Archæologiæ Græcæ, or, The antiquities of Greece by John Potter ...

CHAPTER VIII. Of the City of Athens, and it's Walls, Gates, Streets, Buildings, &c.

THE City of Athens, when it Flourish'd in it's greatest Splendor, was one of the fairest and largest Cities of all Greece, being, says Aristides, a Day's journey in Compass (e) 1.1. But this seems to be rather a Rhetorical Flourish, than a just and true Account; for ac∣cording to the most exact computation, the whole Circuit of it con∣tain'd no more than CLXXVIII. Stadia, that is, something above two and twenty Roman Miles.

But many were the changes of Government, and Fortune, which it underwent, before it arriv'd to this Pitch of Greatness, for at the first, that which was afterwards the Cittadel, was the whole City, and was call'd Cecropia, from it's first Founder Cecrops, who, they say, was the first that invented the manner of Building Cities, and therefore the Athenians, Proud of every little pretence to Antiquity, us'd to call it by way of Eminence 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, as being the first City (a) 1.2▪ Afterwards it chang'd it's first Name of Cecropia, and was call'd Athens in Ericthonius's Reign, for which several reasons are given, but the most Common is, that the Name was taken from Minerva, whom the Greeks call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because she was the Protectress of the City; indeed almost all Towers, and Cittadels were Sacred to this Goddess, who is there∣fore by Catullus call'd,

— D••va tenens in summis urbibus arces. — Goddess that in Cittadels doth dwell.

And Eustathius hath remark'd the same upon Homer's sixth Iliad, where he tells us, Minerva's Temple was in the Trojan Cittadel,

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (b) 1.3.

Minerva's Temple in the Cittadel.

Cecropia was Seated in the midst of a large and pleasant Plain, upon the top of a high Rock, for, as the foremention'd Author observes, it was usual for the First Founders of Cities in those Ages, to lay the Founda∣tions of them upon Steep Rocks, and high Mountains; and this they did, partly for that such places were a good Defence against Invaders, but more especially, because they hop'd to be secur'd by them from Inundations (c) 1.4, which the People of those Times exceedingly dreaded, having heard and experienc'd the sad Effects of them under Ogyges, and Deucalion. Afterwards, when the number of Inhabitants was in∣creas'd, the whole Plain was fill'd with Buildings, which were call'd from their Situation 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or the Lower City, and Cecropia 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Upper City.

The Circuit of the Cittadel was Three-score Stadia, it was fenc'd in with wooden Pales, or, as some say, was set about with Olive-Trees; and therefore in Xerxes's Invasion, when the Oracle advis'd the Athe∣nians to defend themselves with Walls of Wood, some were of Opinion, they were commanded to enter into the Acropolis, and there receive the Enemie; which some of them did, but after a desperate Resistance, were overpower'd by Numbers, and forc'd to suffer the sad Effects of their fond Interpretation (d) 1.5.

It was Fortified with a strong Wall, one part of which was Built by Cimon, the Son of Miltiades, out of the Spoils taken in the Persian War, and was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, being on the South-side of the Cittadel (e) 1.6.

[illustration]

Parthenion sive Templum Minervae

The North-Wall was Built many Ages before, by Agrolas, as Pausa∣nias, or Eurialus, as Pliny, and Hyperbius, two Brothers, that first taught the Athenians the Art of Building Houses, whereas till that time, they liv'd in Caves. They were Tyrrhenians born, and by that Nation all sorts of Building are said to have been first begun in Greece, and from them Walls and Castles were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (a) 1.7. This Wall was nam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because the Founders of it, were call'd Pelasgi, from their continual wandring, and removing from one Countrey to another, in the manner of Storks, which the Greeks call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (b) 1.8. Thucydides tells us, there was an Execration laid upon any that should build Houses under this Wall, because the Pelasgi, whilst they dwelt there, entred into a Conspiracy against the Athenians (c) 1.9. And Poll•••• adds, that it was unlawful to make Ditches, or sow Corn here, and if any man was taken offending, he was apprehended by the Nomothetae, and brought before the Archon, who was to lay a Fine of three Drachms upon him (d) 1.10. It was Beautified with Nine Gates, and therefore is sometimes call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; but tho' there were many lesser Gates, yet the Cittadel had but one great Fore-Gate, or Entrance, to which they ascended by Steps, cover'd with white Marble, and it was Built by Peri∣cles, with such Magnificence, that the expences of it amounted to above a Thousand Drachms (e) 1.11.

The In-side of the Cittadel, was adorn'd with innumerable Edifices, Statues, and Monuments, wherein all the Ancient Stories were de∣scrib'd at large, insomuch that Aristides tells us, it lookt like one con∣tinu'd Ornament (f) 1.12. The Description of all these would be tedious, and is already perform'd by Meursius, who hath with vast industry collected into one Body all the reliques of Antiquity that lay dispers'd here and there in Ancient Authors. The most remarkable of them were these:

The Temple of Minerva, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Victory, in which the Goddess was represented, having a Pome-Granate in her right Hand, and an Helmet in her left, and without Wings, in memory of Theseus's good Success in Crete, the Fame whereof had not reach'd Athens, before his Arrival: but in other Places, Victory was usually represented with Wings (g) 1.13. It was plac'd at the right Hand of the Entrance of the Cittadel, and was Built with white Marble.

