. I have seen such whose Pa∣tella was luxated and drawn upwards, who could not so easily go up hil and down∣hill as formerly.

Notwithstanding Vesalius in his Surgery denies that the Patella confers any thing* 1.222 to the firmnes of the joint, and that a man does halt, when it is broken or taken out, as he avers he had found by many examples, only he saies it is placed upon the knee for to defend and secure the joint.

And he goes not much from the same opinion in his Anatomy, where he saies it performes the same office in the knee, which the Sesemoidean bones do in other joints.

Hippocrates in his book de locis in Homine, assignes another use of this Bone, name∣ly to prohibit moisture from descending out of the flesh into such a loose joint as the knee is.

Seeing there••ore the Necessity of the Patella is so graeat, I conceive it is but a fable which is reported of the Thebans, who, that they might be able to run more swiftly, took certaine Bones out of their knees.

Yet there have bin found about Nova Zembla certaine Pigmies or little Men, who could bend their knees backward and forward, and were so swift of foot that

none could overtake them, if we give credit to the relations of seafaring Men.

Chap. 22. Of the Tibia and Fibula.

The Tibia has two Bones, the one a 1.223 larger and more inward, which ••ea••••s the* 1.224 name of the whole; the other is smaller and more external, called b 1.225 Fibula. But Perone (which is rendred fibula) does signifie two things in Hippocrates, the whole Fibula, and appendix of that bone, as Galen expounds it, in his Interpretation of the words of Hippocrates.

It is termed Perone from peiro, which signifies to boare or thrust through. Tis called Fibula in Latine from the Greek word phible, which signifies smal and lank; howbeit in Latine writers of Architecture, certaine beames or joices of wood placed to give strength to other parts of the building, are termed Fibule. For this Bone fibula does sustaine the outer knob of the shanke-bone unto which it is ••ixed, be∣cause the weight of the Thigh and of the whole Body, does most of all beare upon that part.

The lower ends of the Tibia and Fibula are termed c 1.226 Malleoli Ankle-bones, both* 1.227 being fastened together by a a strong circular Ligament, through which the ten∣dons of the Muscles are drawn, as was said of the wrists.

Chap. 23. Of the Foot.

The Articulation of thea 1.228 Astragalus with theb 1.229 Scaphoides is very close, so that it seems altogether immoveable, so that any man would thinke, that the foot is not moved laterally by that Articulation.

Two Sesamoidean Bones are fastened behind the great toe, that they might give* 1.230 a secure passage to the tendon of that Muscle which bends the Great toe.

In the Sole of the foot, you shal find very many Ligaments, by which the Bones are straitly united, that the foot might become hollow. You shal therefore ob∣serve t••e Transverse Ligament, which binds up the Bones of the Metatarsus, with the first ranke of Toe-joints, like that which we find in the Hand.

Chap. 24. The number of Bones for a Sceleton.

Two hundred thirty and two Bones are required to make a sceleton, fifteen being taken from the number, two hundred forty seven. Because the brestbone is reck∣oned but for one, as also the Os sacrum and the Cocyx or Crupper bone, because in the boiling and clenseing of the Bones, they do not separate Neither wil the d 1.231 Coccyx, e 1.232 Larynx, f 1.233 Hyoides, nor g 1.234 Sternum endure boileing.

I omit the sixe little Eare-bones, the Os hyoides and the Larynx, because they are not joined by way of Articulation with other bones.* 1.235 * 1.236

Chap. 25. Of Breaking the Bones.

When you are sufficiently instructed in the number of the Bones, you shal break in peices every particular bone, that you may enquire into the inner structure thereof.

The profit of this knowledge is evident in fractures. For hereby may be col∣lected in how long time a broken Bone may be soddered together again. Hippocra∣tes writes in his Book de Alimentis: that the nourishment of a Bone may be known by the breaking thereof. The Nose bone requirs ten daies to grow together, the Jaw-bones and the claviculae and ribs twenty; the Cubit requirs thirty, the Tibia and Brachium forty, and the thigh-bone fifty, little more or less as occasien servs.

Inasmuch therefore as the Quantity of a Bones norishment, and the space of time requisite thereunto, does alwaies hold proportion to the Bones thicknes: to that if the Nose-bone, that is to say the Bone of the upper Cheek which reaches to the Nose, doe require ten degrees of nutriment: the nutriment of the other Jaw-bone of the Ribs and Jugular, which are twice as thick as the Nose-bone, must be double in proportion to the nutriment of the other, and will require twice as long time to grow together which is known by their breaking, or by the Cu••e of their respective fractures.

