An abridgement of Sir Walter Raleigh's History of the world in five books ... : wherein the particular chapters and paragraphs are succinctly abrig'd according to his own method in the larger volume : to which is added his Premonition to princes.

THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD. BOOK V. Part I. From the setled Rule of Alexander's Suc∣cessors, 'till the Romans Conquer'd Asia, and Macedon. (Book 5)

CHAP. I. Of the First Punick War.

§. 1. CArthage had stood above Six Hundred Years, when she contended with Rome for Sicily; it surpass'd Rome in Antiquity One Hundred and Fifty Years, as well as in Dominion, which ex∣tended from the West part of Cyrene, to Hercules's-Streights, Fifteen Hundred Miles; wherein stood Three Hundred Cities. It commanded Spain, and all the Islands in the Mediterranean, South-West from

Sicily; it had Flourished about Seven Hundred and Thirty Years when Scipio took it, who carried off One Million Four Hundred and Ten Thousand Pounds, besides the Souldiers part. It was oft Rebuilt, and Invincible while it Commanded the Sea, which al∣most compass'd it; 'twas Twenty Miles in Circuit, and a treble Wall. Without the Walls, and be∣tween them, were Streets with Vaults for Three Hundred Elephants, and Stables for Four Thousand Horse, with room for Provender and Lodging for the Horse-Men, and Twenty Thousand Foot, which never troubled the City, as it is at this day in Chi∣na. The Castle of Beyrsa in the South-side, was two Miles and a half in compass, with an Arsenal, under which the Ships and Gallies did Ride. The Form of the Common-Wealth was like that of Sparta, ha∣ving Titular Kings, and Aristocratical Senators; but in latter times the People usurpt too much; which confusion in Government, with their too great trust to Mercenaries, together with Avarice and Cruelty, occa∣sion'd their ruine. They exacted from their Vassals one half of the Fruits of the Earth, besides Tributes; made merciless Officers by exactions to augment the Trea∣sure, and put to death, without Mercy, him who of∣fended ignorantly, nay even their Captains upon ill Success, which made them often desperately to ha∣zard all. The Year after Tarquin's expulsion, Rome sought a League with Carthage, agreed the Romans should Trade in no part of Africk; but no Haven in Italy to be shut against Carthage, &c. Their Care was to keep the Romans in continual War in Italy, that Sicily destitute of aid from thence, might more easily be brought under by them. This made them offer Succours to Rome against Pyrrhus, to prevent his interrupting their attempts in Sicily; at which time the League was renewed, especially against Pyrrhus, who then defeated the purposes of Carthage for that time. Some time before, a Troop of Cam∣panian

Souldiers, who had served under Agath••cles, and were entertained in Messana as Friends, with persidious Cruelty slew those that had trusted them, and possessed their Cities, Wives, Lands, and Goods, and called themselves Mamertines, who af∣terwards molested the Neighbours, but were oppo∣sed by the Syracusians, and Besieged. But unable to hold out, and being divided, one side resolves to give themselves to Carthage, the other to Rome. The Carthaginians readily lay hold of the Offer, send For∣ces, and had the Castle surrendred. But the contrary Faction drawing that side to agreement, expelled the Captain, for which he was Crucified at home as a Coward and Traytor. Carthage hereupon besieges Messana, and the Syracusians joyn with them by Sea and Land; while Appius Claudius the Roman Consul, with an Army passing the Streights of Sicily by Night, put himself into Messana, sending to the Carthaginians, and Hierom King of Syracuse, requiring them to de∣part from their Confederacy; which Message being slighted, occasion'd the Punick War.

§. 2. Rome's undertaking the defence of Rhegium with a Legion of Four Thousand Roman Souldiers, whom they had requested for their defence against Pyrrhus and the Carthaginians, prov'd basely trea∣cherous; for these Confederating with the Mamer∣tines, plunder the City, even as the Mamertines had formerly done at Messana. The Romans upon Com∣plaint hereof, sent Forces which vanquished them, and put all to death, restoring Rhegium to its former Li∣berty, to the high commendation of their Justice; but when the Mamertines came to be consider'd, tho' they had given example and aid to their Legion at Rhe∣gium, yet Profit prevailed against Justice, which they used to pretend, and their care to hinder Carthages further footing in Sicily, persuaded them to defer the punishment of the Villains, whose Fellows they had de∣stroyed.

Appius Claudius being sent unto them of Mes∣sana, sally'd out on that side Hierom kept, and worsted him, and the Syracusians, who had foolishly joyned with Carthage, against whom they must have sought aid at Rome if Messana had been won. Hierom know∣ing such another Bargain would have made him Bank∣rupt, departed, and the next day the Carthaginians succeeded so ill, that they left Camp and Country to the Romans, who Confederated with this Nest of Thieves and Murderers, with whom no League was just.

§. 3. Sicily's Dominion is now become the Prize for which Rome and Carthage contend; concerning which Island the general Opinion of Antiquity is, that it was a Demy Island adjoyning to Italy, near Rhegium, and separated by Tempests, others say by Earthquakes, others by Tides. It excells all the Islands of the Midland Sea in bigness and fertility, and is formed like the Greek Δ Delta, or a Tri∣angle. For Fertility Cicero calls it the Granary of the Commonwealth, and Nurse of the vulgar sort, furnishing their greatest Armies with Leather, Ap∣parel, and Corn. About Leordium and other parts Wheat groweth of it self. It had Six Colonies, and Sixty Cities; it bred Archimedes, the Mathematician, Euclid the Geometrician, Empedocles the Philosopher, and Diodorus the Historian. It was Peopled by Si∣cans out of Spain, after the first Inhabitants which were Giants, and the Sicans were cast out by the Siculi from Italy, driven out from the place in which Rome stands, by the Pelasgi; from these Siculi it beareth the name. After them came the Morgetes out of Italy, who were expelled by the Oznotrians, &c. The Trojans came after, and then the Phenicians, which built Parormus, or Palmero. The report of Giants which first Inhabited the Island, I could reject, did not Moses make us know that such were the first Planters of the Countries about Israel; and did

not other Authors confirm it, as Augustine, Tertul∣lian, Procopius, Isidore, Nicephorus, Pliny, Diodo∣rus, &c. yea Vespusius in his second Navigation in∣to America, saw the like there. And I wonder at this the less, seeing the same is written of all Nati∣ons that is written of one, touching their simplicity of Life, mean Sustenance, poor Cottages, Cloathing of Skins, Hunting, Arms, manner of Boats; in all which, as we are altered from the first Simplicity, to extream Curiosity, and excess in Building, Diet, Ap∣parel, so have we as monstrous Persons for Oppres∣sion and all Vices; all which as Time bred and in∣creased, so shall it overthrow all Flesh at last.

The Greeks Plantation in Sicily was by Theocles, who being driven upon it by an East Wind, at his return reported to the Athenians the excellency of the place, and upon their neglect, persuaded the Chalcidians that were needy and industrious, who sent a Colony of Eubaeans, which built Naxus. Ar∣chias with his Corinthians followed, and built a part of that which was after called Syracuse, adding three other parts as they encreased; and possessing most of the Sea-Coast, forced the Siculi into the Moun∣tains at Trinacia. The Chalcidians also got Leontium, Catana, and Hybla, which they called Megara, as the Rhodians and Cretians did Gala, and their Poste∣did built Agrigentum. The Syracusans also built Arra, Casemeria, Camerina, Enna, &c. as the Mes∣sanians took Zancle, changing the Name.

Agrigentium from popular Government, was by Phaleris brought to Tyranny, who after Thirty One Years was stoned to death, and their liberty was re∣covered, 'till Thoro long after Usurped Gela, forced Naxos, Zancle, and Leontium, and giving aid to the Magistrates of Syracuse against the People, was chosen Prince in the Second Year of the Seventy Se∣cond Olympiad. He aiding Thoro his Father-in-Law, of Agrigentum, against Terillus, of Himera,

slew One Hundred and Fifty Thousand, led by A∣milcar, in defence of Terillus. The Carthaginians well beaten seek his Peace, which is granted, on Condition no more to Sacrifice Children to Saturn, but to pay Two Thousand Talents, and Two Ar∣med Ships, whereto they added a Crown of Gold worth One Hundred Talents of Gold; so much are some Natures improv'd by hardship. His Subjects loved him exceedingly, yea his Dog burnt himself, with his Body at his Funeral. Hierom his Brother succeeded, a Cruel Rude Covetous Man, but improv'd by Simonides, became a Studier of good Arts. His Brother Thrasibulus succeeded, who after Ten Months Tyranny, was forced by the Citizens to re∣store their Liberty, and was Banished; so Syracuse kept her Liberty almost Sixty Years; and was in some manner acknowledged of all the Greek Cities, by freeing them from Ducetius King of the Sicilians, except Trinacia. But Leontium being oppressed by Syracuse, sought aid from Athens the Sixth year of the Peloponesian War, which sent One Hundred Gallies, and other Forces, which invaded Syracuse, winning and losing, 'till both sides wearied agree, and Leontium is admitted into equal Fellowship, and the Athenian Captains sent home, whom their City banish for gaining nothing in Sicily as they expected. Shortly after fell out the most memorable War that ever Greece made; there Athens aided Egesta, op∣pressed by Seleucus, and Leontium and Catana wrong∣ed by Syracusa, whom the Lacedemonians succoured. Alcibiades, Nicias, and Lamachus are sent from A∣thens, but did little the first Summer, and Alcibiades is discharged, and new Supplies on both sides are sent the next Spring; but Syracuse is almost blocked up, yet with Lamachus's death, before the Succors from Sparta and Corinth, led by Glippus and Pitbon, came.

But after their coming Nicias was broken, and forced to write for new Supplies; which were sent with Euremedon and Demosthenes, who the same day invaded the Syracusians with more hast than Success; having such loss, as they determined to return to succour Athens then in distress. Nicias on the con∣trary persuaded them to stay, upon intelligence the Town could not hold out long; but had not the Moon been Eclipsed, the suspicion whereof caused them to defer it, they had departed. But their Su∣perstition cost them dear, even the utter loss of all in two Sea-Fights in the great Haven, and in their retreat by Land toward Camerina, in which Forty Thousand are overthrown, Nicias and Demosthenes taken, and miserably murder'd; for contrary to the Endeavours of Glippus and Hermocrates the Syracusian Commander, to save them, they were barbarously murdered by the cruel Multitude, &c. The Egestanes now fearing the Syracusians, apply themselves to Carthage, to whom they of••er their City; and Han∣nibal with Thirty Thousand Men is sent, who in re∣venge of his Father's and Uncle's Death won and sack'd Himera and Seleucus, and buried Three Thou∣sand Himerans where Amilcar was slain. Hermocra∣tes after his good Service is by malice of his Enemies, Exiled by the ungrateful Multitude, being in Greece, who being returned, began to repair Silenus, but upon persuasion of his Friends in Syracuse, attempting to take a Gate, was slain.

Dionysius, Son-in-Law to Hermocrates, being made Praetor, and Commander of the Syracusian Armies, behav'd himself so well, that he got the good will of the People and Men of War; and began early, be∣ing but Twenty Five Years Old, that he might play the Tyrant long. He obtain'd his first Favour by accusing the Noblemen, whom the baser sort desire to reign over; then he got of them Six Hundred Men to guard his Person, as Pisistratus at Athens had

done, against the malice of his Enemies; and to gain the Souldiers, he gave them double Pay, and pro∣cured the restoring of many Banished Men, who there∣by were made his own. Then he made himself ab∣solute Lord by possession of the Citadel, in which was great Provision, and under which the Gallies Moored; what he design'd by this the Chief Citi∣zens discerned it, though the People would not see. Yet after a Foil given at Gela by the Carthaginians (which the Men at Arms thought he was willing to) they left him, and hasting to Syracuse, in hope to free the City of him, they forced his Palace, ransaked his Treasure, and abused his Wife; all which he reven∣ged, being at their heels, sparing none that he su∣spected. Then he grew so doubtful, being the greatest Robber that ever State had, that he trusted not a Brother to enter his Chamber unsearched; yet being at the War, the Citizens rebell at home, so that with much difficulty he recovered the Citadel, and so the Command of the City; and when the mul∣titude were gathering in Harvest he disarmed the Ci∣tizens. Afterwards he went into the Field with Eighty Thousand Foot, and Three Thousand Horse, and sent his Brother Leptines with Two Hundred Gallies to Sea, and Five Hundred Ships of Burthen, which overthrew Fifty Ships of War, Five Thousand Souldiers, and many Ships of burthen brought by Hi∣milco from Carthage, while many Cities also yielded to Dionysius, who yet lost a great part of his Army at Egesta. Himilco finds half his Army with Mago by Sea, which met again with Leptines, and slew Twenty Thousand, and took One Hundred Gallies, which made Dionysius hasten home, whom Himilco follows with speed, besieging him by Sea and Land; but the Plague having taken away One Hun∣dred Thousand of his Men, and other numbers slain by the City with the Lacedemonian aid, he craved Peace, which the other sold for a great Summ, and

on Condition to leave such as were not Carthagini∣ans; but when he was out at Sea the Tyrant followed, and slew many. Mago, who stayed behind to streng∣then the Carthaginians in Sicily, received Supplies of Eighty Thousand Men, which did nothing but make Peace with Dionysius; who march'd into Italy, where he took Rhegium, and used much Cruelty therein.

Afterwards in another Battle with Mago he slew him, and Ten Thousand Africans; but Mago's Son slew his Brother Leptines, and Fourteen Thousand Men, which made him now buy his Peace: Shortly after he died, after Thirty Eight Years Tyranny, and his Son Dionysius succeeded, with his Father's disposition; tho' to gain favour he dissembled, freed many Prisoners, and remitted many Taxes; but slew his Brethren by another Mother, the Sister of Diony∣sius a Valiant Just Man. This Man had so prevail'd with him as to hear Plato, whom he had sent for, by whose Wisdom he began to be reform'd, but con∣tinu'd it not. After this, his Flatterers procure Di∣onysius's Banishment, persuading the King, Diony∣sius sought to weaken his Mind by Philosophy, and by offer which he had made to furnish the King with Fifty Gallies, to make himself Master of the King∣dom. Dionysius was well beloved in Greece, where he gathered Eight Hundred brave Followers, whom he carried to Syracuse; while the Tyrant was in Italy, he entred without resistance, and recovered the Ci∣ties Liberty, though the Tyrant held the Castle. After this the Worthy Man had the Reward which popular Estates use to give, and was forced to aban∣don the City, but returned twice from Leontium to assist them against the Castle, which gall'd them; and at last recovered the Castle, and was after mur∣thered by Cratippus, who shortly after was slain by the same Dagger. Dionysius after this recovered the City, and made many fiye to Icetes, Tyrant of Leontium, who, with the Carthaginians, force Diony∣sius

into the Castle, and besieged him. After comes Timolion with Forces from Corinth to free the City, who with the Carthaginians forsake Icetes, wins the City, and hath the Castle rendred by Dionysius, which he beats down, calling it the Nest of Tyrants. Syracuse wasted by former Wars, is new Peopled with Ten Thousand Greeks by Timolion's means, who also overthrew Asdrubal, but Amilcar coming with Seventy Thousand Africans, with Two Gallies, and One Thousand Ships of burthen, vanquish'd Icetes, and slew him and his Followers; suppres'd all the Tyrants in Sicily, and died in Peace and Honour. Sicily after Twenty Years Peace from Timolion's death, falls under the Tyranny of Agathocles, who rising by degrees in the Field, came from a Beggar to be Praetor, and after Tyrant of Syracuse. Being Praetor, and in League with Amilcar the Carthagi∣nian, he entertain'd Five Thousand Africans, and many old Souldiers, pretending to besiege Herbita, but indeed sets upon the Senators, the Rich, and all his Enemies, dividing the Spoil among the Poor, and giving liberty to the Souldiers to Plunder, Murther, and Ravish, calling it a violent Remedy for the vio∣lent Disease of the Commonwealth, pretending now to reduce the Oligarchy to the ancient and indifferent Democracy. But having left none fit for Magistra∣cy, he knew that those whom he assisted in their Murders and Outrages would need his aid to protect them, and therefore would make him King, which ac∣cordingly they did. This Amilcar was content with, in hope that upon his wasting the Island all would fall into the Carthaginians hands; but the Carthagi∣nians upon complaint send another Amilcar; upon which, the former chose rather to destroy himself, than to give an account to Carthage. Agathocles be∣fore the Carthaginians came, had made the better part of Sicily his own, and defeating the first Sup∣plies that they returned, and so encountred the se∣cond,

brought by Amilcar, by which he grew presump∣tuous of that which failed him. One misfortune is enough to overthrow a Tyrant, without great circum∣spection; as it was with him, who after one great De∣feat was glad to retire home, and being there besieged with that wicked Rabble which had been Execution∣ers of his Tyrannous Entrance, he to prevent the Fa∣mine which was like to follow, Shipped himself with as many as he thought convenient, leaving the City. Antander his Brother went to Sea when the Cartha∣ginian Fleet was going out to seize on certain Ships coming with Provision; these seeing Agathocles, made toward him, who hasted toward Africa, while the Provision got into the City; but before he got to Land the Carthaginians Fleet is fatigu'd by endeavouring to overtake him and was beaten and routed by him. Be∣ing landed, after many plausible Speeches to his Com∣pany, as if he were Master of all the Riches in A∣frick, he burnt all their Ships, except one or two, to use for Messengers. In this heat of resolution he winneth two Cities, and demolish'd them, to the great amazement of Carthage, who sent out against him Hanno and Bomilcar, which were his profess'd Ene∣mies, of whom Agathocles cut Hanno and his Follow∣ers in pieces, the other looking on. This Success drew an African King to joyn with him, as did Ophellas King of the Cyrenians, to whom he promised to de∣liver what he wan in Africk, but indeed treache∣rously murthered him, and entertain'd his Army. After this he made a start to Sicily, and appeased some Eruptions, returned to Africa, pacify'd his Souldiers in mutiny for want of Pay, and might have brought Carthage to buy Peace, and give over all in Sicily, if his thoughts of the Conquest of Carthage had not deceived him, by an impression, which as light an accident as a flash of fire caused to vanish; for upon two Fires in the Night, kindled by acci∣dent, both Armies fled, each afraid of other. Aga∣thocles

in the dark, falling on his African Souldiers, which he took for Enemies, lost four Thousand, which so dis∣couraged him, that he endeavour'd secretly to steal away; which being understood of the Army, they slew his two Sons, and made their Peace with Car∣thage. Agathocles returning to Sicily, grew more cru∣el, exceeding Phalaris, but in the end is driven to seek Aid of the Carthaginians against those that he had banished, which took Arms against him, whom he subdued by their help, for which he restored to them all the Phoenician Towns he held in Sicily, and they suppli'd him with Corn and four hundred Ta∣lents of Gold and Silver. After this he went into I∣taly, subdued the Brutians, made the Isle Lipara buy Peace for a hundred Talents of Gold; but in his re∣turn with Eleven Ships laden with Gold, all was lost, and all the Fleet but his own Galley, which brought him to a more miserable end, by grievous torment in his Sinews and Veins, over all his Body, in which he was forsaken of all, and dyed basely as he began. His fellow Souldiers after that, Trayterously possessed themselves of Messana.

§. 4. Hierom, Tyrant of Syracuse, is followed home with the Wars by Appias Claudius, but thought it Wisdom to buy Peace for a hundred or two hun∣dred Talents; neither could Carthage be justly of∣fended, seeing they made no haste to his Relief, know∣ing the City not able to hold out now, as in their at∣tempting it; besides, that Rome sought only their Friendship, whereas Carthage strove for a command of them.

§. 6. Hierom, a just and good Prince, beloved of his Subjects, as he sought their good, sided with Rome. Lucius Posthumus and Q. Mamisius, remove the Army to Agrigentum, which Carthage had stored with all manner of Ammunition, and Fifty Thousand Souldiers, between whom, upon a Sally made by the Besieged, was a Fight, which made the one side keep

in, and the other strongly to Intrench before and be∣hind. Hanibal in the City sends for Succour to Car∣thage, which imbarks an Army under the Command of Hanno, with certain Elephants, who landing at Hi∣raclea, surprised Erberus, where lay the Roman Pro∣vision, which loss had distressed the Romans, but that Hierom supplied them. Hanno, after that, assails them, and by pretending flight of his Horse-men, drew them further to the place where he lay cover'd, and so slaughter'd many: But in his second Assault, he lost the day, and fled to Heraclia, whither short∣ly after, Hanibal, with the remainder of his Army, breaking in the Night through the Romans Camp esca∣ped. The Romans who came into Sicily with no other in∣tent but to Succour the Mamils, and keep the Car∣thaginians from their own Doors, now aspire to the Command of Sicily, and peradventure to visit Car∣thage. This is the Disease of Mortal Men, to covet the greatest things, and not to enjoy the least; the desire of what we neither have nor need, taking from us the fruition and use of what we have already. The Romans send two new Consuls, Lucius Verus, and Titus Octacilius, so the Inland Town became theirs, and as many Maritime places were Command∣ed by Carthage; which was the cause the Romans de∣termined to raise a Fleet, which before this, knew not how to move an Oar. Having now built one hundred and twenty Gallies, and trained Men to row: C. Cornelius, one of that Years Consuls, with Seven∣teen of them past over to Messena, and taking Plea∣sure therein, went to Zippara, whereof Hannibal, Governour of Panormus, having Intelligence, sent and surprised the Consul and his Gallies; and flush'd with this success, himself, with Fifty, went to surprise the rest, but came off with great loss. Cornelius is redeemed, and Duillius his Fellow, is made Admiral; who, con∣sidering the Advantage of the Carthaginian light Gallies, in rowing away from the heavy ones of the

Romans, devised an Iron to grapple when they met, and so got the Advantage, which an heavy strong broader Vessel hath of weaker and lighter, which are in danger of splitting; neither are they so steady, which is no small help in Fight, wherein the best use of the Hand is in them which best keep their Feet.

§. 7. Rome proceeds in War by Sea, sends a Fleet to Sardinia; and Hannibal had obtained a Fleet a•• Carthage, which now Anchored in Sardinia Haven, which the Romans, coming suddenly, surprized, and Hannibal escaping hardly, was hanged at his re∣turn; For in War it is too much to offend twice. But Amilcar lying in Panormus, sent Hanno, upon In∣telligence of the Roman disorder in Sicily, who, un∣looked for, slew four thousand of them. Panormus was the next which the Consul Besieged, but could not draw the Carthaginians into the Field, nor force the great City so strongly guarded; so they left it, and took the Land Towns. C. Attilius, Consul next Year, was beaten and lost Nine Gallies of Ten, but by coming up of the rest of his Fleet, the Carthagi∣nians lost Eighteen. Upon this, Rome built a Fleet of three hundred and Thirty Ships, and Carthage ano∣ther of Three hundred and fifty, to try who should Command the Seas; the Romans one hundred forty thousand, and the Carthaginians one hundred and fif∣ty thousand Men aboard. Both Navies met, but At∣tilius had the better, taking sixty three and sinking Thirty, with loss of twenty Four, which fell out by Amilcar's ordering his Gallies, so as that himself be∣ing forced and not able to recover to join with his o∣ther Squadrons, that Squadron of the Romans which forced him, fell back and helped their Fellows.

