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The design of this Psalm is to describe and bewail the horri∣ble Wickedness and Corruption of Mankind, and especial∣ly of ungodly Men, and of his own Enemies.
1. THE * 1.1 fool a 1.2 hath said in his heart b 1.3, there is no God c 1.4: they * 1.5 are corrupt d 1.6, they have done abominable works, there is none that doeth good f 1.7. * 1.8
2. The LORD looked down from heaven g 1.9 upon the children of men h 1.10; to see if there were any that did understand, and seek God i 1.11.
3. They are all gone aside k 1.12, they are all to∣gether become † 1.13 filthy l 1.14: * 1.15 there is none that doth good, no not one.
4. Have all the workers of iniquity no know∣ledg m 1.16? † 1.17 * 1.18 who eat up n 1.19 my people o 1.20 as they eat bread p 1.21, and call not upon the LORD q 1.22.
5. There r 1.23 † 1.24 were they in great fear s 1.25: for t 1.26 God is in the generation of the righteous. u 1.27
6. * 1.28 Ye have shamed x 1.29 the counsel of the poor y 1.30; because z 1.31 the LORD is his refuge.
7. † 1.32 O that the salvation of Israel were come out of Zion ‖ 1.33! when the LORD bringeth back the captivity of his people † 1.34 Jacob * 1.35 shall rejoyce and Israel shall be glad.
Psal. 10. 4. & 53. 1.
(i. e.) The wicked man: For such are commonly and justly called Fools every where in Scripture, and that purpose∣ly to meet with their false, yet common Conceit of themselves, as if they were the only wise men, and all others were Fools.
(i. e.) In his secret Thoughts, or within himself, being a∣fraid and ashamed to utter it with his mouth. Not that it was his fixed and constant Opinion and Judgment, but this he saith by Construction, because he heartily wisheth there were no God, and lives as if there were none. So this Text may be explained by comparing it with Psal. 36. 1. and Tit: 1. 16.
He denies not God's Being or Existence, but only his Providence. He saith not, there is no Iehovah, which name of God notes his being, but no Elohim, which expresseth God as the Judge and Governour of the World, who observes and recompenseth all the Actions of all men according to their se∣veral Qualities.
Rom. 1. 21. &c.
Heb. They have corrupted, to wit, themselves, or their ways, as this word commonly signifies. Their great and wilful Wickedness is alledged as a ground of their Athe∣ism or Infidelity.
None of their Actions are really and thoroughly good or pleasing to God; for if some of them be materially good, as when they do an act of Justice or Charity, yet they are poison∣ed with bad Principles or Ends, not being performed by them out of a good Conscience, and serious Care to please God, for then they would do one good Action as well as another, but in Hypocrisy, or with vain Glory, or some finister and un∣worthy Design.
e To wit, of the Fools here described.
To search out the Truth. God knoweth all things with∣out any enquiry: But this is a Figure called Anthropopathia, whereby Scripture oft speaks of God after the manner of Men.
Upon the whole Body of the Israelitish Nation, and upon the generality of Mankind under Heaven; for he speaks of all ex∣cept his People, and the Righteous ones, who are here opposed to these, v. 4. 5.
That did truly know God, to wit, so as to love, and fear, and trust, and obey him, (for all these are fre∣quently signified in Scripture by this Expression of knowing God) and that did diligently seek him. (i. e.) Study his Mind and Will that they might do it, and seek his Grace and Favour.
To wit, from God, whom they should have sought, v. 2. and from the Rule which he hath given him, and by which they sometimes professed, and seem'd to govern themselves. Or, are grown sowre, as this word signifies, Hos. 4. 18. And so this is a Metaphor from corrupted Drinks, as the next is taken from rotten Meat.
Heb. stink∣ing
Heb. stinking, (i. e.) loathsom or abominable to God, and to all wise and sober Men.
Rom. 3. 10.