And therefore by how much thicker the Bones are, by so much the more norish∣ment, and the longer time they require to be soddered together; to that suppose the Nose-bone require ten parts of nutriment, and the Nose being broken shall need ten daies time to grow together: the Aliment of the ribs, Jawbone and Jugular, (which are twice as thick) must be double in quantity, and they shall require tw••ce the time (being broken) ere they can grow together again.

And the Cubit-bone, because it is thrice as thick as the Nose-bone, therefore it will need thrice as much nutriment, and thrice as long time to grow together.

The Tibia and Brachium because they are four times as thick as the Nose-bone, will require four times as much nutriment and four times longer space to grow to∣gether.

Finally, the Thigh-bone being five times as thick, will require five times as much nutriment, and five times as much space to grow together, after they have bin bro∣ken.

Celsus writes in his seventh Book, out of Hippocrates, that between the four∣teenth and twentieth day the a 1.237 jaw-bone, b 1.238 Cheek-bones, the c 1.239 Jugular, d 1.240 Brest bone the e 1.241 Shoulder blades, the f 1.242 Ribs, the g 1.243 Back-bone, the h 1.244 Hip-bones, i 1.245 the ankle∣bones, the k 1.246 Heel-bones, the l 1.247 Hand, and the m 1.248 Foot-••ole are healed. between the twentieth and thirtieth daies the n 1.249 Thighes and o 1.250 Arms: between the seaventh and twentieth and fortieth the p 1.251 Arm-bones and q 1.252 Thigh-bones are healed. the sence of which place cannot be understood, but by consideration of the threefold ca∣vity and marrow of the Bones.* 1.253

For I find a threefold marrow contained in the Bones in three different Cavities. The marrow of the greater bones as of the Arme and Thigh, is reddish: the mar∣row of the middle••••z'd bones which are hollow in some good measure, is white. The rest of the bones being of a spungy substance, or full of little Cavities, are reple∣nished with marrowy Juice, but not with red marrow.

Howbeit the inferior jaw-bone is hollowed in the base, and in the Chin it is of a stony ha••dness, it conteins red marrow, which does not fluctuate from one end of the Iaw-bone to the other, because of the hardness and solididity of the jaw-bone in the Chin. Whence it is easie to be demonst••ated that the Maxilla is a double bone.

The Clavicula, which Galen writes is fistulous, we find to be every where of a spungy substance. The R••bs, the Vertebrae, the shoulder-blades, the Hip-bones, the Tarsian and Metatarsian bones, also the wrist and afterwrist-bones, are spungy and like Pu••ice-stones. The bones of the fingers are hollow and contain a whitish marrow. In the Feet, only the great Toe is fistulous or hollow-bon'd.

Chap. 26. The Collection and ordering of Bones for a Sceleton.

But if you are not minded to breake the bones, but desire to preserve and pre∣pare* 1.254 them for a sceleton. You shal observe that there are two things required there∣unto; first the purifieing and clensing of the bones, secondly their apt uniting and fastening together, which may be termed Sceleto-paeia.* 1.255

As for what concerns the clensing of Bones, Scaliger in his Exercitations observes, that the stone termed Sarcophagus does in a short space eat off and consume the flesh from the Bones. And so the bones remaine bare and naked.

Pausanias in Eliacis relates that the Divel Eurynymus eates off the flesh of dead People, so as nothing but the bones remaine.

The Jewes imagine that there is an internal Divel named Azazel; who in Levi∣ticus is named Princeps desertorum, and eates and devoures the flesh of the dead, leaveing only the bones behind.

But we are not wont to use the stone sarcophagus, because we have it not; neither are we acquainted with its operations. Neither do we use the assistance of the Divel Eurynomus, because we defie and execrate those wicked spirits.

Wherefore haveing cut the Bones one from another and taken their flesh off, you shal cast them into a large Kettle or Caldron, except the Brest-bone, the Hyoides, and Coccyx. Then fil the Caldron with scalding water, so as to cover all the Bones and set them on the fire and boile them foure or five houres.

You shal be careful while they are boiling that no bone stick out, so as to be fainted by the smoak.