§. 8. The Romans repair their Fleet, set for∣ward to Africa, landing at Clypea, a Port Town, which yielded, and so gave them an Haven, without which all Invasions are foolish. Amilcar is also come to Carthage, and defence is prepared,

while Mantius, one of the Consuls, with all the Na∣vy, is called home, with two thousand Captive A∣fricans, leaving but fifteen thousand Foot, five hun∣dred Horse, and forty Gallies with Atilius. He Be∣sieged Adis, where, to hinder him, Amilcar, Hanno, and Bester, are sent with an Army, who designing to weary him with lingring, place themselves on the top of an Hill. Regulus discovering the advantage that neither the Carthaginian Horse nor Elephants could do service there, set stoutly upon them, and forc'd them to leave their Camp to the Spoil, after which they proceed to Tunis, sixteen Miles from Car∣thage, to the great Terrour of that City, which be∣ing incumber'd with Multitudes, fled into it from the Romans, could not long keep Famine out, which would let in the Romans. Atilius finds this Advan∣tage, but doubting they will hold out 'till his Year expire, and so the next Consuls shall have the Ho∣nour, he treats of Peace with Carthage, that he may reap his own Fruit; Ambition seeking only to gratify it self; but Atilius's Conditions were so unwor∣thy, that the Carthaginians disdain'd 'em, changing Fear into a Couragious Resolution to defend their Liberty to the last Man. To strengthen their Resolution, Xantippus, a Spartan, a very expert Souldier, with a great Troop of Greeks formerly sent for, came, who shewing the Errours of the Commanders in the for∣mer Over-throw, to the Senate, is made General of Twelve thousand Foot, four thousand Horse, and one hundred Elephants, which were all the Forces which Carthage could raise at home, to fight for Liberty, Lives and all. But such as use Mercenaries, as they did, are stronger abroad than at home, as we see in their other Armies of one hundred and forty thou∣sand, and one hundred and fifty thousand at Sea, &c. Xantippus so ordered this Army in a Level Ground, that he utterly overthrew the Romans, took Atilius and five hundred others, and slew all the rest but two

thousand, &c. Thus one wise head overmatch many Hands. Atilius, upon his word, went to Rome to treat about Exchange and Ransome of Prisoners, which he dissuaded, considering the loss Rome should take thereby; and returning to Carthage, dyed by Torture, as a Malicious obstinate Enemy, whose vain-glorious Frowardness rather than necessity of State, the Romans afterwards slighted, and made the Ex∣change; losing all he had gotten, and more; as did the Flanderkins at Gaunt.

§. 9. Carthage, by this Victory, recovered all in Africa, but Clypea, kept by the Romans, to whose Succour three hundred and fifty Gallies are sent, which being encountred by two hundred from Car∣thage, they took one hundred and fourteen of them, and taking on board their Besieged Men at Clypea, return from Sicily, hoping to get all there that Car∣thage held. The Pilots persuade them to put into Harbour, the Season threatning a Storm, urging that the South of Sicily hath no good Ports; but these Men being Conquerors, desperately oppose the Elements, and near Cameria, all their Fleet but Eighty three were cast away, which was the remainder of their late Victory. The Carthaginians hoping to reco∣ver command at Sea, send Asdrubal with two hundred Gallies, with all the old Souldiers, and one hundred and forty Elephants, which land at Lilybaeum; while the Romans make a hundred and twenty Ships, which, with the remainder of their Wrack, they sent to Panormus, and surrounded it by Sea and Land, and take it. Then they visit Africk again, make some Spoil, but in return between Panormus and Italy, Neptune spoiled them of all that Mars had given, with the loss of a hundred and fifty Ships; so that now the Sea hath devoured four hundred and six Ships and Gallies, and made them resolve to keep the Land; and upon Experience of Atilius's loss by Elephants, they dread fighting in Champain Countries. But finding how im∣possible

possible it was to succour the places they held in Si∣cily by Land-Marches, against the speedy Passage of the Carthaginians by Sea, they change their minds.

§. 10. Coetilius with half of the Roman Army in Panormus, is attempted by Asdrubal and his Forces, from Lilybaeum, who sending his Elephants before against a Legion which came by Appointment, to draw them on under colour of retireing, 'till they came to a Trench which they could not pass; where be∣ing repell'd by the Souldiers in it, inraged, they turn on their own Foot and disorder them. Caecilius see∣ing the advantage, brake out, ••lew many and took the Elephants. Rome hereupon, hoping at once to end the Fourteen Years War of Sicily, prepare a new Fleet of two hundred Sail, which is sent to Lilybaeum, the only place of Importance in the Cartbaginians Hands. This Himilco, with a Garrison of ten thou∣sand, held against them; and Hannibal, Son of A∣milcar, is sent with ten thousand more, which he led into the City in despite of all resistance. During this Siege, a Rhodian undertook, with a very swift Gally, to enter the Town through the Roman Fleet, and performed it, coming back again to Carthage; after the Rhodian, others performed as much, which made the Romans sink so many Ships with Stones, that the Passage was block'd up, so that at his next coming he was taken, with another Carthaginian Gally. Lilybaeum begins to be distressed by continual watch∣ing and labour; but in this Despair, some of the Ro∣man Engines are thrown down by a violent Storm, and burnt by a Greek Souldier; which the Romans would not repair, but resolve to starve the Defen∣dants. M. Claudius a Consul, arrives with ten thou∣sand, and re-inforced the Army, and propounds the Surprize of Drepanum, a City on the other side of the Bay, which all imbrace, and being imbarked, Arrive. Adherbal, a Valiant and prudent Warriour, exh••rt∣ing his Men to Fight abroad rather than to be shut

up at home, puts to Sea; the Consul's Fleet being more in haste to surprize than in order to defend, is forced into a Bay in which he wants room to range himself. In this streight he forceth his way out with Thirty Gallies, and fled, leaving Ninety four Ships to his Enemies Entertainment. L. Iunius a Consul, is sent from Rome with sixty Gallies to take the Charge, who met the remainder of the Fleet at Messana, except some in Lilybaeum Port, and made up a hundred and twenty Gallies, and eight hun∣dred Ships of Burden, and at Syracuse, sent the Questors or Treasurers with half the Provision of some Gallies for Convoy. Adberbal, upon this Vi∣ctory, not being secure, sends Carthalo with a hun∣dred Gallies to try what he can do in Lilybaeum Port, who surprized, took and burnt all the Gallies in it; and Coasting along the South, met with Consul Iu∣nius's Victuallers, forced them into a Road full of Rocks, where Carthalo took some of them, waiting for the rest who could not stay long in so dangerous a place. Whilst he is thus waiting for them the Con∣sul is discovered, against whom he went out, who is also glad to take into a dangerous Creek. Carthalo takes a station, sit to watch which will stir first; but discerning a Storm at hand, he made haste to double the Cape of Pachinus, and left the Consul to the boi∣sterous South Wind, which utterly wrackt all his Gallies, &c. Rome at the Report hereof again re∣nounces the Sea, resolving rather to trust to their Le∣gions upon firm Land.

§. 11. Iunius the Consul to regain the Honour he had lost at Sea, resolves to attempt Erix on the Mount, which he took, and Fortify'd as being fit for a Garrison between Lilybaeum and Panormus. Shortly after in the Eighteenth Year of this War, Amilcar, sirnamed Barcas▪ Father of G. Hannibal, is sent with a Fleet and Army, with which he so wasted the Lo∣crians and Brutians, that he repayed the Roman Spoils.

In Sicily he settles himself between Panormus and E∣rix, and three Years molested the Romans; and after found way into Erix before the Guards, either at the bottom or on the top of the Hill, knew it, and there he kept them in play almost two Years. Rome now knows no way to be rid of this obstinate Warriour, 'till they command the Sea, which requires a Fleet, and (they having wasted the common Treasure) the private Citizens must make it good. It is decreed, and two hundred Gallies are by the Rhodian Pattern raised and committed to C. Luctatius Catullus. Han∣no, Admiral of the Carthaginian Fleet, well furnish'd as he thought, for them at Erix, but neither with fit Mari∣ners nor stout Fellows, as soon appear'd. For Catullus the Consul having well exercised his Men in rowing, he lightned his Gallies, and stored all of them with choice Land Souldiers, which Hanno was so deficient in, that at the first Encounter he had fifty stem'd, seven∣ty taken, and ten thousand made Prisoners▪ Carthage thus utterly discourag'd, sends to Amilcar, referring it wholly to his Wisdom what to do, who considering the present necessity, sent to Luctatius to treat of Peace, who, upon the same consideration of Romes present Poverty, agreed on Conditions, which were sent to Rome, who sent Commissioners to conclude the Peace. Carthage is expell'd out of Sicily, restores Prisoners, and payed three thousand two hundred Talents in Twenty Years.

CHAP. II. What pass'd between the First and Second Punick Wars.

§. 1. THE Carthaginians thus quit of Sicily and the Islands about it, have now leisure to think how to help themselves in a following War, rather than to be content with the present Peace; for that the Conquerors give and the Conquered receive Laws. But Rome forgot in this Affair what had been answer∣ed a Senator, demanding what Peace Rome may hope for, or be assured of, if they quitted the present Ad∣vantage over them? It was Answered, if the Peace you give us be good and faithful, it will hold; if it be ill, it will not. The Senate approved the Answer as manly and free; for who will believe that any People will endure an over-hard Condition longer than Necessity compells. They therefore grosly flat∣ter themselves, to think that the Carthaginians, infe∣riour neither in Power or Pride, will sit down with loss and dishonour any longer than they are deprived of the means and opportunity of Revenge. But when the Army of the Carthaginians was to be transported home, which Amilcar committed to Gesco, who con∣sidering the great Sums Carthage did owe the Souldi∣ers, more than the City was able to pay, they sent them over in smal Numbers, to be dispatched and sent a∣way before the Arrival of others of their Fellows. The Governors on the contrary put them off, 'till all were come; and to avoid the disorders of such lawless Guest, sent them to Sicca to prevent their coming to Car∣thage. Then Hanno•• is sent to persuade them to be content with part of their Pay, considering the Po∣verty of the City. They which had expected the ut∣termost Farthing with some donative, hearing this, are inraged, and resolving to demand their due near∣er home, remove to Tunis, not far from Carthage,

which now began to see her Errours against that old Rule,

Have special care that valiant Poverty, Be not opprest with too great Injury.

Many other Errours, besides the first gather∣ing together so many in Arms whom they went to wrong, were committed, as thrusting out their Wives and Children, who might have been Hostages, and to send Senators, daily promising to satisfie all demands. By these shiftings, the Souldiers perceive the City's fear, and thereupon raise other demands besides Pay. The Commotion increased, and they are requested to refer all to a∣ny that had commanded in Sicily; and they chose Gesco, who had made a quiet end but for two seditious Per∣sons, Spendius and Matho, who prevail with the A∣frican Souldiers, putting all in uproar; neither could Gesco's, offering to pay the whole stipend, pacify them, who now seek a Quarrel rather than Money. They therefore chose Spendius and Matho Captains, and upon further Speech which Gesco made, which dis∣contented them, they cast him and those that came with him into Bonds, and lay violent Hands upon the Treasure he brought for them. Matho and Spendius send Embassadors to solicit all Africk, easily stirred up against Carthage, which now must hear of their Op∣pressions, in exacting half their Corn, Tribute, and were extreme in punishing small Offences: For Adversity hath been told of her Errors. Now all that are able fly to Arms, and the very Women bring forth their Jewels, so that besides seventy Thousand Africans which came in, their Treasure vastly encreased.

§. 2. Tyranny must use the help of Mercenaries, which commonly are as false, as the War against Ty∣rants is Cruel. Tyranny is a violent Form of Govern∣ment; respecting the Commanders pleasure, and not the good of Subjects. Violent it is, seeing no Man can yield willing Obedience, where his Life and Well∣fare

is not regarded. Tyrants which are most Cruel seem mild sometimes to some for their own advan∣tage; but in large Dominions, where they cannot take such particular knowledge of Men, he who cannot en∣dure the face of one so honest, as will put him in mind of moderation, will not bound his desires. The sweet∣ness of Oppression from a few, inflames his appetite to spare none, seeing there is no cause to respect one more than other; and Covetousness is never satisfied. Having squeez'd from all, yet believing every one could have spared more, and he knows many pretend want without cause; and therefore deviseth new tricks of Robbery, which please him as much as the gain, de∣vouring the recreation of his Spirit: He knows he is hated for it, and therefore seeks to turn hatred into fear, by cruelty against the suspected, whether justly or no, so that the Conspirator can be no more fearful of his Tyranny than the Inocent. Wherefore think∣ing upon his own security, he must disarm all, for∣tifie himself in some strong place, and take a guard of lusty Souldiers, not of Subjects, lest any one grow to the feeling of the common misery; but of Stran∣gers, which neither have Wealth nor Credit at home. To make the•••• his own, they shall be permitted to do as he doth, to Rob, Ravish, Murder, a••d satis∣fy their own Appetites.

§. 3. Carthage c••lls us back to proceed with her Mercena••ies 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Arms against her, at the Siege of Vti∣ca and Hippag••••••a, ••••ted on the Western Haven of Carthage, the rest of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Forces encamped at Tu∣nis. Hanno is sent with ••ower against them from Carthage; whose sudden 〈◊〉〈◊〉 made them forsake their Tents, to flye to a r••••gh high ground to avoid his Hundred Elephants; ••ut perceiving he was en∣tred the City, they return, force his Camp with great slaughter, took his Provision, and possessed all Passages from Carthage. The Carthaginians upon this loss send Amilcar with Ten Thousand Men and Se∣venty

Elephants more, whose Passage over the Bridge of Macra or Bagradas the Mercenaries having taken by Hanno's oversight, Amilcar was forc'd to take his opportunity formerly observed by him, when the Rivers mouth us'd to be stop'd with Sand and Gra∣vel, and so passed over, to the Enemies amazement, which yet took heart by the coming of Fifteen Thou∣sand Men from Vtica, besides Ten Thousand which guarded the Bridge. Their Army now far exceeded his; they wait their advantage, but with some dis∣order, which Amilcar espying, made haste in his March as if he had fled, which drew the Enemy to follow confusedly, as to a Victory; but by his wheel∣ing about upon them Six Thousand of them were slain, and Two Thousand taken. After this, Nar∣vasus who led Two Thousand Numidian Horse, sent to the Mercenaries, and came over to Amilcar, as being a Man of Honour; with whose assistance Amilcar set upon Spendius, and slew Ten Thousand, and took Four Thousand Prisoners, whom he kindly treated. Matho, Spendius, and other Leaders, to prevent the falling away of their Men by allure∣ment of Amilcar's lenity to such, procure a general consent to put Gesco and his Fellows to death, so to make them odious to Carthage; and decree further to kill all Carthaginian Prisoners; which execrable fury and desperation, was like the Councel of Achito∣phel. Vtica and Hippagreta now fall from Carthage, and slew their Garrison, so that Hanno comes to joyn with Amilcar, but by reason of the animosity between them, the common Cause is little promoted; so by judgment of the Army Hanno was sent home, and Hannibal succeeded him.

The Mercenaries with Fifty Thousand Men are come near Carthage, but too weak to assault it or fa∣mish it, having the Sea open, by which it received Suc∣cour from Syracuse, and Rome made overtures of like assistance. Amilcar is at their backs, keeping them

in; and when they durst not leave their higher ground for fear of Amilcar's Elephants, and Narva∣sus's Horses, Amilcar to prevent what Desperation might put them to, shut them up with Trench and Rampart; so while they expect aid from Matho at Tunis, Famine forced them to eat their Prisoners, and then one another. In this extremity they force Spendius and Two others to go to Amilcar to seek Peace, which was granted, upon condition he shall chuse any Ten, and the rest to depart in their Shirts. Amilcar chose Spendius, and the two with him, and with his Army goeth to chuse the rest; which the Mercenaries thinking to be to assault them, ran the two Armies in confusion, and were all slain to the number of Four Thousand. Amilcar pro∣ceeds to Tunis, in the Siege whereof Hannibal is ta∣ken by Matho, and Crucified as Spendius had been; upon which loss, Hanno is sent upon a feigned reconciliation with Amilcar, which shortly after o∣verthrew Matho, and ended that War of two Years and four Months:

§. 4. Carthage being endangered by her Sicilian Mercena••ies at home, was also troubled with Merce∣naries in Sardinia, which murthered the Governour; against whom another Hanno was sent, with as many Mercenaries as Carthage could spare; who also ••lew Hanno, and joyned with the first, and expelled all the Carthaginians. Then looking to succeed in Command of the Island, the Inhabitants withstood them, and expelled them; neither would the Ro∣mans, invited by them, undertake it; as they likewise refused to accept Vtica offering it self. This might have served for an example of Roman Faith to Poste∣rity, if they had not thrust themselves into it after Carthage had ended her home Wars, and prepared for Sardinia, which the Romans pretending to be a∣gainst Rome it self, made the Quarrel to proclaim

War; which forced Carthage in her present weak∣ness to renounce her Right in Sardinia.

§. 5. Carthage having found her own Punick Faith and Dealing at the hands of Rome, learned how ne∣cessary it was to make her self strong, or resolve to submit to Rome; and because the Roman jealousie forbad them to attempt any thing in the Midland-Sea, they resolve upon an Expedition to Spain, which they commit to Amilcar, who in Nine Years subdued most of the Country, and was then slain in Battle with the People which then inhabited Portu∣gal. Asdrubal his Son-in-Law succeeded, enlarged their Dominions, and built Carthagena in the King∣dom of Granado. Rome grew jealous, but knows not how to ground a quarrel, having no acquaint∣ance in Spain. They send to Asdrubal, requiring him not to pass over Iberus, hoping his Resolute Spirit would give them a ground to work upon, but are deceived, by his appearance to conform to their will. The Saguntines on the South of Iberus per∣ceiving how Carthage gave way to Rome, entred Confederation with her; which the Carthaginians, now grown strong, thought to be an ill example, and to their prejudice, and remembring old injuries, prepare against the Saguntines.

§. 6. Greece during the first Punick War after Pyr∣rhus's Death, had somewhat recover'd her Liberty through the dissentions in Macedon, which after Pyr∣rhus, was established in Antigonus the Son of Deme∣trius, and his Issue, as Aegypt was in Ptolomy's, and Asia and Syria in Seleucus. Antigonus being after Pyr∣rhus driven out by Alexander the Son of Pyrrhus, was restored by his own Son Demetrius, who also expel∣led Alexander the Epirot out of Epirus. Demetrius also got his Father possession of the Citadel of Corinth, which was the entrance by Land into Peloponnesus. Demetrius succeeded Antigonus in Macedon Ten Years, and left Philip a young Son, his Uncle An∣tigonus

being Protector, who held it for life, and by the dissentions of Greece got no less Authority there∣in than old Philip had done by the same means. The Achaians in his time were grown the most powerful People of Greece, unto whom many other Cities uni∣ted themselves, by means of Aratus a Sicyonian, who having freed Sicyon from the Tyrant which held it, for fear of Antigonus, entred the League. He also surprized the Citadel of Corinth, and the Magarians fell from him, and joyned with Achaia, as did other States. Aratus freed Argos, Megapons, and Hermi∣on from their Tyrants, and by Mony gain'd the Cap∣tains of the Garrison in Athens. Now also the Aeto∣lians grew powerful, but after Devastations made in Peloponnesus, they were glad to beg assistance of Achaia against Demetrius, yet ungratefully they sought to ••et the Lacedemonians against them, and drew in An∣tigous. Lacedemon at that time was in a weak Con∣dition, but by Cleomenes one of their Kings, was raised to such hopes, that he was so bold as to claim the Principality of Greece. Aratus seeing the danger of Achaia by the Lacedemonians rising, which he knew not how to stop, used means to Antigonus, giving him hopes of the Achaians submitting to him. But it had been more honourable if Aratus had ended the War, withdrawing Achaia to yield to Cleomenes, seeing he had s•• freed his Country of further trouble, and the Macedonian Command. But as disdain at the Lacedemonians rising over them carried them to Antigonus, so Aratus that wrought it, lost his Ho∣nour and Life by the Macedonians, who might have been Fellows, with Cleomenes, with whom Ptolomy joyned, and left the Achaians, with whom he had been in League. After this, Cleomenes gave them such an overthrow, that they sought Peace, which was willingly yielded upon fair Conditions, that La∣cedemon should lead in the Wars, and will restore all Persons and Places taken. Aratus opposed this

all he could, so that Cleomenes proceeded with his War, and many Cities became his; whereupon Ara∣tus hasteneth Antigonus, who promiseth help, if he may be put in possession of the Corinthian Citadel, which Aratus promised, and sent his Son for Hostage. The Corinthians importune Cleomenes to prevent this, which he sought to do by all fair offers to Aratus, which he rejected, surrounding it with Trenches, but all in vain, for upon the danger of losing Argos, Cleomenes went to rescue his Garrison there, and in the mean time Corinth yielded to Antigonus, who fol∣lowing Cleomenes, disappointed him at Argos also, and after took in many other Places, so that Sparta shortly lost all again to Antigonus, whom Aratus ho∣noured even as a God, offering Sacrifice to him at his being at Sicyon, which Example the other Cities of Achaia followed. For though Cleomenes perform∣ed many brave Services, and put many Affronts upon Antigonus, yet at length in a Battel at Selasia he was overthrown, and all his Forces broken, and himself returning to Sparta, persuaded the little remainder to yield to Antigonus, and so departed from them, embarking for Egypt, where Ptolomy lovingly en∣tertain'd him. Thus ended the Glory of Lacedemon, which as a Light ready to go out, had with a great, but no long blaze, shined more brightly of late than in some Ages past; and Cleomenes a generous Prince, but his Son Leoniaus, who had wretchedly brought worthy King Agis his Fellow, with his Mother and Grandmother unto a bloody end, ••lew himself in Aegypt, and had his own Wife and Grand Children murdered by the vicious young Prince Ptolomy Philo∣pater. Antigonus after this entred Sparta, whereinto the force of the Enemies could never make way be∣fore, where he kindly treated the Citizens, and left them to their own Laws; but he could not stay, the Illyrians wasting Macedon, whom he overcame; but by straining a Vein died soon after. Philip the

Son of Demetrius, a Boy succeeded in Macedon, as did Antiochus the Great in Asia, and Ptolomy Philopa∣ter in Aegypt, who was young also, &c.

