Fleta minor the laws of art and nature, in knowing, judging, assaying, fining, refining and inlarging the bodies of confin'd metals : in two parts : the first contains assays of Lazarus Erckern, chief prover, or assay-master general of the empire of Germany, in V. books, orinally written by him in the Teutonick language and now translated into English ; the second contains essays on metallick words, as a dictionary to many pleasing discourses, by Sir John Pettus ... ; illustrated with 44 sculptures.

ESSAYS EXPLAINING Metallick WORDS: Alphabetically disposed, as a DICTIONARY or INDEX to the whole. Note, T. signifies the Teutonical or Upper German Language. L. The Latine. A. The Anglican or English: The rest are written at large, being but seldom used.

AL A AL

ALCHIMIE. T. Alkumy, L. Alchimia, but by Plau∣tus is writ Orchimia, which may well have relation to our word Ore or Oar. The Lord Verulam tells us, 'Tis an ART of Distilling or Drawing Quintessences out of Metals by Fire, separating the pure from the impure, setting at liber∣ty such Bodies of Metals as are bound and imprisoned, and bringing to perfection such as are unripe, and this is the chief subject of this Book; now in his Lordships mentioning Fire, in this Definition, it seems only to relate to Culinary Fires: But I apprehend this ART looks higher, even to the use of Celestial Fires; from the Sun and Stars, and their influ∣ential Heats, gain'd by Contractions, Reflections, &c. which are or may be used in this Art, as will be shewn.

ALCHIMIST, T. Alchumist▪ L. Alchimista (from the Greek Alkamos, or Hebrew Alkum) is one that is used or skill'd in the Art of Alchimy or Chimistry, and therefore in

A. he is commonly call'd Alchimist or Chimist, Melter, Pro∣ver, Assayer or Extracter of Quintessences; and such an one was our Author. But before we fix our Title or Epithite to the Master of this Science, it is fit to shew the Progresses of it; at the first step to it, he is called, a Miner, or he that finds out and digs (or causes to be dig'd) the Metallick Oar out of such Mines. The second is the Washer, or he that washeth the Oars from their useless Excrements or adherences. The third is the Stamper, that knows how to beat or stamp them by mills or otherwise in∣to such Particles as that they may be fitted for smelting Ovens (which are the great melting Works, but called Smelting for distinction from the lesser.) The fourth, is the Smelter of the great Quantities in those great Ovens or Furnaces. The Fifth, is the Finer that smelts them over again, and separates the met∣tals in the great Works. The sixth is the Refiner, that melts them again so often as he thinks fit, till he hath brought the separated Metals to their several perfections and intireness. The seventh, is the Prover or Assayer, who by Tests, Crucibles, Weights and other Experiments is able to judge of all Oars, either as they come from their Veins, or made into melted, fi∣ned or refined Metals; and such an Assayer was our Author in all these seven Gradations, and therefore intituled the far renowned Laxarus Erckern, Berkmeister, or Chief Prover, (which we call, Assayer) of the Mines of the Emperor of Germany, and the depending Principalities of that Empire.

In what Emperors time he lived, I cannot learn, but his five Books were printed and published at Antwerp, Anno. 1629. from which many of the yonger Chimists of this Age have derived their skill, by Copies surreptitiously gain'd from my first Translation, about 14 years since, which occasions my printing of it now, being made more perfect.

His Name, Lazarus, is in Imitation of the old Ro∣mans, Germans and Belgicks, who assumed Names suting to their temper, or some observable Actions: the word Lazarus sig∣nifies in Sacred Writ one that was beloved of our Saviour,

also one that was raised from the Earth; and, in the Parable, signifies a good poor man in Abraham's Bosom, and accord∣ingly in the conclusion of his fifth Book, he shews his Zeal for God's Glory, and his true Belief in Jesus Christ, assisting him in his deep Knowledg of Metallick Science, and he might well expect, by his Humility of mind to be lodg'd in Abraham's Bo∣som (who we find was well verst in Metals:) and the Rosy Cru∣cius (of whom Majerus and Spagnetus do give a full account, being a sort of Metaphisical Chimists, who do make it a chief Principle of that Science, to be strict in their Devotion to∣wards God, and just towards men, without which they be∣lieve they cannot attain to any Perfection in this Science: also Paracelsus (that great Chimist) goes so far as to make the two Trees of Life, and of Good and Evil, and the Ʋrim and Thummin, (and many other things written by Moses) to be only mystically related to this Science; but to pass by this.

His other Name is Erckern (Erskerus being but a mistake in the first Translator, for in the Original it is Erckern) now Erk in T. is Oar, and Kern in T. is granum, or grain; so that to kern is to granulate (which is to reduce Metals into certain proporti∣ons of the purest part which they call grains:) also kern signi∣fies to pulverize any thing▪ and so may be applyed to Metals, whereby it may intend also that magisterial pouder of Projecti∣on (of which I shall speak more:) or else it may very well come from the Latin word Cernere, which we English to discern, the Latine often using c for k; and so we do in our Language, so kern or cern, may justly signify to see, know or judg.

Now joyning all together, I may represent him as an hum∣ble minded industrious man, that knows how to judge of all Oars, and how to manage the Products of them, for the Glory of God, and good of mankind.

By which we may see how Goodness and Industry do im∣prove the Fortunes and Esteems of such men, and that the ex∣act Knowledge of this Noble Science, and Art of Proving or Assaying Metals, do raise them to be owned, and dignified,

even by Emperors, Kings, Princes and States; and their very Names renouned to Posterity, as may be seen in Histories.

Now, I have shewn the seven Gradations to a Chimist, so I must tell you that he looks on himself in an higher degree and justly defined, according to the Lord Virulam, for he, not only knows all these seven Gradations, but also knows how to Extract Quintessences or several marvelous Works out of all, and if he would stop there (as Erckern doth) it were well for him, but it seems he cannot be content, unless he attains to the high Elixir or Pouder of Projection or Philosophers-Stone, which is believed by some of them to have a power of Transmuting or turning all other Metals into Gold; but by woful Experience of some mens credulity, instead of turning every thing into Gold, they have turned all their Gold into nothing (Verulam.) But our Author (though it may well be supposed, that he knew much more than he writ) goes no farther in his Books, than what is safe and fit to be known and publish't; i. e. only concerning Fining and Refining of Metals, neither stooping too low to the meaner Gradations, nor ascending too high to the Me∣taphisical Speculations, but leaves those subjects to other Writers.

Now, as for the word Alchimist, it is the same thing with Chimist, but usually taken in an imperfect or ill Sense (like Ben. Johnson's Alchimist) that is, one that can or pretends to coun∣terfeit Metals: so that to sum up the chief Terms; an Assay∣er judgeth of the purity of Metals, and the Chimist im∣proves this purity to Spirits, Quintessences, Virtues, &c. But the Alchimist, Counterfeits and Adulterates them, by making them appear to be pure, which realy are not pure, but mixt with other sophistications, (Verulam.) Of this latter our Author is not Guilty; so as he stands for a renown'd As∣say-Master, a good Chimist, and one that understood, but was not a Sophisticating Alchimist, nor a Lapidarian Philosopher, or Metaphisical Projector. See Assaying.

Alkali or Alcali, reckoned by Doctor Wilkins amongst

Stones, but here and in other parts of the V. Books, call'd Sal Alkali, which is a Salt made of the Herb Kali or Salicornia; vulgarly call'd Glasswort: The herb is hot and dry, and therefore such Salts of that Quality are called alcalous, and this Salt is often used by our Author, as having a nature to dis∣coagulate Metals, by opening their Bodies. (l. 1. c. 32. s. 4.)

ALIMBECK, See Limbeck.

ALLAY, T. Linderen. L. Mitigare. A. to lessen or allay▪ See Money and Coin.

