Archæologiæ Græcæ, or, The antiquities of Greece by John Potter ...

CHAPTER XX. Grecian Festivals.

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MEntioned by Hesychius, without any Notice of the Deity, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 whose Honour they were observed. It is not improbable, they might belong to Apollo, and be (at least the latter of them) the sa•••• with the Lacedaemonian 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. This Conjecture is grounded up∣on the words of Hesychius; who tells us, that 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 was the Name of the Person consecrated to the God at the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and that the

Festival it self was term'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which Name seems to have been deriv'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that Festival being observ'd in Imitation of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or, the Military way of Living, as Athenaeus (a), and Eustathius (b) have observ'd. It is not unlikely, the former might be∣long to Venus, whose Priest (as Grammarians inform us) was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Cyprus.

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Was celebrated at Argos (c), in Memory of one of Proetus's Daugh∣ters; being, in all probability, the same with

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Which (as the same Author tells us) was observ'd at Argos, in Me∣mory of a deceas'd Person. It was also celebrated at Thebes with So∣lemn Sports.

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At Athens, in Honour of Agraulus, or Aglaurus, the Daughter of Cecrops and the Nymph Aglauris, and Priestess of Minerva, to whom she gave the Sirname of Aglaurus, and was worshipp'd in a Temple dedicated to her. The Cyprians also (as Porphyry (d) reports) honour'd her by the Celebration of an Annual Festival in the Month Aphro∣••isias, at which they offer'd Human Victims; and this Custom is said to have continu'd till the Time of Diomedes.

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In Honour of Bacchus, sirnam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from his Cruelty, as (e) Plutarch is of Opinion; or because he convers'd with, and was attended by Lions, Tygers, and other Savage Animals; which pro∣cur'd him the other Name of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which properly denotes an Eater of raw Flesh, or any Barbarous Person. This Solemnity was observ'd in the Night, after this manner: The Women (f) being assembled, made a strict Search after Bacchus, as if he had fled from them; but af∣ter some time, finding their Labour to be in vain, said, that He had retir'd to the Muses, and conceal'd Himself amongst them. This be∣ing done, and the Ceremony ended, they regal'd themselves with an Entertainment; after which, the Time was pass'd away by proposing Riddles, and cramp Questions. Large quantities of Ivy was us'd at this Time (g), because that Plant was accounted sacred to Bacchus; and so great Excesses were sometimes committed, that once the Daughters of Minya

with Vocal Musick, in Honour of Erigone, sometimes call'd Aletis, the Daughter of Icarius; who, out of an excess of Grief for the Misfortunes of her Father, hang'd her self: whence the Solemnity had the Name of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. At her Death, she requested the Gods, that if the Athenians did not revenge Icarius's Murder, their Virgins might end their Lives in the same manner, that she did. Her Petition was granted, and a great many of them, without any apparent cause of Discontent, became their own Executioners; Whereupon, to appease Erigone, they insti∣tuted this Festival, by the Advice of Apollo. Others report, (a) that it was observ'd in Honour of King Temaleus; or of Aegisthus, and Cly∣taemnestra. And some are of Opinion, (b) that it was first observ'd by command of an Oracle, in Memory of the Daughter of Aegisthus and Clytaemnestra, who in company of her Grand-father Tyndarus, took a Journey to Athens; where she prosecuted Orestes in the Court of Areopagus; and losing her Cause, hang'd her self for Grief.

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A Triennial Festival, Solemniz'd at Actium in Epirus, with Wre∣stling, Horse-racing, and a Fight, or Race of Ships, in Honour of Apollo, who had the Sirname of Actius, from that Place (c).

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To Minerva, sirnam'd Alea, at Tegea in Arcadia, where that Goddess was honour'd with a Temple of great Antiquity (d).

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A Cock-fight at Athens, in memory of the Cocks, from whose Crowing Themistocles receiv'd an Omen of his Success against the Persians (e).

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Solemn Games (f) Celebrated at Rhodes, upon the Twenty-fo••••t•• Day of the Month 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which answers to the Athenian 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Honour of the Sun, who is call'd in Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and is said to have been born in the Island of Rhodes; t••e Inhabitants of which were reputed his Posterity, and therefore call'd Heliades, as we learn from Strabo (g). The Combatants in these Game•• were not only Men, but Boys; and the Victors were rewarded with •• Crown of Poplar.

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At Megara (a), in Memory of Alcathoüs, the Son of Pelops; who lying under a Suspicion of having murder'd his Brother Chrysippus, fled to Megara; where having overcome a terrible Lion, that wasted the Countrey, and had slain, beside many others, King Megareus's own Son; he so far ingratiated himself, that he had in Marriage the King's Daughter, and was declar'd his Successor.

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At Athens, in the Month Posideon, in Honour of Ceres and Bac∣chus, by whose Blessing the Husbandmen receiv'd the Recompence of their Toil, and Labour; and therefore (b) their Oblations consisted of nothing but the Fruits of the Earth. Others say, this Festival was instituted, as a Commemoration of the Primitive Greeks, who liv'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. in Vine-yards, and Corn-fields (c).

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To Minerva, by the Arcadians; in memory of a Victory, wherein they took a great many of the Lacedaemonians prisoners, which the Greeks call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (d).

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A Festival celebrated with Games, in Honour of Diana, sirnam'd Amaryntbia, and Amarysia, from a Town in Euboea. It was observ'd by the Euboeans, Eretrians, Carystians, and Athmonians, who were In∣habitants of a Burrough in Attica.

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To Bacchus (e) the God of Wine; in the Month Lenaeon, in most of the Cities of Greece.

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A Festival, of which nothing more is recorded, than that it be∣long'd to Iupiter (f).

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An Athenian Festival (g).

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At Oropus, in Honour of Amphiaraus (h); of whom I have given a sufficient Account in another Place.

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A Festival observ'd by Private Families in Athens, upon the fifth Day after the Birth of every Child. It was so call'd, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. from Running round; because it was customary to run round the Fire, with the Infant in their Arms. Of this more here∣after.

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Solemn Sacrifices (a) to Venus, at Eryx in Sicily, where she was ho∣nour'd with a Magnificent Temple. The Name of this Solemnity was deriv'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. from returning; because the Goddess was said to leave Sicily, and return to Africk at that Time.

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An Athenian Festival, in Honour of the Dioscuri, who were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and honour'd with a Temple, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Sacri∣fices offer'd at this Time, were nam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because those Deities were 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Strangers (b); and consisted of three Offerings (c), which were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Athenaeus (d) also makes mention of Plays, acted in Honour of these Deities.

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Solemnities observ'd at the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Proclamation, of Kings, and Princes, when they became of Age, to take the Goverment into their own Hands (e).

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A Festival (f) •••• Amphiss••••, the Capital City of Locris; in Honour either of the Dioscuri, or Curetes, or Cabiri; for Authors are not agree'd in this Matter.

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Annual Games (g) celebrated in the Ceramicus at Athens, by the com∣mand of Minos, King of Crete, in memory of his Son Androgeos, other∣wise call'd Eurygias, who was barbarously murder'd by some of the Athe∣nians, and Megarensians (h).

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An Athenian Festival, observ'd in Honour of Bacchus, upon the Eleventh, Twelfth, and Thirteenth Days of the Month Anthesterion.

The first Day was nam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. because they then tapp'd their Barrels. The same Day was by the Chaeroneans call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. The Day of Good Genius; because it was customary to make merry upon it.

The second Day was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from the Measure 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because ••••ry Man drunk out of his own Vessel; in memory of an Acci∣••ent that happened in the Reign of Pandion, or (as others say) of D••mophoon, under whom Orestes, having slain his Mother, fled to A••hens, before he had undergone the customary Purification for Mur∣••••. The Athenians were at that Time busy in Celebrating the ••estival of Bacchus, sirnam'd Lenaeus, because he had the Care of Win••∣••••••sses, which are in Greek call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. However, he was kindly ••••ceiv'd by Demophoon, who to prevent the Contamination, which ••ight adhere to the Company, by Drinking with a polluted Person, ••••d that Orestes might not take it unkindly to be forc'd to drink ••lone, order'd, that every Man should have a distinct Vessel of Wine, ••••d drink out of his own Cup. On the fore-going Day, they only open'd their Vessels, and tasted the Wine; but now it was customary to drink Iustily, and the longest Liver, in token of Victory, was re∣••a••ded with a Crown of Leaves, and a Vessel of Wine. It was ••••••al also to ride in Chariots, out of which they jested upon all that pass'd by. The Professors of Sophistry feasted at home, with their ••••iends upon this Day, and had Presents sent them from all Hands; To which Custom Eubulides alludes, in these Verses,

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Ah! subtile Knave, you now the Sophist play, And wish that Bounteous 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 may approach, Whose Presents fill your Belly, and your Purse.

••••om this Day it was, that Bacchus had the Sirname of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

The third Day was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. a Pot, which was brought forth full of all sorts of Seeds, which they accounted ••••••red to Mercury, and therefore abstain'd from them. Upon this Day the Comedians us'd to act; and at Sparta, Lycurgus order'd, that such of them as obtain'd the Victory, should be enroll'd amongst the Free Denizons.

During these Days, the Slaves were allow'd to make merry, drink, and revel; and therefore, at the End of the Festival, it was usual to make proclamation in this manner; 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Begone you Carian Slaves, the Anthesteria are ended.

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A Sicilian Festival (a), so nam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. from car∣rying Flowers; because it was Instituted in honour of Proserpi na, whom Pluto is said to have stoln, as she was gathering Flowers.

Another Solemnity of this Name, seems to have been observ'd at Argos, in honour of Iuno, to whom a Temple was dedicated in that place, under the Name of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (b).

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Sacrifices in Honour of Antigonus (c).

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Annual Sacrifices, and Quinquennial Games, in Memory of An∣tinous, the Bithynian: They were Instituted at the Command of Adrian the Roman Emperour, at Mantinea in Arcadia (d), where Antinous was honour'd with a Temple, and Divine Worship.

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A Festival (e) first instituted at Athens, and from thence deriv'd to the rest of the Ionians, except those of Ephesus, and Colophon. It receiv'd its Name from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which signifies Deceit; because it was first instituted in memory of a Stratagem, by which Melanthius, the Athenian King, overcame Xanthus, King of Boeotia. For a Con∣troversy happening between the Athenians, and Boeotians, about a piece of Ground situated upon the Con••ines of Attica and Boeotia; Xan∣thus made a Proposal, that himself, and the Athenian King should end the Quarrel by a single Combat. Thymoetes reign'd at that Time in Athens; but declining the Fight, was depos'd: his Successour was Melanthius a Messenian, Son of Neleus and Periclymene, who having accepted the Challenge, met his Enemy at the appointed Place; where, as they were just going to begin the Fight, Melanthius thinking, or pretending that he saw at Xanthus's Back, a Person habited in a black Goat-skin, cry'd out, that the Articles were violated; upon this, Xan∣thus looking back, was treacherously slain by Melanthius. In Memory of this Success, Iupiter was sirnam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Deceiver; and Bacchus, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. cloath'd in a black Goat-skin, and was far∣ther honour'd with a new Temple, and the Institution of this Fe∣stival. Others are of opinion, that 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 are so call'd, q. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

•• e. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because upon this Festival, Children accompany'd ••••eir Fathers, to have their Names enter'd into the Publick Register: ••••ter the same manner, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 is equivalent to 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Others will have 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 to be so nam'd, because the Children were till that Time 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. without Fathers, in a Civil sence; for that it was not till then publickly recorded, whose ••••ey were. For a like reason, Melchisedec is by some thought to be call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (a), i. e. without Father, without Mother; viz. because his Parentage was omitted in the Publick Genealogies. To ••••turn: This Festival was celebrated in the Month Pyanepsion, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 three Days.

The first Day was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. a Supper; be∣••••••se on that Day at Evening, each Tribe had a separate Meeting, ••••ereat a sumptuous Entertainment was provided.

The second Day was nam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because 〈◊〉〈◊〉 this Day Victims were offer'd to Iupiter 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Minerva; in whose Sacrifices (as in all that were offer'd to Cele∣••••••l Gods) it was usual 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. to turn the Head of the Victims upwards, towards Heaven. At this Sacrifice, the Children enroll'd amongst the Citizens, were plac'd close to the Al∣••••. It was usual also, for Persons richly apparell'd, to take lighted ••o••ches out of the Fire, and run about, singing Hymns in praise of Vulcan, who was the first that taught Men the use of that Ele∣ment: Which Custom is by Meursius referr'd to this Day, tho' Har∣••••ration, to whom we are indebted for the Mention of it, has left 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in the Dark as to it's Time.

The third Day was nam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. a Youth; 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Shaving; because the young Men, who till that Time re∣min'd unshaved, had their Hair cut off, before they were presented to be registred. Their Fathers at this Time were oblig'd to swear, t••at both Themselves, and the Mothers of the young Men, were Free-born Athenians It was also usual to offer a Sheep in Sacrifice to Diana, which they call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 this Victim was to be of a ••••••tain Weight; and because it once happen'd, that the Standers-by c••y'd out in jest, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Too little, too little, it was ever after call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and the Persons that offer'd it 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

To these Hesychius adds a fourth Day, which he tells us was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, but that Name is not peculiar to this Festival, but generally apply'd to any Day, celebrated after the End of another Solemnity; being deriv'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. from following; because it was a sort of Appendage to the Great Festival.

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The second Day in Marriages, of which I shall have Opportunity to speak in another place.

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To Apollo, at Aegialea, upon this Account: Apollo, having ob∣tain'd the Victory over Python, went to Aegialea, accompanied with his Sister Diana; but being frighted from thence, fled into Crete. After this, the Aegialeans were infected with an Epidemical Distemper; and being advis'd by the Prophets, to appease the two offended Deities, sent seven Boys, and as many Virgins, to entreat them to return. Apollo and Diana accepted their Piety, and came with them to the Cittadel of Aegialea; in Memory of which, a Temple was dedicated to Pi••••••, the Goddess of Perswasion; and it became a Custom, to appoint chose•• Boys and Virgins, to make a solemn Procession, in shew as if they design'd to bring back Apollo and Diana; which Solemnity was con∣tinued till Pausanias's Time (a).

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Certain Days (b), in which Sacrifices were offer'd to the Gods, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Who these were, I am not resolv'd: Certain it is, that 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 denotes any Person that conducts another in his way; and therefore was apply'd to Mercury, who was believ'd to be Pl••••••'s Gentleman-usher, and to conduct the Souls of deceas'd Persons to the Shades below: whence Ajax, in Sophocles, before he stabb'd him∣self, pray'd thus,

—〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

—Infernal Mercury I call Safe to conduct me to the Shades below.

But I am rather inclin'd to think, these Days belong'd to the Gods call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, (for 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, is by Phavorinus expounded 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) otherwise nam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and averrunci, because they were thought to avert Evils; such were Iupiter, Hercules, and others: and therefore for 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 in Hesychius, I would read 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, except they may be us'd as synonymous Terms.

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A Festival at Sicyon (a), upon the Birth-day of Aratus, whom they honour'd with a Priest; who, for Distinction's sake, wore a Ribband bespangl'd with white and purple spots. It was celebrated with Mu∣sick; and the Choristers of Bacchus assisted at the Solemnity with their Harps. There was also a Solemn Procession, in which the Publick School-master, accompany'd with his Scholars, went first, and the Senators adorn'd with Garlands, with as many of the other Citizens as had a mind, follow'd after.

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Festivals at Argos, the Names of which are lost. One we find mention'd in Parthenius (b), upon which he tells us, there was a Publick Entertainment.

Another is taken notice of in Plutarch (c), upon which the Boys call'd one another in Jest 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, by which words are signify'd Persons, that throw wild Figs. Which Cu∣••••om perhaps was instituted in Memory of their ancient Diet in Inachus's ••ime, when they liv'd upon wild Figs.

A third we read of in Aeneas (d), in which great numbers of the Citizens made a Solemn Procession out of the City in Armour.

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Two Festivals (e) at Naxos, in Honour of two Women, who had ••••e common Name of Ariadne. The former of them was thought ••o be of a Gay and Pleasant Temper, and therefore her Festival was observ'd with Musick, and a great many Expressions of Joy, and Mirth.

The latter, being the same that was expos'd big with Child upon that Coast by Theseus, was suppos'd to be of a Melancholy Disposi∣tion, and therefore the Solemnity dedicated to her had a shew of Sorrow, and Mourning; and in Memory of her being left by Thes••us ••ear the Time of Child-birth, it was usual for a Young Man to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 down, and counterfeit all the Agonies of Women in Labour. This Festival is said to have been first instituted by Theseus, as a re∣••••mpence of his Ingratitude to her.

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At Athens (f), in the Month Scirrophorion, in Honour of Minerva, and Ersa, one of Cecrops's Daughters, upon which account, it is

sometimes call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. But the former Name is deriv'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. because there were some Myste∣rious Things carry'd by four select noble Virgins, not under seven, nor above eleven Years of Age; who were for that reason call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Their Apparel was white, and set off with Ornaments of Gold. And out of them were chosen two, to weave (as the Custom was) a 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Garment, for Minerva; which work they began upon the thirtieth of Pyanepsion.

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A Festival, in Honour of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Diana. It was celebrated in several places of Greece, particularly at Delphi; where they o••∣fer'd a Mullet to the Goddess, as being thought to bear some so•••• of Relation to her; because (a) it is said to hunt, and kill the Se••∣hare.

Another Solemnity of this Name was observ'd three Days toge∣ther, with Banquets, and Sports, at Syracuse (b).

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A Festival of Aesculapius, observ'd in several Parts of Greece; but no where with so much Solemnity, as by the Epidaurians (c), whom this God honour'd with his more immediate Presence, giving Answers to them 〈◊〉〈◊〉 an Oracular way: wherefore it was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. The great Festival of Aesculapius (d). One great part of the Solemnity consisted in a Musical Entertainment, wherein the Poets, and Musicia•••• contended for Victory, and therefore was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or the Sacred Contention.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival celebrated by the Athenian Husbandmen, in Honour of Bacchus (e), to whom they sacrific'd a He-goat; because that Animal de∣stroys the Vines, and therefore was suppos'd to be hated by 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Out of the Victim's Skin, it was customary to make a Bottle, which being fill'd with Oyl and Wine, they endeavour'd to leap upon it with one Foot, and He that first fix'd himself upon it, was declar'd Victor, and receiv'd the Bottle as a Reward. The Doing this they call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. from Leaping upon a Bottle; whence this Festival hath it's Name.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Festivals in Honour of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Venus; several of which were observ'd in divers Parts of Greece: The most remarkable of them was that at Cyprus (a), first instituted by Cinyras; out of whose Fa∣mily certain Priests of Venus were Elected, and for that reason nam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. At this Solemnity several Mysterious Rites were practis'd; all that were initiated into them, offer'd a Piece of Money, and re∣ceiv'd, as a token of the Goddess's Favour, a Measure of Salt, and a 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉: the former, because Salt is a Concretion of Sea-water, to which Venus was thought to owe her Birth: The latter, because she was the Goddess of Wantonness.

At Amathus, a City of Cyprus, Solemn Sacrifices were offer'd to Ve∣••••s, and call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (b); which word is deriv'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Fruit; perhaps because this Goddess presided over Generation.

At both the Paphi Venus's Festival was observ'd, being celebrated not only by the Inhabitants of those Places, but multitudes that throng'd to it out of other Cities (c).

At Corinth it was celebrated by Harlots (d).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An Anniversary Festival at Sparta, in honour of Achilles (e).

Β

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

To Bacchus (f). See 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

At Eleusis in Attica, to Demophoon, the Son of Celeus (g).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Solemn Games in Thesprotia, wherein the strongest obtain'd the Vi∣ctory (h).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival at Lebadea, in Boeotia (i).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Thracian Festival (k), in honour of Diana, who was by the

Thracians call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. From Thrace it was carry'd to Athens, where it was celebrated in the Piraeus, upon the nineteenth, or twentieth of Thargelion.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An Athenian Festival (a), so call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. from coming to help; because it was instituted in memory of Ion, the Son of Xuthus, who came to the Assistance of the Athenians, in the Reign of King Erectheus, when they were invaded by Eumolpus, the Son of Neptune. But Plutarch (b) reports, that it was observ'd in memory of a Victory obtain'd by Theseus against the Amazons, in the Month Boe∣dromion.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Another Athenian Festival (c) in honour of Boreas; who had an Altar in Attica, and was thought to bear some relation to the Athe∣nians, having marry'd Orithyia, the Daughter of Erectheus: for which reason, when in a Sea-fight a great many of their Enemies Ships we•••• destroy'd by a North-wind, the Athenians imputed it to the kindness Boreas had for his Wive's native Countrey, as Pausanias reports (d).

