The mysteries of love & eloquence, or, The arts of wooing and complementing as they are manag'd in the Spring Garden, Hide Park, the New Exchange, and other eminent places : a work in which is drawn to the life the deportments of the most accomplisht persons, the mode of their courtly entertainments, treatments of their ladies at balls, their accustom'd sports, drolls and fancies, the witchcrafts of their perswasive language in their approaches, or other more secret dispatches ...

THE ART of REASON IN THE ART of LOGICK.

Rendred so plain and easie by Questions and Answers, that the meanest capacity may in a short time attain to the perfect ways of Arguing or Disputing.

The first Book of the Art of Logick.

CAP. 1. What Logick is.

Q. WHat is Logick?

A. Logick is the Art of disputing well, and in that sense is called Logick.

CAP. 2. The parts of Logick, and kinds of Arguments.

Q. How many parts hath Logick?

A. Logick hath two parts, Invention and Judgment.

Q. What is Invention?

A. Invention is a part of Logick of inventing Arguments.

Q. What is an Argument?

A. An Argument is that which is affected to argue any thing: such as are all Reasons considered apart, and by themselves.

Q. What be the Kindes?

A. Artificial and Inartificial.

Q. What is an Artificial Argument?

A. That which argueth of it self.

Q. What be the Kindes.

A. First, or derived from the First.

Q. What is First?

A. First is that which is of its own original.

Q. What be the Kindes?

A. Simple or Comparative.

Q. What is Simple?

A. Simple is that which is considered simply and absolutely.

Q. What be the Kindes?

A. Agreeing or disagreeing.

Q. What is Agreeing?

A. That which agreeth with the thing which it argueth.

Q. What be the Kindes?

A. Agreeing absolutely or after a certain manner.

Q. What is agreeing absolutely?

A. The Cause and Effect.

CAP. 3. The Efficient, Procreant, and Conservant Cause.

Q. what is the Cause?

A. The Cause is that by whose force the thing is.

Q. What is the profit of it?

A. This first place of Invention is the fountain of all Know∣ledge: and he is believed to know, of whom the cause is held.

As the Poet saith worthily:

The man sure happy is, who cause of things doth know.

Q. How is the Cause divided?

A. Into two Kindes, Efficient and Matter, or Form and End.

Q. what is the Efficient Cause?

A. The Efficient Cause is that which the thing is.

Q. How many Kindes hath it.

A. There appeareth to us no true Kindes, yet the great plenty of it is distinguished by certain means.

Q. What is that which effecteth by the first me••ns?

A. That which procreateth or defendeth.

Q. Give me an example out of some Poet!

A. Ovid first, remedio amoris.

Therefore when thou shalt look in this our medsonal Art, My admonition do, set idleness apart. This causeth thee to love, this doth defend it still, This is the cause of Joy, as meat sometimes breeds ill. Take lastly sloath away, God Cupids bow is lost, His torches lose their light, contemn'd, away they'r tost.

Q. Give me a more familiar example?

A. The Father and Mother procreate, the Nurse defendeth.

Q. Give an example of this out of some Poet?

A. 4. Aeneid.

Th'rt no Gods child, ne Dardanus his son; Thou rather from the steep hard rocks didst come Of Caucasus, it seemeth of that breed, Hyrcanian Tigars thee with breasts did feed.

Aeglog. 8.

Now what this whorson love is I well wot. It is a little busie boy begot, Not of mans seed, ne sib to one of us, But farthest Garamants, and Ismarus. Or rockie Rhodope as it should seem, In their rough ragged hills ingendred him.

Q. Do not builders and governours of Cities come under this Head.

A. Yes, Romulus the builder of the City of Rome, also all other Kings, Consulls, and Emperours are defenders and keepers.

CAP. 4. The Efficient alone and with others

Q. What is that which effecteth by the second means?

A. That which effecteth alone or with others.

Q. What are those others?

A. Some oftentimes are Principal, others are helping and Ministers.

Q. Give an example of the Cause that effecteth by it self?

A. Aeneid. 6. Nisus called back both the blame and the punishment of the slaughter from Euryalus upon himself: be∣cause he was the onely author.

Lo here I am who only did this deed, Nations, against me turn your swords with speed.

T was my deceit: He could it never do, Ne would his courage serve him thereunto.

Q. Give an example of the solitary Cause with Principals and Fellows, out of some Orator?

A. The Solitary Cause, with many, both Principals and Fellows, is diversly ser forth pro Marcello. For the warlike praises (saith the Orator) they are wont to extenuate truly by words, and to detract them from their Leaders, to communi∣cate them with many, lest they should be proper to their Commanders: and certainly in War, the strength of the Soldiers, opportunity of places, help of fellows, ranks, provi∣sion do much avail. But Fortune (as it were) by her own right, challengeth the chiefest part to her self; and whatsoever is prosperously carried, that altogether she leadeth. But yet of this glory (O Caesar) which a little before thou didst obtain, thou hast no companion: all that, how much soever it is, (which truly is the chiefest) all (I say) is thine. The Pen∣turion, President, Ranks and Companies, have taken from thee none of this praise: Yea, even the Lady of Humane Af∣fairs, Fortune offereth not her self into the society of this glory; to thee she giveth place, and confesseth it all and wholly to be thine.

Quest. Are not Instruments numbered among helping Causes?

A. Yes.

Q. Give an example of it?

A. By this Argument the impious Epicure disputeth that the World was never made. Primo de Nat. For by what Eyes of the Mind (saith he) could your Plato behold the frame of so great a Work, whereby he maketh it con∣structed and builded of God? what labour? what iron∣hinges? what lever? what devices? what ministers were there of so great a work?

CAP. 5. The Efficient by it self or an Accident.

Q. What is that that which effecteth by the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 〈…〉〈…〉ans?

A. That which effecteth by it self or an Accident.

Q. How effecteth it by it self?

A. When it effecteth by its own faculty.

Q. How effecteth it by its own faculty?

A. When it effecteth by nature or counsel.

Q. Give an example of that which effecteth by Nature?

A. The efficient of the winds is natural.

Aeneid. 1.

The East and South winds on the Sea do blow, They rush through deep, till on the top they show The Affrick oft with these his blasts conjoyns, And so the floods are cast up by the winds.

Q. Give some example of that which effecteth by counsel?

A. That confession of Cicero touching himself, is an exam∣ple of Counsel. The War taken in hand (O Caesar) waged also for the most part, not constrained by any of my judge∣ment and will; I came forth to those Wars which were un∣dertaken against thee.

Q. How doth the Efficient Cause effect by an Accident?

A. When it effecteth by an external faculty.

Q. How doth it effect by an external faculty?

A. When it is done by Necessity or Fortune.

Q. How by Necessity?

A. When as the Efficient is constrained to the Effect.

Q. Give an example of this?

A. There is one in the excuse of the Pompenians. But to me truly (saith the Orator) if there may be sought out a pro∣per and true name of our evil, it doth seem that we are faln into a certain fatal calamity, that hath occupied the unpro∣vident mindes of men; that none should wonder how hu∣mane Counsel is overcome by Divine Necessity.

Q. How by Fortune?

A. When somewhat happeneth beyond the scope of the Efficient.

Q. Give an example?

A. So the case chanced (saith Tullius tertio de Nat. deo.) That Pherius the enemy was profitable to Jason, who open∣ed his impostume with his sword; which the Physicians could by no means heal.

Q. May not Impudence be numbered amongst these kind of Causes?

A. Yes.

Q. Give an example?

A. Ovid. de Trist. 2.

Why hurtful light, or ought else did I see? The fault was mine and not unknown to me, Wise Acteon Diana naked saw, And food became to's dogs devouring maw. Blind Fortune 'mongst the Gods is surely blamed, Ne pardon gets, the Gods she hath so harmed.

Q. Do not Deprecations then proceed from hence?

A. Yes.

Q. Give an example?

A. Pro P L. Pardon O Father: he hath erred: he is slip∣ped: he thought not: if ever hereafter. And a little after I have erred: I have done rashly: it repenteth me: I fly to thy clemency: I ask pardon for mine offence: I intreat thee that thou wilt pardon me.

Q. What first caused the name of Fortune?

A. The ignorance of the Causes have feigned this name: for when as something happened beyond counsel and hope, it was called by the common people Fortune.

Q. What is Juvenals Opinion of it?

A. Wise if we were, no God should want but Fortune: We place thee high, and often thee importune.

CAP. 6. The Matter.

Q. What is the Matter?

A. The Matter is the cause of which the thing is.

Q. Give an example out of some Poet?

A. By this feigned Argument the house of the Sun is com∣pounded of Gold, Carbuncles, Ivory and Silver. Ovid. 2. Me∣tamorf.

The Suns high place was built with Pillars tall, The Gold did shine Carbuneles flames let fall: The top thereof was laid with Ivory neat, And silver doors in portal shined feet.

Aeglog. 3.

A merry Musor fram'd of Beech in tree, Carv'd work, by hand of divine Alcimeden, 'Tis round impaled with a scattering trail Of tender Vine, and over all between,

A pale green Ivy, wherewith as a vale, The thick diffused cluster shaded been.

Q. Give an example out of some Orator?

Q. Caesar. 1. Bel. Civil. Caesar commanded his Soldiers to make ships of that kind, which in former years the use of the Britains had taught him: first they made the keil and pins of light matter, the rest of the body of the ship being knit together with Osiers, was covered over with Leather.

CAP. 7. The Form.

Q. The first kinde of the Cause, in the Efficient and Matter being expounded; the second followeth, in the Form and the End; what therefore is the Form?

A. The Form is the Cause by which the thing is that which it is.

Q. What is the benefit of it?

A. From hence the thing is distinguished from all other things, and the Form is ingenerated together with the thing it self.

Q. Give some example of it?

A. A reasonable soul is the form of a man, because by it a man is a man, and is distinguished from all other creatures thereby. The form of Geometrical Figures is in Triangles and Quadrangles. Heaven, Earth, Trees, Fishes, are the form of Physical things. From whence the chief explication of things, as it is by nature, so (if it may be found out.) it shall be, as in artificial things it is more easily met withall.

Q. Give an example out of some Orator?

A. Caesar. lib. 7. But all the French walls are almost of this form, the beams long and plain, with equal distance between them about two foot, are placed upon the foundation. These are bound within, and fastened very strongly: for those spaces (of which we spake) are filled up to the top with great stones. These placed and knit together, another row is also added, that the same might keep the spaces: neither do the beams touch one another, but being distant by equal spaces, all of them are strongly fastened, great stones being placed between them. And even so is the whole work knit together un∣til the just height of the wall be fulfilled. This work therefore is not deformed, as well for the comeliness and variety, beams

and stones being by courses, which keep their rowes in right loins, as, because it hath the chief strength for profit and de∣fence of cities; because it doth defend both from the mischief of stones, and the material Ram, which with its forty feet, being oft bound to the long beams inward, can neither be bro∣ken or drawn back again.

Q. Give an example out of some Poet?

A. Aeneid. 1. Virgil describeth the form of his port.

Between two Seas two Islands there doth lie, Side-wayes they'r made, the water runs fast by. Huge double rocks that do reach up to heaven, Under the which the seas lie still and calm: And by that place green woods there are growing, Forth from the same comes great black darkness flowing. Under which rock a den's made very fleet, Wherein's rich living stones, and waters sweet: Houses for Nimphs, and chains for ships there laid, Which would not by the anchor or the chains be staid.

CAP. 8. The End.

Q. What is the end?

A. The end is the cause for whose sake the thing is.

Q. Give example?

A. To Physical things the proposed End is man to man, God. There is some chief good and last end of all Arts: as to speak well, of Grammer: to plead well, of Rethorick: to dispute well, of Logick.

Q. Give example out of some Poet?

A. Aeneid. 1. Juno assumeth the end of Marriage, when as she promiseth Deip••peia to Eolus, to wit, for solace and childrens sake.

Nimphs full fourteen I have of bodies rare But who so is most beautiful and fair, Even Deiopeia I to thee do give Her year in marriage state with thee to live? Thee to reward for thy love unto me, And cause thine off-spring beautiful to be.

Q. Give an example out of some Orator?

A. Cicero pro L••g. urgeth Tubero his accuser, when as he presseth the end of the Wars takenup against Cesar. And truly

(saith he) he is come forth armed against Caesar himself. But what did this Tubero his sword do in the Pharsalian Army? ••hose sides did the sharp point aim at? who was to feel the force of thy weapon: where was thy minde, eyes, hands, cou∣rage? what didst thou desire? what didst thou wish?

CAP. 9. The Effects.

Q. What is the Effect?

A. The Effect is that which ariseth from the causes, whe∣ther begotten or corrupted, or whether any thing be moved by any means. Here the motion, and the thing done by motion, is called the Effect. Of this place are praises and dispraises, of which sacred and prophane books are full.

