THE LIFE OF CATO the Younger.
THE House of Cato derived its Lustre and Glory from his Great-Grand∣father Cato; one that by his Virtue gained a very great Reputation and Autho∣rity among the Romans, as we have written in his Life.
This Cato, was, by the loss of both his Pa∣rents, left an Orphan, together with his Bro∣ther Coepio, and his Sister Porcia. Servilia
Lucan:
Page [unnumbered]Page 555also was his Sister by the Mother's-side. All these lived together, and were bred up in the House of Livius Drusus, their Uncle by the Mother; who at that time had a great share in the Government; for he was very Elo∣quent, remarkably Just, and in Wisdom not inferior to any of the Romans.
'Tis said of Cato, that he did, even from his Infancy, in his Speech, his Countenance, and all his childish Pastimes, discover an in∣flexible Temper, unmoved by any Passion, and firm in every thing.
He would force himself, much beyond the strength of his Age, to go through with whatever he undertook. He was rough and ungentle toward them that flattered him; but yet more stubborn and untracta∣ble to those who threatned him. He was very difficultly moved to laugh; and was rarely seen to smile. Not quickly or easi∣ly provoked to Anger; but if once incensed, he was no less difficultly pacified.
When he began to learn, he proved dull, and slow to apprehend; but what he once conceived, he very faithfully retained. And truly 'tis usual in Nature, that men of quick Apprehensions have not the best Memories; but those who receive things with most pains and difficulty, remember them with most exactness: for every new thing that is learnt seems to make some new impression Page 556 upon the Mind. Hence the difficulty there was in Cato to be moved, made it the more difficult for him to be taught; for to learn is to suffer a kind of Alteration: and it hap∣pens, that those are most easily wrought up∣on, who have least strength to oppose what is offered. Hence young men are sooner per∣swaded, than those that are more in years; and Sick men, than those that are well in Health: in fine where the Resistance is least powerful, the Impression is most easily made. Yet Cato (they say) was very obedient to his Schoolmaster, and would do whatever he was commanded; but he would also ask the Reason, and enquire the Cause of every thing: and indeed his Schoolmaster was a very courteous man, more ready to instruct, than to beat his Scholars; his Name was Sarpedo.
When Cato was a Child, the Allies of the Romans sued to be made free-Citizens of Rome. Pompoedius Sillo, one of their De∣puties, a brave Souldier, and a man of great worth, who had contracted a Friend∣ship with Drusus, lodged at his House for several days; in which Time being grown familiar with the Children, Well, (said he to them) will you entreat your Ʋncle to be∣friend us in our Business? Coepio smiling, seemed to consent; but Cato made no An∣swer, only he looked stedfastly and fiercely Page 557 on the Strangers: Then said Pompoedius to him, And you young man, what say you to us? will not you, as well as your Brother, intercede with your Ʋncle in our behalf? Cato Continu∣ed still unmoved; but by his Silence and his Countenance seeming to deny their Petiti∣on, Pompoedius snatch'd him up to the Win∣dow, as if he would throw him out: then he urged him to consent, or he would fling him down; and speaking in a harsher Tone, held his Body out of the Window, and shook him several times. When Cato had suf∣fered this a good while, unmoved and un∣concerned; Pompoedius setting him down, said softly to his Friends, What a Blessing is this Child to Italy? if he were a Man, I be∣lieve we should not gain one Voice among the People. Another time, one of his Relations, on his Birth-day, invited Cato and some o∣ther Children to Supper, who diverting themselves in a part of the House, were at Play all together, the elder and the young∣er; their Play was to act the Pleading of Cau∣ses before the Judges, accusing one another, and carrying away the Condemned to Pri∣son. Among these, a very beautiful young Child being bound and carried by a bigger into Prison, he cryed out to Cato; who presently run to the Door, and thrusting away those who stood there as a Guard, took out the Youth, and went home in Page 558 great Anger followed by all his Compani∣ons.
Cato at length grew so famous among them, that when Sylla Designed to exhibit the Game of young men riding Races on Horseback, which they called the Trojan Course, having got together all the Youth of Quality, he appointed two for their Lea∣ders. One of them they accepted for his Mother's sake, which was the Son of Me∣tella, the Wife of Sylla; but for the other, which was Sextus, the Nephew of Pompey, they would not be led by him, nor exercised under him: then Sylla asking, Whom they would have? They all cryed out, Cato; and Sextus willingly yielded the Honour to him, as the more worthy Person.
Sylla, having had a Friendship with their Father, did often send for Cato and his Bro∣ther, and would talk familiarly with them; a Favour which he shewed to very few, by reason of the great Power and high Station which he had gotten. Sarpedo, considering the Advantage hereof as well for the Ho∣nour as the Safety of his Scholars, did of∣ten bring Cato to wait upon Sylla at his House, which, for the multitude of those that were slain, imprisoned, and tormented there, looked like a Place of Execution. Cato was then about 14 years old; now seeing the Heads of great Men brought thither, and Page 559 observing the secret Sighs of those that were present, he asked his Schoolmaster▪ Why does no body kill this Man? Because (said he) they fear him, Child, more than they hate him: Why then (replied Cato) do you not give me a Sword, that I may stab him, and free my Countrey from this Slavery? Sarpedo hearing this, and at the same time seeing his Countenance full of Anger and Fury, took care thence-forward to watch him strictly, lest he should fall into any despe∣rate Attempt.
While he was yet very young; to some that asked him, Whom he loved best? He answered, His Brother: And being asked, Whom next? He replied▪ His Brother again: So likewise the third time; and still the same, till they left off to ask any farther. As he grew in Age, this Love to his Brother increased; for when he was about 20 years old, he never supped, never went out of Town, nor into the Forum, without Coepio; but when his Brother made use of Oynt∣ments and Perfumes, these Cato rejected: And he was in the whole course of his Life very regular and austere; so that when Coe∣pio was admired for his Moderation and Temperance, he would acknowledge, that indeed he might be accounted such, in re∣spect of some other men; but (said he) when I compare my self with Cato, methinks I Page 560 differ not at all from Sippius; one at that time notorious for Softness and Luxury.
Cato, being made one of Apollo's Priests, changed his Habitation, took his portion of their paternal Inheritance, and began to live yet more severely than before. Having gain∣ed an intimate Acquaintance with Antipa∣ter, the Stoick Philosopher, he bent himself chiefly to the Study of Moral Philosophy and Politicks.
He was carried, as it were, by a kind of Inspiration, to embrace every Virtue; but most inclined, to delight in a sort of steady Justice, that was not to be wrought upon by Favour or Compassion. He learned also the Art of speaking in publick; which he look∣ed upon as a thing no less requisite for go∣verning, than the Art of War, for defend∣ing a City. But he would never recite his Speeches before Company; nor was he e∣ver heard declame: And to one that told him, Men blamed his Silence; but I hope not my Life, (said he) and I will then begin to speak, when I think I can say something that is worth being spoken.
There was a great Hall, which had been built and dedicated to the Publick by old Cato; here the Tribunes of the People used to keep Court: And because a certain Pillar seemed not to stand well for the conveni∣ence of their Benches, they deliberated, whe∣ther Page 561 it were best to remove it only, or to take it away. This Business first drew Ca∣to into the Forum, tho' much against his will; for he therein opposed the Tribunes, and at the same time gave an admirable Specimen both of his Courage and his Eloquence. His Speech had nothing in it of childish or affected, but was rough, vehement, and full of sence; besides he had a certain grace in speaking, which charmed the Ear, and agreed well with the shortness of his Senten∣ces; and something of Mirth and Raillery mingled with the Gravity of his Temper, was not unpleasant to his Auditors. His Voice was full, sounding, and sufficient to be heard by so great a Multitude. His Vigour, and the strength of his Body inde∣fatigable; for he could speak a whole day, and never be weary.
When he had carried this Cause, he be∣took himself again to his Study and Retire∣ment; where he accustomed his Body to Labour and violent Excercise: would use himself to go bare-headed both in hot and cold Weather. When he went abroad with any of his Friends, tho' they were on Horse∣back, and he on Foot, yet he would often joyn now one, then another, and discourse with them on the way.
In Sickness, admirable was the Patience he shewed in supporting; and the Abstinence Page 562 he used, for curing his Distempers. One time when he had an Ague, he would be alone all day long, and suffer no body to see him, till he began to recover, and found the Fit was over. At Supper when he threw Dice for the choice of the Messes, and lost, the Com∣pany offered him nevertheless his choice; but the refused, saying, * Venus forbids.
At first he was wont to drink only once after Supper, and then go away, but in process of time he grew to drink more, in∣somuch that oftentimes he would continue at Table till morning. This his Friends ex∣cused; for that the State Affairs took him up all day, and he being desirous of Know∣ledge, did pass the night at Table in the Conversation of Philosophers. Hence one Memmius saying in Company, That Cato spent whole nights in Drinking; But you can∣not say (replied Cicero) that he spends whole days in Playing.
Cato esteemed the Customs and Manners of Men at that time so corrupt, and a re∣formation in them so necessary, that he thought it requisite in many things, to go contrary to the ordinary way of the World. Wherefore seeing the lightest and gayest Co∣lours were most in fashion, he would always wear the darkest: and he would often go out of doors without either Shooes or Coat. Not that he sought Vain-glory from such Page 563 Novelties; but he would accustom himself to be ashamed only of what deserves shame and to despise all other sorts of disgrace.
The Estate of one Cato, his Cousin-ger∣man, (which was worth 100 Talents) fall∣ing to him, he turned it all into ready Mo∣ney, which he kept by him for any of his Friends that should happen to want, to whom he would lend it without use; for some of them, he suffered his own Land and his Slaves to be mortgaged to the publick Treasury.
When he thought himself of an Age fit to marry, having never before known any Woman, he was contracted to Lepida, who had before been contracted to Metellus Sci∣pio; but he having quitted her, the Con∣tract was dissolved, and she at liberty: yet Scipio afterward repenting himself, did all he could to regain her, before the Marriage with Cato was compleat; and therein suc∣ceeded. At which Cato was very much in∣censed, and resolved to go to Law about it; but his Friends perswaded him to the con∣trary; however he was so moved by the heat of Youth and Passion, that he writ Iam∣bicks against Scipio, which had all the Wit and Satyr of Archilochus, without his Impu∣dence and Scurrility. After this he married Atilia, the Daughter of Sorranus, which was the first▪ but not the only Woman he e∣ver knew; in this much less happy than Page 564 Loelius, the Friend of Scipio, who in the whole course of so long a Life never knew but one Woman.
In the War made by the Rebellion of the Slaves, (which was named from Spartacus their Ring-leader) Gellius was General; and Cato went a Voluntier, for the sake of his Brother Coepio, who was a Colonel in that Army. But Cato could find no opportunity to shew his Courage, or exercise his Valour by reason of the ill Conduct of the General; however admidst the Corruptions and Disor∣ders of that Army, he shewed such a love of Discipline, so much Bravery upon occasi∣on, and so much Wisdom in every thing, that it appeared he would not be any way in∣feriour to the old Cato. Whereupon Gel∣lius offered him great Rewards, and would have decreed him considerable Honours; which he refused, saying, He had done no∣thing that deserved them; and this made him be thought a man of a very odd Humour.
There was a Law▪ That the Candidates who stood for any Office, should not have Prompters to tell them the Names of the Citizens. Cato, when he sued to be elected Military Tribune, was the only man that o∣beyed that Law; he took great pains to sa∣lute those he met, and call them by their Names. Yet for these things he was envied, even by those who praised him; for the Page 565 more they considered the Excellency of what he did, the more they were grieved at the difficulty they found to do the like.
Now being chosen Military Tribune, he was sent into Macedon after Rubrius, who was General there. It is said, that his Wife shewing much Concern, and weeping at his Departure, Munatius, one of Cato's Friends said to her, Do not trouble your self, Atilia, I'll take care to keep him for you. Ay, by all means, replied Cato. When they had gone one days Journey together; Well, said he to Munatius, that you may be sure to keep your promise to Atilia, you must not leave me day nor night; and then ordered two Beds to be made in his own Chamber, that Munatius might lie there: so that he seem∣ed rather to be kept by Cato. There went with him fifteen Slaves, two Freed-men and four of his Friends; these rode on Horseback, but Cato always went on Foot, yet would he keep by them, and discourse with them on the way.
When he came to the Army, which con∣sisted of many Legions, the General gave him the Command of one; but Cato look∣ed upon it as a small matter, and not wor∣thy a Commander, to make his own single Valour appear; therefore he desired to make his Souldiers like himself. Yet he did not thereby lose the Reverence due to his Com∣mand, Page 566 but joyned Reason to his Authority; for he perswaded and instructed every one in particular, and on all bestowed Rewards or Punishments according to desert.
At length his Men were so well discipli∣ned, that it was hard to say, whether they were more peaceable, or more warlike; more valiant, or more just: they were dreadful to their Enemies, and courteous to their Companions; fearful to do wrong, and forward to gain Honour. Thus Cato, tho' he never sought, yet easily acquired Glory and Repute; was highly esteemed by all men, but entirely beloved by the Soul∣diers. Whatever he commanded to be done, he himself took part in the performing. In his Apparel, his Diet and Labour, he was more like a common Souldier than an Officer; but in Virtue, Courage and Wisdom, he far exceeded all that had the Name of Commanders. By these means he made himself greatly beloved, and was there∣fore the more willingly followed: for the true love of Virtue, is in all men produced by the Love and Respect they bear to him that teaches it; and those who praise good men, yet do not love them may cry up their Honour, but will never imitate their Virtue.
At that time there dwelt in Pergamum, one Athenodorus, sirnamed Cordylio, a Man very Page 567 well versed in the Stoick Philosophy, who was now grown old, and had always refused the Friendship and Acquaintance of Princes and great Men. Cato understood this; so that imagining he should not be able to prevail with him by sending or writing; and being by the Laws allowed two months absence from the Army, he resolved to go into Asia, to see Athenodorus: and considering the great worth of the Man, he hoped he should not lose his labour. When Cato had discoursed with him, and perswaded him from his former Resolutions, he returned and brought him to the Army, as joyful and as proud of this success, as if he had done some heroick Exploit, greater than any of those of Pompey or Lucullus, who at that time subdued so many Nations and King∣doms.