ALLUM, T. Alaum. L. Alumen, from Lumen, in respect of its transparency and nearness to Christal, and is accounted among the brighter stones; of this Mineral there are several sorts from several Mines, and Allum works erected in England, and they are also in many parts of Europe, some more acid and sharp in taste than others, by which their goodness is chiefly distinguished: and this Mineral is of great use to Chi∣mists, Dyers and others Artists. l. 2. c. 4. s. 5.

AMEL, or to Enamel, T. Eyn-brennen, and is call'd the me∣tallick Calx or Lime, compounded of two parts, viz. one of Lead and one of Tin, and being well calcin'd in an Oven of Reverberation makes the Amel, and in the making 'tis so deli∣catly ting'd with variety of colours, (the Art being grown to so much perfection in this age) that all sorts of Features, Images, Landskips, &c. are so lively represented to the eye in a conden∣sed work of the same, that they are as delightful and more du∣rable than those which are done with oyl or gums, l. 2. c. 4. s. 1. see Nealing.

AMONIACK, see Armoniak.

ANTIMONY, T. Speiz and Speiz-glass (which is properly Glass made of Antimony) L. Stibium, and it is also called by some Mineralists Red Lion, Wolf and Proteus (in re∣spect of its various qualities). It is a heavy, bright Oar, like Lead, but more speizy and porous, and less ponderous, and some give it the name of white stone or imperfect Metal (be∣cause they say, it is the beginner or producer of Silver or Lead)

and the extracts made out of it, are of singular Virtues of, which his late Highness Prince Ruperts red drops were chimi∣cally made, and given with good success for most Diseases, l. 4. c. 17.

AQUA FORTIS, (which for brevity is printed Fort.) T. Scheid-wasser, called by Lat. Chimists Aqua separatoria, and is a composition of Nitre and Vitriol, &c. and this liquor is used for dissolving and separating Gold and Silver, and hath many other excellent properties, as may be collected from the 5 Books. l. 2. c. 16. to c. 34.

AQUA regis, is a water made of Aqua fort. and other compositions, and is of a more strong and corrosive nature than aqua fort, and it is observable the aqua fort. is a specifick for silver, and this aqua regis for gold, for it will touch only gold and not silver. l. 2. c. 28.

Aqua argentea, see Quick silver, and metals.

Aqua Vitrioli, see Vitriol, and minerals.

Aqua dulcis, see common water.

Aqua fontis, see Spring water.

ARGOL, T. Weinstein, L. Tartarum, and in English Tartar or the Lees of Wine, which sticks to the sides of wine∣Vessels, hard and dry like a crust, and therefore sometimes cal∣led Argol-stone from its compacted hardness, and this is of great use in metallick Operations, l. 1. c. 10. s. 17. and other pla∣ces. l. 1. See Feces.

ARITHMATICK, T. Rechenkunst, L. Arithmatica, the Art of Numbring, or Reckoning, according to the T. and this Art of all others is the most assisting to the Metallick Science, in judg∣ing of the goodness of Metals, after Fining and Refining them. l. 1. c. 1.

ARMENICK▪ See Armoniack.

ARMONIACK, T. gives it the Latine Name, Bolus Armeni, and we Bole Armoniack, and I find these words of kin, both in their Orthography and Pronuntiation, viz. Amoniack Armenick and Armoniack. The first Pliny tell us,

l. 24. is a Gum which he calls Gumma Amoniaci, of a gluti∣nous nature (like other Gums) and so may be used for Metal∣lick Vessels. The second viz. Armenick; I find the word Sal always joyned with it, and so called Sal Armenicus, and this Salt was antiently accounted a natural Salt, but that being now unknown to us, we use the Armenicus, which is made of the Ʋrine of Elephants or Camels (as 'tis said) boyled to a Lix∣ivium or Salt, and called Sal Armenius or Armeniacus, and this is of great use for purifying and refining of Metals. To the third Armoniacus the word Bole is added, I suppose for distinction sake: Pliny, c. 35. mentions a Stone, which he calls Lapis Armeni, of which he counts several sorts, but the best of those he saith, are of a blew colour, and calls it verd de Azure (being of great price and esteem with Painters, but the common Ar∣moniack he calls Synoper (and we Synople) from a City of that name, where it was plentiful, and 'tis probable this is the same which we call Bole Armoniack, being of a reddish colour, and this is oft used by our Author, and for distinction the word Gum is put to the first, Salt to the other, and Bolus to this: which I write to prevent Errors in Medicines or Metallick Experiments. l. 2. c. 20.

ARSNICK, T. Arsenick, L. Auripigmentum, We, Orpine or Orpiment, and commonly Rats-Bain (being used to kill Rats) of Arsnick there are two sorts, yellow and red, (which some, by mistake, esteem to be red Oker) Pliny, l. 34. saith, it is of the same substance with Sandarack, and inclines to that Colour, the best of which, saith he, resembleth Gold, and therefore I suppose called yellow orpiment.

There is also a white or Christalline Arsnick, which is compounded of Salt and the yellow Orpiment, so becomes transparent like Christal, and from thence is made the white Rats-bane, and it may be observ'd this white, consists of two parts, viz. a crusty or external part, and a Christaline or inter∣nal part, and this makes metal brickle, the other solid, and of

the Regulus of this mineral a good metal may be made, l. 1. c. 14. s. 1. See Sulphur.

ASHES, T. Ashen, L. Ciner, A. Ashes, and these are made so by the power of Fire, from metals, minerals, stones, bones, earth and wood; which puts me in mind of those trees which plentifully grows in England, call'd Ashes, T. Esschen or Asschen-Baum, quod optimos cerneres efficiant (Minslaw) but the L. calls it Fraxinus, and of this Ashen-wood I have seen the great effects of it at Yarmouth and Laistoff in Suffolk, for with this wood and no other they dry their Herrings, (which is a profitable commodity to them) and it seems that the Salt and drying Vapours of that Wood, do cure (for so is their term) their Herrings of all malignities: and doubtless that wood is most proper where it is to be used for dissolving metals, and the ashes of it rather than any other for metallick uses (except Bone-ashes) and especially for Salt-Petre which is the Subject of the 5th Book. l. 2. c. 20. s. 5. See Dust, Bone-Ashes, Pulveration, &c.

ASSAYER, T. Probirer, L. Probator. A. Assayer or Tryer.

To ASSAY, T. Probiren. L. Probare. Which we call also to Assay, Prove or Try Metals, all intending the same thing, though different in Dialect; but there is another Word of the like signification, which is written with an E. as Essayer and to Essay, &c. both are rendred, by Dictionarys to Try, L. Tentare, Probare

Now I think, some have committed an Error herein, and ought to have made a more clear distinction, for I take Assay∣ing to have relation only to things of Weight, as Metals, &c. from the word As or Assis, (which signifies a pound Weight, or 12 Ounces, or the whole of any substance which may be di∣vided into parts) and especially applicable to the greatest or smallest Coins that are made of any Metal, which many times were, and still are of Copper or Brass, which the L. call Aes, and thereupon I suppose it is sometimes writ Essaying (with∣out a diphthong) and so confounded these two words in their applications, and to confirm my just distinction of them.