Q. Give example of this out of some Poet?

A. Aeneid. 6. The facts of diverse people are compared to the praises of the Romans.

Some finely carve upon the boiling brass, They'l on the marble grave a living face, They wish the causes better, they'l descry Heavens shining parts, and tell the stars ith' sky: Remember thou Romes people brave to rule, These things shall be thine art, peace to impose, To spare thy subjects, and subdue proud foes.

Q. What else cometh under this Head?

A. Hitherto are speeches and writings referr'd.

Q. Give an example?

A. Pericles and Hortentius did celebrate the praise of plead∣ing well: and by ••the same argument also, Demosthenes and Cicero of writing well.

Q. What further?

A. To this place are referred Councels and Deliberations, although not brought to their end.

Q. Give an example?

A. Parmenio and Phylotus were beaten to death, because they were suspected to be of the conspiracy against Alexan∣der, as Curtius and Arianus have remembred touching Len∣tulus, Cethegus, and others the complices of Cateline; they suffered punishment by judgement of the Senate.

Q. Have not Vertues and Vices their effects also?

A. Yes.

Q. Give an example?

A. Horace after this manner describeth the Effects of Drunkenness.

Secrets it shews, and Hope it doth command; Unto the Wars it drives, although unarm'd: It takes the burthen from the careful man, It teacheth art to all that will or can. Whoev'r was drunk that wanted Eloquence? Was any poor that used this defence.

CAP. 10. The Subject.

Q. The argument agreeing after a certain manner succeedeth, what is that then;

A. The subject and Adjunct.

Q. What is the Subject?

A. The subject is that to which any thing is adjoyned.

Q. Make this plainer by examples?

A. The minde is the Subject of science, ignorance, vertue, vice, because these happen beside the being. The body, of health, sickness, strength, weakness, beauty, deformity. Man is the Subject of riches, poverty, honour, infamy, apparell, company. The place is the Subject of the thing placed.

Q. How prove you this last by testimony and example?

A. The Philosophers attribute a place to Divine beings although wanting part and greatness. So the place of Geome∣try, and the difference of places is in Geometrical things. So of Physick, it is more diligently considered in Physical things. In the world, in simple Elements, in Compound things.

Q. Give an example out of some Poet?

A. So Virgil in his Georgicks admonisheth, that the place be diligently sought out for things proposed: as corn, trees, plants, pastures.

Before we pass into a Sea unknown, Know we the wind and various manner of heaven; Our native soil, and every habitation, What will refuse or grow in any nation: Some beareth corn, th'other with grapes doth pass, Some with tall trees, the rest with unsown grass.

Q. Proceed further in explicating the Subject?

A. The subject of senses are called sensibles; of vertues

or vices, things proposed to vertues or vices.

Q. Give an example of the former?

A. Colour is the subject of the sight, sound of the hearing; because these senses are occupied and exercis'd in the sensibles

Q. Give an example of the latter?

A. Vertues and Vices are set forth in moral Phylosophy by this Argument, Temperance and Intemperance, by Plea∣sure: Magnanimity and Sloth, by Danger: Liberality and Covetousn••ss, by Riches.

Q. Ezplicate the Subject further?

A. So things numerable of Arithmetick: measurable (as I may say) are the subjects of Geometry.

Q. Give example of the Subject out of some Orator?

A. By the same Subject Cicero (second Agra) disputeth, that there was no contention amongst the people of Campania, because there was no honour. They are not carried (saith he) with the desire of glory, because where there is no publique honour, there the desire of glory cannot be. There is no dis∣cord, neither by contention nor ambition; for there is no∣thing for which they should strive, nothing for which they should war, nothing for which they should contend.

Q. Give example out of some Poet?

A. Propertius useth this Argument.

Of winds 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Saylors talk, the Husbandmen of bulls, The Soldiers of their wounds, and Shepherds of their wools.

CAP. 11 The Adjunct.

Q. What is the Adjunct.

A. The Adjunct is that to which any thing is subjected: which Argument though it be lighter then the Subject, yet more copious and frequent: therefore of its signs Ovid speak∣th, Second Rom. Anno.

Some man (for such there be) may count this small, Yet that helps some which doth not profit all.

Q. Make this plainer?

A. Those things which are called good and evil of the mind, Body, and the whole man, are the Adjuncts of the minde, body, man: also whatsoever happeneth without the Subject is the adjunct.

Q. May not time also be reduced unto this Head?

A Yes, as place was in the Subject, so is time in the

Adjunct, viz. the enduring of things past, present, to come.

Q. What further is comprised under this head?

A. All those qualities beside the causes, adjoyned to the subject, whether they be proper or common.

Q. What is Proper?

A. That which agreeth only and wholly with the subject, as laughing with a man; neying with a horse, barking with a dog.

Q. what is Common?

A. That which is not proper after this manner.

Q. Give example of the Adjunct out of some Orator?

A. By this kinde of argument, Cicero in the defence of Ros••cius the Comedian, cavelleth with Fanius Chercus. Doth not his head and eye-brows altogether bald, seem to favour of malice, and cry out of deceit? doth he not seem to be compounded from the foot to the head, (if a man may conje∣cture by his shape) of frauds, fallacies, lies? Who therefore is altogether bald on the head and eye-brows, lest he should be said to have one hair of a good man.

Q. Give example out of some Poet?

A. So Martial lib. 2. mocketh Zoylus.

Red hair, black mouth, short feet, and ilk squint eyes, 'Tis marvel Zoylus if goodness in thee lies.

Q. What further may be reduced under this head?

A. Garments and company are Adjuncts.

Q. Give example?

A. By this kinde of circumstance, Dido going a hunting is magnificently set forth, Aeneid. 4.

The morn appear'd, Dido forsook the sea, The day stir up, to th' heaven youth guides the way: Both nets and gins, with pike-staves, all were ready, Messalian horse, with hunting dogs so greedy. Princes did wait, the slow queen did expect, With fair clad horse, her way for to direct. Forth cometh she at length with mighty train, In her long robe, with many a long seam? Her horse down trap, with gold her hair was trest, Her robes with golden hooks, together did she wrest.

Q. What is the benefit of Adjuncts?

A. There is great use of Adjuncts to the subject by which they are occupied.

Q. Give example.

A. By this argument Plato foretold those cities to be mi∣serable, where the multitude of Physicans and Judges were wanting: because, of necessity, there was conversant in those cities, both Intemperance and Injustice.

And thus much for the place of agreeings, from whence every agreeing argument may be said to be one or the same: and all manner of Unity and (as I may say) Identity are re∣ferred hither, as the first and simple fountains.

CAP. 12. Diverses.

Q. You have expounded the first agreeing argument: the disagreeing followeth, what then is disagreeing?

A. That which disagreeth from the thing.

Q. How are disagreeings manifested?

A. Disagreeings are equally manifested amongst themselves and equally argued one of another, although they do more clearly shine in their disagreeings.

Q. What are the kindes of disagreeings?

A. Two: Diverse and Opposite.

Q. What are Diverses?

A. Diverses are disagreeings, which disagree only in reason.

Q. What are the most frequent notes of speech for this Argu∣ment?

A. These. Not this, but that; although, yet.

Q. Give some example from some Orator?

A. Pro Pompeio. He carried not the victory, but the en∣signs of the victory.

Q. Give some other examples.

A. Ovid secund. Art. Amand.

Ulisses was not fair but Eloquent.

Aeneid. 2.

This Priamus though held in dust of death,

Yet ceased not.

Also this of the like matter, Pro Lig. callest thou that wic∣ked, (O Tubero) why, he hath not hitherto deserved this name. For some called error, some fear, that which more hardly, hope, desire, hatred, pertinacy, the most grave temerity, none wicked besides thy self.

CAP. 13. Disparates.

Q. What are Opposites?

A. Opposites are disagreeings, which disagree in reason and thing; therefore cannot be attributed to the same ac∣cording to the same, and at the same time.

Q. Make this plain by example?

A. So Socrates cannot be black and white of one and the same part; father and son of the same man; whole and sick at the same time: but he may be white on the one part, black on another; father of this, son of that man; sound to day, sick to morrow.

Q. It should seem by this, that the one being affirmed, the other is denied?

A. So it is.

Q. What are the kindes of Opposites?

A. Disparates, or Contraries.

Q. What are Disparates?

A. Disparates are opposites whereof one is opposed equal∣ly to many.

A. Give example?

A. Green, Ash-colour, Red, are means between White and Black, which are Disparates, both with the extreams and a∣mong themselves. So liberality and covetousness are Dis∣parates among themselves. So, a man, a tree, a stone, and in∣finite of this kinde are Disparates; neither can one thing be, a man, a tree, a stone.

Q. Give example out of some Poet?

A. Virgil. Aeneid. 1. disputeth by this argument.

O virgin, how shall I remember thee! Whose countenance not mortal seems to be: Toy voice is sure above the humane reach, Both which thee Goddeses proves, and so do teach.

CAP. 14. Relates.

What are Contraries?

A. Contraries are opposites, whereof one is opposed to one only.

Q. What are the kindes of it?

A. They are either affirming or denying.

Q. What is affirming?

A. Affirming is that of which both of them affirm.

Q. How many Kindes hath it?

A. Two, Relate and Adverses.

Q. What are Relates?

A. Relates are Contraries affirming, of which one consisteth of the mutual affection of the other: and from hence they are named Relates.

Q. Make this plain by example?

A. The Father who hath a Son, and the Son who hath a Father are Relates.

Q. They may seem by this to be together by nature?

A. So they are, so that he which perfectly knoweth the one, knoweth all the rest.

Q. Give some examples of Relates?

A. Pro Mare. By which thou truly understandest how much praise there is for the benefit given, when as for the receiving is so much glory. Marc. against Sosib.

Sosibian, thou yield'st, thou wast born thrall, When flattering thou thy Father Lord dost call.

So Quint. Lib. 5. Cap. 10. If it be honest to place himself at Rhoades, and to lodge at Hirmaereon. After which manner Tullius, in the perfect oration. It is therefore dangerous (saith he) lest any should think it dishonesty, to teach that in the great and glorious Art to others, which it was honesty for him to learn.

Q. Doth not earnest affection sometimes flow from these Relates?

A. Yes.

Q. Give example out of some Orator?

A. Cicero in his Oration hath brought forth a certain ear∣nest affection from these Relates. Now these are grave (saith he) Wife of the Son in law, Step-mother of the Son, anp Bawd of the Daughter.

Q. Give example out of some Poet?

A. All this Ovid hath effected maniefestly in his descripti∣on of the Iron Age, Met. 1.

••e doth the guest safe in his Inn remain, His Host him troubles who doth him retain: Sisters ev'n from their Brethren are not free,

The Husband longs the death of's Wife to see; She hateth him, and 'gainst him doth conspire; The cursed Stepdame's always in an Ire, The Son before his time doth's Fathers years enquire.

Q. But the Argument of such Relations hath nothing con∣trary: yea, it rather argueth mutual causes: as, thou art my Father, I therefore am thy Son, how then appeareth the Con∣traries?

A. When I say I am Father, I am not therefore thy Son, then are the Contraries true.

CAP. 15. Adverses.

Q. What are adverses.

A. Adverses are Contraries affirming, which are perpe∣tually adverse among themselves.

Give example out of some Poet?

A. Aeneid 11.

No health in war, we all desire Peace.

Q. Give further example?

A. White and black, hot and cold, vertue and vice are opposed.

Q. Give example out of some Orator?

A. Parad. 1. Cont. Epe. Yet they do hold strongly and defend accurately, that pleasure is the chief good: which to me truly doth seem to be the voice of Beasts, not of Men; when as whether God, or Nature (as I may say) the mother of all things hath given thee a soul, then which nothing is more excellent, nothing more divine; dost thou so cast and throw down thy self, as that thou thinkest there is no dif∣ference betwixt thee and the four-footed Beasts.

Q. Wherein consists the force of this example?

A. Cicero hath opposed beasts and men, Adverses: plea∣sure is the good of beasts, and therefore of men.

Q. Give another example out of some Poet?

A. So Liberty and Servitude in Tib. Lib. 2.

So Servitude I see prepared for me, Yet Parents Freedom would far better be.

Q. Give example out of an Orator?

A. Pro Marcel. For Temerity is never joyned with Wis∣dom, neither is Chance admitted to Counsel.

CAP. 16. Contradicents.

Q. Having spoken of contraries affirming, we are come to con∣traries denying, what are they then?

A. Contraries denying are such, of which one saith, the other denieth the same.

Q. What are the kindes?

A. They are Contradicents or Privants.

Q. What are Contradicents?

A. Contradicents are Contraries denying, of which one denieth every where.

Q. Give example?

A. Just, not just; a creature, not a creature; it is, it is not: These are Contradicents.

Q. Give example out of some Orator?

A. Pro Murena. The sentence of Cato and Cicero are con∣traries; this of the Stoicks, that man of the Academicks. The Dialogue is in these words. Thou hast known nothing, yea something, but not all things. Thou hast done nothing meerly for thanks, yet refuse not thanks when as thine office and trust requireth it. Be not moved with mercy in con∣demning. But yet there is some praise of humanity. Stand in thine own opinion, except a better should overcome.