About the middle of the Cittadel, was the Stately Temple of Mi∣nerva, call'd Parthenion, because that Goddess preserv'd her Virginity pure and inviolate, or because it was Dedicated by the Daughters of Erectheus, who were peculiarly call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (h) 1.14. It was call'd also 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because it was an Hundred-Foot square. It was Burn'd by the Persians, but restor'd again by Pericles, and enlarg'd Fifty Foot on each side (i) 1.15. Sr. George Wheeler reports, that it is Two-hundred,

and Seventeen Foot, Nine Inches long, and Ninety-eight Foot, Six Inches broad, that it consists altogether of admirable white Marble, and both for Matter and Art is the most Beautiful piece of Antiquity, remaining in the World.

The Temple of Neptune Sirnam'd Erectheus, which was a double Building, and, besides other Curiosities, contain'd in it the Salt-spring, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which was feigned to have burst out of the Earth, from a stroke of Neptune's Trident, in his contention with Minerva. And this Part was Consecrated to Neptune. The other Part of the Temple belong'd to Minerva, Sirnam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉▪ i. e. Protectress of the City; and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from one of Cecrops's Daughters of that Name. Here was the Sacred Olive, produc'd by Minerva; and the Goddess's Image, which was said to have fallen from Heaven in E∣ricthonius's Reign; it was kept by one, or two Dragons, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and had a Lamp always burning with Oil, and an Owl plac'd before it (a) 1.16. Both of them remain to this Day, and the Lesser Edifice, which is an Entrance to the other, is Twenty-nine Foot long, and Twenty-one Foot, Three Inches broad; the Bigger is Six∣ty-three Foot, and a half long, and Thirty-six Foot broad. The Roof is supported by Ionick Pillars Channelled, but the Chapters seem to be a mixture between that, and the Dorick Order.

On the Back-side of Minerva's Temple, was the publick Treasury, call'd from it's Situation 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, wherein, besides other publick Money, a Thousand Talents were laid in Store, against any very urgent Occasion, but if any Man expended them upon a trivial Ac∣count, he was to be put to Death. Also the Names of all that were indebted to the Common-wealth were entered in a Register in this place, and therefore such Persons were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, as on the contrary, when they had discharg'd their Debt, they were nam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Tutelar Gods of this Treasury, were Iupiter 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or the Saviour; and Plutus, the God of Riches, whom they represented with Wings, and (which was unusual in other Places) Seeing (b) 1.17. Aristophanes hath taken notice of the Sta∣tues of both these Gods, in the latter End of his Plutus, where he in∣troduces Carion very busie in placing that God after the recovery of his Sight, next to the Statue of Iupiter the Saviour,

KAP. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, O 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. IEP. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. KAP. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

Cario.

Come, Courage, on God's will depends Success, Which I Divine will answer to our Hopes, For doth not Iove, our President's approach Without entreatie seem thus to presage?

Priest.

Your Words bring Comfort.

Car.

Therefore let us wait For Plutus coming, him we'll substitute An Overseer into the place of Iove To th' Treasury of Pallas our Goddess.

Mr. Abell.

Afterwards this Building was burn'd to the Ground by the Treasurers, who having imbezzled the publick Money, secur'd themselves by that means, and prevented the City from calling them to Account (a) 1.18. There were also several other remarkable Edifices in the Cittadel, as the Chappels of Iupiter 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and of Minerva 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (b) 1.19. The Tem∣ple of Agraulus, the Daughter of Cecrops, or rather of Minerva, Wor∣shipp'd by that Name, in the Front, and Steep and Craggy side of the Rock (c) 1.20. And, to mention only one more, The Temple of Venus 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Consecrated by Phaedra, when she was in Love with Hip∣polytus (d) 1.21. And thus much concerning the Cittadel.

The Lower City, containing all the Buildings, which surrounded the Cittadel, with the Fort Munychia, and the two Havens Phalerum, and Piraeeus, was encompass'd with Walls of unequal Strength, being Built at different Times, and by different Hands; The chief Parts of them were, The 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that joyn'd the Haven of Piraeeus to the City, being about Five Miles in length, and therefore Plutarch calls them, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, long Leggs (e) 1.22, and Propertius long Arms,

Inde ubi Piraeei capient me litora por••ûs, Scandam ego Theseae brachia longa viae (f) 1.23.

When I've arriv'd at the Piraean Port, And eas'd the shatter'd Vessel of it's Load, I'll Scale the Walls of the Thesean Road.

Mr. Abell.

They consisted of two Sides, one of which lay towards the North, and was Built by Pericles (g) 1.24, with vast Expence, containing XL. Sta∣dia; the other lay to the South, and was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, to distinguish it from the South-Wall of the Cittadel; sometimes 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because it took in the Port Phalerum. It was Built by Themistocles, of huge square Stones, not cemented together by Mortar, but fasten'd by Iron and Lead. The Height of it was Forty Cubits, and yet was but the half of what Themistocles design'd; the Length of it was Thirty-five Stadia. Upon both of them were erected a great Number of Turrets, which

were turn'd into Dwelling-houses, when the Athenians became so Numerous, that the City was not large enough to contain them (a) 1.25▪ The 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Wall, that encompass'd the Munychia, and joyn'd it to the Piraeeus, contain'd LX. Stadia; and the exteriour Wall on the other side of the City, was in length XLIII. Stadia; so that the whole Circuit of the City contain'd CLXXVIII. Stadia, which are something above Two and Twenty Roman Miles.