We read in the Stat. of H. 6. c. 12. that the Kings Officer of the Mint, who, (as the Statute saith) is indifferently appointed between the Master of the Mint and the Merchant (which brings Silver thither to be minted) is called the King's Assayer, and not Essayer, and in the Records Assaisiator not Essaisiator, (See Goldman's Dict.) And some latin Records render it me∣tallorum prebendorum Praefectus, and the Italians, Assaggiatore, and the Belgick calls Assay, Examen Probitatis monetae, applying the word wholy to Metals, but Essay they define it specimen ar∣tis, or Exemplum quaesitae artis. (See Binworts Biglotton.) 'tis true the French make the two words indifferent: yet further to support this distinction in our English Language, the ever to be admired Lord Virulam calls his excellent Observations on Men and things, Essayes and not Assayes, and so Dr. Don (a Critick in our Language, and in general Learning) calls his quaint Discourses on some Pieces of Divinity Essayes and not Assayes, and therefore to prevent the misapplication of those two Words (with submission to those of this present age, who write themselves Essayers and not Assayers of Metals) I take leave in these Discourses to apply the word Assayer and Assaying to Metals, and metallick substances, and the word Essayer and Essaying to Accidences, and other ingenuous Un∣dertakings, and not to metallick substances, having such Au∣thorities, as I have cited to countenance me, l. 2: c. 2.

ATHANOR, T. Heinzen thurne▪ L. Fornax, which we also call Kiln or Oven, and indeed is only a Furnace of several shapes, so this is called Athanor from its distinct shape from others Furnaces or Ovens being like a Thurn, which in Teut is a Tower; but from whence the word Athanor to which the name of this kind of Furnace is given, I cannot find, unless it be from the Greek word Athanatos which signifies immortal) and so the spirits of the Metals which are drawn from thence into lesser Ovens, and so into Recipients, do thereby perfect Quick-silver which may be said to be of an immortal nature.

Or else from the Saxon word Thane, which signifies No∣ble,

as also a Servant: and thence called Athaner or Athanor, because it hath those two properties, as being the most noble of all Furnaces for Metals: and also the most serviceable in the operations of refining Metals, l. 2. c. 7. s. 2. See Ovens.

BA B BA

BACON (signifying here the Fat of Hogs or Swine) the Original of which word I cannot trace, with any satisfaction to my self, either from the T. Speck or L. Lardum, nor from a Boar, T. Eber, which is pretty near L. Aper) nor from Sow, T. Saw, L. Sus and Scrofa, nor from Swine, T. Schwene, L. Porcus, but refer you to Skinner's Dictionary. And though this is oft mentioned by Erckern for greazing of Instruments, yet in respect of the Salt in it, I conceive it were better to use the fat of a Boar (especially when any Metal is concern'd) because I know it is as effectual in cu∣ring of wounds at distance, as the so admired unguentum Ar∣marium, commonly called the Weapon-salve; and since it hath such a kindness to Metals, I know not how it may not be better used than Venetian or Smerna Soap, for improving Gold, Silver, Tin, &c. and so in stead of Gold-soap call'd Golden Bacon. l. 2. c. 4. l. 4. c. 15. l. 5. c. 10.

BALLANCE, or a pair of Scales, T. en wagmit Zwyen Schustun: but the L. call it Bilanx, habens duas lances, or two little Vessels to contain the things to be tryed, and also statera, because it demonstrates the state of the thing in question, and the tongue of this Ballance is in the T. Wigzunglain, L. Lingua, and Examen, because by standing in an equipoisure or not, it doth as it were speak or tell you the difference or certainty of the

Weights, in question, and the Latine hath another word for it, viz. Trutina, from the Greek Trutane, which not only signifies a Ballance, but a dilligent examining, or good advice and judgment, and from this Trutina we borrow the word Truth, and as the natural tongue of men speaks the truth of the Heart, so this artificial tongue speaks the truth of the Ballance and Weights, and this Ballance is very necessary to the perfor∣mance of this metallick science. l. 1. c. 35, 36, 37.

BEAM, the word is applyed to the beam of an House, and the beam in the eye, the beam of a plough, a Weaver's beam, but though we use the same word for many things in English, yet they all differ in other Languages by distinct words: but this is called T. schnalwag, and in Latin the same with Ballance. See Ballance.

BELL, T. Schelle, i. e. sonitus, that which yields a sound, and it either comes from Belle an adverb signifying that which is pleasing to the ear, or from tunable Instruments that were used in Tempore Belli, and though by the Italians they are called Campane, upon pretence of their original, from Campa∣nia a noble region in Italy, yet we find in Exod. 28. that there were golden Bells upon Aarons Vest, which all the Versions into Latin call Tintinnabulum auri (of which▪ the Interpreters give little account) and certainly they had little or no sound; but the metal of our bells have no gold in them, but what is casually mixt with other metals, for they are compounded of Copper, Tin and Brass, and a little Silver: sometimes the Artists or maker of these are called Bell-founders T. Glocken∣giesser from Gloken which we call Clock, by changing G to C) and the art of mixing, making and casting them (in respect of their diversity of sounds) is of as transcending a nature as any one art or science, for the proportions of Ingredients are ac∣cording to the great skill and Judgment of the Founders ade∣quated to their various uses.

Antiently, and still, solemn Prayers are used at the casting them, and formerly they were with great Ceremony baptized,

presuming that many spirits did attend them: and I remember an old sexton did affirm, That by the sound of a Passing-Bell, for one dying and dead, he could tell how many hours or days after, some other of his Parish should dy: But whether this prognosticating quality be in them, I shall not dispute, but we are certain, that the Harmony of a Consort of them, are very pleasing to musical ears; and 'tis observable, that this Art is only from Metals. l. 1. c. 18. And not only this of Bells, but most of the choice Instruments of Musick were and still are either in the whole or in parts composed of Metals; Such as are whol∣ly of Metals, are Trumpets, Sag-bots, Cimballs (soft and tri∣umphal) Organ Pipes, &c. such as are in part, viz. the strings of the Harp (which we now call the Irish Harp (being strung with wire) in distinction of the Welsh Harp strung with Guts∣strings) also the strings of the Harpsicon, and Poliphant (which I have often heard with great pleasure, but now out of use) al∣so the Tabaret, and the Cittern, though now of small esteem, yet was devised by Amphion, Pliny l. 7. p. 187. and many others, amongst which I must not forget the Monochord or Tu∣ba marina, whose Entrals are curiously composed of Metals, although the string, which stirs up the reverberating Spirits of the Metal, is composed of Guts. Now as Petrus Bongus hath writ a Book de sacris numeris, and Jonston de sacris Arbori∣bus (with Sculptures) I wish some would write De sacris In∣strumentis Musicae, with their Sculptures, especially of those wherein metals are imployed, for doubtless the subject would afford excellent variety.

But besides this musical part of Metals, the word Bell is also applyed to a Glass with a round bottom and long neck, which the Chimists call a matrass glass, or long Bell, Sculpture I.

BELLOWS, T. Blaszbalgh, and to blow Geblasz. L. Follis & follescere: of these there are three sorts mentioned in Erckern, 1. the Philosophical Bellows, 2 The great Bellows (which re∣quires eight Ox-hides) and 3. the common Bellows, which Smiths also use, and others for common fires, as you often find in the

Sculptures, and all these in imitation of the nature of a Cow Beast, which in drawing in and forcing out her breath, is said to Bellow.

BLANCH, T. Blanck, Weiss and Bluk, all signifying white, or a white Silver or Tin, when it is melted, for the meer Oar of Tin is of a ruddy colour, and white when melted; and this by the Translator of Weckerus, is called Blenck; which word I like, (though I find it not in any Dictionary) for I had a Mannor in Suffolk, called by the name of Blenches, and it ap∣peared so in my Antient Court Rolls, for that the Soyl of the Mannor, consisted of a white Clay and Chalky temper, and the next Village is Wisset, which consisted also of the like Soil: Blench and Wiess both signifying white, so that Blench and Blanch have the same signification of white, and so the word is used for the whitening, blenching or blanching of Silver; the word is also used to Almonds, viz. when the superficies or dull part is taken from them by boyling Water, they are then called blencht or blancht Almonds. See Bone Ashes.

BISMUTH, is a Crude Oar or kind of Silver Marcha∣site, and of a white, hard and brittle Body, and I conceive is the same which Erckern calls also Wismut, or Wismuth Oar and Spelter, l. 4. c. 10. and sometimes called Tin Glass. See their Alphabets.