Q. Give example from some Poet?

A. Mart. lib. 2.

Th'art fair Fabulla, rich, and all's a maid, Can you deny, 'tis truth that I have said? But if thou boastest of thy self too much, Th'art neither fair, a virgin, nor yet rich.

Q. Give another example out of some Orator?

A. Cicero primo Tusc. Forceth Atticus the Epicure by this argument to confess, that the Dead were not miserable, if they were not at all, as the Epicures believe; I had rather (saith he) thou shouldest fear Cerberus, then speak so inconsiderately. Atticus, why? Marcus, that which thou deniest, that thou sayest. Where is thy wit? For when as thou sayest he is mi∣serable, thou then sayest, he is, which is not. Then after long disputation Atticus said, go to now I grant that those which are dead are not miserable; because thou hast forced me to confess, that they be not at all, lest they should be miserable.

Q. Give another example?

A. Terrence in Ev. Phedria frameth his speech to Dorus, when as he had affirmed that which he denied afterwards. Af∣ter a manner (saith he) he saith, after a manner he denieth.

CAP. 17. Privants.

Q. What are Privants?

A. Privants are contraries denying, of which one denieth in the same Subject only, in which the Affirmative (of its own nature) is.

Q. What is the Affirmative called?

A. The Habit.

Q. And what the Negative?

A. Privation.

Q. Make this plainer?

A. Motion and Rest, Drunkenness and Sobriety, are com∣prised under this Head.

Q. Give example?

A. Mart. Lib. 3.

Th'art drunken sure, sober thou would'st not do't.

Q. What may further be under this Head?

A. To be blinde, and to see.

Give example?

A. Pro Celio. There is therefore one of this family, and he truly is greatly blinde: for he shall take no grief who shall not see her.

Q. What may further be under this Head?

A. Poverty and Riches are thus opposed.

Q. Give example?

A. Mart. Lib. 5.

Poor shalt thou be Emilian, if poor; Wealth's never given but to the rich before.

Q. What further?

A. Death and Life.

A. Give example?

A. Cont. Mil. Sit ye still, O revengers of this mans death, whose life if you thought you could restore, would you?

Q. What further?

A. Silence and Speech.

Give example?

A. Primo Cat. What expectest thou the authority of the Speakers, whose silence thou beholdest to be their pleasures?

Q. What more?

A. Mortality and Immortality.

Q. Give example?

A. Pro Marc. I grieve when as the Common Wealth ought to be immortal, that it consisteth of one mortal life.

And this sufficeth to be spoken of disagreeing, from whence every thing may differ from another by certain means.

CAP. 18. Equalls.

Q. Simple Arguments were agreeings and disagreeings; we are now come unto Comparatives; what are Comparatives there∣fore.

A. Comparatives are those which are compared amongst themselves.

Q. How are they manifested?

A. Although they be equally known by the nature of Com∣parison, yet one to another is more known and illustrated then another: and oftentimes are judged by shorter notes, sometimes distinguished by fuller parts.

Q. What may these parts be called?

A. They are named the Proposition and Redition.

Q. May not Comparatives also argue Fictions?

A. Yes, Comparatives to argue feigned things, and do cause trust.

Q. What be the kindes of Comparisons?

A. Comparison, is in Quantity or Quality.

Q. What is Quantity?

A. Quanity is that whereby is shewed how much the thing compared is.

Q. What be the kindes of Quantity?

A. Equalls or Unequalls.

Q. What are Equalls?

A. Equalls are those of which there is one Quantity.

Q. What is an equal Argument then?

A. An equal Argument is, when an equal is explicated by an equal.

Q. What are the Notes of it?

A. Even, equal, like, the same, that, so much the more, how

much the more, by so much, by how much, so much, how much, not more, not less.

Q. Give example?

A. Aeneid 2. Equal with light winds.

Aeneid 3.

And now't should grow in equal age with thee.

Aeneid 6.

Behold this thing, Great Rome with earth is even, The spirit of man shall also equal heaven.

Q. What further is necessary to these equals?

A. A Proposition or Reddition doth distinguish them.

Q. Give example out of some Orator?

A. Quart. Cat. Whose things done, and the vertue to the same, by which things only the course is contained in its regions and bounds.

Q. Give example out of some Poet?

A. Aeneid 4.

As well a bruiter of things false that be, As messenger of truth and verity.

Cat.

By how much I am worst of Poets all, By so much the men best of patrons call.

Ovid de Trist. 4.

As many shells on shore, as roses sweet; As many sleep, as men, by poppy seeds do get; As many beasts in woods, fish in the sea do lie; As many birds as in the ayrie heavens do fly: So many griefs me pass, their number should I tell, Icarian waters I must surely number well.

Q. Proceed to further examples?

A. Phil. 9. Neither had he more skill of the law then of justice: therefore those things which the laws had brought forth, chiefly the civil, he always referred to ease and equity: neither had he rather approve actions of strife, then take a∣way controversies.

Ovid de Art. Amand.

Tis no less vertue for to keep then get.

Pro Mur. I acknowledge this to be equal for Lucius Mure∣na: and so equal, that neither he shall be overcome by dig∣nity, neither by dignity shall overcome thee.

Phil. 2. Whose burthen being common, why not a com∣mon pray of them.

Ter. in Adelph. When as I care not for thine, care not thou for mine.

Q. What may further be comprised under this head?

A. Of this place are those that follow derived truly from contraries, but treated of in the place of Equals; as this of Mart.

Sosibian thou yield'st, thou wast born thrall, When flattering thou thy father lord dost call.

Ovid. 1. Fast.

There's price in price, the Censors honours give; He giveth friendship, poor alone doth live.

Q. But are they not more frequent from adverses?

A. Yes.

Q. Give example?

A. Cicero Syl. Neither do I understand my self to have been angry. But if I defend him whom thou accusest, why should I not be angry with thee, who accusest him whom I defend? he saith, I accuse mine own enemy; and I said, I defend my friend. So primo Tusc But when as they confess that there is force enough in vices to cause a miserable life, why should it not be granted that there is force enough in vertues to effect a blessed life.

Q. It should seem by this, that contraries are sequences of contraries?

A. So they are.

Q. What may further be comprised under this head?

A. Sometimes there is put forth like for like.

Q. Give example?

A. Such is the contention of the shepherds in Virgil. Aegl g. 3. D〈…〉〈…〉tas first of all putting forth this riddle.

••ell in what place, and I will herry thee, For great Apollo's self, the welken large ••ust three ells broad, and no more, seems to be. And Menalcas answering in this other riddle. ••ell in what place the flowers have their marge, With Kings names in their leaves inscribed plain; And to thy self take Phillis for thy pain.

Q. Give example of feigned equals?

A. Feigned equals are such as is in Aeschinus Sacraticus, ••erein Socrates sheweth Aspatia, speaking to Zenophons wife and Zenophon himself. Tell me, I pray thee, thou wife of Ze∣nophon,

if thy neighbor should have better gold then thou, whether hadst thou rather have hers or thine? hers, said she. And if she have a gown, and other womens garments of a greater price then thou, whether hadst thou rather have hers or thine? hers, said she. Go to then, if she have a better husband then thou, hadst thou rather have hers? here the woman blushed. But Aspatia spake to Zenophon himself, I pray thee (said she) if thy neighbor have a better horse then thou, hadst thou rather have his or thine? his, said he. But if he have better ground then thou, whether hadst thou ra∣ther have? his, said he, viz. the best. But if he have a better wife then thou hast, whether hadst thou rather have his or thine? And here Zenophon also himself held his peace.

CAP. 18. Greaters.

Q. What are unequals?

A. Unequals are those of which the quantity is not one.

Q. What be the kindes of unequals?

A. Unequal is greater or lesser.

Q. What is greater?

A. Greater is that which quantity exceedeth.

Q. What be the proper notes of it?

A. Not only, but also; I had rather this, then that; more also by Grammatical comparison.

Q. Give example.

A. Bicero pro Mur. There is taken from amongst us not only that verbal counterfeit of Prudence, but also that Lady of things, Wisdom it self. The thing is carried by force, not only the hateful Orator in pleading, or the pratler, but also the truly good is despised. A horrid soldier is loved.

Q. Is not a certain Logical gradation, sometimes joyned with a Rethorical climax taken from hence?

A. Yes.

Q. Shew example?

A. Pro mil. Neither did he so handle himself to the peo∣ple only, but also to the Senate; neither to the Senate only but to the Publique, President, and Soldiers: neither to these alone, but also to the power of those, to whom the care of Senate, Soldiers, and the whole Commonwealth of Italy was committed.

Qu. Give a Poetical example?

A. Ju. Sat. 8. Against a proud Noble man.

Rather had I Thirses thy fire should be, Whilst that Aeacides is like to thee: And that thou shouldst with Vulcan armor make, Then for Achilles son men should thee take; Or that thy feature should like Thirses be.

Q. Proceed to further example?

A. Pro. Marc. Having more admiration then glory. Aeneid. 1.

O fellows we these evils knew before! God will them end, we greater far have bore.

Cic. pro Mur. Be not so unjust, that when as thy fountains are opened by thine enemies, our rivers should be stopped up even by our friends.

Q. Give an example of a gradation, without a rethorical climax?

A. Ter. Thr. But doth Thais give me many thanks for it? Gn. Many. Thr. sayest thou so? is she glad? Gn. Not so much for the gift it self, as that it was given by thee; for that she triumpheth in good earnest.

Q. Are not also greaters feigned?

A. Yes, and of great force.

Q. Give example?

A. Ter. Hort. A Noble man if he be made a lover can ne∣ver undergo the charges, much less thou then. Aeneid. 5.

O great Aeneas, although Jove should not Promise to help or aid me now one jot! I hope that Italy shall reach to heaven, The winds once charged their forces cross have driven: Arising from black night i'th city cast, Our power is weak, our greatest strength but waste.

CAP. 20. Lessers

Q. What is Lesser?

A. Lesser is that whose quantity is exceeded.

Q. How is a Lesser judged?

A. Oftentimes by proper notes.

Q. What be these notes?

A. Not only, but not at all: rather this then that, when as, as also.

Q. How else?

A. By Grammatical comparison,

Q. How lastly?

A. By the denying of parts.

Q. Give example of the notes out of some Orator?

A. Cic. secund. Cat. No man not only of Rome, but in no cor∣ner of all Italy, was ever oppressed with so great a tax, as that he once knew of so incredible a Caesar. Cat. 1. Thou canst rather as an Exul tempt, then as a Consul vex the Com∣monwealth. Ag. 2. Which when to all it is very hard, and an evil reason, then truly to me above the rest.

Q. Give Poetical examples.

A. Ovid. Trist. 1.

More fierce then Busiros, more fierce then he, Who in slow fire his Ox burnt furiously.

Ovid. pri. de. Rem. Amor.

Thy body to redeem bear sword and fire, Ne drink to cool thy thirsty hot desire: To save thy soul wilt thou not all forbear, This part exceeds the other price by far.

Q. Give example of those which are done by denying of parts?

A. Phil. 9. All in all ages who have had the understanding of the Law in this City, if they might be brought together in∣to one place, are not to be equalled with Servius Sulpitius. Cat. 2. Although those which say that Catilina is gone to Messilia, do not so much complain of it, as fear it.

Q. Is it not sometimes without notes?

A. Yes.

Q. Give example?

A. Pro Mur. Thou art so much wanting from the per∣fection of great works, as the foundation, which thou think∣est thou hast not yet laid. Pro Arch. The stones and deserts oftentimes answer to the voice; wilde beasts are tamed and subdued by singing; shall not then the instructions of the Poets in the best thing move us?

Q. Is there not also a gradation from lessers?

A. Yes.

Q. Give example?

A. Ver 7. Is it a great act to over throw the city Rome, to beat a Knave, to kill a Parricide, what shall I say? to hang him upon the gallows.

Q. Are not lessers also sometimes feigned?

A. Yes.

Q. Give example?

A. Virg. Aeglog. 1.

The light-heeld hyndes in th'air shall feed therefore, And in the Ocean all the fishes die, For want of water, on the naked shore. The wandring Parthyan first shall drinken dry Huge Araxis; and gusling Germany, Suck down their thirsty throats swift Tigris tide, Ere his dear lovely face shall from my bosom slide.

Q. Give another exmple?

A. Phil. 2. O filthy thing, not only in the sight, but also to hear of! if it had happened to thee amongst thine in∣humane Pots, who would not accounted it filthy? But in the assembly of the Romans about publique affairs, the master of the horse, to whom it is not comely to belch, he vomi∣ting a crust of bread and wine, filled his lap and all the Tri∣bunal with stink.