1. The Principal Gates of the City, were the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, af∣terwards call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because they were larger then any of the rest. They were plac'd at the Entrance of Ceramicus, and therefore seem to have been the same with the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Philostratus (b) 1.26.

2. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉▪ leading to the Piraeeus; near which was the Temple of the Heroe Chalcodoon, and the Tombs of those that died in the Defence of their Countrey, when the Amazons Invaded Attica under Theseus (c) 1.27.

3. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, near which Hyperides the Orator, and his Family were Buried (d) 1.28.

4. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, where they carried forth dead Persons to their Graves, so call'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, a Grave (e) 1.29.

5. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Gate leading to Eleusis, through which they that Ce∣lebrated the Festival of Ceres Eleusinia, made a solemn Procession, from which Custom the Gate receiv'd it's Name, it being usual to call every thing, that was any way concern'd in those Mysteries 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Sacred.

6. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Gate of Aegeus, the Father of Theseus, whose House stood in the place, where afterwards the Delphinium was Built, and therefore the Statue of Mercury at the East-end of that Temple, was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, by which it is evident, that this Gate was near the Delphinium (f) 1.30.

7. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Gate of Diochares.

8. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Gate that look'd towards Acharnae, a Bur∣rough in Attica.

9. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that lay toward the Burrough of the Diomians.

10. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Thracian Gate.

11. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Itonian Gate, near which was the Pillar erected in memory of the Amazons (g) 1.31.

12. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Scaean Gate (h) 1.32.

13. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Gate of Adrian, by which they entered into that part of the City, which that Emperour rebuilt, and call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

As to the Streets in Athens, thus much is said of them in general,

that they were not very Uniform, or Beautiful (a) 1.33, and tho' Homer calls it 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (b) 1.34.

Yet that seems onely to imply the Bigness, and not the Beauty of them; for so that Poet has us'd the same Epithet in other places. The number of them without question was very great, but most of their Names are quite lost; and few, if any, besides these that follow are to be met with in Authors. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or the Way to Eleusis. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, betwixt the long Walls, leading to the Piraeeus, which seems to be the same with that, which was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, near the Academy. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉·

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, a Way near the Prytaneum, wherein were Places largely stock'd with Tripods of Brass, Curiously wrought; amongst which was the Famous Satyr, call'd by the Greeks 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, being one of the Master-pieces of Praxiteles. And concerning these Heliodorus is said to have written an entire Treatise (c) 1.35.

It remains in the next place, that I give you an Account of the Build∣ings of the Lower City; In doing which I shall only men∣tion such as were most remarkable, or had some History, or Custom depending upon them, for the rest referring the Reader to Pausanias, and Meursius's larger Treatises.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, a stately Edifice, in which were kept the Sacred Vtensils, made use of at Festivals, and all things necessary for the Solemn Pro∣cessions prepar'd. It was plac'd at the Entrance of the Old City, which looks towards the Phalerum, and adorn'd with many Statues, of the Athenian Heroes. Indeed there was scarce any place in the City, that was not fill'd with such like Representations.

The Temple of Vulcan, or of Vulcan and Minerva, not far from Ceramicus within the City, seems to have been a publick Prison, fre∣quent mention b••ing made of Persons Tortur'd there.

Near this place was the Temple of the Heavenly Venus, for they had a Two-fold Venus, one of which was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and the other 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the former presided over Chaste and pure Love; the latter was the Patroness of Lust, and Debauchery. And as their Natures and Characters were dif••••rent, so were also the Ceremonies us'd in their Worship. They that worshipp'd the former, behav'd themselves with all Modesty and Gravity; but the latter was pleas'd only with Lewdness and Wantonness. Nay, Solon permitted publick Strumpets to prostitute themselves in her Temple. Besides these, Venus had several other Temples dedicated to her, as those which were erected upon the Account of De∣metrius Poliorcetes, to Venus Lamia, and Leaena, in Honour of two of

his Mistresses, call'd by those Names. Nay, so gross Flattery did the Athenians degenerate into, that they enroll'd several of his Para∣sites into the Number of their Deities, and Honour'd them with Tem∣ples and Altars (a) 1.36.

The Temple of Theseus was erected by Conon, in the middle of the City, near the Place where the Youth perform'd their Wrestlings, and other Exercises of Body, and was allow'd the Privilege of being a Sanctuary for Slaves, and all those of mean Condition that Fled from the Persecution of Men in Power, in memory that Theseus while he Liv'd, was an Assister and Protector of the Distressed. And a great many other Temples were Consecrated to him in his life Time, as grateful acknowledgements of the Benefits, he had conferr'd upon the City, all which, Four only excepted, he Dedicated to Hercules, and chang'd their Names from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, to 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, after he had been rescued by him from the King of the Molossians, as Plutarch reports out of Philochorus (b) 1.37. One of these was put to divers other uses, for certain Magistrates were created in it by the Thesmothetae (c) 1.38. Causes also were heard there, and it was a publick Prison (d) 1.39, and there∣fore a Gaol-bird, is wittily call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Aristophanes, such an one Plautus with no less Elegancy names Colonus Carceris.