§. 7. Rome subdued Sardinia, and Corsica, and the Illyrians, while Carthage is Conquering Spain. The Illyrians Inhabited the Country now called Slavonia, whom Demetrius King of Macedon hired to rescue the Macedonians so distressed by the Aetolians, yet strive for dividing the Booty before the Town was won, as did the French at Poictiers, and Agin-Court. But the Illyrians ended the Controversie, slew many, and took more, and divided their Baggage. The Illyrians proud of worsting the stoutest of the Greeks, Tuta their Queen gave them liberty to rob at Sea whom they could, Friend or Foe, and sent an Army by Sea and Land, which invaded Epirus, and took Phaenice by the Treachery of Eight Hundred Gauls entertain'd there, being driven out of Sicily by the Romans for the like Treachery. Lying here, they made prize of many Italian Merchants, and being called home take a Ransom of the Epirots for the Town and Prisoners, and returned home. Rome sent to Teuta requiring satisfaction for the Italian Merchants; but she refused, and answered, Kings use not to forbid their Subjects to get by Sea what they can. And when one of the Roman Ambassa∣dors replied, That their manner was to revenge such private injuries, and would teach her to reform her Kingly manner, without all regard of the common Law of Nations, she slew him. The Romans to re∣venge this injury, who can take no satisfaction but with the Sword, sent an Army by Sea, and another by Land. Touching the Law of Nations concern∣ing Ambassadors, it seems grounded on this; that seeing without Mediation there would never be an end of War, it was thought equal to all Nations by light of Nature, that Ambassadors should pass safely be∣tween Enemies; yet if any State lay hand upon their

Enemies Embassador not sent to them, but to solicite a third Nation against them; or shall practise against the Person of the Prince, to whom he is sent, this Law will fail him. Teuta sends out a great Fleet, Commanded by Demetrius Pharos, of which, part took Corcyra, an Island in the Adriatique, the other Besieged Dyrracticum, when the Queen called home Demetrius, I know not why; but so as he chose rather to yield Corcyra to the Roman Con∣sul, and the Illyrian Garrison, and went with him to Appolonia, not far off, which Pintus calls Sissopo∣lis; where the other Consul, with Land Forces, met, and went to Durazzo and rais'd the Siege. From thence they enter Illyrium, and put the Queen to flight to Rison and prosecute the War, force her to seek for Peace, to quit the better part of Illyrium, which they commit to Demetri∣us, and to pay Tribute for the rest to Rome.

§. 8. Rome took the next Arms against the Gauls in Lumbardy, a fierce unadvised People; more then Men at the first onset, but less than Women after; by whom Italy had many Alarms, but few Wars; es∣pecially when Rome had to do with other great Ene∣mies, as Pyrrhus or Carthage, when they might have said little to it. The Romans, three Years before Pyrrhus had set upon the Gauls at home, upon a slaughter in the Senones, a Tribe of Gauls made of Lucius Coecilus and his Army at Arretium in Hetruria, and had expelled the Senones and placed a Colony of Romans. This made all the Tribes of the Gauls, with those which dwelt on both sides of the Alps, to enter into League, to prevent their own expulsion; the Insubrians Inhabited the Dutchy of Milan, &c. who also hired the Gessates on Rodanus, and made an Army of fifty Thousand Foot, and twenty Thousand, Horse, all choice Men, besides the Seno-Galli before expelled. The Cenonians and Venetians adhere to Rome, and which, upon that occasion, caused a view

of all their own and Allies Forces to be taken, set down by Polybius, where may be seen the Power of Rome in those days; Seven hundred Thousand Foot, and seventy Thousand Horse: But all Heads are not fit for Helmets. The one Consul with his part of the Army, which was four Legions, and thirty thousand Foot of the Allies, and two thousand Horse, met them in Tuscany, where, by a plain stratagem of shew, to flag the Gauls, they slew six thousand; but upon the com∣ing of Lucius Emilius the other Consul, they resolve upon Retreats. This had been Advantagious before the Enemy had been in Sight, but extreme dangerous in head of the Enemy, and all in Fear; as the French found at Naples, and the Gauls now, who being fol∣low'd by one Consul, and met by another; is forced and lost forty thousand and their Courage, and in a short time all they had in Italy. Thus the Romans spent twenty Three Years Peace with Carthage.

CHAP. III. Of the Second Punick War.

§. 1. HAnnibal about twenty six Years old, cho∣sen General of the Carthaginian Forces in Spain, is envied by Hanno and his Party, neither being able to Tax the Virtue of their Enemies, nor recommend themselves by any Service to the Com∣mon-Wealth; except in dissuading from War, and cautious Advice not to provoke the Romans. But the Senate and People, who knew the Romans Oath was no Security to Carthage, unless she would become their Subject, did the more highly esteem him, as A••ilcar his Father who had saved them. Knowing therefore the Peace continu'd but 'till Rome could find Advantage, they wished the beginning of the

War rather while their State was in good Condi∣tion, than to stay 'till being fallen into distress, the Enemy should begin it. Hannibal well understood this, as also the advantage in getting the start, and therefore thought long 'till he was dealing with them, before they should have notice of his purpose, which could not be conceal'd if once he came to Action; besides the hinderance by slow and timerous proceed∣ing therein. Before therefore he would provoke the Romans by attempting Saguntum, he wisely ended the Conquest of all that lay between, as the Olcades near Tagus, and Vaccai in Old Castile, where they took Salamanca, and Arbu••ala. But the Spring fol∣lowing, all that had escaped, joyning with the To∣letans, to the number of One Hundred Thousand able Men, stayed Hannibal on the Banks of Tagus, which runneth by Lysbourn, supposing his accustom'd Cou∣rage would now neglect discretion, as he seemed to do at other times. But he that is as a Chrystal for every Eye to see through, makes himself an Ass for every Man to ride or drive; whereas wise and ho∣nest Men, in that which is Just and Virtuous, are like Coffers with double Bottoms, which shew not all at once. Before he was General, he was of all Men the most venturous, which doth not always become a General; and therefore he now dissembles Fear, and draweth back from the River, as fearing to ford it, by that means to draw his Enemies into it. But when he saw them pushing disorderly into the swift Stream, he turned his Camels to entertain their Land∣ing, and pressing in with his Horse above and beneath upon them, made a great slaughter, which amazed the Spaniards on that side the River of Iberus. The Sa∣guntines post their Ambassadors to Rome, who pr••∣ceed Roman like, with deliberation, sending Ambas∣sadors to and fro, while Hannibal prepareth, and found out also a pretence like that which the Romans made use of with the Mamertines, for the Turdetani

injured by the Saguntines, implored his help. The Romans were as glad of the Quarrel, but were not yet ready, and therefore temporize 'till they could raise an Army to remove the Seat of War to Sagun∣tum. In the mean time Demetrius Pharius whom the Romans had made their Illyrian King, rebelled; a∣gainst whom Aemilius was sent, but before his Land∣ing in Illyria, Hannibal sat down before Saguntum; where by a Sallie made by the Citizens, he was dan∣gerously wounded, but before it was long he put them all to the Sword; many shut themselves in their Houses, and then ••ired them. * 1.1 Rome storms at the News, and will be revenged. She sends to Carthage to know whether Hannibal had their allow∣ance; which question Carthage calls insolent, and gives them an impertinent answer; forgetting, as Polybius thinks, to charge Rome with breach of Oath in taking Sardinia from them: But in the end both sides resolve upon War, as that which both desire. This is plain dealing, and no wrangling about breach of Covenants, which they only stand about, who are unwilling to fight. For Kings understand the obligation of a Treaty by the Condition of their own advantage, and commonly the best advised be∣gin with the Sword, and then with the Trumpet, as the Arrogonois with the French in Naples, and Philip the Second of Spain with England, taking all our Ships in his Ports. Hannibal besides the forwardness of Carthage, had also been sworn by his Father to pursue Rome with immortal hatred, being but Nine Years old, which I doubt not but some Kings not at peace with us, were charged with by their Prede∣cessors, to declare themselves our Enemies when their Coffers were full.

§. 2. Hannibal upon this resolves to visit Rome, instructing Asdrubal his Brother about the Govern∣ment of Spain; and sends as many Troops of Spa∣•••••••••••• into Africk, as there were Africans in Spain,

to be Pledges each Nation for other, viz. Thirteen Thousand Eight Hundred and Fifty Foot, and One Thousand Two Hundred Horse, with Four Thou∣sand young Men of Quality out of the best Cities, to be Garrison'd in Carthage, and with his Brother he left Fifty Seven Gallies, Twelve Thousand Afri∣cans, and of other Foreigners Two Thousand, and Twenty One Elephants. Then he sends to the Pi∣rene Mountaineers and Gauls for a quiet passage, and in the Spring passeth over Iberus Ninety Thousand Foot, and Twelve Thousand Horse, with which he Conquer'd Spain on the East of that River, and left one Hanno with Ten Thousand Foot, and One Thou∣sand Horse to Govern it. At the Borders he dis∣missed the Spaniards that desired it, and so with Fif∣ty Thousand Foot, and Nine Thousand Horse, he entred Gaul, and by fair words and gifts passed to Rhodanus, where the Vivaretz to be rid of them gave way and directed him; yet he was put to some trouble on the other side, and in passing over his Elephants on Boughs of Trees covered with Turffs, and towed over. Then the Cisalpine Gauls in Pie∣mont and Milan, lately revolted from Rome, and came over to him, and gave him Guides over the Alps; yet was he exceedingly molested by the Sa∣voiards, and put to loss both of Carriages and Men, besides Fifteen Days tedious March over the Moun∣tains in the beginning of Winter.

§. 3. The Cisalpine Gauls before Hannibal's co∣ming had revolted from Rome, and besieged the Ro∣man Commissioners in Modena, when they could not force Cremona and Placentia, two Roman Colonies; but seeming weary, and desirous of Peace, Rome sent Ambassadors, whom they detain. Manlius the Prae∣tor, who lay in those parts with an Army, coming to relieve the Besieged, is overthrown by the Gaul's Ambush in a Wood, and Atilius his fellow Praetor sent with another supply was beaten, &c. Rome not

dreaming that the Carthaginians after so many indig∣nities slavishly endured, would grow so brave as to look into Italy, had sent Titus Sempronius, one of their Consuls, with an Army, and Two Hundred and Sixty Quinqueremes into Africk, and P. Cornelius Scipio the other Consul, with an Army into Spain, hoping to find Hannibal there. But he hearing at Massilia that Hannibal was past over Rhodanus, sent his Bro∣ther Curius Cornelius Scipio with the greatest part of the Forces to try Asdrubal; and himself with some choice Men hastened after Hannibal by Sea to Pisa, and so to Lumbardy, where he gathered together the broken Troops of the beaten Praetor.

§. 4. Hannibal after Five Months tedious Journey, and having past the Alps, hath but Twenty Thousand Foot and Six Hundred Horse left of those he muster'd at Rhodanus, as the Monument he raised in Iuno's Temple witnesseth, besides the Gauls, Lycurgians, &c. lately joyned. In Piemont he forced the City Turine, which had refused his Alliance, which drew many Gauls and others to joyn with him, and prepared o∣thers which yet held off, hearing of the Consul Scipio's coming; which wavering made both Gene∣rals to hasten the Trial. Ticinum was the place where they exhort their Armies, and where Hanni∣bal set before his "the desperate sight of his Savoy Captives which he had used so miserably, that he who was slain by his Fellow thought he succeed∣ed well, though he which overcame had Liberty, with an Horse and Mony. This he shewed his Souldiers was their case, whose Life without Vi∣ctory will be a bondage worse than Death, but with Victory will be well rewarded." Scipio en∣couraged his Men by the Victories of their Ancestors even over the Carthaginians; that these were but a declining Troop of Rebels, feeble by hard travel, and many wants. In the Battle Scipio was dangerously wounded, and left in the place, if his Son (after Sir∣named

Africanus had not brought him off. The Consul seeing his Horsemen beaten, and the rest discouraged, made his retreat to Placentia. Hanni∣bal after two Days got over Ticinum, and presented himself before Placentia, but no Man looks out; whereupon the Consul's Gauls fell from him to Han∣nibal, who sent them home with kind usage, the bet∣ter to persuade their Nation to confederacy. The Consul steals away in the Night, but had been over∣taken by the Numidian Horsmen, if they had not stayed to plunder his Camp, while he recovered the Bank of Trebia, where he fortified himself, expect∣ing his Fellow Consul. The Gauls come over dayly to Hannibal, who is in want of Victuals, but relie∣ved himself by taking Chastidium, in which all the Roman Store and Ammunition lay, which was betray∣ed to him. Rome hearing of these Disasters, will revenge it by Sempronius the other Consul, with his Armies at Ariminum, which being brought to Trebia, where Scipio lay of his Wounds, Sempronius will have the honour of the day before the other recovers, or his Office now almost out should expire; neither can he be dissuaded. Hannibal by the Gauls in their Camp understanding it, conceal'd his Brother Mago within an Ambush in a low place overgrown with Reeds, who pressing the Enemy in the Reer, while the other charged them in Front and Flank, Twenty Six Thou∣sand of the Romans were slain. Sempronius erred, First, Fighting in a Champion Country, to the ad∣vantage of Hannibal's Elephants. Secondly, in not discovering the Ground. Thirdly, In leading his weary hungry Men through the River, immediately to fight with fresh and well-fed Men.

§. 5. Winter is wellcome to the beaten Romans, who kept themselves warm in Cremona and Placen∣tia, whom yet Hannibal kept waking, &c. The Lygurians joyn with Hannibal, and put into his hand two Roman Quaestors, or Treasurers, two Colonels,

and five Sons of the Senators, of which he kept the Romans in miserable Bondage, but sent home their followers. Having wearied those Gauls where he wintred, when the Year was well advanc'd he pass'd the Appenine Mountains with such difficulty, that he chose to take through the Fenns, in which he lost his Elephants, and the use of one Eye with the severity of his March, and so came to Aretium, where wa∣sting all the Countries, about Sixteen of which he set on fire just by Flaminius the Consul, an hot-headed popular Orator, who intending to quench it with Carthaginian Blood, fell unadvisedly into Han∣nibal's Troops, between Cortona, and the Lake Thra∣samene, where he and Fifteen Thousand of the Ro∣mans were slain, and Six Thousand escaped to the M••untains; where being discover'd, they stay'd not, but yet were overtaken by Maharbal, to whom they yielded upon promise of Liberty, which Condi∣tion Hannibal would not allow, being made without him; a trick learned of the Romans to break Cove∣nants. Now he had Fifteen Thousand Italian Priso∣ners, of which the Romans he kept to hard meats, but freed the rest, in hopes to make the Italians his Allies; but an ancient Reputation is not so soon lost. Servilius the other Consul not knowing what was done, sent Centronius with Four Thousand Men to encrease the Army; but Maherbal intercepted them, slew half, and the rest yielded, the News whereof made Servilius hasten to the defence of Rome. Thus we discern the fruits of popular Jea∣lousie in changing the Commanders in War yearly, which endangereth the growth of the Empire. For the best Wit in the World cannot inform it self in the compass of one year of all the good helps requi∣site to the prosecution of War to the best effect, as Caesar did in Gaul by Ten Years continuance.

§. 6. Rome amazed at this success, and the immi∣n••nt danger, flye to an old Remedy long out of use,

and create a Dictator, whose Office was above a Consul, and scarcely subject to any controul. The People as having Supream Authority, chose Fabius Maximus, the best Man of War in the City, who chose M. Minutius Rufus Master of the Horse, which is as his Lieutenant. Fabius began with Reformation in Religion, a commendable beginning if the Reli∣gion had been good. The Sybil's Books were herein consulted, which directed Vows to Mars, a Sacrifice to Iupiter, and a Temple to Venus, which Trumperies prove the Books written by an ill Spirit. Fabius sets out with four Legions, and received Servilius's Army, and sent him to Sea to pursue the Carthagi∣nian Fleet, which had intercepted the Supply sent to Scipio in Spain. Hannibal in the mean time refreshed his Men, armed the Africans after the Roman man∣ner, and so Coasted toward Apulia, not to take any City by long Siege, which breaks the force of a great Army; but seeking to weaken the Romans reputati∣on, desired to be Master of the Field, which would soon open the Gates of Cities. Therefore he pre∣sented Fabius Battel as soon as he saw him, but he would not bite; knowing the difference between old Victorious Souldiers and Novices, whom he would acquaint with dangers, and to look upon the Lyon afar off, before they set foot upon his Tail. Minu∣tius had a contrary disposition, fiery, like Flaminius, taxing Fabius with Cowardise; but that moved not this well-advised Commander, who knew the danger of pursuing misfortune, which wasteth it self by Suf∣fering, sooner than by Opposition. It is the Inva∣ding Army that desires Battel, and Hannibal's was also Victorious, therefore Fabius suffered him to fall upon the Rich Territory of Campania, himself keep∣ing the Hills, being much weaker in Horse. But Winter drawing on, Hannibal cannot stay in the wasted Country, and could not get into a fresh, but must pass by the Dictator, who presumed he now

had him fast, but was deceived; for Hannibal in a dark Night tying Faggots to the Horns of Two Thousand Ki••e, and setting them on fire, drove them over the Hills; which terrible sight caus'd Fa∣bius to keep his Trenches, lest he should be circum∣vented, so Hannibal pass'd by. Fabius is call'd home about some matter of Religion, leaving the Army with Minutius, yet with peremptory Charge not to fight; but Minutius finding the Army of one mind, resolved to fight, though it were death to transgress the Dictator's Charge. His Success in the Encounter was good, having taken such advantage that he dared Hannibal in his Camp, and came off with the better. The Army applauds Minutius, but the People of Rome more, and by motion of Metellus a Tribune, seconded by Terentius Varro a Popular Fellow, Ene∣my to the Nobility, and who had been Praetor the last year, Minutius is joyn'd in equal Authority with Fabius: When they met Fabius divided the Ar∣my with Minutius by Lot, which the other likes not so well as to Command the whose by Course, but took his Lot, and incamped a mile and a half from the Dictator, as desirous to have occasion to Fight, as Fabius to the contrary. Hannibal design'd to try Minutius's Courage the next day, and in the Night conceal'd an Ambush of Horse and Foot in spacious Caves in the Vallie, and early in the Morning gave occasion to Minutius like the former, which he gladly took, but succeeded worse, and had lost all, if Fa∣bius had not come to rescue him.

§. 7. Fabius is commended by the principal Citi∣zens; but the inferiour sort cry out against his cold protracting the War, doing nothing of Consequence all his year. Terentius Varro took advantage to put in for the Consulship, which far exceeded his own worth, without the favour of the Multitude, which supply all his wants, especially having Bibilus Heren∣neus a Kinsman, Tribune of the People, who by his

Place might speak what he pleas'd to assist him. This bold Orator inveighed against the Nobility, as the Causes which drew Hannibal into Italy, who now could not be expelled without a Plebeian Consul▪ The Fathers labour to hinder this, first by choice of a Dictator, which held not; and by an Inter-Regnum, which was a Government of Ten of the Fathers for Five Days; in which the heat of the Multitude might be assuaged, and all begin again; but after five Days no other but Terentius will be heard of; so that to bridle this violent Person, Lucius Paulus Aemilius a Worthy Honourable Man is chosen the second Con∣sul, and a great levy of Men, which made up the Army under the old Consuls Eighty Thousand Foot, and Six Thousand Horse. While this preparation and other businesses are ordering at Rome, Hannibal who Wintred at Geryon in Apulia, took the Castle of Canne, where much of the Roman Provision lay, but Servilius the old Consul could do nothing 'till the new came. At their departing, Fabius gravely ex∣horted Aemilius not only to play the Man against the Carthaginians, but also in bridling the rashness of his Collegue; who answer'd, He would do his utmost for his Country, but would rather adventure upon the Enemie's Sword, than the Citizens malice.

§. 8. Aemilius with his Collegue being come to the Camp, took occasion to encourage the Souldiers by the Consideration of old Victories against the Car∣thaginians, and other more warlike Nations, the present great numbers, even all that Rome could make. Hanni∣bal's Success was by Slight, not Valour; and they saw how destitute he was of the helps they had. They conceive all this, and the happiness of following such a Leader as they knew him to be; but mistook him, as if they should lose the Patience of waiting a Convenient Season, and only presume upon their advantage. But indeed there hapned an inconvenience, than which few are more dangerous, when they consider not the dis∣sention

of their Chief Commanders, while Varro upbraideth Aemilius's Advise to decline such an Op∣portunity, to savour too much of Q. Fabius; and Varro's hast by Aemilius is compared to Flaminius. Varro in his Day of Command removed into the Plains chose by Hannibal; Aemilius the next Day in∣trencheth, and will not stir, and sent part of the Army to the East of the River Aufidus, intrenching them. The want of skill in Varro, and his obstinate Resolution against his Fellow Consuls prudent Coun∣sel, was great in suffering the Roman Army to be drawn along by Hannibal to fight in a place of the Enemies most advantage for his Horse, and in ran∣ging his Army in form, good against Elephants, which the Enemy had not, but unprofitable against Horse, in which the Enemies had the advantage. The Battle began by Asdrubal upon Aemilius, whose Roman Gentlemen were over-matched in number and Horsemanship by the boisterous Gauls and Spaniards, who forced them to give back, so that Aemilius put himself on foot among the Legions, while Asdrubal pursued, and slew almost all his broken Troops; the Equites riding about him, who rescued him, did also alight with him to help their distressed Foot, which Hannibal esteemed a yielding. Terentius Varro his Collegue in the Left Wing, is troubled with Hanno or Maharbal, when Five Hundred Numidian Horse came in and threw down their Arms in token of yielding, whom he order'd to rest behind the Army 'till all were done. But these crafty Adventurers Arm'd under their Cloaths with short Swords, spy∣ing their time, fell on the hindermost of the Romans to their great terrour, which, Asdrubal having slain the Roman Troops, highly increas'd, by joyning with these Numidians, and so forced Terentius to trust to his Horses heels. The Numidian Light-Horsmen pursue him, while Asdrubal with the Gauls and Spa∣nish Horse fall upon the backs of the Roman Foot,

disorder'd by Hannibal, who had environ'd them on three sides; they being in a manner surrounded, a miserable slaughter was made of them, wherein it is probable that Aemilius dyed, and not that he got out wounded, as Livy reports; he was found with Lentulus in his flight, offering him his Horse, which he refused. All the Roman Army, except Four Thousand Foot and Two Thousand Horse, fell in this Slaughter with Aemilius; as for Terentius, he esca∣ped to Venusia, with Seventy Foot almost, and about Two Thousand became Prisoners to the Numidians. The Roman Camps were a while defended, but in the end yielded, Eight Thousand of which became Prisoners, though Livy tells us but of Three Thou∣sand Foot, and Three Hundred Horse taken Priso∣ners. Hannibal lost but Five Thousand Five Hun∣dred Foot, and Two Hundred Horse; and had he pursued his Victory, as Maharbal persuaded, and forthwith marched to Rome, it is little doubted but the War had ended, as he was told, He knew how to get, but not to use a Victory.