While Cato was yet in the Army, his Brother, on a Journey toward Asia, fell sick at Aenus in Thrace, and immediately dispatched Letters to him. The Sea was very rough, and no convenient great Vessel to be had; yet Cato, getting into a little Passage boat, with only two of his Friends, and three Servants, set Sail from Thessaloni∣ca, and having very narrowly escaped drow∣ning, he arrived at Aenus just as Coepio expi∣red. Upon this occasion Cato shewed him∣self more a fond Brother than a Philoso∣pher, Page 568 not only in the excess of Grief, be∣wailing and embracing the dead Body, but also in the extravagant Expences of the Funeral, wherein a vast quantity of rich Perfumes and costly Garments were burnt with the Corps? besides, he erected in the Forum of the Aenians, a Monument of Thassian Marble, which cost eight Talents. This some blamed, as not suiting with Cato's usual Moderation in other things: But they did not consider, that tho' he were stedfast, firm, and inflexible to Pleasure, Fear, or fond Entreaties; yet he was full of natural Ten∣derness, and brotherly Affection. Divers of the Cities and Governours of the Countrey, sent him many Presents, to honour the Fune∣rals of his Brother; but he took none of their Money, only the Perfumes and Ornaments he received, and paid for them also. After∣ward, when the Estate was divided between him and Coepio's Daughter, he did not re∣quire the Funeral Expences to be deducted. Notwithstanding all this, a certain Writer has affirmed, that he made his Brother's Ashes be passed through a Sieve, to find the Gold that was melted down with the Body: but surely that * person thought, his Writ∣ings, as well as his Actions, should never be subject to Examination.
The Time of Cato's Service in the Army being expired, he received at his departure Page 569 not only the Prayers and Praises, but the Tears and Embraces of the Souldiers, who spread their Garments at his Feet, and kissed his Hand as he passed; an Honour, which the Romans shewed to very few of their Generals.
Cato having left the Army, resolved be∣fore he would return home, and apply him∣self to the management of State-Affairs, to travel over Asia, and there observe the Man∣ners, the Customs, and the Strength of every Province. He was also willing to gra∣tifie the Importunity of Deiotarus, King of Galatia, who having had great Familiarity and Friendship with his Father, did earnest∣ly invite him thither.
Cato took care to order his Journeys in this manner: Early in the morning he sent out his Baker and his Cook toward the Place where he designed to lodge the next night: these went civilly and quietly into the Town in which if there happened to be no Friend nor Acquaintance of Cato or his Family, they provided for him in an Inn, and gave no disturbance to any body; but if there were no Inn, they went to the Magistrates, and desired them to help them to Lodgings, and were always satisfied with what was al∣lotted to them. His Servants thus behaving themselves toward the Magistrates, without noise and threatning, were often not credi∣ted, Page 570 or neglected by them; so that Cato did many times arrive, before any thing was pro∣vided for him. And indeed he himself was often despised, and made little account of; for sitting silent by himself on his Carriages, he was looked upon as a contemptible Man, and one of a mean Spirit; therefore he would sometimes call the Townsmen toge∣ther, and say, Ye ill-natured Men, lay aside this inhospitable Humour; you should by Courtesie endeavour to break the power of those Men, who desire but a pretence to take from you by force, what you give with such Reluctance.
While he travelled in this manner, a plea∣sant Accident befell him in Syria. As he was going into Antioch, he saw a great multi∣tude of People without the Gates, ranked in order on either side the way; here the young Men with long Cloaks, there the Children decently dress'd; others wore Crowns and white Garments, which were the Priests and Magistrates. Cato, presently imagining all this was to do him Honour, and for his Re∣ception, began to be angry with his Ser∣vants that were sent before, for suffering it to be done; then making his Friends alight, he walked along with them on Foot. As soon as he came near the Gate, a reverend old Man, who seemed to be Master of these Ceremonies, with a Staff and a Crown in his Hand, comes up to Cato, and without Page 571 shewing him any respect, ask'd him, Where he had left Demetrius, and how soon he thought he would be there? This Demetrius was Pom∣pey's Servant; and by all those who hoped for any Favour from Pompey, he was high∣ly honoured, not for his own Desert, but for his great Power with his Master. Upon this Cato's Friends fell out into such a Laugh∣ter, that they could not restrain themselves, while they passed through the Crowd; he himself much out of Countenance, cryed, O unhappy City! and said no more: yet after∣ward he used to tell this Story, and laugh at it himself.
Pompey likewise after that made the Peo∣ple ashamed of their Ignorance and Folly; for Cato, in his Journey to Ephesus, went to pay his Respects to him; who was the el∣der Man, had gained much Honour, and was then General of a great Army. Yet Pompey would not receive him sitting; but as soon as he saw him rose up, and going to meet him, as the more honourable Person, gave him his Hand, and embraced him very kindly. He said many things also in com∣mendation of Cato's Virtue, both in his pre∣sence, and when he was gone away. So that now all men began to respect Cato, and admired him for the same things for which they despised him before; having well con∣sidered the mildness of his Temper, and the Page 572 greatness of his Spirit. Moreover, the Ci∣vility that Pompey himself shewed him, ap∣peared to come from one that rather ho∣noured, than loved him. For it was obser∣ved, he was very kind to Cato while he was present with him, but very glad when he was gone from him: And when other young men came to see him; he usually importuned and entreated them to continue with him. Now he did not at all invite Cato to stay; but as if his own Power were lessened by the o∣ther's Presence, he very willingly dismiss'd him. Yet to Cato alone, of all those that went for Rome, he recommended his Chil∣dren and his Wife, who was also her self al∣lied to Cato.
After this, all the Cities through which he passed, strove and emulated each other in shewing him Respect and Honour. They invited him to great Entertainments; at which he desired his Friends to be present, and take care of him, lest he should make good what was said by Curio; who tho' he were his familiar Friend, yet disliking the austerity of his Temper, asked him one day, If when he left the Army, he designed to see Asia? And Cato answering, Yes, by all means: You do well, replied Curio, and I hope you will return thence a litle more softned, and less an Enemy to Pleasure. Those were his words.
Page 573Deiotarus being now an old Man, had sent for Cato, with design to recommend his Children and Family to his Protection: and as soon as he came, brought him Presents of all sorts of things, which he begg'd and en∣treated him to accept. This so displeased Cato, that tho' he came but in the evening, he stay'd only that night, and went away early the next morning. After he was gone one days Journey, he found at Pessi∣nuns a greater number of Presents provided for him there, and also Letters from Dei∣otarus, entreating him to receive them; or at least to permit his Friends to take them, who for his sake deserved something: And indeed Cato's own Estate was not very great; yet he would not suffer it, tho' he saw some of them were willing to receive such Gifts, and ready to complain of his Severi∣ty: But he told them, That at this rate Corruption would never want pretence; and for his Friends, they should share with him in what-ever he could get justly and honest∣ly; so he returned the Presents to Deiota∣rus.
When he took Ship for Brundusium, his Friends would have perswaded him to put his Brother's Ashes into another Vessel; but he said, He would sooner part with his Life than leave them: and so he set Sail. 'Tis said, he passed the Sea not without some Page 574 danger; tho' others at the same time went over very safely.
After he was returned to Rome, he spent his Time for the most part either at home, in Conversation with Athenodorus, or at the Forum, in the service of his Friends.
When the Office of Quoestor was allotted to him, he would not take the Place, till he had perfectly studied the Laws concerning it, and diligently enquired of experienced Men the Duty and Authority belonging to it. Being thus instructed, as soon as he came into the Office, he made a great Reformation among the Clerks and under-Officers of the Trea∣sury. For they being well versed in the Re∣cords and Methods of the Office, into which continually succeeded new Quoestors, who for their Ignorance and Unskilfulness were fit only to learn, and not able to manage the Business: These Officers therefore had taken to themselves all the Power, and were in effect the Treasurers: Till Cato, ap∣plying himself roundly to the Work, had not only the Title and Honour of a Quoestor, but an insight and understanding of what∣ever belonged to the Office. So that he us∣ed the Clerks and under-Officers like Ser∣vants, as they were; reprehending them that were corrupt, and instructing those that were Ignorant. Yet being bold, impu∣dent Fellows, they flattered the other Quoe∣stors Page 575 his Collegues, and by their means made great opposition against Cato. But he caught the chiefest of them dealing disho∣nestly in the division of an Estate, and turn∣ed him out of the Treasury. A second he accused of forging a Will; who was defen∣ded by Luctatius Catulus, at that time Censor; a Man very considerable for his Office, but more for his Virtue; and was eminent a∣bove all the Romans of that Age, for his Wisdom and Integrity: he had also an inti∣mate Acquaintance with Cato and much commended his way of Living. Catulus, perceiving he could not bring off his Client, if he stood to the issue of a fair Trial, fell to Prayers and Entreaties; but Cato would not suffer him to proceed therein: and when he continued still importunate; 'Tis a shame, (said he to Catulus) that you who are to Judge of our Lives, should thus let your own be disho∣noured, by defending the Faults of our Servants. At this expression Catulus looked as if he would have made some Answer; but he said nothing, and either through Anger or Shame went away silent, and out of Coun∣tenance. Nevertheless the Man was not cast; for the Voices that quitted him, were but one in number less than those that condem∣ned him: and Marcus Lollius, one of Cato's Collegues, was absent by reason of Sickness; to him Catulus sent, and entreated him to Page 576 come and assist his Client: so Lollius was brought into Court in a Chair, and gave his Voice also for acquitting the Man. Yet Cato never after made use of that Clerk, and never paid him his Salary, nor would he make any account of that Voice of Lollius. Having thus humbled the Clerks, and brought them to be at Command, he made use of the Books and Registers as he thought fit, and in a little while reduced the Treasu∣ry into as good order as any other Court; and all men said, Cato had made the Office of a Quoestor equal to the Dignity of a Consul. When he found many indebted to the State upon old accounts, and the State also in Debt to many private Persons, he took care that the Publick might neither do nor suf∣fer wrong: for he severely and punctually exacted what was due to the Treasury; but as freely and speedily paid all those to whom it was indebted. This made the People much reverence Cato: when they saw those made to pay, who thought to have e∣scaped for nothing; and others receiving all their due, who despaired of getting any thing. Whereas usually those who brought false Bills, aud pretended Orders of Senate, could through Favour get them accepted; Cato would never be so imposed upon: And a certain Order being questioned whether it had passed the Senate, he would not be∣lieve Page 577 a great many Witnesses that attested it, nor did admit of it till the Consuls came and affirmed it upon Oath.
There were at that time a great many, whom Sylla had made use of as his Execu∣tioners in the last Proscription, and to whom he had for that Service given twelve thou∣sand Drachma's apiece. These men every body hated as wicked Wretches, but no bo∣dy durst be revenged of them. Yet Cato call∣ed every one to account, who had thus got∣ten the publick Money; which he exact∣ed of them, and at the same time sharply reproved them for their cruel and impious Actions. Having born this from Cato, they were presently accused of Murther; and be∣ing already prejudged as guilty, they were easily found so, and accordingly suffered. At this all People rejoyced, and hoped now to see the fear of Tyranny taken away, and Sylla himself punished.
Cato's Assiduity also, and indefatigable Diligence, won very much upon the Peo∣ple; for he always came first of any of his Collegues to the Treasury, and went away the last. He never miss'd any Assembly of the People, or Sitting of the Senate; where he always took care strictly to observe those, who lightly, or out of Ambition, voted for remitting or giving away the Fines and Customs, that were owing to the State. Page 578 And at length having freed the Exchequer from Informers, yet filled it with Treasure; he made it appear, the State might be rich, without oppressing the People.
At first he was uneasie and hateful to some of his Collegues, but afterward much belo∣ved by them; for on him they laid the fault, when they could not gratifie their Friends with Pensions out of the Treasury, or cor∣rupt Judgments in passing their Accounts; and when pressed by Suiters, they readily answered, 'Twas impossible to do any thing, unless Cato would consent.
The last day of his Office he was very honourably attended to his House by all the People; but by the way he was informed, that several Persons of great Power and Familiarity with Marcellus, were about him in the Treasury, and earnestly urging him to pass a certain Gift out of the publick Re∣venue, as if it had been a Debt. This Mar∣cellus had been one of Cato's Friends from his Childhood, and was one of the best of his Collegues in this Office; but when a∣lone, was easily wrought upon by the im∣portunity of Suiters, and of his own incli∣nation very ready to do any body a Kind∣ness. Wherefore Cato immediately turned back, and finding that Marcellus had yielded to pass the thing, he took the Book, and razed it out. When he had done this, he Page 579 brought Marcellus out of the Court, who went home with him; and for all this, neither then, nor ever after, complained of him, but always continued his Friend∣ship and Familiarity with him.
Cato after he had laid down his Office, yet did not leave the Care of the Treasury; for he had his Servants there continually writing out Accounts, and he himself kept always by him certain Books, that contain∣ed the Accounts of the Revenue, from Sylla's Time to his own, for which he gave five Talents.
He was always first at the Senate, and went out last; oftentimes while others walked about there idlely, he would sit and read by himself, holding his Gown before his Book, and was never out of Town, when the Senate was to meet.
Pompey and his Party finding that Cato could never be, either perswaded or com∣pelled to favour their unjust Designs; they contrived to keep him from so much fre∣quenting the Senate, by engaging him in Business for his Friends, either to plead their Causes, or arbitrate their Differences. But he quickly discovering their Contrivance, to encounter it, fairly told all his Acquain∣tance, that he would never meddle in any private Business, when the Senate was as∣sembled;
Clodius, the seditious Oratour, practising to stir up great Commotions, and traducing the Priests and Vestals to the People, (a∣mong whom, Fabia Terentia, Sister to Ci∣cero's Wife, run great danger) Cato boldly opposed him, and made him appear so infa∣mous, that he was forc'd to leave the Town; and when Cicero came to thank him for what he had done; You must thank the Com∣monwealth, said he; for whose sake alone it was that he did every thing. Thus he gained a great and wonderful Reputation: so that a certain Advocate in a Cause, where there was only one Witness against him, told the Judges, They ought not to rely up∣on a single Witness, though it were Cato himself. And it was grown proverbial a∣mong the People, if any very unlikely and incredible thing were asserted, to say, They Page 581 would not believe it, though Cato himself should affirm it. One day a debauched Pro∣digal talking in the Senate about Frugality and Temperance, Amnoeus standing up, cry∣ed, Who can endure this, Sir, to hear you, that feast like Crassus, and build like Lucullus, talk like Cato. So likewise those who were wild and dissolute in their Manners, yet af∣fected to seem grave and severe in their Dis∣courses, were in derision called Cato's.