The Temple of Theseus, is to be seen at this Day, and is Built, as Sr. George Wheeler reports, in all respects like the Temple of Minerva in the Cittadel, as to it's Matter, Form, and Order of Architecture, but not so large. It is Dedicated to St. George, and still remains a Master∣piece of Architecture, not easie to be parallel'd, much less exceeded by any other.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or the Temple of Castor and Pollux, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. In this Place Slaves were expos'd to Sale.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, a Temple erected in Honour of Iupiter the Olympian; it was the most magnificent Structure in Athens, being in Circuit, no less than Four Stadia, which was the reason they were forc'd to support it with Pillars, a thing unknown in Athens before that time (e) 1.40. The Foundations were laid by Pisistratus, and many succeed∣ing Governours contributed to the Building of it, but it was never compleatly finish'd till Adrian's time, which was Seven-hundred Years after the Tyranny of Pisistratus.

The Temple of Apollo and Pan, at the Bottom of the Cittadel on the North-side, in a Cave or Grotto, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, where Apollo was feign'd to have deflowr'd Creusa, the Daughter of Erectheus, we find it mention'd in Euripides,

— 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (f) 1.41.

[illustration]

Templum Thesei.

[illustration]

Temple of the Eight Winds

The Temple of Diana, Sirnam'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because in it Women, after their first Child, us'd to Dedicate their Girdles to her (a) 1.42.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, was a Temple Dedicated to all the Gods, who, as they were United in one Temple, so were they Honour'd with one Common Fe∣stival, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. This was a very magnificent Structure, and sup∣ported by an Hundred and Twenty Marble-Pillars, on the Out-side were all the Histories of the Gods, curiously Engraven, and upon the great Gate, stood two Horses, excellently Carv'd by Praxiteles. It is to be seen at this Day, as Theodore Zygomalas reports, in an Epistle to Martin Crusius, written A. D. MDLXXV. wherein he describes the then present State of Athens.

The Temple of the Eight Winds, omitted by Pausanias, but mention'd and describ'd by Sr. George Wheeler out of Vitruvius, who reports that, such as had made exact Observations about the Winds, divided them in∣to Eight; as namely, Andronicus Cyrrhastes, who gave this Model to the Athenians, for he Built a Tower of Eight square of Marble, on every side of which he Carv'd the Figure of a Wind, according to the Quarter it blew from. On the top of the Tower, he erected a little Pyramid of Marble, on the point of which was plac'd a Brazen Triton, holding a Switch in his right Hand, wherewith turning about, he pointed to the Wind, that then blew. All the Winds answer'd exactly to the Com∣pass, and were represented by Figures answerable to their Natures, above which were written their Names in large Greek Letters, which are these that follow, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Eurus, South-East. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Subsolanus, East. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Coecias, North-East. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Boreas, North. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Corus, North-West. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Occidens, West.〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Notus, South. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Libs, Africus, South-West. This Tower re∣mains yet entire, the Weather-Cock only excepted.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Portico's, they had a great many, but the most remarkable was that, which was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and afterwards 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from the variety it contain'd of curious Pictures, drawn by the greatest Masters in Greece, such were Polygnotus, Mycon, and Pandaenus, the Brother of Phidias. Here it was that Zeno taught Philosophy, and instituted that Sect, which receiv'd their Names from the Place, being call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. And the Portico it self, is usually put for that Sect of Philo••o∣phers, as when Athenaeus calls Zeno 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Founder of the Stoicks (b) 1.43.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 was a Fort near the Cittadel, so call'd from the old Poet Musaeus, the Scholar of Orpheus, that us'd to repeat his Verses in this Place, where also he was Buried. This Fort was forc'd to entertain a Garrison by Antigonus, and his Son Demetrius to make it the more se∣cure surrounded it with a Wall.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 was a Musick-Theater, Built by Pericles, and for the contri∣vance of it on the In-side, was full of Seats and Ranges of Pillars, and on the Out-side in the Roof or Covering of it, was made from one

point at the Top with a great many Bendings, all shelving downward, and it is reported, (saith Plutarch,) that it was so fram'd in imitation and after the Copy of the King of Persia's Pavilion (a) 1.44. It was also a Tribunal as we learn from Aristophanes,

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 — (b) 1.45.

It was very much Beautified by Lycurgus (c) 1.46, but being demolish'd in the Mithridatick War (d) 1.47, was re-edified by Herodes Atticus, with such Splendor and Magnificence, that, as Pausanias tells us, it surpass'd all the famous Buildings in Greece. It stood in the

Ceramicus, of which Name there were two Places, so call'd from Ce∣ramus the Son of Bacchus and Ariadne (e) 1.48; or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, from the Potter's Art, which was first invented in one of these Places by Coroebus (f) 1.49. One of them was within the City, and contain'd innumerable Buildings, as Temples, Theatres, Porticos, &c. The other was in the Suburbs, and was a publick Burying-place, and con∣tain'd the Academy, and many other Edifices.