We are inform'd by the same Author (e), that Solemn Sacrifices were offer'd to Boreas at Megalopolis in Arcadia, where he had a Temple, and Divine honours.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

The Bottiaeans were an Athenian Colony; wherefore in memory of their Original, they observ'd this Solemnity, in which the Virgins 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to say, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Let us go Athens (f).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An Anniversary Solemnity at Sparta, in memory of Brasidas, a L••••••∣••aemonian Captain, famous for his Atchievements at Methone, Pylos, and Amphipolis. It was celebrated with Sacrifices, and Games, wherein none were permitted to contend, but Free-born Spartans (g).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

To Diana, sirnam'd Brauronia, from the place in which this Festival was observ'd, viz. Brauron, an Athenian Burrough, in which the fa∣mous Statue of this Goddess, brought from Scythia Taurica by Iphigen••••, remain'd till the second Persian War, in which Xerxes took it away (h). It was celebrated once in five Years, being manag'd by ten Men,

••all'd, from their Office, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Victim offer'd in Sacrifice ••as a Goat; and it was customary for certain Men to sing one of Homer's Iliads. The most remarkable Persons at this Solemnity, were young Virgins habited in yellow Gowns, and consecrated to Diana. These were usually about ten Years of Age (it being unlawful for any of them to be above ten, or under five) and therefore to consecrate them ••as call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. ten: It was also call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and the Virgins themselves were nam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Bears, upon this account: Amongst the Phlauidae, Inhabitants of a Burrough in At∣••••••, there was a Bear, which was so far divested of it's natural fierceness, and become so tame and tractable, that they usually admitted it to eat, and play with them, and receiv'd no harm thereby: But a young Maid once unluckily happening to be too familiar with it, the Beast tore her to pieces, and was afterwards kill'd by the Virgin's Brethren: Upon this ensu'd a dreadful Pestilence, which prov'd very fatal to a great many of the Inhabitants of Attica; as a remedy of which, they were ••••vis'd by an Oracle, to appease the anger of Diana for the Bear, by consecrating Virgins to her in memory of it: The Athenians punctually executed the Divine Command, and enacted a Law, that no Virgin ••••ould be marry'd, that had not undergone this Ceremony.

Γ

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival, in which they boyl'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. a mixture of ••••••ley-pulse and Milk (a). Meursius is opinion that it belong'd to Apollo, who, from a place in Boeotia, was sirnam'd Galaxius (b).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Solemn Sacrifice at Thebes, offer'd to Galinthias, one of Proetus's Daughters, before the Festival of Hercules, by whose order it was first ••••••ituted.

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Three Private Solemnities, the first whereof was observ'd at Mar∣••••••ges; the second in memory of the Birth; the last, of the Death of ••ny Person. But of all these, I shall give you a more full account in one of the following Books.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

This Solemnity was celebrated by Women, in honour of Genetyllis, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Goddess of that Sex (c), to whom they offer'd Dogs.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

In honour of Neptune, at Geraestus, a Village of Euboea, where 〈◊〉〈◊〉 was honour'd with a Temple (a).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An Anniversary Festival in honour of Mars, at Geronthrae, where there was a Temple dedicated to him. He had also a Grove in the same place, into which it was unlawful for any Woman to enter▪ during the time of this Solemnity (b).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Solemnity mention'd by Aelian (c); and perhaps the same with t•••• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 at the Festival of Ceres El••usinia, of which afterwards.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

At Athens, in honour of Mother Earth, to whom a Temple w•••• dedicated in the Cittadel of that place (d). Solemn Games also we•••• celebrated to her, as we learn from Pindar,

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. —

At the Olympick Games, and sacred Sports Of the capacious Earth.—

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Solemn Dance (f), perform'd by Spartan Boys.

Δ

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Solemnity, which lasted three Days, during all which 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Torches (call'd in Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) were burn'd, which gave occasio•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Name (g).

Upon the first Day they commemorated Latona's Labour, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Birth.

The second was in memory of Glycon's, and the God's Nativity.

The third, of the Marriage of Podalirius, and the Mother of Alexa••••••••

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Two Festivals in Boeotia (h), one of which was observ'd by the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 (e)

at Alalcomenos, where was the largest Grove of any in Boeotia; 〈◊〉〈◊〉 this they assembl'd, and exposing to the open Air pieces of sodden Flesh, carefully observ'd whither the Crows, that came to prey upon them, directed their Flight; and then hew'd down all those Trees, upon which any of them alighted, and form'd them into Statues, which were by the ancient Greeks call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from the ingenious Artificer D••dalus.

The other Solemnity was by far the greatest, and most remarkable, being celebrated not only by Plataea, but all the Cities of Boeotia, once in sixty Years; in memory, and, as it were, in Recompence for the In∣••••rmission of the lesser Festival the same number of Years, during which ••ime the Plataeans liv'd in exile. In order to this Solemnity, there ••ere always prepar'd fourteen 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 at the other Festivals, to be ••••stributed by Lots amongst the Plataeans, Coroneans, Thespians, Tana∣••eans, Chaeroneans, Orchomenians, Lebadeans, and Thebans; because they ••••omoted a Reconciliation with the Plataeans, and were desirous to ••••ve them recall'd from Banishment, and contributed Offerings to∣••ards the Celebration of the Festival, about the time that Thebes was ••••stored by Cassander the Son of Antipater. Nor did the afore-men∣tion'd Cities only, but others also of lesser Note, joyn in this So∣lemnity; the manner of which was thus:

A Statue being adorn'd in Woman's Apparel upon the Banks of As••pus, a Woman in the Habit of a Bride-maid, was appointed to ac∣company it, being follow'd by a long Train of Boeotians, who had ••••••ces assign'd them by Lots, to the top of Mount Cithaeron; upon which 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Altar of square pieces of Timber cemented together in the manner 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Stones, was erected. Upon this large quantities of combustible mat∣••••r being lay'd, each of the Cities, and such Men as were possess'd of ••lentiful Estates, offer'd a Bull to Iupiter, and an Ox, or Heifer to Iuno, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 plenty of Wine, and Incense; the poorer sort, and such as were 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Ability to purchase more costly Oblations, contributed small ••••eep; all which, together with the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, being thrown in∣•••• one common Heap, were set on fire, and not extinguish'd, till the whole Fabrick, of which the Altar it self made a part, was con∣••••m'd to Ashes. The first occasion of these Customs was this: On a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it happen'd that Iuno had a Quarrel with Iupiter, whereby the Goddess was exasperated to such a degree, that she departed from him, ••nd retir'd into Euboea: The God was very much troubled at this Desertion, and endeavour'd by all the Arts of Perswasion, to gain upon ••er to return; but finding her obstinate in her Resolution, went to advise with Cithaeron, who reign'd at that time over the Plataeans, and ••ad the greatest Reputation for Wisdom of any Man in that Age: The Expedient he advis'd to, was this; That Iupiter should dress a Statue in Woman's Apparel, and place it in a Chariot, giving out ••hat it was Plataea, the Daughter of Asopus, and that she was con∣••••••cted to him in Marriage: The God approv'd his Counsel, and

put it in practice; and the Report had no sooner reach'd Iuno, but she posted with all haste to meet the Chariot; where having disco∣ver'd the Cheat, she was wonderfully taken with the Contrivance, and return'd into Favour with her Husband.

An entire Treatise was compos'd by Plutarch upon this Festival, some Fragments of which are still preserv'd in Eusebius (a), and confirm the Substance of the Relation now given out of Pausanias; from whom they differ only in this, that in them Cithaeron is call'd Alalcomenes▪ and Plataea, Daedala.

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A Festival, of which nothing remains, besides the Name, which is preserv'd by Hesychius. If the Conjecture of Meursius deserve an•• Credit, it will not be improbable that it belong'd to one 〈◊〉〈◊〉 who, as the same Grammarian informs us, was worshipp'd by t•••• Macedonians, and thought to restore Health to sick Persons.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Solemnity at Argos, in which was represented the Combat of Proetus and Acrisius.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Novennial Festival (b), celebrated by the Boeotians, in hono•••• of Apollo. The chief Solemnity was thus: They adorn'd an Olive∣bough with Garlands of Lawrel, and various sorts of Flowers: Upon the top of it was plac'd a Globe of Brass, from which hung other lesser Globes; About the middle were fix'd to it Purple Crown••, and a Globe of smaller size than that at the top: The bottom was cover'd with a Garment of Saffron-colour. The uppermost Globe was an Emblem of the Sun, by whom they meant Apollo; that plac'd diametrically under it, signify'd the Moon; the lesser Globe•• represented the Stars; and the Crowns, being sixty five in number▪ were Types of the Sun's Annual Revolution, which is comple•••••• in about the same number of Days. The Bough thus adorn'd, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 carry'd in Procession; the chief in which was a Boy of a beauti•••••• countenance, and good Parentage, whose Father and Mother were both living: He was apparell'd in a sumptuous Garment, reaching down to his Ancles; his Hair hung loose and dishevell'd; on his Head was a Crown of Gold; and upon his Feet Shoes, call'd Iphicratide, from Iphicrates an Athenian, the first Inventor of them: It was his Duty to execute at that time the Priest's Office, and he was honour'd with the Title of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. The Lawrel-bearer. Before him we•••• one of his nearest Relations, bearing a Rod adorn'd with Garlands:

After the Boy follow'd a Choir of Virgins, with Branches in their Hands: And in this order they proceeded as far as the Temple of Apollo, sirnam'd Ismenius, and Galaxius, where they sung Supplica∣••ory Hymns to the God. These Ceremonies were first practis'd upon this account: The Aeolians that inhabited Arne, and the adjacent Territory, being advis'd by an Oracle to relinquish their old Seats, and seek their Fortunes, made an Invasion upon the Thebans, who 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the same Time were besieg'd by the Pelasgians: It happen'd to be near the Time of Apollo's Festival, which was religiously observ'd by both Nations; wherefore a Cessation of Arms being granted on both sides, one Party cut down Lawrel-boughs in Helicon, the other ••ear the River Melas; and, as the Custom was, carry'd them in their Hands, in honour of Apollo. On the same Day there appear'd in •• Dream to Polematas, General of the Boeotian Forces, a young Man, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 presented him with a complete Suit of Armour, and com∣••••nded that every ninth Year the Boeotians should make Solemn ••••ayers to Apollo, with Lawrel in their Hands: About three Days ••••••er this Vision, he made a Sally upon the Besiegers with such Suc∣••••ss, that they were forc'd to retire, and quit their Enterprise: where∣••••on he caus'd this Festival to be instituted.

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A Festival at Aegina (a), in honour of Delphinian Apollo.

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A Quinquennial Festival in the Isle of Delos (b), instituted by ••••eseus, at his return from Crete, in honour of Venus, whose Statue given to him by Ariadne, he erected in that place, having by her ••••••••stance met with Success in his Expedition. The chief Ceremo∣••••es were these: They crown'd the Goddess's Statue with Garlands; ••••pointed a Choir of Musick, and Horse-races; and perform'd a re∣••••rkable Dance, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. a Crane, wherein they imitated 〈◊〉〈◊〉 their Motions, the various Windings of the Cretan Labyrinth, out 〈◊〉〈◊〉 which Theseus, who was the first Inventor of this Dance, made his ••••ape.

Another Solemnity was every Year celebrated in this Island, in ••••nour of Apollo, by the Athenians; but of this I have already given You an Account in one of the foregoing Chapters.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Solemnity in honour of Ceres, call'd by the Greeks 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (c), 〈◊〉〈◊〉 which it was customary for the Worshippers to lash themselves with Whips, made of the Bark of Trees, and call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

Another Festival of this Name was observ'd by the Athenians (a) in honour of Demetrius Poliorcetes, being the same with that which was before call'd Dionysia, and celebrated upon the thirteenth of M••∣nychion, whose Name was chang'd into Demetrion, as also the Day 〈◊〉〈◊〉 this Solemnity was nam'd Demetrias.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Solemnity at Sparta (b), in honour of Diana Orthia, so nam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. from whipping, because it was usual to whip Boys upon the Goddess's Altar. These Boys were, at the first, Free-bor•• Spartans, but, in more delicate Ages, of meaner Birth, being frequently the Off-spring of Slaves; they were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from the Exer∣cise they underwent at the Altar, which was very severe and cruel; and lest the Officer should out of Compassion remit any thing of the rigour of it, Diana's Priestess stood by all the Time, holding 〈◊〉〈◊〉 her Hand the Goddess's Image, which of it's self was very lig•••• and easy to be born, but if the Boys were spar'd, became so ponde∣rous, that the Priestess was scarce able to support it's weight. And lest the Boys should faint under Correction, or do any thing un∣worthy of Laconian Education, their Parents were usually present, to exhort them to bear whatever was inflicted upon them with Patien•••• and Constancy. And so great was the Bravery and Resolution o•• the Boys, that, tho' they were lash'd till the Blood gush'd out, and sometimes to Death, yet a Cry, or Groan was seldom, or never heard to proceed from any of them. Those of them that dy'd by these Means, were bury'd with Garlands upon their Heads, in token of Joy, or Victory, and had the Honour of a Publick Funeral.

Whence this Custom had it's Original, is not agree'd by Ancien•• Writers. By some it is said to have been one of Lycurgus's Institu∣tions, and design'd for no other End, than to accustom the Youth to endure Pain; thereby to render them fearless and insensible of Wounds. Others will have it to have been done, as a Mitigation of an Oracle, whereby it was commanded that Human Blood should be shed upon Diana's Altar. By some it is reported to have be•••• as ancient as Orestes, who (they say) transplanted out of Scythia in••o Laconia the Image of Diana Taurica, to whom the Scythians us'd to offer Human Victims: this Barbarous piece of Cruelty the L••••••∣monians detested, but withall fearing the Anger of the Goddess, made an Order, that every Year a Boy should be whipp'd upon her Al∣tar, till the Blood gush'd out; that so, if nothing could satisfy Her 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Human Blood, She might not be altogether destitute of it. Lastly, some assign this Cause for it; Pausanias, the Spartan General, as he wa••

••••••ering Sacrifices and Prayers, before the Fight with Mardonius, was 〈◊〉〈◊〉 upon by a company of Lydians, who plunder'd and squander'd ••••road the Sacrifice; but were at length repell'd with Whips and ••••aves, which were the only Arms the Lacedaemonians were at that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 furnish'd with: In memory of this Victory, the Whipping of ••••oys at the Altar in Sparta; and after that, the Lydian Procession, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 tells us, was perform'd till his Days.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival at Sparta.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

At Athens (a), in honour of Iupiter sirnam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the ••••opitious. It was so call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. from Iupiter, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Misfortune; because by making Supplications to Iupiter, they ••••ain'd Protection, and Deliverance from Dangers, and Evils. It 〈◊〉〈◊〉 celebrated about the latter end of Anthesterion, without the City, ••here was a great concourse of all the Athenians, feasting and offer∣••••g Sacrifices. At the same Time there is said to have been a publick ••art, in which all sorts of Vendibles were expos'd to Sale; and ••••erefore Strepsiades in Aristophanes (b) saith, he bought his Son Phi∣••••••••ides a little Chariot at this Festival,

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

Plutarch (c) maketh mention of another Festival, that belong'd to 〈◊〉〈◊〉, wherein a solemn Procession was made by Men on Horseback.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An Athenian Festival (d), celebrated upon the fourteenth of Scirr••∣••••••ion; so nam'd, because it was sacred 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. to Iupiter ••••••nam'd Polieus, or Protectour of the City. Sometimes it was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from killing an Ox: For it was customary upon this Day to place certain Cakes, of the same sort with those us'd at Sacrifices, upon a Table of Brass; round this they drove a select number of Oxen, of which he that eat any of the Cakes, was presently slaughter'd. The Person that kill'd the Ox, was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Por∣••••••ry reports, that no less than three Families were employ'd in this Ceremony, and receiv'd different Names from their Offices therein: The Family, whose Duty it was to drive the Oxen, were

call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. a Spur: Those that knock'd him down, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, being descended from Thaulon: Those that slaughter'd, and cut him up, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Butchers, or Cooks. The Original o•• the Custom was thus: On one of Iupiter's Festivals, it happen'd that a hungry Ox eat one of the consecrated Cakes; whereupon the Priest (some call him Thaulon, others Diomus, or Sopater) mov'd with pious Zeal, kill'd the profane Beast. In those Days, it was look'd upon as a capital Crime to kill an Ox; wherefore the guilty Priest was forc'd to secure himself by a timely Flight, and the Athenians in his stead, took the bloody Ax, arraign'd it, and, according to Pausania••, brought it in not guilty: But Aelian is of another Opinion, and reports, that the Priest, and People present at the Solemnity (for they also were accus'd, as being accessary to the Fact) were acquitted, but the Ax condemn'd; which seems to be most probable. In memory of these Actions, it became ever after customary, for the Priest to fly, and Judg∣ment to be given about the Slaughter of the Ox.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Spartan Festival (a), in honour of Diana, sirnam'd Dictynna, from a City of Crete; or from a Cretan Nymph, one of her Companions in Hunting, who was call'd Dictynna; being the first invented Hunting∣nets, which are in Greek call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

At Megara, in memory of the Hero Diocles (b).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

In honour of Iupiter Diomeus; or of Diomus (c), an Athenian Hero, the Son of Colyttus, from whom the Inhabitants of one of the Athe∣nian Burroughs were nam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Solemnities in honour of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Bacchus, sometimes call▪d by the general Name of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which word, tho' sometimes apply'd to the Mysteries of other Gods, does more peculiarly belong to those of Bacchus. The Festivals of this God are said to have been in∣stituted in Aegypt, and afterwards taught the Graecians by one M••••lampus(d); and by Plutarch (e) we are inform'd, that the Aegyptia•• Isis was the same with Ceres, and Osiris with Bacchus; and that t••e Graecian Dionysia were the same with the Aegyptian Pamylia.

They were observ'd at Athens with greater Splendor, and more Ce∣remonious

Superstition, than in any other part of Greece; for the Years were number'd by them (a), as the chief Archon had a part in the management of them (b), and the Priests that officiated therein, were honour'd with the first Seats at Publick Shows (c). But at first they (d) were without Splendor, and Ornaments, being Days set apart for Publick Mirth, and observ'd only with these Ceremonies; First a Vessel of Wine, adorn'd with a Vine-branch, was brought forth, after that follow'd a Goat, then was carry'd a Basket of Figs, and after all, the Phaili.

At some of them it was usual for the Worshippers, in their Gar∣ments and Actions, to imitate the Poetical Fictions concerning Bac∣chus: They put on Fawn-skins, fine Linnen, and Mitres; carry'd Thyrsi, Drums, Pipes, Flutes, and Rattles; and crown'd themselves with Garlands of Trees sacred to Bacchus, such were the Ivy, Vine, Firr, &c. Some imitated Silenus, Pan, and the Satyrs, exposing them∣selves in Comical Dresses, and Antick Motions; some rode upon Asses, others drove Goats to the Slaughter. In this manner Persons of both Sexes ran about the Hills, Deserts, and other Places, wag∣ging their Heads, dancing in ridiculous Postures, filling the Air with hideous Noises, and Yellings, personating Men distracted, and crying aloud 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

Such were the Rites us'd in most of Bacchus's Festivals throughout Greece, and particularly at Athens, where this frantick Rout was, upon one of the Solemnities of this God, follow'd by Persons car∣rying certain Sacred Vessels; the first of which was fill'd with Wa∣ter; after these went a select number of Honourable Virgins, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because they Carry'd little Baskets of Gold, fill'd with all sorts of Fruit: In these consisted the most Mysterious part of the So∣lemnity; and therefore to amuse the Common People, Serpents were put into them, which sometimes crawling out of their places, astonish'd the Beholders. Next was the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, being a company of Men carrying 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which were Poles, to the Ends of which were fix'd things in the form of a Man's Privities: these Persons were crown'd with Violets, and Ivy, and had their Faces cover'd with other Herbs; they were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and the Songs repeated by them, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. After these follow'd the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Women's Apparel, with Garments strip'd with white, and reaching to their Ancles, Gar∣lands on their Heads, Gloves compos'd of Flowers on their Hands, and in their Gestures imitating drunken Men. There were also certain Persons call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, whose Office it was to carry the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

or Mystical Van of Bacchus, a thing so essential to this, and other Solemnities, and Sacrifices of this God, that few of them could be duly celebrated without it; whence He is sometimes call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. At this Time also Publick Shows, Plays, and Sports were frequented, and the whole City was fill'd with Revelling, and Licentiousness.