§. Hannibal having plunder'd the Roman Camp, made head toward Samnium, where many Towns seemed to favour Carthage, of which Cossa opened to him, where he layed up his Baggage, and left Mago to take in other places, while himself hasted into Campania; where, as in all Cities of Italy, so especially there, the multitude generally affected him, for his sending home all their Citizens, whom he had taken with much Civility. This Fruitful Country of Campania, and Capua the Head, had de∣sign'd to open to him in Fabius the Dictator's days, if his nearness had not hindred it, which after the Victory at Cannae was taken away; yet having Three Hundred principal Gentlemen serving at Sicily under the Romans, whom they desire to recover before they fall off, they sent Ambassadors to Consul Terentius to sound him, formerly offering their Service. But

he little bewailing the Romans misfortune, which had now lost all, said, Campania must now not help Rome only, but also make good the War against the Carthaginians. The Campanians hearing this of their Ambassadors, presently make a League with Hannibal, only Decius Magius opposed it to Capua where Hannibal came, and Condemned him as a Tray∣tor; but to prevent the envy of his Execution, sent him to Carthage. Other Towns depending upon this, ran the same course; though the next Cities, as Nola, Nuceria, and Naples stood out for Rome, which yet was at this time in extream fear of Han∣nibal's coming, so that Terentius was called home to name a Dictator. At his coming it was wisely done to give a good welcome, to cover their fear, and prevent the lamentations of the multitude, which would have bred contempt of the Governours, and not out of Greatness of Spirit, as Livy would have it. M. Iunius is named Dictator, and T. Sempro∣nius Master of the Horse, who presently raised four Legions, and One Thousand Horse, being forced to press Boys. To these were added Eight Thousand sturdy Slaves, encouraged with promise of Liberty upon deserts; Men also in Debt, and others in dan∣ger of Death for Capital Offences, are freed, if they will serve in this War. To Arm these, they took down the Spoils of Enemies heretofore hung up in their Temples and Porches. About this time Ten Agents sent by the Prisoners to Treat with the Senate about their Redemption, came, with whom Carthalo is sent by Hannibal to sound their disposi∣tion to Peace, whom they will not see, neither will redeem their Prisoners; pretending their Folly in not escaping by flight as others did, but their wants was the true Cause; for when such as escaped came, they condemned them to serve in Sicily, ••ill the War ended, because they had fled. The Dictator takes

the Field with twenty five Thousand Men, with whom he spent his time in Campania I know not how, while Hannibal made many idle Journeys between Nola and Naples; but Nola was forc'd to call for Mar∣cellus a Praetor, with his Legion to hinder the Multi∣tude from opening to Hannibal. Failing thus of No∣la he got Nucera by composition; and returning to Nola, knowing the Affection of the Multitude, he sought to draw Marcellus out, but was out-witted by him. After this, hearing the Dictator was about Casiline, he went to seek him, not liking his being so near Capua, where he design'd to Winter; there he attempted Casilines, and won it by composition, and upon the Inhabitants departure, put in seven hundred Carthaginians for defence of the Campaign, and went to Winter at Capua.

§. 10. Mago, Son of Amilcar, is sent to Carthage, to make report of Hannibal's proceedings and Victo∣ries, and demand Supplies, which Hanno, his old E∣nemy hindred what he could; yet it was agreed to send him Forty Thousand Numidians, forty Elephants, and a great store of Silver; and in Spain to levy twenty thousand Foot and four Thousand Horse; which Aid was not so well compleated; for only the Elephants and some of the Money was sent. So As∣drubal's Journey out of Spain into Italy was much talked of, but not performed 'till many Years after, when Rome had recovered her self. Thus Hanno's con∣trivance to remove the War out of Italy into Spain, to force Emporiae and expel the Romans, was but to oppose Hannibal, in retarding the Supply agreed up∣on, to which the sparing Carthaginians were easily persuaded, but repented it too late; not seeing now that the safety of Carthage and Spain lay upon the Suc∣cess in Italy.

§. 11. The Roman Victories in Spain by Scipio a∣gainst Asdrubal, reported by Roman History proved improbable; and the Actions of Scipio there briefly

run over; among other Arguments of improbability, that Scipio vanquish'd Asdrubal is that Objection of Fabius, cited and unanswer'd by Livy; if Asdrubal were Vanquish'd, how could he invade Italy with more than sixty Thousand? In running over the par∣ticular Actions of Scipio in Spain, I will not insist up∣on any that are uncertain. After Curius Scipio had done Wonders by Sea and Land, and taken in one hundred and twenty Estates, and driven Asdrubal into a Corner to hide himself; and that the Celtibe∣rians had slain fifteen Thousand, and taken four Thou∣sand, Publius Scipio came in with Supplies to help his Brother. These again beat Asdrubal by Sea and Land; so that he is forced to write to Carthage for Succours; but without any he is commanded to lead his Army forth into Italy, which Journey he prepa∣red for, by great Impositions upon the Spaniard, rai∣sing much Treasure. But he cannot so pass, for at Ibera the Romans beat him, take and pillage his Camp, and upon this event, all Spain falls off from him, so that he hath small hopes of safety in Spain, and much less of Travailing into Italy. Of these Ex∣ploits, Advertisements are sent to Rome, and Let∣ters to the Senate, that they have neither Money, Apparel nor Bread for Fleet or Army; so that for want they must leave the Province. These Contents of the Letters suit not well with the Advertisements of such Exploits; and came unseasonably to Rome, scarce able, after the loss at Cannae, to help it self at home. Yet forsooth, they are supplyed, and again beat Asdrubal twice, tho' he had sixty Thousand Men, and with sixteen Thousand, slew forty six Thousand. But according to Livy, the next Year, tho' all Spain had been twice gotten from the Carthaginians, and that they lost so many thousands, and plunder'd of the Treasure gathered by Asdrubal, yet is he able to pur∣sue Publius Scipio, and set down by him at Mons Vi∣ctoriae, and after removeth to Illiturgis, which he Be∣siegeth

but is again beaten by Curius. Scipio, who, with one Legion of five Thousand enters the Town, and slew the next day twelve Thousand Carthaginians more, and took three Thousand Prisoners; and at Auringes slew eight Thousand. After all this, the Ro∣mans take Saguntum, and destroy the Turdetans, which argueth the Carthaginians were too weak to disturb them, or rather, the Romans took it by surprize; for as the many Sieges made by the Carthaginians, argue them Masters of the Field, so the Romans consuming a whole Year after, in gaining the Celtiberians, and that by express Condition of a great Sum of Money, to make War against the Carthaginians; yet if we will believe it, these Celtiberians had some Years be∣fore given Hostages to Scipio. With the access of thirty Thousand Celtiberians, the two Scipio's seek out the so oft beaten Carthaginians (if all former Reports were true) not far off nor so broken, having three Armies led by Asdrubal, Son of Amilcar, Mago, and Asdrubal Son of Gesco; Curius Scipio undertakes the first; Publius Scipio makes haste to the other two, be∣ing Five Days March off, lest they should run away upon the Report of their Fellows overthrow. But Pub∣lius Scipio, with two parts of the Roman Army, is met with, and forced to keep his Trenches; and yet not safe in them, steals out by Night, leaving Fonteius his Lieutenant with a few to keep the Camp, while he hoped to intercept seven Thousand five hundred Suessetans, but being pursued by the Numidian Horse, was slain. His Brother, twenty seven days after, meeting with Asdrubal, is forsaken of his Celtiberian Mercenaries, after a violent Flight in which he is o∣vertaken, lost his Life, some few escaping to T. Fon∣teius, if it may be believed, considering the plainness of the Country. After this, L. Martius, a Roman Gentleman, gathers together the scatter'd Souldiers, and some Companies out of Garrisons, making up a pretty Army, with which he wrought Wonders, by

report of Valerius Antias, &c. Martius magnifieth his Service by News at Rome, and stileth himself Pro∣pretor, at which the Senate is offended, and send Claudius Nero with twelve thousand Foot, and one thousand one hundred Horse, where he found almost all the Spanish Friends fa'ln off: But we must believe that he boldly advanced toward Asdrubal, Brother of Hannibal, and took him in such a streight, as that he offered to quit Spain if he might do it peaceably; yet was he called home, and Publius, Son of Publius Scipio sent Pro-consul into Spain. This Publius Scipio was a Man of a Noble Presence, singu∣larly well Condition'd, especially in Temper, Conti∣nence, Bounty, and all Virtues which procure Love. To pass by the several Accounts of this Man given by Historians; if this one were true, that in all Rome no Man was found which durst desire the place 'till this Cornelius Scipio, but that twenty four stood up at the same time, then were not the Wonders report∣ed of L. Martius like to be true. This Proconsul with Iunius Sillanus Propretor, lands at Emporiae with ten Thousand Foot and one Thou••and Horse, and Marcheth to Tarracon, and as soon as Winter was ended, attempted N. Carthage, which he sur∣prized, and therein many Hostages of Spain, which he kindly sent home, and so drew many to his Friend∣ship. Yet Asdrubal stayed not his Journey to his Brother in Italy, leaving Mago and the other Asdru∣bal in Spain. The Roman Historians tell us, that Scipio beat him into Italy, with many incoherent re∣lations of the Spanish Affairs.

§. 12. Hannibal, as we heard, after the Battle at Cannae wintred at Capua, not attempting Rome, lest not carrying it without a long Siege, he should be forced, for want of Victuals, to rise; which might dishearten his Men and the States of Italy which had joined him. His expected Supplies from Carthage came all to a few Elephants, with some excuse for the

rest, especially for want of a convenient Haven to Land in: Yet he took the Field, designing to gain some good Haven Town; to which end he sent Hanno to the Lucans but with ill success, losing Two Thousand Men, yet Hammilco with the Locrians, assisted with the Brutians, wan Pretilia by force, and Cosentia: Croton was left them, and Locri yeilded, but Rhegium held out. Rome at this time was brought so low, that when the Messengers from Petilium upon their Knees sought succour, the Senate willed them to provide for their own safety. At the same time their Praetor Posthumus Atomus with Twenty Five Thousand, was cut in pieces by the Gauls in a Wood through which they must pass, whose Trees before their coming were so cunningly sawed, that a little force would throw them down: So that after they were in, the Gauls about the Wood beginning, one Tree cast down another, and overwhelmed the Romans▪ About the same time Philip King of Macedon entred into League with Hannibal, of mutual and Personal assisting; the one in Conquest of Italy for the Car∣thaginian, the other of Greece for Philip: But pre∣disposing of Kingdoms is justly controuled by the Divine Providence. The Romans understanding this League, sent M. Valerius the Praetor to employ Philip, more in Greece than would give him leave to vi∣sit Italy; which he so well effected by stirring up the Aetolians, old Enemies to Macedon, that he was cho∣sen Consul at Rome, and Sulpitius sent in his stead. Philip being thus incumbred in Greece, and seeing Car∣thage was careless of supplying him with a Fleet, which he wanted, after he had forced the Aetolians to submit, he hearkned to the Romans, who desired his Friendship, which he esteemed much to his Ho∣nour.

§. 13. The Carthaginians undertaking so many En∣terprises at once, and following them by halves, was ••n errour; but their neglect of supplying Hannibal,

when he had as great an opportunity as a Conquerour could desire, argued his Enemies at home, durst not trust him with the Power which might injure them∣selves. Hannibal therefore is forced by necessity to feed his Italian Friends with Hopes, trifling about Nola, Naples, and Cuma, about which latter Grac∣chus a Consul over-reached the Magistrates of C••pua, who had Conspired to take the Senators of Cumae at a Sacrifice, but was himself surprised by Gracchus, who slew above Two Thousand, and immediately after One Thousand Four Hundred more of Hannibal's Men, at this Siege of Cumae. Hannibal no•• able to make good all his Garrison Towns, and continue strong in Field, was forc'd to pass from place to place, wait∣ing occasions till his supply came. In the mean time Hanno in a Journey against Beneventum, with Seven∣teen Thousand Foot, and Twelve Hundred Horse, is met by the Consul Gracchus with an Army, consist∣ing of Slaves, who upon promise of Manumission, fought so valiantly that they forced Hanno to flie but with Two Thousand. Thus Rome began to repair her breach made at Cannae; yet her Treasury was empty: For all the Fruits her Ground could yield, were hardly able to feed their own Armies: No not Sicily, and Sardinia. Now Asdrubal is expected out of Spain: Macedon is feared, which mortal dangers could not be avoided, but with expence of Treasure. Hereupon the People are Assem••led, and Quintus Fa∣bius the Praetor, opened to them the publick Wants, and how to supply them; which the People undertook. Then followed the two Censors, who Censured all disorders in the City, or about the Wars past; and thus by Pruning the Branches the decayed Root re∣covered.

§. 14. Fabius Maximus, one of the Consuls, having Besieged Casseline in Campania, after Marcellus, the other Consul was come, who finding it so obsti∣nately defended, would have left it, as no great

E••terprise, if Marcellus had not replied, that Things undertaken by a great Commander, ought to be pro∣secuted. So the Siege being continued, he forced them within to seek Peace. But as the Besieged were go∣ing forth according to Covenant, Marcellus takes a Gate, entreth, and puts to the Sword, or taketh all but Fifty, which ran to Fabius for Protection: This needed a Roman Equivocation to justifie it. Many o∣ther small Towns of the Samnites, and some of the Lucans, and Apulians, were recovered, and Twenty Five Thousand of the Enemies put to the Sword. The new Consul next was Quintus Fabius, Son to Maxi∣mus Gracchus, who was Consul the other Year: Thus the Father became Lieutenant to his Son. Fabius entred Arpi, by Scalade in a stormy Night; yet was so resisted by a Carthaginian Garrison, that they left the Town by Composition: Divers other places re∣turned to the Roman obedience: But Tarentum in the mean time was betrayed to Hannibal who entred the Town; but the Citadel was held by the Romans. The next Year the City of Rome Armed Twenty Three Legions, of which many were Boys, under Seventeen Years Old, and Fulvius Flaccus, with Appius Claudius Consuls, Besiege Capua, who send to Hannibal to re∣lieve them, which Charge was committed to Hanno, who made good Provision which the Peasants should have carried to Capua, but by their negligence, Ful∣vius took it with Two Thousand Waggons in Hanno's Camp, in his absence, where were Six Thousand slain, and Seven Thousand taken. In the mean time the Metapontines, and Thurines, yielded to Hannibal: And Gracchus late Consul was slain, being appointed to keep Beneventum, for securing the Consuls at the Siege of Capua. But Hannibal dislodged them, fol∣lowed Claudius, and upon his return fell upon Penula with almost Sixteen Thousand Men, of which scarce Two Thousand escaped; and Fulvius a Praetor with Eight Thousand in Appulia, was so surprized by Ma∣go,

that he carried away but Two Thousand. The Consuls renew the Siege of Capua, which sendeth to Hannibal, then at Brundusium, and have a comforta∣ble Answer, but came not till Want began to pinch them. But being come, he took one of their Forts, and fell upon the Camp; the Citizens also issue out, and Claudius hath his Deaths wound, yet can he not raise the Siege. Then inraged with himself, he re∣solves to Attempt Rome, hoping so to raise it; which the Senate understanding, refer it to the Generals, whether to stay or come home; and they agree that Fulvius with Fifteen Thousand Foot, and One Thou∣sand Horse should go to Rome. Hannibal hasteth with Ten Days Provision, and Fulvius is not long after him; but when his Provision was spent, he made as much haste away, having only frighted the timerous multitude. Fulvius also returns to Capua▪ where Belstar and Hanno are closely Besieged, and can by no means draw on Hannibal, whose Spirits were spent more by Domestick Treachery than Ro∣man Force. Capua in desperate Case, having twice rejected mercy, after Twenty Seven chief Senators had purposely Poison'd themselves at a Supper, open the Gates to the Romans, who tooke severe revenge on all but Two poor Women, who were found not guilty, the rest were either slain, fold, or banished. Other Capuan People that submitted sped not better, Capua was new Peopled, but never incorporated, but Governed by a Magistrate sent yearly from Rome.

§. 15. Sardinia during the Wars in Italy, was drawn to a Rebellion by the Carthaginians, who encourage Harsicoras and Hostius his Son, Popular in the Island, promising them aid against Mutius the Praetor. The Romans hearing thereof, sent T. Man∣lius, who in his Consulship had won the Island, with Twenty Two Thousand Foot, and Twelve Hundred Horse, as their commendable manner was to suport in their Provinces those Men and their Families,

which had first subdued them. Manlius soon after his Arrival, in one Day overthrew Hyostius, who in his Father••s absence would needs venture upon the old Soldiers, who slew above Thirty Thousand Men. As∣drubal the bold, and other Carthaginians came soon after, and made Manlius leave Cornus, which he had Besieged, and go to Calaris, where in a Battle he slew Twelve Thousand, and took Three Thousand. Hyostus, Asd••ubal, and the rest dy'd, and the Re∣bellion ended. Sicily also grew troublesome after the Battle at Cannae, when old Hierom King Siracuse dying, left his Kingdom to Hyeronismus a Grand∣child, fifteen Years Old, under tuition of fifteen Prin∣cipal Men, of which Andronodorus that Married De∣marata, Daughter of Hiero, designing how to be the only Man, applyed himself to the King, pushing him on to assume the Government, wherein he quickly exceeded and turned Tyrant. He affected not the Romans as his Father had done, despising the present weakness of Rome, and casting an Eye upon the pre∣vailing Fortune of Carthage, entred League with them upon Condition, that Sicily should be his. But while he was busie herein, his Tyranny produced Trea∣son against his Person, which took effect at Leontium, where he was slain. Andronodorus, push'd no by his Wife, endeavoured to become Tyrant; but finding it yet too ••ard to compass, applauded the Peoples liber∣ty, and so by them is chosen chief Praetor. He ••inding Themistius who Married the Sister of Hieronymus, af∣fected as himself, (as he was also Wiv'd) dealt with him, and drew him to take his part: But being too free in communicating their design, 'twas discover'd to the Senate; so that entring into the Senate, both were slain, and their Wives also, for affecting Roy∣alty. Then new Praetors are chosen in their place, called Epicides and Hippocrates, Born in Carthage, but of Syracusan Parents; both which Hannibal had used in the League with Hieronymus; who being in Of∣fice,

opposed the Roman League. But finding the People afraid of Marcellus, who also required the City to expel them, they stirred up the Leontines to take their Liberty as Syracuse had done; for seeing the Tyrant was slain there, it was no reason they should remain Subject to Syracuse. When Marcellus heard that Leontium revolted from Syracuse, he offer∣ed his help, and won the Town in a day: So the two Ringleaders fled to Hebersus, but the Citizens were pardo••ed; tho' the contrary Report bred a mutiny against the Roman Praetors Cruelty among the Syra∣cusan Mercenaries. These being led by their Praetors to Herbesus, Epicides and Hyppocrates came out with Olive Branches to the Army, wherein Six Hundred Creets, whom Hannibal had used well, took Protection of them, and at Megara by a counterfeit Letter of Hyppocrates to Marcellus, from Syracuse, intreating him to make away their troublesome Mercenaries, the Army was in such Uproar that the Praetors fled for Life. So the Army was led by Hyppocrates to Syra∣cuse, who let him in; where he slew whom he lift∣ed, set Slaves and Prisoners free, as is usually done by Tyrants, and thus the two Brethren became Lords of Syracuse. Marcellus hearing of the alterations, ho∣ping by his success at Leontium, to make short work at Syracuse, presently Besieged it by Sea and Land, omitting no violence and terrour in two or three As∣saults; but was beaten off, not so much by virtue of the Defendents, as by the skill of that Noble Mathema∣tician Archimedes, who at Hiero, at the late King's request, framed such Engines of War as did the Ro∣mans more mischief than could have been done by Cannon, either by Sea, or Land; for they cast among them great Stones and Timber, and by an Iron Gra∣ple would take up a Galley by the Prow and shake out all the Men, &c. Marcellus not knowing which way to turn, and loath to give over, resolved to famish the Town, which was a desperate piece of work,

considering the large Haven and their Carthaginian Friends, who even then had sent Himilco with twen∣ty five Thousand Foot, three Thousand Horse, and twelve Elephants, and Bomilcar with a Fleet had Victualled the City. Upon Himilco's Landing, many Towns yielded, which forced Marcellus to rise with a great part of his Army to prevent him of other places, as he did, but came too late to Agrigentum, which Himilco had gotten. Winter coming on, Mar∣cellus leaving sufficient Force before Syracuse, went to Leontium, where Studying how to save his Ho∣nour, which his leaving the Enterprize would im∣peach, he falls on another Point of Dishonour, to pre∣vail by Treason; which yet succeeded not. In the end a Fugitive out of the City informed him of a Feast to be held to Diana, for which there was plen∣ty of Wine: Upon this, in the Night he scaled the Walls, and took some part of the City, which was divided by Walls, like four or five Cities. The Souldiers and Citizens after this offer to compound, which Marcellus liketh, but once or twice it is inter∣rupted, and being at a stand, Marcellus in the time of the Treaty corrupted one of the Captains of the Town, which was a Mercenary Spaniard, by whose Treason he entred the Town, and had a Booty no less than that of Carthage. In this surprize Archimedes was slain, whose death Marcellus lamenteth, and Bu∣ried him Honourably. This under-dealing of Mar∣cellus was not approved at Rome, considering Hie∣ro's benefits; and that the Citizens when at Liberty favoured Rome, but were now over-ruled by Tyrants and Mercenāries: Yet the Senate thought not good to restore the Booty, nor give over the the Dominion: Nevertheless, it was not so well with Syracuse before as after, considering their Factions, Conspirators, Tyrants, Murders, Banishments, &c. which yet Justifieth not Rome's injustice more than him which stole the Cup from a sick Person, because

he was always drinking in it. After this all Sicily yeilded, except Agrigentum, &c. held by Epicides, Hanno, and Mutines a Numidan, a Wise and Valiant Man, by whom Marcellus was much interrupted; yet was his Virtue so envied by Hanno, that he took his Charge from him. The Numidians were so In∣censed with this Indignity to their Country Man, that they left Hanno, and committed themselves to Mutines disposition, who entring into Intelligence with Valentine Levinus the Roman Consul, newly come, delivered Agrigentum into his hands, and assisted in the Conquest of all the rest.