The Athenian 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Fora, were very numerous, but the most noted of them were two; the Old Forum, and the New. The New Forum was in a Place call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 by Strabo (g) 1.50. Which it is proba∣ble was not far from Zeno's Portico, because Pausanias tells us, that in his Time the Forum was near that Place. The Old Forum was in the Ceramicus within the City, call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. In it were held the publick Assemblies of the People; but the chief Design of it was the the meeting of People to Buy and Sell, and therefore it was divided into different parts, according to the Wares expos'd to Sale, for every Trade had a different place assign'd to make their Markets in; and hence we read of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, where Slaves, and Vessels were Sold (h) 1.51: 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, where Wo∣men's Cloaths and Ornaments were expos'd; and others without Num∣ber. Sometimes they call'd the Fora, by the single Names of things Sold in them, as 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Wine-market, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Oil-market, &c. (i) 1.52 And an instance of this we have in these Verses of Eupolis,

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 —

The time in which things were expos'd to Sale, was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, full Market, from the multitudes of People that Assembled at such times; and there seems to have been different Hours appointed for such and such Wares, which I suppose, is the reason that Suidas in

[illustration]

The Area of the Theatre of Bacchus

[illustration]

The Odeum or Musick Theatre.

some Places tells us, the Full Market was at the Third Hour, in others that it was at the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth.

And besides these Places, the Trades-men had their 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Publick-Halls, wherein each Company met, and consulted about their Affairs. For Trades were very much encourag'd at Athens, and if any Man objected the living by such Gain to another, as a matter of Re∣proach, the Person affronted might have an Action of Slander against him (a) 1.53. Nay, Trades were so far from being counted a mean an•• ignoble way of Living, that Persons of the greatest Quality did not disdain to betake themselves to such Employments, and especially to Merchandize, as Plutarch informs us; Solon (says he) apply'd himself to Merchandize, tho' some there are that report, that he Travell'd ra∣ther to get Learning and Experience, than to raise an Estate. In his time (according to Hesiod) a Trade was not Dishonourable, nor did it debase it's followers; but Merchandize was a worthy Calling, which brought Home the good things that Barbarous Nations en∣joy'd, was the occasion of Friendship with their Kings, and Mother of Experience. Some Merchants have Built great Cities, as the Foun∣der of Massilia, that Man so much esteem'd by the Gaul's, that liv'd about the Rhine; some also report, that Thales, and Hippocrates the Ma∣thematician Traded; and that Plato defray'd the charges of his Tra∣vels by Selling Oil in Aegypt. Thus Plutarch (b) 1.54.

Aquaeducts were not common at Athens, before the Roman Times; and the want of them was supplied by Wells; some of wich were Dug by private Persons, others at the publick Expence; but because the Country having but few potable Rivers, (for Eridanus Strabo (c) 1.55 tel∣leth us was Muddy, and not fit for use,) Lakes, or large Springs, was but poorly furnish'd with Water, which gave occasion to con∣tinual Quarrels amongst the Citizens, Solon enacted a Law, that where there was a publick Well, within an Hippicon, (that is, four Fur∣longs) all should have the Privilege of drawing at that; but those that liv'd at a greater Distance, should be oblig'd to provide a private Well; and if they had Dug ten Fathom deep, and could find no Water, they had liberty to fetch ten Gallons a Day from their Neigh∣bours; for he thought it prudent (saith my Author) to make Provi∣sion against want, but not encourage Laziness (d) 1.56. Adrian, besides other magnificent Structures, laid the Foundations of a stately Aquae∣duct, which was finish'd by his Successour Antoninus. And one part of it remains to this Day, sustain'd by Ionick Pillars; which Sr. George Wheeler is of opinion, was the Frontis-piece of the Repository, or Re∣ceiver of the Water.

Gymnasia are said to have been first in use at Lacedaemon, but were afterwards very common in all the parts of Greece, and imitated, ve∣ry much augmented, and improv'd at Rome. They were not single Edifices, but a Knot of Buildings united, being so Capacious as to

hold a great many Thousands of People at once, and have Room enough for Philosophers, Rhetoricians, and the Professours of all oth••r Sciences to read their Lectures; and Wrestlers, Dancers, and all others that would, to Exercise at the same Time without the least Disturbance, or Interruption. They consisted of a great many Parts, the Chief of which were these,

1. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Porticos, which were full of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and Side-Build∣••••gs furnish'd with Seats, and fit for Study or Discourse; and here it is probable the Scholars us'd to meet.

2. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Place where the Ephebi, or Youths Exercis'd; or, as some say, where those that design'd to Exercise met, and agree'd what kind of Exercise they should contend in, and what should be the Vi∣ctor's Reward.

3. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Undressing-room.

4. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Place where those that were to Wrestle, or had Bathed, were Anointed.

5. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Place where the Dust, with which they besprin••led those that had been Anointed, was kept.

6. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which sometimes is taken for the whole Gymnasium, but in it's proper acceptation signifies the Place, wherein all the Exer∣cises of the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or (say others) only Wrestling, and the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 were perform'd; and least the Combatants should Slip, or Hurt themselves by Falling, the Bottom of it was cover'd with Dust, or Sand. Also there was another Room in the Gymnasium, fill'd with Sand, much deeper than that in the Palaestra.

7. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, a Place appointed for divers sorts of Exercises, but more especially for the Ball.