The Festivals of Bacchus were almost innumerable; the Names of some of the most remarkable of them are, as follow.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (a), celebrated upon the Twelfth of Antheste∣rion, at Limnae in Attica, where was a Temple of Bacchus. The chief Persons that officiated, were fourteen Women, appointed by the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, who was one of the Archons, and provided necessaries for the Solemnity: They were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Venerable, and could not enter upon their Office, till they had taken an Oath in presence of the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Wife of the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that they were free from all manner of Pollution.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, are mention'd by Thucydides (b), but perhaps are not distinct from some of the following.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (c), or the Greater, sometimes call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, as being celebrated within the City, in the Month An∣thesterion: It is sometimes by way of Eminence call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, with∣out any distinguishing Epithet, because it was the most celebrated of all Bacchus's Festivals at Athens.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or the Less, sometimes call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, be∣cause it was observ'd in the Countrey. It was a sort of Preparation to the former and Greater Festival, and was celebrated in Autumn (d): Some place it in the Month Posideon, others in Gamelion, others will have it to be the same with 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, so nam'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. a Wine-press; and agreeably to this Opinion Hesychius telleth us, it was celebrated in the Month Lenaeon.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (e), observ'd at Brauron, a Burrough of At∣tica, where the Votaries gave themselves over to all manner of Ex∣cess, and Lewdness.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, (f), Mysteries unlawful to be reveal'd, and ob∣serv'd by the Athenians, in honour of Bacchus Nyctelius, to whom also they erected a Temple.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, to Bacchus, sirnam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the God of Wine.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, to Bacchus sirnam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because Human Sacrifices were offer'd to him at that Time (g); or from Eating raw Flesh, which Action the Priests us'd to imitate upon this

Solemnity: It was also customary for them to put Serpents in their Hair, and in all their Behaviour to counterfeit Madness, and Di∣straction.

Several other Festivals were observ'd in honour of this God, as the Triennial Solemnity, call'd from the Time of it's Celebration 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (a), which is said to have been first instituted by Bacchus himself, in memory of his Expedition into India, in which he spent three Years. Another also is mention'd by the Scholiast of Aristo∣phanes (b), and said to be observ'd every fifth Year. And beside these we find frequent mention of Bacchus's Festivals in most of the Ancient Authors, some of which are describ'd in their own places.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

In honour of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Castor and Pollux, who were reputed to be the Sons of Iupiter. It was observ'd by the Cyreneans (c); but more especially by the Spartans (d), whose Countrey was honour'd by the Birth of those Heroes. The Solemnity was full of Mirth, being a Time wherein they shar'd plentifully of the Gifts of Bacchus, and diverted themselves with Sports, of which Wrestling-matches always made a part.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Milesian Festival, wherein an Ox was offer'd to Iupiter (e), as the Name imports.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An Anniversary Day, observ'd in memory of Dryops, one of Apollo's Sons, at Asine, which was a Maritime Town of Argos, and inha∣bited by the Dryopians (f).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival so call'd, because it was celebrated upon the Twelfth Day of Anthesterion (g). See 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

Ε

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

On the Seventh Day (h) of every Lunar Month, in honour of Apollo, to whom all Seventh Days were sacred; because one of them was his Birth-day; whence he was sometimes call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (i); the Story we have in Hesiod (k),

—〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

—The seventh Day is sacred, 'Cause Phoebus then was of Latona was born.

At this Solemnity the Athenians sung Hymns to Apollo, and carry'd in their Hands Branches of Lawrel, with which also they adorn'd their Dishes.

Another Festival there was of this Name, which Private Families observ'd upon the Seventh Day after the Birth of a Child; but of this I shall give account in it's own place.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

The Day in which the Magistrates at Athens entered upon their Offices (a); upon which it was customary for them to offer a So∣lemn Sacrifice, praying for the Preservation, and Prosperity of the Common-wealth, in the Temple, or Hall of Iupiter 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and Mi∣nerva 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the Counsellers (b).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

To Iupiter, sirnam'd Hecalus, or Hecalesius, from Hecale, one of the Burrough-towns of the Leontian Tribe in Attica (c); or from an old Woman call'd Hecale, by whom he had a Statue erected. This He∣cale, (as Plutarch (d) reports), when Theseus was upon his Expeditio•• against the Marathonian Bull, entertain'd him with all possible ex∣pressions of Kindness, and Respect, making Prayers and Vows to the Gods for his safe Return. Theseus came off with Victory, and Hono••••▪ but at his Return, finding old Hecale dead, and being thereby preven•••••• from expressing his Thankfulness to her, he order'd that her Memo••y should be held Sacred, and honour'd at this Solemnity, in which she 〈◊〉〈◊〉 call'd, by a diminution of her Name, Hecalene; because she had a••∣costed Theseus after that manner, calling him 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which is •• very usual Mode of Speech, when Aged Persons design to exp•••••••• their Love and Tenderness to the Younger sort: So Streps••ades in A••••∣stophanes (e) calls his Son Phidippides, by the diminutive Name of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An Anniversary Solemnity observ'd in honour of Hecale, by the ••••••∣tonicensians, who were wont to assemble at this Time in great n••••∣bers (f).

The Athenians also had a great Veneration for this Goddess, be∣lieving that she was the Over-seer of their Families, and protected their Children; whence it was customary to erect Statues to her before the Doors of their Houses, which from the Goddess's Name were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (a). Every New-moon there was a Publick Entertainment provided at the Charge of the Richer sort, which was no sooner brought to the accustomed place, but the poor People carry'd all off, giving out that Hecate had devour'd it (b); whence it was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Hecate's Supper. This was done in a place where three Ways met, because this Goddess was suppos'd to have a threefold Na∣ture, or three Offices, in allusion to which she was known by three Names, being call'd in the Infernal Regions, Hecate; in Heaven 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or the Moon; and upon Earth, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Diana: whence it is, that we find a great many Names attributed to her, deriv'd from the num∣ber Three, or bearing some Relation to it; as 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Trivia, Tergemina, Tritonia, with several others.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival (c) celebrated in honour of Iuno, by the Argians, and Aeginensians, who were a Colony from Argos. It was so call'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which signifies a Sacrifice, consisting of an hundred Oxen; it being usual upon the first Day of this Solemnity to offer so many 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Iuno, the Reliques of all which were distributed amongst the Ci∣tizens. There were also at this Time Publick Sports, first instituted by Archinus, one of the Kings of Argos; the Prize was a Brazen Shield, ••nd a Crown of Myrtle.

There was also an Anniversary Sacrifice call'd by this name in Laconia, and offer'd for the Preservation of the hundred Cities, which flourish'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉 one time in that Countrey (d).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Solemn Sacrifice to Iupiter, offer'd by the Messenians, when any of them kill'd an hundred Enemies (e).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival observ'd by the Phaestians, in honour of La••ona, upon this account, as it is deliver'd by Antoninus Liberalis (f): Galate••, the Daughter of Eurytius, was marry'd to Lamprus, the Son of Pan∣••••••n, a Citizen of Phaestus in Crete; who being of an honourable ••amily, but wanting an Estate answerable to his Birth, and being un∣able

to provide competent Fortunes for Daughters, gave order to his Wife, that if she was brought to bed of a Daughter, she should im∣mediately put her to Death. This done, he went to look after hi•• Flock, and before his Return Galatea was deliver'd of a Daughter, but being overcome by Maternal Affection, resolv'd to disobey her Husband's cruel Command; wherefore to secure the Infant, she call'd it Leucippus, telling her Husband it was a Boy: At length, being no longer able to conceal the Artifice, she fled for succour to Latona's Temple, where with abundance of earnestness she entreated the Goddess, that, if it was possible, her Virgin might be transform'd into a Boy; Latona mov'd with Compassion, granted her Request; whence she was by the Phaestians call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. because the Maid chang'd her Sex; and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. because she put off her Woman's Apparel.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

In honour of Diana, sirnam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the Huntress, for which reason a Cake made in the form of a Deer, and upon that ac∣count call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, was offer'd to her (a). This Festival was insti∣tuted upon this Occasion: The Phocensians being reduc'd to the la•••• extremity by the Thessalians, and disdaining to submit to them, Daïphantus propos'd that a vast pile of combustible matter should be erected, upon which they should place their Wives, Children, and their whole Substance; and in case they were defeated, set all on 〈◊〉〈◊〉 together, that nothing might come into the hands of their Enemies. But it being judg'd by no means reasonable so to dispose of the Women without their consent, they summon'd them to the Publick Assembly; where being met in a full Body, the Proposal was no sooner offer'd to them, than with unanimous consent they gave the•••• Approbation of it, applauding Daïphantus, and decreeing him a Crown, in Reward of so generous and noble a Contrivance; the Boys also are said to have met, and consented to it: Things being in this posture, they went to meet their Enemies, whom they ••••∣gag'd with such Fury, and Resolution, that those, by whom they ha•• just before been reduc'd to extream Despair, were routed, and e••∣tirely defeated by them (b). In memory of which Victory, this Fe∣stival was instituted, and observ'd with more Solemnity, and ••••e∣quented by greater numbers of Worshippers, than any other in that Countrey. Here you may take notice of the Proverb 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉▪ i. e. Phocensian Despair, which is apply'd to Persons lost beyond all hopes of Recovery, and is said to have taken it's original from this Story.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival instituted by the Laconians, in memory of Helena (a), to whom they gave the honour of a Temple, and Divine Worship. It was celebrated by Virgins riding upon Mules, or in certain Cha∣riots compos'd of Reeds, or Bull-rushes, and call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

At Plataeae (b), to Iupiter Eleutherius, or the Assertor of Liberty, by Delegates from almost all the Cities of Greece. It was instituted upon this account: Mardonius, the Persian General, being defeated in the Territories of Plataeae, by the Grecians under the conduct of Pausa∣••••as the Spartan; the Plataeans erected an Altar, and a Statue of white Marble to Iupiter Eleutherius, by whose Assistance they suppos'd the Gre∣••i••ns had asserted the Liberties of Greece, against the Forces of the Bar∣barians: and a general Assembly being summon'd from all parts of Greece, Aristides the Athenian propos'd, that Deputies might be sent every fifth Year from the Cities of Greece, to celebrate 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the Games of Liberty; which was agree'd upon, and great Prizes appointed to be contended for.

The Plataeans also kept an Anniversary Solemnity, in memory of those that had valiantly lost their Lives in Defence of their Coun∣try's Liberty; of which the manner was thus: On the sixteenth of the Month Maemacterion, which with the Boeotians is Alalcomenius, a Procession was made, beginning about Break of Day; it was led by a Trumpeter, sounding a Point of War; then follow'd certain Cha∣••••ots loaden with Myrrh, Garlands, and a black Bull; after these came young Men Free-born, it not being permitted any Person of Servile Condition to assist at any part of this Solemnity, because the Men, in whose memory it was instituted, dy'd in Defence of the Liberty of Greece; these carry'd Libations of Wine, and Milk, in large two-••ar'd Vessels, and Jars of Oyl, and precious Ointments: Last of all came the Chief Magistrate, for whom tho' it was unlawful at other times to touch any thing of Iron, or wear Garments of any Colour but White, yet he was then clad in a Purple Robe, and taking a Water∣pot out of the City-Chamber, proceeded with a Sword in his Hand through the middle of the Town, to the Sepulcres: Then he drew Water out of a neighbouring Spring, and wash'd, and anointed the Monuments; then sacrific'd the Bull upon a pile of Wood, making Sup∣plication to Infernal Mercury, and Iupiter, and invited the Souls of those Valiant Heroes, that lost their Lives in the Defence of their Countrey, to the Entertainment; then filling a Bowl with Wine, said, I drink to those, that lost their Lives for the Liberty of Greece. These Solemnities, Plu∣tarch telleth us, were observ'd till his Days.

Another Festival of this Name was observ'd by the Samians, in ho∣nour of the God of Love (a).

It was also customary for Slaves to keep a Holy-day call'd by this Name, when they obtain'd Liberty. To which Custom there is an Allusion in Plautus (b), who introduces a Slave nam'd Toxilus, re∣joycing that his Master was gone from Home, and promising him∣self as much Pleasure, as if he had obtain'd Freedom; whence he makes him to say,

Basilice agi••o Eleutheria—

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

This Solemnity was observ'd by the Celeans, and Phliasians every fourth Year; by the Pheneatae also, the Lacedaemonians, Parrhas••a••••, and Cretans; but more especially by the Athenians every fifth Year, at Eleusis a Burrough-Town of Attica, from whence it was tran∣slated to Rome by Adrian the Emperour, and never totally abolish'd till the Reign of the Elder Theodosius. It was the most celebrated, and Mysterious Solemnity of any in Greece, whence it is often call'd, by way of Eminence, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the Mysteries, without any other Note of Distinction; and so superstitiously careful were they to con∣ceal the Sacred Rites, that if any Person divulg'd any part of them, he was thought to have call'd down some Divine Judgment upon his Head, and it was accounted unsafe to abide in the same Ho•••••• with him; wherefore he was apprehended as a publick offender, and suffered Death. Every thing contain'd some hidden Mystery, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 her self (to whom with her Daughter Proserpina this Solemnity was sacred) was not call'd by her own Name, but by the unusual Title of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which seems to be deriv'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Grief, or Hea∣viness, because of her Sorrow for the loss of her Daughter, when she was stoln by Pluto. This Secrecy was strictly enjoyn'd not only in Attica, but all other places of Greece, where this Fe∣stival was observ'd, except Crete; insomuch that if any Person, that was not lawfully Initiated, did but out of Ignorance, or Mista•••• chance to be present at the Mysterious Rites, he was put to Dea••••▪ It is said by some to have been first instituted by Ceres her self, wh•••• she had supply'd the Athenians with Corn, in a Time of grievo••s Famine. Others attribute both those Facts to King Erectheus: Some will have it to have been instituted by Musaeus, the Father of E••••••∣pus; others by Eumolpus himself.

Persons of both Sexes, and all Ages were Initiated at this So∣lemnity; nor was it a thing indifferent whether they would be so▪ or no; for the Neglect of it was look'd upon as a Crime of a very

heinous Nature; insomuch that it was one part of the Accusation, for which Socrates was condemn'd to Death. All Persons Initiated were thought to live in a state of greater Happiness and Security than other Men, being under the more immediate Care, and Protection of the Goddesses: Nor did the Benefit of it extend only to this Life, but after Death too they enjoy'd (as was believ'd) far greater degrees of Felicity than others, and were honour'd with the first Places in the Elysian Shades; whereas others (poor Souls!) were forc'd to lye, and wallow in perpetual Dirt, Stink, and Nastiness.

But since the Benefits of Initiation were so vastly great, no wonder if they were very cautious what Persons they admitted to it: There∣fore such, as were convicted of Witchcraft, or any other heinous Crime, or had committed Murder, tho' against their Wills, were debarr'd from these Mysteries; and tho' in later Ages all Persons, Barbarians excepted, were admitted to them, yet in the Primitive Times the Athenians excluded all Strangers, that is, all that were not Members of their own Common-wealth, some Eminent and Extraordinary Persons excepted; such were Hercules, Castor, Pollux, Aesculapius, and some others. Nor were these admitted to the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Greater Mysteries, but only to the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Less, which were sacred to Pro∣s••rpin••, and first instituted on this Account: On a Time, when the Athenians were celebrating the accustom'd Solemnity, Hercules hap∣pening to go that way, desir'd he might be Initiated; but it being unlawful for any Stranger to enjoy that Privilege, and yet Hercules being a Person that by reason of his great Power, and the extraor∣dinary Services he had done for them, could not be deny'd; Eu∣••••lpus thought of an Expedient, wereby to satisfy the Heroe's Re∣quest, without violating the Laws; which he did, by instituting an∣other Solemnity, which was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or the Lesser Mysteries; which were afterwards solemnly observ'd in the Month Anthesterion, at Agrae, a Place near the River Ilissus; whereas the Greater were celebrated in the Month Boedromion at Eleusis, an Attick Burrough, from which Ceres was call'd Eleusinia. In later Times the Lesser Festival was us'd as a Preparative to the Greater; for no Persons were Initiated in the Greater, unless they had been purify'd at the Lesser; the manner of which Purification was thus: Having kept themselves chaft and unpolluted nine Days, they came and offer'd Sacrifices, and Prayers, wearing Crowns and Garlands of Flowers, which were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; they had also under their Feet 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Iupiter's Skin, which was the Skin of a Victim offer'd to that God. The Person that assisted them herein, was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Water, which was us'd at most Purifications, but they were nam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Persons Initiated.

About a Year after, having sacrific'd a Sow to Ceres, they were admitted to the Greater Mysteries, the Secret Rites of which (some few excepted, to which none but Priests were conscious) were frankly

reveal'd to them; whence they were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Inspectors. The manner of Initiation was thus: The Candidates being crown'd with Myrtle, had admittance by Night into a place call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the Mystical Temple, which was an Edifice so vast and capacious, that the most ample Theater did scarce exceed it. At their entrance, they purify'd themselves by washing their Hands in Holy-water, and at the same time were admonished, to present them∣selves with Minds pure and undefil'd, without which the external Cl••anness of the Body would by no means be accepted. After this the Holy Mysteries were read to them out of a Book, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which word is deriv'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. a Stone, because the Book was nothing else but two Stones fitly cemented together. Then the Priest that Initiated them, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, propos'd certain Que∣stions, as, Whether they were fasting, &c. to which they return'd An∣swers in a set Form, as may be seen in Meursius's Treatise on this Festival, to which I refer the Reader. This done, strange and amazing Objects presented themselves, sometimes the place they were in, seem'd to shake round them, sometimes appear'd bright and resplendent with Light, and radiant Fire, and then again cover'd with black Dark∣ness, and Horrour; sometimes Thunder, and Lightning, sometimes frightful Noises, and Bellowings, sometimes terrible Apparitions asto∣nish'd the trembling Spectators: The being present at these Sights was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Intuition. After this, they were dismiss'd in these Words, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Garments in which they were Initiated, were accounted sacred, and of no less efficacy to avert Evils, than Charms, and Incantations: wherefore they never cast them off, till they were torn and tatter'd Rags; nor was it then usual to throw them away, but they made Swadling-cloths of them for their Chil∣dren, or consecrated them to Ceres, and Proserpina.

The chief Person that attended at the Initiation, was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. a Revealer of holy Things: He was always a Citizen of Athens, and held his Office during Life (tho' amongst the Celeans, and Phliasians it was customary for him to resign his Place every fourth Year, which was the Time of this Festival) he was farther oblig'd to devote him∣self wholly to Divine Service, and to live a chaste and single Life; to which end, it was usual for him to anoint himself with the Juice of Hemlock, which by it's extreme Coldness is said to extinguish, in a great measure, the Natural Heat. The Hierophantes had three Assi∣stants, the first of which was call'd from his Office 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Torch-bearer, and to him it was permitted to marry. The second was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, of whose Office I have already given an Account. The third ministred at the Altar, and was for that reason nam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Hierophantes is said to have been a Type of the Great Creatour of all Things; 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, of the Sun; 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, of Mercury; and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, of the Moon.

There were also certain publick Officers, whose business it was to take care that all things were perform'd according to Custom. First, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. The King, who was one of the Archons, and was oblig'd at this Solemnity to offer Prayers, and Sacrifices, to see that no Indecency, or Irregularity was committed, and the Day following the Mysteries, to assemble the Senate, and take cognizance of all Offenders in that kind. Beside the King, there were four 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Curators, elected by the People; one of them was appointed out of the Sacred Family of the Eumolpidae, another out of the Ce∣ryces, and the remaining two out of the other Citizens. There were also ten Persons, that assisted at this, and some other Solemnities, and were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because it was their Business to offer Sacri∣fices.

This Festival was celebrated in Boedromion, and continu'd nine Days, beginning upon the fifteenth, and ending upon the twenty-third Day of that Month; during which Time, it was unlawful to arrest any Man, or present any Petition; and such as were found guilty of these Practises, were fin'd a thousand Drachms, or (as others report) put to Death. It was also unlawful for those that were Initiated, to sit upon the Covering of a Well, or to eat Beans, Mullets, or Weazles. And if any Woman rode in a Chariot to Eleusis, she was by an Edict of Lycurgus oblig'd to pay six thousand Drachms.

1. The first Day was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. an Assembly; because, it may be, then the Worshippers first met together.

2. The second was nam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. to the Sea, you that are Initiated; because (I suppose) they were commanded to purify them∣selves by washing in the Sea.

3. Upon the third they offer'd Sacrifices, which consisted chiefly of an Aexonian Mullet, in Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and Barley out of Rharium, a Field of Eleusis, in which that sort of Corn was first sown. These Oblations were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and accounted so Sacred, that the Priests themselves were not (as was usual in other Offerings) allow'd to partake of them.