§. 16. Rome wanting Money to pay off the Soul∣diers, and to mannage the War against Hannibal, and that in Sicily, when Marcellus and Livinus were chosen Consuls; they proposed that the Consuls should bring in all the Money they had, that the Se∣nators do the like, reserving of Gold or other Plate only a Salt-seller, a Cup, a Ring, and some pieces of Art, as Toys for their Wives and Children. This example the Gentlemen and Commonality followed cheerfully; all holding it equal, that every private Con∣dition should run the Fortune of the Common-wealth; which if once ruin'd, in vain could any particulur Man hope to injoy the benefit of his proper substance. Upon this Marcellus was sent against Hannibal, and Livinus into Sicily, where he finished what Marcellus left. Hannibal by long hard Service and wanting Sup∣plies from Carthage, grew unable to keep the Field, and sufficiently to Garrison his Towns, this made him Demolish the places he could not Defend; which a∣leniated many, so that Salapia yielded to Marcellus, and betrayed a Regiment of Hannibal's best Numidian Horse. Hannibal in this strait hears of Masanissa with five Thousand Numidians sent to Spain, and Asdru∣bal's coming to Italy, which News made Hannibal then keep what he could, and the Romans to recover ••hat they can. Hannibal by great Marches came

unlook'd for to Fulvius, a Roman Praetor at Hardonia, slew him, Twelve Tribunes or Colonels, and seven Thousand more; others say thirteen Thousand, burnt the Town, and removed the Inhabitants. Afterwards Marcellus, who thought himself the only Roman fit to Incounter Hannibal, met with him, and lost six Ensigns and three Thousand Men; but the next day Marcellus slew eight Thousand Carthagini∣ans, lost three Thousand, and had so many wounded, that he could follow Hannibal no further. Quintus Fa∣bius Maximus now Consul, besieged Tarentum Gar∣risoned with Brutians, whose Captain in Love with a Woman in the Town, was drawn by a Brother of the Woman's to betray it; so all were put to the Sword, even the Brutians, contrary to his word, that it might be thought he won the Town by Assault, not by Treason: But it saved not his Reputation. Claudius Marcellus and C. Crispinus Consuls the next Year, whom Hannibal entertained with many Skir∣mishes, declined a set Battle, till he might join with his Brother Asdrubal; but watching all advantage, he took them in his Ambuscade, as they came to view a place with small Forces, where they intended to Incamp. Here Hannibal had placed in Covert some Companies of Numidians, who incompassed them, slew Marcellus, wounded Crispine to Death, and giv∣ing honourable Funerals to Marcellus, sent his Ashes in a Silver Pot to young Marcellus. Crispine consi∣dering that Hannibal had Marcellus's Ring, with which he might deceive some Cities, sent warning all a∣bout thereof; even as a Letter in Marcellus's Name came to Salapia to prepare for his coming thither, which Hannibal followed with Romen Fugitives, which spake Latin to the Watch, and bad them open to the Consul. The Gate was opened, and when six Hundred Men were entred, the Port-Cullis were let down, and Hannibal out-witted in his own Stratagem. After Crispinus death, Claudius Nero, and

M. Livius succeeded Consuls: Of which two, Livius had been many Years before condemned and expel∣led by the People; for which indignity he refused the place, till with much imporunity he was overcome. Thus as Men in fair Weather break the Branches of the Palm Tree, under which they shelter them∣selves in Storms; so do the ungrateful with Men of Merit, (as Themistocles reprov'd the Athenians.) The two Consuls take their way, Livius to meet Asdrubal, Nero to follow Hannibal, to hinder their Marches; knowing the mischievous effects of a Conjunction of two Malevolent Planets. It seemed that Livius was too weak to oppose Asdrubal, and therefore Nero took six Hundred Foot, and one Thousand Horse, and in six Days long Marches came to him: But Asdrubal perceiving the increase, thought to decline a Battle by removing over the River Metaneus, had not Nero followed and forced him to it, in which Asdrubal was slain, and fifty six Thousand with him, saith Livy; but Polybius numbers but ten Thousand. After this Victory Nero hasted to his Camp with Asdrubal's Head, which he threw before the Carthagi∣nians, and freed some Prisoners which might make Report of the Victory in Hannibal's Camp, so to strike a terrour into it. Here the Tide began to turn on the Romans side, and so increased that no Bounds could contain it; and Hannibal's hopes decayed dai∣ly. From this thirteenth Year of the second Punick War unto the eighteenth, in which it ended, little is delivered worthy of Memory.

§. 17. Publius Cornelius Scipio, after Asdrubal's de∣parture into Italy, had to do with Hanno, lately sent to succeed Asdrubal, whom M. Syllanus short∣ly after took Prisoner: Asdrubal Son of Gesco, and Mago, left by Asdrubal Son of Amilcar, remained to make head, who prepared seventy Thousand Foot, four Thousand Horse, and thirty two Elephants to keep the Field. Scipio makes up his Legions with

some Auxiliary Spaniards, and seeks out the Enemy with forty five Thousand Foot, and three Thousand Horse, whom he fed well the day before, and early next Morn provoked the empty Carthaginians to Battle, as Hannibal had served his Father at Trebia. Asdrubal wholly depended upon this Battle, in which he was worsted, whereupon Artanes with his Turde∣tans fell to the Romans; and the other Spaniards being confirmed in the Report of the Carthaginians ill suc∣cess at Metaurus in Italy, never did them good ser∣vice after. Asdrubal perceiving this, hasteth toward the Sea, but is overtaken by Scipio, and charged so fu∣riously, that he with seven Thousand took themselves to a strong piece of Ground, from whence himself stole by Night to the Gades, whither Mago and Masanissa followed, and their Army dispersed: So all the Towns, except three, submitted to Scipio, who the Year after took them; only Astapa was burnt with all the Riches therein by the Inhabitants, who slew themselves, except such as desperately broke out up∣on the Romans Camp and so were slain. Asdrubal leaves Mago at Gades, and Saileth to Syphax King of the Masaesili, a People of the Numidians, hoping to perswade him to be a Friend to Carthage; but Scipio meeting him there drew him to the Roman side, which he soon forsook. Scipio returns to Spain, and hav∣ing taken Revenge of the three Cities which held out, he celebrated Funeral Games at New Carthage for his Father and Unkle, which was performed by Du∣els of Slaves; as also such as had Quarrels for Title of Land, which Friends could not compose.

Scipio being dangerously sick, is reported Dead; whereupon Mandonius, and Indibilis, two Spanish petty Kings rebel, hoping to make themselves great: and part of the Roman Army discontented with the little benefit they had got by the Roman Conquest fell to spoil, drive away their Colonels, choos∣ing two base Leaders. Scipio sent new Colonels,

which with fair words and promise of Pay brought them to Carthagenia, where exemplary Justice is done upon the two Leaders and their Accomplices; the rest having sworn, Obedient receive Pay. Mandonius and Indibilis pursued by Scipio, submit, and are pardoned, but their former Power lessened. Masanissa pro∣miseth to serve the Romans; and Mago by directi∣on from Carthage, leaveth Gades, when he had Rob∣bed it, to go to Hannibal in Italy, having Treasure sent to raise an Army: So Gades presently yield∣ed to the Romans, and Scipio gives up the Province to a Successour, and is chosen Consul.

§. 18. Publius Cornelius Scipio, and Publius Licinius Crassus are chosen Consuls. Scipio had Sicily decreed for his Province, with leave to make War in Africa if he thought fit: Which Quintus Fabius Maxi∣mus opposed; nevertheless Scipio proceeds; But was not allowed to Press Souldiers for Africa, but what Fabius and other Ancient Senators should allow of. Besides his Roman Forces, Italy sent him seven Thousand Volunteers and all manner of need∣ful Provision▪ In Sicily he found two Legions sent thither from the Battle at Canna, and Pressed three Hundred Horse. Notwithstanding all which he had like to have been hindred in this Expedition upon complaint of the Locrians, whose Town he had got∣ten from the Carthaginians by their assistance, who were much oppressed by the Governours put in by him. But the Commissioners sending into Sicily to ex∣amine matters, found him so well prepared for Car∣thage, that they quickened his March. He sent Lae∣lius into Asrick to make discoveries, who met with Masanissa revolted from the Carthaginian side to the Roman, for an injury they did him about Asdrubal's Daughters being Betrothed to him, but by them given to Syphax a more mighty Numidian Prince. Laelius understood the State of Africa by Masanissa, whom ••••phax had driven out of his Country, and by per∣suasion

of Sophonisba renounced the Alliance of Rome to join with the Carthaginians her Country-men. This troubled Scipio and made him hasten to Africa, lest the Senate hearing thereof should stay his Jour∣ney, to which he had been induced upon hopes of his assistance. He Lands in Africa, is met by Masanis∣sa and Incamped before Vtica. Asdrubal was with Syphax his Son in Law, to whom the Carthaginians send to call him Home, being chosen their General, and to intreat Syphax against Scipio, who lay before Vtica. Asdrubal makes a Levy of thirty Thousand Foot, and three Thousand Horse; and Syphax brings fifty Thousand Foot, and ten Thousand Horse, with which they March toward Scipio, who dislodged to a place fit for his Navy, where he designed to Win∣ter, and there Fortified his Camp. Asdrubal and Syphax Incamp near to him, but carelesly, presuming upon their Numbers. While they lay thus, Scipio endeavours to draw Syphax from the Carthaginians, and he tries to persuade Scipio to a Peace; this is in de∣bate while Scipio, learns how weak the Enemies Camp was, and how it might be set on fire; whereupon he breaks off the Treaty of Peace, pretending his Counsel would not agree to it. Setting therefore all things in order for such a business, he sent Laeli∣us, and Masanissa, to begin with Syphax who lay farthest off; and when he saw the Flame, he drew on to Asdrubal's Camp, which was in confusion, running to help Syphax; but immediately they found the like Flame in their own Camp. Great was the slaughter, in which but few escaped, with Syphax and Asdrubal. After this new Levies are made, and a second Battle fought, and the Romans obtain a second Victory. As∣drubal flying to Carthage, and Syphax home, whither Masanissa and Laelius pursue him.

Scipio takes in many Towns, some by force, others by surrender, for all the Subjects of Carthage wavered: and Carthage it self durst not exact Taxes of them whom

they had so often overburthened. It is therefore de∣creed to Fortifie the City, to send for Hannibal, and to set out the Fleet against that of Scipio before Vti∣ca; who perceiving it, hastened thither from Tunis to defend them; so they returned, having gotten only six empty Hulks from the Romans. In the mean time Masanissa recovers his Kingdom, and with Laelius proceeds against Syphax, who quickly raised as great an Army as his first, which he also lost as soon, with himself and his Kingdom. For being taken, Masa∣nissa carried him bound to Cirta, his chief City, which presently opened, where Sophonisba yielded her self, intreating she might not be delivered to the Romans; which suit her Youth and excellent Beauty so recom∣mended, that Masanissa Married her presently. Laelius and Scipio were afterwards offended with this Marriage, and persuaded Masanissa to give her over, for fear she should draw him into the same courses she had drawn Syphax. Masanissa to prevent her falling into the Romans hands, sent her a Cup of Poison with which she ended her Days: And he pre∣sently after to prevent the effects of Melancholy for that fact, is comforted by Scipio with a Crown, and Proclaimed King.

§. 19. Carthage hearing this bad News, and seeing Scipio returned to Tunis, are so astonish'd, that they send Thirty of the Princes which were of the Privy Council of the City unto Scipio, to beg Peace pro∣strate, kissing his and his Councils Feet, humbly acknowledging their fault in breaking the former Peace. Scipio considering the poor case that Rome was in, and the Wealth and Strength of Carthage, accep∣ted the submission, on Condition Carthage should call home her Forces in Italy, relinquish all the Islands, de∣liver up all their Ships of War but Twenty, all Priso∣ners and Fugitives, meddle no more with Spain, pay a great Sum of Mony, and certain Hundred Thousand Bushels of Corn. These Articles are approved, a

Truce granted, 'till they send to Rome, and Masanissa sent home to his new Kingdom, as if all were ended; but it appeared after their Ambassadors were come to Rome, they only sought to gain time 'till Hannibal were come, by whom at least they hope to get a better Peace; the Senate therefore refer all to Scipio: But before their return, Carthage had seiz'd on the Roman Ships, with Provision from Sicily, scatter'd by storm, and sought to surprize Scipio's Ambassadors in their return from Carthage.

§. 20. Hannibal after his loss at Metaurus remained among the Brutains, expecting aid from Carthage, and his Brother Mago with Forces raised in Gaul and Liguria, who also solicited the Hetrurians, which caused the Romans to employ Three Armies in those Three Countries. Mago near Milan met with the Roman Forces, with which he fought, like a Son of Amilcar, but with the Carthaginian Fortune, losing Five Thousand, and himself wounded to death, was forced to retire to Liguria, where he found Ambas∣sadors to call him home immediately, which he o∣beyed, but died by the way. Hannibal receiv'd the like Message of return, which he heard with such impa∣tience, that he gnash'd his Teeth, and hardly refraining from Tears, he cried out, that not Scipio, but Hanno had overthrown the Barchines with the ruine of Carthage; so he departed, as if it had been to Exile. Rome be∣ing certain of his departure, appoint an Holy-day for Thanks to the Gods; but Quintus Fabius rejoyc'd lit∣tle, being in doubt of the issue in Africa.

§. 21. Hannibal Landed in Africk at Leptis, almost an Hundred Miles from Carthage, that marching a∣long he might gather Horses, which he wanted; and Scipio sends to Masanissa and the Roman Company with him to make speed to him, who brought Four Thousand Horse, and Six Thousand Foot. Laelius also is returned with the Carthaginian Ambassadors from Rome, at which time M. Baebius kept the Camp in Scipio's absence. He laid hands on the Ambassadors,

and sent word to Scipio, who orders their good u∣sage, and sends them home; to shew that the Cartha∣ginians were less honourable than the Romans: Yet he made more cruel War upon them than before, Sack∣ing the Towns he took, refusing all Compositions. Carthage hearing this, hasted Hannibal to fight; who thereupon Encamped at Zama, sent Spies into Scipio's Camp, who being taken, were carried up and down to see what they would, and so sent back. Hannibal at this, admir'd his Enemie's brave Courage, and sent to desire an Interview, which Scipio granted; but being met, refused to yield to the Peace which Hannibal propounded, seeing the Conditions of it were gainful to them, who had so lately broke a Peace made upon other Conditions. So they brake off, and prepare for Battle, which was the next day to try both Skill and Courage, especially of these brave Commanders. They are both in the Field early, set their People in order, and exhort them to Fight; a Noble Match, and seldom seen, whether we regard the two Generals, their Cities, the import of the Battle, and the Armies; though Hannibal was over-matched in number, and goodness of Horses, and had only his Rereward of trained Men, which were those brave Souldiers which had follow'd him in Italy; all the rest being untrained boisterous Barba∣rians, except Four Thousand Macedonians. The issue was the overthrow of the Carthaginians, of whom Twenty Thousand were slain, and as many taken, with the loss of Fifteen Thousand Romans and upwards: Yet the singular Skill that Hannibal shewed in this his last Fight, is highly commended by Poly∣bius, and was acknowledg'd by Scipio, as Livy re∣ports. Hannibal with a few Horse came to Asdru∣mentum, whence being sent for, he went to Carthage, where he tells them plainly, there was no way left but such Peace as could be gotten. Presently after, Vermina Son of Syphax, who held a good part of his

Father's Kingdom, coming to help when all was lost, was encountred by part of the Roman Army, which slew Fifteen Thousand, and took Twelve Hundred. Scipio being come to Tunis, is Adored by Thirty Carthaginian Ambassadors, in more pitiful manner than before, but less pitied for their former Trea∣chery. Nevertheless Scipio considering the tedious Siege of so strong and large a City, and the desires of the other Consuls to get the Honour of ending what remained, he was content to hear them, and to propound such Conditions as he thought good: As delivery of Prisoners, Fugitives, and Renegadoes, all their Gallies but Ten, and all Elephants; make no War without Licence from Rome, restore to Masa∣nissa what they held from him, or his Ancestors; find Corn for the Army, and pay for Auxiliaries 'till the Peace was Concluded; pay Two Hundred Talents yearly, for Fifty year, and One Hundred Hostages of Choice Men for observance of Conditions. The Conditions were declaim'd against at Carthage, but upon Hannibal's Speech, Necessity forced them to yield, and send to Rome, who sent Ten Commissi∣oners to joyn with Scipio to Conclude the Peace, though the Consul Lentulus opposed, desiring to fol∣low the War in Africk. At their coming to Carthage all is agreed upon, and the first Two Hundred Ta∣lents to be paid out of private Mens Purses. This was grievous to them, and made some Senators weep, whereat Hannibal laughed, as being no cause to weep, in consideration of other Conditions, which touched their Freedom more, tho' less felt by them, and would make them hereafter confess that it was the least part of their Misery for which they now shed Tears. Scipio having concluded at Carthage, and brought Masanissa into the Army, and Honour'd him, he consign'd over to him all the Towns of King Syphax which the Romans held, and so left Af∣rick▪ and Landed in Sicily, from whence he went

through Italy with part of his Army, in Glory no less than Triumph, with the greatest joy that ever any did, and had the Title of African given; which kind of Honour from a Conquer'd Province, grew afterwards in use for less Merit.

CHAP. IV. Of Philip King of Macedon, Father of Per∣seus, subdued by the Romans.

§. 1. SImilitude in Worldly Events, ariseth from limitation of Matter, to which Nature is confin'd, which being finite, cannot always produce variable effects, especially in Actions which seem to depend on the Will of Man, which is over-ruled with the same Affections. The Assyrians invading the Medes, and not prevailing, within a while were sub∣dued by them; thus it fell out between the Per∣sians, and Greeks, and the Romans. For after Pyr∣rhus the Epirot had braved the Romans, and that they found their Virtue was a Richer Metal than the shi∣ning Valour of Greece, it was not long before they durst venture upon Greece, having beaten him, which in a Year made himself Lord of it, and of Macedon. Teuta the Illyriana Queen wasting Greece, without the least provocation, gave the first occasion, that Rome sought acquaintance with Greece, offering to Protect it. Philip King of Mace∣don, set up Philip Son of Demetrius, about Seventeen Years Old, who succeeded King of Macedon, and Pro∣tector of Achaea, and most part of Greece, two Years before the second Punick War began. In the beginning of his Reign, the Aetolians addicted only to War, In∣vaded the Messenians and other parts, and Peloponesus twice; of which complaint was made to Philip, then

at Corinth, and the Lacedemonians are accused as fa∣vouring it in spite of the Achaeans and Macedo∣nians. The Aetolians declining to appear, War is decreed against them; and the Lacedemonians seem to be excused, but are not trusted. Philip prepareth, and draweth those Illyrians from the Aetolians, which aided the Invasion: The Achaeans Proclaim the War, and send to other States to do the like: But the Epirots, Lacedemonians, and Messenians put it off; and in the end the Lacedemonians, who had long Conspired to shake off the Macedonians, concluded a League with the Aetolians, and chose new Kings, which they had not done since Cleomenes Departed; of these, Lycurgus was one, who bribed the Ephori to Elect him. He Invades the Argives, takes two Cities from them; and gains upon the Arcadians. Phi∣lip, while the Aetolians are busie in Peloponesus, brings his Army to their Borders with the Epirots, where to procure a Peace, which the Epirots desire, he spent so long a time as broke the Force of his Ar∣my, with which he might have ended the War. While he was busie in Aetolia, the Aetolian Praetor Scopos over-ran Thessaly, broke into Macedonia as far as Dium, which he rased; the Dardanians also Bordering on the North of Macedon, hearing of his absence in Peloponesus, brake into Spoil, as their manner was, which drew him Home. Demetrius Pharius chased out of his Kingdom by the Romans, met him, and was entertained as his Chief Coun∣sellor: After which, he stole a Journey into Pelo∣ponesus in Winter, while the Aetolians and Eleans were abroad, and Surprised Two Thousand, took many Towns from the Eleans, and Aetolians, and their Confederates, and so went to Argos.

§. 2. Philip is drawn by Apelles a Counsellor, left by his Uncle Antigonus, to incroach upon the Li∣berties of the Achaeans, who finding it opposed by Aratus, he contrives to bring him into disgrace with

Philip. The King, by the grave admonition of Aratus, and the example of Amphitamus, an Elean Captain, discovers Appelles's Malice, who failing of his de∣sire, designs to be King himself, as the Spider made a Web to take the Swallow which drove the Flies out of the Chimney. He enters upon a Plot against the King how to check the good Success of his Proceed∣ings, and draws Leontius one of the Targenteers, and Megale the King's chief Secretary, into the Conspi∣racy: But the Reward of their Treason was their own Ruin. After this a Peace is Solicited by several Em∣bassadours, to which Philip condescended by per∣suasion of Demetrius Pharius; who also persuaded him to a League with Hannibal.

§. 3. Philip, upon the Peace of Greece, prepares for Italy to assist Hannibal against the Romans, whom Pharius hated for expelling him out of his King∣dom, which they had forgiven him.

§. 4. Philip before his Italian Expedition, thought fit in Policy to bring the Greeks Associates under a more absolute Form of Subjection, as Apelles had formerly advised; but Demetrius Pharius could bet∣ter observe the Kings humours, and without Con∣tention supplanted Aratus with the least Appearance, which Apelles could never do by more forceable means. In a Faction between the Nobles and Commons of the Messenians, Philip was intreated to compose the difference, of which occasion he was glad, designing to assume the Government into his own hands. But being discovered, he pretended a Sacrifice in the Castle of Ithome, and purposed to seize upon it, which Demetrius called a Kingly point not to be neg∣lected, for so he should hold the Ox by both his Horns; meaning that Ithome and Acrocorinthus were the two Horns of Peloponesus. Yet Philip asking Aratus his Judgment, he was told by him, that in taking that Ca∣stle he should lose his strongest Castle, which was his Credit; upon which he gave over his purpose; but

with secret disgust of Aratus and his Son. Next he seized on Oricum, a Town of the Epirots, his fol∣lowers, and besieged Apolonia, and so instead of set∣ling the Country, he kindled that Fire which could never be extinguished till it l••id hold on his own Palace. After that, he Invaded the Messeni∣ans with open Force, but in vain; in which At∣tempt he lost Demetrius; and afterwards out of a Ty∣rannical humour, the worse he sped, the more an∣gry he grew against those who seemed not to fa∣vour his injurious doings, as particularly against Old Aratus and his Son, whose Poisoning he pro∣cured. This was the recompence Aratus got for bringing the Macedonians into Peloponesus in spite of Cleomenes his Countryman, and a Temperate Prince.

§. 5. The Achaeans upon Aratus's Death chuse Philopoemen Praetor: By whom they were persuaded to cut off their Expences in Bravery of Apparel, Houshold-stuff, and dainty Fare, and bestowed it up∣on Armies: As also he altered their Weapons and manner of Fighting, and fitted them for Hand-service. At this time Machanidas Lycurgus Tyrant of Lace∣demon, who entred the Country of the Mantinaeans, was Courageously received by Philopoemen, and slain with his own hand, and four Thousand with him, and as many taken Prisoners.

§. 6. Philip having made Peace with the Romans and Aetolians, prepares to invade Attalus King of Pergamus, Son of Attalus, the younger Brother of Philetarus the Eunuch, the Treasurer of Lysimachus King of Thrace, from whom he fled for fear of his Tyranny, and seized upon Pergamus and nine Thou∣sand Talents of Lysimachus's, and Reigned twenty Years, as Eumenes his Brothers Son did after him twen∣ty two Years, and Attalus after him, an active Prince, Bountiful and Valiant. He made use of the Gauls, then setled in Asia, in that part which is called Ga∣latia;

and Quarrels with Prusias King of Bithynia, whose Ancestors began to Reign some Generations before the Great Alexander.