8. The Spaces between the Porticos and the Walls left Void to admit the Light, and the Area of the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Piazza, which was a large Place square, or sometimes oblong in the middle of the Gymnasium, design'd for Walking, and the performance of those Exercises which were not practis'd in the Palaestra, or the Deeper Sand, or any other place of the Gymnasium, such were (as some are of opinion) Leaping, and the Discus.

9. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which were distinct Places both in Greece, and Rome. Xysti, were places cover'd at the Top, design'd for the Exercise of Wrestlers, when the Weather did not permit them to contend in the open Air. Xysta, sometimes call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, were Walks open at the Top, design'd for Exercises, or Recreation in the heat of Sum∣mer, and milder Seasons of the Winter.

10. The Baths, in which were Waters hot and cold in different Degrees, and in these they refresh'd themselves, when they were wea∣ried with Exercise, and at other Times. Amongst the Ancient Greeks, Baths were not much frequented, being rarely us'd but after the Ac∣complishment of some very great Work, which requir'd abundance of Labour and Toil, as the ending of a War, or atchieving any great and painful Enterprize (a) 1.57. And thus Agamemnon after the Trojan

War, at his return Home, went into the Bath, there to Wash away the remembrance of all his past Labours, and was slain by the Treachery of his Wife Clytaemnestra (a) 1.58. In latter Ages they became more common, and were frequently us'd for Health or Recreation by both Sexes, who at Sparta Wash'd in one common Bath, but in other Cities had distinct Places appointed them.

11. The Stadium was a large Semicircle, in which Exercises were perform'd; and for the better convenience of Spectators, which flock'd thither in vast Multitudes, was Built with Steps one above ano∣ther, that the higher Ranks might look over the Heads of those that were plac'd below them. Several of these there were at Athens in their Gymnasia, and other Places, but the most remarkable was that, which was Built near the River Ilissus by Lycurgus, and afterwards enlarg'd by Herodes Atticus, one of the Richest Citizens Athens ever had; it was Built of Pentelick Marble, with so great Magnificence, that when Pau∣sanias comes to speak of it, he tells his Readers, That they wou'd hardly believe, what he was about to tell them, it being a Wonder to all that beheld it, and of that stupendous Bigness, that one would judge it a Mountain of white Marble, upon the Banks of Ilissus. Sr. George Wheeler reports, that at this Day there remains some of the Stone-Work at the End towards the River, but the rest is only a Stadium of Earth above Ground. However it's Figure, and Bigness continue, tho' the Degrees be all taken away. It is a long Place, with two parallel sides, clos'd up circularly to the East-end, and open towards the other end; and is about One-hundred, Twenty-five Geometrical Paces long, and Twenty-six, or Twenty-seven broad, which gave it the Name of a Stadium, which was a measure ordinarily us'd among the Greeks, being the Eighth part of a Roman Mile.

Athens had several Gymnasia, of which these Three are of most note, Lyceum, Academia, and Cynosarges. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Lycaeum was Situated upon the Banks of Ilissus, it receiv'd it's name from Apollo 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, to whom it was Dedicated; Nor was it without reason (saith Plutarch) that this Place was Sacred to Apollo, but upon a good and rational Account, since from the same Deitie that Cures our Diseases, and restores our Health, we may reasonably expect Strength and Abi∣lity, to contend in the Exercises (b) 1.59. The Building of this Structure, is by some ascrib'd to Pisistratus, by others to Pericles, and others to Ly∣curgus; which makes it probable that all of them might contribute something towards it; and perhaps Pisistratus laid the Foundations of it, Pericles rais'd it, Lycurgus enlarg'd and beautified it. This was the Place where Aristotle taught Philosophy, and discours'd with ••uch as resorted to him for Instructions, walking constantly every Day till the Hour of Anointing, for the Greeks usually Anointed be∣fore Meals; whence he, and his Followers were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Peripateticks from walking (c) 1.60. Tho' others re∣port,

that his walking and discoursing Philosophy with Alexander, was the occasion of that Name.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 was part of the Ceramicus without the City, from which it was distant about Six Stadia, so call'd from Academus, an old Heroe, that, when Helena was Stoln by Theseus, and conceal'd at Aphidnae, dis∣cover'd her to Castor and Pollux, for which reason he was extremel•• Ho∣nour'd by them during his Life; and the Lacedaem••nians, when in Af∣ter-ages they made several Incursions into Attica, and destroy'd all the Countrey round about, always sp••r'd this Place for his sake. But Dicaearchus writes, That there were two Arcadians in the Army of Ca∣s••••r and Pollux, the one call'd Echedemus, and the other Marathus, from the former that, which was afterwards call'd the Academy, was then nam'd Echedemia, and the Burrough of Marathon had it's Name from the latter. Thus Plutarch (a) 1.61. It was beset with Shady Woods, and Solitary Walks fit for Study and Meditation, as the Poets and others witness. This Verse is cited out of Eupolis (b) 1.62,

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

In Academus Shady Walks.

And Horace speaks to the same purpose,

A••que inter sylvas Hecademi quaerere verum (c) 1.63.

In Hecademus Groves to search for Truth.