At first when his Friends would have perswaded him to stand to be Tribune of the People, he thought it not convenient; for that the Power of so great an Office, ought to be imployed only as the strongest Medicines, when things are brought to the last necessity. But afterward in Vacation∣time, as he was going, accompanied with his Books and Philosophers, to Leucania, where he had a pleasant Seat; by the way they met a great many Horses, Carriages, and Attendants, of whom they understood, that Metellus Nepos was going to Rome, to stand to be Tribune of the People. Here∣upon Cato stopp'd, and after a little pause, gave Orders to return immediately: At which the Company seeming to wonder; Don't you know (said he) how dangerous of it self the Madness of Metellus is? but now he comes assisted with the Counsel of Pompey, he will fall like Lightning on the State, and bring Page 582 it to utter ruine: wherefore this is no time for Idleness and Diversion; but we must go and pre∣vent this man in his Designs, or bravely die in defence of our Liberty. Nevertheless, by the Perswasion of his Friends, he went first to his Countrey-house, where he stay'd but a very little time, and then returned to Town.
He arrived in the Evening, and went straight the next Morning to the Forum, where he began to sollicit for the Tribuneship, in opposition to Metellus. The Power of this Office consists rather in controuling, than performing any Business; for tho' all the rest except any one Tribune should be agreed, yet his denial or intercession could put a stop to the whole Matter. Cato at first had not many that appeared for him; but as soon as his Design was known, all Persons of the best Quality, and of his own Acquaintance, took part with him; for they looked upon him not as one that de∣sired a Favour of them, but one that sought to do a great Kindness to his Countrey, and all honest men: Who had many times re∣fused the same Office, when he might have had it without trouble; but now sought it with danger, that he might defend their Liberty, and their Government. It is re∣ported, that so great a number flock'd about him, that he was like to be stifled amidst the Press, and could scarce get through the Page 583 Crowd. He was declared Tribune, with se∣veral others, among whom was Metellus.
Now when Cato was chosen into this Office, having observed that the Election of Consuls was grown very mercenary, he sharply rebuked the People for this Corrup∣tion, and in the conclusion of his Speech protested, he would accuse whom ever he should find giving Money: yet Passed by Silanus, by reason of his Alliance, for he had married Servilia, Cato's Sister; so that he did not prosecute him: but Lucius Mu∣rena, who was chosen Consul with Silanus, he accused of Bribery. There was a Law, That the Party accused might set a Guard upon his Accuser, to watch him lest he should use any indirect means in preparing the Accusation. He that was set upon Cato by Murena, at first followed and observed him strictly, yet never found him dealing any way unfairly or unjustly, but always generously and candidly, going on in the just and open Methods of Proceeding. So that he much admired Cato's great Spirit and noble Nature, and easily trusted to his Integrity; for meeting him abroad, or going to his House, he would ask him if he designed to do any thing that day in or∣der to the Accusation; and if Cato said, No, he went away, freely relying on his Word.
When the Cause was pleaded, Cicero, who Page 584 was then Consul, and defended Murena, did so wittily expose Cato, and the Stoick Phi∣losophers, and their Paradoxes, that he raised great Laughter in his Judges. Where∣upon, Cato smiling, said to the Standers by Sirs, we have a very pleasant Consul. Mu∣rena was acquitted, and afterward shewed himself no passionate, but a very prudent Man; for when he was Consul, he always took Cato's Advice in the most weighty Affairs, and in all the time of his Office, gave him much Honour and Respect. Of which, not only Murena's Prudence, but also Cato's obliging Humour, was the Cause: for tho' he were terrible and severe, as to Matters of Justice, in the Senate and at the Bar; yet he was very courteous and good∣natured to all men in private.
Before Cato took upon him the Office of Tribune, he assisted Cicero, at that time Consul, in many things that concerned his Office; but most especially in prosecuting Catiline's Conspiracy, which he did with great Courage and Success.
This Catiline had plotted a dreadful and entire Subversion of the Roman State, con∣triving to raise great Seditions, and drive them into a Civil War; but being detected by Cicero, was forced to fly the City. Yet Lentulus and Cethegus conspired with seve∣ral others, and blaming Catiline, as one Page 585 that wanted Courage, and had too much Caution for such desperate Designs, they themselves resolved to set the whole Town on fire, and utterly to ruine the Empire of the World, by Tumults at home, and War from abroad. But the Design was disco∣vered by Cicero, (as we have written in his Life) and the Matter brought before the Senate. Silanus, who spoke first, delivered his opinion, That the Conspirators ought to suffer the last of Punishments; and was there∣in followed by all that spoke after him, till it came to Coesar who was very eloquent, and looking upon all Changes and commo∣tions in the State, as Matter for him to work upon, desired rather to increase than extinguish them. Wherefore standing up, he made a very merciful and perswasive Speech; That they ought not to suffer other∣wise than according to Law, by which they could not be put to death; and moved that they might be kept in Prison: Thus was the House almost wholly turned by Coesar. They were also afraid of the People; insomuch that Silanus retracted, and said he did not mean Death, but Imprisonment, for that was the utmost of what a Roman could suffer. Up∣on this they were all inclined to the mild∣er opinion; when Cato standing up, began to speak with great Passion and Eloquence; blaming Silanus for his change of Opinion, and Page 586 reflecting on Caesar for his affectation of Popu∣larity, who (he said) would ruine the Common∣wealth by mild words, and plausible speeches: yet endeavoured to frighten the Senate, where he himself ought to fear: for he might take it kindly, if he escaped unpunished, or unsuspected, who did thus openly and boldly dare to protect the Enemies of the State; seemed to have no compassion for so great and glorious an Empire, brought so near its utter ruine; yet was full of pity for those men, who had better never been born, and whose death must deliver the Com∣monwealth from danger and destruction. This only of all Cato's Speeches, 'tis said, was preserved; for Cicero the Consul had disper∣sed about the Senate house several expert Writers, whom he had taught to make cer∣tain figures, which did in little and short strokes express a great many words: till that time they had not used those we call Short-hand Writers, who then first, as 'tis said, laid the foundation of that Art. Thus Cato carried it, and so turned the House a∣gain, that it was decreed, The Conspirators should be put to death.
Not to omit any the least strokes that may shew Cato's Temper, and contribute to draw the Image of his Mind; it is repor∣ted, that while Coesar and he were disputing very earnestly in this Business, and the whole Senate regarding them two, a little Page 587 Note was brought in to Coesar; which Cato presently declared to be suspicious; and some of the Senators moved it might be read. Whereupon Coesar delivered the Let∣ter to Cato, who discovering it to be a Love letter from his Sister Servilia to Coesar, by whom she had been debauched, he threw it to him again, crying, Take it, you Sot; and so went on with his Discourse. In short, it seems Cato had but ill Fortune in Women; for this Lady was ill-spoken of, for her Familiarity with Coesar: and another Ser∣vilia, Cato's Sister also, was yet more infa∣mous; for being married to Lucullus, one of the greatest Men in Rome; and having brought him a Son, she was afterward di∣vorced for Incontinency. But what was worst of all, Cato's own Wife, Atilia, was not free from the same Fault; and after she had born him two Children, he was forc'd to put her away for her ill Conduct. After that he married Martia, the Daughter of Philip, a Woman of good Reputation; who yet has occasioned much Discourse; for this Passage in the Life of Cato looks like a Fable in a Play, and is very difficult to be cleared, or made out with any certainty.
It is thus related by Thraseas, who refers to the Authority of Munatius, Cato's Friend and constant Companion. Among many that loved and admired Cato, some were Page 586 〈1 page duplicate〉 Page 587 〈1 page duplicate〉 Page 588 more remarkable and conspicuous than o∣thers: of these was Quintus Hortensius, a Man of signal Worth, and approved Virtue; who desired not only to live in Friendship and Familiarity with Cato, but also to be united to his Family, by some Alliance in Marriage. Therefore he set himself to per∣swade Cato, that his Daughter Porcia, who was already married to Bibulus, and had born him two Children, might nevertheless be given to him, as a fruitful Field, from which he might raise an Off-spring: For (said he) tho' this in the opinion of men may seem strange, yet in Nature 'twould be honest and profitable for the Publick; that a Woman in the prime of her youth should not lie useless, and lose the Fruit of her Womb; nor on the the other side would it be convenient, she should burthen and impoverish one Man, by bringing him too many Children. Also by this Communication of Families among worthy Men, Virtue would increase, and be diffused through their Posterity; and the Common-wealth would be united and cemented by their Alliances. Yet if Bibulus would not part with his Wife altogether, he would restore her as soon as she had brought him a Child, whereby he might be united to both their Families. Cato an∣swered, That he loved Hortensius very well, and did much approve of uniting their Houses; but he thought it very strange to speak of mar∣rying Page 589 his Daughter, which was already given to another. Then Hortensius, turning the Discourse, did not stick to acknowledge, that 'twas Cato's own Wife which he de∣sired; for she was young and fruitful, and he had already Children enough. Neither can it be thought, that Hortensius did this, as imagining Cato did not love Martia; for, 'tis said, she was then with Child. Cato per∣ceiving his earnest desire, did not deny his Request, but said, that Philip, the Father of Martia, ought also to be consulted. Philip therefore being sent for, came; and finding they were well agreed, gave his Daughter Martia to Hortensius in the presence of Cato, who himself also assisted at the Marriage. These things were done afterward; but since I was speaking of Women▪ I thought fit to make mention thereof in this Place.
Lentulus and the rest of the Conspirators were put to death; but Coesar, by reason of what was said against him in the Senate, be∣took himself to the People, and stirred up the most corrupt and dissolute Members of the State to follow him. Cato, apprehen∣sive of what might ensue thereupon, per∣swaded the Senate to win over the poor and disorderly Rabble, by a distribution of Corn, the Charge of which amounted to twelve hundred and fifty Talents. This Liberality did in appearance dissipate the present Dan∣ger.
Page 590But Metellus, coming into his Office of Tribune, began to hold tumultuous Assem∣blies, and had prepared a Decree, That Pompey the Great should presently be called into Italy, with all his Forces, to preserve the City from the danger of Catiline's Con∣spiracy. This was the fair pretence; but the true design was, to deliver all into the hands of Pompey, and give him an absolute Power. Upon this the Senate was assembled; and Cato did not fall sharply upon Metellus, as he used to do, but spoke many things full of great Reason and Moderation. At last he descended even to Entreaty, and ex∣tolled the House of Metellus, as having al∣ways taken part with the Nobility. At this Metellus grew the more insolent, and despising C•to, as if he yielded and were a∣fraid, let fall many audacious Speeches, o∣penly threatning to do whatever he pleased in spite of the Senate. Hereupon Cato changed his Countenance, his Voice and his Language; and after many sharp Ex∣pressions, boldly concluded, That while he lived, Pompey should never come armed into the City. The Senate thought them both extravagant, and not well in their Wits; for the Design of Metellus seemed to be the effect of his Rage, who out of excess of Ma∣lice, would bring all to Ruine and Con∣fusion; and Cato's Virtue look'd like a kind Page 591 of Ecstasie, while he with so great heat and passion contended for what was good and just. Afterward, when the People were to give their Voices for the passing this Decree, Metellus before-hand possessed the Forum with armed Men, Strangers, Gladiators and Slaves, and all those that in hopes of Change followed Pompey, which was no small part of the People; besides they had great Assi∣stance from Coesar, who was then Proetor. The best and chiefest Men of the City, were no less offended at these Proceedings than Cato; but they seemed rather likely to suf∣fer with him, than able to assist him. In the mean time Cato's whole Family were in dreadful Fear and Apprehension for him; some of his Friends did neither eat nor sleep all the night, continuing in very great Per∣plexity: his Wife and Sisters also bewailed and lamented him; but he himself, void of all Fear, and full of Assurance, did comfort and encourage them by his own Discourse. After Supper he went to rest at his usual hour, and was the next day waked out of a profound Sleep, by Minutius Thermus, one of his Collegues. So soon as he was up, they two went together into the Forum, ac∣companied by very few, but met by a great many, who bid them have a care of them∣selves. Cato, when he saw the Temple of Castor and Pollux incompassed with armed Page 592 Men, and the ascent to it guarded by Gla∣diators, at the top whereof sate Metellus and Caesar together; turning to his Friends, Be∣hold (said he) that couragious Fellow who has raised so great Forces against one unarmed naked man: and so he went on with Thermus. They who kept the Passages, gave way to those two; but would not let any body else pass: yet Cato, taking Munatius by the Hand, with much difficulty pull'd him thorow along with him. Then going di∣rectly to Metellus and Caesar, he sate him∣self down between them, to prevent their talking to one another; at which they were both amazed. And those of the ho∣nest Party, observing the Countenance and admiring the Spirit and Boldness of Cato, went nearer, and cry'd out to him to have Courage, exhorting one another to stand to∣gether, and not betray their Liberty, nor the Defender of it. Then the Clerk took out the Bill, but Cato forbade him to read it; whereupon Metellus took it, and would have read it himself, but Cato snatch'd away the Book. Yet Metellus having the Decree by heart, began to recite it without book; but Thermus clapp'd his Hand to his Mouth, and stopp'd his Speech. Metellus seeing them fully bent to withstand him, and the People inclining to their side, sent to his House for armed Men; who rushing in with great noise Page 593 and terrour, they all dispers'd and run away, except Cato, who alone stood still, while the other Party threw Sticks and Stones at him from below. Murena, whom he had formerly accused, could not brook this, but came to him, and holding his Gown before him, cryed out to them to leave off throw∣ing▪ in •ine, perswading and pulling him along, he forc'd him into the Temple of Caster and Pollux. Metellus now seeing the Place clear, and all the adverse Party fled out of the Forum, thought he might easily carry his Point so he commanded the Soul∣diers to retire, and going orderly to work, he began to proceed in passing the Decree: But the other side, having recollected them∣selves, returned very boldly, and with great shouting; insomuch that Metellus his Adherents were utterly dismayed, and fled every one out of the Place. They be∣ing thus dispersed, Cato came in again, and confirmed the Courage, and commended the Resolution of the People; so that now the Multitude were, by all means, for de∣posing Metellus from his Office. The Se∣nate also being presently assembled, gave Orders to stand by Cato, and to oppose this Decree, which would certainly raise great Disturbance, and perhaps Civil War in the Common wealth. But Metellus continued still very bold and resolute; and seeing his Page 594 Party stood greatly in fear of Cato, whom they look'd upon as invincible, he flung out of the Senate, and going into the Forum he assembled the People to whom he made a bitter and invidious Speech against Cate, crying out, He was forc'd to fly from his Ty∣ranny, and this Conspiracy against Pompey, that the City would soon repent their having dishonoured so great a Man.