§. 7. Prusias having Married the Daughter of Philip, intreated-him to come over into Asia to Con∣quer Cios for him; and not having any cause of Quar∣rel, he besieged the Town, took it, omitting no Cruelty to the Inhabitants, contrary to his pro∣mise made to divers Embassadours from the Rhodi∣ans and other Estates, to whom he became odious. Attalus considering to what end Philip's violent Am∣bition tended, joining to the Rhodians, fought with him at Sea, where he sustained far greater loss than they, and in the end was forced Home, they pursu∣ing him.

§. 8. Attalus and the Rhodians solicite Rome against Philip: So did Aurelius their Agent in Greece; but Rome was not in Condition till Hannibal was Van∣quished, when the River of Styx was dried up, that is, when the necessity of Peace with Philip was taken away. Attalus, and the Rhodians meet the Roman Embassadour, while Philip winneth Abidos in Asia.

§. 9. Rome hearing the Calamity of Abidos resem∣bling that of Saguntum, could not ground a Quarrel thereon, but thinking of another Saguntum at Athens a Confederate, formerly wronged by Philip, and im∣ploring their aid, which yet the People denied, till P. Sulpicius the Consul told them that Philip's pre∣paration was indeed for Italy, if he could win Athens. This feigned pretence prevailed, and the Consul is sent; who took not the way to Macedon, but Land∣ed at the River Apsus, between Dyrrachium and Apolonia, where he began the War, and sent C. Claudius with Twenty Gallies and Souldiers to re∣lieve Athens, against certain Pyrates, or Robbers by Sea and Land.

§. 10. Claudius groweth weary of standing like a Scare-Crow to save all the Athenian Fields from

Spoil, and understanding that Chalcis in Eubaea was negligently Guarded, Sailed thither in the Night, and took it by Scalado, Plunder'd it, and set it on Fire, Consuming the Kings Magazines of Corn and other Provision of War. Philip hearing the News at De∣metrias, twenty Miles off, marcheth speedily; but find∣ing them gone, he Posteth to Athens in hope to sur∣prise it in the Night, but they had Intelligence of his coming: So after a Skirmish before the return of Claudius, he departed to Corinth; and thence to an Assembly at Argos, called against Nabis Tyrant of Lacedemon, which had Invaded them after Philo∣poemen was out of Office and gone to Crete. Here Philip by coming, would have drawn the Achaeans to break with the Romans, but was discover'd, and so parting made no other Attempt against Athens, having failed, except in demolishing some Temples of admirable Workmanship in Attica. Sulpicius Encamp∣ed near Apsus, sent his Lieutenant Apistius to the Borders of Macedon, who took Antripatria, and put it to the Sword and Fire, and other Towns, and re∣turned to their Camp; by which Success, divers of the Neighbours which affected not Philip, offered Friendship to the Romans. The Aetolian Parlia∣ment was at hand, whither the Macedonians, Romans, Athenians, &c. send to persuade them to their Par∣ty: The Macedonians set out the true scope of the Romans pretensions of Friendship, by their Subjecting of Messana and Syracuse; the Athenians make a sor∣rowful rehearsal of the outrages done them by Phi∣lip; the Romans plead their former League with Ae∣tolia, and threaten those that join with Philip: Which sheweth their meaning, however they pretend to assist their Friends: Which in the Conclusion is re∣ferred to Dorymachus their Praetor.

§. 11. Philip and the Consul met in the Borders of Maeedon toward Illyria, and had divers Skir∣mishes, in which the Romans by an Ambush had a

great loss at first, but by Philip's stay to pick up straglers, he was overtaken by the Roman Legions, which forc'd him to flye, and he hardly escaped, his Horse being slain, and he forced to accept his Sub∣jects Horse, who was after slain. The King reco∣vers his Camp in the Night, taking his way Home: But was overtaken, and put to a loss before he could recover Macedon, which was Invaded by the Border∣ers. The Aetolians hearing of Philip's ill success, In∣vade Th••ss••ly, and cruelly Plunder'd a few Towns; but Philip finding them dispersed, slew many of them.

§. 12. Rome thinking her self safe at Home by keeping War abroad, found more trouble than they expected by the Gauls, Governed by one Amilcar a Carthaginian, who took their Colony of Placentia, a good strong Town, which neither Hannibal, nor Asdrubal could force. Upon this, they sent to Car∣thage, but the Carthaginians disclaim Amilcar and Ba∣nish him, and sent Corn to Rome, and to the Army in Macedon: King Masanissa would also have lent them Two Thousand Numidian Horse, but they were content with half the Number. The Gauls at the Siege of Cremona are Overthrown, L. Iunius and A∣milcar slain, and the Work against the Gauls made easie for them which follow.

§. 13. Rome was not wont to trifle, but to bid the Enemy Battel, or force them to it as soon as they could, but now they learn of Greece to War by Ne∣gotiations. Their Treasure was yet empty, and they in Debt to the Citizens; yet weary of making slow Proceedings by Confederates, they increase the Macedonian Army at least eight Thousand Foot, and eight Hundred Horse, which they committed to Quintus Flaminius the new Consul. This augmen∣tation was requisite, for that Attalus desired to be spared, being Invaded at Home by Antiochus; which they condescended to promise to, and Mediate Peace between them, both being Loving Friends: But all this

shew of Friendship with Antiochus, was but till they had made safe way through Macedon, as after ap∣peared. Quintus being come, finds Philip and Villius the old Consul, Encamped one against the other in the Straits of Epirus, by the River Apsus, where he stayed long, seeking passage over the Mountain Guarded by Philip. During this delay, the King and Consul Treat of Peace, but in vain; for that the Consul required the freeing all Greece, and Name∣ly Thessaly, which had been Subject to Macedon e∣ver since Philip, Father of Alexander. Ater this, the Consul was guided by an Herdsman, sent by a Prince of the Epirots which loved the Romans, so that Phi∣lip with the loss of two Thousand Men is forced Home through Thessaly, which he wasted as he went; as did the Aetolians, and the Consul made a glean∣ing and took some Cities, and for want of Provi∣sion returned by Phocis, an Allie of Macedon. In the mean time the Consuls Brother, Admiral of the Navy with Attalus, and the Rhodians, wan two Cities of Eubaea, and besiege Cenchrea the Haven and Arse∣nal of Corinth. This quickened the Achaeans desire to forsake Philip, having had so many motives by his injuries done them, and their having so brave a Leader of Philopoemen. In the end they hold an Assembly at Sicyon, whither their Embassadours on both sides come with their Adherents, where at last they decree to forsake Philip, and join with their Enemies. After this Philip's Lieutenant lying in Corinth, was drawn by the multitude in Argos to assist them, so they cast out the Achaean Guard, and accepted Philip for Patron; who thereupon had some hopes of a good end upon a Treaty. The Consul also considering his Office would Expire be∣fore he could end the War, is willing to enter into it, that he might have the Honour of the Peace. Af∣ter two or three meetings, demands and offers be∣ing made, Philip refers himself to the Senate of

Rome, which the Consul liked; and Embassadours from all parts meet; but upon Philip's Embassadours denial to have warrant to yield Corinth, Dolchis, and Demetria, all was dasht. Philip to be revenged of the Achaeans, made League with the Tyrant Na∣bis of Lacedemon, and to oblige him, he gave Argos into his hands, which so lately had given it self to him from the Achaeans. The Tyrant the next day Pillaged all the rich Men; and to please the Multitude, he made equal division of the Land, as Tyrants use to do: and presently made a League with Quintius, who continued General against Philip.

§. 14. T. Quintius being continued General of the Macedonian War, with twenty six Thousand seek∣eth out Philip, who had a proportionable Number, and found him in Thessaly, near the City Pherae, where though Philip designed not that day to put all to the Fortune of Battel, yet being drawn on by the good Success of a Skirmish, and the advantage of the Hill Cynoscephalae, or Dogs-heads, he chose his Ground. But by reason the Mountain was full of Knobs like Dogs heads, he could Marshal but one part of the Army, leaving the rest to follow in order as they could. By this roughness they could keep no order fit to make any Impression, or good resistance, and so were broken by Quintius's right Wing sent to them up the Hill: Of which Wing a Tribune and twenty Ensigns, or about two Thou∣sand Men turning down the Hill on the left hand, fell on Philip's Phalanx, or square Battel with Pikes in the Rear, and put all to flight, when Philip thought the day his own. So he lost eight Thou∣sand slain, and five Thousand Prisoners.

§. 15. Quintius made haste to Larissa a City in Italy, which opened to him; so all the Warlike Archarna∣mians left Philip, and gave themselves to the Ro∣mans: The Poereans also rise against Dinocrates the Kings Lieutenant, and recover'd the Province. Phi∣lip

considering his present necessity, thought it Wis∣dom to yield to it, and first sent, and then went to Quintius to Treat about a Peace, for which a day was appointed for all the Associates, in which, as the insolent Aetolians too much insulted over Philip, and sought his utter Subversion, so Quintius as gene∣rously opposed them. Philip yielded to all that Quintius required, and four Months Truce is a∣greed to by all but the Insolent Aetolians; and the determination referred to the Senate of Rome. The new Consuls oppose the Peace as fraudulent; which made the Senate wave it; but the Tribunes refer it to the People, by whose Sovereign Authority it was con∣cluded. The Conditions were to remove all Gar∣risons out of Greece by a set day; yield up Captives, Renegados, Ships of War, except five lesser and one great one; and pay a Thousand Talents; and for performance he had already given his Son Deme∣trius an Hostage, and four Hundred Talents. Great was the joy at the conclusion; but the Aetolians are dissatisfied, and the Baeotians still favour the Mace∣donians: Some also fear the Romans will prove the worse Neighbours; not knowing the Romans de∣sign against Antiochus. But to prevent all bad Ru∣mours, Quintius at the Istinian Games Proclaimed freedom from Garrisons, and Liberty of their own Laws, to the Corinthians, Phocians, Locrians, Eubae∣ans, Achaeans of Pithiotis, Magnetians, Thessalians and Perrhubians, which the Greeks applauded with ex∣ceeding Thanks. He also sent to Antiochus by his Embassadour then present, requiring him to keep from the free Cities of Asia, and restore to Ptolomy and Philip what he held of theirs, and not to pass into Europe with an Army.

CHAP. V. Of the Roman Wars with Antiochus, and his Adherents.

§. 1. SEleucus Nicanor slain by Ptolomy Cerannus, Anno 4. Clymp. 124. Antiochus Soter his Son succeeded Nineteen Years, to whom Berosus the Chaldae∣an Dedicated his Assyrian-History, which is notoriou∣sly falsified by Fryar Annius. He neglected revenging his Fathers Death, who had so loved him that he gave him Stratonica his own Wife, being sick for her. Antio∣chus the God, as the flattering Melesians called him for freeing them from Timarchus the Tyrant, succeeded Fifteen Year. His first Wife was Laodice, to whom he took also Bernice the Daughter of Ptolomy Phila∣delphus, King of Egypt, and so compounded the War between them; but falling into the hatred of Laodice, she Poisoned him for it, when her Son Seleucus Callinicus was ready to Reign: She also murthered Bernice, and her Son, two or three Years after Pto∣lomy's Death, but the Brother reveng'd it.

Ptolomy Philodelphus, Son of Ptolomy the first King of Egypt, after Alexander, began to Reign with his Father, and continued Forty Years: He was first de∣rived from Alexander's Successours which made League with Rome, and his Off-spring, the last of those Royal Families they rooted out. He set at Liberty all the Iews which his Father made Slaves in Egypt, and sent rich Gifts to God's Temple in Ierusalem, and requested of Eleazer the Books of Holy Scripture, and seventy two Learned Hebrews to Translate them into Greek, to furnish his Libra∣ry in Alexandria, of which Genebrard thinks Iesus, Sirach was one, whom Iansenius proveth then living. Iosephus Antiq. li. 12. c. 2. reports one Aristaeus writ the History thereof.

Seleucus Callinicus began his Reign with his Fa∣ther's

Murder, which cost his Mothers Life, she being slain by Ptolomaeus Evergetes in revenge of his Sist∣er who Invaded Seleucus, but was called Home by Domestick Troubles. Seleucus perceiving himself not beloved of his Subjects sought not to gain them by me∣rit, but by force prepares a great Fleet against them, whereon all his hope relyed, which God overwhelmed in the Sea, and himself hardly escaped. His Subjects hoping he would become a new Man, in Commiseration offer him their Service, which so revived him, that he raised an Army against Ptolomy, who overthrew him; which made him send for aid to his Bro∣ther Antiochus Hierax, or Hawk (for he cared not on whom he Preyed,) who was but fourteen Years Old, and was extream Ambitious. Before he came, Se∣leuchus made Peace with Ptolomaeus, but had no Peace of his Brother, who overthrew him: But shortly after overthrown himself by Eumenes King of Pergamus, Son of Attalus, and forced to flye a∣way, was taken up in Capadocia by Artame∣nes, who designed to betray him, which made him take his Wings to Egypt, where Ptolomy, knowing his per∣sidious Nature, imprisoned him; whence escaping by means of a Harlot, he fell into the hands of Thieves, who murthered him. Seleuchus at this time going to subdue the Bactrians and Parthians, was taken Prisoner by Arsaces Founder of the Parthian Kingdom, who yet released him; but returning Home, he broke his Neck by a fall from his Horse, after twenty Years Reign. Seleuchus Ceraunus suc∣ceeded his Father Three Years, and was slain by Treason, leaving Antiochus his Brother to succeed; and Achaeus to Govern the Army.

§. 2. Ptolomaeus Evergetes, who suceeded Philadel∣phus, yet Reigned, having Married Berenice, Daugh∣ter of Magas King of Cyrene, added it to his King∣dom, and as he thought, the Countries of Co••losyria, Palestine, &c. His, and his Successours Wars with the Seleucidae, were Prophecied of by Daniel. O∣nias

the High Priest had provoked him, by detain∣ing covetously twenty Talents Tribute, but was pacified by Iosephus a Iew; and having Reigned Twenty six Years, Dyed in the 139 Olympiad.

Antiochus, scarce Fifteen Years Old when he began his Reign, which lasted Thirty six Years, in his Mi∣nority was wholly Governed by one Hermias an Ambitions Man, who incited him unseasonably to War against Ptolomaeus, for recovery of Coelosyria, &c. while Molo the Kings Lieutenant in Media Rebel∣led. Xenaetas is sent with Forces into Media, which are overthrown, while Antiochus lay in the Valley of Marsyas, between Libanus and Antilibanus, seeking to pass into Coelosyria. Hearing therefore the News of Xenaetas, he hastens into Media, which he reco∣vered from Molo, whose left Wing Revolting to the King, Molo with divers of his Friends, to shorten the work, killed themselves, and so prevented the Hangman with their own Swords. After this came the joyful News of his Queen's being Deliver'd of a Son. Fortune being thus bountiful, Antigonus Marches against Arta∣banes King of the Atropians, who being very Old and Timerous yielded to whatever he Propos'd. Antiochus in the East▪ thought good to visit his Borders be∣tween the Caspian and Euxine Sea, in which Journey his Physician informed him against Hermits, of whom himself was grown Jealous, and therefore consented to his killing. About these times Achae∣us rebelled, in hope the King would perish in his Expedition; yet Antiochus more intending the re∣covery of Coelosyria, neglected him till he had gotten Seleucia, first called Antigonia, founded by Antigonus, and after won by Seleuchus, and then by Pto∣lomy. Such is the vanity of Men, who think to eternize their Names, not by works of Vertue, but of Greatness, which never lasteth long. Theo∣dotus the Aetolian, Ptolomy's Mercenary, which for∣merl•• d••fended Caelosyria ag••inst Antioc••us, now

weary of his former Faithfulness (Mercenary like) sells it to him, who took possession of Tirus and Ptolomais, with the Aegyptian Fleet there. Antiochus, herewith emboldned, aims at Egypt it self, ruled by Agathocles and Sosibius, whilst Ptolomy himself minds only his Pleasure. These two make secret prepa∣ration, but openly solicite Peace by themselves and several of their Allies; and Antiochus willing to rest this Winter, agreeth on a Truce for four Months to Treat of Peace, which he designed only to lull his Enemies asleep, who watched him better than he did them. During the Truce, Embassadours from Egypt are heard, and both sides plead their right to Coelosyria, and propound Covenants, but both would have it, or nothing. The Truce ended, An∣tiochus takes the Field, presuming his ordinary Pow∣er will serve against his unprovided Enemies; but was deceived, and well beaten for it at Raphia, losing Ten Thousand Foot out of Seventy Thousand, and Four Hundred Horse out of Six Thousand, ••n which Ptolomy exceeded, as Antiochus did in Elephants: After which he seeks Peace, though what he had gotten in Syria was fallen from him. Antiochus af∣ter this, followed the suppression of Achaeus, whom he soon penn'd up in Sardis, which yet he could not take in two Years, till a Cretian, observed by Ravens which continually pitched upon part of the Wall where Carrion wa•• cast into the Ditch, that there it was unguarded; as indeed it was, being thought unapproachable; yet here, though with difficulty, the Town was won, and he driven into the Castle, out of which, also he was drawn by a Cretian trick of one Bolis a Cretian, which knew all the difficult pas∣sages of the Rocks, on which the Castle stood. Pto∣lomy desiring to deliver Achaeus out of his danger, hired this Cretian, who undertook it with Camby∣sus his Country-man, as very a Cretian as himself (that is, as false a Knave) and brought him out, but

betrayed him to Antiochus; who seeing him, could not refrain Tears, considering the Calamities inci∣dent to great Fortunes, but Condemned him to a cruel Death.

Antiochus some Years after, made an Expedition against the Hircanians and Parthians, a little Nation, subject to the Median Government, which was now in the hand of Antiochus's Lieutenant, whose Inso∣lency provoked Arsaces a Noble-man to Rebel, and made himself King. He succeeded so well, that he withstood Seleucus Callinicus, and took him Prisoner, but entertained him nobly, and released him; his Po∣sterity increased the Dominion. Arsaces the Second now Reigned, against whom Antiochus led such an Army as he could not encounter, till Antiochus had pass'd through the Country, and won Tambrace in Hyrcania, by which time he had gathered such For∣ces as enabled him to try Battel. After this he sought Peace, which Antiochus granted, making him a Friend whom he could not force to be a Subject. The like Expedition made against the Bactrians Governed by Euthydemus, with whom also he made Peace; and went over Caucasus to review the Old League with the Indians.

§. 3. Ptolomoeus Philopa••er, so called by derision, as having made away Father and Mother, as it is thought, though he began to Reign young after the Batt••l at Raphia, gave himself over to Sensuality; and by the instigation of Agathoclea his Strumpet, Sister to Agathocles, murdered his Wife, set his Sist∣er, which was Arsinoe, by whom he had Ptolomae∣us Epiphanes, which he left but five Years Old, un∣to the tuition of Agathocles. He Assembled the Ma∣cedonians, which were the Kings ordinary Forces in Pay. (Not all Born in Macedon, but of the Posteri∣ty of them which Planted in Egypt with Ptolomae∣us Lagus, and would not be called Egyptians, as neither would the Kings,) To these he made an

Oration with Tears, intreating their Fidelity to the King, whom he shewed in his Sister's Arms, and accused one Tlepolemus of Treason; but finding himself deceived, he departed; and upon his ta∣king one of them upon suspicion of Treason against himself, they rose in Arms, took away the King, slew him, dragged the Strumpet his Sister naked through the Streets of Alexandria, as also her Mo∣ther the Bawd, and tore them in pieces. Antio∣chus, and Philip of Macedon, thought to make advan∣tage of these troubles in Egypt, and to divide the Orphans Estate between them. But the Romans whom Philopater had obliged in the Punick War, being Solicited, were easily persuaded to protect the Child. The Macedonian was imployed at Home. Antio∣chus having recovered his losses in Syria, the Iews were civilly treated by him: And he suffered himself to be persuaded by the Romans, to forbear the Egyptians. He also sent to make League with the Romans, who applyed themselves to give him all satisfaction, though they secretly intended o∣therwise, till they had effected their design for Ma∣cedon. Antiochus dealt after the same manner with Philip, and with Eumenes, Son of Attalus, King of Pergamus, offering either of them a Daughter, and yet endeavour'd to destroy them. Eumenes excuseth his refusal, and tells his Brethren (who wondred at it) that in taking the Offer he should fall into the Quarrel against the Romans, who would surely make War upon him. The Rhodians also had the prudence to foresee that Storm, when they threatned to set upon his Fleet, if it did pass a certain Promontory in Cilicia: Thus seeking to keep him f••om joyning with Philip their Enemy, and mo∣lesting the South of Asia belonging to P••olomy, the next Spring he passed over Hellespont into Europe, and re-edified, and peopled Lysimachia.

§. 4. Rome having temporized with Antiochus, till the War in Macedon was ended, and most of Greece become little better than Clyents, L. Cor∣nelius is sent unto Antiochus in more plain Terms, urging his restoring to Ptolomy what he had lately taken from him, and the like also to Philip, and to let the free Cities in Asia rest quiet, and requiring a Reason for his bringing such an Army into Eu∣rope. Antiochus wonders the Romans should trouble themselves with Asian matters, more than he with I∣talian, and answers the rest so as Cornelius replyed not; but upon false rumours of Ptolomy's Death he hasteth thither, having Commission for that purpose. Antiochus also hasteth thither, with all his Sea-Forces, to take possession; but hearing Ptolomy was alive, he took another way; and after a dangerous Shipwrack recovered Seleucia, and so went to Antio∣chia, where he was secure for that Winter. Rome in the mean time is careful to secure Greece and Macedon, against the Asian War, the Fame where∣of coming to Carthage, gave Hannibal's Enemies oc∣casion to contrive his Expulsion. He had of late put on the long Robe, being chosen Praetor, and reformed the Treasurers who Robbed the Trea∣sury, and brought the Judges to be Annual, who had been for Life, which inflamed their Envy. Rome is informed his Faction was strong, and will be in Arms suddenly; for preventing whereof three Em∣bassadours, are sent, pretending his well-wishe••s, as also other business about Masanissa; for Rome is glad of such an occasion against him, though P. Scipio dis∣suaded that dishonourable course; and Hannibal, for all the pretence, knew their meaning, and having shewed himself in the Assembly, and in the Even∣ing walking out with two Friends, took Horse where he had appointed them, and that Night came to a Tower of his own, where he had a Ship always furnished for such purpose, and so Sailed to

Tyre, and thence to Antiochus at Ephesus, who is ex∣ceedingly rejoyced at his coming. But what could this great General do in the Asiatique War? He could not make such Souldiers of base Asiatiques, as of hardy Spaniards, Gauls and Africans, &c. N••y, could he do it, yet the Pride of Antiochus's Court, the Baseness of his Flatteries, and a Thousand Vexa∣tions would make his Virtues unprofitable, being a banished Desolate Man, wanting his Brethren to as∣sist him. But Antiochus was more careful of Peace with Rome, sending to Quintius, to require the Faith∣ful keeping of it, though the Romans intended nothing less, as the common talk at Rome, and Quintius's stay in Greece, and seeking pretences not to Depart, did Argue. For being secure of Philip, Greece being at Peace, Antiochus still Solicites Peace. But the Aetoli∣ans are much convinced, that Quintius should still keep Possession of C••alcis, Demetrias, and Acrocorin∣thus. Nabis, Tyrant of Lacedemon kept Argos in Bondage, which concerns the Romans in Honour to make free, saith Quintius, which the Aetolians will undertake. Yet in a common Assembly of all the States, Quintius is intreated to do it, as being easie, when all the Confedrates were joined with him. After this, the Romans depart out of Greece, and Ti∣tus Quintius Triumpheth at Rome. Quintius and his Associates from Rome, and Antiochus his Embassa∣dours make many Treaties to no purpose, but to give Antiochus leisure of two Years to prepare for War The Roman Conditions were not less dishonourable for him to yield to, than unreasonable for them to Demand. For though, they which have been at War, and gotten no great advantage of each other, may demand restitution of things gotten, or lost; Yet between them, who never fell out, for wrong done, or received, there can no such Conditions for establishing Friendship be proposed: Seeing it is reasonable, that each should enjoy their own; and

neither take Superiority over the other to prescribe Conditions, as Conquerours may do.