At the first it was a desert Place, and uninhabited by reason of the Fens and Marshes that were in it, and rendred it very Unhealthful, but they being drain'd by Cimon, it became Pleasant and Delight∣ful, and was much frequented by all sorts of People, especially such as applied themselves to the Study of Philosophy, for they resorted thither in great Numbers to Plato's Lectures, who read constantly in this Place; and having contracted a Distemper thro' the Unwhol∣somness of the Air, which was not yet wholly rectified, and being ad∣vis'd by his Physitians to remove his School to the Lyceum, made an∣swer, That he chose the Academy to keep his Body under, least by too much Health it should become wanton, and more difficult to be govern'd by the dictates of Reason, as Men prune Vines, when they spread too far, and lop of the Branches that grow too luxuriant (d) 1.64. I must not forget to add, that it was surrounded with a Wall by Hip∣parchus, the Son of Pisistratus, who to defray the Charges of it, laid so heavy a Tax upon the People, that ever after, any Chargeable and Ex∣pensive business was call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 was a Place in the Suburbs, near the Lyceum, so call'd from a white, or swift Dog, in Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that, when Dio∣mus was Sacrificing to Hercules, snatch'd away part of the Victim (e) 1.65.

It was adorn'd with several Temples, Dedicated to Hebe, Alcmena, and Iolaus, all which bore some Relation to Hercules, the chief Dei∣tie of the Place, and he also was Honour'd with a Magnificent Temple. But there was nothing in it so remarkable a•• the Gymnasium, in which Strangers, and those that were but of the half Blood, or had but one Parent an Athenian, were to perform their Exercises, because Hercu∣les, to whom it was Consecrated, was under some illegitimacy, and was not one of the immortal Gods, but had a mortal Woman for his Mother; and therefore Themistocles being but of the half Blood, per∣swaded divers of the Young Noblemen to accompany him, to Anoint and Exercise themselves at Cynosarges; in doing which he seem'd with some Ingenuity to take away the distinction between the truly Noble and the Stranger; and between those of the whole, and those of the half Blood of Athens (a) 1.66. There was also a Court of Judicature in this Place, wherein Causes about Illegitimacy were heard, and Exa∣mination made concerning Persons, that lay under a Suspicion of having falsly inserted their Names among the true born Athenians (b) 1.67. In this Gymnasium Antisthenes instituted a Sect of Philosophers call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Cynicks, from the name of the Place (c) 1.68, as some are of Opinion.

All Theaters were Dedicated to Bacchus, and Venus (d) 1.69, the Deities of Sports and Pleasure; to the former of which they are said to owe their Original (e) 1.70, and therefore Plays Acted in them were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and the Artificers that labour'd in the Building of them 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, as belonging to 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Bacchus.

The most Ancient Theaters were Temporary, being compos'd of no∣thing but Boards, plac'd gradually above each other, for the conve∣nience of Spectators, and therefore they were call'd 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (f) 1.71. But these slight Buildings had well-nigh prov'd fatal to the Common-wealth, for almost the whole City, as well the Magistracy and No∣bility, as those of inferiour Ranks, being assembled, as their man∣ner was, to hear Pratinas Act a Tragoedy; the Theater, too weak to support the vast weight of thronging Multitudes, on a sudden tum∣bled down, and wanted not much of Burying them in it's Ruins (g) 1.72. This narrow escape made them more cautious, and was the occasion of erecting a Theater of Stone, for their better security. And from this Time the Athenians, whose Example the rest of the Grecians follow'd not long after, erected fix'd and durable Theaters of Stone, common∣ly of Marble, which by degrees were encreas'd to that Magnitude, that they exceeded almost all other Buildings in Greece.

The Figure of Theaters was Semicircular, tho' they were not exact Semicircles, but contain'd the bigger half of the Circle, and therefore Amphitheaters, which were made in the same Figure, as if two Thea∣ters should be joyn'd together, were not nicely Orbicular, but Oval.

They consisted of two parts, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Scena, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Cavea. Scena was a Partition, assign'd for the Actors, reaching quite crosse the Theater, which at the first, agreeably to the Ancient simplicity, was dress'd with Boughs and Leaves, but in more Expensive Ages was ad∣orn'd with Rich and Costly Hangings, to hide the management of Machines, and other actions of the Players from the Spectators. It was either so fram'd as that it might be turn'd round, and then it was call'd Versatilis, or drawn up, and then it was Ductilis, and this way is usually practis'd in our Theaters, in changing the Prospect. It had Three Principal-Gates, one upon the Right hand, another upon the Left, by which were presented meaner and smaller Edifices; and a Third in the Middle, by which more magnificent Structures, as Temples of the Gods, or Palaces of Kings, were brought in View; and on each side of the Gate was a lesser Entrance, thro' which the Persons either of Gods, or Men were introduc'd by Various Machines, and Instruments, the Names whereof you may find explain'd in Iulius Pol∣lux (a) 1.73. The whole Scene was divided into several parts, the most re∣markable whereof are these;

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, a Place underneath the Floor, wherein were kept Brazen Vessels, full of Stones and other Materials, with which they imitated the noise of Thunder.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, a Place upon the Top of the Scene, in which all the Ma∣chines, whereby they presented the various Figures and Prospects, were mov'd.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Tiring-Room, a Place behind the Scenes wherein the Actors dress'd and adorn'd themselves.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Stage, a Place before the Scenes, in which the Players Acted. And 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 was that Part in which the Chorus us'd to Dance and Sing, in the middle of which was plac'd the Pulpit, in Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, a Partition under the Pulpit, appointed for the Musick.