BITUMEN, is accounted both among Gums and Pixes, and also among Sulphurs, but that which Erckern speaks of, intends Brimstone, which the T. calls Schwebel, L. Sulphur, and this is either Natural, from the Lake called Asphaltis, (where once Sodom and Gomorrah stood, also from the vomi∣ting of the Hill Aetna and Visuvius) or Artificial made by Fire. See Minerals.

BLACK, See Colours.

BLEND, or Blent, T. Ablinderne, L. Miscere, A. to Mingle, that is, when Metals are blended or mingled in lumps. l. 4. c. 2. &c. And this word is much used in the North parts of England, for mixt or mingled matter, which some call Hots-Potch.

BLEW, See Colours.

BLINK, T. Blinkin or Blicken, L. Micare and Nictare, A. to Shine, it is commonly used to those that are blear Ey'd, or often twinkle with their Eyes: it is also applyed to dead and sharp Beer, and to the brouss or loppage of Trees, given to Deer (see Skinner) but in our Author only applyed to bright Oars, or melted Metals, l. 1. c, 23. &c. & l. 2. c. 24. viz. blink Gold and blink Silver, that is bright or clear Gold or Silver.

BLOUD, T. Blut, L. Sanguis, apply'd to the Bloud of Oxen, &c. and is often mentioned as a good mixture, for In∣struments and Cements for Metalick uses. See l. 2. c. 20. and Ox.

BOYLING, T. Seiden and Kochen. L. Coquens, l. 5. c. 7. s. 1. we have many words for this, tending to the same sence, and yet with some Gradations, as when any liquid matter be∣gins to stir with the heat of the Fire, we call it simporing, it may be from simpo, a Pot wherein the old Roman and Gretian Priests were wont to drink their cheering Liquor, and therfore the word simporing is used for smiling, and when it stirs more, 'tis called seething (which differs little from the T. Seiden) when it stirs to bubble, it is called Boyling, from bulla and bul∣lire; but antiently Boyling was called Plawing, from L. Plau∣dere, to rejoyce, because the fire had the full effect of the heated liquor, and therefore the Psalmist saith, Plaudent Flumina vola, let the Floods clap their Hands: i. e. let them plaw or re∣joyce in their plawing or boyling waves, but I do not find my sense of the word plawing confirmed in any Dictionary, as I can now peruse; but this I shall affirm for the Sence and Anti∣quity of the Word, That there is a Marsh in South-Walsham in Norfolk, belonging to the now Duke of that County, which with other Marshes were gain'd from the Sea, in the time of the old Romans (as 'tis generally said) to which my Grandfather and my self were Tenants for near an 100 years, and in these Marshes there was one parcel called by the name of Plawing-Well Marsh, within 3 miles of Yarmouth, and about a mile from

the Sea, and the Marsh is so called, and stiled in Writings, from a Well or place in it of about two yards broad, and about 18 Inches deep, only in the middle of it is a little hole, the bot∣tom of which I could not then fathom by any Pole or Instru∣ment that I could get, and from that hole the water constantly bubbles, boils up and playes, which was the word used in the Lease, and in other Records sufficient to justify the Antiqui∣ty of the word.

Now having spoken what I can of the word, give me leave to speak of the water, which keeps at one scantling, neither swel∣ling higher nor decreasing; but if it decrease at any time, it foretels a dearth) so that the motions of it cannot be attribu∣ted to the neighboring Motions of the Sea (which are re∣gular, lunary or ventilary) nor any other cause that I could find; unless it be from a constant motion of Cattle (gra∣zing in these and the neighboring marshes▪ which being only thin & grassy coverings of the waters, those beasts by quassation and constant compressure of such flexible grounds, may easily cause this Ebolition or plawing) I confess, I am the more con∣tent with this reason, because we daily see, that a little Compres∣sure in a large vessel of liquids will make it rise and run over, and we often find in solid Bodies, Compressure will have great effects at distance, as in the year 1648. when the Committee∣house at Norwich was blown up, by the firing of 40 barrels of Powder, it caused by compressure such a motion in the Earth, that at Thorp Market (15 miles from Norwich (near Cromer) Mr. Allen who dwelt there in good repute) told me, that as he was sitting in his Parlor there, he was very sensible of the quaking of the Earth, which upon Information of what had past the day before at Norwich, and comparing the punctu∣al time, he found the shaking was caused by that Gun-pouder, and I, being then in the Country, soon after went into the City, where I observ'd, that all the lower windows of the City-houses were shattered by the Air and Earth, but the upper windows (that had only the more tender motion of the Air to offend

them) had little hurt, and this was general, except in Churches whose Windows were all shatter'd, having no floors to defend them against the motion of Earth and Air.

I was pleased with these outward accidental causes, but soon after I saw a Spring on one side of the highest Hills in Darby∣shire within the Peak-Forest, and 30 miles from the Sea) that eb'd and flowed four times in the space of an hour, call'd Tides Well, and for this I will not pretend to give a Reason, being so far from the Sea, or any probable outward cause.

BOLUS, see Armoniack. It signifies a certain proportion; from whence we might have the word Boul or Bole, which is used by Miners to measure out their dig'd Oars, both for the King, Proprietor or themselves, or for other uses.

BONE (Ashes) T. Bein (Ashen) Lat. Os & Ciner. A. Ashes, and from ciners, cinders: so as the Latines have no proper word for it, but Ciner the Cinders, or ashes of Ossium, or bones in the plural. Now the Latines have the like word Os signifying a mouth, distinguished in their Genitive cases, one making Os, ossis, the other Os oris, one signifying spiration, from the Greek, the other duration, and they may well be cou∣pled, for the nourishment which goes into the mouth gives nutri∣ture to the Bones, and is the Original of its duration (of which I have writ more fully in my Fodinae Regales) and our Au∣thor gives several Directions what Bones are fittest to be used (to the making of Tests and Crucibles for dissolving Mettals) either of Beasts or Fishes, of which you may see his Opinion in several places, l. 1. c. 5, 6, 7, &c. See Ashes, Incineration, Pulverisation.

Now Pliny N. H. l. 11. c. 37. tells us that the bones of As∣ses have a more musical nature in them (being made into Pipes) than any other bones, so that it may be worth the Tri∣al for Bell-Founders, who make their Furnaces and Tests of Bone-Ashes) to try if tests made of bones of those dull Asses, in stead of other bones, can make their Bells of a more active sound.

The ordinary Bone-Ashes made of Beasts is a considerable Trade about London, not only for Goldsmiths, &c. but for our Mines in England, for whilst the Leasees of our Society did work the Mines of Consumlock and Talibont in Cardigan shire in Wales (two old Roman Mines, as I have shewn else where) every year there were at least 800 Tun sent from hence thi∣ther by Sea; by which may be guessed what is, or might be, spent in the other 28 Mine Counties in England and Wales, if our Mines were duly set on work, but they being neglect∣ed, we send great quantities to other Nations, for the same use; for which the Merchants pay outward 6 s, 8 d, for every thou∣sand Bones, and we pay for their bringing them into us 1 l. 5 s. for every Barrel of their Ashes, which we might burn and em∣ploy for ours.

BORAX, T. Borras. L. Borax, and Christocolla, which Pliny calls the Ordure or Dung of Gold, yet Gold-smiths and Silver-Smiths use it for their chiefest sodering of Gold or Sil∣ver, and joyning one metal with the other, and indeed bring∣ing all metals to perfection, besides it hath medicinal proper∣ties, l. 2. c. 4. s. 2. and in many other places.