CAP. 21. Likes

Q. You have expounded Comparison in Quantity, Comparison in Quality followeth; what therefore is Quality?

A. Quality is that whereby the things compared are said to be such.

Q. What are the kindes of quality?

A. Like or Dislike.

Q. What are Likes?

A. Likes are those of which there is the same quality.

Q. What are likes called?

A. Likes, is called proportion, as the likes are proportionable.

Q. What are the notes of likeness, whereby it is concluded in one word?

A. Likes, Effigies, in that manner, as also denials of dis∣likeness.

Q. What be they?

A. Such as this, not otherwise.

Q. Give example of the first sort?

A. Aeneid. 1. His mouth and shoulders being like to God Phil. 9. Although Servius Suspicius could leave no clearer

monument then his son, the e〈…〉〈…〉gies of his manners, vertues, constancy, piety, wit.

Q. Give example out of some Poet?

A. Ovid Trist. 1.

For he or none, even he that made the wound, Only Achilles 'tis can make me sound

Q. Proceed to farther examples?

A. In Phis. There was one day which was to me the like∣ness of immortality, wherein I returned to my countrey. Ver 1. But presently from the same likeness of a man, as it were by some Circean pot, he is made a Bear. Pro Pomp. Therefore all in this place do behold Cons. Pompeius not as one sent from the city, but fallen from heaven. Aeneid. 3. They do not that which I have commanded. Ter. I am not, neither have been otherwise then he.

Q. What is the partition of likeness

A. Disjoyned or continued.

Q. What is a disjoyned similitude?

A. A disjoyned similitude is when as four terms are distin∣guished to the thing.

Q. Give example?

A. Aeglog. 5.

So me thy song, as sleep on grass doth quench The traveller, his weary limbs to drench.

Q. What is the force of this example?

A. The songs to the hearers, as sleep to the weary, are four distinct terms.

Q. Give another example?

A. Ad fratrem. As the best Governous cannot overcome the force of the tempest, so the wisest men oftentimes cannot overcome the violence of fortune.

Q. Shew the force of this example?

A. Here are four terms, as the governor to the ship, so wise men to fortune.

Q. Proceed to farther example?

A. Trist. 1.

Even as the yellow gold in flaming fire is seen, So men may trust, behold, in time that's sharp and keen.

Cic. Phil. 2. But even as those who in a great sickness do not taste the sweetness of meat, so the lustful, covetous, wic∣ked, have not the taste of true praise. Virg. made these verses.

All 〈◊◊〉〈◊◊〉, next day the signs are seen, ••E 〈◊〉〈◊〉 parted Caesar and Jove between.

〈◊◊〉〈◊◊〉 arrogated them to himself and obtained a great 〈◊〉〈◊〉; therefore Virgil in these Verses mocketh Ba∣〈…〉〈…〉.

I made these Rimes, another had the Land, So Birds, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 nests not for your selves have made; So you, O Bees, make honey not for you; So you, O Sheep, bear wool but not for you; So you, O O〈…〉〈…〉n plow, but not for you.

Q. Are not the notes sometimes omitted?

A. Yes, sometimes there is no note at all

Q. Give an example?

A. Virg. Aeglog. 2.

Ah my fair Boy! trust not thy hew too much, Hurtles though black, by every handsom hand Are pluck'd while Dazies none vouchsafe to touch, All be they white, yet shed they as they stand.

Q. What is continual likeness?

A. A continual likeness is when as the first term is to the second, so the second to the third.

Give an example?

A. De. Leg. 3. See you not that this is the Migistrates power, that he should rule and prescribe right, profitable, and agreeing things with the Lawes: for as the Lawes do govern the Magistrates, so the Magistrates do rule the people.

Q. What is the force of this example?

A. Here are three terms, Lawes, Magistrates, People.

Q. Have not feigned likenesses equal force with these above?

Yes.

Q. Give example?

A. It appeareth chiefly in this explicated similitude of

Aesop his Apology taken out of Horace. Epist. 1. But if Romes people ask me happily, Why not 'mongst Judges on the Bench sit I; And do that which they love, fly that they hate? I answer as the crafty Fox of late. When tooth-sick Lion he this message sent, Fain would I come, to that thing was I bent;

But that I saw the steps of many feet, That way to go, none back again to get.

CAP. 22. Dislikes.

Q. What are dislikes?

A. Dislikes are comparatives, whose quality is diverse.

Q. What are the proper notes of dislikes?

A. Dislike, different, another,

Q. Give example?

A. Pro Plan. Although the paying of money and thanks be unlike. Aeneid. 1. O ancient house! O how unlike for that Lord to govern. Caes. Pri. Bel. Gal. All these differed in their tongues, instructions, lawes. Agra 2. One is known by his countenance, another by his voice, another by his gate. De Nat. Deo 2. Because I have begun to do otherwise then I had said in the beginning.

Q. Are not dislikes also known by denying the likes?

A. Yes.

Q. Give example?

A. De Orat. 2. Philosophy is not like the other arts. Aeneid. 2. But he was not of that seed wherein thou rememberest Achilles, such was Priamus his enemy. Lor. Epist. 1. There is not the same age, the same minde, Ad frat. 1. So thy ring is not as a certain vessel, but as thy self. Phil. 3. This certain day he is wont to expect not so much of sacrafice as counsel.

Qu. Give some Poetical examples.

A. By this argument the shepherd confesseth his error. Aeglog. 1.

Ah fond friend Melibe, I whilom dempt. That famous city which I now and then, In common chat amongst our countrey-men; Have heard, yea cliped by the name of Rome, Certes for all the world cib to our homely home: and by and by, —so did I dare. Kids liken to their Goats, whelps to their dams, And mole-hills wont to mountains to compare.

Qu. Shew the force of this example?

A. As neither the whelps to the dogs, nor kids to their dams, so neither is Mantua like to Rome.

Q. Be not notes of dislikes sometimes wanting?

A. Yes, oftentimes, and the dislikeness is more clearly explicated.

Q. Give an example out of some Orator?

A. Quint. L. 1. C. 11. Brutus slew the Children of the Tray∣tors: Muntius did punish by death the vertue of his Son.

Q. Give another example?

A. Cut. The Sun sets and riseth again: but when our lit∣tle light setteth, there is a perpetual night.

CAP. 23. Conjugates.

Q. Hitherto you have expounded the first arguments, those derived from the first follow, what are they then?

A. Those derived from the first are these, which are even to that which they argue, as the first from whence they are derived.

Q. VVhat be the kinds of these arguments?

A. A Conjugate, a Notation, a Distribution, and a De∣finition.

Q. VVhat are Conjugates?

A. Conjugates are names drawn diversly from the same principal.

Q. Give example?

A. Justice, Just, Justly.

Q. Is there not a Symbol in Conjugates of agreeing argu∣ments?

A. Yes.

Q. Give example?

A. Propert. Lib. 2.

Because in love there is no liberty, VVhoever loves that man, can ne'r be free.

Q. Shew the force of this example?

A. Here liberty is the cause why we should be free.

Q. Give another example?

A. Cic. Nat. Deo. 2. Where he speaketh of Dionysius the ty∣rant. He commanded that the tables of silver, in which were the Images of the Gods, should be taken away; in which after the manner of the Grecians should be ingraven, The goods of the Gods, saying, that he was willing to use of their goodness.

Q. Shew the force of this example?

A. The Gods are good, therefore their goodness is to be used: here from the effects it is directed to the causes.

Q. Give another example?

A. Ter. I am a man, no humane thing is strange to me.

A. Is it not sometimes from the Subject to the Adjunct?

A. Yes.

Q. Give example?

A. Phil. 2. I will not handle thee as a Consul, lest thou handle me as one standing for the Consulship. In Pis. When as all the cause was of the Consuls and Senate, both the Con∣suls and Senate had need of my help.

CAP. 24. Notations.

Q. What is notation?

A. Notation is the interpretation of a name.

Q. what are names?

A. Names truly are notes of things.

Q. May there not be rendred a reason of the names?

A. Yes, either from the derivation or composition, if they be made by true notation, from some first argument.

Q. Give example?

A. Homo ab humo. Ovid. Fast. 6. Stat vi terrasua, vi stando vest a vocatur.

Q. Shew the force of this example?

A. This is a notation from the cause.

Q. Give another example?

A. At focus a flammis & quod fovit omnia dictus.

Q. Shew the force of this example?

A. This is a notation from the effects.

Q. Give another example?

A. Vir. 4. O Verrea praeclara! quid enim accessisti, quo non attuleris tecum istum diem? & enim quam tu domum, quam ur∣bem adiisti, quod fanum denique, quod non eversum atque exter∣sum reliqueris? quare appellentur sane ista Verrea quae non ex nomine, sed ex moribus, naturaque tua constituta esse vide∣antur.

Q. Shew the force of this example?

A. This is also a notation from the effects.

Q. Give another example?

A. Ovid. Fast. 1.

Prima dies tibi carna datur, dea cardinis haec est, Nomine clausa aperit, claudit aperta sua.

Q. Wherein is the force of this example?

A. This is a notation from the subjects in the inward, about which the Deity of this Goddess is exercised.

Q. Give another example?

A. From the adjuncts, there is a notation from Bambalion. Phil. 2. Quia balbus & stupidus: hinc igitur cavilatio in An∣tonium generum. Tuae conjugis, bonae faeminae, locupletatis qui∣dem certe, Bambalio quidem pater, homo nullo numero, nihil illo contemptius, qui propter haesitantiam linguae stuporemque cordis cognomen ex contumelia traxer it.

Q. Shew the force of this example?

A. This is a notation from adjuncts.

Q. Are there not notations also from disagreeings?

A. Yes.

Q. Give example?

A. Quint. Lib. 1. Cap. 6 Lucus, quia umbra apacus, parum l••ceat. & ludus, quia sit longissime a lusu, & dies quia mini∣me dives.

Q. May not notation be also from comparatives?

A. Yes.

Q. Give example:

A. Pyropus, quod ignis slammam imitetur.

Q. But is there not, as to the notation to his name, so an af∣fection of the name to the notation.

A. Yes.

Q. Give example?

A. Animi plenus ergo animosus.

Q. Shew the contrary?

A. Animosus, ergo animi plenus.

CAP. 25. Distribution.

Q. What are the other derived arguments?

A. Distribution and Definition.

Q. Is there not a reciprocal affection in both these?

A. Yes.

Q. What is the affection in the distribution?

A. Of all parts with the whole.

Q. What is the affection in the definition?

A. Of the definition with the things designed.

Q. What is a distribution?

A. A distribution is, when the whole is distributed into parts.

Q. What is the whole

A. The whole is that which containeth parts.

Q. What are parts?

A. Parts are those which are contained of the whole.

Q. It should seem then that the distinction of the whole into parts is distribution?

A. So I said.

Q. What is then the collection of the parts to the making up of the whole?

A. It is called induction.

Q. Whence is distribution taken?

A. Distribution is taken from arguments altogether agree∣ing, but disagreeing amongst themselves: therefore it shall be by so much more accurate, by how much the agreeings of the parts shall be with the whole, and the disagreeings among themselves.

CAP. 26. The distribution from the Cause.

Q. Whence is the first distribution?

A. The first distribution is from absolute agreeings.

Q. What are these absolute agreeings?

A. The causes and effects.

Q. What is distribution from the causes?

A. Distribution from the causes, is when the parts are causes of the whole. Here the distribution of perfect into its members is greatly praised.

Q. What is perfect?

A. Perfect is the whole, to which the parts are essential.

Q. What is a member?

A. A member is a part of the whole.

Q. Give example?

A. Grammer is divided into Etymology and Syntaxis; Rhetorick, into Elocution and Action; Logick, into In∣vention and Judgement: for those Arts constituted of those parts.

Q. What is the principal distribution?

A. When the explication of a longer thing is received.

Q. Give examples?

A. Georg. 1.

What makes glad corn, and how to till the ground, How to plant elms that be so strong and sound; How to guide oxen, cattel how to tend, And how the little pretty be desend, I will declare.—

Q. Give another example?

A. Cic. pro Mur. I understand, O you Judges, that the whole accusation hath three parts, one of which is in re∣prehension of life, another in contention of dignity, the third touching the fault.

Q. How is the second kinde of handling this kinde of argument?

A. Either from the parts to the whole; or from the whole to the parts.

Q. Give example?

A. Cat.

Quintia is fair to many, so to me, I will not therefore this same thing deny; But wholly fair I will not say she's not, True beauty in her there is not a jot. Lesbius fair, in every part most fine; Venus adorn'd her, clear did make her shine.

CAP. 27. The distribution from the effects, also the genus and species.

Q. What is the distribution from the effects?

A. The distribution from the effects, is when the parts are effects.

Q. Give example?

A. In a ship the sea-men, some scale the masts, some run in at the doors, some draw water, the governor holdeth the rudder in the ship

Q. May not distribution of genus into species be comprised under this head?

A. Yes, distribution of genus into species doth here excel.

Q. What is genus?

A. Genus is the whole essential in parts.

Q. What is species?

A. Species is the parts of genus.

Q. Give example?

A We say a living creature is the genus of a man, and a beast; for a living creature is the whole of that effect: viz. a corporal living substance, which commonly pertaineth to the beasts and men. We say the species of a man and a beast is living, because they are parts of a living subject, which living essence they have common. We say a man, the genus of every man; and a lion, the genus of every lion; but con∣trary, every man, the species of a man; every lion, of a lion.