§. 5. Rome, after Hannibal's departure out of I∣taly, was continually Infested with Insurrections of the Insubrians, Boijans, and other Cisalpine Gauls, with the Ligurians; who having served together under Mago, and Amilcar, became such Friendly partakers of each others Fortune, that they seldom undertook any Enterprize, but together. The Cisalpine Gauls, or Lumbards, had been kept under by Rome, from the second Punick War, until Hannibal invaded Italy, and held out after by the assistance of the Ligurians; a stout, subtle, hardy, poor People, induring hardness, and not discouraged by losses; obstinate in War, without respect of keeping Covenant, and conti∣nu'd Enemies and Friends more by Custom, as Sa∣vages do, than by Judgment. The Roman War with them, served to train their Men to Hardness, and Military patience. Spain also, after Scipio's de∣parture, put Rome to continual employment, slew a Proconsul. Porcius Cato Consul, had almost as much work there, as the Re-conquest of Spain: He began to disarm them, which made them desperate; he cast down all their Walls, and brought the Country to that pass, that it was in no danger to be lost long after.

Hannibal being forced to leave Carthage, his Ene∣mies promise themselves and their City all the hap∣piness which obedience to Rome could afford; but coming to try the Controversie before the Senate with King Masanissa, who had taken from them some Land, which he claimed anciently belonging to his Fore-fathers, they found how little regard they had to Carthage.

§. 6. The Aetolians discontented with the Peace made by the Romans, as finding their Merit underva∣lued, invite Philip, Antiochus, and Nabis, against the Ro∣mans. Nabis beginneth and besiegeth Gytheum, and

wasteth Achaea. P••ilopoemen was now Praetor of A∣chaea, to whose discretion all being referred, he be∣gan with a Sea-fight, wherein his skill failed; then he fell to his own Element to prove the Enemy at Land, where his skill in discerning the advantages of Ground, was excellent, and by an Ambush intrapped his Enemy and slew many. So likewise, he deceiv∣ed Nabis by a counterfeit Fugitive, which told him Philopoemen designed to get between him and Lacede∣mon, which made him hasten Homeward, leaving some Troops to Guard his Camp, which was present∣ly fired, and he pursued so hard that his People ••led into a Wood, thinking to get Home in the Night; but the Ways being laid, hardly a quarter of them got into Sparta. While the Romans are busie in Greece to prepare War with Antiochus, their Embassadours with Antiochus Treat of Peace; and there meeting with Hannibal, and conferring often with him, Anti∣ochus grew jealous, till he was informed by him of the Oath his Father had made him take, never to be Friends with the Romans. Antiochus rejecting the dear rated Peace offered by Rome, complies with the Aetolians, who thereupon in their Panaetolium, or common Assembly of the Nation, decree to call Antiochus into Greece, to decide their Controversie with the Romans. The execution of the Decree was referred to the Apocleti, or Privy-Council, who sud∣denly surprized Demetrias, but failed of Chalcis; yet they got Lacedemon by killing Nabis their Friend, un∣der pretence to give him aid in his weakness, after his Overthrow by Philopoemen; but while they were busie in rifling his Palace, the Citizens took Arms and slew them. Philopoemen, while Lacedemon was in this doubtful Estate, went to it, and called out the chief Citizens, persuading them to inco••porate the City unto Achaea, which they yielded unto.

§. 7. Antiochus, upon Thoas, the Aetolians Counsel, changed his purpose of sending Hannibal with a Fleet

against the Romans in Africa, and ordered him pre∣sently to pass over to Greece, which he performed, but with no such numbers as were expected, having only Forty serviceable Ships, Six Elephants, Ten Thousand Foot, and Five Hundred Horse; which smalness of number he excused, promising shortly to fill all Greece. Being chosen their General, he went first against Chalcis, thinking to gain them with words, but could not till he returned with greater Power; upon this, the rest of the Island of Eubaea yield∣ed. Then Embassadours are sent to all Quarters to persuade them to join with King Antiochus, who came to procure their Freedom; they answer as had the Chalicidians, Their Freedom could not be bettered. They meet with Quintius at an Achaean Council, where the Aetolians and Antiocheans extol one another, by which Quintius took opportunity to shew their vanity, and the Kings weakness both in Judgment and Pow∣er, and that he and the Aetolians did but delude each other: So War was Proclaimed against them. Thus as the turbulent Aetolians were only forward with Antiochus against the Romans, so the Achaeans do at last declare for them; all the rest stand doubtful, ex∣cept Elamis, who loved the Aetolians, and the Eu∣baeans and Boeotians forced by Antiochus, with the Magnetians and Athamanians. Antiochus confers with these, and Hannibal long neglected, by reason of the bragging Aetolians, is consulted, who spake plain∣ly his mind: That as for these Confederates, their weakness and fear made them uncertain Friends, where∣as if the Macedonian had been engaged, he was strong and could not start, having once fallen off from Rome; but if he dare not, let him keep at Work at Home; and let the Gauls be provoked, and a strong Power sent into Italy, while the King proceeds at Greece. They are pleased with the brave Speech of this great Spirit; but nothing is done, except forcing Thessaly, where yet Larissa withstood his Army, and was relieved by

the Romans, at whose sight he rose and went to Chal∣cis, to promote the Love of a trappanning Woman.

M. Acilius, Consul, comes into Greece with Ten Thousand Foot, Two Thousand Horse, and Fifteen Elephants, to whom Ptolomy, Philip, Carthage and Masanissa offer their assistance, but only Philip is accepted, and recompenced with Athamania, Ami∣nander the King being expelled. All Thessaly wil∣lingly yielded, and Antiochus is perplexed, crying out he was betrayed, and called upon the Aetolians, who sent in some small Forces, with which and his own, he took the Passage of the Straits of Thermopylae, out of which nevertheless he was beaten by the Consul Porcius Cato's indefatigable labour, in finding out an unknown Passage up, where the Aetolians had six Hundred to keep the Place, whom he put to flight, and following them was led to Antiochus's Camp, up∣on sight of whom all ran away, and Antiochus forsak∣eth Greece. In few days all that Antiochus had got was recovered, and Heraclia won from the Aetoli∣ans to their great Terrour, they having sent Post to Antiochus for Aid before they had been subdued by the Romans, who now left no Enemy behind a∣gainst their Invading Asia. Antiochus upon that con∣sideration, sent Nicanor with Money and promise of Forces; but upon loss of Heraclia they sue humbly to the Consul, who will scarcely hear them. In the end offering to yield to the Romans, upon discretion, he required such Conditions as they thought slavish; whereupon he offered to lay Chains upon them, but was over persuaded. So he went to besiege Naupa∣ctus while Quintius was settling Peloponesus, from whence he came to the Consul when the earnest Suit of the Aetolians had procured Truce, while they might send to Rome, which they did to no purpose▪ whereupon they Sue for Pardon. The Consul sud∣denly attempeth Lamia, and won it, while they pre∣pare against him at Naupactus, and then goeth to Amphysia.

§. 8. Cornelius Scipio is chosen Consul, and upon Pub∣lius Scipio Africanus's offer to be his Lieutenant, is ap∣pointed to Asia; who having Thirteen Thousand Foot, and an Hundred Horse, came into Greece, and took charge of that Army at Amphysia, which pre∣sently was forsaken; but the Castle held out and was thought impregnable, which made Publius Scipio procure a Years Truce for them, much desiring to be in Asia. So that the Scipio's set forward, and in Mace∣don find all desired assistance, and Philip to accom∣pany them to the Hellespont, where they stay till the Navy to Transport them be ready. At the Sea this Spring Polixenidas banished Rhodia, but Antioc••us's faithful Admiral desiring to be revenged, hearing the Rhodian Fleet lay at Samos, sent the Admiral pri∣vate Intelligence, that if his Banishment might be repealed, he would betray the Kings Fleet. After a∣greement between them, the Rhodian grew secure, so that Polixenidas coming suddenly upon him, took or sunk all but five. Seleucus Son of Antiochus be∣sieged Pergamus, which was defended by Attalus, Brother of King Eumenes, who was assisted by Dio∣phanes, b••ed up by Philopoemen with a Thousand Foot, and an Hundred Horse; He observing from the Walls how careless the Enemy was, went out with his A∣chaeans, and encamped near the Enemy, who derided his boldness, and seeing him so quiet, became secure, but were soon surprized, and many slain: So that after such another defeat, Seleucus was forced to quit the Siege. Antiochus shortly after lost Forty Gallies near Myonesus, a Promontory in Asia, being Over∣thrown by the Romans and Rhodians, so that he had but Forty nine left. Upon this he called Home the Garrison from Lysimachia, and Mustred all his For∣ces, intending only his own defence, to which he de∣sired a Supply of his Father in Law, the King of Cap∣padocia: But he hearing the Consul was Landed in Asia, sent to intreat Peace, offering to free what

Towns he would name upon the Coast, yea to part Asia with them, and bear half their Charge. All this the Consul thought too little; he will have all the Charges, and all the lesser Asia freed, and him confined over Mount Taurus; to which Publius Sci∣pio adviseth the Kings Embassadour to persuade his Master, when he privately solicited his mediation to the Consul. His King esteeming these demands no less than if he had been Conquered, would not listen to them, having Seventy Thousand Foot, and Twelve Thousand Horse, Ninety two Elephants, and many Armed Chariots after the Eastern manner, with Sithes; nor did he fear him. For hearing Pub∣lius Scipio was sick, he sent him his Son, whom he had taken Prisoner and used honourably; which comfort∣ed the Father, who for requital wished him not to fight till he heard of his coming to the Camp. The King hereupon removed to Magnesia on Sypylus, and Fortified himself, being followed by the Consul, who offered him Battle, which he would not accept; till at last fearing to dishearten his Men, when the Con∣sul took the Field and set his Men in order, he also did the like, which made an admirable Show for num∣bers and variety, through the different manner eve∣ry Nation used. It is shameful to relate, and incre∣dible to believe, how little resistance this brave Show of Asiatiques made, suffering themselves to be slain like so many Beasts, to the Number of Fifty Thousand Foot, and Four Thousand Horse, besides Prisoners, with only the loss of three Hundred Roman Foot, Twenty four Horse, and Twenty five of Eumenes's Men. Antio∣chus sends from Apamea, whither he was fled, an Em∣bassadour with full Power to submit to what the Consul would require, to which Publius Scipio obtain∣ed leave to Answer, because it should be mode∣rate▪ He requireth Fifteen Thousand Talents to be paid at set times; That Antiochus shall a∣bandon all on this side Taurus, pay Eumenes four Hun∣dred

Talents, and a proportion of Corn; put in Twenty Hostages, and deliver Hannibal, and Thoas the Aetolian, unto the Romans. Antiochus's Embassa∣dour comes to Rome, accompanied with King Eume∣nes and the Rhodians; and the Peace is Confirmed with the division of the Conquests among the Roman Allies to their full satisfaction. Cornelius Scipio returning, hath a Triumph exceeding any Ten before, and had the Sirname Asiatique for his Title, as the Merits of his Victory, tho' the Virtue requisite was short of that in Publius Scipio.

§. 9. Marcus Fulvius, and Curius Manlius the Consuls, have Greece and Asia divided between them, being more than one could look after at once, hav∣ing the Aetolians to reduce unto the acknowledg∣ment of the Romans, and their new Conquests in A∣sia to be regulated. In the interim of the Aetolians Truce, Aminander (whose Kingdom of Athamania the Romans had permitted Philip to Possess) found means to recover it, as the Aetolians did the Am∣philochians and Aperantians. Fulvius being come in∣to Greece, besieged the noble City Ambracia, which much imported the Aetolians not to lose, and yet were not able to relieve it: So that the Athenians and Rhodians interceed for Peace, which the Consul (finding the difficulty of winning the Town) con∣descended to. To Rome they go, and agree to divers Articles, which make them more obnoxious to Rome than any people of Greece. Consul Manlius in Asia, visited all that Antiochus had lost on this side Taurus, and loaded himself with the Booty, and at length came to the Gallo-Grecians upon the River Halis; who took all they had, and went up to the Moun∣tains Olympus and Margaena, hoping the Consul ei∣ther would not follow, or be easily repelled. But in both they were deceived, being unfurnished with Arrows or Slings, or defensive Armour, and so in the end were forced to throw themselves off the

Rocks, leaving to the Romans all that Wealth which they had gotten by long robbing their Neighbours. He forced Ararathes and others to submit, from whom he also drew, what he could get. Final∣ly, having sworn the Peace of Antiochus, and taken an Oath of his Embassadours for him, to take his way Home by Hellespont, loaden with rich Spoils; and accordingly passing through Thrace, he was ea∣sed of the carriage of no small part, not without the instigation of Philip, grown very uneasie with the Ro∣mans for not respecting him according to his De∣serts, as he thought. But the Consuls at their re∣turn to Rome, triumphed; and Manlius was charged with sending his Armies over Taurus, the fatal Bounds of Rome, according to the Sybills Prophesie: Yet Lucullus and Pompey led the Roman Army over those Hills with Manlius, when he deferred Triumph, there being an hot Inquisition in the City, by the Tribunes against the Scipio's, as not having brought into the Treasury, what was gotten in their Victories. This indignity so offended Publius Scipio, that he left the City, and never returned, redeemed his Brethren, and his Goods were all confiscated. After this, Manlius brought into the Treasury as much as made the last Payment of the Money borrowed of Private Men in the Punick War. Thus began the Civil War, of the Tongue in the Roman pleading; Security from danger abroad, and sufficient employment kindling this fire at Home, which caught hold upon that great Worthy, to whose Virtue Rome was so much in∣debted. But these Factions did not long contain themselves within the hea•• of words; but when Men found themselves over-matched at the Weapon of the Tongue, whose Art in leading the multitude was grown to perfection, they turned to open Hands by Prays in Streets, and after by Battels in open Fields, which in three Generations after, overthrew the in∣solent Rule both of Senate and People.

CHAP. VI. Of the second Macedonian War.

ANtiochus being Overthrown, Philip, Eumenes, and all Greece seemed to be Free Men, and Go∣vern by their own Laws; but indeed were absolute Vassals to Rome, which of the five Preroga∣tives of an absolute Monarch, or Sovereign Power, viz. To make Laws, Magistrates, Peace and War, Coyn Money, and receive Appeals, the Romans had assumed four, especially the greatest, which is Ap∣peals, and in the other three, interposed her self at Pleasure. Yet Eumenes living far off, and the Neighbour Nations not well subdued, and obedient to Rome, he was long unquestioned of any thing; as was also Ma∣sanissa. Philip's Temper was more noble, as he which had not forgot his own former Greatness, Ho∣nour of his Family, and the high Reputation of his Kingdom. His Magnanimity is construed Want of Reverence to the Roman Greatness: so that upon the complaint of Eumenes and the States of Thessaly, he must depart, leaving even those places he had Con∣quered, by the Consent of Rome. Lisimachia the chief City in Thrace, having been assistant in Philip's U∣surpation, was destroyed by the Thracians, and Re∣edified by Antiochus, after he had won Chersonesus, both which the Romans bestowed upon Eumenes: To these Aenus and Maronea had belonged, both got∣ten by Philip, and Fortified for Guard of his King∣dom against the Barbarous Thracians, which now Eu∣menes beggeth; but the People of these places endea∣vour their own Freedom from both. This de∣sign of the Maronites so provoked Philip, that by Cassander, one of his Men in Maronea, directed by Onomastus his Warden of the Sea Coast, the Thraci∣ans were let into the Town, which was sackt by

them: And when Cassander at the Romans demand, was to be sent to Rome to be examined about it, he was Poisoned by the Way, according to Machivel's Rule. Philip hereby grew further into question at Rome, but sent Demetrius his Son, who had been Hostage there, and obtained the favour for him to answer. In the mean time the Roman Embassadour which had judged between him and his Neighbours, passing through Greece, hears of a Controversie between the Achaeans and Lacedemonians, which Lycortus the Achaean Praetor, told Appius Claudius boldly, that it was strange, that the Romans should call their faith∣ful Allies to account, as if they were Vassals. Appi∣us answered like a Roman Lord, and threatned to force them, and shortly after, the Senate made void all Judgments of Death, or Banishment given by the Achaeans against the Lacedemonians: And made it a question whether Lacedemon should not be made a free State, as of Old: Into this Slavery, had the Ro∣mans brought all the States near them, which had desired their Patronage, and made them groan under the Yoke. Demetrius returned to his Father with desired Peace; more for his own sake than his Fathers, as they wrote to Philip, which made the Son insolent, and the Father to hate both them and him.

§. 2. Messene, which had been annexed to the A∣chaean Commonwealth against their Wills, grew bold upon the Romans Peremptory dealing with the A∣chaeans designing to fall off, in hope to become a free State again: Philopoemen Praetor of Achaea, Levied Forces in haste to meet Dinocrates the Messenian Captain, and forced him to retire, till a fresh Supply coming from Messene, compelled him to retreat, in which labouring to make Way for his Horsemen, himself weak with former Sickness was dismounted, taken, and carried to Messene, where Dinocrates see∣ing him so generally affected, hastned his Death by an Hangman, which brought him a Cup of Poison.

Hannibal about the same time was with Prusias King of Bythinia, to whom T. Quintius was sent to demand him, as the most spiteful Enemy of Rome; wherein the wretched King intending to give the Romans sa∣tisfaction, set a Guard about Hannibal's Lodgings, who seeing himself beset, took a Poison, which he al∣ways carried about him, and so Died; exclaiming against the Romans, degenerating from the Virtue of their Ancestors, who would not consent to the Poisoning of Pyrrhus their Enemy, and against the Treachery of Prusias, betraying his Guest, contrary to the Honour of a King, and the Laws of Hospi∣tality, and Faith given. Publius Scipio died the same Year, to accompany Philopoemen and Hannibal: Be∣ing as great Generals as ever the World had; but as Unfortunate as Famous. Had Hannibal, whose Tragedy we have endeavoured only some hints of, been Prince of Carthage, able to command such supplies as the War he took in hand required, it is probable he had torn up the Roman Empire by the Roots. But the strong Cowardly Factions of Ene∣mies at Home, made his great Virtue (wanting Pub∣lick Force to sustain it) to dissolve it self in his own and Countries Calamity.

From such Envy of Equals, or jealousie of our Masters, whether Kings, or Commonwealths, it is, that no Profession is more unprosperous than that of Generals; besides the Rapes, Slaughters, Devasta∣tions, &c. which are so hateful to God, That were not the Mercies of God infinite (as Monluc Marshal of France confessed) it were in vain for those of his pro∣fession to hope for any portion thereof, such Cruelties being permitted, or committed by them. And true it is, that as the Victories obtained by so many of the greatest Commanders, are commonly ascribed either to Fortune, or to their Followers, or Cowar∣dize of the vanquished, so the most, whose Virtues have raised them above all Envy, have in the end

been rewarded either with Disgrace, Banishment, or Death; as Examples, both of the Romans, and Gre∣cians Witness.

§. 3. Philip well perceiving the Romans aimed at his Kingdom, repented himself of his Obsequiousness to them. Yet was in ill Condition to help himself, having been beaten by them; his People unwilling to deal with them, and no Friends to assist him. Ye•• Necessity, the Mother of Invention, made him resol∣ved to remove the Inhabitants of his Maritime Towns to Emathia, and people them with Thraci∣ans that feared not the Romans. He also designed to draw the Bacternae, an hardy Nation, beyond Da∣nubius, into Dardania, and to root out the Dardani∣ans, always troublesome to Macedon: But this de∣vice took slow effect, and was hindred divers ways. His Subjects removed against their Will, broke into words, which his cruel Nature seeking to repress by putting many unto Death, increased to exclama∣tion, which inflamed him barbarously to Massacre their Children. After this, the Furies enter his own House, and Vengeance was poured upon him from Heaven in his own Children, as was thought by the jealousie he had of Demetrius his Younger Son, and the fear Prusius had of him for his Interest in the Romans Affections. Wicked Instruments are not wanting, who counterfeit a Letter from Quin∣tius to Philip, intreating for Demetrius, with an in∣timation of his ambitious Desire against his Brother Prusius: One Didas also, to whom he was commit∣ted by Philip, pretending Friendship to him, sound∣ed him, and told the King that he meant to flye to the Romans, who would not fail him: So the Father, without any examination, commanded his unhappy Son to be Murdered; and after, upon his Cousin Antigonus his searching, found out the Contrivance too late. Hereupon he intended to confer the King∣dom upon Antigonus, but Death prevented it.

§. 4. Perseus succeeded his Father, who had Reign∣ed Forty two Years; he thought it not expedient to imbroil himself so soon with the Roman War, but to settle his Dominions, and therefore to prevent danger, slew Antigonus. Then to get his Subjects Affections, he sate in Judgment, and made them many publick Shows; and to win the Romans, he sent and renewed the League.

Masanissa, had heretofore taken the Country of Emporia from Carthage, and about this time he took other Land from them by force, about Seventy Towns and Castles, of which, when the Carthagini∣ans complained by their Embassadours, prostrate with Tears before the Senate, desiring Right, or Li∣berty to defend themselves against him, or at least to know how far Masanissa should be allowed to proceed: And if none of these would be granted, that then the Senate it self would inflict upon them what they thought meet, rather than to keep them in continual fear of this Numidian Hangman. See the fruits of their Envy against that valiant Family of the Barchines, and of the Roman Peace desired by Hanno; which hath made them Slaves to the Servants of the Numidian, whose Fathers they had used to sell over Africk and Greece. Their Answer was gentle, but without effect, and Masanissa hath a mild re∣buke. Perseus is not yet brought into such a Yoke, but must be, for he is questioned for taking up Arms without their leave, though to subdue his own Re∣bels. After the same manner they dealt with Greece: And of all others, with the Achaeans, who presu∣med most on their Favour: So that all saw, that the Roman Patronage tended to nothing, but the bondage of Greece. This gave Perseus hopes to find a Party there, as indeed he did, though it little avail∣ed him.