Pliny reckons it among Minerals, and describes it to be a green Earth, but of four sorts, the best from Copper Mines, the second from Silver, the third from Gold, and the fourth and worst from Lead, he tells us also of an Artificial Borax which he saith comes from a putrified Vein of metals: there is also another kind made by Art of Roch Alum and Bole Armoni∣ack, and other Ingredients, which is used also by Goldsmiths: But the right Borax hath another quality, for it being mixt with Arsnick, it takes off the poisonous quality of the Ars∣nick, whereby it may be safely put to metals as a dissolvent.

BOTTELLS, T. Krugs. See Instruments and their Crui∣ses, Jugs, Pots, &c.

BOTTOM, T. Boden, l. 1. c. 33. L. Fundus. A. Foun∣dation, or the lowermost part of any thing: the word is also used for a bottom of thread, T. Vin-Gleuen or a clew of

thred. L. Glomus, which is only the Foundation on which the thred is wound, and so call'd the bottom.

BRAN, T. Kleyen & Gruesck. L. Aplauda & Furfur, because it makes a double theft, by taking away it self, and also much of the good flower with it: however this Bran is very useful, by its mixtion with such stuff as is used for glasing and strengthning the outward and inward parts of such earth∣en Pots or Vessels as are made for Metals, by making the matter stick the more close and firm, and is it self destroyed like many innocent men, to make way for others. l. 2. c. 20. s. 6.

BRASS, T. Ertz. L. Aes: and it is a great Error that most Writers run into, by promiscuously giving the title Aes for both Brass and Copper, as if they were the same Metals; whereas Aes or Brass is not a proper Metal, but compound∣ed of a Metal, viz. Cuprum or Copper, and Lapis Calaminaris, or Cadmiae, which is a mineral, and from the mixture of these two, Brass is made, as may be seen in Erckern, lib. 3. c. 28. which in T. is called Galmay. Now there is of this Calamin two sorts, Natural, as in the third Book; and Artificial, l. 4. c. 8. s. 7. made of the dregs of Metals, but the natural, he saith, comes from Britain, and indeed we have mountains of it, especially in Glocester-shire, Sommerset-shire, and Noting∣hamshire: but we let the Calaminaris go for Ballast into forein parts, in very great quantities, before it be wrought, so as the best Brass beyond Sea is made of our stone rather than their own, which deserves a further consideration: and I re∣member about 30 years since, one Demetrius a German, did set up a Brass-work in Surry, and with the Expence of 6000 pound (as he told me) made it compleat and to good profit: but the forein Merchants joyning with some of ours, found wayes to bring him into Suits; and meeting with no incou∣ragement, he was at last necessitated to submit the work, to his own ruin, and unspeakable prejudice to the Kingdom, in loosing so beneficial an Art, having here both the best Copper and Calamine of any part of Europe. See Stones and Copper.

Now whereas Pliny, Cap. 33. speaks of about 18 several Mines of Brass, we must not understand it as a specifick Metal: though the word Aes is vulgarly applyed to both, but those Mines were either Copper mines, capable of being made Brass; or so many several sorts of Lapis Cadmiae or Calamin, from the composition of all which with Copper, Brass was made more or less both in Quantity and Quality: and this Art of composing it, is said, by him, to be first invented by Cadmus a Grecian, con∣temporary with Joshua, in whose time the word Brass is first mentioned in the Sacred Story, Exod. 25. 3. And it is obser∣vable, That though in the composition of Brass, there is more of the stone than of Copper, and that Copper is a Metal, and that other a Stone, yet it takes a new name of Brass, and not its own, or of the Metal, Copper: and being thus made Brass, it is an Imitator of Gold, both in Colour and in many Virtues, and in such esteem, that the Roman Treasurers were call'd Tri∣buni Aerarij, rather than Aurarii: and Camerarius says, that the Aegyptians (long before the Romans) had so great Veneration of Brass that they made Images of it, and laid them in the graves of their Kings, to preserve their Bodies from Putrefacti∣on, and to men of lesser quality they nailed their dead bodies with many brass nails.

Also Virgil, Horace and Homer are all full of their Encomi∣ums on Brass, and therefore it may well have the honour of a seventh Metal, though compounded of a Mineral. Now as the common Brass is of a Goldish colour, so Pliny, l. 34. c. 11. tells us, of a white brass, (which is no other (as I conceive) than Brass Tind-over, and called Laten, or Auricalcum. See Latten.

BRICK, A. Brick. T. Gabachen-stein or (a stone made by Art) L. Later, a side, because 'tis used both to outside and inside of Buildings; as antient as the Aegytians who forc'd the Israe∣lites to make it: the Makers of it is called, T. Bachen-strein-lin. L. Laterculus. l. 5. c. 7. s. 1.

BRICKLE, T. Zee bruch-lech, L. Fragilis, and this we vulgarly call brittle, but doubtless it come from Brick, the

nature of which is fragile or more easy to be broken in pieces, and so made into Pouder, which both whole and in Pouder (as those from Tile) are used by Assayers. l. 1. c. 32. s. 3. l. 2. c. 44. s. 2. &c.

BRIMSTONE, see Bitumen, Sulphur. l. 1. c. 16. s. 1. thence Bitumenous, Sulphureous.

BRITTAIN, See Mines and Mineral Countrys. l. 3. c. 28. s. 5.

BROOM, T. Bassem, L. Scopa, A. Besom and Broom; but I conceive this word is from the Plant, which we call Broom, (T. Ginster, L. Genista) of a flexible nature, and so used to sweep Rooms.

BROWN, T. Braun, L. Fuscus. See Colours.

BRUSH, T. Buerst (and yet to brush, they say Kethern) L. Scopula and verricula, vestes purgare scopulis, Sculpture 7.

BUBLING, Ein Wasser blason, from T. Blass a Bladder, being but a more durable bubble, L. bulla. l. 2. c. 35. s. 7.

BUCK, Bucking, and up-Bucking, and to Buck, used often in the 2, 3, 4 & 5 Books, in the T. is Lawgen, L. Lixivare from Lixivium or Lee, (see Lee of Ashes) but the Italians call it Bucato or Washing, from whence our word Buck, or properly Buc (to distinguish it from the Male of a Doe) is called also Buck, which may have its name too from Bucceto, from his frequent mingency, pissing or making Water oftner than Fe∣males, and this word Bucking is applyed often to those that are Washers of the filth out of Linen or Cloaths, which the common people use to do with a piece of broad and thick Wood, which they call a Clapper or Bat-staff; but for more Expedition, the Fullers have invented Mills, with several Stamps for their Cloths, which by the force of water do raise and let fall their Stamps, by which the Fullers-Earth with the Water do make our Cloaths fit for use; but whether the Metallists did teach them that Art, I shall not enquire, only the Metalists which we converse with here, have two ways of Bucking or Wash∣ing their Oars, from the dirt or Earth about them; one by a Mill, which they call a Smelting-mill, by which with the force

of Water, certain Stamps or Hammers do beat and wash the Oars, and those Workers are called Smelters at the Mill, and after that, there are other lesser Buckings in Mortars and Tubs, to prepare the Metal (more free from Rubbish) for the Melt∣ers; See Smelting Melting, and Menstruum.

BURNING of Metals, i. e. reducing them to Ashes or Pouder for use. l. 2. c. 2. See Ashes, Calcination, Roasting, &c.

CA C CA

CADMIA, See Calaminaris.

CAKES, T. Schiben, or pieces of Metal, melted into the form of Cakes. l. 3. c. 26. By this word Cake, we must not understand such Cakes as in Latine are called Placenta, from placere, to please the Pallat, by their several pleasant Ingredients; but here it relates only to the form of it, sometimes round and Convex, but mostly Flat, like pieces of Plate, and therefore the Refiners (for distinction) do call Lead, cast into a solid body, Sows and Pigs; Tin, Blocks; and Iron, Barrs; but Silver, Gold and Copper so cast, they call Cakes; and Copper sometimes Rose-Cakes, or Cupri Rosa; and though they be not Edibles (or bear the name of Placenta) yet with∣out Mony, which is derived from those metal'd Cakes, we could not have such things as are placentious or pleasing to us.