4. Upon the fourth they made a solemn Procession, wherein the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Holy Basket of Ceres, was carry'd in a consecrated Cart; Crowds of People shouting as they went along, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. All Happiness to Ceres. After these follow'd certain Women call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, who (as the Name implies) carry'd certain Baskets: In thes•• were contain'd Sesamin, carded Wooll, some grains of Salt, a Ser∣pent, Pomegranates, Reeds, Ivy-boughs, a sort of Cakes call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Poppys, &c.

5. The fifth was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the Torch-day; because the Night following it, the Men, and Women ran about with Torches in their Hands. It was also customary to dedicate Torches

to Ceres, and contend who should present the biggest; which was done in memory of Ceres's Journey, wherein she sought Proserpina, being con∣ducted by the light of a Torch, kindled in the Flames of Aetna.

6. The sixth Day was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from Iacchus, the Son of Iu∣piter and Ceres, that accompany'd the Goddess in her Search after Pro∣serpina, with a Torch in his Hand; whence it is, that his Statue held a Torch. This Statue was carry'd from the Ceramicus to Eleusis in a solemn Procession, call'd, after the Heroe's Name, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Persons that accompany'd it, had their Heads crown'd with Myrtle, as also had the Statue, and were nam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and all the way danc'd, and sung, and beat brazen Kettles. The Way by which they issu'd out of the City, was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the Sacred Way: The Resting-place 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from a Fig-tree, which grew there, and was (like all other things concern'd in this Solemnity) accounted Sacred. It was also customary to rest upon a Bridge built over the River Cephissus, and make themselves merry by jesting upon thos•• that pass'd by; whence 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, being deriv'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. •• Bridge, is by Suidas expounded 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. mocking, or jeering▪ and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 are by Hesychius interpreted 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Scoffer••. Having pass'd this Bridge, they went to Eleusis, the way into which was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the Mystical Entrance.

7. Upon the seventh Day were Sports, in which the Victors were rewarded with a Measure of Barley, that Grain being first sown 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Eleusis.

8. The eighth was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because it once hap∣pen'd that Aesculapius, coming from Epidaurus to Athens, and desiring to be Initiated, had the Lesser Mysteries repeated: Whence it beca••e customary to celebrate them a second time upon this Day, and ad∣mit to Initiation such Persons as had not before enjoy'd that Pri∣vilege.

9. The ninth, and last Day of the Festival was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 i. e. Earthen Vessels: because it was usual to fill two such Vessels with Wine, one of which being plac'd towards the East, and the other towards the West; after the Repetition of certain Mystical Word••, they were both thrown down, and the Wine being spilt upon the Ground, was offer'd as a Libation.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An Athenian Festival (a), so call'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Vessels made of Bull-rushes, with Ears of Willow, in which certain Mysterio•••• things were carry'd upon this Day.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Two Festivals (a), one of which was celebrated in Crete, in honour of Europa, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which was either a Phoenician Name, or deriv'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. from Europa's ravishment by Iupiter in the form of a Bull. At this time Europa's Bones were car∣ry'd in Procession, with a Myrtle Garland call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which was no less than twenty Cubits in Circumference.

The other Festival was celebrated by the Corinthians with solemn Games, and Races, wherein young Men contended, running with lighted Torches in their hands. It was instituted in honour of Miner∣va, Sirnam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. from a certain Pond in Marathon, where one of her Statues was erected: Or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. because by her assistance Bellerophon caught Pegasus, the winged Horse, and brought him under command, which some take to be the first reason of the Celebration of this Festival; others are of opinion, that this Name was given to the Goddess from one Hellotis, a Corinthian Woman; the Story runs thus: The Dorians, being assisted by the posterity of Hercules, made an Invasion upon Pe∣••••ponnesus, where they took, and burn'd Corinth; most of the Wo∣men took care to secure themselves by an early Flight, only some ••ew, amongst whom were Hellotis, and Eurytione, betook themselves to Minerva's Temple, hoping, that the sanctity of the Place would be sufficient protection for them: No sooner had this reach'd the Dorians Ears, but they set Fire to the Temple, and all the rest making a shift to escape, Hellotis, and Eurytione perish'd in the Flames. Upon this ensu'd a dreadful Plague, which prov'd very fatal to the Dorians; and the remedy prescrib'd by the Goddess, was, to appease the Ghosts of the two deceas'd Sisters; whereupon they instituted this Festival in memory of them, and erected a Temple to Min••rva, sirnam'd, from on•• of them, Hellotis.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Games in Sicily, near the River Helorus (b).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

At Athens (c).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Or rather (according to Meursius's conjecture) 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, was a Fe∣stival

in honour of Enyalius (a), whom some will have to be the same with Mars; Others, only one of his Ministers.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

To Ceres nam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (b), from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. grief, in memory of her sorrow, when she had lost her Daughter Proserpina.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Private Festivals, and Times of rejoycing, when a Friend, or Rela∣tion was return'd from a Iourney (c).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Delphian Festival, in memory of a Iourney of Apollo (d).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

In honour of Apollo (e).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An Athenian Festival, in honour of Ceres (f).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Another of Ceres's Festivals, observ'd by the Laconians (g).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Day of rejoycing after Victory.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Rhodian Festival (h).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Spartan Festival (i).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

At Scira in Attica, in honour of Ceres and Proserpina (k).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

By the Thespians, in honour of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Cupid, the God of Lo•••• (l).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

This Festival seems to be the same with the former, for it was observ'd by the Thespians in honour of Cupid (a); being celebrated every fifth year with Sports, and Games, wherein Musicians, and others con∣tended. If any Quarrels had happen'd amongst the People, it was usual at this time to offer Sacrifices, and Prayers to the God, that he would put an end to them.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Laconian Festival, in honour of Hercules (b); being (I suppose) in∣••••ituted in memory of his Labours, for Labour is by the Greeks call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

I would rather call it 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, for this Festival belong'd to Ce∣res (c), whom we find sirnam'd Hercynna in Lycophron (d); which Title ••as given her from Hercynna, the Daughter of Trophonius, and Play-••ellow of Proserpina (e).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival observ'd in honour of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Mer••••••y, by the Phe∣••••••ae in Arcadia (f), and the Cyllenians in Elis (g).

Another we find observ'd by the Tangraeans in Boeotia (h), where Mer∣cury was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the Ram-bearer, and represented with a Ram upon his Shoulder, because he is said in a time of Plague to have walk'd about the City in that Posture, and cur'd the Sick; in memory of which Action, it was customary for one of the most beauti∣ful Youths in the City to walk round the City-walls with a Lamb, or Ram upon his Shoulders.

A Festival of the same Name was also observ'd in Crete, where it was usual for the servants to sit down at Table, whilst their Masters stood by, and waited (i); which custom was also practis'd at the Roman Saturnalia.

Another of Mercury's Festivals was observ'd by Boys in the Schools of Exercise at Athens (k); at which no adult Persons were allow'd to be present, beside the Gymnasiarch; who, if convicted of having admitted any, underwent the same punishment with those that cor∣rupted free-born Youth: The occasion of which Law seems to have been the foul and not to be nam'd Lust, and Wantonness, that were practis'd in former Times at this Solemnity.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Solemn Sacrifices to Vesta (a), call'd in Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, of which it was unlawful to carry away, or communicate any part to any be∣side the Worshippers: whence 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. to sacrifice to Vesta, is Proverbially apply'd to such as do any thing in private without Spectators (b); or rather to covetous Misers, that will not part with any thing they are once possess'd of (c).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

To the Furi••s (d), who were by the Athenians call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Venerable Goddesses; by the Sicyonians, and others, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Favourable, or Propitious; out of an Opinion that their true Names were unlucky Omens. This Festival was observ'd once every Year with Sacrifices, wherein pregnant Ews, Cakes made by the most Eminent of the Young Men, and a Libation of Honey and Wine were offer'd to the Goddesses, the Worshippers being deck'd with Flowers. At Athens none had Admission to these Solemnities but Free-born Denizons; and of them, those only that were of known Virtue and Integrity, for such alone could be acceptable to these Deities, whose peculiar Office it was to revenge and punish all sorts of Impiety.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

To Ceres (e).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Spartan Festival, mentioned in an old Inscription.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An Anniversary Solemnity observ'd by the Phigaleans in Arcaedia (f), who offer'd Sacrifices, both in Publick, and Private, to Euryno••••, who had in this place a Temple, that was never open, but upon this Day. This Eurynome was (as some are of Opinion) the same with Diana; or (according to others) one of Oceanus's Daughters, mention'd in Homer, where she is said to have assisted in entertaining Vulcan.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Horse-races in Laconia (g).

Η

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Laconian Festival, in honour of Helacatus (a), who was a Boy belov'd by Hercules.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival at Argos, in honour of Iuno, who was the Protectress of that City, and call'd in Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. There were two Processions to the Goddess's Temple without the City; One by the Men in Ar∣mour: Another, in which Iuno's Priestess, who was always a Matron of the first Quality, was drawn in a Chariot by white Oxen: From her Priesthood the Argians accounted their Years, as the Athenians did by the Government of their Archons: Being arriv'd at the Temple, they offer'd an Hecatomb of Oxen, whence this Festival is nam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that Sacrifice is also sometimes call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 which Name may, perhaps, be deriv'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. a Bed, because it was Iuno's Care to preside over Marriages, Births, &c. There were also certain Games, wherein the Victory consisted in pulling down a Shield, that was strongly fix'd upon the Theater: The reward was a Crown of Myrtle, and a brazen Shield; whence the Game was sometimes call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the Brazen Contention. See 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

Another Festival of this Name we find celebrated every fifth Year in Elis, where sixteen Matrons were appointed to weave a Garment for the Goddess. There were Games also, which are said to have been first instituted by Hippodamia, in honour of Iuno, by whose Assistance she was marry'd to Pelops. The Presidents were sixteen Ma∣trons, every one of which was attended by a Maid: The Contenders were Virgins, who being distinguish'd into several Classes, according to their Ages, ran Races in their Orders, beginning from the youngest. The habit of all was the same; their Hair was dishevell'd, their right Shoulders bare to their Breasts, and their Coats reach'd no lower than their Knees. They had a second Race in the Olympick Stadium, which was at that time shorten'd about a sixth part. Such as obtain'd Victory, were rewarded with Crowns of Olive, and a share of the Ox that was offer'd in Sacrifice, and were permitted to dedicate their own Pictures to the Goddess.

This Name was also given to a Solemn Day of Mourning at Co∣rinth for Medea's Children, who were buried in the Temple of Iuno Acraea in that place, and, as some say, slain by the Corinthians, who to remove the Scandal of so barbarous a Murder from themselves, are said to have given Euripides a large Sum to invent the Fable, wherein

it is attributed to Medea, which before that time no Man ever dream'd of (a).

Another Festival of this Name was celebrated by the Pellenaeans with Games, wherein the Victor was rewarded with a rich Garment, call'd from the place's Name 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An Athenian Festival, celebrated every fifth Year in honour of Her∣cules (b).

The Thisbians also, and Thebans in Boeotia, observ'd a Solemn Festival in honour of Hercules, sirnam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Apples, were offer'd to him (c): The Original of which Custom was thus: It being usual in former Times to offer a Sheep at this Solemnity, it happen'd once that the River Asopus had so far overflow'd it's Banks, that it could not be forded, whereby the coming of the Vi∣ctim was hindred: The word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 is ambiguous in Greek, signi∣fying sometimes a Sheep, sometimes an Apple; which some of the Boys being aware of, for want of other Employment, perform'd the holy Rites in Sport, offering, instead of the Ram, an Apple, which they supported with four Sticks, in imitation of Feet, placing two more upon the Top of it, to branch out like Horns: Hercules was mightily taken with the ••est, and the Custom was continu'd fro•• that Time to my Author's Age, who flourish'd under Commodus, the Roman Emperour.

At Sicyon Hercules was honour'd with a Festival, which lasted two Days, the former of which was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; the latter 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

At Lindus there was a Solemnity in honour of Hercules, at which nothing was heard, but Execrations, and Ill-boding Words; inso∣much that if any Person happen'd to let fall a Lucky Speech, he was thought to have profan'd the holy Rites; the Original of which Custom is accounted for by Lactantius.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Peloponnesian Festival, wherein the Women met together, and gather'd Flowers (d), as the Name imports, being deriv'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉▪ i. e. the Spring, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. a Flower.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival mentioned by Hesychius.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival celebrated every ninth Year, by the Delphians, in ho∣nour of some Heroïne, as may be learn'd from the Name. We are told by Plutarch (a), that there were in it a great many Mysterious Rites, wherein was a Representation of something like Semele's Re∣surrection.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An Athenian Festival in honour of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Vulcan. At this Time there was a Race with Torches, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in the Academy; the manner of which was thus (b): The Anta∣gonists were three Young Mèn, one of which being appointed by Lots to take his turn first, took a lighted Torch in his Hand, and began his Course; if the Torch happen'd to be extinguish'd before he arriv'd to his Journey's end, he deliver'd it to the second, and he in like manner to the third: The Victory was his, that carry'd the Torch lighted to the Race's end, who was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; but if none could perform that, the Victory was left undeter∣min'd, and not adjudg'd to any of them. If any of the Con∣••••nders, for fear of extinguishing the Torch by too violent a Motion, ••••acken'd their Course, the Spectators us'd to strike them with th•• Palms of their Hands; for which reason those Blows were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or broad Stripes; as also 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because they were inflicted in the Ceramicus (c), of which the Academy was a part. To the successive Delivering of the Torches from one to another, there are frequent Allusions in Authors, who usually compare to it the Turns and Vicissitudes of Human Affairs, and the various Changes and Successions, that happen in the World; of which I will only give you one Instance out of Lucretius (d);

Inque brevi spatio mutantur secla animantum, Et quasi Cursores vitaï Lampada traciunt.

So things by turns increase, by turns decay, Like Racers, bear the Lamp of Life, and live, And their Race done, their Lamps to others give.

Mr. Cre••••h.

Θ

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Sacrifice offer'd by the Husbandmen after Harvest 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. in Gratitude to the Gods, by whose Blessing

they enjoy'd the Fruits of the Ground. The whole Festival was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, of which in another place; as also 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. from the Gathering of Fruits. Some will have it to be observ'd in honour of Ceres, and Bacchus (a), those being the two Deities, who had a peculiar Care of the Fruits of the Earth. But Eustathius (b) telleth us, that there was also a Solemn Procession at this Time in honour of Neptune; and addeth farther, that all the Gods had a share in the Offerings at this Festival; as appears also from Homer's own Words, who tells us, that Diana's Anger against Oeneus was caus'd by his neglect of Sacrificing to her at this Festival, wherein all the rest of the Gods had been feasted by him;

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

Diana, much incens'd, that Oeneus had To all the other Gods Oblations made, And not to Her his grateful First-fruits pay'd, Sent down this Evil to revenge his Crime.

Mr. Hutchin.

Hence comes 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, sometimes call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (c), which was the first Bread made of the New Corn. Some there are, that will have 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 to be a general Name for all the Festivals, wherein they carry'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. green Boughs.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An Athenian Festival, in honour of the Sun, and his Attendants the Hours; or, as others think, of Delian Apollo, and Diana. It was celebrated upon the sixth, and seventh Days of Thargelion; and receiv'd it's Name from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which is a General Word for all the Fruits of the Earth; because one of the chief Ceremonies was the carrying about their First-fruits in Pots call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which Name was also apply'd to the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which were carry'd about the City at this Time, and shall be describ'd in the Festival, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The chief Solemnity was upon the latter Day, the for∣mer being wholly taken up in making Preparations for it; at which time it was customary to lustrate the City, which was done by two Persons, call'd by the general Name of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which is apply'd to all that purify'd Cities; or the more peculiar one of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉

They were both Men; or, according to others, a Man and Woman; one of which represented the Male, the other the Female Sex, and offer'd a Sacrifice for each of them: It was usual for the Man to bear about his Neck Figs, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, of a blackish Colour; and the Woman, white. The ordinary Rites in purifying Cities are thus ••escrib'd by Iohn Tzetzes (a);

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

Thus was in Ancient Times Lustration made; When any City groan'd beneath the weight Of Famine, Plague, or worse Calamity, Forthwith a grateful Victim is prepar'd, Which at the holy Altar when they 've plac'd, They cast upon the Pile Cheese, Cakes, and Figs; Then striking seven times it's Privities With Sea-leeks, and wild Figs, and other Fruits, Rude Nature's product without help of Art, Burn it with Wood cut from unplanted Trees, Then tow'rds the Wind the sportive Ashes cast Upon the Sea: Thus they the dreadful Ills, With which the City labour'd, drive away.

Mr. Hutchin.

Poetical Fictions tell us, that the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 was so call'd from one Pharmacus, that stole some of the consecrated Vessels of Apollo, and being apprehended in the Fact by some of Achilles's Souldiers, suf∣fer'd Death; of which Crime, and Punishment the Athenians had always a Representation at this Festival. The 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from a sort of Figs, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and us'd in Lustra∣tions;

whence also 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 was a Tune upon the Flute▪ which was play'd as he went to perform his Office. It was farther customary for a Choir of Singing-Men to contend for Victory, and the Conquerour to dedicate a Tripus in the Pytheum, a Temple of Apollo, built by Pisistratus. At this Festival the Athenians enroll'd their Adopted Sons in the Publick Register, as also they did their Natural at the Apaturia. During the Solemnity, it was unlawful to give, or receive Pledges, and the Offenders in this kind were ar∣raign'd at an Assembly, held in Bacchus's Theater.

The Milesians had a Festival of the same Name, which they cele∣brated with a great many Expressions of Mirth and Jollity, feast∣ing and entertaining one another.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

I. e. The Marriage of the Gods. It was a Sicilian Festival, in honour of Proserpina (a); and seems to have been instituted in memory of her Marriage with Pluto; the chief part of the Solemnity being nothing else, but an imitation of the Nuptial Rites.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

See 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival common to all the Gods (b), and celebrated in a gre•••• many Cities of Greece, but especially at Athens.

The Pellenaeans instituted Solemn Games, call'd by this Name, in ho∣nour of Apollo 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the God of Hospitality, according to Pausanias (c), or, as the Scholiast upon Pindar reports (d), of Apoll•• and Mercury: The Victors, according to Pausanias, were rewarded with a piece of Plate; according to the foremention'd Scholiast, with a Garment call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

The same Scholiast (e) reports, that the Dioscuri instituted a Festival of this Name, in memory of an honour the Gods did them, by coming to one of their Entertainments.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

I. e. The Appearance of God. It was a Festival observ'd by the Delphians (f), upon the Day, whereon Apollo first manifested himself to them.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Laconian Festival (g).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Publick Festival, Mart, and Assembly of the Aetolians, held at a Town in that Countrey, call'd Thermi (h).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival mention'd by Hesychius.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival in honour of Ceres, sirnam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Legifera (a), or the Law-giver; because she was the first that taught Mankind the use of Laws. The first Institution of it is by some attributed to Tri∣p••olemus, by others to Orpheus, and by others to the Daughters of Da∣••aüs. It was celebrated in a great many of the Grecian Cities; By the Spartans, and Milesians, amongst whom the Solemnity lasted three Days: By the Drymeans in Phocis, the Thebans in Boeotia, the Megarians: By the Syracusians, where towards the end of the Sole∣mnity, they carry'd in Procession the Secrets of a Woman, compos'd of Sesamin and Honey, and call'd in Sicily 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉: By the Eretrians in Euboea, where it was customary to rost their Meat by the Heat of the Sun: By the Delians, who us'd to bake Loaves of a large size, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which they usher'd in with great Solemnity, the Bearers of them crying,

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Hence the Festival is sometimes call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

But the Athenians observ'd this Festival with greatest Show of De∣votion: The Worshippers were Free-born Women, (it being unlawful for any of Servile Condition to be present) whose Husbands were ••ont to defray the Charges of the Solemnity; and were oblig'd to do so, if their Wives Portion amounted to three Talents. These Women were assisted by a Priest, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because his Head was adorn'd with a Crown, whilst he executed his Office: as also by certain Virgins, who were straitly confin'd, and kept un∣der severe Discipline, being maintain'd at the Publick Charge, in a place call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Women were clad in white Apparel, to intimate their spotless Innocence; and were oblig'd to the strictest Cha∣stity for five, or three Days before, and during the whole Time of the Solemnity, which lasted four Days: for which end, they us'd to strow upon their Beds such Herbs, as were thought to destroy all Appetite to Venereal Pleasures: such were Agnus castus, Flea-bane, and (which were made use of by the Milesian Women) Vine-branches, &c. It was held unlawful to eat the Kernels of Pomegranates, or adorn them∣selves with Garlands; for every thing was carry'd on with the greatest appearance of Seriousness, and Gravity; and nothing tolerated, that bore the least shew of Wantonness, or Immodesty; or even of Mirth,

or Jollity, the custom of jesting upon one another excepted, which was constantly done, in memory of Iambe, that by a taunting Jest extorted a Smile from Ceres, when she was in a pensive and melan∣choly Humour. Three Days, at least, were spent in making Prepa∣rations for the Festival: Upon the eleventh of Pyanepsion, the Wo∣men carrying Books upon their Heads, wherein the Laws were con∣tain'd, in memory of Ceres's Invention, went to Eleusis, where the So∣lemnity was kept; whence this Day was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the Ascent. Upon the fourteenth the Festival began, and lasted till the seventeenth: Upon the sixteenth they kept a Fast, sitting upon the Ground, in token of Humiliation; whence the Day was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. a Fast. It was usual at this Solemnity to pray to Ceres, Proserpina, Pluto, and Calligenia: this Calligenia some will have to have been Ceres's Nurse, others her Priestess, others her Waiting-maid; and some there are, who make her the same with Ceres; but these seem to be suffi∣ciently refuted by the Testimony of Aristophanes, who mentions her as distinct from that Goddess (a);

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

To the two Legislators make your Prayers, To Ceres, and to Goddess Proserpine; To Plutus too, and Calligenia.

And this Custom was omitted by the Eretrians alone of all the Gr••∣cians. There was likewise a Mysterious Sacrifice, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. because all Men were excluded, and banish'd from it; or, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. because in a dangerous War, the Women's Prayers were so prevalent with the Gods, that their Enemies were defeated, and put to Flight as far as Chalcis; whence it is sometimes call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. There was another Sacrifice, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. a Mulct, which was offer'd as an Expiation of any Irregularities that happen'd to be committed during the Solemnity. At this Festival, all Prisoners committed to Gaol for smaller Faults, were releas'd; and upon the third Day all Courts of Justice were shut up.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An Athenian Festival, in memory of Theseus: It was celebrated upon the eighth Day of every Month, because he was the Reputed Son of Ne∣ptune,

to whom those Days were held Sacred; or because in his first Journey from Troezen, he arriv'd at Athens upon the eighth of He∣••••tombaeon; or in memory of his safe Return from Crete (a), which happen'd upon the eighth of Pyanepsion, for which reason the Festi∣val was observ'd with greater Solemnity upon that Day, than at other Times. Some also there are, that will have it to have been first in∣••tituted in memory of Theseus's uniting the Athenians into one Body, that before lay dispers'd in little Hamlets up and down in Attica. It was celebrated with Sports and Games, with Mirth and Banquets, and such as were poor, and unable to contribute to them, were en∣tertain'd upon free cost at the Publick Tables, as we learn from Ari∣••••ophanes (b). The Sacrifices were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the Eighth, because they were offer'd upon the eighth Day of the Month (c).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival in honour of Apollo (d). The Name seems to be de∣••••r'd from Apollo's three Nurses, who were call'd Thriae.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival in honour of Bacchus (e), observ'd by the Eleans, in a place distant about eight Stadia from Elis, where it was confidently ••••ported, that the God himself was present in Person; the Ground of which Story was this: There was a certain Chappel, into which ••••e Priests convey'd three empty Vessels, in presence of the whole As∣sembly, which consisted as well of Forreigners, as Natives; this done, they retir'd, and the Doors being shut, themselves, and as many others as pleas'd, seal'd them with their own Signets: On the Morrow the Company return'd, and after every Man had look'd upon his own Seal, and seen that it was unbroken, the Doors being open'd, the Vessels ••ere found full of Wine.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

In honour of Venus (f).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Sacrifice so call'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. a Tunny, which Fishermen offer'd to Neptune, after a plentiful Draught (g).

Ι

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

I. e. the Sacred Marriage. It was a Festival in honour of Iupiter▪

and Iuno (a), being (I suppose) a Commemoration of the Marriage of those two Deities.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival, wherein Musicians contended: It was celebrated in ho∣nour of Iupiter (b), sirnam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from Ithome, a City in Thessaly, or Messene, where that God is said to have been nurs'd by the two Nymphs Ithome, and Neda; who gave Names, the former to a Town, the latter to a River.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

One of Leucothea's Festivals in Crete, being deriv'd from Inachus, ac∣cording to Hesychius; or rather from Ino, who is the same with Leu∣cothea, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Grief; being, perhaps, a Commemoration of Ino's Misfortunes.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival in Lemnos (g).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Festivals in me••ory of Ino, one of which was celebrated every Year with Sports, and Sacrifices at Corinth, being instituted by King ••••∣syphus (c).

An Anniversary Sacrifice was offer'd to Ino by the Megarians, whe•••• she was first call'd Leucothea, being cast upon that Coast by the Waves, and interr'd by Cleso, and Tauropolis (d).

Ino had another Festival in Laconia, where there was a Pond con∣secrated to her: Into this it was usual, at this Solemnity, to cast Cakes of Flower, which, if they sunk, were Presages of Prosperity; but if they stay'd upon the surface of the Water, were Ill-boding Omens (e).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

In honour of Bacchus sirnam'd Iobacchus, from the Exclamations us'd in some of his Festivals, where they cry'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, &c. See 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Theban Festival, the very same with 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, (f); whence it appears, that it was instituted in honour of Hercules, and his Com∣panion Iolaüs, who assisted him against Hydra.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Solemnity observ'd by several Cities, in honour of Isis (a), who i•• said by some to have been the first, that taught Men the use of Corn; in memory of which Benefit, it was customary, at some places, for the Worshippers at this Festival, to carry Vessels full of Wheat, and Barley.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Anniversary Sports, celebrated at Olympia, in memory of Ischemus, the Grand-son of Mercury, and Hierea; who, in a Time of Famine, devoted himself to be a Sacrifice for his Countrey, and was honour'd with a Monument near the Olympian Stadium (b).

Κ

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Mysterious Observances at Thebes, and Lemnos; but more especially 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Imbrus, and Samothrace, which Islands were consecrated to the Ca∣••••••i, whom some will have to be Phoenician Deities; others, the Sons of Vulcan; Others are of a different Opinion from both; for nothing c••n be certainly determin'd concerning the Original, Names, or Num∣••er of them: Such as desire farther Satisfaction, may consult Coelius ••••••diginus, Lilius Gyraldus, and other Mythologists. All that were In∣••••ated into these Mysteries, were thought effectually secur'd from all Storms at Sea, and other Dangers (c): The chief Ceremony was thus: The Person that offer'd himself, being crown'd with Olive-branches, and girded about his Loyns with a Purple Ribband, was plac'd upon •• Throne, around which the Priests, and Persons before Initiated ••••nc'd, and sported: This was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. en∣••••ronization (d).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Solemn Sports, celebrated by the Laconians, in honour of Diana (e).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

I. e. Beauty's Rewards. It was a Lesbian Festival, wherein the Wo∣men presented themselves in Iuno's Temple, and the Prize was assign'd to the Fairest (f).

Another of these Contentions there was at the Festival of Ceres

Eleusinia amongst the Parrhasians, first instituted by Cypselus, whose Wife Herodice was honour'd with the first Prize (a).

Another of the same Nature we find amongst the Eleans (b), where the most Beautiful Man was presented with a complete Suit of Armour, which he consecrated to Minerva, to whose Temple he walk'd in Pro∣cession, being accompany'd with his Friends, who adorn'd him with Ribbands, and crown'd him with a Garland of Myrtle.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An Athenian Festival (c).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival observ'd in almost all the Cities of Greece; but especially at Sparta, where it was first instituted about the Time of the XXVIth Olympiad, in honour, not of Iupiter, as some are of Opinion, but of Apollo, sirnam'd Carneus, either from one Carneus, a Trojan (d); or from a Beautiful Youth, call'd Carnus, who was the Son of Iupi∣••er and Europa (e), and belov'd by Apollo (f): Or from Carnus an Acar∣nanian, who was instructed by this God in the Art of Divination, but afterwards murder'd by the Dorians; This Fact Apollo reveng'd upon them by a dreadful Plague; to avert which, they instituted this Fe∣stival, as Pausanias reports: Or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. from the Cornel-tree, transposing the Letter 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, as the same Author intimates; For 'tis reported by some, that this Festival was first instituted by the Gre∣cians, who had incurr'd Apollo's Displeasure, by cutting down a number of Cornel-trees in a Grove consecrated to him upon Mount Ida, which they us'd in building the Wooden-horse: Or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. from accomplishing the Request of Menelaus (g), who, when he underto••k his Expedition against Troy, made a Vow to Apollo, wherein he promis'd to pay him some signal Honour, if his Under∣taking met with Success. This Festival lasted nine Days, begining upon the thirteenth of the Month Carneus, which answer'd to the Athenian Metag••nion (h): It was an Imitation of the Method of living, and Discipline us'd in Camps; for nine 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Tents, wer•• erected, in every one of which nine Men of three different Tribes, three being chosen out of a Tribe, liv'd for the space of nine Days, during which Time they were obedient to a publick Cryer, and did nothing without express Order from him (i). Hesychius tells us, that the Priest, whose Office it was to attend at this Solemnity, was nam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and adds in another place, that out of every Tribe five

other Ministers were elected, and call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and oblig'd to continue in their Function four Years, during which Time they re∣main'd Batchelours. At this Festival the Musical Numbers, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, were sung by Musicians, who contended for Victory; the first Prize was won by Terpander.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival in honour of Diana (a), sirnam'd Caryatis, from Caryum in Laconia, where this Solemnity was kept. It was usual for Vir∣gins to meet at the Celebration, and joyn in a certain Dance, said to be invented by Castor and Pollux, which they call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (b). In the Time of Xerxes's Invasion, when the Laconians durst not shew their Heads for Fear of the Enemy, lest the Goddess's Anger should be incurr'd by the Intermission of this Solemnity, the neighbouring Swains assembl'd in the accustom'd place, and sung Pastorals, which were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. a Neat-herd. Thus, as some ••re of Opinion, Bucolicks came first to be in use.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival in honour of Hebe, the Goddess of Youth (c).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

This Festival is mention'd by Hesychius, and seems to have been so∣lemniz'd at the time, when Vines were prun'd; for 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, signify Pruning-hooks.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An Anniversary Solemnity celebrated upon Mount Cnacalos, by the C••phyatae, in honour of Diana, who had from that place the Sirname of Cnacalesia (d).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Solemnity upon the Day before Theseus's Festival, in which a Ram was sacrific'd to Connidas, Theseus's Tutour (e).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

In honour of Proserpina, nam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (f), which in the Molossian Dialect, signifies a Beautiful Woman.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Nocturnal Festival in honour of Cotys, or Cotytto, the Goddess of

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Wantonness (a): It was observ'd by the Athenians, Corinthians, Chians, Thracians, with others; and celebrated with such Rites as were most ac∣ceptable to the Goddess, who was thought to be delighted with no∣thing so much, as Lewdness, and Debauchery. Her Priests were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which Name we find in Iuvenal; It seems to have been deriv'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. from Dying, or Painting themselves; for they were wont to practise all sorts of effeminate, and Meretricious Arts; whence 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. a Votary of Cotys, is Proverbially apply'd to Beaux, and all Men that spend their Time in Dressing, and Perfuming themselves.

Another Festival of this Name (b) was celebrated in Sicily, where the Worshippers carry'd Boughs hung about with Cakes, and Fruit, which it was lawful for any Person to pluck off; in memory (as Gy∣raldus was of Opinion) of Proserpina's Ravishment, who is by some thought to have been the same with Cotytto.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An Athenian Festival in honour of Saturn, who is call'd in Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (c). It was celebrated in the Month Hecatombaeon, which was formerly call'd Cronius.

Another of Saturn's Festivals was celebrated (d) upon the sixteenth of Metagitnion at Rhodos; where they offer'd in Sacrifice a condemn'd Criminal.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival instituted by Theseus, in memory of Nausitheus, and Phaeax, who were his 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Pilots, in his Voyage to Crete (e).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival observ'd in Dog-days at Argos (f), and so call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. from killing Dogs, because it was usual upon this Day to kill all the Dogs they met with.

Λ

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Some Festivals there were at Lacedaemon, the Names whereof are for∣gotten: One of these is mention'd by Plutarch in his Love-Stories, at which the Marry'd Women, Maidens, Children, and Servants, feasted all together promiscuously; only the Ladies, whose Husbands were Magistrates, watch'd all Night in a large Room by themselves.

Another we find in Athenaeus (a), at which the Women took all the Old Batchelours, and dragg'd them round an Altar, beating them all the time with their Fists; to the end that if no other Mo∣tives would induce them to Marry, the Shame and Ignominy they were expos'd to at these Times, might compel them to it.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival at Pellene (b) in Achaia, in honour of Bacchus sirnam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. to shine; for this Solemnity being in the Night, the Worshippers went to Bacchus's Temple with lighted Torches in their Hands. It was customary at this time to place Ves∣sels full of Wine here and there in every Street of the City.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Games at Larissa (c), wherein the Combatants perform'd their Exer∣cises singly, before the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Combat consisting of five Ex∣ercises, was invented.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival of Bacchus, celebrated at Larysium, a Mountain in Laco∣••ia, about the beginning of Spring (d).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An anniversary Festival at Patrae in Achaia, in honour of Diana (e) sirnam'd Laphria, either 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. from Spoils, which she took from wild Beasts, because she was the Goddess of Hunting, and her Statue, which was compos'd of Gold and Ivory, represented her in a Hunting posture: Or, because she desisted from her Anger, and be∣came every year 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. more favourable and propitious, to Oeneus, King of the Calydonians: Or, from one Laphrius a Phocensian, by whom her Statue was erected in Calydonia; for this Title was first given to Diana in Calydonia, and thence, together with her Statue, translated to Patrae. The customs at this Festival are thus describ'd by Pausanias: At the approach of the Festival, they made an ascent to the Altar, heaping up soft Earth in the manner of Stairs; round the Altar they plac'd in order pieces of green Wood, every one of which was in length sixteen Cubits; upon it was laid the dryest Wood they could get. The Solemnity lasted two Days, on the former of which there was a solemn Procession, follow'd by Diana's Priestess, who was a Virgin, and rode in a Chariot drawn by Bucks. On the Day

following, they assembled to offer Sacrifices, which consisted of Birds, Bears, Bucks, Lyons, Wolves, with all sorts of Animals, and Garden-Fruits, which were cast upon the Altar, in part by private Persons, and partly at the publick Charge; then the fire being kindled, it some∣times happen'd, that the wild Beasts having their Fetters loos'd by the Flames, leap'd off the Altar, which happen'd when my Author was present; yet neither then, nor at any time before did any Person receive the least harm thereby.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An anniversary Day at Sparta (a), in memory of Leonidas King of that City, who with a small Number of Men put a stop to the whole Army of Xerxes at Thermopylae, and maintain'd the passage of those Straights two whole Days together. Upon this Day there was an Oration pronounc'd on the Heroe, and Sports, in which none were allow'd to contend, but Free-born Spartans.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Who was the Author, what the Occasion of this Festival, is not known; thus much however we find of it in Porphyry (b); That all that were admitted to it, wash'd their Hands with Honey, which was pour'd upon them instead of Water; in token that they were pure from all things hurtful, malicious, and detestable.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival at Lerna, instituted by Philammon (c) in honour of Bacchus, Proserpine, and Ceres. In the primitive Times the Argives us'd to carry Fire to this Solemnity from a Temple upon Mount Crathis, dedicated to Diana, sirnam'd (perhaps from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. fire) 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival of Bacchus (d) sirnam'd Lenaeus from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. a Wine∣press. It was celebrated in the Month Lenaeon with several Ceremonies usual at other Festivals of this God; but what more especially re∣commended it, were the Poetical contention, wherein Poets strove for Victory, and the Tragedies acted at this Time.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

I. e. Lapidation. This Festival was celebrated by the Trazenians in

••emory of Lamia and Auxesia, who were two Virgins, that coming ••••om Crete to Troezen in a Time of Tumult and Sedition, became a ••••crifice to the Fury of the People, by whom they were ston'd to ••eath (a).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival in honour of Diana (b), sirnam'd Limnatis from Li∣••••••e, a School of Exercise at Troezen, in which she was worship'd; 〈◊〉〈◊〉, according to Artemidorus, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Ponds, because she 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the care of Fisher-men.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An Arcadian (c) Festival something resembling the Roman Lupercaliae: 〈◊〉〈◊〉 was celebrated with Games, in which the Conquerour was rewarded ••ith a Suit of brazen Armour; and an Human Sacrifice was offer'd in 〈◊〉〈◊〉. The first Institutor of it was Lycaon, who observ'd it in honour 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Iupiter, sirnam'd Lycaeus, either from Lycaon's own Name, or the Arcadian Mountain Ly••aeus, which the Arcadians pretend is the true ••lympus, whence they call it 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the sacred Hill, be∣••••••se Iupiter was feign'd to have had his Education there; in memory 〈◊〉〈◊〉 which there was an Altar, where certain Mysterious Worship was ••••id to that God, and a Plot of Ground consecrated to him, upon ••hich it was unlawful for any Person so much as to set his Foot.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival celebrated by the Spartans in memory of Lycurgus their ••aw-giver (d), whom they honour'd with a Temple, and an anniver∣••••••y Sacrifice.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Samian Festival celebrated (e) with Sacrifices and Games in ho∣••our of Lysander, the Lacedaemonian Admiral. It was anciently call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which name was abolish'd by a Decree of the Samians.

Μ

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Solemn Sacrifices offer'd by the Athenians in Maemacterion, which ••as a Winter-month, to Iupiter 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, to induce him to send ••ild and temperate Weather, because He was usually taken for the

Air, or Heavens, and therefore thought to preside over the Seasons. There are various reasons assign'd for this Sirname, for 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 is by Harpocration expounded 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. out∣ragious, and furious; being deriv'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, accord∣ing to Suidas, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. to trouble, or raise com∣motions. But Hesychius affixeth a quite different signification to it, for according to him, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 is the same with 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. fa∣vourable and propitious; and herein Plutarch agree's with him, who tells us (a),

That 'twas his Opinion, that by the Name of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which was given by the Athenians to the King of the Gods, was meant 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

Neither of these significations are at all disa∣greeable to the design of this Festival; for since it was to procure good Weather, it might either be instituted as a means to appease the Deity, that was the cause of Storms, and intemperate Seafons; or to entreat the same Person, as being of a mild and gentle Disposition, and willing to grant the requests of his Votaries.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

See 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival in honour of Menelaus (b), at Therapnae in Laconia, where a Temple was consecrated to him, in which he was worship'd, toge∣ther with Helena, not as an Heroe, or petty Deity, but as one of the supreme Gods.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Certain Days upon which the Lesbians offer'd publick Sacrifices (c).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival in the Month Metagitnion (d), in honour of Apollo 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, being celebrated by the Inhabitants of Melite, that left their habitations, and settled among the Diomeans in Attica; whence these Names seem to have been deriv'd, for they import a removal from one Neighbourhood to another.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Sacrifices, with Horse-races, and other Games celebrated by the Che∣sonesians in memory of Miltiades, the Athenian General (e).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival celebrated by the Orchomenians (a), who were call'd Minyae, and the River, upon which the City was founded, Minya, from Minyas, ••ing of that Place, in memory of whom, it may be, this solemnity was instituted.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival celebrated by all the Inhabitants of Mitylene, in a place without the City, in honour of Apollo 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (b), which sirname ••e find mention'd also in Hesychius.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An anniversary Solemnity at Athens (c) upon the sixteenth of Muny∣••ion, in honour of Diana sirnam'd Munychia from King Munychus, the Son of Pentacleus; or from a part of the Piraeeus, call'd Munychia, where this Goddess had a Temple, to which the Athenians allow'd the Pri∣vilege of being a Sanctuary to such as fled to it for refuge. At this So∣lemnity they offer'd certain Cakes call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which name is deriv'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. from shining on every side, either be∣cause lighted Torches hung round them, when they were carry'd into the Temple; or because they were offer'd at Full Moon; that being the Time of this Festival, for it was instituted in honour of Diana, who was reputed to be the same with the Moon, be∣cause it was Full Moon, when Themistocles overthrew the Persian Fleet 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Salamis.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Festivals (d) in honour of the Muses at several places of Greece, espe∣cially amongst the Thespians, where Solemn Games were celebrated every Fifth year.

The Macedonians had also a Festival in honour of Iupiter and the Muses, which was first instituted by King Archelaus, was celebrated with Stage-Plays, and Games, and lasted nine Days, according to the Num∣ber of the Muses.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival (e) in honour of Ceres, sirnam'd Mysia, from Mysius an Ar∣••ian, who dedicated a Temple to her in a place about X. Stadia distant from Pellene in Achaia; or, according to Phurnutus, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

i. e. to cloy, to satisfy, or to be well fed, because Ceres was the first that taught Men how to use Corn. This Festival continu'd seven Days, upon the third of which all the Men and Dogs being shut out of the Temple, the Women, together with the Bitches, remain'd within, and having that Night perform'd the accustom'd Rites, on the Day follow∣ing return'd to the Men, with whom they past away the Time in jesting, and laughing at one another.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An Arcadian (a) Festival, so nam'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. a fight; for it was instituted in memory of a Battle, wherein Lycurgus slew Ereu∣thalion.

Ν

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

In memory of deceas'd Persons. Of this, and the following So∣lemnities I shall give a more full account, when I come to treat of the Honours paid to the Dead.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Solemnity in memory of deceas'd Persons (b).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival celebrated to Bacchus (c), when the new Wine was first tasted, as the Name signifies.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival celebrated by the Delphians (d) with a great deal of Pomp and Splendour, in memory of Neoptolemus, the Son of Achilles, who was slain in an Attempt to sack Apollo's Temple, which he undertook in revenge of his Father's Death, to which that God was accessary.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Milesian Festival (e) in honour of Diana, sirnam'd Neleïs, from N••∣leus, an inhabitant of Miletus (f).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An anniversary Solemnity observ'd by the Athenians upon the sixth

of Boedromion, in memory of that famous Victory, which Miltiades ob∣••••in'd against the Persians at Marathon (a).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An Athenian Solemnity in memory of Minerva's Victory over Ne∣••••une, when they contended which of them should have the honour of giving a Name to the City afterwards call'd Athens (b).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival observ'd at the beginning of every Lunar Month (c), which ••as (as the Name imports) upon the New Moon, in honour of all the Gods, but especially Apollo, who was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because the Sun is the first Author of all Light, and whatever distinction of Time•• and Seasons may be taken from other Planets, yet they are all owing ••o him, as the Original and Fountain of all those borrow'd Rays, ••hich the rest have only by participation from him. To observe this Festival was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, certain Cakes offer'd therein 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and the Worshippers 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. It was observ'd with Games, and Publick Entertainments, which were made by the richer Sort, to whose Tables the Poor flock'd in great Numbers. The Athe∣••••ans at these times offer'd solemn Prayers, and Sacrifices for the pro∣sperity of their Common-wealth the ensuing Month, in Erectheus's Tem∣ple in the Cittadel, which was kept by a Dragon, to which they gave (as was usual in Trophonius's Cave) a Honey-cake call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. These Sacrifices, because they were offer'd every Month, were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and those that perform'd them 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

Ξ

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Macedonian Festival (d), so call'd because it was observ'd in the Month Xanthus, which, as Suidas tells us, was the same with April. At this Time the Army was purify'd by solemn Lustration, the manner of which was thus: They divided a Bitch into two halves, one of which, together with the Entrails, was plac'd upon the Right hand, the other upon the Left; between these the Army march'd in this Or∣der: After the Arms of all the Macedonian Kings, came the first part of the Army, consisting (I suppose) of Horse; these were follow'd by the

King, and his Children, after whom went the Life-Guards; th••n fol∣low'd the rest of the Army: This done, the Army was divided into two parts, one of which being set in array against the other, there fol∣low'd a short Encounter in imitation of a Fight.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An anniversary Day observ'd by the Athenians (a) to Minerva, upon the sixteenth of Hecatombaeon, in memory that by the perswasion of Theseus they left their Countrey-seats, in which they lay dispers'd here and there in Attica, and united together in one Body.

Ο

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Boeotian Festival (b) in honour of Neptune, sirnam'd Onchestius from Onchestus, a Town in Boeotia.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival celebrated in honour of Olympian Iupiter, by the Athenians, Smyrnaeans, Macedonians, but especially by the Eleans, of whose Solemni∣ty I shall give an account afterwards.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Theban Festival in honour of Iupiter Homoloïus, or Ceres Homo∣loïa (c), who were so call'd from Homole in Boeotia, or the Prophetess Homoloïa, or from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which in the Aeolian dialect signifies peaceable.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An Athenian Festival so call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. from carrying Boughs hung with Grapes, &c. which were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (d). The Institution, and Manner of it are describ'd at large by Plutarch in the Life of Theseus; his words run thus:

Theseus at his return fro•• Crete forgot to hang out the white Sail, which should have been the token of their Safety to Aegeus, who knowing nothing of their Success, for grief threw himself headlong from a Rock, and perish'd in the Sea. But Theseus being arriv'd at the Port Phalerus, paid there the Sacrifices, which he had vow'd to the Gods at his setting out to Sea, and sent a Herald to the City to carry the news of his safe return. At his entrance into the City the Herald found the People for the most

part full of grief for the loss of their King; others, as may be well be∣liev'd, as full of joy for the Message that he brought, and wholly bent to make much of him, and crown him with Garlands for so acceptable News; these he indeed accepted of, but hung them upon his Herald's Staff, and thus returning to the Sea-side before Theseus had finish'd his Libation to the Gods, stay'd without for fear of disturbing the Holy Rites; but as soon as the Sacrifice was ended, he entred and related the whole Story of the King's Death; upon the hearing of which, with great lamentations, and a confus'd tumult of grief, they ran with all haste to the City: Whence, they say, it comes that at this Day in the Feast Oschophoria, not the Herald, but his Staff is crown'd; and that the People then present still break out at the Sacrifice into this Shout, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, of which confus'd sounds the first was wont to be us'd by Men in haste, or at a Triumph; the other is proper to those that are in great trouble, or consternation.

A little after my Author proceeds thus:

The Festival call'd Oschopho∣ria, which to this Day the Athenians celebrate, was then first insti∣tuted by Theseus; for he took not with him the full number of Vir∣gins, which were chosen by Lots to be carry'd away, but selected two Youths, with whom he had an intimate familiarity, of fair and Womanish Faces, but of Manly and Couragious Spirits, and having by frequent Bathings, and avoiding the heat and scorching of the Sun, with a constant use of all the Ointments, Washes, and Dresses, that serve to adorn the Head, smooth the Skin, or improve the Complexion, chang'd them, in a manner, from what they were be∣fore; and having taught them further to counterfeit the very Voice, Gesture, and Gate of Virgins, so that there could not be the least difference perceiv'd; he, undiscover'd by any, put them into the number of the Athenian Maids design'd for Crete. At his return He and these two Youths led up a solemn Procession with Boughs and Vine-branches in their hands, in the same habit that is now worn at the celebration of the Oschophoria: These Branches they carry'd in honour of Bacchus and Ariadne, in memory of the Fable related of them; or rather, because they happen'd to return in Autumn, the time of gathering Grapes. The Women call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Sup∣per-carryers, were taken into these Ceremonies, and assist at the Sa∣crifice, in remembrance and imitation of the Mothers of the young Men and Virgins, upon whom the Lot fell; for thus busily did they run about, bringing Banquets and Refreshments to their Children; and because the good Women then told their Sons and Daughters a great many fine Tales and Stories, to comfort and encourage them under the Danger they were going upon, it has therefore still conti∣nu'd a Custom, that at this Festival old Tales and Fables should be the chief Discourse. For all these particularities we are beholding to the history of Demon.

Besides the Rites already describ'd out of Plu∣tarch, there was always a Race at this Festival (a); the contenders were

certain Young Men elected out of every Tribe, whose Parents were both living; they ran from Bacchus's Temple, to that of Minerva Sciras in the Phalerian Haven; the place where the Race ended, was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Boughs, which the Runners carry'd in their Hands, and deposited there. The Conqueror's Reward was a Cup call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Five-fold, because it con∣tain'd a mixture of five things, viz. Wine, Honey, Cheese, Meal, and a little Oyl.

Π

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival so call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. from all sorts of Boughs: It was celebrated by the Rhodians, when they prun'd their Vines (a).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival celebrated (as the Name imports) by all the Boeotians (b), who assembl'd near Coronea, at the Temple of Minerva, sirnam'd Itonia, from Itonius, the Son of Amphictyon.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An Athenian Festival in honour of Minerva, the Protectress of A∣thens. It was first instituted by Ericthonius, or Orpheus, and call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, but afterwards renew'd and amplify'd by Theseus, when he had united into one City the whole Athenian Nation, and call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Some are of Opinion, that it was much what the same with the Roman Quinquatria, whence it is usual to call it by that Name in Latin. At the first it continu'd only one Day, but afterwards was prolong'd several Days, and celebrated with greater Preparations, and Magnificence than was usual in the Primitive Times.

There were two Solemnities of this Name, one of which was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the Great Panathenaea, which was celebrated once in five Years, beginning upon the XXIId of Hecatombaeon. The other was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the Lesser Panathenaea, and was kept every third Year; or rather, as some think, every Year, beginning upon the XXIst, or XXth of Thargelion. In the latter of these, there were three Games, manag'd by ten Presidents, elected out of all the ten Tribes of Athens, who continu'd in Office four Years. On the first Day at Even, there was a Race with Torches, wherein first Footmen, and afterwards Horse-men contended: The same Custom was likewise observ'd in the Greater Festival. The second Contention was 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. a Gymnical exercise, so call'd because the Combatants therein gave a proof of their Strength, or Manhood: the place of these Games

was near the River, and call'd from this Festival 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Stadium being decay'd by Time, was rebuilt of white Pentelick Marble by Herodes, a Native of Athens, with such Splendour, and Magnifi∣cence, that the most stately Theaters could not compare with it. The last was a Musical Contention, first instituted by Pericles; in the Songs us'd at this Time, they rehears'd the generous Undertakings of Harmodius, and Aristogiton, who oppos'd the Tyranny of Pisistratus's Sons; as of Thrasybulus also, who deliver'd the Athenians from the Thirty Tyrants, impos'd on them by the Lacedaemonians. The first that obtain'd the Victory by playing upon the Harp, was Phrynis a Mityle∣naean: Other Musical Instruments were also made use of, especially Flutes, on which they play'd in Consort: There was also a Dance perform'd by a Circular Chorus, of which hereafter: And the Poets contended in four Plays, the last whereof was Satyr, and all together were nam'd from their number 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉: Beside these, there was a Contention at Sunium, in imitation of a Sea-fight: The Conquerour in any of these Games was rewarded with a Vessel of Oyl, which he was per∣mitted to dispose of, how, and whither he pleas'd, whereas it was unlawful for any other to transport that Commodity: Farther he re∣ceiv'd a Crown of those Olives, which grew in the Academy, and were sacred to Minerva, and call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Death, in remembrance of the Misfortune of Halirrothius, the Son of Ne∣ptune, who, in a rage at his Father's Defeat by Minerva, in their Con∣tention about the Name of Athens, offering to cut down the Olive-tree, by the Production of which Minerva obtain'd the Victory, missing his Aim, gave himself a fatal Blow: Others derive the Name from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. a part, because, according to some, these Olives were given by Contribution, all Persons that possess'd Olive-trees being oblig'd to contribute their proportions towards the Celebration of this Fe∣stival. Beside these, there was a certain Dance call'd Pyrrhichia, per∣form'd by young Boys in Armour, in imitation of Minerva, who, in Triumph over the Vanquish'd Sons of Titan, danc'd in that manner. It was usual also after that Athens was brought under the Dominion of the Romans, for Gladiators to contend after the Roman fashion. No Man was permitted to be present at any of these Games in dy'd Garments, and the Punishment of such Offendors was left to the Discre∣tion of the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or President of the Games. Lastly, they offer'd a Sumptuous Sacrifice, towards which every one of the Athenian Burroughs contributed an Ox; and of the Flesh that remain'd, a publick Entertainment was made for the whole Assembly.

In the Greater Festival most of the same Rites, and Ceremonies were practis'd, but were (I suppose) perform'd with greater Splendour, and Magnificence, and the Addition of some others, not observ'd in the Lesser, as particularly the Procession, in which Minerva's Sacred 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Garment, was carry'd: This 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 was woven by a select number of Virgins, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Work;

these were superintended by two of the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, (of whom I have spoken before) and enter'd upon their Employ at the Festival call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which was upon the thirtieth Day of Pyanepsion: It was of a white colour, without Sleeves, and embroider'd with Gold: Upon it were describ'd the Atchievements of Minerva, especially those against the Giants; Iupiter also, and the Heroes, with all such as were famous for Valiant and Noble Exploits, had their Effigies in it; whence Men of true Courage and Bravery are said to be 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. worthy to be pourtray'd in Minerva's Sacred Garment, as in Aristophanes (a),

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

We will our Fathers treat with high Esteem, Whose brave Exploits are worthy Attica, Fit to be pourtray'd in Minerva's Vest.

With this 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 they made a solemn Procession, the Ceremonies of which were thus: In the Ceramicus without the City there was an Engine built in the form of a Ship, on purpose for this Solemnity; upon this the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 was hung in the manner of a Sail, and the whole was convey'd, not by Beasts, as some have imagin'd, but by Sub∣terraneous Machines, to the Temple of Ceres Eleusinia, and from thence to the Cittadel, where the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 was put upon Minerva's Statue, which seems to have been laid upon a Bed straw'd with, or rather compos'd of Flowers, and call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. This Procession was made by Persons of all Ages, Sexes, and Qualities; It was led up by Old Men, together (as some say) with Old Women, carrying Olive-branches in their Hands; whence they are call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Bearers of Green Boughs: After these came the Men of full Age with Shields and Spears, being attended by the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Sojourners, who carry'd Spades, and were upon that account call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Spade-bearers: Then follow'd the Women, attended by the So∣journers Wives, who were nam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from bearing Water∣pots: These were follow'd by young Men singing Hymns to the Goddess; they were crown'd with Millet, and habited in Mourning-cloaks, in memory of one of the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, who was slain as he attempted to force the Posterity of Hercules from the Altar: Next to these came select Virgins of the first Quality, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Basket-bearers, be∣cause they carry'd certain Baskets, which contain'd some necessaries for the Celebration of the holy Rites, which (as also other Utensils requir'd at the Solemnity) were in the custody of one, who, because he was Chief manager of the publick Pomps, Processions, or Embassies

to the Gods, was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and were distributed by him as occasion requir'd; these Virgins were attended by the Sojourners Daughters, who carry'd Umbrella's, and little Seats, whence they were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Seat-carryers: Lastly, it is probable that the Boys bore up the Rear, walking in a peculiar sort of Coats worn at Processions, and call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Necessaries for this, as for all other Processions, were prepar'd in a publick Hall erected for that use between the Piraeean Gate, and Ceres's Temple; and the manage∣ment and care of the whole Business belong'd to the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which name denotes Officers appointed to see that the Laws, an∣cient Rites, and Customs be observ'd. It was farther usual at this So∣lemnity to make a Gaol-delivery, to present golden Crowns to such as had done any remarkable Service for the Common-wealth, and ap∣point Men to sing some of Homer's Poems, which Custom was first introduc'd by Hipparchus, the Son of Pisistratus. Lastly, in the Sacrifices at this, and other Quinquennial Solemnities, it was customary to pray for the prosperity of the Plataeans, on the account of the signal Service they had done the Athenians at the Battle of Marathon, wherein they behav'd themselves with extraordinary Courage and Resolution.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

In Honour of Panace (a).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

The same with 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (b), and so call'd from the great concourse of People, that us'd to meet at the Solemnity.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An Athenian Festival (c), so call'd from Pandion, by whom it was first instituted; or because it was celebrated in honour of Iupiter, who does 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. move and turn all things which way he pleaseth. Others are of Opinion, that it belong'd to the Moon, and re∣ceiv'd it's Name, because she does 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. move incessantly, for that the Moon appears both in the Night, and Day; whereas the Sun shows himself by Day only, and was suppos'd to rest all Night. It was celebrated after the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Festival of Bacchus, because that God is sometimes put for the Sun, or Apollo, and was by some reputed to be the Brother, by others the Son of the Moon.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An Athenian (d) Festival in memory of Pandrosus, the Daughter of King Cecrops.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Publick rejoycings (a) when the Season through it's coldness, & in∣temperance forc'd the Mariners to stay at Home.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A publick Festival celebrated (as the Name imports) by an Assembly of People from all the parts of Greece (b).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival celebrated (as the Name signifies) by a concourse of People from all the Cities of Ionia (c). The Place, or Temple, in which it was kept, was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. It was instituted in honour of Ne∣ptune, sirnam'd Heliconius from Helice, a City of Achaia, which after∣wards perish'd by an Earth-quake. One thing there was remarkable in this Festival, viz. That, if the Bull offer'd in Sacrifice happen'd to bel∣low, it was accounted an Omen of Divine Favour, because that sound was thought to be acceptable to Neptune: To this Homer is thought to allude in these Verses (d),

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

Dying he roar'd, as when a Bull is drawn About the King of sacred Helice.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An anniversary Solemnity (e) in honour of Pan at Athens, where he had a Temple near the Acropolis, the Dedication of which, and the Insti∣tution of this Festival were upon this account: When Darius the Persian invaded Attica, Phidippides was forthwith dispatch'd on an Embassie to the Spartans, to desire their Assistance; and as he was in his Journey, about Mount Parthenius near Tegea, Pan met him, and calling him by his Name, bid him to ask the Athenians, What was the reason, why they had no regard of him, who was their Friend, and had often been serviceable to them, and should go on so to be? Phidippides at his return to Athens, related this Vision, which obtain'd so great credit with the Athenians, that they made a Decree that Divine Honours should be paid to that God also.

Pan had likewise a Festival in Arcadia (a), the Countrey he was be∣liev'd most to frequent, and delight in, at which they us'd to beat his Statue with 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Sea-onyons; as was usual also, when they miss'd of their Prey in Hunting, in anger (as should seem) against the God, whom they reputed to be President of that Sport; to which custom Theocritus seems to allude in these Verses,

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

Kind Pan, if you propitious to my Prayer Grant these my wishes, you no more shall fear The rig'rous usage of Arcadian Boys, When disappointed of their lovely prize.

Mr. Hutchin.

Farther, it was customary to offer a scanty Sacrifice, the Reliques of which were not sufficient to entertain those that were present; because, perhaps, they thought the God had frustrated their hopes of Prey in Hunting; on the contrary, when they had good Success, they were more liberal in paying Honours to him.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

See 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Commemoration-day in honour of an ancient Heroe, whose Name was Paralus (b).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival, in which were solemn Games, wherein free-born Spartant only contended, with an Oration in praise of Pausanias, the Spartan Ge∣neral, under whose Conduct the Grecians overcame Mardonius in the famous Battle at Plataeae (c).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Thessalian Festival, not unlike the Roman Saturnalia: It is thus de∣scrib'd by Athenaeus (d):

Baton, the Sinopensian Rhetorician, in his de∣scription of Thessaly and Haemonia, declares that the Saturnalia are a Grecian Festival, and call'd by the Thessalians Peloria; his words are these: On a time when the Pelasgians were offering publick Sacrifices, one Pelorus came in, and told one of them, That the Mountains of

Tempe in Haemonia were torn asunder by an Earth-quake, and the Lake, which had before cover'd the adjacent Valley, making it's way thro▪ the Breach, and falling into the Stream of Peneus, had left behind a vast, but most pleasant and delightful Plain: The Pelasgian hugg'd Pe∣lorus for his News, and invited him to an Entertainment, where he was treated with all sorts of Dainties; The rest of the Pelasgians also brought the best Provisions they had, and presented them to him; and his Landlord, with others of the best Quality, waited on him by turns: In memory of this, when the Pelasgians had seated themselves in the new discover'd Country, they instituted a Festival, wherein they of∣fer'd Sacrifices to Iupiter, sirnam'd Pelor, and made sumptuous Enter∣tainments, whereto they invited not only all the Forreigners amongst them, but Prisoners also, whom they releas'd from Bonds and Con∣finement, and Slaves, all whom they permitted to sit down, & waited upon them: This Festival is to this Day observ'd with great Solemnity by the Thessalians, and call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Macedonian Solemnity (a).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

The same with 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, being deriv'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, of which see more in 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Gymnical Exercises at Pitana (b).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival in honour of Aglaurus, King Cecrops's Daughter; or rather of Minerva, who had, from that Lady, the name of Aglaurus (c); At this Time they undress'd Minerva's Statue, and wash'd it, whence the Solemnity was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which signifies to wash. It was accounted an unfortunate, or inauspicious Day, and therefore the Temples (as upon all such Days) were surrounded with Ropes, so that no Man could have admission; The reason of which custom, with a farther account of this Solemnity we have in Plutarch's Al••i∣biades;

The Festival (saith he) of the Goddess Minerva, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, was celebrated on the 26th of Thargelion, with certain Mysterious observances unlawfull to be reveal'd, which were perform'd

by Persons call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, who divested the Goddess's Image of all it's Ornaments, and kept it close cover'd: Whence it is, that the Athenians esteem this Day most inauspicious, and never go about any thing of importance upon it: And therefore it falling out that Alcibiades's return from Exile happen'd upon this Day, many were much concern'd at it, looking upon the time of his arrival to be a dangerous Omen, and imagining that the Goddess did not graciously receive him, but, in token of displeasure, hid her Face from him; But for all this, Things went on prosperously and succeeded according to his wish.

Farther, it was customary at this Festival, to bear in Procession a Cluster of Figgs, which was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which signifies to lead the Way, because Figgs were 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. leaders to Humanity, and a civiliz'd course of Life, for when Men left off their ancient and barbarous Diet of Acorns, the next thing they us'd for Food, was Figgs.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Solemnity at Thebes (a) in honour of Apollo, sirnam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Grey, because he was represented in this City (contrary to the constant custom of all other places) with grey Hairs. The Victim was a Bull, but it once happening that no Bulls could be procur'd, an Ox was taken from the Cart and Sacrific'd; whence the custom of killing labouring Oxen, which till that time was look'd on as a Capi∣tal Crime, first commenc'd.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival mention'd by Hesychius. There was an Image at this So∣lemnity, call'd by a peculiar Name 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

In honour of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Neptune, to whom also they offer'd a solemn Sacrifice call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (b).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival in honour of Priapus.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Sacrifices (c) offer'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. before Seed-time, to Ceres,

who was hence sirnam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. They were call'd by the Com∣mon People 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which sometimes signifies the same with 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Bread-corn; whence comes 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Ceres's Corn, in Homer (a). The first Institution of these Sacri∣fices was by the Command of one Authias a Prophet, who gave out that this was the only Method to appease the incens'd Goddess, who had at that Time afflicted not Athens only, where this Solemnity was observ'd, but all the other parts of Greece, with a grievous Fa∣mine.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival celebrated by the Inhabitants of Laconia, before they gather'd their Fruits (b).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival, in which the Lacedaemonians crown'd themselves with Reeds (c).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An Athenian Solemnity celebrated in honour of Prometheus (d) with Torch-races, in remembrance that he was the first that taught Men the use of Fire.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Day of Rejoycing, when a New-marry'd Wife went to cohabit with her Husband (e).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Solemnity before Marriage, of which afterwards.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival in honour of Neptune, and of Bacchus (f) sirnam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. from new Wine.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival so call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from preventing, or coming before. It was observ'd by the Clazomenians, in remembrance that they made themselves Masters of Leuca, by coming to the Celebration of a Sacrifice before the Cumaeans (g).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival celebrated by the Chersonesians, and Thessalians (a), in me∣mory of Protesilaus, who was the first Grecian slain by Hector.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An Athenian (b) Festival, sometimes call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. because Theseus and his Compa∣••ions were entertain'd with all manner of Fruits; the former, and more ••sual Name is deriv'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. from boyling Pulse, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 was usual upon that Day; the reason of which Custom, with a ••••rther Account of this Solemnity, I will give you in the Words of Plu∣••••rch:

Theseus, after the Funeral of his Father, pay'd his Vows to Apollo upon the seventh of Pyanepsion; for on that Day the Youths that return'd with him safe from Crete, made their Entry into the City. They say also, that the Custom of boyling Pulse was de∣riv'd from hence, because the Young Men that escap'd, put all that was left of their Provision together, and boyling it in one common Pot, feasted themselves with it, and with great Re∣joycing did eat all together. Hence also they carry about an Olive-branch bound about with Wooll (such as they then made use of in their Supplications) which was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, (from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Wooll) and crown'd with all sorts of First-fruits, to signify that Scar∣city and Barrenness were ceas'd, singing in their Procession this Song,

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

Eiresione, Figs produce, And wholsom Bread, and chearful Oyl, And Honey, labouring Bees sweet Toil, But above all Wine's noble Juice; Then Cares thou in the Cup shalt steep, And full of Joy receive soft Sleep.

Mr. Duke. Tho' some are of Opinion, that this Custom is retain'd in memory of the Heraclidae, who were thus entertain'd, and brought up by the Athenians; but the former Account is more generally receiv'd.

••t may be added farther, that the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, when it was carry'd about ••n honour of Apollo, was of Lawrel; when of Minerva, of Olive; because those Trees were believ'd to be most acceptable to these Dei∣ties:

When the Solemnity was ended, it was customary for them to erect it before their House-doors, thinking it an Amulet, whereby Scar∣city and Want were prevented.

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A Festival at Pylae (a), otherwise call'd Thermopylae, in honour of Ceres, sirnam'd from that place Pylaea.

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I. e. The Festival of Torches: It was observ'd at Argos, and in∣stituted in memory of the Torches lighted by Lynceus, and Hyper∣mnestra, to signify to each other, that they had both escap'd out of Danger (b).

Ρ

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

I. e. The Reception, or Elevation of the Rod. It was an Anni∣versary Day at the Island of Cos, at which the Priests carry'd a Cy∣press-tree (c).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A part of the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Festival of Bacchus, at which they re∣peated Scraps of Songs, or Poems, as they walk'd by the God's Sta∣tue (d).

Σ

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Nocturnal Mysteries in honour of Iupiter Sabazius (e), into which all that were Initiated, had a golden Serpent put in at their Breasts, and taken out at the lower part of their Garments; in memory of Iupiter's ravishing Proserpina, in the form of a Serpent. Others (f) are of Opinion that this Solemnity was in honour of Bacchus sirnam'd Sabazius, from the Sabae, who were a People of Thrace; and 'tis pro∣bable this Festival was not first instituted by the Grecians, but deriv'd to them from the Barbarians (such were the Thracians reputed) amongst whom Suidas tells us 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 was the same with 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. to shout 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, as was usual in the Festival of Bacchus: Add to this, that Bacchus's Priests were by the Thracians call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival in honour of Diana (a) sirnam'd Saronia, from Saro the ••hird King of Troezen, by whom a Temple was erected, and this Fe∣••tival instituted to Her.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

I. e. A shaking off the Burden. It was a Publick Sacrifice at Athens, ••n memory of Solon's Ordinance, whereby the Debts of poor People ••ere either entirely remitted; or, at least, the Interest due upon them ••essen'd, and the Creditors hinder'd from seizing upon the Persons of their Debtors, as had been customary before that Time (b).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival mention'd by Hesychius; and observ'd, it may be, in me∣••ory of Semele, Bacchus's Mother.

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A Delphian Festival, celebrated every ninth Year, in memory of Apollo's Victory over Python. The chief part of the Solemnity was •• Representation of Python pursu'd by Apollo (c).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

At Argos (d). It might perhaps be celebrated in honour of Mi∣nerva, sirnam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Strength.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An Anniversary Solemnity at Athens (e), upon the twelfth Day of S••irrophorion, in honour of Minerva, or, as some say, of Ceres and Pro∣••opina. The Name is deriv'd from Sciras, a Burrough between Athens ••nd Eleusis, where there was a Temple dedicated to Minerva, sir∣••am'd Sciras, from that place: Or from one Scirus, an Inhabitant of Eleusis; or from Sciron of Salamis; or from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Chalk, or white Plaister, of which the Statue dedicated to Minerva by Theseus when he return'd from Crete, was compos'd; Or from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. an Umbrella, which was at this Time carry'd in Procession by Erectheus's Priest, or some of the Sacred Family of Butas, who, to distinguish them from others that made false Pretensions to that Kindred, were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the genuine Off-spring of Butas: Those that order'd this Procession, were wont to make use of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the Skins of Beasts sacrific'd to Iupiter, sirnam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, of which Titles I have spoken before. Farther, there was at this Festival a Race call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because the young Men that contended therein, did 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. carry in their Hands Vine-branches full of Grapes.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

At Alea in Arcadia (a), in honour of Bacchus, whose Image was expos'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. under an Umbrella, whence it is pro∣bable the Name of this Festival was deriv'd. At this Time the Women were beaten with Scourges, in the same manner with the Spartan Boys at the Altar of Diana Orthia, which they underwent in obedience to a Command of the Delphian Oracle.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

I. e. The Festival of Sea-onyons. It was observ'd in Sicily; the chief part of it was a Combat, wherein Youths beat one another with Sea-onyons: He that obtain'd the Victory was rewarded by the Gymnasiarch with a Bull (b).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Mention'd by Hesychius.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An Athenian Solemnity (c), wherein the Women made Jests, and Lampoons upon one another; whence 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 signifies to abuse, ri∣dicule, or speak evil of another.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

At Eretria, in honour of Diana Stophea (d).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

At Stymphalus in Arcadia, in honour of Diana, nam'd from that place Stymphalia (e).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

See 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

See 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Syracusian Festivals, one of which Plato (a) mentions; it conti∣nu'd ten Days, during which Time the Women were employ'd in offering Sacrifices.

Another we read of in Tully (b), which was celebrated every Year by vast numbers of Men and Women, at a Lake near Syracuse, thro' which Pluto was said to have descended with Proserpina.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Games at Sparta (c), the Prize in which was 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. a mixture of Fat and Honey.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Sacrifices, and Thanksgivings for Deliverances out of Dangers.

Τ

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

In honour of Neptune sirnam'd Taenarius from Taenarus, a Promon∣tory in Laconia, where was a Temple dedicated to him. The Wor∣shippers were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (d).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Gymnical Exercises, in honour of Iupiter 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, as Meurs••us con∣jectures from the Words of Hesychius.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

In honour of Neptune, as Hesychius reports: Perhaps it was the same with that mention'd by Athenaeus (e), and celebrated at Ephesus, wherein the Cup-bearers were young Men, and call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

In honour of Diana 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, (f), of which Sirname there are various accounts; the most probable is that, which derives it from Sc••∣thia Taurica, where this Goddess was worshipp'd.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

At Cyzicum (g).

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The fourtieth Day after Child-birth, upon which the Women went to the Temples, and pay'd some grateful Acknowledgments for their safe Delivery; of which Custom I shall give a farther acccount in one of the following Books.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Spartan Festival (a), in which the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Nurses, convey'd the Male Infants committed to their Charge to the Temple of Diana Corythallia, which was at some distance from the City, being seated not ••ar from that part of the River Tiassa, which was near Cle••a; here they offer'd young Pigs in Sacrifice, during the Time of which some of them danc'd, and were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, others expos'd them∣selves in antick and ridiculous Postures, and were nam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. They had likewise a Publick Entertainment at this, and some other Times, which was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and to partake of it 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉: The manner of it was thus: Tents being erected near the Temple, and Beds furnish'd therein, and cover'd with Tapestry, all the Guests, as well Foreigners, as Natives of Laconia, were invited to Supper, where every Man had his portion allotted, which was distributed to him together with a small Loaf of Bread call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; farther also each of them receiv'd a piece of new Cheese, part of the Belly and Tripes; and (instead of Sweet-meats) Figs, Beans, and green Vetches.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

In memory of the Titanes (b).

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Games celebrated (c) at Rhodes, in memory of T••epolemus, upon the twenty-fourth Day of the Month Gorpiaeus, wherein not Men only, but Boys were permitted to contend, and the Victors were crown'd with Poplar.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

The Institution, and Manner of this Solemnity are describ'd in Athenaeus (d); who tells us it was kept at Samos: The chief Cere∣mony consisted in carrying Iuno's Image to the Sea-shore, and offering Cakes to it, and then restoring it to it's former place; which was done in memory of it's being stolen by the Tyrrhenians, and (when their Ships were stay'd in the Haven by an invisible Force, which hinder'd

them from making away) expos'd upon the Shore. The name of this Festival is deriv'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. from the Image's being fast bound by those that first found it, because they imagin'd it was going to leave them.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

At Athens (a), in memory of Toxaris, a Scythian Heroe, who died there, and went under the name of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the foreign Physician.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An anniversary Festival (b) celebrated by the Ionians that inhabited Aroe, Anthea, and Mesatis, in honour of Diana Triclaria, to appease whose anger for the Adultery committed in her Temple by Menalippus and Comaetho the Priestess, they were commanded by the Delphian Ora∣cle to Sacrifice a Boy and a Virgin, which inhuman Custom continu'd till after the Trojan War.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Solemnity, in which (c) it was usual to pray for Children to the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Gods of Generation, who were sometimes call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉: But of these I shall have occasion to speak afterwards.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival mention'd by Hesychius.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Solemn Games celebrated every year at Lebadea, in honour of Tropho∣nius (d).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Mention'd in Hesychius.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Celebrated by the Achaeans, in honour of Bacchus (e).

Υ

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An anniversary Solemnity (f) at Amyclae in Laconia, in the Month

Hecatombaeon, in memory of the beautiful Youth Hyacinthus, with Games in honour of Apollo. It is thus describ'd by Athenaeus (a):

Polycrates reports in his Laconicks, That the Laconians celebrate a Festival call'd Hyacinthia, three Days together; during which time their Grief for the death of Hyacinthus is so excessive, that they neither adorn them∣selves with Crowns at their Entertainments, nor eat Bread, but Sweet-meats only, and such like Things; nor sing Paeans in honour of the God, nor practise any of the Customs, that are usual at other Sacri∣fices; but having supp'd with Gravity, and an orderly Composed∣ness, depart. Upon the second Day there is variety of Spectacles, frequented by a vast concourse of People; The Boys, having their Coats girt about them, play sometimes upon the Harp, sometimes upon the Flute, sometimes strike at once upon all their Strings, and sing Hymns in honour of the God (Apollo) in Anapaestick Numbers, and shrill, acute sounds. Others pass over the Theater upon Horses richly accoutred; at the same time enter Choirs of young Men, singing some of their own Country-songs, and, amongst them, Per∣sons appointed to dance according to the ancient Form, to the Flute, and Vocal Musick. Of the Virgins, some are usher'd in riding in Chariots made of Wood, cover'd at the Top, and magnificent∣ly adorn'd; Others in Race-Chariots. The whole City is fill'd with Joy at this Time, they offer multitudes of Victims, and enter∣tain all their Acquaintance, and Slaves; and so eager are they to be present at the Games, that no Man stays at Home, but the City is left empty and desolate.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

At Argos (b) upon the sixteenth, or rather upon the New Moon of the Month call'd by the Argives Hermeas. The chief Ceremony was, that, the Men and Women exchang'd habits, in memory of the ge∣nerous atchievement of Telesilla, who, when Argos was besieg'd by Cleomenes, having listed a sufficient number of Women, made a brave and vigorous defence against the whole Spartan Army.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Solemnity so call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. from bearing Wa∣ter; and kept at Athens in memory of those that perish'd in the De∣luge (c).

Another Festival was celebrated at Aegina, to Apollo, in the Month Delphinius (d).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

At Orchomenos, and Mantinea, in honour of Diana Hymnia.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival at Argos, in honour of Venus (a). The Name is deriv'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. a Sow, because Sows were sacrific'd to this Goddess.

Φ

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, was a Fe∣stival so call'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. to eat, and drink, be∣cause it was a Time of good Living (b).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival mention'd by Eustathius (c), and (as the Name imports) of the same Nature with the former.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Mention'd by Hesychius.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival of Bacchus (d), being a preparative to the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (e).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival at Cyzicum, wherein a black Heifer was sacrific'd to Pho∣rephatta, or Proserpina (f).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

In honour of Phosphorus, or Lucifer (g).

Χ

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

So call'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Brass, because it was celebrated in memory of the first Invention of working that Metal, which is owing to Athens (h). It was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the whole Athenian Nation, assembled to celebrate it. Sometimes also this Festival was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because it was kept in honour of

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Minerva, who was the Goddess of all sorts of Arts, and Inventions, and upon that account nam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. work. Afterwards it was only kept by Mechanicks, and Handy-crafts∣men, especially those concern'd in Brass-work, and that in honour of Vulcan, who was the God of Smiths, and the first that taught the Athenians the use of Brass.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival celebrated by the Chaonians in Epirus (a).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival observ'd once in nine years by the Delphians, whereof we have this account in Plutarch (b):

A great Drought having brought a Famine upon the Delphians, they went with their Wives and Chil∣dren as supplicants to the King's Gate, who distributed Meal and Pulse to the more noted of them, not having enough to supply the necessities of all: But a little Orphan Girl coming and importun∣ing him, he beat her with his Shoe, and threw it in her Face; she in∣deed was a poor, vagrant Beggar, but of a Disposition no ways mean, or ignoble, wherefore unable to bear the Affront, she withdrew, and untying her Girdle, hang'd her self therewith. The Famine hereupon encreasing, and many Diseases accompanying it, the Pythia was con∣sulted by the King, and answer'd, that the Death of the Virgin Charila, who slew her self, must be expiated: The Delphians after a long search discover'd at length, that the Maid, who had been beaten with the Shoe, was call'd by that Name, and instituted certain Sacrifices mix'd with expiatory Rites, which are religiously observ'd every ninth year to this Day: The King presides at them, and distributes Meal and Pulse to all persons, as well Strangers, as Citizens; and Charila's Effigies, being brought in, when all have receiv'd their Dole, the King smites it with his Shoe; then the Governess of the Thyades conveys it to some lonesom and desolate place, where a Halter being put about it's Neck, they bury it in the same spot of Ground, where Charila was interr'd.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival celebrated (c) in honour of the Charites, or Graces, with Dances, which continu'd all Night; he that was awake the long∣est, was rewarded with a Cake call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Thansgiving-Day at Athens (d) upon the twelfth of Boedromio••, which was the Day, whereon Thrasybulus expell'd the Thirty Tyrants, and restor'd to the Athenians their Liberty.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

At Athens (a).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival celebrated by the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Handy-crafts-men (b).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival at Rhodos (c) in the month Boedromion, wherein the Boys rent from door to door begging, and singing a certain Song, the doing which they call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and the Song it self was nam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because it was begun with an invocation of the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Swallow; it is set down at large in Athenaeus, and begins thus,

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 &c. —

It's said to have been compos'd by Cleobulus the Lindian, as an artifice 〈◊〉〈◊〉 get Money in a Time of publick Calamity. In like manner, to sing ••••e Song, wherein a Raven, in Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, was invok'd, they call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. And it seems to have been customary for poor Beggars, to go about, and sing for Wages; so Homer is said to have done, earn∣ing his Living by singing a Song, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

An anniversary Day kept by the Hermionians in honour of Ceres, sir∣••am'd Chthonia, either because she was Goddess of the Earth, which is ••all'd in Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or from a Damsel of that Name, whom Ceres carry'd from Argolis to Hermione, where she dedicated a Temple to the Goddess. The manner of this Festival is thus describ'd by Pausanias (d):

Ceres her self is nam'd Chthonia, and under that Title is honour'd with a Festival, celebrated every Summer in this Method; A Procession is led up by the Priests of the Gods, and the Magi••trates that year in Office, who are follow'd by a crowd of Men and Women: The Boys also make a solemn Procession in honour of the Goddess, being in white Apparel, and having upon their Heads Crowns compos'd of a Flower, which is by them call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, but seems to be the same with Hyacinth, as appears as well by the bigness and colour, as from the Letters inscrib'd upon it in memory of the untimely Death of Hyacinthus. This Procession is follow'd by Persons that drag an Heifer untam'd, and newly taken from the Herd, fast bound to the Temple, where they let her loose; which being done, the Door∣keepers,

who till then had kept the Temple-gates open, make all fast, and four old Women being left within, and arm'd with Sithes, they pursue the Heifer, and dispatch her, as soon as they are able, by cutting her Throat. Then the Doors being open'd, certain appointed Per∣sons put a second Heifer into the Temple, afterwards a third, and then a fourth, all which the old Women kill in the fore-mention'd manner; and 'tis observable, that all fall on the same side.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

In honour of Diana sirnam'd Chitonia from Chitone, a Burrough in Attica, where this Festival was celebrated (a).

Another Festival of this Name was celebrated at Syracuse with Songs and Dances proper to the Day (b).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival celebrated at Athens upon the sixth of Thargelion (c) with Sports, and Mirth, and Sacrificing a Ram to Ceres, worship'd in a Tem∣ple, in, or near the Acropolis of Athens, under the Title of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 which Name tho' Pausanias thought to bear a hidden, and mystical Sence, understood by none but the Priests themselves, yet perhaps it may be deriv'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Grass, because Ceres was Goddess of the Earth, and all the Fruits thereof; and is the same with the E∣pithet of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or fertile, which is apply'd to her by Soph••∣cles (d),

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. —

Where this Conjecture seems to be approv'd by the Scholiast, who tells us, that Ceres, sirnam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, was worship'd in a Temple near the Acropolis, which can be no other than that already mention'd. Add to this, that Gyraldus is of Opinion that Ceres is call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 amongst the Greeks, for the same reason that amongst the Latins she is nam'd Flava, the cause of which Title is too well known, to be ac∣counted for in this place.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

See 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

In honour of Bacchus (e).