Also you shal ever and anon take off the scum and fat which swims aloft, that the Bones may be the more neat and cleane.

Which that it may be more effectually performed, you shal perce the larger bones that are ful of Marrow, in the Head with an Awle that all the superfluous marrow may flow and soake out.

You may throw away the first water and boile them in a second, that all the mar∣row may be drawn forth.

Then take them out while the water is hot (for if it be cold they wil be greasie) and scrape and clense them with a smal knife.

Some, while they are boyling, throw in a pound of Lime or Chalke, to make them the whiter, but this eates off the Epiphysies and the Gristles which do crust the extremities of the Bones; which you must take heed you pul not away, when you scrape the Bones.

Then you shal put the Bones againe into most pure water boiling hot, and boile them for an houre, that all the marrow and fat may be separate and exhausted. After that cast them into cold water, and take them out and wipe and rub them wel with course linnen cloaths.

When the Bones are thus prepared, many lay them two or three moneths in the open aire to bleach and grow white. Others put them into a wooden case, bored ful of holes and hang them in a running brooke, or in the streames of a swift River, that the rubbing of the streame may whiten them.

I had rather lay them under the falling of a Mil-stream for the space of ten or twelve daies.

Bellonius in his Book de Admirandis, relates that he saw in the shoare of Bononia in Picardy, an inumerable company of exceeding white bones of Bodies which had been drownd and cast out upon the shore haveing been buried in the Sea sand. He saw the like by the Red-sea, so that the bones so prepared, and sticking and growing together by their nerves and Ligaments, are exceeding neate, and cleane and whiter then Snow. Such as were those two Sceletons which Galen had to serve him in Anatomy. Bellonius observes in the same place, that dead bodies are pre∣served

from corruption if they be anointed with the Balme that drops out of Cedar trees; also that bones moistened with the same juice remaine uncorrupted.

The Bones accurately clensed and dried, you shal preserve in a Chest, or you may fasten them together with brass-wire, and so keep them standing in a Case. It is needful that you have bones both waies, viz. single and united. And the truth is, as Vesalius has rightly observed, the Bones united serve more for ostentation than In∣struction.

Moreover by long boileing, first in water, and then in oile, al the Bones of the* 1.256 Head and of the upper jawbone are easily separated, as I have often observed: and by this meanes you may have them severed one from another, that you may view and measure the size and dimentions of every one. The manner of fastening the bones together, depends either upon the Industry of the Artist; or it is done by imitation of another Sceleton neatly composed. You may read more of this sub∣ject in Vesalius and Columbus. Also Carolus Stephanus, has noted some things upon those Authors, worthy of Consideration.

FINIS.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The Method.
• * 1.2

  Why we treat of the Bones in the last place?
• * 1.3

  The Doctrine of Bones de∣monstrated in a dead body, is better, & more necessary.
• * 1.4