To CALCINE, Calcinate, Calcinize and Calcination, T. Calcineren, L. Calcinare, both Languages making it a com∣pound of two Words, Calx for Lime, and Ciner, Ashes, which in a metallick sence, is to reduce Metals, by Fire to a friable or brickle temper, like Lime; therefore Lime is called

onely in Latine, Calx, and we from the word call our Lime∣stone, Chalk, which being burnt, we call Lime, and this burn∣ing we call slacking (according to the Teut.) and before it is burnt, Ʋnslackt, unburnt, or uncalcin'd Lime; and being burnt or slack't, called also Calx viva (which is oft mentioned by our Author) and A. Quick-Lime, or that which hath by Fire, as it were) an additional Life, for metals seem to be dead in their Oars, but by this Calcination revived, to hint to us the advanta∣ges of our Resurrection, by the general Conflagration. 'Tis true, there are other ways of Calcination, especially of Metals; viz. by Corrosion, Immersion, Amalgamation, Cementations, Fumigations and Illinations. (See Salmon.) yet none of these can be performed without Fire: but to return to the common Lime, as it is fitted for the use of Architecture, it is mingled with Water and Sand, and then called Mortar, and according as the Lime and Sand are in goodness, so the Stru∣ctures by it are made more durable, and therefore it is thought, That we had all our Sand for our Mortar (with which our anti∣ent Churches were built) out of Italy; and the Fort of Ply∣mouth (built by his present Majesty) recompensed my Jour∣ny thither, the Graff of which is hewn out of Marble, and the Mortar also made of (alcined Marble, and their Sand, which makes that Mortar as compact as the Marble it self, but what kind of Sand or what Proportions, I did not then enquire. Now there are two words in L. which pass under the same Orthography, viz. Calx for Lime, and Calx for the Heel of a man, (or end of a thing) so as I may conceive that our Me∣tallick and Artificial word Calx for Lime, is borrowed of the Natural word Calx for Heel, because the Calcining of Me∣tals, do as it were determine its Life for a better, because those Metals which lay dully in the Earth, before their Calcination are by Calcining and Refining made more active and passable throughout the World.

CALAMINARIS, See Brass, and Sculpt. 35.

CALIFY, T. Warme, Werme, L. Calefaccre, A. to make warm.

CALX, See Calcine.

CAPUT MORTIS, (for brevity Mort.) is the matter or sediment of Metals (or of other things used in Chimical Dissolutions) which remain at the bottom of a Furnace or Stil∣latory, thick and dry, chiefly from Metals and Minerals; viz. when all their Spirituous parts are drawn off, the remain∣der is call'd Caput Mort. or Feces. See Feces.

CARRAT (signifying a weight) is a French and Italian Word, much used by our Author in his second Book; and it seems to come from the Arabian, Kirat: (see Holioak.) but Cot∣grave saith, That Goldsmiths and Minters esteem it at a third part of an Ounce, and among Jewellers and precious Stone-cut∣ters, but the 19 part of an Ounce; so as eight of them are but one Sterling, and a Sterling is the 24th. part of an Ounce, and 3 Grains of Assize, or 4 Grains of Diamond weight make a Carrat.

Torriano's Addition to Florio, calls it Carrato, signifying, saith he, a weight or degree in Metals, Diamonds, Rubies, &c. and doth not determine it: but Mr. Howel in his ingenious Tetraglotton (sect. 40.) proportions it to the 24 part of an ounce, and Mr. Webster in his History of Metals speaks more clearly, and saith, the Carrat or Charrat is a term given (by the Officers of the Mint, and Wardens of Goldsmiths) to a certain composition of Weights, that are only used for As∣saying, and computing the standard of Gold, and are of two Contents, namely, either the 24 part of an ounce, Troy∣weight, and is compounded thus; of the pound carrats 2 d. weight, and 12 grains, Troy, make a Carrat grain, and 4 such carrat grains make one carat, which is half an ounce, or 10 d. weight Troy, and 24 of such carats make a pound or 12 oun∣ces Troy, the other way of Computation is of an ounce carat, five Troy grains make one carat grain, and four of such grains make one carat, and 24 such carats make one ounce Troy, and

for assaying he recommends the ounce carat, as more easy for Cal∣culation, than the pound carot, which is made more perspicuous by our Author. l. 2. c. 15. See Mony, Gold-weights.

CASE, T. Gehauesz, or a little house, L. Capsula. A. Case, 'tis of various signification, as, a Gramatical, Legal, Formal, and sometimes put for an ill chance or hard case. See Sculpture 1, 5, 12, 13.

CATSILVER, T. Kat-zon Silver, because it hath a grey sparkling colour like a Cats-eye.

CEMENT, cementing and Cementation. T. Cementer∣ne. L. Coementum, not from Caedo, to beat (as Minshaw would have it) but Caementum, is quasi mens coeli, i. e. the mind of Heaven, to unite things separated, especially, when they consist of one species, and it may well be observed in the vicissicute of the things in the World, that the whole Labour of Man and Nature, seems to be almost nothing else, but to separate what is united, and to unite things that are separated, and this not only seen in our operations upon Metals, but in the actions of bumane Affairs: yet, to pass them by, this Ce∣mentation of Metals is properly a gradual imbodying or uni∣ting of Metals first separated, and this by a gentle fire, as in Lib. 1, 2, and 3 Books, wherein there are several magisterial Directions: and in other Cases 'tis properly called a Congluti∣nation, or glewing together. See Conglutinate.

CENTNER, T. Center & Centner. L. centum. At the Mines it signifies an hundred and ten pounds weight, but at the Mint, just an hundred pound: Whereby the Mi∣ner may get 10 l. towards his charges: See lib. 1 cap. 9. but in lib. 1. cap. 37. and in many parts of the five Books, it is considered only as a small Assay-weight for trying how much a little Part of an hundred weight do hold of Gold, Silver, &c. whereby (as ex ungue Leonis, the whole Proportion of the Li∣on may be known from its claw: so by the small Assay-weight, the goodness of the whole piece may also be estimated, be it a centner or half a centner, &c. and this shews the skill of an As∣ay er in the skilful use of Arithmetick.

CERUSE. T. Bleywiesse, L. Cerussa. A. White Lead, the best is made of Lead, calcined with the vapors of Vinegar; but the common way is by Ʋrine.

CHRISTAL, T. Keistal, L. Christalus and Christalum, there is Natural and Artificial, the Natural is Aqua quae frigore in glaciem concressit; that is, congealed or petrefied Ice. Diodorus Sic. and Boetius are of a contrary Opinion, and say, It is the purest Earth, dissolved by Water, and for want of Wa∣ter, congeal'd to the Christal-Stone: 'tis found about the Alps and in many parts of Germany, Hungary, France, &c. And Captain Ant. Langston, my good Friend, who had travelled about 300 Miles into the Continent of Virginia, did assure me, that he saw there several Mountains of clear and shining Christal; he died about a year since, and was a very Credible person whilst he lived. Now the Artificial Christals, are made by Chimistry, and is a peculiar part of that Science, called Christalization; that is, making things like Christals: viz. Christal of Silver, Tin, Antimony, &c. See Petrefaction and Stone.

CHIMISTRY, see Alchimy and Alchimist: But I have something more to say to them, for I find that the Chi∣mist hath another Name, and is called Spagirus; and Chymistry, Ars Spagerica; signifying, to fine and refine Metals, and therefore I have thought fit to put the words Spagericae Leges, as the Title to this whole Treatise, instead of Leges Chymicae, this latter being more commonly used than the other: nor do I wave the word Alchimy or Alchimist, because it is sometimes taken in an ill Sense, for in the best and truest Sence, by the addition of ALL (which word in all Languages signifies Omnia) so as by addition of All, we are to understand, That Chymistry doth comprehend All Sciences and Mechanick Arts and Trades, even from the Coblers Awl (T. Aal, and Belgick Elsen) to the Astronomers Astralobe, for nothing can be performed without some Metalick Instrument.