Q. What is the kinds of the genus?

A. The genus is most general or subalternate.

Q. What are the kinds of the species?

A. The species is subalternate or most special.

Q. What is the most general genus?

A. The most general genus is that of which there is no kinds.

Q. Give example?

A. In Logical invention, an argument is the most general genus of artificials and inartificials.

Q. What is the subalternate genus, and the subalternate species?

A. The subalternate genus, as also the subalternate species, is that which is the species of this, but the genus of that.

Q. Give example?

A. The cause is the species of an absolute arguing argu∣ment, but the genus of the matter and form.

Q. But what is the most special species?

A. The most special species is that which is individable into other species.

Q. Give example?

A. The matter and form singly.

Q. What are the genus and species notes of?

A. Of the causes and effects.

Q. Give example?

A. In a living thing there is a corporeal essence, which in the matter is belonging commonly to the species; as also the faculty of life and sence, which in the form pertaineth commonly to the species.

Q. It should seem that the genus containeth the causes, which do attain to the species of it; and therefore contrarily, the species contains the effects of their genus?

A. So it is.

Q. From whence then is that universal famousness and ex∣cellency?

A. From hence, because it declareth the causes,

Q. Shew some example now of the distributions of the genus into species?

A. Distribution of genus into species is very excellent truly, but hard and seldom found, yet we will bring what illustrations and examples we can. Ovid. Met. 1. Divideth living creatures into five species? stars, birds, beasts fish, men: he giveth life to the stars, as the Philosophers do.

No region is without some living thing, Stars in the skie, the forms of Gods being: Birds in the air in abundance be, Beasts on the earth, and fishes in the sea. But yet 'mongst these a creature more divine, Who may them rule and govern all in fine; There wanted much until that man was born.

So Cic. Offic. 1. Divideth vertue into four species, prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance; but all that is honest springeth out of one of these four parts, for either it is conver∣sant in the knowledge and skill of the truth, or in the defend∣ing the society of men, and giving every one his own; also in trust of things bargained, or in a high mind and admirable greatness or courage, or lastly in all things which are made and called order and means, in which is modesty and temperance.

Q. What is distribution of the genus into the forms of the species?

A. Distribution of the genus into the forms of the Species is the same; because the form with the genus, constitute their species.

Q. Give example?

A. Of living creatures, one is speaking, another dumb.

Q. May not genus and species be handled a part and seve∣rally.

A. Yes, genus and species are not only handled after this simple form of division, but also apart one from another.

Q. Give example?

A. Pro Arc. But lest any should wonder that we say so that there is a certain faculty of wit, and this reason or dis∣cipline of speaking, neither that we have truly given our selves altogether to this study; for all arts which pertain to humanity, have a certain common band, and are contained (as it were) in a certain knowledge amongst themselves.

Q. Shew the force of this example?

A. Art is the genus; poesie, and eloquence the species.

Q. Is not the genus handled by the species?

A. Yes.

Q. Give example?

A. Ovid de Trist. 4.

Fill thy sad matter with thy vertues grave, Hot glory doth decay, it none can save: Who had known Hector if Troy well had been? Through publique vices, way to vertue's seen. Thine art (O Typhis) lies, if in the sea There be no floods; if men be well truly, Then Phoebus art decayeth instantly. That which they hid, and is not known for good, Appears at last, and shews where evil stood.

Q. But are there no special examples fitted to this kind?

A. Yes, such as this. Attic. 7. Wilt thou leave the city? What if the French men come? The Commonwealth, he saith, is not in walls, but altars and Religion. Theomisticles did the same, and a whole host of Barbarians were not able to take one city. But Pericles did not so, who in the year almost be∣fore fifty, when he kept nothing but a wall; our city before being taken, they kept the tower notwithstanding.

CAP. 28. Distribution from the Subject.

Q. what is the other distribution?

A. The other distribution is of agreeings after a certain manner.

Q. what are agreeings after a certain manner?

A. The subjects and adjuncts.

Q. what is the distribution from subjects?

A. The distribution from subjects is, when the parts are subjects.

Q. Give example?

A. Cat.

Thy maiden-head's not wholly thine I ween, One part thy Father gave, the part between, Thou of thy mother hadst; so that to thee, None but the third remaineth for to be. Therefore resist not two, cast not away, The thing thy parents gave to thee I say.

Q. Give example out of some Orator?

A. Cic. Tusc. 1. There are therefore three kindes of good, as I understand from the Stoicks, to whose use oftener then I am wont we give place. There are therefore those kindes of good, whilst that the external things of the body are cast up∣on the ground, and because they are to be undertaken, they are called good. There are other divine things which do more nearly concern us, and are heavenly; so that those who have attained them, why may I not call them after a manner blessed, yea most happy.

CAP. 29. Distribution from Adjuncts

Q. What is Distribution from Adjuncts?

A. Distribution from Adjunct is, when the parts are Ad∣juncts.

Q. Give example?

A. Of men, some are sound, some sick, some rich, some poor.

Q. Give a poetical example?

A. Virg. Georg. 1. Divideth the World into five parts, the middle scorching hot, the other two extream cold, the two last temperate.

Five Zones the heavens do hold, the middle hot: The Sun there burns, cold in it there is not; But on the right and left hand there is seen, Rain, frost, and cold, that's bitter, sharp and keen. The two last temperate, yet in them is, Mortality, and many sicknesses.

Q. Give an Orators example?

A. Caes. Bel. Gal. 1. All France is divided into three parts; of which, one the Belgians inhabit, the other the Aequitans, the third, those who in their tongue are called Ce••••s, in our Language the Gaules.

CAP. 30. Definition.

Q. What is definition?

A. Definition is when it is explicated what the thing is, and that interchangeably may be argued with the thing defined.

Q. What are the kindes of definition?

A. A definition is perfect or imperfect.

Q. What is the perfect definition called?

A. This is properly called a definition.

Q. VVhat is the imperfect called?

A. A description.

Q. What is a perfect definition?

A. A perfect definition is a definition consisting of the one∣ly causes which constitute the essence: such as the causes comprehended by the genus and form.

Q. Give example?

A. After this manner is a man defined, viz. by the genus, (a living creature) we understand (as it is said) a corporeal essence full of life and sense, which is the matter, and a part of the form of a man; to which (if thou addest reasonable) thou comprehendest the whole form of a man, by the whole faculty of this life, sense, reason.

Q. It should seem then that the perfect definition is nothing else then an universal symbol of the causes, constituting the es∣sence and nature of things?

A. So it is.

Q. Give an example?

A. The Arts have such definitions, Grammer, of well speaking; Rhetorick, of pleading well; Logick, of disputing well; Arithmetick, of numbering well; Geometry of mea∣suring well.

CAP. 31. Description.

Q. VVhat is description?

A. Description is a definition defining the thing from other arguments also.

Q. Give example?

A. This is the description of a man, a man is a living crea∣ture, mortal, capable of discipline,

Q. Are not proper circumstances also mingled with common causes sometimes?

A. Yes.

Q. Then it seemeth that succint brevity is not always in this kinde?

A. No, oftentimes it desireth a clearer and greater expli∣cation.

Q. Give an example out of some Orator?

A. In Mil. Glory is described. But yet of all rewards of vertue, (if there be a reason of rewards) the greatest is glory; this one comforteth us, touching the shortness of our life, cau∣seth that we are present with the absent, dead, maketh us live; to conclude, by these steps we do seem to ascend unto Heaven.

Q. Give a poetical example?

A. Aeneid. 4. Fame is described.

From Libeans temple cometh forth great fame, Nought swifter then ill news which bears this name; Moving she goes; by going, strength she gets: She fears at first, at last with winds she fleets; Walks on the earth, her head she lifts to'th skie: Earth brought her forth, the Gods were angry. In Caeus and Encelladus his land, She was at last as I do understand; Her feet were swift, here wings most hurtful were, A horrid monster, wicked, full of fear: As many feathers as upon her are; So many eyes attend her every where. So many tongues: so many mouths do sound, So many years do lessen her around. In night she flies through heaven, and in the shade, About the earth she goes, no noise is made: She sitteth by the light on houses high, And causeth towns to quiver fearfully. As well a bruiter of things false that be, As messengers of truth and verity.

Q. Proceed to further example?

A. Such are the discriptions of plants and living creatures in physick: also of rivers, mountains, cities, in Geography and History.

CAP. 32. Divine Testimony,

Q. You have expounded the artificial arguments, the inartificial followeth; tell me then what an inartificial argument is?

A. An inartificial argument is that which argueth not by its own nature, but taken force from some artificial argument.

Q. It seemeth by this, when a hidden truth of things is more subtily searched for, that this argument hath small force of proof?

A. So it is, but in civil and humane things, oftentimes this argument effecteth the greatest trust from the moving argu∣ments, if wisdom, vertue, and good will be present.

Q. What is it called?

A. In one name is called testimony.

Q. What are the kinds of testimony?

A. Divine or humane.

Q. What may be comprised under the Head of divine testimo∣ny?

A. Not only the miracles of the Gods, but also the answers of Prophets and Fortune-tellers are counted amongst divine testimonies.

Q. Give example?

A. All these are brought forth Cat. 3. For that I may omit (saith the Orator) the fires seen in the night from the West, and the burning of heaven, as also lightning, as earth-quakes, with other many things done to us Consuls, as those which are now done do seem to proclaime the Gods immortality. And a little after, at which time when the Araspatians were come to∣gether out of all Herturia, they said that slaughter, burn∣ing, perishing of the laws, civil and domestical war, and the fall of the whole city and empire approached; unless the immortal Gods pleased by all reason, by their power should change those destinies. At length when he said that they mocked at the answer of the Arispatians, and that they did more regard the sign of Jove, turning to the East, he then said, But is not he so present, that it should seem to be done at the beck of the mighty Jove; that when this morning before my door, by my command and con∣juration, the Judges being then in the house of Concordia, at the same time there appeared a sign, which being turn'd toward

you and the Senate, both you and the Senate saw manifestly laid open, who they were that were against the health of all men.

Q. Give another example?

A. That of Tibullus is more short.

But if that Oracles true things do tell, Then this in our name see thou do declare? That he doth promise Delius to give, To be thy spouse, with whom thou'lt happy live.

CAP. 33. Testimony from humane Law and Sentences.

Q. What be the kindes of humane testimony?

A. Humane testimony is common or proper.

Q. What is common?

A. Law, and a famous sentence.

Q. What is a legal testimony?

A. Legal testimony is both unwritten and written.

Q. Bring forth authority for this?

A. Pro Mil. for there is (O ye Judges) a law not written, but born with us; which we have not received, learned, read; but taken, drawn, expressed from nature: as if our life should be in some hazard, force, danger, either of thieves or enemies, all honest reason were to be sought of safety; but if the twelve tables will have the night thief, yea, the day thief too, if he defend himself after any manner, killed with∣out punishment; who is there that will think him that is slain to be punished, when as there is a sword reached to us, to kill that man, by the lawes themselves.

Q. What are famous Sentences?

A. Proverbs.

Q. Give example?

A. They be such as these: Pares cum paribus facilime con∣gregantur. Spartam nactus es, hance ex orna.

Q. What may farther be under this head?

A. Sayings of Wisdom also.

Q. Give example?

A. Nosce teipsum. Nequid nimis. Sponde praesto ad detri∣mentum.

Q. What is proper testimony?

A. Such as this of Plato 1. ad Quint. frat. And then truly Plato the prince of Wisdom and Learning thought those

Commonwealths blessed, if either learned and wise men governed, or those that did govern, placed all their study in wisdom and learning.

Q. Proceed to further example?

A. Such were in the Poets, Aeneid. 4. Learn justice and admonitions, and contenm not the rich. So in Homer.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

Ajax led out of Salaminus twelve ships.

The Magatenses were overcome by the Athenians.

Q. What are the testimonies of the living?

A. Testimonies of the living, are not onely when it is in∣quired of ground, felling of wood, and such like business, but also there are testimonies of obligation, confessing oath.

Q. Give an example of obligation?

A. Phil. 5. For I dare binde my faith (P. C.) to you and the people of Rome, that truly when no force constrained me, I durst do; and I feared an opinion of timerity, in a thing greatly hurtful: I promise and swear (P. C.) to become alwayes such a citizen to Caesar as he himself is, and as we ought chiefly to wish or desire.

Q. Have we not an obligation set forth sometimes with a pledge?

A. Yes. Virg. Aeglog. 3.

Wilt then by turns, we hand to hand do try, What either can, and prove each by our deed; I'le pawn this heifer, (which lest thou deny) She twice hath come already to the pail, And two twins suckles: at this time now say, What pawn thou'lt gage with her to countervail.

Q. What are the kindes of confession?

A. Confession is free or extorted by torments.

Q. What is this latter properly called?

A. A question.

Q. Give example?

A. Such an argument there is against Milon whom Cicero derided. Go to then, what, or how is the question? How? Where was Roscius? Where was Casca? Doth Clodius lay snares for Milon? He hath done, surely the gallows. He hath done nothing.