  For the per∣fect knowledg of Mans Body.
• * 1.5

  And
• * 1.6

  For the Pra∣ctice of Physick
• * 1.7

  Than the Vulgar.
• * 1.8

  Where not∣withstanding we ought to begin.
• * 1.9

  The Natural Constitution of a Bone in what it cosists?
• * 1.10

  In what the preternatural.
• * 1.11

  The remote matter that nourishes the Bones.
• * 1.12

  The immedi∣ate matter.
• * 1.13

  Whether the Bones have Veines?
• * 1.14

  Whether they have Arteries?
• * 1.15

  Or Nerves?
• * 1.16

  •• Threefold Marrow of the Bones.
• * 1.17

  Whether the Marrow of the Bones be com∣past with a Membrane.
• * 1.18

  To the Arti∣culation of the Bones there concurs. an Head.
• a 1.19

  T. 21. f 1. d d. f 4. a. □
• b 1.20

  T 21. f 1. & 2. I I. □
• * 1.21

  A cavity
• a 1.22

  T 21. f 4. B. □
• b 1.23

  T 21. f 4 F. □
• * 1.24

  A Gristle.
• * 1.25

  A flegmatick Humor.
• * 1.26

  A Ligament.
• c 1.27

  T 21. f 7. a a. □
• d 1.28

  T 21. f 8. a □
• e 1.29

  T 21. f 5. A. □
• f 1.30

  T 21. f 5. B. □
• g 1.31

  T 21. f 5. E E E. □
• * 1.32

  Why the bones are articulated.
• * 1.33

  Two-fold con∣junction of bones. What a joyne is▪ Sorts of joynts.
• * 1.34

  Particulars of ea•••• sort.
• * 1.35

  Examples of the sorts.
• a 1.36

  T. 10. f. 2. 1. 2. 3. &c. □
• b 1.37

  f. 2. A A. □
• c 1.38

  T. 21. f. 1. & 2. F. □
• d 1.39

  f. 1. H H. f. 2. G. □
• e 1.40

  f. 5. A. □
• f 1.41

  f. 5. C. □
• g 1.42

  T. 10. f. 3. □
• h 1.43

  T. 15. f. 1. a a. &c. □
• i 1.44

  T. 8. f. 4. D. □
• k 1.45

  T. 10. f. 2. A A. □
• * 1.46

  Symphysis, what it is? Its Differen∣ces.
• * 1.47

  Its differen∣ces exempli••ied
• * 1.48

  General dis∣eases of the Bones-Caries
• * 1.49

  Exostosis.
• * 1.50

  Kedmata.
• * 1.51

  Hydarthrosis.
• * 1.52

  Fracture.
• * 1.53

  Its kinds.
• * 1.54

  Luxation.
• * 1.55

  Its sorts,
• * 1.56

  Causes,
• * 1.57

  Anchylosis.
• * 1.58

  Things to be observed prin∣cipally.
• * 1.59

  Two-fold plate.
• * 1.60

  Intermediate space▪
• * 1.61

  Why the Skull is double?
• * 1.62

  Proud flesh in Head-wounds, whence it▪ pro∣ceeds?
• * 1.63

  The space be∣tween the skul∣plates, how called.
• * 1.64

  The use there∣of.
• * 1.65

  Why there are two plates.
• a 1.66

  T 15. f 3. a a. b b▪ f 4 b b. &c.
• * 1.67

  The Sutures.
• * 1.68

  Whether an Issue may be made in the Crown of the Head?
• * 1.69

  Whether Black∣meers have Su∣tures in their Skuls?
• * 1.70

  Cavities of the Head.
• * 1.71

  Whether flegm may be collect∣ed within the Cavity of the Sphenoides.
• * 1.72

  The use of the sinus Sphe∣noides.
• * 1.73

  By what waies the flegm of the nose passes?
• * 1.74

  The passages from the No∣strils to the Pa∣late.
• a 1.75

  T. 15. f. 6. 1.
• * 1.76

  From the Eare to the Palate.
• * 1.77

  Primary diso∣ases of the Sćul. Tumors
• * 1.78

  Fracture
• * 1.79

  Kinds of fra∣ctures.
• * 1.80

  Caries Exostosis
• a 1.81

  T. 15. f. 3. L. □
• * 1.82

  Its substance. Articulation.
• * 1.83

  Channell.
• * 1.84

  The way to shew the vessel appertaining unto the Teeth
• a 1.85

  T. 15. f. 6. n n. □
• b 1.86

  T. 15. f. 6. m. □
• c 1.87

  T. 15. f. 6. o o. □
• * 1.88

  What must be observed in a Tooth that is drawn out?
• a 1.89

  T 15. f 11, 12, 13. □
• * 1.90