Have they lost their Wits? have they neither Religion nor common Discretion, either of which would teach them not to make themselves so hareful to the all-seeing and almighty God, and to all Men? The words may be rendered thus, Do not all the workers of Iniquity know it? So it is only an Ellip∣sis of the Pronoun, which is frequent, as I have shewed before. Are they not Conscious to themselves of the Truth of what I say? I dare appeal to their own Consciences. But this I pro∣pound with Submission.
Heb the eaters up of my People, eat Bread.
M•…•…. 3. 3.
Or, they eat up, (i. e.) devour and destroy, as this word signifies, Deut. 7. 16. Prov. 30. 14. Ier. 50. 17. Nah. 3. 15.
(i. e.) The poor and godly Israe∣lites, of whom he principally speaks: whom he calleth my peo∣ple. Either 1. God's people, as they were in many respects: Or rather, 2. David's people: For David speaks both these words, and all the rest of this Psalm in his own Name and Per∣son. And David might well call them his People, either be∣cause they were his Friends and Favourers: Or because he be∣ing anointed their King, they were consequently his People: Or because he was now actually their King, and so they were actually his People: For some conceive that this Psalm was made in the time, and upon the occasion of Absalom's Rebel∣lion.
(i. e.) With as little regret or remorse, and with as much greediness, and delight, and Constancy too, as they use to eat their Meat. The Particle as is here understood, as it is Psal. 125. 2. Prov. 26. 9. and in many other places.
They are guilty not only of gross Injustice, and Oppression to∣wards men, but also of horrid Impiety and Contempt of God, whose Providence they deny, and whose Worship they wholly neglect and despise.
(i. e.) In the place, or upon the spot, where they practi∣sed these Insolencies, God struck them with a panick fear. Or, Then (i. e.) In the height of their Tyranny and prosperous Im∣piety, when they seemed to have no cause for it. An Adverb of Place for an Adverb of Time, of which there want not Examples in Scripture and other Authors, as hath been noted before. Or thence, as this Particle is rendered, Gen. 2. 10. and 49. 24. Isa. 65. 20, (i. e.) From that time; or, for that Cause, as some take it, and it may be taken, Iob 35. 12. Psal. 36. 12. (i. e.) For this their contempt of God and manifest injury to Men.
Heb. they fear∣ed a fear.
From their own guilty Consciences, and the just Expectation of divine Vengeance. Heb. They fear∣ed with fear, (i. e.) Vehemently, where there was no cause of fear, as is here implied, (for they are now supposed to be in a State of Power and Tyranny) as is expressed in the Parallel place, Psal. 53. 5. Or, they shall be greatly afraid, the past Tense being put for the future Prophetically.
For they remembred what a potent Adversary they had, and therefore had cause enough to fear. Or, B•…•…t, as this Par∣ticle is taken, Gen. 45. 8. Psal. 37. 20. Eccles. 2. 10. and 6. 2. So he describes the contrary and safe Condition of the Righteous. Or, when, as it oft signifies; and so it Answers to the then in the beginning of the Verse, when God shall once appear for his People, a dreadful Horror shall seize up∣on their wicked Enemies.
(i. e.) Among them, with his gracious and powerful Presence to defend them, and to fight against their Enemies. Or, God is for, &c. as the He∣brew beth oft signifies, that is, God is on their side, and therefore their Enemies have great cause to tremble.
Psal. 22. 7. 8.
(i. e.) Desired and endeavoured to bring it to Shame or disappoint it. Comp. Psal. 6. 10. Or, ye have reproached or derided it, as a foolish thing.
(i. e.) The cause which he hath taken to defend himself, which is not by lying and flat∣tery and violence, and all manner of Wickedness, which is your Counsel and usual Practice, but by trusting in God and keeping his way, and calling upon his Name.
This was the ground of their Contempt and Scorn, that he lived by Faith in Gods promise and Providence. Or, but, as in the foregoing Verse: So there seems to be an Elegant and fit Opposition. You reproach them, but God will own and Pro∣tect them, and justifie their Counsel which you deride.
Heb. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉, &c. Psal. 53. 6.