The 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Caevea, was appointed for the Spectators, and consist∣ed of Three Parts, plac'd in equal Degrees one above another; the Lowest of which belong'd to Persons of Quality, and Magistrates; the Middle to the Commonalty; the Uppermost to the Women.

And because Theaters were open at the Top, they erected Porticos be∣hind the Caevea, whither they retir'd for Shelter, in Rainy weather.

Notes

• (e) 1.1

  Panathen.
• (a) 1.2

  Stephanus V. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (b) 1.3

  Pag. CCCCLXXXIII. Edit Basil.
• (c) 1.4

  Il. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. p. CCCLXXXIV.
• (d) 1.5

  Syrianus in Herm. Cornel. Nep.
• (e) 1.6

  Plutarch. in Cimone.
• (a) 1.7

  Phavorin. V. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (b) 1.8

  Strabo lib IX. Plin. lib. VII. LVI. & Pausa∣••ias Atticis.
• (c) 1.9

  Thucydides ejusque Scholiast. lib. II.
• (d) 1.10

  Pollux lib VIII. c. IX.
• (e) 1.11

  Plutarchus Pericle. Pausan. Atticis. Harpocrat. & Suidas V. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• (f) 1.12

  A∣••istides in Panatheniaca.
• (g) 1.13

  Suidas & Harpoc••at.
• (h) 1.14

  H••sy••hius.
• (i) 1.15

  Pausania••. Plutarch. Pericl.
• (a) 1.16

  Apoll••dor. l. III. Plutarch. Symp. l. IX. Q. VI.
• (b) 1.17

  Aristoph. Schol. Plut. Etymologus. Thucyd. l. II. Philostr••t. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. l. II. Demosthen. Schol. Orat. III. in Ti∣m••crat.
• (a) 1.18

  Demosth. ejusque Schol. Orat in Timocrat.
• (b) 1.19

  Lycurg. Orat. in Leocratem
• (c) 1.20

  Herodot. l. VIII.
• (d) 1.21

  Euripid. Schol. in Hippolyto.
• (e) 1.22

  Cimone.
• (f) 1.23

  Lib. III. Eleg.
• (g) 1.24

  Plutarch. Pericle.
• (a) 1.25

  Plutarch. Themistocl. Appian. in Mithridatico. Thucyd. lib. I. & II.
• (b) 1.26

  Phi••o∣stratus in Philagro Sophist. lib. II. Xenophon Hist. Graec. l II. Plutarch. Pericle, & Sylla.
• (c) 1.27

  Plutarch. Theseo.
• (d) 1.28

  Hesychius.
• (e) 1.29

  Theophrastus Charact. Ethic.
• (f) 1.30

  Plutarch. Theseo.
• (g) 1.31

  Aeschines Philosophus in Axi••ch••.
• (h) 1.32

  Hilduinus in V••ta Dio••ysii Arcopagi••o.
• (a) 1.33

  Dicaarchus in descriptione Gracia.
• (b) 1.34

  Odyss. VII.
• (c) 1.35

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 V. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (a) 1.36

  Plutarch. in Demetrio.
• (b) 1.37

  Idem These••.
• (c) 1.38

  Aeschin. Orat. in Ctesipho••••.
• (d) 1.39

  Etym••logus.
• (e) 1.40

  Plinius lib. XXXVI. cap. VI.
• (f) 1.41

  Ione.
• (a) 1.42

  Apollonii Schol. lib. I.
• (b) 1.43

  Deip. l. VIII.
• (a) 1.44

  Plutarch. in Pericle.
• (b) 1.45

  Vespis.
• (c) 1.46

  Hyperid. Orat. pro Lycurgo.
• (d) 1.47

  Ap∣pian. in Mithridatico.
• (e) 1.48

  Pausan.
• (f) 1.49

  Suidas. Plin l. VII. c. LVI.
• (g) 1.50

  Strabo l. IX.
• (h) 1.51

  Hesych.
• (i) 1.52

  Pollux l. IX. c. V.
• (a) 1.53

  Demosth. Orat. in Eubulidem.
• (b) 1.54

  Pl••tarchus Solone.
• (c) 1.55

  Lib. IX.
• (d) 1.56

  Plu∣tarchus Solone.
• (a) 1.57

  Artemidorus Onei••oc••it. lib. I.
• (a) 1.58

  Ly••ophron.
• (b) 1.59

  Plutarch. in Symp l. VIII. ••. IV.
• (c) 1.60

  Suida•• &c.
• (a) 1.61

  Theseo.
• (b) 1.62

  In 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (c) 1.63

  Lib. II. Ep II.
• (d) 1.64

  Basil. Mag. lib. de legend. Gentil. libris.
• (e) 1.65

  Hesych. aliique innumeri.
• (a) 1.66

  Plutarch. Themistocle.
• (b) 1.67

  N••nnus Monachus in Collect. Hist.
• (c) 1.68

  Diog. Laert. A••tisthene.
• (d) 1.69

  Lactant. l. VI.
• (e) 1.70

  Polydor. Virg. l. III. c. XIII.
• (f) 1.71

  He∣sych. in V.
• (g) 1.72

  Suidas in 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• (a) 1.73

  Onomast. l. IV. c. XIX.