CINABAR, T. Zenober, or (l. 1. c. 2. s. 5.) Bergennouer,

L. Cinnabaris, which in English we call natural Vermillion, for of this Cinnabar, there are two sorts: Natural, which is an hard, red and heavy Stone, found in Mines: or Artificial, which is better coloured (made of calcin'd Sulphur and Quick-silver, which we now use with Metals) but it is vulgarly called Ruddle or marken Stone, and Sinople or Red Lead; the first also of these two is natural, and the other artificial, but I conceive our Author intends none of these latter, but the former, or one of them: Pliny, N. H. l. 33. hath a large Discourse of this Ci∣nabar, and makes it the same with Minium, of a rich and fresh Scarlet Colour, and saith, there are whole Mines of it in some parts of Spain; and concludes with his Opinion, That it is the Rust of Silver and Lead, but it hath not the less Esteem with the best Painters or Limners, no more then hath Verdigrise, though it be the Rust of Copper: there is great quantity of this Cinabar in the Mines of America, and some few Veins of it, in the English Copper-Mines. See Gold and Quick-silver.

CLAR, so the T. word is writ (l. 1. c. 5. s. 1. and c. 7. s. 1. and c. 21.) the French call it Clair, and A. Clear; Now though this word bears the same sence in all, yet because, by a certain composition, it doth clear the Metals and Instruments to which it is applyed (for distinction sake) I think fit, according to the T. to call it Clar, as a substantive, rather then Clear, which for the most part is used as an adjective▪ viz. clear Drink, &c.

CLAY, T. Laim and Thon. l. 2. c. 20. s. 1. &c. But the L. calls Clay (which is of a flat and clammy Earth) Argil∣la and Terra Figulina, because Potters (by whom it is used) do reduce it to certain Figures; in A. it is commonly called Potters-Earth, or Clay for making of Potts, Dishes, &c. and although Erckern applyes the word chiefly to Potters-Earth, Clay or Loam, yet there are many other Clays or Earths which have particular Names, according to their natures and colours; as Fullers-Earth, or Clay of a Russet colour, also Blew, Green and reddish Clay, but that which is for common use is solid and firm, and for the most part of a russet or blewish Hue or colour:

and though it be said by Minshaw, That Potters Clay is called Argilla, from Argos a City in Greece, where Potters (as he saith) did first exercise that Art (which Pliny ascribes to Coraebus an Athenian, one in the Province of Argolis, and the other in Africa, but both in Greece:) so it seems the Art was there, before it was in Aegypt in Africa: however, according to the Sacred Story, the Art of making Pots of Clay was antient, as we may read in Exod. 16. 13. and of Bricks. Exod. 5. 8. and in Job 4. 19. the Houses in his time were called Houses of Clay, and Clay was of such E∣steem with Jesus Christ, That he made it an Instrumental cure in the Blind Man. Jo. 9. 6.

Now to pass these, In Devonshire, and other places, I have seen good cottages made only with clay, without any wood, except little Window-cases, doors and roofs; and in Suffolk and Norfolk the outside of most cottages and out-houses (to great edifices) are of clay daub'd on Splenters, and the in∣sides also plastered with clay, and a little Lime, yet are ve∣ry durable.

At Woodford, near London (about 20 years since) I saw a fair House of Brick, built on the top of that hill, and had no lime or other mortar within or without it, but sound clay mixt with sand, which continues strong to this day, as I am infor∣med: and in 1674. (my House in Suffolk (standing on an Hill, upon a clay Soil) I digg'd about 30 foot in length, and 10 foot deep, under part of it, with intent to make a cellar, designing to pin or support the sides with Brick: But find∣ing the clay to be very firm (being mattocked and not spa∣ded) and never before digg'd (as might be judg'd, because under the clay was found good gravel, and beds of flat Oyster∣shells) I saved the charge by continuing the clay in stead of the brick, and I hear it doth hold firm to this day, as if it had been done with Brick: and doubtless, according as the clay is in goodness, so Furnaces, Ovens, Tests, Crucibles, &c. will the better indure the heat of Fire and Metals▪ care being taken that they

be well dryed, after they are made, and before they be exposed to the fire, and then by degrees, and not suddenly burnt. See Brick, Earth, Loadstone.

COAGULATE, T. Rensel, L. Coagulatio, See conglutinate.

COAL, T. Koll stein, L. Carbo, of these we have Va∣rieties, viz. Wood-coal (of several sorts mentioned by our Author) used chiefly for Metals, Sea Coal (dig'd out of Coal-Mines, near the Sea at Tinmouth, by Newcastle, and Pit-Coal (in Mines remote from the Sea) near Coventry in Warwick∣shire, and in Stafford-shire and Shropshire, &c. but these are not useful to Metals: 'tis true, many have attempted to Chark or make Cinders of them to be used for Metals, when Wood is scarce, but I have not yet heard of any certain suc∣cess therein (though I wish it:) there is another Coal which is artificial, which we call Charcoal, and I conceive the proper La∣tine word for it is Anthrax, and the burner of it Anthratius, but most Dictionaries do use carbo and carbones for all sorts of Coals, by adding Adjectives, as Carbones Fossiles, &c. but Charcoal being a new Invention (comparative to the other) it is fit to have a newer word then Carbo, and these Charcoals of Wood, are most useful for Metals: Now in making those of Wood, the Art is so much improved, that I have seen an Ar∣row with its Feathers exactly burnt into a Charcoal, without diminution of the shape or the Feather, only the Feather made black for white, and some of this Wood Charcoal, I have seen at the Iron-Mills in Worcestershire, so uncombustible, that they have come running out of the Furnace, and floated on the top of the Metal, whole and intire, and this (as they told me) was the Charcoal of the Withy-Tree, being a more light and soft Wood than any that grows in those parts: I carried away some of them, and cut them into fine Pencils, and used them for Drawing, on blew Paper (especially being first boyl'd in But∣ter) and the white Pencils proper to them, I made of Tabacco-Pipe Earth, in Rouls dry'd by the Sun, and not at the Fire, and sometimes I heightned the lights with Ceruse (composed of Lead, see eruse.)

COBOLT, T. Cobolt. Sometimes accounted for the Copper-stone, and reckoned by Dr. Salmon, among the natural Recrements of mettals; and I do not find it by any other name, then as it is so described by Erckern. l. 1. c. 2. s. 11. & l. 3. c. 21. &c.

COIN, T. Gemuntsz, the Latine hath several Words for it, viz. Moneta, Nummus, Pecunia, &c. and Aurum, Ar∣gentum, Cuprum, Aes; and antiently Coriata (when Leather Coin was currant and in esteem) but the proper word for it, (and so Minshaw) is Cusus, thence Cudere to Coin: Now Mo∣neta is a relative Word to Monere, advising to take heed how to use Mony, only to honest ends, after it is once Coin'd: Nummus to Numeratus or Quantity: Pecumia to Pecus or Sheep, which were and still are commutative as Money it self, but it may be properly from the Greek Word Kai∣nos, Comunis, because when it once had its Stamp or Cude upon it, then it was passable, currant and Common, and some would have it from the form of the Coin, consisting of An∣gles (as much of the French and Spanish Mony do) and some say, That from Angular Coins, the Corners or Angles of Structures are called Coins, because with such Mony the Ar∣chitects were paid their Wages. Now, I conceive that I may add my Supposition also, That the Word Coin, may be the abstract of Coynobeline or Cunobeline, one of the Kings of the old Britans, and who is said to be the first that did Coin Mony, at Malden in Essex (Cambden) where it is proba∣ble that their Mines (in our Records) since decayed or neg∣lected, did supply him with Metal, for that purpose; how∣ever, in our later Ages, the Word Coin is still applyed to Metals, formed into Currant Mony made of Metals.