  The Situation of the Os Hyo∣ides.
• * 1.91

  Its structure. Its fastening.
• b 1.92

  T 13. f 11, & 12. A A. □
• c 1.93

  T 13. f 11, & 12. B B. □
• * 1.94

  Why it has many Liga∣ments?
• * 1.95

  Which Verte∣bra the Head is moved upon.
• * 1.96

  The Ligaments of the Head.
• * 1.97

  Three Cavities of the Ears.
• a 1.98

  T 20. f 7. B. &c. □
• b 1.99

  f 9. B B. □
• c 1.100

  f 9. A A. □
• d 1.101

  f 4, 5. B. □
• * 1.102

  Why the Drum is placed ob∣liquely.
• e 1.103

  T 8. f 6, 7, 8, &c. □
• * 1.104

  The Parts of the Concha.
• * 1.105

  The way to shew the parts of the Ear.
• * 1.106

  The Mallet, Anvil, and Stirrup.
• * 1.107

  ^f T 20. f 7. A. □
• * 1.108

  ^g f 7. B. □
• * 1.109

  ^h f. 7. C. □
• * 1.110

  The Muscles
• * 1.111

  the Ligaments.
• * 1.112

  The Drum∣••••ring.
• * 1.113

  The Gristle of the Clavi∣cula.
• * 1.114

  Its Ligament.
• c 1.115

  T 10. f 1. A A. T. 8. f. 2. A. □
• * 1.116

  ^a T 20. f 4, & 5. B. □
• * 1.117

  ^b T 21. f 1. B B. f 2. a. □
• * 1.118

  Of how many particular bones, the Brest-bone is made up.
• a 1.119

  T. 10. f. 2 A A. T. 8. f. 2. A. □
• * 1.120

  The Hole of the Brest bone.
• * 1.121

  The Natural shape of the Brest-Bone.
• a 1.122

  T. 8. f. 2. C C. □
• b 1.123

  T. 8. f. 2. B.
• * 1.124

  Of the Carti∣lago Xiphoides
• * 1.125

  Its Ʋse.
• * 1.126

  Its Hole.
• * 1.127

  Its crooking
• a 1.128

  T. 8. f. 2. 1. 2. 3. &c. □
• * 1.129

  Twofold sub¦stance of the Ribbs.
• b 1.130

  T. 8. f. 2. C C. □
• * 1.131

  The true Ribs
• d 1.132

  T. 8. f. 2. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
• * 1.133

  The Bastard Ribs.
• * 1.134

  ^c T. 8. f. 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. □
• * 1.135

  The shape of the Back-bone.
• * 1.136

  The Gristles of the Vertebras••
• * 1.137

  Their Mem∣branes.
• * 1.138

  A fable of the Cabalists tou∣ching a bone which they cal Luz.
• * 1.139

  The structure of the Loines
• * 1.140

  Crupper bone.
• * 1.141

  The way to dissect the ver∣••••a's of the Back.
• * 1.142

  The Naturall constitution of the spinal mar∣row.
• a 1.143

  T. 18. f. 5. A. □
• b 1.144

  T. 2. f. 2. a. &c. □
• c 1.145

  T. 18. f. 2. o. □
• d 1.146

  T. 24. f. 9. &c. 10▪ &c. □
• * 1.147

  Its Original.
• * 1.148

  Progress▪
• * 1.149

  How the ani∣mal spirit is carried through the Nerves?
• a 1.150

  T. 18. f. 1. D. I. K. &c.
• * 1.151

  How many Nerves proceed from the spinal marrow.
• * 1.152

  The Dignity of the spinal marrow.
• * 1.153

  The natural fi∣gure of the Back-bone.
• * 1.154

  •…•…asses of the Back-bone.
• * 1.155

  Lordosis.
• * 1.156

  Cuphosis
• * 1.157

  Scoliosis.
• * 1.158

  Scisis.
• * 1.159

  The cause of Scoliosis.
• * 1.160

  Its Articultion with the Bra∣chium.
• * 1.161

  T. 21. f. 1. A. □
• b 1.162

  T. 21. f. 1. C. □
• c 1.163

  T. 22. f. 3. A. □
• d 1.164

  T. 22. f. 3. B. □
• e 1.165

  T. 22. f. 1. & 3. C. □
• * 1.166

  Its Muscles.
• f 1.167

  T. 22. f. 1. D. □
• g 1.168

  T. 21. f. 2. c. □
• * 1.169

  Its Cavitie.
• h 1.170

  T. 22. f. 1. A. □
• * 1.171

  Its Ligament.
• * 1.172

  T. 21. f. 2. ^• □
• * 1.173

  Its ArtiCulati∣on with the Clavicula.
• * 1.174

  The use of the Apophysis cora∣coides.
• * 1.175

  The parts of Scaplua how named by Ga∣len.