Q. What further may be reduced hitherto?

A. Hitherto may be referred the argument which we

used when we bring fourth our approbation, and experience of our affirmative.

Q. Give example?

A. Ver. 4. Even Volcatio if he had come freely, would he have given a little book? he shall come, he shall be tried; no man truly receiveth it. Ter. Spend thy time in letters, in the woods, in musick; it is meet for youth to know these li∣beral things, I will give diligence.

Q. Give a Poetical example?

A. Ovid. Trist. 3.

The which that thou mayest better credit me, Try thou my pains, believe it then to be.

Q. Give an example also of the testimony of an oath.

A. Aeneid. 6.

I swear by th' gods, and all in earth unseen, I have departed from thy shore, O queen.

Q. This reciprocation seemeth to be more obscure, as because the testimony is true, the witness is also true?

A. So it is. And thus much sufficeth to have spoken of Invention, the first part of the Science Logick.

THE SECOND BOOK OF THE Art of Logick.

CAP. 1. What Judgement is.

Q. Hitherto the first part of Logick in Invention hath been ex∣pounded, the other part followeth in Judgement; what then is Judgement?

A. Judgement is the second part of Logick, of dispo∣sing arguments to be judged well.

Q. How are they judged?

A. Every thing is judged by a certain rule of disposition.

Q, It may be thought then that this part of Logick is called both Judgement and Disposition from hence?

A. So it is.

CAP. 2. An affirmative or negative axioma.

Q. What are the kinds of Judgement?

A. Judgement is axiomatical, or dianoctical.

Q. What is an axioma?

A. An axioma is the disposition of an argument, with an argument, wherein somewhat is judged to be, or not to be.

Q. What is it called, and whence receiveth it the name?

A. In the Latine of Enuntiatum, it is called Enuntiation? of Pronuntiatum, Pronuntiation.

Q. What are the affections of an axioma?

A. An axioma is affirmative or negative.

Q. What is affirmative?

A. Affirmative is when the force of it is affirmed.

Q. And what negative?

A. When it is denied, From hence springeth the contradicti∣on of axioma's when the samé argument is affirmed or deni∣ed.

CAP. 3. True and false.

Q. What may be a second kind of the effections of an Axioma?

A. An Axioma secondly is true or false.

Q. How true?

A. When it pronounceth as the thing is.

Q. How false?

A. Contrary.

Q. What are the affections of a true Axioma?

A. A true Axioma is contingent or necessary.

Q. How contingent?

A. When it is so true that it may sometimes be false.

Q. Give example?

A. Fortune helpeth the hold; for it may be, that which is true to day, tomorrow may be false: and therefore the judge∣ment of this contingent verity, is called opinion: those things of the time past or present, may be certain to a man, but of time to come, they cannot by nature, although with God all things are present. Therefore Martial doth worthily mock Priscus.

Priscus, thou often asks what I shall be, If now most rich, hereafter what truly; Things for to come, canst thou not tell them me, If thou a Lion art, what wilt thou be?

Q. How necessary?

A. When it is always true, neither can be false.

Q. What is this affirmative called?

A. This affirmative is called Katapantos of every thing.

Q. How impossible?

A. Contrarily, where it can be true of nothing.

Q. What belongeth to an Axioma of the arts?

A. An Axioma of the arts ought to be Kantapantos, as al∣so Homogene and Catholique.

Q. What is an Homogene Axioma?

A. An Homogene Axioma is when the parts are essential among themselves: as the form to the thing formed, the subject to its proper adjunct.

Q. What is this called?

A. This Genus of the Species is called ath' auto' by it self.

Q. What is a Catholique Axioma?

A. A Catholique Axioma is when the consequent is al∣ways true of the anticedent; not only in every thing and by it self, but also reciprocally.

Q. Give example?

A. A man is a living creature, reasonable, number is equal or unequal.

Q. What is this called?

A. This is called Katholou proton universally first.

Q. What then are the laws of the proper documents of the arts?

A. These three, the first Ketapantos, the law of verity; the second Kath' anto, the law of justice; the third Katholous pro∣ton called the law of wisdom; and such is the judgement of Catholique Axioma's, the most true and chief knowledge.

CAP. 4. The Simple Axioma.

Q. You have expounded the common affection of Axioma's, the kinds follow, what are then the kinds of an Axioma?

A. An Axioma is simple or compound.

Q. What is simple?

A. Simple is that which is contained in the force of one word; and therefore by an affirmative or negative word it affirmeth or denieth.

Q. Give examples?

A. Fire burneth, fire is hot, fire is not water.

Q. Shew the force of these examples?

A. Here fire is the anticedent, burneth the consequent: and this is the first disposition of invented things; of the cause with the effect, as in the first example; the subject with the adjunct, as in the second; the disagreeing with the dis∣agreeing, in the third: after a certan manner any argument may be enuntiated, (except those full of comparison and di∣stribution) agreeings truly by affirming, disagreeing by deny∣ing.

Q. What are the kinds of a simple Axioma?

A. A simple Axioma is general or special.

Q. What is general?

A. General is when the common consequent is attributed generally to the common antecedent. And this contradiction doth not always divide the true and false, but both parts of the contingent, as also not of contingents may be false.

Q. Give example of the first?

A. Each place delighted is with Baiis pleasant rooms. No place delighted is with Baiis pleasant rooms.

Q. Give example of the second?

A. Every creature is reasonable, no creature is reasonable.

Q. what is a special Axioma?

A. A special Axioma is when the consequent is not attribu∣ted to every antecedent, and here the contradiction ever di∣videth the true from the false.

Q. what are the kinds of special?

A. Special is particular or proper.

Q. what is particular?

A. Particular is when the common consequent is attribut∣ed particularly to the antecedent: But to this Axioma it is generally contradicted.

Q. Give example?

A. Somewhat is to be pardoned. Nothing is to be pardon∣ed. Some clemency is not to be praised. All clemency is to be praised.

Q. what is a proper Axioma?

A. A proper Axioma is when the consequent is attribut∣ted to a proper anticedent.

Q. Give example?

A. Fabulla is fair, whose negative and contradiction is, Fabulla is not fair.

CAP. 5. The copillative Axioma.

Q. what is the compound axioma?

A. The compound axioma is that which is contained in the force of a conjunction. Therefore from an affirmative or negative conjunction it is affirmed or denied. And a part of the contradiction is true, a part false.

Q. what are the kinds?

A. A compound enunciate is for his conjunction congre∣gative or segregative.

Q. what is congregative?

A. Congregative is that which enunciateth all agreeings by affirmings, and disagreeings by denying.

Q. what are the kinds?

A. Copulative or connexed.

Q. What is Copulative?

A. Copulative is that whose conjunction is copulative.

Q. Give example?

A. Aeneid. 1.

The East and South winds on the seas do blow, They rush through deep, till on the top they show. The Affrick oft with these his blasts conjoynes. This therefore shall be the negative and contradiction. The East and South winds not on seas do blow, They rush not through the deep, ne on top show. ••he Affrick doth not oft his blasts conjoyn.

Q. But whereupon dependeth the judgement of the copulative enunciate?

A. The judgement of the copulative enunciate being true, dependeth of the truth of all parts: false, at the least one part false.

Q. What may further be comprised under this Head?

A. The enunciate of a relate quality is of this kinde, whose conjunction is the relation it self,

Q. Give example?

A. Aeglog. 3.

So me thy song as sleep on grass doth queme, The traveller his weary limbs to drench.

Q. Shew the force of this example?

A. Here the copulative judgement is, as if he should say, sleep is grateful to the weary; and so thy song is pleasing to me.

Q. What is the negative hereof?

Not me thy song as sleep on grass doth queme, The traveller his weary limbs to drench.

CAP. 6. The Connexed Axioma.

Q. What is a connexed Axioma?

A. A connexed axioma is congregative, whose conjuncti∣on is connexive.

Q. Give example?

A. Aeneid. 2. If fortune doth feign Simon miserable, it dis∣honestly feigneth him to be vain and a liar; whose negative is, if fortune doth not feign Simon miserable, it dishonestly seign∣eth him to be vain and a liar.

Q. Is not this conjunction also denied more manifestly by deny∣ing the consequent?

A. Yes.

Q. Give example

A. Pro Mer. I am not a murtherer though in their compa∣ny. De fato: Neither if every enunciation be true or false, doth it follow therefore that the causes are immutable; for affirmation signifieth, if the antecedent be, that the consequent is also. Negation therefore and contradiction determineth, if the antecedent be, that therefore the consequent is not. Wherefore when thou shalt judge the connexive to be abso∣lute true, thou shalt judge it also necessary, and thou shalt un∣der stand this necessity to spring from the necessary connexion of parts, the which may also be even in false parts.

Q. Give example of this?

A. If a man be a Lion, he is also a four-footed, this is a necessary connexion.

Q. But if the connexion be contingent, and only put for probabi∣lity, how shall it be judged then?

A. Its judgement then shall be only opinion,

Q. Give example?

A. Ter. and Pamphilus, if thou dost this, this day is the last thou shalt see me.

Q. What may be further under this head?

A. This relation connexive of consequence, is like to the connexed Axioma, as when Tullius is said to be an Ora∣tor, he hath also skill in pleading well. And thus much of th•• congregative Axioma.

CAP. 7. The Discreet Axioma

Q. What is a Segregative Axioma?

A. A Segregative Axioma is that whose conjunction is Se∣gregative, and therefore enunciateth disagreeing arguments.

Q. What are the kinds?

A. A Segregative enunciation is discreet or disjunct.

Q. What is discreet?

A. Discreet is that whose conjunction is discretive, and therefore of disagreeings it chiefly enunciateth diverses.

Q. Give example?

A. Tusc. 5. Although they may be judged by the force o•• the body, yet they are referred to the mind: whose negativ•• and contradiction is, although they may not be juged by th••

sense of the body, yet they are referred to the minde; or, although they may be judged by the sense of the body, yet they are not referred to the minde. For yet is here a chief conjunction.

Q. How is the discreet Enunciat judged to be true?

A. The discreet enunciation is judged to be true and law∣ful, if the parts be not only true, but may be also discreet.

Q. How is the false or ridiculous judged?

A. Contrarily.

CAP. 8. The disjunct Axioma.

Q. What is a disjunct axioma?

A. A disjunct axioma is a segregative axioma, whose con∣junction is disjunct:

Q. Give example?

A. Georg. 1.

There, as they say, is either silent night, Always most dark and void of any light; Or else the morning from us here doth go, And brings the day unto them there also.

Q. Shew another example?

A. De fato, ever enunciation is true or false,

Q. Here it seemeth is signified from the disjunst, that one only is true?

A. So it is.

Q. What shall the negative and contradiction be?

A. Not every enunciation is true or false.

Q. And what doth the contradiction signifie?

A. That one of them is not true by necessity, for if the disjunction be absolutely true, it is also necessary: and the parts of the disjunct are opposite without any means.

Q. But although the disjunction be absolutely true, and also ne∣cessary, may there not be a necessity that the parts should be sepa∣rately necessary?

A. No.

Q. Give example?

A. A man is good or not good, here the disjunction is ne∣cessary; and yet a man is good, is not a necessary enunciati∣on; also a man is not good, is not a necessary enunciation.

Q. Whereupon then dependeth the necessity of the disjunction?

A. The necessity of the disjunction dependeth on the ne∣cessary opposition, and disjunction of the parts, not as their necessary verity.

Q. But is not the disjunction oftentimes from condition?

A. Yes.

Q. Give example.

A. As if it be thought whether Cleon will come, or Socrates, because it was so agreed that one of them only should come.

Q. It seemeth by this that if the disjunction be contingent, it is not absolutely true, but is only opinionable?

A. So it is, and that more frequently in the use of man.

Qu. Give example?

A. Ovid. Epist. Lean.

Either good hap shall now unto me fall, Or else fierce death, the end of loving thrall.

CAP. 9. The Syllogism and its parts.

Q. You have manifested in its self the axiomatical judgement by axioma's; the dianoetical followeth: what therefore is dia∣noia?

A. Dianoia is when one axioma is derived from another.

Q. What are the kinds of dianoia?

A. A Syllogism or Method.

Q. What is a Syllogism?

A. A syllogism is a dianoia whereby the question is so dis∣posed with the argument, as the antecedent put, it is neces∣sarily concluded.

Q. Make this plainer?

A. When the axioma is doubtful the question is effected, and there is need of a third argument to be placed with the question, for its trust.

Q. How many parts hath the antecedent?

A. The antecedent of a syllogism hath two parts, a propo∣sition and an assumption.

Q. What is a proposition?

A. A proposition is the first part of the antecedent, where∣by the consequent of the question, is at least disposed with the argument.