These words directly and immediately Concern the de∣liverance of the People of Israel out of that sinful and de∣plorable Estate, in which they now were; which having de∣scribed in the Body of the Psalm, he concludes, after his manner, with a prayer to God to hear and help them out of Zion, where the Ark then was, whence God used to hear and Answer his Peoples prayers. But ultimately and principally they Design a further, even the spiritual Redemption and Sal∣vation of all Gods Israel by the M•…•…ssias as may appear by di∣vers Considerations; 1. That the Ancient Jews did thus un∣derstand it, and among others, Ionathan's Targum or Para∣phrase on the Bible, expound it thus: I do not expect Gideon's Salvation, which was but Corporeal, nor that of Sampson—but the Salvation of the Messias. With whom agrees the Targum of Ierusalem. 2. That the Doctrine of Israel's Redemption or Salvation by Christ was very well known as to other ancient Patriarchs, Iob 8. 56. 1 Pet. 1. 10, 11, 12. so particularly to David, of whom it is expresly said, that he knew and •…•…ore∣saw this Mystery, Act. 2. 30, 31. in whose Book of Psalms there are divers and very distinct and clear Prophecies of it, as we have in part seen upon Psal. 2. and 8. and shall see more fully and Evidently hereafter. 3. That David and o∣ther holy Prophets in the midst of their sad Thoughts, and Fears, and Troubles, did usually Comfort themselves with the Promise and Expectation of the Messias, by whom, and by whom alone they should receive that plenary Salvation for which they groaned; of which it is thought we have one instance, Gen. 49. 18. but we have many unquestionable In∣stances in the Prophecy of Isaiah, as Ch. 7. 14. and 9. 6. &c. And this Course might be the more seasonable for David, because he speaks here of his Troubles after he was settled in his Kingdom, (as may be gathered from the mention of Zion, where the Ark was not till that time) and possibly of the sad and sinful State of his Kingdom during Absolom's Re∣bellion; and therefore finding himself so strangely disap∣pointed of that Peace and Happiness, which he Confident∣ly expected when once he came to the Kingdom, and wisely and justly presaging that his Children and the following Ge∣nerations of Israelites for the same Causes were likely to meet with the same or greater Calamities than this, he wea∣rieth himself with the Expression of his Belief, and desire of the coming of the Messias to save his People. 4. To this also suits the mention of Zion because the Prophets knew and foretold that the Messias or Deliverer should first come to Zion, and should set up his Throne there, and from thence send forth his Laws and Edicts to the Gentile World; as is positively affirmed, Psal. 2. 6. and 110. 2. Isa. 2. 3 and 59. 20. Comp. with Rom. 11. 26, and in many other place. 5. The following words agree only to this time, wherein he speaks of bringing back the Captivity of his people with the universal joy of all Iacob and Israel; which cannot agree to David's time, wherein there was no such Captivity of the people, but only a Civil war and mutual slaughter, which is quite ano∣ther thing; nor to the time of Israel's return from Babylon, when there was no such return of all Israel, but only of Iu∣dah and Benjamin, and some few of the other Tribes, and the joy which the returning Isroelites then had, was but low and mixed with many Fears and Dangers, and Reproaches; as we see in the Books of Ezra and Nehemiah. And therefore they must belong to the times of the Messias, by whom this Pro∣mise was fulfilled to the true Israel of God, who were brought back from that most real and dreadful, though spiritual, Cap∣tivity of sin and Satan, as is declared; Luk. 4. 18. Eph. 4. 8. and shall be litterally accomplished to the natural seed of Iacob or Israel according to the Expectation and belief of all the Jews in their several Ages, and of most Christian Writers,
(i. e.) His Captive people, Captivity, being oft put for Captives, as Deut. 21. 10. and 30. 3. Psal. 126. 1. 4. Or, his people from Captivity, of which see the former Note.
(i. e.) The seed or Children of Iacob. as Aaron is named for his Sons, 1 Chron. 12. 27. and 27. 17. and David for his Sons, and the like.