Cato was highly magnified, for having thus delivered the State, from the dange∣rous Tribuneship of Metellus; and thereby in some measure diminished the Power of Pom∣pey: But he was more commended, for that the Senate intending to disgrace Metellus, and depose him from his Office, Cato did altogether oppose, and at length divert that Design. For which the Common People ad∣mired his Moderation and Humanity, in not insulting on an Enemy whom he had over∣thrown; but wise Men acknowledged his Prudence and Policy, in not exasperating Pompey.
After this, Lucullus returned from the War in Asia; the finishing of which, and thereby the Glory of the whole, would in all appearance fall to Pompey. Lucullus also was like to lose his Triumph; for C•ius Mem∣mius traduced him to the People, and threat∣ned to accuse him: which he did rather out of Love to Pompey, than for any particular Page 595 Enmity to Lucullus. But Cate, being related to Lucullus who had married his Sister Ser∣vilia, and also thinking this design very un∣just, opposed Memmius; and thereby under∣went many Slanders and false Accusations; insomuch that they would have turned him out of his Office, pretending that he used his Power tyrannically. Yet at length Ca∣to so far prevailed against Memmius, that he was forc'd to let fall the Accusations, and to desist from his Design.
Lucullus, having thus obtained his Tri∣umph, did yet more carefully cultivate Ca∣to's Friendship, which he look'd upon as a great guard and defence against Pompey's Power.
Pompey the Great also returning from the Army, and considing in the Glory of his Actions, and the Good-will of the People, thought he should be denied nothing. There∣fore he sent to the Senate, to put off the As∣sembly for the choice of Consuls, till he could be present, to assist Piso, who stood for that Office. To this most of the Senate present∣ly yielded; only Cato, not thinking that this delay would be of any great impor∣tance, but desiring to lessen and cut off the Hopes and Designs of Pompey, withstood his Request, and so over-ruled the Senate, that 'twas carried against him.
Page 596This did not a little trouble Pompey, who found he should very often fail in his De∣signs, unless he could bring over Cato to his Interest. Therefore he sent for his Friend Munatius; and Cato having two Neeces that were marriageable, he offered to marry the eldest himself, and take the youngest for his Son. Some say, they were not his Neeces, but his Daughters, whom Pompey would have thus married. Munatius proposed the Matter to Cato, in presence of his Wife and Sisters: the Women very much desired the Alliance of so great and worthy a Person; but Cato, without delay or balancing, pre∣sently answered; Go, Munatius, go tell Pom∣pey, that Cato is not to be wrought upon by Women; tho' otherwise I very much value his Kindness: And while he deals uprightly in the State, he shall find in me a Friendship more firm than any Alliance; but I will not give Hostages to Pompey's Glory, against my Coun∣trey's safety. This Answer was very grating to the Women; and to all his Friends it seemed somewhat harsh and haughty. Af∣terwards, when Pompey, endeavouring to get the Consulship for one of his Friends, did give Money to the People for their Voices; and the Bribery was notorious, for the Mo∣ney was told out in Pompey's own Gardens. Cato then said to the Women, They must necessarily have been concerned in these Page 597 Faults of Pompey, if they had been allied to his Family; and they acknowledged, that he did best in refusing it.
But, if we may judge by the Event, Cato seems much to blame for rejecting that Al∣liance, which thereby fell to Caesar. And then that Match was made, which uniting his and Pompey's Power, had well-nigh ruin∣ed the Roman Empire, and did at last utterly destroy the Commonwealth. Nothing of which perhaps had come to pass, but that Cato was too apprehensive of Pompey's least Faults; and did not consider, how he for∣ced him into a condition of committing much greater; however these things were yet to come.
Now Lucullus and Pompey had a great Dispute, concerning what had been establish∣ed in Pontus; each endeavouring that his own Ordinances might stand. Cato took part with Lucullus, who was apparently in∣jured; and Pompey, finding himself the weak∣er in the Senate, took to the People. To gain them, he proposed a Law, for dividing the Lands among the Souldiers: Cato op∣posing him in this also, made the Law be re∣jected. Hereupon Pompey joyned himself with Clodius, at that time the most violent of all the popular Men; and was likewise u∣nited to Caesar upon this occasion, of which Cato himself was the Cause.
Page 598For Caesar, returning from his Govern∣ment in Spain, at the same time sued to be chosen Consul, and yet desired not to lose his Triumph. Now the Law requiring, That those who stood for any Office, should be present; and yet that whoever expected a Triumph, should continue without the Walls; Caesar requested the Senate, that his Friends might be permitted to canvass for him in his absence. Many of the Senators where willing to consent to it; but Cato opposed it; and perceiving them inclined, to favour Caesar, spent the whole day in speaking; and so prevented the Senate, that they could come to no conclusion. Caesar therefore resolving to let fall his Pretensions to the Triumph, came into the Town, and immediately made a Friendship with Pompey, and stood for the Consulship: so soon as he was declared Consul elect, he married his Daughter Julia to Pompey. Having thus combined themselves together against the Commonwealth, the one proposed the A∣grarian Laws, for dividing the Lands among the poor People; and the other was present to second the Proposal. Against them, Lu∣cullus, Cicero, and their Friends, joyned with Bibulus the other Consul, and did all they could to hinder the passing those Laws. A∣mong these none was more remarkable than Cato, who look'd upon the Friendship and Page 599 Alliance of Pompey and Caesar as very dan∣gerous; and declared, he did not so much dislike the Advantage, the People should get by this division of the Lands, as he fear'd the Reward these men would gain, by thus cheat∣ing the People. And in this the Senate was of his opinion; as likewise many honest men without, who were very much offended at Caesar's ill Conduct; That he now bearing the Authority of Consul, should thus basely and dishonourably flatter the People, practi∣sing to win them by the same means, that were wont to be used only by the most rash and heady Tribunes. Caesar therefore and his Party, fearing they should not carry it by fair dealing, fell to open force. First a Bas∣ket of Dung was thrown upon Bibulus, as he was going to the Forum: then they set upon his Lictors, and broke their Rods; at length several Darts were thrown, and ma∣ny men wounded: so that all that were a∣gainst those Laws, fled out of the Forum, the rest making what hast they could; but Ca∣to last of all walking out very slowly, often turned back and cursed those Citizens.
Now the other Party did not only carry this Point of dividing the Lands; but also or∣dained, that all the Senate should swear to confirm this Law, and to defend it against whoever should attempt to alter it; inflict∣ing great Penalties on those that should re∣fuse Page 598 〈1 page duplicate〉 Page 599 〈1 page duplicate〉 Page 600 the Oath. All the Senators, seeing the necessity they were in, took the Oath; re∣membring the Example of old Metellus, who refusing to swear upon the like occasion, was forc'd to fly out of Italy. As for Cato, his Wife and Children with Tears besought him; his Friends and Familiars perswaded and en∣treated him to yield, and take the Oath; but he that principally prevailed with him, was Cicero the Orator, who urged and re∣monstrated, How unreasonable it was, that a private man alone should oppose what the Pub∣lick had decreed: That the thing being alrea∣dy past remedy, it would look like folly and madness, to run himself into danger, where 'tis impossible to do his Countrey any good. Besi∣des, it would be the greatest of all Evils, to abandon the Commonwealth, for whose sake he did every thing, and to let it fall into the hands of those, who designed nothing but its ruine. This would look, as if he were glad of an opportunity, to retire from the trouble of defending his Countrey: For (said he) tho' Cato have no need of Rome, yet Rome has need of Cato; and so likewise have all his Friends. Of whom Cicero profess'd himself the chief; being at that time aimed at by Clodius, who openly threatned to fall upon him, as soon as ever he should get to be Tribune. Thus Cato (they say) moved by the Entreaties of his Family, and the Persuasions Page 601 of his Friends, went unwillingly to take the Oath; which he did the last of all, ex∣cept only Favonius, one of his intimate Ac∣quaintance.
Coesar, exalted with this Success, propo∣sed another Law, for dividing almost all the Countrey of Campania among the poor and needy Citizens. No body durst speak a∣gainst it but Cato, whom therefore Coesar pull'd from the Rostra, and dragg'd to Prison: yet Cato did not at all remit his freedom of Speech, but as he went along, continued to speak against the Law, and advised the People to put a stop to these Proceedings. The Senate and the best of the Citizens fol∣lowed him with sad and dejected Looks, show∣ing their Grief and Indignation by their Silence; so that Coesar could not be ignorant how much they were offended; but being one of a fierce contentious Spirit, he still persisted, expecting Cato should either sup∣plicate him, or appeal to the People. Af∣terwards, when he saw that Cato would do neither, Coesar himself, asham'd of what he had done, privately sent one of the Tribunes to take him out of Prison.
Thus having won the Multitude by these Laws and Gratifications, they decreed, That Coesar should have the Government of Illy∣ricum, and all Gaule, with an Army of four Legions, for the space of five years: Tho' Page 602 Cato still cry'd out, they were placing a Ty∣rant in their Citadel. Publius Clodius, (who illegally of a Patrician became a Plebeian) was declared Tribune of the People: And he had promised to do all things according to their pleasure, on condition he might banish Cicero. For Consuls, they set up Calpurnius Piso, the Father of Coesar's Wife; and Au∣lus Gabinius, a Man wholly at Pompey's De∣votion, as they Write who best knew his Life and Manners.
Yet when they had thus firmly established all things; having mastered one part of the City by Favour, and the other by Fear, they themselves were still afraid of Cato: For they well considered, with how much pains and difficulty they had oppressed him; and what disgrace they suffered, when they did violence to him. This made Clodius despair of driving Cicero out of Italy, while Cato stay'd at home. Therefore, having first laid his Design; as soon as he came into his Office, he sent for Cato, and told him, That he look'd upon him as the most uncorrupt Man of all the Romans, and was ready by deeds to make good the truth of his words: For whereas (said he) many have sought to command the Ex∣pedition to Cyprus, and have much sollicited to be sent thither; I think you only deserve it, and therefore to you I will freely give that Command. Cato presently cry'd out, This Page 603 was a design upon him, and no Favour, but an Injury. Then Clodius proudly and fierce∣ly answered, If you will not take it as a Kind∣ness; yet you shall go, tho' never so unwilling∣ly: and immediately going into the Assem∣bly of the People, he made them pass a Decree, that Cato should be sent to Cyprus. But they ordered him neither Ships, nor Souldiers, nor any Officers, only two Se∣cretaries; one of which was a very Rascal, and the other a Retainer to Clodius. Besides, as if the gaining of Cyprus, and conquering Ptolemy, were not Work sufficient, he was ordered also to restore the Fugitives of By∣zantium: For Clodius was resolved to keep him far enough off, whilst himself continued Tribune.
Cato, being in this necessity of going away, advised Cicero, (who was next to be set up∣on) to make no Resistance, lest he should throw the State into Civil War and Confu∣sion; but to give way to the Times: And thus he might become once more the Pre∣server of his Countrey.
Cato sent Canidius, one of his Friends, to Cyprus, to perswade Ptolemy to yield, without being forc'd; which if he did, he should want neither Riches nor Honour: For the Romans would give him the Priest∣hood of Venus in the Isle of Paphos. He himself stay'd at Rhodes, making some Pre∣parations, Page 604 and expecting an Answer from Cyprus. In the mean time Ptolemy, King of Aegypt, who had left Alexandria, upon some quarrel between him and his Subjects, was sailing for Rome, in hopes that Pompey and Coesar would by their Power restore him again to his Kingdom: in his way he desired to see Cato, to whom he sent, sup∣posing he would come to him. Cato was about his necessary Affairs, when the Mes∣senger came; to whom he made Answer, That Ptolemy might come to him, if he thought fit. When he came, Cato neither went forward to meet him, nor so much as rose up to him, but saluting him as an ordinary Person, bid him sit down. This at first amazed Ptolemy, who admired to see such Greatness and stately Carriage, in a Man of common Birth and mean Ap∣pearance: But afterward, when he began to talk about his affairs, Ptolemy no less wonder'd at the Wisdom and freedom of his Discourse; for Cato blamed his Design, and shew'd him the Honour and Happiness he had fallen from, the Disgrace and Trou∣bles he would run himself into; told him, what great Gifts and Presents he must be∣stow on the leading Men at Rome, whom all Aegypt turn'd into Silver would scarcely satisfie; he therefore advised him to return home, and be reconciled to his Subjects, Page 605 offering to go along with him, and assist him in composing the Differences. Upon this Discourse Ptolemy came to himself, as one recovered from a Fit of Madness; and acknowledging the Wisdom and Sincerity of Cato, was resolved to follow his Advice: But he was again over-perswaded by his Friends to the contrary, and so according to his first Design, went to Rome. When he came there, and was forced to wait at the Gate of one of the Magistrates; he be∣gan to repent of his folly, in having reject∣ed the Counsel of so good a Man, or rather the Oracle of a God.
In the mean time the other Ptolemy, that was in Cyprus, (very luckily for Cato) poyson'd himself. It was reported he had left great Riches; therefore Cato designing to go first to Byzantium, sent his Nephew Brutus to Cyprus, for he would not wholly trust Canidius. Then having reconciled the Fugitives and the People of Byzantium, he left the City in peace and quietness; and thence sail'd to Cyprus; where he found a Royal Treasure in Plate, Tables, precious Stones and purple, all which was to be turn'd into ready Money. Cato resolved to examine all very exactly, and to raise the price of every thing to the utmost; to which end he was always present at selling the things, and took the Accounts himself. Page 606 Nor would he trust to the usual Customs of the Market, but suspected all the Offi∣cers, Cryers, Prizers, and even his own Friends: therefore he himself talk'd with the Buyers, and urged them to bid up; so that most of the things were sold at great Rates.
This Mistrustfulness of Cato's offended most of his Friends; but especially Munati∣us, the most intimate of them all, became almost irreconcilable. And this afforded Caesar a plentiful Subject for Railing, in his Book against Cato. Yet Munatius himself relates, that this falling out was not so much occasioned by Cato's mistrust, as by his neglect of him, and by his own jealou∣sie of Canidius: for Munatius writ a Book concerning Cato, which is chiefly follow'd by Thraseas. Now Munatius says, That coming last to Cyprus, and having a very ill Lodging provided for him, he thereup∣on went to Cato's House, but was not ad∣mitted, because he was in private with Canidius; of which he afterward very mildly complain'd to Cato, but received a very harsh Answer: for he told him, That too much Love (according to Theophrastus) often causes Hatred; and you (said he) be∣cause you bear me much Love, think you re∣ceive too little Honour, and presently grow an∣gry: but as to Canidius, I will imploy him, Page 607 both for hîs Industry and his Fidelity, •e has been always with me, and I have always found him free from corruption▪ These things were said in private between them two: but Cato afterward told Canidius what had pas∣sed▪ which Munatius understanding, would no more go to sup with him, and when he was called to Council, refused to come. Then Cato threatned to seize his Goods, as was the custom to deal with those who were disobedient: but Munatius, not regarding his Threats, returned to Rome, and conti∣nued a long time thus discontented. Af∣terward when Cato was come back also, Martia, who as yet lived with him, con∣trived to have them both invited to sup to∣gether at the House of one Barca: Cato came in last of all, when the rest were at Table, and ask'd, Where he should be? Bar∣ca answered him, Where he pleased: then looking about, he said, He would be near Munatius, and presently went, and placed himself next to him; yet he shewed him no other mark of Kindness, all the time they were at Table together. But another time, at the Entreaty of Martia, Cato wrote to Munatius, That he desired to speak with him. Munatius went to his House one Morning, and was entertained by Mar∣tia; till all the Company was gone; then Cato came and embraced him very kindly, Page 608 and they were perfectly reconciled. I have the more fully related this Passage, for that I think the Manners and Tempers of Men, are more clearly discovered by things of this na∣ture, than by great and illustrious Actions.
Cato got together no less than seven thousand Talents of Silver; but apprehen∣sive of what might happen in so long a Voy∣age by Sea, he provided a great many Cof∣fers that held two Talents, and five hundred Drachma's apiece: to each of these he fast∣ned a long Rope, and to the other end of the Rope a piece of Cork; so that, if the Ship should miscarry, it might be dis∣covered where about the Chests lay under Water: thus all the Money, except a very little, was safely transported. Now Cato had made two Books, in which all his Ac∣counts were carefully written; but neither of them was preserved; for his Freed-man Phylargyrus, who had the charge of one of them, setting Sayl from Cenohrea, was drowned, together with the Ship, and all her Lading. The other Book Cato himself kept till he came to Corcyra; where he see up his Tents in the Market-place: and the Mariners being very cold in the Night, made a great many Fires, some of which took hold of the Tents, so that they were burnt, and the Book lost. Though Cato had brought with him several of Ptolemy's Page 609 Servants, who could testifie his Integrity, and stop the mouths of his Enemies; yet this loss troubled him: for he designed them not only for a proof of his own Fidelity, but a pattern of Exactness to others.
News being brought to Rome, that Cato was coming up the River, all the Magi∣strates, the Priests, and the whole Senate, with great part of the People, went out to meet him: both the Banks of the Tyber were covered with People: so that his Entrance was in Solemnity and Honour, not inferiour to a Triumph. But 'twas thought somewhat strange, and look'd like Pride; that when the Consuls and Praetors appeared, he did not come toward them, nor stay to salute them, but rowed up the Stream in a Roy∣al Galley of six Banks of Oars, and stopt not till he came to the place of Landing. However, when the Money was carried through the Streets, the People much won∣dred at the vast quantity of it, and the Se∣nate being assembled, did in honourable terms decree him an extraordinary Praetor∣ship, and also the priviledge of being at the publick shews in a Robe fac'd with purple. Cato refused all these Honours: but decla∣ring what Diligence and Fidelity he had found in Nicias, the Steward of Ptolemy, he requested the Senate to give him his Free∣dom.
Page 610Philip, the Father of Martia, was that year Consul; but the Authority and Power of the Office rested wholly in Cato: for the other Consul no less respected him for his Vertue, than Philip did for his Alliance.
Cicero being returned from his Banish∣ment, (into which he was Driven by Clo∣dius) and having again obtained great Cre∣dit among the People; he went one day, in the absence of Clodius, and by force took a∣way the Records of his Tribuneship, which Clodius, had laid up in the Capitol. Here∣upon the Senate was assembled, and Clodi∣us Complained of Cicero; who answered, That Clodius was never legally Tribune, and therefore whatever he had done, was void and of no Authority. But Cato interrupted him, and standing up, said, That indeed he did not at all approve of Clodius his Proceedings; but if they questioned the Validity of what had been done in his Tribuneship, they might also question what himself had done at Cyprus: for the Expedition was unlawfull, if he that sent him had no lawful Authority. But, he thought Clodius was legally made Tribune, who, by permission of the Law, was from a Patrician adopted into a Plebeian Family: and if he had done ill in this Office, he ought to be called to account for it; but the Authori∣ty of the Magistracy ought not to suffer for the Faults of the Magistrate. Cicero took this Page 611 very ill, and for along time discontinued his Friendship with Cato: but they were after∣ward reconciled upon this occasion.
Pompey and Crassus, by Agreement with Caesar, (who came over the Alpes, on pur∣pose,) had laid a Design, That they two should stand to be chosen Consuls a second time; and when they should be in their Of∣fice, they would continue to Caesar his Go∣vernment for five years more, and take to themselves the greatest Provinces, with Ar∣mies, and money to maintain them. This seemed a plain Conspiracy, to destroy the Commonwealth, and divide the Empire. Several honest Men had intended to stand to be Consuls that year: but upon the ap∣pearance of these great Men, they all de∣sisted, except only Lucius Domitius, who had married Porcia, the Sister of Cato, and was by him perswaded to stand it out, and not abandon such an Undertaking; which (he said) was not only to gain the Consul∣ship, but to preserve the Liberty of Rome. In the mean time, 'twas usually discoursed a∣mong the more prudent part of the Citizens, That they ought not to suffer the Power of Pompey and Crassus to be united, which would then grow beyond all Bounds, and become dangerous to the State; that there∣fore one of them must be denied. For these Reasons they took part with Domitius; whom Page 612 they exhorted and encouraged to go on, as∣suring him, that many who feared openly to appear for him, would privately assist him. Pompey's Party, fearing this, laid wait for Domitius, and set upon him as he was going before day-light, with Torches, into the Field. First he that bore the Light next before Domitius, was knock'd down; then several others being wounded, all the rest fled, except Cato and Domitius: for Cato held him, (tho' himself were wounded in the Arm) and crying out, conjured the others to stay, and while they had breath, not to forsake the defence of their Liberty, against those Tyrants, who plainly shewed with what Moderation they were like to use the Power, which they endeavour'd to gain by such Vio∣lence. But at length Domitius also no lon∣ger willing to stand the Danger, fled to his own House; and so Pompey and Crassus were declared Consuls.
Nevertheless Cato would not give over; but resolv'd to stand himself to be Praetor that year, which he thought would be some help to him, in his design of opposing them: that he might not act as a private Man, when he was to contend with pub∣lick Magistrates. Pompey and Crassus ap∣prehended this: and fearing that the Office of Praetor in the Person of Cato, might be equal in Authority to that of Consul; they Page 613 assembled the Senate unexpectedly, without giving any notice to a great many of the Senators, and made an Order,
Caius Trebonius proposed the Law for al∣loting Provinces to the Consuls; whereby one was to have Spain and Lybia, the other Aegypt and Syria, with full power of ma∣king War and Peace, both by Sea and Land, as they should think fit. When this was proposed, all men despaired of putting any stop to it; and therefore said nothing a∣gainst it. But Cato, before they began Vo∣ting, went up into the Rostra, and desired to be heard; they would scarce allow him two hours to speak. Having spent that time, in declaring many things that were passed, and foretelling many that were to come, they would not suffer him to speak any longer; but as he was going on, a Serjeant came and pull'd him down: yet when he was down, he still continued his Discourse; Page 615 and many there were who hearkened to him, and were much concern'd for him. Then the Serjeant took him, and forc'd him out of the Forum; but as soon as he got loose, he returned again, crying out to the People, to stand by him. Cato having done thus several times, Trebonius grew very an∣gry, and commanded him to be carried to Prison; but the Multitude followed him, and hearkened to him, who made a Speech to them, as he went along. Whereupon Tre∣bonius was afraid, and ordered him to be re∣leased: thus was all that day spent, and the Business driven off by Cato. But afterward, many of the Citizens being over-aw'd by Fears and Threats, and others won by Gifts and Favours: Aquilius, one of the Tribunes, they shut into the Senate house; Cato, who cry'd, It thundered, they drove out of the Forum; many were wounded, and some slain: at length by open force they passed the Law. At this many were so incensed, that they got together, and resolved to throw down the Statues of Pompey: but Ca∣to went, and diverted them from that De∣sign.
Again, another Law was proposed, con∣cerning the Provinces and Legions for Coe∣sar. Upon this occasion Cato did not ap∣ply himself to the People, but to Pompey; and told him, He did not consider now; that Page 616 he took Caesar upon his own Shoulders, who would shortly grow too weighty for him; and at length, not able to lay down the burthen, nor yet to bear it any longer, he would fall with it upon the Commonwealth: and then he would remember Cato's Advice; which was no less advantageous to him, than just and ho∣nest in it self. Thus was Pompey often warn∣ed, but still went on; never mistrusting Coesar's Change, and always confiding in his own Power and good Fortune.
Cato was made Proetor the following year; but, it seems, he did not more ho∣nour and credit the Office by his signal Integrity, than he did disgrace and dimi∣nish it by his strange Behaviour, for he would often come to the Court without his Shooes, and sit upon the Bench without his Gown; and in this Habit give Judgment in the greatest Causes, and upon Persons of the best Quality. 'Tis said also, he would dis∣patch Business after Dinner, when he had drunk Wine: but this was wrongfully re∣ported of him.
The People were at that time extreamly corrupted by the Bribes of those who sought Offices; and many made a constant Trade of selling their Voices. Cato was resolved utterly to root this Corruption out of the Commonwealth; therefore he perswaded the Senate to make an Order, That those Page 617 who were chosen into any Office, tho' no body did accuse them, should be obliged to come into the Court, and give account up∣on Oath how they had dealt in their Electi∣on. This very much displeased those who stood for the Offices; but much more those who took the Bribes: insomuch that one Morning, as Cato was going to the Place where he kept Court, a great multitude of People flocked together, and with a migh∣ty uproar fell to reviling him, and threw Stones at him. Those that were about the Tribunal, presently fled; Cato himself be∣ing forc'd thence, and justled about in the Throng, very narrowly escaped the Stones that were thrown at him, and with much difficulty got into the Rostra; where stand∣ins up with a bold and undaunted Counte∣nance, he appeas'd the Tumult, and silen∣ced the Clamour: then he began to speak, and was heard with great attention; so that he perfectly quelled the Sedition. After∣ward, the Senate commending him for this; But I don't commend you (said he) for aban∣doning your Praetor in Danger, and bringing him no Assistance.
In the mean time, the Candidates were in great perplexity: for every one dreaded to give Money himself; and yet feared lest his Competitors should. At length they all agreed to lay down an hundred and twenty Page 618 five thousand Drachma's apiece, and then go on to canvass fairly and honestly, on condition, that if any one was found to make use of Bribery, he should forfeit the Money. Being thus agreed, they chose Ca∣to to keep the Stakes, and arbitrate the Matter: to him therefore they brought the Sum concluded on, and before him subscrib∣ed the Agreement; he refused to take the Money, but would have others bound for them. Upon the day of Election, Cato stood by the Tribune that took the Votes, and ve∣ry watchfully observing all that passed, he discover'd one who had broken the Agree∣ment, and immediately ordered him to pay his Money to the rest: but they much ad∣miring the Justice of Cato, remitted the Penalty, as thinking the Dishonour a suffi∣cient Punishment. This rais'd Cato as much Envy, as it gain'd him Reputation: and many were offended at him, as if he did hereby take upon himself the whole Autho∣rity of the Senate, Court of Judicature, and other Magistracies. For there is no Vertue, the Honour and Credit whereof procures a man more Envy, than that of Justice: and that because it acquires a man great Power and Authority among the common People. For they only revere the Valiant, and ad∣mire the Wise; while they truly love just men, and in these have entire Trust and Page 619 Confidence: but of the former, they fear the one, and always mistrust the other. Be∣sides, they think men rather beholding to their Complexion, than to any goodness of their Will, for those Vertues: for they look upon Valour as a certain natural firmity of the Mind; and Wisdom as the effect of a fine Constitution. Whereas a man has it in his own power to be Just; if he have but the will to be so: and therefore also Inju∣stice is thought the most dishonourable, be∣cause 'tis least excusable.
Cato upon this account was oppos'd by all the great Men, who thought themselves reprov'd by his Vertue. Pompey especially look'd upon the increase of Cato's Credit, as the ruin of his own Power; and therefore continually set up men to rail against him. Among these was the seditious Clodius, now again united to Pompey; he declared open∣ly, that Cato had convey'd away a great deal of the Treasure that was found in Cy∣prus; and that he hated Pompey, only be∣cause he refused to marry his Daughter. Ca∣to answered, That although they had allow'd him neither Horse nor Men, he had brought more Treasure from Cyprus alone, than Pom∣pey had, after so many Wars and Triumphs, from the ransack'd World: that he never sought the Alliance of Pompey; not that he thought him unworthy of being related to him, but be∣cause Page 620 he differ'd so much from him, in things that concerned the Commonwealth; for (said he) I laid down the Province that was given me, when I went out of my Praetorship: on the contrary, Pompey retains many Provinces to himself, and many he bestows on others; late∣ly he sent Caesar six thousand Men into Gaul, which were never ask'd of the People, nor ever given by their consent. Thus unlimitted Powers, Men, Horse and Arms, are become the mutual Gifts of private Men to one ano∣ther. And Pompey still keeps the Titles of Commander and General; but gives the Ar∣mies and Provinces to others to govern: while he himself presides in the City; and stays at home to model Seditions, and contrive Tu∣mults in Elections: whence 'tis plain, he aims at raising himself a Monarchy out of our Confu∣sion. Thus did Cato take occasion sharply to reflect on Pompey.
Marcus Favonius was an intimate Friend, and zealous Imitator of Cato; such as here∣tofore Apollodorus Phalereus is said to have been of Socrates, with whose Discourses he was wont to be so transported, that he would seem perfectly mad, and as it were pos∣sess'd. This Favonius stood to chosen Ae∣dile, and was like to lose it: but Cato, who was there to assist him, observed that all the Votes were written in one Hand; and discovering the Cheat, appeal'd to the Page 621 Tribunes, who voided the Election. Favo∣nius was afterward chosen Aedile, and Cato, who assisted him in all things that belong'd to his Office, did also take care of the Plays that were exhibited in the Theater: to the Actors Cato gave Crowns, not of Gold, but of wild Olive, such as us'd to be given at the Olympick Games. Instead of the magnificent Gifts, that were wont to be bestow'd on the People, he gave to the Groecians Leeks, Lettices, Radishes and Pears; and to the Romans, earthen Pots of Wine, Pork, Figs, Cucumbers, and little Fagots of Wood. Some laugh'd at Cato for this; and others were well pleas'd with the Hu∣mour, which they look'd on as a relaxation of his usual Austerity. In fine, Favonius himself mingled with the Crowd, and sit∣ting among the Spectators, applauded Cato, bid him bestow Honours and Rewards on those who did well, and assur'd the People, that he had given all the Power into Cato's Hands. At the same time Curio, the Col∣legue of Favonius, gave very magnificent Plays in another Theatre. But the People left his, and went to those of Favonius, which they very much applauded, seeing him act the private Man, and Cato the Master of the Shows; who did these things, in derision of the great Expences that others bestowed; and to teach them, that in Page 622 Sports men ought to seek Diversion only, and decent Chearfulness, not great Prepara∣tions, and costly Magnificence; nor should they imploy too much Care about things of little Concern.
After this Scipio, Hypsaeus, and Milo, stood to be Consuls, and that not only with the usual and common Disorders of Bribery and Corruption: but with Arms and Slaugh∣ter were running desperately into a Civil War. Whereupon 'twas propos'd, That Pom∣pey might be impower'd to preside over that Election. This Cato at first oppos'd, say∣ing, That the Laws ought not to seek protecti∣on from Pompey, but Pompey from the Laws. Yet this Confusion lasting a long time, the Forum continually, as it were, besieged with three Armies, and no possibility of putting a stop to these Disorders: Cato at length a∣greed, that rather than fall into the last Ex∣tremity, the Senate should freely confer all on Pompey: since 'twas necessary to make use of a lesser Evil, to prevent a greater; and better to set up a Monarchy themselves, than to suffer a Sedition to continue, that must certainly end in one. Bibulus there∣fore a Relation of Cato's, moved the Senate to create Pompey sole Consul: For that either he would preserve the present Government; or they should live quietly under the most power∣ful. Cato stood up, and, contrary to all Page 623 expectation, seconded this Motion, conclu∣ding, That any Government was better than Con∣fusion; and that he did not question but Pom∣pey would deal honourably, and take care of the Commonwealth, thus committed to his charge. Pompey, being hereupon declared Consul, invi∣ted Cato to his House in the Suburbs. When he came, he saluted and embrac'd him very kindly, acknowledg'd the Favour he had done him, and desired his Counsel and Assistance, in the management of this Office. Cato made Answer, That what he had spoken heretofore, was not out of Hate to Pompey; nor what he had now done, out of Love to him: but all for the good of the Commonwealth. That, in pri∣vate, if he ask'd him, he would freely give his Advice: but in publick tho' he ask'd him not, he would always speak his Opinion. And he did accordingly: for first when Pompey made severe Laws for punishing, and lay∣ing great Fines on those who had corrupted the People with Gifts, Cato advised him, To let alone what was already pass'd and to provide for the future: for if he should seek into past Crimes, it would he difficult to know where to stop; and if he would ordain new Pe∣nalties, it would be unreasonable to punish Men by a Law, which they had never broken. Af∣terward, when many considerable Men, and some of Pompey's own Relations, were accused, he grew remiss, and let fall the Pro∣secution: Page 624 but Cato sharply reprov'd him, and urg'd him to proceed. Pompey had made a Law also, to forbid the custom of making commendatory Orations, on behalf of those that were accused: yet he himself writ one for Munatius Flaccus, and sent it, while the Cause was pleading: which Cato seeing, he stopt his Ears with his Hands, and would not hear it read, for he was one of the Judges. Whereupon Flaccus, before Sentence was given, excepted against him, but was condemned notwithstanding. And indeed Cato was the occasion of great Trou∣ble and Perplexity, to almost all that were accused of any thing: for they fear'd to have him one of their Judges, yet did not dare to reject him: and many had been condemned, because, refusing him, they seemed not to trust their own Innocence. To others it was objected, as a great Re∣proach, the not accepting Cato for their Judge.
In the mean while, Caesar lay with his Forces in Gaul, where he continued in Arms; and at the same time, by his Gifts, his Riches and his Friends, increas'd his Power in the City. Hereupon Cato fore∣warn'd Pompey, and rouz'd him out of the negligent Security in which he lay, not imagining any Danger near: but seeing Pompey very slow, and unwilling or afraid Page 625 to undertake any thing against Caesar; Cato resolved himself to stand for the Consulship, and presently force Caesar, either to lay down his Arms, or discover his Intentions. Both Cato's Competitors were persons very much beloved by the People. Sulpitius, who was one, had by Cato's means acquired great Credit and Authority in the City; therefore it was thought unhandsom, and un∣gratefully done, to stand against him: but Cato did not take it ill; For 'tis no wonder (said he) if a man will not yield to another, in that which he esteems the greatest Good. Now he perswaded the Senate to make an Order, That those who stood for Offices, should themselves ask the People for their Votes, and not sollicite by others. This ve∣ry much offended the common People: for it took from them, not only the means of receiving Money, but also the opportunity of obliging several Persons; and so rendred them both poor, and less regarded. Be∣sides, Cato himself was by nature altoge∣ther unfit for the business of Canvassing: for he took more care to preserve the dignity of his Character, than to obtain the Office. Thus by following his own way of Sollici∣ting; and not suffering his Friends to do those things which take with the Multi∣tude, he lost the Consulship.
Whereas, upon such like Occasions, not Page 626 only those who miss'd the Office, but even their Friends and Relations, used to be much griev'd and out of Countenance for several days after: yet Cato took it so un∣concernedly; that he anointed himself, and play'd at Ball in the Field, and after Dinner went into the Forum, as he used to do, with∣out his Shooes or his Coat, and there walked about with his Acquaintance. But Cicero▪ Blamed him; for that when Affairs requi∣red such a Consul, he would not take any Care, nor shew the People any Civility: as also that he afterward neglected to try again; whereas he had stood a second time to be chosen Praetor. Cato answer'd, That he lost the Praetorship the first time, not by any dislike of the People; but by the power and corruption of his Adversaries: whereas in the Election of Consuls there had been no foul dealing. So that he plainly saw, the People were offended at his Manners; which an ho∣nest man ought not to alter for their sake: nor yet would a wise man attempt the same thing again, while he lies under the same Prejudi∣ces.
Caesar was then fighting with many war∣like Nations, whom he very bravely subdu∣ed: Among the rest, it seems, he had set upon the Germans, (who yet were in Peace with the Romans) and slew three hundred thousand of them. Upon which, some of Page 627 his Friends moved the Senate for a publick Thanksgiving: but Cato declared, They ought to deliver Caesar into the hands of those who had been thus unjustly assaulted; that they might expiate the Offence, and not bring a Curse upon the City: yet we have reason (said he) to thank the Gods; for that they spared the Commonwealth, and did not take Venge∣ance upon the Army, for the Madness and Fol∣ly of the General. Hereupon Caesar writ a Letter to the Senate, which was read open∣ly: 'twas full of reproachful Language and Accusations against Cato, who standing up, seemed not at all concern'd; and without any Heat or Passion, but with a calm, and, as it were, premeditated Discourse, expos'd the Scurrility and Folly of Caesar: making it evident, that the Accusations he had heap'd together against him, were nothing but a∣busive and ridiculous Railing. Then he be∣gan to rip up all Caesar's Practices; and laid open his Designs from the beginning, as clearly, as if he never had been an Enemy to him, but a constant Confederate with him: and told the Senate, That if they were wise, they would not fear the Britains and Gauls, but Caesar himself. This Discourse so mov'd and awaken'd the Senate; that Caesars Friends repented, they had made the Letter be read, which had given Cato op∣portunity of many reasonable things, and Page 628 such severe Truths against him. However, nothing was then concluded: only 'twas hinted, that they would do well to send him a Successor. Hereupon Caesar's Friends required, That Pompey also should lay down his Arms, and resign his Provinces; or else that Caesar might not be obliged to either. Then Cato cry'd out What he had foretold, was come to pass: now'twas manifest he would come upon them with his Forces; and turn against the State those Armies he had got, by deceitfully imposing on them. Yet Cato could not prevail much out of the Senate-house; for the People always magnified Caesar: And the Senate were convinced by Cato; but were afraid of the People.
When News was brought, That Caesar had taken Ariminum, and was coming on with his Army toward Rome: then all men, even Pompey, and the common People too, cast their eyes on Cato, who had alone fore∣seen, and first clearly discover'd Caesar's In∣tentions. He therefore told them, If you had believ'd me, or regarded my Advice; you would not now have been reduc'd to stand in fear of one Man, and also to put all your Hopes in one alone. Then Pompey acknow∣ledg'd, That Cato indeed had spoken most like a Prophet; and that himself had acted too much like a Friend. Now Cato advised the Senate to put all into the hands of Pompey; Page 629 for those who can raise up great Evils, (said he) can best allay them.
Pompey finding he had not sufficient Forces, and that those he could raise, were not very resolute, he forsook the City. Cato resolving to follow Pompey, sent his younger Son to Munatius, who was then in the Countrey of Brutium, and took his eldest with him. But wanting some body to keep his House, and take care of his Daugh∣ters; he took Martia again, who was now a rich Widow: for Hortensius was dead, and had left her all his Estate. Caesar after∣ward made use of this Action also, to re∣proach him with Covetousness, and a mer∣cenary Design in his Marriage: For (says he) if he had need of a Wife, why did he part with her? and if he had not, why did he take her again? unless he gave her only as a Bait to Hortensius; and lent her when she was young, to have her again when she was rich. But in Answer to this, we may apply the Saying of Euripides,
Now 'tis alike absurd, to reproach Hercules for Cowardice, and to accuse Cato of Co∣vetousness. Though otherwise, whether he did altogether right in this Marriage, might Page 630 be disputed: for as soon as he had again taken Martia, he committed his House and his Daughters to her, and himself followed Pompey.
'Tis said, that from that day he never cut his Hair, nor shav'd his Beard, nor wore a Garland: but always full of sadness, grief and dejectedness for the Calamities of his Countrey, he continually bore the same Habit to the last, whatever Party had Misfortune or Success.
The Government of Sicily being allotted to him, he pass'd over to Syracuse; where understanding, that Asinius Pollio was arri∣ved at Messana, with Forces from the Enemy, Cato sent to him, to know the reason of his coming thither: Pollio on the other side, demanded of him the cause of these Com∣motions. Cato also hearing, that Pompey had quite abandon'd Italy, and lay incamp'd at Dyrrachium: he cry'd out, How dark and uncertain is the Will of Heav'n! Pompey, when he did nothing wisely nor honestly was al∣ways successful: and now that he would pre∣serve his Countrey, and defend her Liberty, he is altogether unfortunate. As for Asinius, he said, he could easily drive him out of Si∣cily; but there coming greater Forces to his Assistance, he would not engage the Island in a War: wherefore he advised the Syra∣cusians to submit to the Conqueror, and pro∣vide Page 631 for their own safety. Then he set Sayl from thence.
When he came to Pompey, he constantly gave Advice to prolong the War: for he always hoped to compose Matters, and would by no means that they should come to Action. For the Commonwealth would suffer extreamly, and be the certain cause of its own Ruine; whoever were the Conque∣ror▪ Moreover he persuaded Pompey and the Council of War to ordain, That no Ci∣ty should be sack'd, that was subject to the People of Rome: and that no Roman should be kill'd, but in the heat of Battel. There∣by he got himself great Honour, and brought over many to the Party of Pompey, who were much taken with the Moderation and Humanity of Cato. Afterward, being sent into Asia, to assist those who were raising Men, and preparing Ships in those Parts; he took with him his Sister Servilia, and a little Boy which she had by Lucullus. For since her Widowhood, she had lived with her Brother, and very much recover'd her Reputation: having put her self under his Care, follow'd him in his Voyages, and comply'd with his severe way of Living: yet Caesar did not fail to asperse him upon her account also.
Pompey's Officers in Asia, it seems, had no great need of Cato. But he brought over the People of Rhodes by his Perswasions; Page 632 and leaving his Sister Servilia and her Child there, he returned to Pompey, who had now gotten together very great Forces both by Sea and Land. And here Pompey clearly be∣tray'd his own Intentions. For at first he de∣sign'd to give Cato the Command of the Navy, (which consisted of no less than five hundred Ships of War, besides a vast num∣ber of Pinaces, Scouts, and Tenders) But presently bethinking himself, or put in mind by his Friends; that Cato's principal and on∣ly aim, being to free his Countrey from all Usurpation: if he were Master of so great Forces; as soon as ever Caesar should be conquered, he would certainly oblige Pompey to lay down his Arms, and be subject to the Laws. Therefore Pompey chang'd his Mind; and tho' he had before mentioned it to Cato, yet he made Bibulus Admiral. Not∣withstanding this, it appear'd, Cato's Af∣fection to the publick Good was no way di∣minish'd. For when they were ready to en∣gage in a Battle at Dyrrachium, Pompey him∣self encouraged the Army, and commanded all the Officers to do the like: yet the Soul∣diers hearkened to them but coldly, and with silence. Cato spoke last of all; and discours'd to them out of the Principles of Philosophy, such things as the Occasion required, concerning Liberty, Valour, Death and Glory: all which he delivered Page 633 with great vehemence of Affection; and concluded with an Invocation of the Gods, to whom he directed his Speech, as if they were present to behold them fight for their Countrey. At this the Army gave such a Shout, as fill'd all their Leaders with Hope, and made them fall on without fear of Danger. Caesar's Party were routed, and put to flight: yet his good Fortune took such advantage of Pompey's Cautiousness and Diffidence, as rendred the Victory incom∣pleat. But of this we have spoken in the Life of Pompey.