CONDENSE, T. Dick-Maken, A. making Thick. L. Con∣densatio.

CONGEAL, ver Breizon, L. Coagulatio. See Conglutinate.

CONGLUTINATE. T. Lime, (from whence we have the word lime, for a Dog and Bitch in copulation) L. con∣glutinare.

A. to glew and join together: now these words ce∣ment, coagulate, condense, congeal and conglutinate are often, but improperly, applyed to one sense, especially about metals; for cementing is, as I have shewn in Cement; coagulation, from coa∣gulo, to curdle, i.e. where metals are joyned or curdled together by fire; condensation, when metals are made more hard, or thick∣ned; congelation, when they are by Fire turned into a Christa∣line, Glittering and Icy form, from gelare, to turn into Ice; which kind of Christal is often seen in refining of metals; and Conglutination from Glutinare, when they are joyned by a glewish temper, and is more properly applicable to vessels made of Glutinous matter, for the better holding of Metals in the Fire, yet all these Words still signify the making of things thicker or harder, than they were before: Now as to Conglu∣tination, I cannot here but call to mind what I saw at Ex∣mouth in Devonshire, where upon little Rocks appearing some∣what above the Sands (at a low Water) there were Oysters sticking fast to them (which at an high Water were all cove∣red by the Sea) so as we were forc't to beat them off with a Chizel and Hammer, and these they call'd Rock Oysters, the Shells being almost as firm as the Rock it self; I confess I look't upon it as a wonderful Secret in Nature, That the Oy∣ster could fix it self so firmly, having no outward parts to do it, and this in 12 hours time; for at the next Low-Water those very Rocks (where at the former Ebb we had left no Oysters on them) they were filled again with other Oysters, and therefore it must be some glutinous matter, which they cast forth upon the Rocks, and so brood upon it to a condensation; and I the rather believe this, because Shell-Snails, which we call Dodmans, have an excellent white Cement, always lying in the little end of the Cone of their Shells, with which they often glew themselves so fast to Walls, that they cannot get loose, but dye in their Shells: and so do's the Limpet (another Shell-Fish on the same Coast) cleave it self so hard to the Rocks, that nothing but a Chizel can divide them from the Rocks; now

certainly, if that part of the Oyster-shell which is so glewed, were mixt with so much of the Rock, on which it is fixt, there might be made a very binding Glew or Cement, for Metallick Vessels; but there is another sort of Shell-Fish, upon that Coast also, which I cannot but mention, because I do not find it amongst those that write of Shell-Fishes, and it is called in that County, the Long-Fish, or Capa Longa, the longest are not above 12 In∣ches and about an Inch in breadth, opening at each end, and con∣tains in it a white-Worm (for I cannot call it otherwise) which is a very nourishing Food, and being pickled up, are sent as accepta∣ble Presents, to those that make their Gusts their delights; these are caught in this manner: at a Low Water, that is, when the Sands are clear of Water, those Fishes do shew themselves above the Sands, about 3 Inches, so as 8 or 9 Inches remain in the sands, and then those who make it their Trade to get them, presently go against the wind very softly (as in catching of Moles) and with an Iron Engine (somewhat like a Spade) strike under them, and so are caught; but if they go with the wind, the Fish presently retires into the Sand, without possibility of be∣ing caught for that Tyde, and though after their Escapes, I have seen them digg'd for, yet they vanish beyond the strength or agillity of labour to catch them.

Now, these having no outward thing discernable to assist them in so quick a Motion, I conceive it must be by some glutinous matter, (such as we see do attend snails in their motion, but the snails cannot contract it again, because it usu∣ally lies on some dry substance) but the glutinous matter of these Capa longa's, being fixt in their Repositories (much un∣der the superficies of the sand, and so extended by them like a spiders thred) may with much more agility than a spider rise or fall as they please in a moment, there being a liquidity from their Repositories to make their motions of ascention or descen∣tion more agile and passable: Now from Creatures of this constitutions, certainly many excellent Cements may be made, as may be judged by the Fish, which Pliny lib. 32. cap. 7. calls

Itchthiocalla, and we Ising-glass Fish, which besides other vir∣tues, the skin and other parts of it (as he tells us, and now we know by Experience) do make an excellent Cement (espe∣cially if it be mingled with aqua vita) either for earthen Ware or Metals: enduring both fire and water.

COLOUR, T. Farb. L. Color. A. Colour. (signifying Beauty or Pulchritude) of which there are two sorts: natural and artificial; wherewith the Limners and Painters, in Imita∣tion of the Beauty of Nature, shews us the Beauty of their Art; yet they cannot perform their Works without the help and mixture of other Substances; as Oyls, Gums, &c. but their best and most proper Colours are from Metals; Whereof seven are accounted the chief, produced from the seven chief Metals which are influenced from the seven Planets, and these 7 Colours are used in painting, by two sorts of eminent Artists in that Science, viz. those who use them with Gum (call'd the Art of Miniature or drawing in little) and those which use them with Oyl (called Limners or Painters, or drawing in great and little) for I meddle not with those who work with Pastils or in Frisco, or Dyers, or Tincturists, so the first of these in an Alphabetical Order is Black; otherwise White and Black are accounted the Principes Colorum, & Mensura Reliquorum (Alsted.) And all of them produc'd from Metals and Minerals: the Seven are these;

I. BLACK, T. Schwartz (l. 1. p. 6.) from whence we have our word swarth or swarthy, inclining to black) L. Niger. Plutarch calls it color umbrosus. A. Black, and these Blacks are natural in Stones, Coals, &c. but the best Ar∣tificial ones are made by the retortions of Lamps, placed under Plates of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, Tin or Iron, and are easily distinguish't, in their nigerities or blackness; and this shews, that black hath some superiority over white, because when white things, as Ivory, &c. are burnt, they turn to a black: but as to our purpose: it is Observable, That all these

Blacks are still heightned and improved for use, by the three eminent Minerals, viz. Vitriol, Allum and Copperas.

II. BLEW, T. Blau and Himmel Blau (in English heavenly Blew) the Latines renders it to us mostly by Participles or Adjectives, as Lividus, Adluens, Caeruleus, Cyanaeus, Cumatilis, Coelestis Color; that is, a Co∣lour having those properties or resemblances: the French calls it Bleu and Azur, and we Blew and Azure, we from them, or they from us; which latter is the more likely, because we have more Mines of Copper, from whence it is produced, than they: now besides this Azure Blew, there is Blew Bise, Ʋltramarine, Smalt, Flory, Inde-Bandias, Litmus, Orchal, Blew Vitriol, Verdigrease, produced from Mines and Mine∣rals.

III. BROWN (or Russet) T. Braun, the Latines, which would bring this into the septinary of co∣lours, call it color nativus and Pulligo (Holioke) otherwise the common name is Fuscus, from the darkness of its colour, being (as it were) an attendent on Black, and of this brown colour (which is the proper colour of Tin and Copper Oar) there is Ʋmber, Spanish-Brown, Terrra d'colonia, Turnsil, Bole Armo∣niack, and other products of Metals and Minerals, which Paint∣ers and other do use for it.

IV. GREEN, T. Gruen, L. Veridis Recens, and many other words relating to the diversity of Greens, but those which are used for Painting (from Metals and Minerals) are Green Bise, Virditer, Verdigrease (which though it be used for Blew) yet being steept in Vinegar (as I have oft tryed) it doth produce a delightful transparent Green: also Copperas, Vitriol and Allum do much improve this co∣lour.

V. RED, T. