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On the Seventh Day (h) 1.1 of every Lunar Month, in honour of Apollo, to whom all Seventh Days were sacred; because one of them was his Birth-day; whence he was sometimes call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (i) 1.2; the Story we have in Hesiod (k) 1.3,
At this Solemnity the Athenians sung Hymns to Apollo, and carry'd in their Hands Branches of Lawrel, with which also they adorn'd their Dishes.—〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.—The seventh Day is sacred, 'Cause Phoebus then was of Latona was born.
Another Festival there was of this Name, which Private Families observ'd upon the Seventh Day after the Birth of a Child; but of this I shall give account in it's own place.
The Day in which the Magistrates at Athens entered upon their Offices (a) 1.4; upon which it was customary for them to offer a So∣lemn Sacrifice, praying for the Preservation, and Prosperity of the Common-wealth, in the Temple, or Hall of Iupiter 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and Mi∣nerva 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the Counsellers (b) 1.5.
To Iupiter, sirnam'd Hecalus, or Hecalesius, from Hecale, one of the Burrough-towns of the Leontian Tribe in Attica (c) 1.6; or from an old Woman call'd Hecale, by whom he had a Statue erected. This He∣cale, (as Plutarch (d) 1.7 reports), when Theseus was upon his Expeditio•• against the Marathonian Bull, entertain'd him with all possible ex∣pressions of Kindness, and Respect, making Prayers and Vows to the Gods for his safe Return. Theseus came off with Victory, and Hono••••▪ but at his Return, finding old Hecale dead, and being thereby preven•••••• from expressing his Thankfulness to her, he order'd that her Memo••y should be held Sacred, and honour'd at this Solemnity, in which she 〈◊〉〈◊〉 call'd, by a diminution of her Name, Hecalene; because she had a••∣costed Theseus after that manner, calling him 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which is •• very usual Mode of Speech, when Aged Persons design to exp•••••••• their Love and Tenderness to the Younger sort: So Streps••ades in A••••∣stophanes (e) 1.8 calls his Son Phidippides, by the diminutive Name of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
An Anniversary Solemnity observ'd in honour of Hecale, by the ••••••∣tonicensians, who were wont to assemble at this Time in great n••••∣bers (f) 1.9.
The Athenians also had a great Veneration for this Goddess, be∣lieving that she was the Over-seer of their Families, and protected their Children; whence it was customary to erect Statues to her before the Doors of their Houses, which from the Goddess's Name were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (a) 1.10. Every New-moon there was a Publick Entertainment provided at the Charge of the Richer sort, which was no sooner brought to the accustomed place, but the poor People carry'd all off, giving out that Hecate had devour'd it (b) 1.11; whence it was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Hecate's Supper. This was done in a place where three Ways met, because this Goddess was suppos'd to have a threefold Na∣ture, or three Offices, in allusion to which she was known by three Names, being call'd in the Infernal Regions, Hecate; in Heaven 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or the Moon; and upon Earth, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Diana: whence it is, that we find a great many Names attributed to her, deriv'd from the num∣ber Three, or bearing some Relation to it; as 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Trivia, Tergemina, Tritonia, with several others.
A Festival (c) 1.12 celebrated in honour of Iuno, by the Argians, and Aeginensians, who were a Colony from Argos. It was so call'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which signifies a Sacrifice, consisting of an hundred Oxen; it being usual upon the first Day of this Solemnity to offer so many 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Iuno, the Reliques of all which were distributed amongst the Ci∣tizens. There were also at this Time Publick Sports, first instituted by Archinus, one of the Kings of Argos; the Prize was a Brazen Shield, ••nd a Crown of Myrtle.
There was also an Anniversary Sacrifice call'd by this name in Laconia, and offer'd for the Preservation of the hundred Cities, which flourish'd 〈◊〉〈◊〉 one time in that Countrey (d) 1.13.
A Solemn Sacrifice to Iupiter, offer'd by the Messenians, when any of them kill'd an hundred Enemies (e) 1.14.
A Festival observ'd by the Phaestians, in honour of La••ona, upon this account, as it is deliver'd by Antoninus Liberalis (f) 1.15: Galate••, the Daughter of Eurytius, was marry'd to Lamprus, the Son of Pan∣••••••n, a Citizen of Phaestus in Crete; who being of an honourable ••amily, but wanting an Estate answerable to his Birth, and being un∣able
to provide competent Fortunes for Daughters, gave order to his Wife, that if she was brought to bed of a Daughter, she should im∣mediately put her to Death. This done, he went to look after hi•• Flock, and before his Return Galatea was deliver'd of a Daughter, but being overcome by Maternal Affection, resolv'd to disobey her Husband's cruel Command; wherefore to secure the Infant, she call'd it Leucippus, telling her Husband it was a Boy: At length, being no longer able to conceal the Artifice, she fled for succour to Latona's Temple, where with abundance of earnestness she entreated the Goddess, that, if it was possible, her Virgin might be transform'd into a Boy; Latona mov'd with Compassion, granted her Request; whence she was by the Phaestians call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. because the Maid chang'd her Sex; and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. because she put off her Woman's Apparel.
In honour of Diana, sirnam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the Huntress, for which reason a Cake made in the form of a Deer, and upon that ac∣count call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, was offer'd to her (a) 1.16. This Festival was insti∣tuted upon this Occasion: The Phocensians being reduc'd to the la•••• extremity by the Thessalians, and disdaining to submit to them, Daïphantus propos'd that a vast pile of combustible matter should be erected, upon which they should place their Wives, Children, and their whole Substance; and in case they were defeated, set all on 〈◊〉〈◊〉 together, that nothing might come into the hands of their Enemies. But it being judg'd by no means reasonable so to dispose of the Women without their consent, they summon'd them to the Publick Assembly; where being met in a full Body, the Proposal was no sooner offer'd to them, than with unanimous consent they gave the•••• Approbation of it, applauding Daïphantus, and decreeing him a Crown, in Reward of so generous and noble a Contrivance; the Boys also are said to have met, and consented to it: Things being in this posture, they went to meet their Enemies, whom they ••••∣gag'd with such Fury, and Resolution, that those, by whom they ha•• just before been reduc'd to extream Despair, were routed, and e••∣tirely defeated by them (b) 1.17. In memory of which Victory, this Fe∣stival was instituted, and observ'd with more Solemnity, and ••••e∣quented by greater numbers of Worshippers, than any other in that Countrey. Here you may take notice of the Proverb 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉▪ i. e. Phocensian Despair, which is apply'd to Persons lost beyond all hopes of Recovery, and is said to have taken it's original from this Story.
A Festival instituted by the Laconians, in memory of Helena (a) 1.18, to whom they gave the honour of a Temple, and Divine Worship. It was celebrated by Virgins riding upon Mules, or in certain Cha∣riots compos'd of Reeds, or Bull-rushes, and call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
At Plataeae (b) 1.19, to Iupiter Eleutherius, or the Assertor of Liberty, by Delegates from almost all the Cities of Greece. It was instituted upon this account: Mardonius, the Persian General, being defeated in the Territories of Plataeae, by the Grecians under the conduct of Pausa∣••••as the Spartan; the Plataeans erected an Altar, and a Statue of white Marble to Iupiter Eleutherius, by whose Assistance they suppos'd the Gre∣••i••ns had asserted the Liberties of Greece, against the Forces of the Bar∣barians: and a general Assembly being summon'd from all parts of Greece, Aristides the Athenian propos'd, that Deputies might be sent every fifth Year from the Cities of Greece, to celebrate 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the Games of Liberty; which was agree'd upon, and great Prizes appointed to be contended for.
The Plataeans also kept an Anniversary Solemnity, in memory of those that had valiantly lost their Lives in Defence of their Coun∣try's Liberty; of which the manner was thus: On the sixteenth of the Month Maemacterion, which with the Boeotians is Alalcomenius, a Procession was made, beginning about Break of Day; it was led by a Trumpeter, sounding a Point of War; then follow'd certain Cha∣••••ots loaden with Myrrh, Garlands, and a black Bull; after these came young Men Free-born, it not being permitted any Person of Servile Condition to assist at any part of this Solemnity, because the Men, in whose memory it was instituted, dy'd in Defence of the Liberty of Greece; these carry'd Libations of Wine, and Milk, in large two-••ar'd Vessels, and Jars of Oyl, and precious Ointments: Last of all came the Chief Magistrate, for whom tho' it was unlawful at other times to touch any thing of Iron, or wear Garments of any Colour but White, yet he was then clad in a Purple Robe, and taking a Water∣pot out of the City-Chamber, proceeded with a Sword in his Hand through the middle of the Town, to the Sepulcres: Then he drew Water out of a neighbouring Spring, and wash'd, and anointed the Monuments; then sacrific'd the Bull upon a pile of Wood, making Sup∣plication to Infernal Mercury, and Iupiter, and invited the Souls of those Valiant Heroes, that lost their Lives in the Defence of their Countrey, to the Entertainment; then filling a Bowl with Wine, said, I drink to those, that lost their Lives for the Liberty of Greece. These Solemnities, Plu∣tarch telleth us, were observ'd till his Days.
Another Festival of this Name was observ'd by the Samians, in ho∣nour of the God of Love (a) 1.20.
It was also customary for Slaves to keep a Holy-day call'd by this Name, when they obtain'd Liberty. To which Custom there is an Allusion in Plautus (b) 1.21, who introduces a Slave nam'd Toxilus, re∣joycing that his Master was gone from Home, and promising him∣self as much Pleasure, as if he had obtain'd Freedom; whence he makes him to say,
Basilice agi••o Eleutheria—
This Solemnity was observ'd by the Celeans, and Phliasians every fourth Year; by the Pheneatae also, the Lacedaemonians, Parrhas••a••••, and Cretans; but more especially by the Athenians every fifth Year, at Eleusis a Burrough-Town of Attica, from whence it was tran∣slated to Rome by Adrian the Emperour, and never totally abolish'd till the Reign of the Elder Theodosius. It was the most celebrated, and Mysterious Solemnity of any in Greece, whence it is often call'd, by way of Eminence, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the Mysteries, without any other Note of Distinction; and so superstitiously careful were they to con∣ceal the Sacred Rites, that if any Person divulg'd any part of them, he was thought to have call'd down some Divine Judgment upon his Head, and it was accounted unsafe to abide in the same Ho•••••• with him; wherefore he was apprehended as a publick offender, and suffered Death. Every thing contain'd some hidden Mystery, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 her self (to whom with her Daughter Proserpina this Solemnity was sacred) was not call'd by her own Name, but by the unusual Title of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which seems to be deriv'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Grief, or Hea∣viness, because of her Sorrow for the loss of her Daughter, when she was stoln by Pluto. This Secrecy was strictly enjoyn'd not only in Attica, but all other places of Greece, where this Fe∣stival was observ'd, except Crete; insomuch that if any Person, that was not lawfully Initiated, did but out of Ignorance, or Mista•••• chance to be present at the Mysterious Rites, he was put to Dea••••▪ It is said by some to have been first instituted by Ceres her self, wh•••• she had supply'd the Athenians with Corn, in a Time of grievo••s Famine. Others attribute both those Facts to King Erectheus: Some will have it to have been instituted by Musaeus, the Father of E••••••∣pus; others by Eumolpus himself.
Persons of both Sexes, and all Ages were Initiated at this So∣lemnity; nor was it a thing indifferent whether they would be so▪ or no; for the Neglect of it was look'd upon as a Crime of a very
heinous Nature; insomuch that it was one part of the Accusation, for which Socrates was condemn'd to Death. All Persons Initiated were thought to live in a state of greater Happiness and Security than other Men, being under the more immediate Care, and Protection of the Goddesses: Nor did the Benefit of it extend only to this Life, but after Death too they enjoy'd (as was believ'd) far greater degrees of Felicity than others, and were honour'd with the first Places in the Elysian Shades; whereas others (poor Souls!) were forc'd to lye, and wallow in perpetual Dirt, Stink, and Nastiness.
But since the Benefits of Initiation were so vastly great, no wonder if they were very cautious what Persons they admitted to it: There∣fore such, as were convicted of Witchcraft, or any other heinous Crime, or had committed Murder, tho' against their Wills, were debarr'd from these Mysteries; and tho' in later Ages all Persons, Barbarians excepted, were admitted to them, yet in the Primitive Times the Athenians excluded all Strangers, that is, all that were not Members of their own Common-wealth, some Eminent and Extraordinary Persons excepted; such were Hercules, Castor, Pollux, Aesculapius, and some others. Nor were these admitted to the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Greater Mysteries, but only to the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Less, which were sacred to Pro∣s••rpin••, and first instituted on this Account: On a Time, when the Athenians were celebrating the accustom'd Solemnity, Hercules hap∣pening to go that way, desir'd he might be Initiated; but it being unlawful for any Stranger to enjoy that Privilege, and yet Hercules being a Person that by reason of his great Power, and the extraor∣dinary Services he had done for them, could not be deny'd; Eu∣••••lpus thought of an Expedient, wereby to satisfy the Heroe's Re∣quest, without violating the Laws; which he did, by instituting an∣other Solemnity, which was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or the Lesser Mysteries; which were afterwards solemnly observ'd in the Month Anthesterion, at Agrae, a Place near the River Ilissus; whereas the Greater were celebrated in the Month Boedromion at Eleusis, an Attick Burrough, from which Ceres was call'd Eleusinia. In later Times the Lesser Festival was us'd as a Preparative to the Greater; for no Persons were Initiated in the Greater, unless they had been purify'd at the Lesser; the manner of which Purification was thus: Having kept themselves chaft and unpolluted nine Days, they came and offer'd Sacrifices, and Prayers, wearing Crowns and Garlands of Flowers, which were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; they had also under their Feet 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Iupiter's Skin, which was the Skin of a Victim offer'd to that God. The Person that assisted them herein, was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Water, which was us'd at most Purifications, but they were nam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Persons Initiated.
About a Year after, having sacrific'd a Sow to Ceres, they were admitted to the Greater Mysteries, the Secret Rites of which (some few excepted, to which none but Priests were conscious) were frankly
reveal'd to them; whence they were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Inspectors. The manner of Initiation was thus: The Candidates being crown'd with Myrtle, had admittance by Night into a place call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the Mystical Temple, which was an Edifice so vast and capacious, that the most ample Theater did scarce exceed it. At their entrance, they purify'd themselves by washing their Hands in Holy-water, and at the same time were admonished, to present them∣selves with Minds pure and undefil'd, without which the external Cl••anness of the Body would by no means be accepted. After this the Holy Mysteries were read to them out of a Book, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which word is deriv'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. a Stone, because the Book was nothing else but two Stones fitly cemented together. Then the Priest that Initiated them, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, propos'd certain Que∣stions, as, Whether they were fasting, &c. to which they return'd An∣swers in a set Form, as may be seen in Meursius's Treatise on this Festival, to which I refer the Reader. This done, strange and amazing Objects presented themselves, sometimes the place they were in, seem'd to shake round them, sometimes appear'd bright and resplendent with Light, and radiant Fire, and then again cover'd with black Dark∣ness, and Horrour; sometimes Thunder, and Lightning, sometimes frightful Noises, and Bellowings, sometimes terrible Apparitions asto∣nish'd the trembling Spectators: The being present at these Sights was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Intuition. After this, they were dismiss'd in these Words, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Garments in which they were Initiated, were accounted sacred, and of no less efficacy to avert Evils, than Charms, and Incantations: wherefore they never cast them off, till they were torn and tatter'd Rags; nor was it then usual to throw them away, but they made Swadling-cloths of them for their Chil∣dren, or consecrated them to Ceres, and Proserpina.
The chief Person that attended at the Initiation, was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. a Revealer of holy Things: He was always a Citizen of Athens, and held his Office during Life (tho' amongst the Celeans, and Phliasians it was customary for him to resign his Place every fourth Year, which was the Time of this Festival) he was farther oblig'd to devote him∣self wholly to Divine Service, and to live a chaste and single Life; to which end, it was usual for him to anoint himself with the Juice of Hemlock, which by it's extreme Coldness is said to extinguish, in a great measure, the Natural Heat. The Hierophantes had three Assi∣stants, the first of which was call'd from his Office 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Torch-bearer, and to him it was permitted to marry. The second was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, of whose Office I have already given an Account. The third ministred at the Altar, and was for that reason nam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Hierophantes is said to have been a Type of the Great Creatour of all Things; 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, of the Sun; 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, of Mercury; and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, of the Moon.
There were also certain publick Officers, whose business it was to take care that all things were perform'd according to Custom. First, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. The King, who was one of the Archons, and was oblig'd at this Solemnity to offer Prayers, and Sacrifices, to see that no Indecency, or Irregularity was committed, and the Day following the Mysteries, to assemble the Senate, and take cognizance of all Offenders in that kind. Beside the King, there were four 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Curators, elected by the People; one of them was appointed out of the Sacred Family of the Eumolpidae, another out of the Ce∣ryces, and the remaining two out of the other Citizens. There were also ten Persons, that assisted at this, and some other Solemnities, and were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because it was their Business to offer Sacri∣fices.
This Festival was celebrated in Boedromion, and continu'd nine Days, beginning upon the fifteenth, and ending upon the twenty-third Day of that Month; during which Time, it was unlawful to arrest any Man, or present any Petition; and such as were found guilty of these Practises, were fin'd a thousand Drachms, or (as others report) put to Death. It was also unlawful for those that were Initiated, to sit upon the Covering of a Well, or to eat Beans, Mullets, or Weazles. And if any Woman rode in a Chariot to Eleusis, she was by an Edict of Lycurgus oblig'd to pay six thousand Drachms.
1. The first Day was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. an Assembly; because, it may be, then the Worshippers first met together.
2. The second was nam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. to the Sea, you that are Initiated; because (I suppose) they were commanded to purify them∣selves by washing in the Sea.
3. Upon the third they offer'd Sacrifices, which consisted chiefly of an Aexonian Mullet, in Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and Barley out of Rharium, a Field of Eleusis, in which that sort of Corn was first sown. These Oblations were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and accounted so Sacred, that the Priests themselves were not (as was usual in other Offerings) allow'd to partake of them.
4. Upon the fourth they made a solemn Procession, wherein the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Holy Basket of Ceres, was carry'd in a consecrated Cart; Crowds of People shouting as they went along, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. All Happiness to Ceres. After these follow'd certain Women call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, who (as the Name implies) carry'd certain Baskets: In thes•• were contain'd Sesamin, carded Wooll, some grains of Salt, a Ser∣pent, Pomegranates, Reeds, Ivy-boughs, a sort of Cakes call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Poppys, &c.
5. The fifth was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the Torch-day; because the Night following it, the Men, and Women ran about with Torches in their Hands. It was also customary to dedicate Torches
to Ceres, and contend who should present the biggest; which was done in memory of Ceres's Journey, wherein she sought Proserpina, being con∣ducted by the light of a Torch, kindled in the Flames of Aetna.
6. The sixth Day was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from Iacchus, the Son of Iu∣piter and Ceres, that accompany'd the Goddess in her Search after Pro∣serpina, with a Torch in his Hand; whence it is, that his Statue held a Torch. This Statue was carry'd from the Ceramicus to Eleusis in a solemn Procession, call'd, after the Heroe's Name, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Persons that accompany'd it, had their Heads crown'd with Myrtle, as also had the Statue, and were nam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and all the way danc'd, and sung, and beat brazen Kettles. The Way by which they issu'd out of the City, was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the Sacred Way: The Resting-place 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from a Fig-tree, which grew there, and was (like all other things concern'd in this Solemnity) accounted Sacred. It was also customary to rest upon a Bridge built over the River Cephissus, and make themselves merry by jesting upon thos•• that pass'd by; whence 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, being deriv'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. •• Bridge, is by Suidas expounded 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. mocking, or jeering▪ and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 are by Hesychius interpreted 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Scoffer••. Having pass'd this Bridge, they went to Eleusis, the way into which was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the Mystical Entrance.
7. Upon the seventh Day were Sports, in which the Victors were rewarded with a Measure of Barley, that Grain being first sown 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Eleusis.
8. The eighth was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because it once hap∣pen'd that Aesculapius, coming from Epidaurus to Athens, and desiring to be Initiated, had the Lesser Mysteries repeated: Whence it beca••e customary to celebrate them a second time upon this Day, and ad∣mit to Initiation such Persons as had not before enjoy'd that Pri∣vilege.
9. The ninth, and last Day of the Festival was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 i. e. Earthen Vessels: because it was usual to fill two such Vessels with Wine, one of which being plac'd towards the East, and the other towards the West; after the Repetition of certain Mystical Word••, they were both thrown down, and the Wine being spilt upon the Ground, was offer'd as a Libation.
An Athenian Festival (a) 1.22, so call'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Vessels made of Bull-rushes, with Ears of Willow, in which certain Mysterio•••• things were carry'd upon this Day.
Two Festivals (a) 1.23, one of which was celebrated in Crete, in honour of Europa, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which was either a Phoenician Name, or deriv'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. from Europa's ravishment by Iupiter in the form of a Bull. At this time Europa's Bones were car∣ry'd in Procession, with a Myrtle Garland call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which was no less than twenty Cubits in Circumference.
The other Festival was celebrated by the Corinthians with solemn Games, and Races, wherein young Men contended, running with lighted Torches in their hands. It was instituted in honour of Miner∣va, Sirnam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. from a certain Pond in Marathon, where one of her Statues was erected: Or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. because by her assistance Bellerophon caught Pegasus, the winged Horse, and brought him under command, which some take to be the first reason of the Celebration of this Festival; others are of opinion, that this Name was given to the Goddess from one Hellotis, a Corinthian Woman; the Story runs thus: The Dorians, being assisted by the posterity of Hercules, made an Invasion upon Pe∣••••ponnesus, where they took, and burn'd Corinth; most of the Wo∣men took care to secure themselves by an early Flight, only some ••ew, amongst whom were Hellotis, and Eurytione, betook themselves to Minerva's Temple, hoping, that the sanctity of the Place would be sufficient protection for them: No sooner had this reach'd the Dorians Ears, but they set Fire to the Temple, and all the rest making a shift to escape, Hellotis, and Eurytione perish'd in the Flames. Upon this ensu'd a dreadful Plague, which prov'd very fatal to the Dorians; and the remedy prescrib'd by the Goddess, was, to appease the Ghosts of the two deceas'd Sisters; whereupon they instituted this Festival in memory of them, and erected a Temple to Min••rva, sirnam'd, from on•• of them, Hellotis.
Games in Sicily, near the River Helorus (b) 1.24.
At Athens (c) 1.25.
Or rather (according to Meursius's conjecture) 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, was a Fe∣stival
in honour of Enyalius (a) 1.26, whom some will have to be the same with Mars; Others, only one of his Ministers.
To Ceres nam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (b) 1.27, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. grief, in memory of her sorrow, when she had lost her Daughter Proserpina.
Private Festivals, and Times of rejoycing, when a Friend, or Rela∣tion was return'd from a Iourney (c) 1.28.
A Delphian Festival, in memory of a Iourney of Apollo (d) 1.29.
In honour of Apollo (e) 1.30.
An Athenian Festival, in honour of Ceres (f) 1.31.
Another of Ceres's Festivals, observ'd by the Laconians (g) 1.32.
A Day of rejoycing after Victory.
A Rhodian Festival (h) 1.33.
A Spartan Festival (i) 1.34.
At Scira in Attica, in honour of Ceres and Proserpina (k) 1.35.
By the Thespians, in honour of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Cupid, the God of Lo•••• (l) 1.36.
This Festival seems to be the same with the former, for it was observ'd by the Thespians in honour of Cupid (a) 1.37; being celebrated every fifth year with Sports, and Games, wherein Musicians, and others con∣tended. If any Quarrels had happen'd amongst the People, it was usual at this time to offer Sacrifices, and Prayers to the God, that he would put an end to them.
A Laconian Festival, in honour of Hercules (b) 1.38; being (I suppose) in∣••••ituted in memory of his Labours, for Labour is by the Greeks call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
I would rather call it 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, for this Festival belong'd to Ce∣res (c) 1.39, whom we find sirnam'd Hercynna in Lycophron (d) 1.40; which Title ••as given her from Hercynna, the Daughter of Trophonius, and Play-••ellow of Proserpina (e) 1.41.
A Festival observ'd in honour of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Mer••••••y, by the Phe∣••••••ae in Arcadia (f) 1.42, and the Cyllenians in Elis (g) 1.43.
Another we find observ'd by the Tangraeans in Boeotia (h) 1.44, where Mer∣cury was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. the Ram-bearer, and represented with a Ram upon his Shoulder, because he is said in a time of Plague to have walk'd about the City in that Posture, and cur'd the Sick; in memory of which Action, it was customary for one of the most beauti∣ful Youths in the City to walk round the City-walls with a Lamb, or Ram upon his Shoulders.