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

See 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

Ω

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

A Festival (a) in honour of Bacchus 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Eater of raw Flesh, of which Name I have spoken in the former part of this Chapter. This Solemnity was celebrated in the same manner with the other Festivals of Bacchus, wherein they counterfeited phrenzy, and madness; what was peculiar to it, was that the Worshippers us'd to eat the Entrails of Goats raw, and bloody, which was done in imi∣tation of the God, to whom the Sirname by which he was ador'd at this Solemnity, was given for the like Actions.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

Solemn Sacrifices (b), consisting of Fruits, and offer'd in Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter, that Heaven might grant mild and temperate Weather. These, according to Meursius, were offer'd to the Goddesses, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Hours, who were three in number, at∣tended upon the Sun, presided over the four Seasons of the Year, and and were honour'd with Divine Worship at Athens (c).

Notes

• (a)

  Lib. IV.
• (b)

  Iliad. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (c)

  Hesychius.
• (d)

  De Abstinentia lib. II.
• (e)

  〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• (f)

  Plutarch Sympos. lib. VIII. Quaest. I.
• (g)

  Idem Quaest. Roman.
• (a)

  Hesychius.
• (b)

  Etymolog. Magnum.
• (c)

  Stephanus Byzantinus, Cle•••••••• Protrept. Aelianus Hist. Anim. lib XI cap. VIII.
• (d)

  Pausanias Arcadicis.
• (e)

  Ae∣lianus lib. II. cap. XXVIII.
• (f)

  Pindari Scholiast. Olymp. Od. VIII.
• (g)

  Lib. XIV.
• (a)

  Pindari Scholiastes Nem. V.
• (b)

  Demosthenes in Nearam.
• (c)

  Harpocration, Eustath. Iliad. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (d)

  Pausanias Arcadicis.
• (e)

  Hesiodi Scholi••st. Oper. & Dier. lib. II.
• (f)

  Hesychius.
• (g)

  Idem.
• (h)

  Pindar. Schol. O••••mp. VII.
• (a)

  Aelianus Var. Hist. lib. I. cap. XV.
• (b)

  Pindari Schol. Olymp. III.
• (c)

  Pa••∣sanias.
• (d)

  Dipnos. lib. II.
• (e)

  Polybii Hist. XVIII. & Legat. Eclog. LXXXVIII.
• (f)

  Pausanias Phocicis.
• (g)

  Hesychius.
• (h)

  Plutarch. Theseo.
• (a)

  Pollux Onom. lib. I. cap. I.
• (b)

  Pausanias Corinthiacis.
• (c)

  Plutarch•••• Agid. & Cleomen.
• (d)

  Pausanias Arcadicis.
• (e)

  Aristophanis Scholiast. Achar••. Hesychius, Harpocration, Suidas, Etymologici Auctor. Idem Auctores ubique sunt in hoc toto capite citati.
• (a)

  Epistola ad Hebr••o••.
• (a)

  Pausanias Corinthiacis.
• (b)

  Hesychius.
• (a)

  Plutarchus Arato.
• (b)

  Erotic. XIII.
• (c)

  Grac. Quaest.
• (d)

  Poliorcet. cap. XVII.
• (e)

  Plutarchus Theseo.
• (f)

  Ha••pocrat. Suidas, Etymolog.
• (a)

  Athenaus lib. VII.
• (b)

  Livius lib. XXIII. Hesychius.
• (c)

  Plato 〈◊〉〈◊〉
• (d)

  Inscript. vet.
• (e)

  Phurnutus de Baccho, Aristophan. Scholiast. Pluto, Hes••∣c••ius.
• (a)

  Clemens Protrept. Arnobius lib. V. Hesychius, Pindari Scholiastes.
• (b)

  Hesy∣chius.
• (c)

  Strabo lib. XIV.
• (d)

  Athenaeus lib. XIII.
• (e)

  Pausanias Laconicis.
• (f)

  Hesychius.
• (g)

  Athenaeus lib. IX. Hesychius.
• (h)

  Hesychius.
• (i)

  Pindari Sch••∣liastes Olymp. VII.
• (k)

  Strabo lib. IX. Proclus in Tim••um, Hesy••hius.
• (a)

  Harpocration, Suidas.
• (b)

  Theseo.
• (c)

  Plato in Phaedro, Hesychius.
• (d)

  At∣ticis.
• (e)

  Arcadicis.
• (f)

  Plutarchus Theseo, & Quaest. Graec.
• (g)

  Pausanias L••••••∣nicis, Thucydid. lib. V. Suidas.
• (h)

  Pausanias Atticis, & Arcadicis, Pollux lib. VIII. cap. IX. Harpocration, Suidas.
• (a)

  Hesychius.
• (b)

  Proclus Chrestomath.
• (c)

  Hesychius.
• (a)

  Stephanus, ••indari Schol. Olymp. XIII.
• (b)

  Pausanias Laconicis.
• (c)

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 An. lib. IV. cap. XLIII.
• (d)

  Thucydides lib. II.
• (f)

  ••••••••tarchus Apophthegm.
• (g)

  Lucianus Pseudomant.
• (h)

  Pausanias Boeoticis.
• (e)

  Pythion. lib. IX.
• (a)

  De Praepar. Evangel. lib. III.
• (b)

  Pausanias Boeoticis, Proclus Chrestomathi••▪
• (a)

  Pindari Schol. Olymp. VIII.
• (b)

  Thucydides lib. III. Callimachus Hymn. in Delum. Pl••tarchus Theseo.
• (c)

  Pollux Onom. lib. I. cap. I. Hesychius.
• (a)

  Plutarchus Demetrio, Diodorus Siculus lib. XVIII. Eustathius Il. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (b)

  Pl••∣ta••c••us Lacon. Instit. & Aristide, Pausanias Laconici••, Themistius Orat. Cicero 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Quaest. II. Hyginus Fab. CCLXI.
• (a)

  Thucydides lib. I. Aristophanis Sch••••iast. Nub. Suidas.
• (b)

  Nubibus.
• (c)

  〈1 paragraph〉〈1 paragraph〉
• (d)

  Pausanias Atticis, Aelianus▪ Var. Hist. lib. VIII. cap. III. Porphyrius de Abstinent. ab Animal. Hesychius, Suidas.
• (a)

  Pausanias Laconicis.
• (b)

  Pindari Schol. Pythion. Od. XIII.
• (c)

  Etym••l••g. Eustath. Il. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (d)

  Herodotus lib. II.
• (e)

  De Iside & Osiride.
• (a)

  Suidas.
• (b)

  Pollux lib. VIII.
• (c)

  Aristophan. Schol. Ran.
• (d)

  Plutarchus 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (a)

  Thucydid. lib. II. Hesychius, Demosthen. Orat. in Neaeram, Pollux lib. VIII.
• (b)

  Loc. citat.
• (c)

  Demosthen. Orat. in Leptin.
• (d)

  Aristophanis Scholiast. Acha••••.
• (e)

  Idem in Pace.
• (f)

  Pausanias Attici••.
• (g)

  Plutarchus Themistocle.
• (a)

  Virgil. Aeneid. IV.
• (b)

  In Pace.
• (c)

  Pindari Schol. Pythion. Od. V.
• (d)

  Pau∣sanias Messenicis, Sidonius Carm. IX.
• (e)

  Hesychius.
• (f)

  Pausanias Messenicis.
• (g)

  Hesychius.
• (h)

  Suidas, Proclus in Hesiodi Dies.
• (i)

  Plutarchus Sympos. lib. VIII. Quaest. I.
• (k)

  Diebu••.
• (a)

  Suidas, aliique Lexicographi.
• (b)

  Antiph••n Orat. pro Chor••ut.
• (c)

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 Byzantinus.
• (d)

  Theseo.
• (e)

  Nubibus.
• (f)

  Strabo lib. XIV.
• (a)

  Aristophanes, ejusque Scholi••••••e•• in Vespis.
• (b)

  Idem in Pluto.
• (c)

  Pindari Scholiast. Olymp. VII, VIII.
• (d)

  Eustathius Iliad. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (e)

  Pausanias Messenicis.
• (f)

  Metamorph. XVII▪
• (a)

  Athenans 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. lib. XIV.
• (b)

  Plutarchus de Virtute Mulierum.
• (a)

  Hesychius.
• (b)

  Pausanias Boeoticis, Plutarchus Aristide.
• (a)

  Athena••s 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. lib. III.
• (b)

  Pers. Act. I. Scen. I.
• (a)

  P••llux Onom. lib X cap. LIII. 〈◊〉〈◊〉
• (a)

  Hesychius, Etymologici Auctor, Ath••n••us 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. lib. XV. Pindari Sch••li••st•••• Olympi••on. Od. XIII.
• (b)

  Hesychius.
• (c)

  Idem.
• (a)

  Idem.
• (b)

  Plutarchus de Iside & Osiride.
• (c)

  Himerius in Propempt. Fla••i••
• (d)

  Procopius in Epistola ad Zachariam.
• (e)

  Hesychius.
• (f)

  Idem.
• (g)

  Idem.
• (h)

  Idem.
• (i)

  Idem.
• (k)

  Strabo Geogr. lib. IX. Stephanus v. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (l)

  E••∣stathius sub fine Iliad. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (a)

  Plutarchus Erotic. Pausanias Boeoticis.
• (b)

  Hesychius.
• (c)

  Idem.
• (d)

  Cas∣sandra v. 153.
• (e)

  Pausanias Boeoticis.
• (f)

  Idem Arcadicis.
• (g)

  Idem Eliacis.
• (h)

  Idem Boeoticis.
• (i)

  Athenaeus 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. XIV.
• (k)

  Aeschines in Timarchum.
• (a)

  Hesychius.
• (b)

  Diogenianus.
• (c)

  Tarrhaeus.
• (d)

  Philo, Pausanias Boeotici••▪
• (e)

  Hesychius.
• (f)

  Pausanias Arcadicis.
• (g)

  Hesychius, & Phavorinus.
• (a)

  Hesychius.
• (a)

  Lycophronis Scholiastes.
• (b)

  Pollux lib. VIII. cap. IX.
• (c)

  Idem lib. I. cap. I.
• (d)

  Hesychius.
• (a)

  Quast. Grac.
• (b)

  Pausanias, Persii vetus Scholiastes, Hesychius.
• (c)

  Aristo∣phanes, e••usque Scholiastes in Ranis.
• (d)

  Lib. II.
• (a)

  Menander Rhetor cap. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (b)

  Iliad. ••.
• (c)

  Athenaus lib. III.
• (a)

  Chiliad. Histor. V. cap. XXIII.
• (a)

  Pollux lib. I. cap I.
• (b)

  Hesychius.
• (c)

  Achaïcis.
• (d)

  Olympi••n. XI.
• (e)

  Olymp. III.
• (f)

  Herodotus lib. I. Suidas.
• (g)

  Hes••chius.
• (h)

  Polybius lib. V.
• (a)

  Virgilius Aeneid. IV.
• (a)

  Thesmoph••r.
• (a)

  Plutarchus Theseo, Aristophanis Scholiastes Pluto.
• (b)

  Pluto.
• (c)

  Hesychius.
• (d)

  Idem.
• (e)

  Pausanias Eliac. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (f)

  Hesychius.
• (g)

  Athenaeus lib. VII.
• (a)

  Hesychius.
• (b)

  Stephanus Byzantinus, Pausanias Messenicis.
• (g)

  Hesychius.
• (c)

  Tzetzes in Lycophronem.
• (d)

  Pausanias Atticis.
• (e)

  Pausanias Laconicis.
• (f)

  ••indari Scho∣liastes Olymp. VII.
• (a)

  Diodorus Siculus lib. I.
• (b)

  Isacius Tzetzes in Lycophronis Cassandr. v. 42.
• (c)

  Diodorus Siculu•• Bibl. lib. V.
• (d)

  Plato Euthydemo, Hesychius.
• (e)

  Hesychius.
• (f)

  Homeri Scholiastes Iliad. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (a)

  Athenaeus 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. lib. XIII.
• (b)

  Idem ibid.
• (c)

  Etymolog. Auctor.
• (d)

  Aleman.
• (e)

  Hesychius.
• (f)

  Theocriti Scholiastes.
• (g)

  Demetrius.
• (h)

  Plu∣tarchus Nicia.
• (i)

  Athenaus lib. IV. Callimachi Hymn. in Apoll. Pindarus Py∣thion.
• (a)

  Pausanias Laconicis.
• (b)

  Lucianu•• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (c)

  Pausa••ias Corinthiacis.
• (d)

  Idem Ar••adicis.
• (e)

  Plutarchus These••
• (f)

  He••ychius.
• (a)

  Synesius in Encomio calvitii, Su••••••, Iuvenalis Satir. II.
• (b)

  Plutarch••s Proverb.
• (c)

  Aristophanis Scholiastes Nubibus, Hesychius.
• (d)

  Porphyrius apud The••∣doretum lib. VII. Graec. affect.
• (e)

  Plutarchus Theseo.
• (f)

  Athenaus lib. III.
• (a)

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. lib. XIII.
• (b)

  Paus••nias Ach••icis.
• (c)

  Apollonii Scholiaste•• lib. IV.
• (d)

  Pausanias Laconicis.
• (e)

  Pau••anias Achaicis.
• (a)

  Idem Laconicis.
• (b)

  De Antro Nympharum.
• (c)

  Pausanias Corinthia••. Arcad. Inscriptio Vetus.
• (d)

  Aristophanis Scholiastes Equitibus, Diogenes La••rtius Platone.
• (a)

  Pausanias Corinthiacis.
• (b)

  Idem Achaicis.
• (c)

  Plutarchus Caesare, Pausa∣••in Arcadicis, Porphyrius 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Hyginus Fab. CLXXIII.
• (d)

  Plutarch. ••••••go, Strabo lib. VIII.
• (e)

  Plutarchus Lysandro, Hesychius.
• (a)

  Libro 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (b)

  Isocrates in Helenae Encomio, Pausanias Laconici••.
• (c)

  Hesychius.
• (d)

  Plutarchus de Exilio, Harpocration, Suidas.
• (e)

  Herod••tus lib. VI.
• (a)

  Pindari Scholiastes Isthm. Od. I.
• (b)

  Thucydides initio lib. III.
• (c)

  Plutarch. de Gloria Atheniens. Harpocration, Etymologici Auctor, Suidas, Eustathius Il. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (d)

  Pollux lib. I. cap. I. Aeschines in Timarchum, Pausanias Boeoticis, Diodorus Sic. lib. XVII. Plutarchus Erotico.
• (e)

  Pausanias fine Achaicorum.
• (a)

  Apollonii Rhodii Scholiastes lib. I. v. 164.
• (b)

  Suidas.
• (c)

  Hesychius.
• (d)

  He∣liodorus Aethiopic. initio lib. III.
• (e)

  Plutarchus de Virtut. Mulierum.
• (f)

  Ly∣cophr••n Cassandra.
• (a)

  Plutarchus de Gloria Atheniensium.
• (b)

  Proclus in Timaeum Comment. I.
• (c)

  Homeri Scholiastes Od. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Eustathius Od. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 & 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Demosthenes in A••istogit. T••eo∣phrastus Ethic. Charact. Etymologici Auctor, Hesychius, Herodotus lib. VIII. & Vit. H••meri.
• (d)

  Hesychius, Livius lib. XL. Curtius lib. X▪
• (a)

  Thucydides lib. II. Plutarchus Theseo.
• (b)

  Pausanias Boeoticis.
• (c)

  The••crit•• Scholiastes Idyll. VII.
• (d)

  Harpocration, Hesychius.
• (a)

  ••ausanias Atticis, A••he••aeus lib. XI. Hesychius, Nicandri Schol. Alexiph••rmacis.
• (a)

  Hesychius.
• (b)

  Strabo lib. IX. Pausanias Boeoticis.
• (a)

  Equitibus.
• (a)

  Theodoretus VII. Therap.
• (b)

  Suidas.
• (c)

  Etymologici Auctor, Suidas.
• (d)

  A∣thenagoras in Apologia, Hesychius.
• (a)

  Aeneas Tacticus Poliorcet. cap. XVII. Pr••clus in Hesiod. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (b)

  Eusta∣thius Iliad. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (c)

  Herodotus lib. I. Strabo lib. V. Eustathius Iliad. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (d)

  Il. XX.
• (e)

  Herodotus lib. VI. cap. CVI.
• (a)

  Theocriti Scholiastes Idyll: VII.
• (b)

  Eustathius Odyss. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (c)

  Pausanias La∣••••nici••.
• (d)

  Lib. XIV.
• (a)

  Hesychius.
• (b)

  Idem.
• (c)

  Hesychius, Plutarchus Alcibiade, Athenaeus lib. III. Pollux lib. VIII. cap. XII.
• (a)

  Pausanias Boeoticis.
• (b)

  Hesychius.
• (c)

  Hesychius, Suidas, Aristophanis Schol. Equitibus.
• (a)

  Vide Annotationes nostras in Plutarchum De Audiendis Poetis.
• (b)

  Hesy∣c••ius.
• (c)

  Athenaeu•• lib. XV.
• (d)

  Aristophanis Scholiastes Ranis.
• (e)

  Harpocration, Suidas.
• (f)

  Hesychius.
• (g)

  Di••dorus Siculus lib. XV.
• (a)

  Pindari Scholiastes Isthm. Od. I. Lucianus Deor. Concil.
• (b)

  Harpocration, ••lutarchus Theseo, Hesychius.
• (a)

  Strabo lib. IX.
• (b)

  Pausanias Corinthiacis.
• (c)

  Hippocratis Epistola ad S. P. Q. Abderitan.
• (d)

  Athenaeus init. lib. VII.
• (e)

  Clemens Protrept. Arno∣bius lib. V.
• (f)

  Diodorus Siculus lib. IV. Aristophanis Scholiastes Vespis, Harpo∣cration.
• (a)

  Pausanias Corinthiacis.
• (b)

  Pluta••chus Solone.
• (c)

  Plutarchus Graec. Quaest.
• (d)

  He••ychius.
• (e)

  Aristophanis Scholi••stes Concionat. Harpocration, Suidas.
• (a)

  Pausanias Arcadicis, Pollux lib. VIII. cap. XXXIII.
• (b)

  Theocriti Scholiastes Idyl. VII.
• (c)

  Hesychius, Suidas.
• (d)

  Athen••us lib. VI.
• (e)

  Pausanias Arcadicis.
• (a)

  Epistola ad Dionis propinquos.
• (b)

  Orat. in Verrem IV.
• (c)

  Hes••chius.
• (d)

  Idem.
• (e)

  Lib. X.
• (f)

  Hesychius.
• (g)

  Idem.
• (a)

  Athenaeus lib. IV. Hesychius.
• (b)

  Moschopulus Collect. Dict. Attic.
• (c)

  Pindari Scholiastes Olymp. Od. VII.
• (d)

  Lib. XV.
• (a)

  Lucianus Scytha.
• (b)

  Pausanias Achaicis.
• (c)

  Etymologici Auctor.
• (d)

  Pin∣dari Scholiastes Olymp. Od. VII.
• (e)

  Pausanias Corinthiacis.
• (f)

  Idem Laconicis, Hesychius.
• (a)

  Lib. IV.
• (b)

  Plutarchus de Virt. Mulier. Polyaenus lib. VIII.
• (c)

  Etymolo∣gici Auctor, Suidas.
• (d)

  Pindari Scholiastes Nemeon. Od. V.
• (a)

  Athenaeus lib. III.
• (b)

  Idem lib. VII.
• (c)

  Odyss. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (d)

  Suidas.
• (e)

  A∣ristophanis Scholiastes Nubibus.
• (f)

  Plutarchus Lucullo.
• (g)

  Plutarchus in Colotem, Hesychius.
• (h)

  Eustathius Iliad. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Suidas, Harpocration, Etymologici Auctor.
• (a)

  Parthenius Erot. XXXII.
• (b)

  Graec. Quaest.
• (c)

  Eustathius Odyss. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (d)

  Pl••∣tarchus de Gloria Atheniens.
• (a)

  Hesychius.
• (b)

  Idem.
• (c)

  Athenaeus lib. VIII.
• (d)

  Corinthiacis.
• (a)

  Callimachi Scholiastes Hymn. in Dian. Athena••us lib. XIV.
• (b)

  Stephanus By∣zantinus v. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (c)

  Hesychius, Eustathius I••. ••. Pausanias Articis.
• (d)

  Oedip. Colon.
• (e)

  Hesychius.
• (a)

  Clemens Protrept. Arnobius lib. V.
• (b)

  Hesychius.
• (c)

  Athenaus lib XIV.