Q. What is the assumption?

A. The assumption is the second part of the antecedent, which is affirmed from the proposition.

Q. But what is the consequent part of the syllogism?

A. The consequent part of the syllogism, is that which imbraceth the part of the question, and concludeth it.

Q. What is it called?

A. It is called from the nature of it, complexion and con∣clusion.

Q. If any part of the syllogism want, what is it said to be?

A. It is called Enthymema.

Q. But what if any part happen to be besides its parts?

A. Then it is called a Porsyllogism.

Q. Is not the order of the parts oftentimes confounded?

A. Yes.

Q. What then if any doubt shall arise from it?

A. Then that shall be filled up which wanteth, those cut off which abound: and every part digested into his place.

CAP. 10. The simple contracted syllogism.

Q. What are the kinds of a syllogism?

A. A syllogism is simple or compound.

Q What is simple?

A. Simple is where the consequent part of the question is placed in the proposition, the antecedent part in the assum ption.

Q. What are the affections of it.?

A. It is affirmed, denied, general, special, and proper.

Q. How is it affirmed?

A. From all the affirmative parts.

Q. How is it denied?

A. From one negative of the antecedent parts, with com plexion.

Q. How is it general?

A. From the general proposition and assumption,

Q. How is it special?

A. From one of the generals only.

Q. And how is it proper?

A. From both propers.

Q. What are the kinds of the simple syllogism?

A. The simple syllogism is contracted by parts, or expli cated.

Q. What is contract?

A. Contract is when the argument for the example is so subjected to a particular question, that the antecedent may be

understood to affirm each part, and in the assumption.

Q. Give an example?

A. Certain confidence is vertue, as constancy; certain confidence is not vertue, as boldness.

Q. Shew the force of this example?

A. This argument is understood to go before each part of the question, as if it were expressed, constancy is a vertue, and confidence; and therefore certain confidence is a vertue: also boldness is not a vertue, and yet it is confidence; and therefore some confidence is not a vertue. So in the use of dis∣puting, the master of the Syllogism draweth the judgment, neither is it set forth otherwise. And this exposition the be∣ginning of the Syllogism is expounded by Aristotle, so that the Syllogism in its full judgement is more clear and manifest.

CAP. 11. The first kind of the simple explicated Syllogism.

Q. What is the explicated Syllogism?

A. The explicated syllogism whose parts are explicated.

Q. What are the proprieties in this explicated Syllogism?

Q. Two, first the proposition is general or proper, second∣ly the conclusion is like to the antecedent or the weaker part.

Q. What are the kinds of it?

A. The kinds are two-fold.

Q. What is the first?

A. The first is where the argument always follow the ne∣gative in the other part.

Qu. Shew some syllogism of this kind?

A

GEN. 1.

Ce∣sa∣re.

• A troubled me useth not his reason well:
• But a wise man useth his reason well.
• A wise man is not therefore troubled.

Q. Produce the example of some Orator for this syllogism?

A. This Judgement is so brought forth of Cicero, Tuse. 3. And when (saith he) the eye is troubled, it is not honestly affected to the fulfilling of its duty, and the rest of the parts; as also the whole body, when it is moved from its state, wanteth its office and function. So a troubled mind is not honestly affected to fulfil his duty. But the duty of the mind is to use reason; and a wise man is always so affected, that he useth reason most excellently; he is therefore never troubled.

Q. Give example of another general syllogism?

A.

GEN. 2.

Ca∣me∣stres

• A mortal thing is compound.
• A Soul is not compound.
• A Soul therefore is not mortal.

Q. Produce the authority of some ancient avouching this syllo∣gism?

A. Cicero judged the soul to be immortal by this syllogism. Tusc. 1. For we cannot doubt (saith he) in our minds, unless we be perchance ignorant in physical things, but that there is nothing knit to souls, nothing connexed, nothing copulate, nothing joyned, nothing double; which when it is so can sure∣ly never be parted, nor divided, nor severed, nor drawn asun∣der, neither perish therefore: for perishing is as it were, a departure and separation, or breach of those parts, which be∣fore the perishing were joyned together.

Q. Give an example of a special syllogism?

A.

SPEC. 1.

Fe∣sti∣no

• A pale man is not couragious.
• Maximus is couragious.
• Maximus therefore is not pale.

Qu. Produce authority for this syllogism?

A. By this judgement Ovid concludeth de Pon••. 3. El. 3.

Paleness and sloth are not in the high mind, Rather with Vipers them on ground we finde. In highest things thy mind excels we see; No name I finde t'express the wit of thee. Some miseries do taste, hurt and out-worn, Are made to feel sharp pricking of the thorn: Yet thou art wont to help complaining men, Amongst which number pray let me be them.

Q. Shew another example of the special syllogism?

A.

SPEC. 2.

Ba∣ro∣co.

• A Dauncer is Lecherous.
• Murena is not Lecherous.
• Murena therefore is no dauncer.

Q. Produce some Orator for this syllogism?

A. Cic. pro Mur. For no man almost being sober daunceth, unless perchance he be mad, neither alone, nor at a moderate and honest banquet; for dauncing is the companion of untimely banquets, pleasant places, and many delights: thou snatch∣est that from me, that it is necessary that vices should be; thou

leavest that whereby this removed, this vice ought not to be at all: no filthy banquet, no love, no gluttony is shewed; and when we finde not all these things which have the name of pleasure, and are vices, there thou canst not finde lechery, nay, thinkest thou to finde a shadow of lust in such.

Q. Avouch some other authority after the like manner?

A After this manner judgement, Ovid de Trist. 1. con∣cludeth triply, whilst he sets forth the excuse of his verses.

They that make verses should not merry be, Our time is clouded with adversity. They that write verses should enjoy their ease, The seas, the windes, with winter fierce me press. Good Poets should not fear, but I fear death, I dread lest swords do take away my breath: Then what is here, a right judge will admire, If reading them they satisfie's desire.

Q. Give example of proper syllogisms?

A. PRO. 1.

Agesilaus is not painted by Apelles. Alexander is painted by Apelles. Alexander therefore is not Agesilaus.

Q. Give another example of a proper syllogism?

A. PRO. 2.

Caesar oppressed his countrey. Tullius oppressed not his countrey. Tullius therefore is not Caesar.

CAP. 12. The second kind of the simple explicate syllogism.

Q. What is the second kind of the simple explicate syllogism?

A. The second kinde of the explicate syllogism is, when the argument goeth before in the proposition, the affirmative followeth in the assumption.

Q. Give an example of an affirmative general after this kinde.

A.

AFF. Gen.

Bar∣ba∣ra.

• Every just thing is profitable.
• Every honest thing is just.
• Every honest thing therefore is profitable.

Q. Produce some Orator avouching this syllogism?

A. Thus Cicero concludeth, offic. 2. The Philosophers tru∣ly with great authority, severely, soundly and honestly, do

distinguish these three confused kinds by cogitation. For whatsoever is just, that also they think to be profitable: also, whatsoever is honest, that is just; f••om whence ariseth that whatsoever is honest, that is also profitable.

Q. Give an example of a negative general syllogism?

A.

NEG. Gen.

Ce∣la∣rent.

• A fearful man is not free.
• A covetous man is fearful.
• A covetous man therefore is not free.

Q. Prove this by some Poet?

A. It is thus concluded and judged by Horace, Epist, 1.

Who freer is he, that as a servant dwelleth? Or he that in his moneys love excelleth? I do not see, he that desires doth fear, And he that fears his freedom doth not bear.

Q. Give another example of this kind of syllogism?

A. Ter in Eu. concludeth and judgeth this, That which is void of counsel, cannot be governed by counsel.

Love is void of Counsel.

It cannot therefore be governed bycounse

Q. Produce the words of Terence.

A. the former syllogism followeth in these words: Ma∣ster that thing which hath in it neither counsel nor means, that thou canst not govern by counsel. In love are all these vices, injuries, suspicions, enmities, flatteries, war, peace a∣gain: these uncertain things if thou shouldest guide by cer∣tain reason, thou dost no more then if thou shouldest labor to be mad with reason.

Q. Give an example of the affirmative special syllogism?

A.

AFF. SPE.

Da∣ri∣i.

• Consuls made by vertue ought studiously to defend the Commonwealth.
• Cicero is made Consul by vertue.
• Cicero therefore ought studiously to defend the Com∣monwealth.

Q. Produce Tully's words avouching this syllogism?

A. The Orator doth both conclude and judge his own diligence Agr. 2. For the great care and diligence as well of all the Consuls, ought to be placed in defending the Com∣monwealth, as of those who not in the cradle, but in the camp were made Consuls. None of our ancients promised to the

people of Rome for me that I ought to be trusted: to ask of me that I ought; even when I did ask, none of our ancestors commended me to you: therefore if I neglect any thing, there is none who shall intreat me for you. Yet while my life last, (I being he who am able to defend it from their wickedness) I promise this to you, O Quirites, that you have committed the Commonwealth to the providence of a good trust: to a watch∣ful man, and not a coward; to a diligent man, not a sluggard.

Q Shew another syllogism of this kinde?

A. That which comes wished for is grateful.

Lesbia comes wished for to Catullus.

She is therefore grateful.

Q. Set forth Catullus his words wherein he thus concludeth?

A. That which we long for with desires great,

Is acceptable to us when we heat: Wherefore this grateful is more dear then gold, That Lesby is come, our friend of old. Thou dost our wishes grant, our hope restore: O light most clear! who is there that is more Happy then I, who have what I desire; Even what I wish, there's nought I can require.

Q. Give an example of a negative special?

A.

NEG. SPE.

Fe∣ri∣o.

• The deceiver of a loving maid is not to be praised.
• Demophoon is the deceiver of a loving maid, to wit. Phyllis.
• Demophoon therefore is not to be praised.

Q. Set forth the words of Phillis in Ovid so judging?

A. It is no glory Virgins to deceive,

Who love a man, and wish him for to have; Simplicity should rather favour again, But I that love and all's a woman am; Deceived am by thee with flatering stile, The Gods thy praises make it all the while.

Q. Give example of an affirmative proper?

A. AFF. PRO.

Octavius is Caesars heir.

I am Octavius

I am therefore Caesars heir.

Q. Give example of a negative proper?

A. NEG. PRO.

Anthony is not Caesars son.

Thou art Anthony.

Thou art not therefore Caesars son.

CAP. 13. The first connexed Syllogism.

Q. You have expounded hitherto the simple syllogism, what now is the compound syllogism?

A. The compound syllogism is a syllogism where the whole question is another part of the affirmed and compound proposition, the argument is another part.

Q. But what if any thing were taken away in the compound syllogism?

A. That were to put a special contradiction.

Q. What are the kinds of a compound syllogism?

A. A compound syllogism is a connexed or disjunct.

Q. What is a connexed syllogism?

A. A connexed syllogism is a compound syllogism of a con∣nexed proposition.

Q. How many are the manners of distinction?

A. It is of two manners.

Q. What is the first?

A. The first manner of the connexed syllogism is that which assumeth the antecedent, and the consequent concludeth.

Q. Give an example of this?

A. After this manner Cicero concludeth. Lib. 2. de Divi∣natione.

If they be Gods it is divination.

But they are Gods.

It is divination therefore.

Q. Give another example?

A. Offic. 3. And if also nature prescribeth this, that a man to a man, whatsoever he be for that same cause that he is a man, will use consultation; it is necessary according to the same nature, that the profit of all should be common: which if it be so, all of us are contained in one, and the same law of na∣ture; and this if it be so indeed, we are certainly forbidden by the law of nature to violate one anther: but the first is true, the last therefore is also true.

Q Give another example?

A.. Aeneid 4. Dido judgeth Aeneas to remain with her.

Dost thou me fly, by these fears I thee pray, By thy right hand I thee beseech to stay: Else thou wilt leave me wretched here alone, By our dear marriage, our dear love like none. If I do ought deserve, if thou hast been Sweet unto me, have pitty on me then: Look on thy slippery house, and now I pray; If any place for prayers be, I say. For Libians sake, for Nomades his kings, Who hated me, and for all other things Which I for thee did bear; my credit's lost, I am alone, for thee thus am I crost. Besides all this, my fame is quite decayed; Rather I had my flesh in dust were laid.

Q. Doth it alwayes assume the same?

A. Oftentimes not the same but a greater.

Q. Give example?

A. Cat. 1. If thy parents feared and hated thee, neither couldst thou please them by any reason; in my opinion thou wert to abstain a little from their sight. Now the country (which is our comon parent) hateth and feareth thee, and of a long time judgeth nothing of thee, except it be touching thy death; canst thou neither avoid its authority, neither follow its judgment, neither fearest thou its force.

Q. What may further be under his Head?

A. This manner of concluding is the very same when the proposition is a relate of time.

Q. Give example?

A. After this kind the nymph OEnon in Ovid concludeth the error of her foolishness.

When Paris OEnon hoped to forsake, It would to Xanthus with all speed betake. Xanthus make hast, return thou back again, That so this Paris OEnon may sustain.

CAP. 14. The second Connexive Syllogism.

Q. What is the second manner of the connexed syllogism?

A. The second manner of the connexed syllogism taketh a∣way the consequent, that it may take away the antecedent.

Q. Give example?

A. If a wise than assent to any thing, sometimes also he shall be opinionated.

But he shall never be opinionated.

Therefore shall he assent to nothing.

Qu. Give another example?

A. By the like syllogism Ovid. Trist. 12. judgeth his foo∣lishness.

If I where wise those sisters I should hate; Deities hurtful to whom on them wait. But now so great my foolishness is seen: I build them altars whom my hurt have been.

These two kinds of the Syllogism are most usual of all.

CAP. 15. The first disjunct Syllogism

Q. What is the disjunct syllogism?

A. The disjunct syllogism is the syllogism composed of a disjunct proposition.

Q. What are the manners of distinction?

A. Two.

Q. What is the first?

A. The first taketh away one and concludeth the rest.

Q. Give example?

A. Either it is day, or it is night.

But it is not day.

It is therefore night.

Q. Give another example?

A. The judgement of Cicero in defence of Cluventias is such: but when as this condition was proposed to him, that either he should accuse justly and piously, or die sharply or unworthily: he would rather accuse after that manner, the die after this.

Q. Make the disjunction appear clearer?

A. Either he must accuse or die.

He must not die.

He must accuse therefore.

Qu. Give another example?

A. There is the like reasoning, Phil. 2. Dost thou not under∣stand it is determined, that either those who have done this thing are homicides or revengers of liberty? But attend a little and take the thoughts of a sober man for a little time, and I who am of them, as my self doth confess, will familiarly ar∣gue with thee as a fellow: I deny that there is any mean: I grant that they are, except they be deliverers and con∣servers

of the Roman Commonwealth more then villany, more then homicides, more parricides: if truly it be cruelty, rather to be a father to the countrey, then a murtherer of ones self. Thou art a wise and considerate man what sayest thou? if they be parricides, why were they honored of thee, and called to this order by the Roman people? why was Marcus Brutus by thy means freed from the law, if he were absent more then ten days from the city? why did Apolinares receive Mar∣cus Brutus with incredible honor? why was the provinces given to Cassius and Brutus, why were their questors added? why were the number of Legates increased, and this done by thee? they are not therefore homicides. It followeth then that by thine own judgement they are deliverers, when as truly there can be no third admitted.

Q. If the parts of the disjunct proposition shall be more then two, how shall they be judged then?

A. The art of judging them and concluding them shall be the same.

Q. Give example?

A. So Cicero judged Rabitious to be among the Consuls. And we see (saith he) these three to be in the nature of things, to wit, that either he should be with Saturninus, or with the good, or that he should lie hid. But to lie hid is proper to the dead and rotten: to be with Saturninus of fury and wickedness: vertue, and honesty, and shamefastness con∣strained him to be with the Consuls.

CAP. 16. The second disjunct syllogism.

Q. What is the second disjunct?

A. The second disjunct, from the proposition the affirma∣tive assumeth one, and taketh away the rest.

Q. Give example?

A. It is day or it is night.

But it is day,

It is not therefore night.

Q. Give another example after this manner?

A. Thus Juno concludeth with Jove touching Turnus, Aeneid. 10.

What if thou sayest the thing thou dost not mean, ••nd should to Turnus give his life again? Now I remain in misery and woe,

And hope for that which will not happen so: But rather then this ill should come to pass, I'le mock my self, and hope past hope alas.

Q. Shew another syllogism of this kinde?

A. There is the like syllogism effected from a proposition copulative negative, which is called negative complexion, and which obtaineth the force of an affirmative disjunction.

Q. Give example?

A. It is not both day and night,

But it is day,

It is not therefore night.

CAP. 17. The only method according to Aristotle.

Q. What is method?

A. Method is a dianoia of diverse homogene axioma, preposed for the clearness of their nature, from whence the agreeing amongst themselves of them are judged and com∣prehended in memory.

Q. What is to be considered in method?

A. As verity and falsity is beheld in the axioma, conse∣quence and inconsequence in the syllogism; so in method it is to be considered that by it the more clear may precede, the more obscure may follow, and that altogether order and confusion be judged.

Q. Make this plainer?

A. After this manner is disposed from homogene axioma's in the first place, by an absolute notion, the first; in the second place the second, in the third place the third, and so forwards

Q. It seemeth by this that method doth continually pass from universals to singulars?

A. So it is, for by this sole and only way it proceedeth from antecedents altogether, and absolute notions, to the declar∣ing of unknown consequences: and this is the only method that Aristotle taught.

CAP. 18. The first illustration of methods by illustration of arts.

Q. But do not examples set forth this head more clearly?

A. Yes, the examples of doctrines and arts do chiefly de∣monstrate and set forth the unity of method, in the which, al∣though all the rules are general and universal, yet the degrees

of them are distinguished: and by how much every thing shall be more general, by so much it shall more precede.

Q. Why shall the first be in the most general place and order?

A. Because in light and knowledge it is first.

Q. Why shall the subalternates follow?

A. Because in their clearness they are next.

Q. It seemeth by this that those things which by nature are more known shall precede, those which are less known are substitute, and at length the most special follow?

A. So it is.

Q. What then shall precede pand be first?

A. The most general definition must be first.

Q. What shall follow?

A. The distribution.

Q. But how if there be many?

A. Then the partition in perfect parts shall precede.

Q. What shall follow?

A. The division into kinds.

Q. What then?

A. The parts themselves and the kinds are in the same order to be handled and defined again in which they were distributed.

Q. What further is required?

A. If there shall be a long explication of them, they are to be chained together by the chains of transcition.

Q. What benefit redoundeth from hence?

A. It refresheth and recreateth the auditor.

Q. But may not example be under this head?

A. Yes, as a more familiar thing is taken, so a more fami∣liar example must be used.

Q. Give example of what you have here shewed out of the art of Grammer?

A. All definitions, distributions, are found in the rules of Grammer, and every one of them severally judged; and all these documents inscribed in diverse tables, are confounded and mingled together as it were in a certain pot.

Q. What part of Logick teacheth us to compose these con∣fused Rules and digest them into order: first there is no need of the places of invention, when as they are all found: neither in the first judgement of axioma's, when as every axioma is proved and valued: neither of the second judgement of the syl∣logism,

when as all of them are disputed and concluded contro∣versies of several things by these only syllogisms; it seemeth there∣fore to be only method, is it not?

A. Yes it is onely method,

Qu. How is it done?

A. The Logician by this light of artificial method selected out of this pot the definition of Grammer; (for that is most general) and placeth it in the first place: Grammer is the do∣ctrine of speaking well. Then he taketh out of the same Oven the partit••on of Grammer, and placeth it in the second place. The part of Grammer are two; Etimology and Syntaxis. Then outs of the same vessel he seperateth the definition of Etimology of words, and joyneth it in the third place to those that go before: then he seeketh out parts of words in letters and syllables, and the kinds in words of number, and without number; and placeth them with their transcitions in their several places. And so the definitions of all the parts of Eti∣molog, together with their distributions, colligations, and most special examples he placeth in their several places, and so likewise in the Syntax. This way all the arts have propo∣sed to themselves.

CAP. 19. The second example of Method by example of Poets, Orators, Historiographers.

Q. But is method only set forth in matter of the arts and do∣ctrine?

A. No, it is also declared in all things which we would teach easily and plainly. Therefore Poets, Orators, and all manner of writers, as often as they propose any thing to teach to their auditors, do follow this way; although they do not enter and insist upon it all alike.

Q. Give an example out of some Poet?

Virgil in his Georgicks distributeth, as I said before, the proposed matter into four parts; and in the first book follow∣eth common things: as Astrology, Meteorology, and of Corn and Tillage; this was the first part of his work. Then the transcition is adhibited in the beginning of the second book.

Thus far of tillage and of stars were we; Now of the Bacchus we'll sing presently.

Then he writeth generally of trees, as also specially of plants; the second transcition is adhibited to the third part, but

more imperfect and without an Epilogue. In the beginning of the third book of Oxen, Horses, Sheep, Goats, Dogs.

We'l sing of Goddess Pales, all's of him, Who by Amphryso kept his sheep most trim.

At length in the beginning of the fourth book, there is the third transcition of the fourth part; but also imperfect from the only preposition of their Bees.

Now of their eyre honey Bee I'le speak.

So therefore the Poet studieth to place the most general first, the subalternate middle, the most special in the last place.

Q. Give another poetical example?

A. Ovid. in Fast. Useth this kinde of disposition, propo∣sing in the beginning the sum of his work.

I'le sing of times that pass throughout the year, Fall of the stars, and rising I'le declare.

By and by having made imploration, he determineth the partition of the year made first by Romulus into ten months, which he reprehendeth.

When as Romes builder did the year divide, In it he made five moneths, and five beside.

And a little after he adjoyneth Numa his more full devisor.

But Numa neither Janus did omit, Nor yet the ancient shadows out did put: But to th'old moneths two more appointed be.

Here the Poet having interpreted the common differences of Holy-dayes, Working-dayes, Banquet-days, Kalends, Nones, Ides; at the last he followeth every moneth in his place, and with a preface after this order he passeth from generals to the study of specials.

I th' what I have you shewed what things be, It now remains, we part them presently.

At length after the exposition of every part, the transci∣tion is joyned as in the end of the first, and beginning of the second book.

The first part of my task is ended now, The moneth is done my little book also: Junus is done, another moneth beginneth? Another book now with that moneth reneweth;

And in every one of his books after the transcitions are adhibited, but less accurately.

Q. How do the Orators follow this method?

A. The Orators in Poems, Narrations, Confirmations, Perorations do follow this order, as the nature both of the art, and the order of the thing do require, and sometimes more studiously too.

Q. Give example?

A. Cicero in an accusation first by propounding, then by parting, followeth this order. Questor Cu. paxeris, saith he, thou hast been Consul unto this time fourteen years, and from that day unto this day in which thou hast made me, I call thee un∣to judgement; there was no void hour found in robbery, wickedness, cruelty, iniquity. This is the proposition and defi∣nition of the chief matter, as in this judgement most gener∣ral. The partition followeth: These are the years consumed in the questorship, and a Sciatican embassage, and the Urban pretorship, and in the Sicilian pretorship: wherefore this shall be the fourfold disposition of my accusation; which four parts with their particular partitions he hath also handl∣ed in their several order and place, and coupled them with transcitions; the three first in the third book. Wherefore (saith he) his questorship being shewed, and his first magistracy, together with his theft and wickedness looked unto, let us attend to the rest. Then having expounded the faults of his embassadorship, the transcition to his pretorship, followeth. But let us now come to that famous pretorship, and those faults which were more known to those which were present, then to us who come meditated and prepared to pleading. This trans∣cition is more imperfect without an epilogue: at length in the beginning of the fourth oration, there is the like trans∣cition to the fourth part of the Sicilian pretorship. Many ne∣cessary things, O Judges, I must pretermit, that I may in some manner speak of those things which are commited to my trust, for I have received the cause of Sicilia, that province hath drawn me unto this business.

Q. Give an example ott of some Historiographer?

A. Livy doth so embrace the sum of seventy years in the beginning, then divideth them by tens.

CAP. 20. The Secrets of Method.

Q. It seemeth that in the divers axiomatical homogenes, as also in the judgement of the syllogism, the notes of method shall be as often as any thing is taught clearly: but is there no other kinde of method?

A. Yes, when as the auditor shall be deceived in a certain part with delectation, and a greater motion then certain homogenes are rejected, as the lights of definition, partition, and transcition: and certain heterogenes are assumed; as digressions from the matter, and commemorations upon the thing; but chiefly the order of things in the beginnings is turned over, and certain antecedents are put after consequents. Therefore to that rule of perfect method, this may seem somewhat more imperfect; the form is not only lame things being detracted; or abounding, things being added; but also the order of it being inverted by certain degrees, is preposte∣rous.

Q. Give an example of it?

A. The like the Poet maketh with a certain greater kind of artificialness, while he propoundeth to himself to lead the people. Viz. the beast like heads of the multitude, and there∣fore he deceived diverse ways, he beginneth in the middle, and there oftentimes he comprehendeth the first; to con∣clude the last he placeth in an uncertain and an unthought of chance. So as (Horace saith) Homer disposeth his Iliads.

Ne doth this man Troy's Wars divide so well,

He always maketh haste the vent to tell:

Even in the midst his reader he doth catch;

Leaves off his tract, with haste from it doth snatch.

And thus he lies, thus mingles false with true;

So that ne first nor midst in it I view.

Q. Proceed to further example?

A. So Virgil taketh Aeneas from Sicilia, and makes a nar∣ration of him in the banquet of Carthage; and at last bring∣eth in his diverse troubles. So the Commedian Poets, al∣though with great judgement they have distinguished their Comedies by Acts and Scenes, yet do so effect, that all things seem to be done by chance. The Orators attribute all to victory. Therefore this seemeth to be placed chiefly by them, not so much to teach as to perswade; when as also those things which do equally excel, are kept even unto the last, and the means are conferred into the middle, accord∣ing to Homers disposition.

FINIS.