A Festival of the same Name was also observ'd in Crete, where it was usual for the servants to sit down at Table, whilst their Masters stood by, and waited (i) 1.45; which custom was also practis'd at the Roman Saturnalia.
Another of Mercury's Festivals was observ'd by Boys in the Schools of Exercise at Athens (k) 1.46; at which no adult Persons were allow'd to be present, beside the Gymnasiarch; who, if convicted of having admitted any, underwent the same punishment with those that cor∣rupted free-born Youth: The occasion of which Law seems to have been the foul and not to be nam'd Lust, and Wantonness, that were practis'd in former Times at this Solemnity.
Solemn Sacrifices to Vesta (a) 1.47, call'd in Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, of which it was unlawful to carry away, or communicate any part to any be∣side the Worshippers: whence 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. to sacrifice to Vesta, is Proverbially apply'd to such as do any thing in private without Spectators (b) 1.48; or rather to covetous Misers, that will not part with any thing they are once possess'd of (c) 1.49.
To the Furi••s (d) 1.50, who were by the Athenians call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Venerable Goddesses; by the Sicyonians, and others, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, i. e. Favourable, or Propitious; out of an Opinion that their true Names were unlucky Omens. This Festival was observ'd once every Year with Sacrifices, wherein pregnant Ews, Cakes made by the most Eminent of the Young Men, and a Libation of Honey and Wine were offer'd to the Goddesses, the Worshippers being deck'd with Flowers. At Athens none had Admission to these Solemnities but Free-born Denizons; and of them, those only that were of known Virtue and Integrity, for such alone could be acceptable to these Deities, whose peculiar Office it was to revenge and punish all sorts of Impiety.
To Ceres (e) 1.51.
A Spartan Festival, mentioned in an old Inscription.
An Anniversary Solemnity observ'd by the Phigaleans in Arcaedia (f) 1.52, who offer'd Sacrifices, both in Publick, and Private, to Euryno••••, who had in this place a Temple, that was never open, but upon this Day. This Eurynome was (as some are of Opinion) the same with Diana; or (according to others) one of Oceanus's Daughters, mention'd in Homer, where she is said to have assisted in entertaining Vulcan.
Horse-races in Laconia (g) 1.53.
Suidas, Proclus in Hesiodi Dies.
Plutarchus Sympos. lib. VIII. Quaest. I.
Diebu••.
Suidas, aliique Lexicographi.
Antiph••n Orat. pro Chor••ut.
〈◊〉〈◊〉 Byzantinus.
Theseo.
Nubibus.
Strabo lib. XIV.
Aristophanes, ejusque Scholi••••••e•• in Vespis.
Idem in Pluto.
Pindari Scholiast. Olymp. VII, VIII.
Eustathius Iliad. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
Pausanias Messenicis.
Metamorph. XVII▪
Athenans 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. lib. XIV.
Plutarchus de Virtute Mulierum.
Hesychius.
Pausanias Boeoticis, Plutarchus Aristide.
Athena••s 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. lib. III.
Pers. Act. I. Scen. I.
P••llux Onom. lib X cap. LIII. 〈◊〉〈◊〉
Hesychius, Etymologici Auctor, Ath••n••us 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. lib. XV. Pindari Sch••li••st•••• Olympi••on. Od. XIII.
Hesychius.
Idem.
Idem.
Plutarchus de Iside & Osiride.
Himerius in Propempt. Fla••i••
Procopius in Epistola ad Zachariam.
Hesychius.
Idem.
Idem.
Idem.
Idem.
Strabo Geogr. lib. IX. Stephanus v. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
E••∣stathius sub fine Iliad. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
Plutarchus Erotic. Pausanias Boeoticis.
Hesychius.
Idem.
Cas∣sandra v. 153.
Pausanias Boeoticis.
Idem Arcadicis.
Idem Eliacis.
Idem Boeoticis.
Athenaeus 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. XIV.
Aeschines in Timarchum.
Hesychius.
Diogenianus.
Tarrhaeus.
Philo, Pausanias Boeotici••▪
Hesychius.
Pausanias Arcadicis.
Hesychius, & Phavorinus.