• * 1.176

  By Celsus.
• * 1.177

  Whether broad shoulder'd Men beget large children.
• * 1.178

  Why french maidens have their right shoulder higher than the left?
• * 1.179

  Why so few that can use both hands a∣like?
• * 1.180

  The shoulder∣hole.
• a 1.181

  T. 21. f. 1. C. □
• b 1.182

  T. 21. f. 1. D. □
• * 1.183

  Its Ligament.
• c 1.184

  T. 21. f. 1. E. □
• * 1.185

  Why the Ra∣dius is joined to the Cubitus?
• d 1.186

  T. 21. f. 2. c. □
• e 1.187

  T. 21 f. 2. d. □
• * 1.188

  Why they part one from ano∣ther?
• a 1.189

  T. 22. f. 2. e e. □
• * 1.190

  Why a Liga∣ment is inter∣posed?
• * 1.191

  Their Arti∣culation with other Bones.
• b 1.192

  T. 21. f. 1. □
• c 1.193

  T 21. f. 1. F F. □
• d 1.194

  T. 21. f. 1 D. E. □
• a 1.195

  T. 21. f. 3. □
• * 1.196

  Number of the wrist bones.
• * 1.197

  Their Articu∣lation.
• b 1.198

  T. 21. f. 1. H H. f. 2. G.
• a 1.199

  T. 21. f. 1. G G. f. 2. H. □
• * 1.200

  Of how many Bones the Me∣tacarpium. consists?
• * 1.201

  The▪ Bones of the Thumb.
• * 1.202

  The Liga∣ments of the Hand. The Sesamoi∣dean Bones.
• * 1.203

  The way to find those Bones.
• a 1.204

  T. 2. f. 3. & 4. A. &c. T. 21. f. 2. A. □
• b 1.205

  T. 21. f. 1. K. f. 2. C. □.
• * 1.206

  Their Liga∣ments.
• c 1.207

  T. 21. f. 7. a a. □ T. 21. f. 7. b. □
• * 1.208

  Consumpti∣on of the Hip.
• a 1.209

  T 2. f 3. & 4. B. □
• * 1.210

  The ovall hole of the Huc∣kle-bone
• * 1.211

  The natu∣ral shape of the hip.
• b 1.212

  T 21. f 1. K. f 3. G.
• * 1.213

  The Neck of the Thigh∣bone why long∣fashioned.
• * 1.214

  Ligaments of the Knee.
• * 1.215

  The void space in the Ham.
• * 1.216

  Why wounds in the Ham are deadly?
• * 1.217

  Whence pro∣ceds that sym∣pathy which is between the knees and the▪ cheeks?
• * 1.218

  Its connexion.
• a 1.219

  T. 21. f. 1. LL. □
• a 1.220

  T. 21. f. 8. d. □
• * 1.221

  Its use.
• * 1.222

  Vesalius his opinion touch∣ing the use of the Patella.
• a 1.223

  T. 21. f. 1. M. f. 4. D. □
• * 1.224

  The rason of these names.
• b 1.225

  T. 21. f. 1. N. f. 4. E. □
• c 1.226

  T. 21. f. 1. I. K. f. 4gh. □
• * 1.227

  What the Malleoli are?
• a 1.228

  T. 21. f. 5. A. □
• b 1.229

  T. 21. f, 5. C. □
• * 1.230

  The Sesamoi∣dean Bones be∣longing to the Foote. The Liga∣ments of the Foot.
• d 1.231

  T. 2. f. 5. & 6, b, □
• e 1.232

  T. 13. f. 9. 10. &c. □
• f 1.233

  T. 13. f. 11, ii. &c. □
• g 1.234

  T. 10. f. 2. AA, □
• * 1.235

  ^c T. 23. f. 3. N. &c. □
• * 1.236

  ^h T. 20. f. 7. A B C. □
• a 1.237

  T 15. f 3. L. □
• b 1.238

  T 15. f 1 E. □
• c 1.239

  T 21. f 1 B B. f 2. A. □
• d 1.240

  T 10. f 2. A A. &c. □
• e 1.241

  T 21. f 2. B. □
• f 1.242

  T 10. f 2. & 3. □
• g 1.243

  T 13 f 19. T 10. f 2. & 3. T 2. f 1. □
• h 1.244

  T 2. f 3. & 4. &c. □
• i 1.245

  T 21. f 5. A. □
• k 1.246

  T 21. f 5. B. □
• l 1.247

  T 21. f 2. G ••. □
• m 1.248

  T 21. f 4. G H. □
• n 1.249

  T 21. f 1. M N. □
• o 1.250

  T 21. f 2. D E. □
• p 1.251

  T 21. f 1. C C. □
• q 1.252

  T 21. f 1. K K. □
• * 1.253

  A Threefold Cavity in Bones. A Threefold Marrow.
• * 1.254

  Two parts of this works.
• * 1.255

  The Clense∣ing of the Bones.
• * 1.256

  The manner of fastening the Bones to make a Skeleton.