Now while all the rest rejoyc'd, and mag∣nified their Success; Cato alone bewail'd his Countrey, and curs'd that fatal Ambition, which made so many brave Romans murther one another.
After this, Pompey following Caesar into Thessaly, left at Dyrrachium a great quantity of Munition, store of Riches and many of his Domesticks and Relations; the charge of all which he gave to Cato, with the Com∣mand only of fifteen Cohorts; for tho' he trusted him much, yet he was afraid of him too: knowing full well, that if he suc∣ceeded not, Cato would never forsake him; but if he conquer'd, would never let him use his Victory at his pleasure. There were likewise many Persons of eminent Quality, that stay'd with Cato at Dyrrachium.
Page 634When they heard of the Overthrow at Pharsalia; Cato resolv'd with himself, that if Pompey were slain, he would conduct those that were with him, into Italy, and then retire as f•r from the Tyranny of Caesar as he could, and live in Exile: but if Pompey were safe, he would keep the Army together for him. With this Resolution he pass'd o∣ver to Corcyra, where the Navy lay. There he would have resign'd his Command to Ci∣cero: because he had been Consul, and him∣self only a Proetor: but Cicero refus'd it, and was going for Italy. At which Pompey's Son being incens'd, would rashly and in a heat have punish'd all those who were going a∣way, and in the first place have laid hands on Cicero: but Cato reprehended him in private, and diverted him from that Design, Thus apparently he sav'd the Life of Cicero, and preserv'd several others besides.
Now understanding that Pompey the Great was fled toward Aegypt, or Lybia, Cato resolved to hasten after him; and ha∣ving taken all his Men aboard, he set Sail: but first to those who were not willing to en∣gage, he gave free liberty to depart.
When they came to the Coast of Africk, they met with Sextus, Pompey's younger Son, who told them of the Death of his Father in Aegypt: at which they were all exceedingly griev'd, and declared, that af∣ter Page 635 Pompey they would follow no other Leader but Cato. Out of compassion there∣fore to so many worthy Persons, who had given such testimones of their Fidelity, and whom he could not for shame leave in a desart Countrey, amidst so many Difficul∣ties; he took upon him the Command, and march'd toward the City of Cyrene, which presently received him, tho' not long before they had shut their Gates against Labienus, Here he was inform'd, that Scipio Pompey's Father-in-law, was received by King Juba; and that Appius Varus, whom Pompey left Governour of Lybia, had joyn'd them with his Forces. Cato therefore resolved to march toward them by land, it being Winter; and having got together a great many As∣ses to carry Water, he furnished himself like∣wise with plenty of all other Provision, and a number of Carriages: he took also with him some of those they call Pssilli, who cure the biting of Serpents, by sucking out the Poyson with their Mouths, and have likewise certain Charms, by which they stupifie and lay asleep the Serpents.
Thus they marched seven days together. Cato all the time went on Foot at the Head of his Men, and never made use of any Horse or Chariot. Ever since the Battel of Pharsalia, he used to sit at Table; and ad∣ded this to his other ways of Mourning, Page 636 that he never lay down but to sleep.
Having pass'd the Winter in Lybia, Cato drew out his Army, which amounted to little less than ten thousand. The Affairs of Scipio and Varus went very ill, by rea∣son of their Dissentions and Quarrels a∣mong themselves, and their Submissions and Flatteries to King Juba; who was in∣supportable for his Vanity, and the Pride he took in his Strength and Riches. The first time he came to a conference with Cato, he had ordered his own Seat to be placed in the middle, between Scipio and Cato: which Cato observing, took up his Chair, and set himself on the other side of Scipio; to whom he thus gave the Honour of sitting in the middle, tho' he were his Enemy, and had formerly published a scan∣dalous Libel against him. There are some who approve not this Action of Cato's: and yet on the other side blame him; for that in Sicily, walking one day with Phi∣lostratus, he gave him the middle Place, out of the Respect he bore to Philosophy. Thus did Cato pull down the Spirit of Juba, who before treated Scipio and Varus no bet∣ter than his own Subjects: he reconciled them also to one another.
All the Army desired Cato to be their Leader: Scipio likewise and Varus gave way to it, and Offer'd him the Command. but Page 637 he said, He would not break those Laws, which he fought to defend; and he, being but Pro-proetor, ought not to command in the presence of a Pro-Consul; for Scipio had been created Pro-Consul: besides that the People would take it as a good Omen, to see a Scipio command in Africk, and the very Name would give Courage to the Soul∣diers.
Scipio having taken upon him the Com∣mand, presently resolv'd (at the Instigati∣on of Juba) to put all the Inhabitants of Ʋtica to the Sword, and to raze the City; for having (as they pretended) taken part with Coesar. Cato would by no means suf∣fer this: but invoking the Gods, exclaim∣ing and protesting against it in the Council of War; he with much difficulty delivered the poor People from their Cruelty.
Afterward, upon the Entreaty of the Inhabitants, and at the Instance of Scipio, Cato took upon himself the Government of Ʋtica, lest it should fall into Coesar's hands; for it was a strong Place, and very advan∣tageous for either Party: yet it was better provided, and more fortified by Cato, who brought in great store of Corn, repair'd the walls, erected Towers, made deep Tren∣ches and Out-works round the Town. The young Men of Ʋtica he lodg'd in the Tren∣ches; having first taken their Arms from Page 638 them: the rest of the Inhabitants he kept within the Town, and took great care, that no Injury should be done, nor Affront offer'd them by the Romans. From hence he sent great quantity of Arms, Money, and Provision, to the Camp, and made this City their chief Magazine.
He advis'd Scipio, as he had before done Pompey, by no means to hazard a Battel a∣gainst a Man experienc'd in War, and encou∣rag'd with Success; but to use delay: for time would cool the Heats and Passions of men, which are the chief support and strength of Ʋ∣surpers. But Scipio out of Pride rejected this Counsel, and writ a Letter to Cato; in which he reproach'd him with Cowardice: and that he could not content himself to lie se∣cure within Walls and Trenches; but he must hinder others, that they might not make use of the Courage and Reason they have to lay hold an Occasions. In Answer to this, Cato writ word again, That he would take the Horse and Foot which he had brought into Africk, and go over into Italy, to give Caesar some Diversion there. But Scipio derided this Pro∣position also. Then Cato openly avow'd, He was sorry he had yielded the Command to Scipio, who, he saw, would not use his Power wisely in the War: and if (contrary to all ap∣pearance) he should succeed; doubtless he would use his Success as unjustly at home. Page 639 For Cato did then think, and so he told his Friends, That he could have but slender Hopes in those Generals, that had so much Boldness, and so little Conduct. Yet if any thing should happen beyond Expectation, and Caesar should be overthrown: for his part he would not stay at Rome; but would retire from the Cruelty and Inhumanity of Scipio, who had already given out fierce and proud Threats against many.
But what Cato had look'd for, fell out sooner than he expected. For about mid∣night came one from the Army, who brought word, There had been a great Battel near Thapsus: that all was utterly lost; Caesar had taken both the Camps; Scipio and Juba were fled with a few only; and the rest cut to pieces. This News (as 'tis usual in War, and coming in the night too) did so frighten the People, that they were almost out of their Wits, and could scarce keep themselves within the Walls of the City: but Cato went out, and meeting the People in this Hurry and Clamour, did comfort and encourage them what he could and something appeas'd the Fear and A∣mazement they were in; telling them, That very likely things were not so bad in truth, but more than half augmented by Report: thus he pacified the Tumult for the present. The next morning he assembled Page 640 the three hundred, which he used as his Council; these were Romans, who traffick'd there in Merchandize and exchange of Money: there were also several Senators, and their Sons. While they were coming together, Cato walked about very quietly and unconcern'd, as if nothing new had hap∣pen'd. He had a Book in his Hand, which he was reading; in this Book was an account of what provision he had for War, Armour, Corn, Weapons, and Souldiers.
When they were assembled, he began his Discourse: First with the three hundred themselves: and very much commended the Courage and Fidelity they had shown, and their having very well served their Countrey with their Persons, Money and Counsel. Then he entreated them by no means to separate; as if each single man could hope for any safety in forsaking his Companions: on the contrary, while they kept together, Caesar would have less reason to despise them, if they fought a∣gainst him; and be more forward to pardon them, if they submitted to him. Therefore he advis'd them to consult among themselves, nor would he dislike, whatever they should propose if they thought fit to submit to Fortune, he would impute their Change to Necessity; but if they resolved to stand to it, and undergo some Danger for the sake of Liberty, he should not only commend, but admire their Valour. Page 641 And would himself be their Leader and Compa∣nion too, till they had try'd the utmost Fortune of their Countrey: which was not Utica or A∣drumetum, but Rome; and she had often by her own strength, rais'd her self out of greater Difficulties. Besides, as there were many things, that would conduce to their Safety; so chiefly this, that they were to fight against one, who by his Affairs would be much distracted, and by se∣veral Occasions called into many several Places. Spain was already revolted to the younger Pom∣pey: Rome was unaccustomed to the Bridle, and impatient of it; would therefore be ready for Commotions and Insurrections, upon every Turn of Affairs. As for themselves, they ought not to shrink from any Danger: and in this might take Example from their Enemy. Who does so freely expose his Life to compass his unjust Designs; yet never can hope for so happy a conclusion, as they may promise themselves: for, notwithstanding the uncertainty of War, they will be sure of a most happy Life, if they suc∣ceed; or a most glorious Death, if they miscar∣ry. However, he said, they ought to delibe∣rate among themselves, and pray to the Gods, that in recompence of their former Courage and Good-will, they would direct their future De∣signs. When Cato had thus spoken, many were moved and encouraged by his Speech: but the greatest part were so animated by his Valour, Generosity, and Goodness, that they Page 642 forgot the present Danger. And as if he were the only invincible Leader, and above all Fortune, they entreated him, To imploy their Persons, Arms, and Estates, as he thought fit: for they esteem'd it far better to meet Death, in following his Counsel; than to find their safety, in betraying one of so great Vir∣tue. One of the Assembly propos'd the making a Decree, to set the Slaves at Li∣berty; and most of the rest approved the Motion. Cato said, That ought not to be done; for it was neither just nor lawful: but if any of their Masters would willingly set them free; those that were fit for Service, should be re∣ceived. Which divers promised to do; whose Names he order'd to be enroll'd, and then withdrew.
Presently after this, he received Letters from Juba and Scipio. Juba, with some few of his Men, was retired to a Mountain, where he waited to hear what Cato would resolve upon: and intended to stay there for him, if he thought fit to leave Ʋtica; or to relieve him with an Army, if he were besie∣ged. Scipio also lay at Anchor, under a cer∣tain Promontory, not far from Ʋtica, ex∣pecting an Answer upon the same account: but Cato thought fit to retain the Messen∣gers, till the three hundred should come to some Resolution.
As for the Senators that were there, they Page 643 shew'd great forwardness, and did presently set free their Slaves, and furnish them with Arms. But the three hundred being Men that dealt in Merchandice and Usury, much of their Substance also consisting in Slaves; the Heat that Cato's Speech had rais'd in them, did not long continue. As some Bo∣dies that easily admit Heat, and as suddenly lose it, when the Fire is removed: so these Men were heated and inflamed, while Ca∣to was present. But when they began to reason among themselves, the Fear they had of Coesar soon overcame the Reverence they bore to Cato: For who are we? (said they) and who is it we refuse to obey? Is it not that Caesar, to whom all the Power of Rome has submitted? And which of us is a Scipio, a Pompey, or a Cato? But now that all Men make their Honour give way to their Fear; shall we alone engage for the Liberty of Rome? And in Utica declare War against him, from whom Cato and Pompey the great fled out of Italy? Shall we set free our Slaves against Caesar, who have our selves no more Liberty than he is pleas'd to allow? No, let us, poor Creatures, know our selves; submit to the Vi∣ctor, and send Deputies to implore his Mercy. Thus said the most moderate of them: but the greatest part were for seizing the Sena∣tors; that by securing them, they might ap∣pease Coesar's Anger. Cato though he perceiv'd Page 644 the Change, took no notice of it: but writ to Juba and Scipio to keep away from Ʋti∣ca, because he mistrusted the three hundred.
A considerable Body of Horse, which had escaped from the late Fight, were coming toward Ʋtica, and had sent three Men be∣fore to Cato, which yet did not all bring the same Message: for some were for going to Juba; others for joyning with Cato; and some also were afraid to go into Ʋtica. When Cato heard this, he ordered Marcus Rubrius to attend upon the three hundred, and quietly take the Names of those, who of their own accord set their Slaves at Li∣berty, but by no means to force any body. Then taking with him the Senators, he went out of the Town, and met the principal Of∣ficers of those Horsemen; whom he entrea∣ted not to abandon so many worthy Roman Senators, nor to prefer Juba for their Com∣mander before Cato: but to seek the mutual safety of one another, and to come into the City; which was impregnable, and well furnish'd with Corn, and other Provision, sufficient for many years: the Senators like∣wise with Tears besought them to stay. Hereupon the Officers went to consult their Souldiers, and Cato with the Senators sate down upon the Works, expecting their Re∣solution. In the mean time comes Rubrius in great Disorder, crying out, The three hun∣dred Page 645 were all in Commotion, and raising Tu∣mults in the City. At this all the rest fell into Despair, lamenting and bewailing their condition: but Cato endeavour'd to com∣fort them, and sent to the three hundred, desiring them to have a little patience. Then the Officers of the Horse returned, with no very reasonable Demands. They said, they did not desire to serve Juba for his Pay; nor should they fear Caesar, while they follow'd Cato: but they dreaded to be shut up with the Uticans, Men of a traiterous Nature, and Carthaginian Race, for tho' they were quiet at present: yet as soon as Caesar should appear, without doubt they would conspire toge∣ther, and betray the Romans. Therefore if he expected they should joyn with him; he must drive out of the Town, or destroy all the Uticans: that he might receive them into a Place void both of Enemies and Barbarians. This Cato thought very cruel and barba∣rous: but he mildly answered, He would con∣sult the three hundred.