§. 5. Eumenes King of Pergamus hated Perseus ex∣ceedingly, not only for an Hereditary quarrel with

Macedon, but for that, he perceived the Greeks be∣gan to favour him more than himself, whom they seemed to neglect, for being over serviceable to Rome. For Redress hereof, he thought it not hard to induce the Romans, utterly to overthrow the Macedoni∣an Kingdom, which the Greeks now adored; to which end, he took a second Journey to Rome, where he laboured to provoke the Fathers against Perseus; which needed not, though yet they heard him wil∣lingly, that their Pretence of War might have the fairer shew, as proceeding from the information of such a King, come on purpose so far as out of A∣sia. The Rhodians also were there with the Mace∣donian Embassadours, to answer, with matter of recri∣mination, that Eumenes had provoked the Lycians to Rebel against the Rhodians. Careless Audience was given to the Rhodians, for their Friendly Of∣fice in conveying Laodice the Daughter of Antiochus to Perseus; and their Answer is, that the Lycians were assigned to Rhodes, not as Vassals, but Associates: Thus their Subjects are become their Fellows. Ma∣sanissa and the Aetolians, whose Subjects were not in∣creased by the Romans, or by the Cities and Peo,+ple bestowed upon them after Antiochus's Overthrow, but their Friends, had cause to resent this Decree. The Macedonian Embassadours were heard, not so carelesly as angerly, being glad that Harpatus, the chief Embassadour, had by violent Speeches given them cause of anger. And though Perseus his faint Heart was not sit to threaten; Yet now he might think to get more by a little Bravery than submis∣sion, seeing the Eyes of all Greece were set upon him for a Delivery from the Roman Servitude. And it seems Perseus was not very cautious of offending them, when he hired three or four Ru••••ians to Mur∣der Eumenes, in his return from Worshiping at Delphos, whom they had left for Dead, though he re∣covered. The Report of his Death made Attalus his

Brother to take upon him as King, and would have taken Stratonica his Wife (as a matter of State) had not Eumenes's coming home, put a stop to it: All which Eumenes only checked, with wishing him not to Marry with the Queen, till he was sure the King was Dead, who then bequeathed her to him. The Senate upon these occasions, Decree War, and send Embassadours to require satisfaction, or to denounce it, which Perseus slights, calling the Romans greedy, and insolent; commanding them to depart. This present heat was too much, he want∣ing constant resolution, which he neglected in hope of Peace.

§▪ 6. Rome had now fair occasion of War with Macedon, which though it had been long sought, yet the preparation for War was to seek, and the want of it helped to sound the disposition of Greece, which they solicite by Embassadours with better terms than Threatnings, though they durst not but promise aid to them, whose Ruin they desired. The fear of Greece, grew from the timerous demeanour of Per∣seus, whom they secretly affected, but saw his want of resolution would betray them all that declared for them, if he could make his Peace, which even then he sought, when he was in the Field, and his Enemy not in sight. His Embassadours were scarce come Home, when Licinius the Roman Consul was at Apollonia; and yet Perseus is still in deliberation, though at last the stoutest and wisest Counsel pre∣vailed, if it had been as well followed after he had brought his Forces together, which were Thirty nine Thousand Foot, and four Thousand Horse. Being come into Thessaly, which was the Enemies way, some Towns yield, and some he forc'd, and so came to Sicurium. Licinius is also come into Thessaly, with only two Legions, tyred in his pas∣sage through Athamania; and resteth by the River Peneus, Incamping there, and intending not to Fight

till his Auxiliaries were come; that so he might strongly force through Tempe, of whose Straits Perseus was Master, to his great advantage, and might have had more in taking the Straits of Aous. Eu∣menes, and Attalus his Brother, are come to the Consul with four Thousand Foot, and one Thou∣sand Horse. Yet the Consul keepeth in his Tren∣ches, and is content to be insulted▪ day by day, by Perseus, till at last, he was forced to send out Eumenes, Attalus, and his own Brother. In this Skirmish Perseus slew two Hundred, and took as many, with little loss, and might have distressed the Consuls Camp, if his fear had not baffled his Incouragement by this Success: For the Consul was glad to Decamp at Midnight, to a stronger Place beyond the River. Of all the advantages he had, this weak spirited Man made no other use, than to hope for Peace; though Licinius pe∣remptorily told him he should look for none, without an absolute yielding both Person and King∣dom. Not long after, attempting to force the Con∣suls Camp, he had the worst, and thereupon leav∣ing a weak Guard in Tempe, he returned to Ma∣cedon. Licinius the Consul, and Lucretius the Ad∣miral, ended their Year with cruel Oppression of the Confederates; as did this Successours, Hostilius, and Hortensis the Admiral, who more intended quarrelling with Friends, than warring with Ene∣mies; of the Oppressions by the two Admirals, Complaint was made at Rome, and Lucretius deep∣ly fined, and a Decree sent to Greece, Ordering him to refuse all Impositions not warranted by the Senate.

§. 7. Perseus in the two first Years of the War, was grown stronger, being inlarged on the Illyrian side, and his Grecian Friends grown bold∣er; and many of the Roman Friends keep out their Admiral by force, for his Oppression; and the

Glory of the Enterprize against Macedon, defac'd as their Army lessened greatly. P. Martius a new Consul, cometh to help all, if he knew how; yet he began hotly, and indeed the right way to pass through the Straits, not by Force against the Guard that kept them, but by seeking untrodden Ways over such steep Mountains, as if Nature had determined Armies should never pass them, e∣specially with Elephants. Perseus could not be ig∣norant of the Romans coming towards him, and might have distressed them, if his Heart had ser∣ved; but he only Guarded the ordinary Passages into Tempe; and when he saw the Romans entred, he was so far from forcing them upon their extreme Weariness, that he fled, crying All was lost without a Fight. So in haste he left Dium, being the strong Passage into Macedon, and sent Post to set Fire on his Arsenal at Thessalonica, and cast his Treasure at Pella into the Sea, and called the Captains which kept the Straits; but after his Fear was past, he put the two First to Death, to cover his Fear, as if they had acted without his Command. Mar∣tius presently took Dium, yet after one days March into Macedon, want of Food forced him back to Thessaly, so unable was he to hold out, if he had kept the Straits: So he forsook Dium, and took the Way to Phila, to meet his desired Provision, and foolishly gave over the Enterprize, either for want to Courage, or Skill; which so Incouraged Perseus, that he Fortified Dium again, and so fru∣strated all the Consuls proceeding that Summer, who only took Heraclea, five Miles off. The like Success had the Admiral at Sea in Attempting Thessalonica, Cassandria, and Demetrias, though as∣sisted by Eumenes. While the Consul lay at Hera∣clea, he persuaded the Rhodian Embassadours to Mediate for a Peace, which might argue his Fear, though Polybius thinks it was to indanger the Rhodians.

Here also Polybius brought him word of Supplies Decreed for him out of Achaea, which he refu∣sed, and also dissuaded sending any to Appius Claudius, as not needful, though Claudius on the Frontier of Illyria was in danger, and sent for it, and for want of it, was highly displeased with Polybius. Eumenes at this time grew cold in Affection to Rome, upon what occasion is dou••t∣ful; though it was generally thought, that ••pon disgust of some usage of Martius he went Home, from whence Perseus sent to invite him by some hope of Gain, and upon consideration of that, the Fire was like to take his own House, next after Perseus's House was burnt. The like course Perseus took with Gentius King of Illyria, and gained him, and both send to the Rhodians, de∣siring them to Mediate between Perseus and Rome, which they promised, thinking Martius also desi∣red it: But when their Embassadour moved for that Mediation, they were so disdainfully taken up, that in all Humility they were glad to sub∣mit. Gentius having received Ten Talents, and more being coming, laid hands on the Roman Embassadours, and committed them, whereupon Perseus recalled his last Treasure, seeing Gentius so far ingaged. About that time came Clondi••us with Ten Thousand Horse, and Ten Thousand Foot of Gauls, or Bastarnes, procured by Perseus; but for want of Covenanted Pay, presently re∣turned toward Danubius.

§. 8. Lucius Aemilius Paulus Consul the second time, had Macedon for his Province, but refused to propound any thing for that Service to the Senate, till a view were taken of the State of the Army there, and how it stood with the Ma∣cedonian; so Supplies are made accordingly for him, and the Admiral, and L. Anicius to succeed Ap∣pius

Claudius the Pretor. Aemilius at his depart∣ing, in his grave Oration, Requested them which thought themselves wise enough to manage those Wars, either to go with him for his assistance, or govern their Tongues at Home, and not Censure up∣on hear-say: For he would frame his Actions to the advantage of the State; not to the expectation of the Multitude.

He was Honourably attended out of the City, and in five Days came to the Camp, when Per∣seus lay in Dium, and Fortified the Fords of E∣nipeus; between which, and Tempe, for Ten Miles, which is along the Sea-shore and Olympus, is no fresh Water; but Aemilius knew no Shore wants fresh Water after a little digging; for want where∣of Martius was glad to go to Heraclea. Yet the Passage over Olympus was as difficult now as then: So that Aemilius fell to enquire, and found a Passage over Olympus, but narrow, leading to Perrabia, difficult of Ascent, but slenderly Guar∣ded; either not found, or not attempted by Mar∣tius; whose Men being tryed in getting over Ossa, would hardly adventure such another. But Paulus was a far more able Commander, and had Taught them better than to question a Generals Command, and made choice of five Thousand for the Enterprize, whom he committed to his two Adopted Sons, Scipio Aemilianus, and Quintus Fabius Maximus. These two, the better to con∣ceal their Journey over the Mountains, Marched out another way, till Night came; and the Con∣sul made shew as if he would have set upon Perseus, and gain a Passage over Enipeus to divert him from the business intended; so that Scipio and Fabius having forced the small Guard, got in three Days over, and were not discovered till the Guard, which fled, were come to the Camp.

Then was all in a Tumult, and the King, most of all amazed, hasteth to Pydna, where he con∣sults whether he should Fortifie some Town, or put all to the hazard of a Battle; which latter, though the worst, is resolved upon, and that which the Consul wished. The King chose the place near Pydna, whither the Consul came; but made a stand, till a place for the Camp were Intren∣ched, and the Souldiers refreshed after Marching, though both sides thought it long, especially the Romans feared, lest the King should remove fur∣ther off. That Evening was the Consul told by a Tribune, of an Ecclipse of the Moon that Night, and the Natural cause of it, who was contented it should be Published in the Camp, to prevent their Fear. Superstition captivates the Wise, where the help of true Religion is wanting. Aemilius, as soon as the Moon recovered her Light, Congra∣tulated her with a Sacrifice; for which Plutarch calls him a Godly Man: And the next Morning he made another to Hercules, about which, much of the Day was spent before the Grecian partial God gave a good sign to the Entrals of the Sa∣crifice; so that on Day neither side had any great de∣sire to Fight. Yet after ten of the Clock, upon a light occasion of watring of Horses, two or three of each side fell to Blows, and Parties came in so fast, that both the Generals were forced to put their Men in order of Battel, and after an Oration, set them together: But Perseus used the shift of a Coward, to leave his Men, and with∣draw himself to Pydna, pretending Sacrifice, which being unseasonable, proved him an Hypocritical Coward. He sped accordingly, for returning he found it little better than lost, but got the Ho∣nour to be present, that he might run away with his Men, leaving Twenty Thousand Foot slain

in the Field, while he recovered Pella; from which he fled in ••he Night for fear of his own Peop••e, and came to Amphipolis; but was glad to be•• gon by Sea with his Treasure to Samothrace. The Head having forsaken the Body, little Sense was left, or Strength to stand; all the Kingdom fell presently into the Conquerours hand, ••••ile the King taketh Sanctuary with his Treasure, Wife and Children, in Samothrace, and after base Suit to the Consul, endeavours to escape in a Creti∣an Ship; which having taken in much of his Treasure, set Sail, and left him in the lurch; in the end he was forced to yield himself, and all into the Consuls hand, and so made the Conquest compleat: Being before the Consul, he meanly prostrated himself, so that he seemed to dishonour the Victory, as obtained upon a Man of so base a Condition. Thus ended the Macedonian King∣dom, after a War of Four Years, and the Glory of the World was Translated to Rome.

§. 9. Gentius King of Illyria with fifteen Thousand Men at Lyssus, ready to assist Perseus upon Receipt of the Mony promised, was attack'd by Anicius the Roman Praetor, who drove him into Scodra or Sutary, where after a while he yielded himself and all his Men to the Roman Praetor, who ended that War in Thirty days.

§. 10. Rome swelling with the Pride of her For∣tune, called the Rhodian Embassadours, whom they threaten as Parties with Macedon, whose Cause they had presumed to undertake: And though they Congratulated the Victory, Deprecated their Fol∣ly, and their Citizens had put to Death, or sent Prisoners to Rome all the chief Men of the Ma∣cedonian Faction; yet War had been Proclaimed against them but for Cato, who said it would be judged rather a Quarrel at their Wealth, than any

just cause; considering also what Friends they had been to Rome in former Wars. Macedon was divi∣ded into four Quarters, and each prohibited Com∣merce with other. Their Laws abrogated, new given, and all the Nobles sent into Italy, and the Tribute lessened by half, which was the best part of the Liberty Rome used to give. Greece must now bear her Yoke; and all that can be found, not only Associates with Perseus, but good Patriots which were not held serviceable to Rome, were sent to Rome and there clapt up, of which sort a Thousand were sent out of Achaea, and Polybius among them. This was the Virtue of the Roman Oath and League. E∣pirus was more barbarously dealt with, and given to the Souldiers to Plunder for their Pay, to save the Macedonian Treasure whole: So in one day seventy Cities of the Roman Confederates were Plundered by the Companies put into them in Peace, only to Quarter; and One Hundred and Fifty Thousand made Slaves, which act of Aemilius stained his other Virtues.

§. 11. Antiochus the Great dyed in the Thirty sixth Year of his Reign; Seleuchus his Eldest Son, succeeded Twelve Years, whom Daniel described Three Hun∣dred Years before, Onias being then High Priest. Mac. 3. The First Book of Maccabees ends An. 167 of the Syrian Kings; the Second Book ends the 151 Year. Antiochus Epiphanes succeedes his Brother in Syria, An. 137; whose death he procured. Ptolome∣us Epiphanes after twenty four Years left Egypt to his Son Ptolomeus Philometor, so called by the Rule of con∣traries; for Murdering his Mother, he was hated by his Subjects, and rebelled against by his Brother Pto∣lomy Phiscon, who got possession of Alexandria, upon which contention Antiochus Epiphanes his Uncle thought to possess that Kingdom, under pretence of protecting the Young Prince. Antiochus's proceedings herein and at Ierusalem are Recorded, 1. Mac. 1. About the be∣ginning

of the Macedonian War, when besides the Spoil of Egypt, he took all Coelosyria, and sold the High Priests place to Iason, thrust out Onias, and after sold it to Manelaus, who procured Onias, be∣ing fled into the Sanctuary at Daphus by Antioch, to be Murdered. 2 Mac. 4. Onias his taking pro∣tection of Apollo and Diana, seemed allowed by the Author, which argues the Book to be Apocryphal. His Second Expedition into Egypt, 2 Mac. 1. was foreshewn by prodigious Signs in the Air for forty days together, and was occasioned by the unexpect∣ed agreement of the Brethren, which incens'd him, he designing they should destroy one another. So he entred Egypt, though the Young King intreated the contrary by Embassadours, of whom he demanded Cy∣prus and Pelusium, and took Memphis and other places. The Egyptians seek help from Rome, but in vain, they being now deep in with the Macedo∣nian War; the like they desire of the Greeks, e∣specially the Achaeans, whose forwardness was hin∣dred by the Roman Faction; yet at length the Se∣nate being moved with compassion of the Embassa∣dours lamentable behaviour and supplication, sent C. Popilius and others, with Command that Antiochus should leave Egypt; to which he submitted accor∣ding to the Prophet Daniel, or rather the History of Daniel.

§. 12. Rome we see is grown terrible: When the greatest Kings must how to her Majesty, how shall inferiour Kings and States carry themselves to be as∣sured of Favour? Eumenes had been very officious, and help'd to kindle the Fire which has burnt up the Kingdom of Macedon. He therefore sends Attalus his Brother to Congratulate the Victory, and crave Aid against the Gallo-Greeks: But Attalus had suc∣ceeded better, if he had requested his Brothers Kingdom; which because he did not as they expect∣ed,

the Fathers went from what they had promised of his having Enus and Maronia; as for the Gallo∣Greeks they have a Message sent them, rather to in∣courage than dissuade them. The displeasure of the Senate being so manifest, Eumenes will again visit them, but the Fathers will not receive him, it being decreed that no King shall come within Rome. Yet Prusius King of Bythinia, a little be∣fore had been welcomed after a better manner; as he who gave these Mortal Gods the Title and Worship done to them, kissing the Threshold, and calling them his Gods and Saviours, commending his Son Nicomedes to their Tuition. Cotys the Thra∣cian excused his helping Perseus, and intreats the discharge of his Son, taken with Perseus's Chil∣dren, which is granted, with admonition of his good behaviour to Rome.

Masanissa only kept his Reputation with these great Masters, who stand by him in all Quarrels with Carthage, whose Ruin he must help forward, before his own turn be served: His Congratula∣tions are well accepted.

Perseus and Gentius the unhappy Kings, have the last Act to play at Rome, in the Triumphs of Ae∣milius and Anicius, being led in Chains before their Chariot. Perseus made application to Ae∣milius, not to be put to the disgrace, and was scornfully answered that he might prevent it, meaning he might kill himself; his end is uncer∣tain, whether starved or by over-watching. Alex∣ander his Youngest Son became a Turner in Rome; what conceit soever his Father had of him, when he gave him that Name in wantonness of Sovereigni∣ty, in which he commanded poor Men to be slain for getting up his Treasure out of the Sea by Diving. He considered not, that the greatest Op∣pressours and the most abject Wretches are all

subject to one high Power, governing all alike with absolute Command. But such is our Unhap∣piness, that instead of that blessed Counsel, to do as we would be done to, which teacheth Moderation, w•• ••••tertain that arrogant Thought, I will be like the 〈◊〉〈◊〉; that is, I will do what pleaseth my self. The very desire of ability to do Evil without con∣troul, is a dangerous Temptation to the perfor∣mance; God hath granted it to few, and very few they are which use it not to their own damage; as Princes, who rack their Sovereignity to the ut∣termost extent, teach others by the like strain to root out their own Progeny. Nay, excellent Prin∣ces are often forced to flatter some base Minion or Harlot which Governs some unworthy Fellow, that Governs all, of which there are too many Examples. Aemilius's Triumph so glorious by rea∣son of a Kings Person, brought also such Riches into the Roman Treasury, that till Iulius Caesar's Death the State never needed to burden it self with Tribute. The joy of this Triumph God a∣bated with the loss of his Two Sons, one Five days before, another Five days after it.

We have seen the beginning and end of the three First Monarchies of the World, whose Foun∣ders thought they should never end: And the Fourth, of the Romans, is already at the highest; where we left it in the Field, wherein nothing is left to shadow it from the Eyes of the World: But after some time the Storms of Ambition shall tear her Branches, her Leaves shall fall, her Limbs wither, and a Rabble of barbarous Nations shall cut her down. These great Conquerours have been the Subject of our Ancient Histories, and Tra∣gical Poets; shewing us their great undertakings, not so much desiring Rule over others, which is so full of Care, as hunting after Fame, which

Ploweth up the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and Soweth in the Wind. And certainly as Fa•••• has often been dangerous to the Living, so is it of no use to the Dead; who if they did understand what is Reported of them, they would wish they had stolen out of the World without ••oise, rather than to hear the Report of their Treacheries, Murders, Ra∣pines, giving the spoil of Innocent labouring Souls, to the idle and insolent.

Since the Fall of the Roman Empire (omitting the Germans, neither great, nor of long continu∣ance) there hath been no State formidable in the East, but the Turk; nor in the West, except the Spaniard, who by so many Attempts hath sought to make himself Master of all Europe: As one who is powerful both by his Indian Treasure, and ma∣ny Kingdoms he possessed in Europe: But as the Turk is now Counterpoised by the Persian; So if, for so many Millions spent by English, French, and Netherlands, in defensive War, and diver∣sions against them, Two Hundred Sixty Thou∣sand Pound were imployed for Two or Three Years, it is easie to demonstrate how they may be brought to live in Peace, and their swel∣ling Streams be brought within the Banks. These are the only Nations of Eminency to be re∣garded of us; the one seeking to root out the Christian Religion, the other the sincere Profession of it.

If farther Reason be required of the continu∣ance of this boundless Ambition of Mortal Men, than desire of Fame, we may say, That the Kings and Princes of the World have always laid be∣fore them the Actions, not the Ends of those great ones, the Glory of the one Transporting them,

never minding the Misery of the other till it seized upon him. They neglect the Advice of God, while they hope to live; but when Death comes, then they believe what it tells them. Death without speaking a word, persuades what God with promises and threats cannot do, though the one hates and destroys Man, whereas the other made and loves him. I have considered (saith Solo••••n) all Works that are under the Sun, and behold all is Vanity and vexation of Spirit: Who believes this till Death beats it into us? It was Death which forced the Conscience of Charles 5th. and made him enjoyn Philip his Son, to restore Na∣varre; and Francis the First, King of France, to command justice to be done upon the Murderers of the Protestants in Merindol and Calabries, till then neglected. Death alone can make Man know himself; the proud and insolent, that he is but abject, and can make him hate his fore∣past Happiness: The rich Man he proves a na∣ked Beggar, which hath interest in nothing but in the Gravel that fills his Mouth; and when he holds the Glass before the Eyes of the most Beau∣tiful, they see and acknowledge their Deformity and Rotteness. O eloquent, just and mighty Death! whom none could advise, thou hast persuaded; what none hath presumed, thou hast done; whom all the World have flattered, thou hast cast out of the World and despised: Thou hast drawn together all the extravagant Greatness, all the Pride, Cruelty and Ambition of Man, and covered it all over with two narrow Words, Hic jacet.

Lastly, Whereas this Book bearing this Title, The First Part of the general, &c. implying a Second, and a Third, which I intended, and have

hewn out; besides many other Discouragements persuading my Silence, it hath pleased God to take that glorious Prince out of the World, for whom they were designed: Whose unspeakable and never enough lamented loss, hath taught me to say with Iob, Versa est in luctum cithara mea, & organum meum in vocem flentium.

FINIS.

Notes

• * 1.1

  See Cap. 4. §. 8.