Then he returned to the City, where he found the Men, not framing Excuses, or dissembling, out of Reverence to him: but openly refusing to make War against Coe∣sar; which (they said) they were neither able, nor willing to do. And some there were who muttered out something, about retaining the Senators till Coesar's coming; but Cato seem∣ed Page 646 not to hear this, for he was a little deaf. At the same time came one to him, and told him, The Horse were going away. Ca∣to fearing least the three hundred should take some desperate Resolution concerning the Senators, he presently went out with some of his Friends; and seeing they were gone some way, he took Horse, and rid af∣ter them. They, when they saw him com∣ing, were very glad, and receiv'd him very kindly, entreating him to save himself with them. At this time ('tis said) Cato shed Tears; while earnestly begging for the Senators, and stretching out his Hands, some of their Horses he stopp'd, and hung upon their Arms, till he had prevailed with them, out of Compassion, to stay only that one day, to procure a safe Retreat for the Senators. Having thus persuaded them to go along with him, some he plac'd at the Gates of the Town, and to others gave the charge of the Citadel. Now the three hundred began to fear, they should suffer for their Inconstan∣cy, and sent to Cato, entreating him by all means to come to them; but the Senators flocking about him, would not suffer him to go, and said, They would not trust their Guardian and Saviour to the Hands of per∣fidious Traitors.
At this instant (in my opinion) did most evidently appear to all in Ʋtica, the Excel∣lence, Page 647 the Clearness, and admirable Simpli∣city of Cato's Virtue; how sincere, untain∣ted, and free it was from any mixture of Self-regard: that he, who had long before resolv'd on his own Death, should take such extream pains, toil, and care, only for the sake of others: that when he had secured their Lives, he might put an end to his own; for 'twas easily perceived, that he had determined to die, tho' he did endea∣vour not to let it appear.
Therefore having pacified the Senators, he hearkened to the Request of the three hundred, and went to them alone without any Attendance. They gave him many thanks, and entreated him to imploy and trust them for the future; but in that they were not Ca∣to's, and could not come up to his greatness of Courage, they begg'd, he would pity their weakness; and told him, they had decreed to send to Caesar, and entreat him chiefly, and in the first place for Cato; and if they could not prevail for him, they would not accept of pardon for themselves, but as long as they had breath, would fight in his defence. Cato com∣mended their good Intentions; and advised them to send speedily, for their own safety, but by no means to ask any thing in his behalf; for those who are conquer'd, must submit, and those who have done wrong, beg pardon: for him∣self, he was never overcome in all his Life, but Page 648 rather so far as he thought fit, had got the Victory, and had conquered Caesar, in what was just and honest. And indeed Caesar might be look'd upon, as one surpriz'd and vanquish'd; for he was now forc'd to discover and own those Designs, which he had so long deny'd, and al∣ways practised against his Countrey. When he had thus spoken, he went out of the As∣sembly; and being informed, that Coesar was coming with his whole Army; Alas! (said he) does he come against us, as against men? Then he went to the Senators, and urged them to make no delay, but hasten to be gone, while the Horsemen were yet in the City. So ordering all the Gates to be shut, except one toward the Sea, he ap∣pointed Ships for those that were to depart, and gave Money and Provision to those that wanted: All which he did with great Order and Exactness, taking care to suppress all Tumults, and that no wrong should be done to the People.
Marcus Octavius coming with two Legi∣ons, encamped near Ʋtica, and sent to Ca∣to, to treat about the chief Command. Ca∣to return'd him no Answer, but said to his Friends; No wonder all goes ill with us, who are so much taken up with Ambition, even up∣on the point of our Ruine. In the mean time word was brought him, that the Horse were going away, and about to spoyl and plun∣der Page 649 the Ʋticans. Cato ran to them, and from the first he met, snatch'd what they had taken; the rest threw down all they had gotten, and went away silent, and a∣sham'd of what they had done. Then he called together the Citizens of Ʋtica, and requested them, in behalf of the three hun∣dred, not to exasperate Coesar against them, but all to seek their common Safety toge∣ther with them. After that he went again to the Port, to see those who were about to imbark; and there he embrac'd and dis∣miss'd those of his Friends and Acquaintance, whom he had persuaded to go. As for his Son, he did not counsel him to be gone, nor did he think fit to persuade him to forsake his Father. But there was one Statyllius, a young Man, in the flower of his Age, one of a brave Spirit, and very desirous to imi∣tate the invincible Constancy of Cato, who entreated him to go away, for he was a no∣ted Enemy to Coesar; but he refused to go. Then Cato looking upon Apollonides the Sto∣ick Philosopher, and Demetrius the Peripa∣tetick; It belongs to you (said he) to bring down this young man's Spirit, and to make him know what is good for him. Thus having dismiss'd all the rest, he returned to his Af∣fairs, gave Audience, and dispatch'd Business; in which he spent that night, and the great∣est part of the next day.
Page 650Lucius Coesar, a Kinsman of Julius Coesar's, being appointed to go Deputy for the three hundred, came to Cato, and desired he would assist him to make a persuasive Speech for them: And as to you your self, (said he) I shall not scruple to kiss the Hands, and fall at the Knees of Caesar, in your behalf. But Cato would by no means permit him to do any such thing: For as to my self, (said he) if I would be preserved by Caesar's Favour, I should my self go to him; but I will not be be∣holding to a Tyrant, for those very things that are Marks of Tyranny: for 'tis an instance of his Ʋsurpation to preserve men, as if he were Lord of their Lives, over whom he has no right to raign; but if you please, let us consider what you had best say for the three hundred. And when they had continued some time toge∣ther, as Lucius was going away, Cato re∣commended to him his Son, and the rest of his Friends; and taking him by the Hand, bid him farewel.
Then he retired to his House again, and called together his Son and his Friends; to whom he discoursed of several things: A∣mong the rest, he forbad his Son to engage himself in the Affairs of State? For to act therein, as became him, was now impossible; and to do otherwise, would be dishonourable.
Toward Evening he went into his Bath. As he was bathing, he remembred Statyl∣lius, Page 651 and cryed out aloud, Well Apollonides, you have brought down the high Spirit of Sta∣tyllius; and is he gone without bidding us farewel? No, (said Apollonides) I have dis∣cours'd much to him, but to little purpose; he is still resolute and unalterable, and declares, he is determined to follow your Example. At this ('tis said) Cato smiled, and answer'd, That will soon be try'd.
After he had bath'd, he went to Supper, with a great deal of Company, at which he sate, as he had always us'd to do, ever since the Battel of Pharsalia; for since that time he never lay down, but when he went to sleep. There supped with him all his own Acquaintance, and several of the principal Citizens of Ʋtica.
After Supper, the Wine produced a great deal of Wit, and learned Discourse; many Philosophical Questions were discussed: At length they came to the strange opinions of the Stoicks, called Paradoxes; and to this in particular, That the good man only is free, and that all wicked Men are Slaves. The Peri∣patetick (as 'tis likely) opposing this, Cato fell upon him very warmly; and somewhat raising his Voice, he argued the Matter in a Discourse of some length, which he urged with such wonderful Vehemence, that 'twas apparent to every body, he was resolved to put an end to his Life, and set Page 652 himself at Liberty. Hereupon, when he had done speaking, there was a great Silence, and the Company much dejected: but Ca∣to, to divert them from any suspicion of his Design, turned the Discourse, and fell again to talk of the present Affairs, shewing great Concern for those that were at Sea, as also for the others, who travelling by Land, were to pass through a dry and barbarous Desart.
When the Company was broke up, Cato walked with his Friends, as he us'd to do af∣ter Supper, gave the necessary Orders to the Officers of the Watch; and going into his Chamber, he embraced his Son, and e∣very one of his Friends, with more than u∣sual Ardour, which again renew'd their su∣spicion of his Design. Then laying himself down, he took into his Hand Plato's Dia∣logue concerning the Soul: having read more than half the Book, he looked up, and missing his Sword, (which his Son had ta∣ken away, while he was at Supper) he call∣ed his Servant, and asked. Who had taken away his Sword? The Servant making no Answer, he fell to reading again: And a lit∣tle after, not seeming importunate, or hasty for it, but as if he would only know what was become of it, he bid it be brought. But having stay'd some time, he had read over the Book, and no body brought the Page 653 Sword: whereupon he called up all his Ser∣vants, and in a hasty Tone demanded his Sword. To one of them he gave such a Blow in the Mouth, that he hurt his own Hand; and now grew more angry, crying out, He was betray'd, and delivered naked to the Enemy, by his Son and his Servants. Then his Son with the rest of his Friends, came running into the Room, and falling at his Feet, began to lament and beseech him: But Cato raising up himself, and look∣ing fiercely; When (said he) and how did I fall distracted? Why does no body persuade me by Reason, or teach me what is better, if I have design'd any thing that's ill? But must I be disarm'd, and hindred from using my own Reason? And you, young man, why don't you bind your Fathers Hands behind him, that when Caesar comes, he may find me unable to defend my self? Nor do I want a Sword to dispatch my self; I need but hold my Breath a while, or strike my Head against the Wall. When he had thus spoken, his Son went weeping out of the Chamber, and with him all the rest, except Demetrius and Apolloni∣des; who being left alone with him, to them he began to speak more calmly: And you, (said he) do you think to keep a Man of my Age alive by Force? And do you sit silent here to watch me? Or can you bring any Reason to prove, that it is not base, and unworthy Page 654 Cato, when he can find his Safety no other way, to seek it from his Enemy? Or why do you not perswade us, to unlearn what we have been taught, that rejecting all the Opinions we have hitherto established, we may now by Caesars's means grow wiser, and be yet more oblig'd to him, than for Life only? not that I have de∣termined ought concerning my self, but I would have it in my power to perform▪ what I shall think fit to resolve; and I shall not fail to ask your Counsel, when I have occasion to use what your Philosophy teaches: in the mean time, don't trouble your selves, but go tell my Son, that he should not compel his Father, to what he cannot persuade him. They made him no Answer, but went weeping out of the Cham∣ber. Then the Sword being brought in by a little Boy, Cato took it, drew it out and look∣ed on it; and when he saw the Point was good, Now (said he) I am Master of my self: And laying down the Sword, he took his Book again, which, 'tis reported he read twice over. After this he slept so soundly, that he was heard snore by those that were without.
About Midnight he called up two of his Freed-men, Cleanthes, his Physician, and Bu∣tas, whom he chiefly imploy'd in publick Affairs: him he sent to the port, to see if all the Romans were gone: to the Physician he gave his Hand to be dressed, for it was swell'd by the Blow he had struck one of Page 655 his Servants. At this they all rejoic'd, hoping that now he design'd to live.
But as, after a little while, returned, and brought word, they were all gone, except Crassus, who had stay'd about some Busi∣ness, but was just ready to depart: he said also, That the Wind was high, and the Sea very rough. Cato hearing this, sigh'd, out of Compassion to those who were at Sea, and sent But as again, to see if any of them should happen to return for any thing they wanted, and to acquaint him therewith.
Now the Birds began to sing, and Cato again fell into a little Slumber. At length But as came back, and told him, All was quiet in the Haven: Then Cato, laying him∣self down, as if he would sleep out the rest of the night, bid him shut the Door after him. But as soon as But as was gone out, he took his Sword, and stabb'd it into his Breast; yet not being able to use his Hand so well, by reason of the Swelling, he did not immediately die of the Wound, but struggling, fell out of the Bed, and throwing down a little Mathematical Table that stood by, made such a noise, that the Servants hearing it, cry'd out. And immediately his Son and all his Friends came into the Cham∣ber, where seeing him lie weltring in his Blood, great part of his Bowels out of his Body, himself not quite dead, but looking Page 656 ghastly, they all stood amazed. The Phy∣sician went to him, and would have put in his Bowels, which were not pierced, and sow'd up the Wound: Cato hereupon com∣ing to himself, thrust away the Physician, pluck'd out his own Bowels, and tearing open the Wound, immediately expired.
In less time than one would think his own Family could have known this Acci∣dent, all the three hundred were at the Door. And a little after the People of Ʋti∣ca flock'd thither, crying out with one Voice, He was their Benefactor, and their Saviour, the only free, and only invincible man. At the very same instant they had News that Caesar was coming; yet neither fear of the present Danger, nor desire to flatter the Conquerer, nor the Commotions and Dis∣cord among themselves, could divert them from doing Honour to Cato: for they sump∣tuously set out his Body, made him a magni∣ficent Funeral, and buried him by the Sea∣side, where now stands his Statue, holding a Sword. Which being done, they return∣ed to consider of preserving themselves and their City.
Coesar had been advertised, that Cato stay'd at Ʋtica, and did not seek to fly; that he had sent away the rest of the Romans, but, himself, with his Son, and a few of his Friends, continued there very uncon∣cernedly; Page 657 so that he could not imagine what might be his Design: but having a great Consideration for the Man, he hast∣ned thither with his Army. When he heard of Cato's Death, 'tis reported, he said these words: Cato, I envy thee thy Death, for thou hast envy'd me the preservation of thy Life. And indeed if Cato would have suffer'd him∣self to be preserved by Coesar, 'tis like he would not so much have impar'd his own Honour, as augmented the others Glory; yet what would have been done, we cannot know, but from Coesar's usual Clemency, we may guess what was most likely.
Cato was forty eight years old when he Dy'd. His Son suffered no Injury from Coe∣sar; but 'tis said, he grew idle, and debauch'd with Women. In Cappadocia he lodg'd at the House of Marphadates, one of the Royal Fa∣mily, who had a very handsom Wife, where staying longer than was decent, he was reflected on by some, that made such Jests as these upon him; Cato goes to morrow, after thirty days, and Porcius and Marphadates are two Friends, that have but one Soul, (for Marphadates Wife was named Psyche, i. e. Soul:) and Cato is very well born, and an il∣lustrious Man, for he has a Royal Soul.
But all these Stains were clearly wip'd off by the Bravery of his Death; for in the Battle of Philippi, where he fought for his Page 658 Countrey's Liberty, against Caesar and An∣tony, when the Army was broken, he dis∣daining to fly or to escape, called out to the Enemy, shew'd them who he was, and en∣couraged those of his Party to stay; At length he fell, and left his Enemies in ad∣miration of his Valour.
Nor was the Daughter of Cato inferiour to the rest of her Family, for Prudence and greatness of Spirit. She was married to Brutus, who killed Caesar; was acquaint∣ed with that Conspiracy, and ended her Life, as became one of her Birth and Ver∣tue: All which is related in the Life of Brutus.
Statyllius, who said he would imitate Cato, was at that time hindred by the Philosophers when he would have put an end to his Life. He afterward follow'd Bru∣tus, to whom he was very faithful and ve∣ry serviceable, and died in the Field of Phi∣lippi.
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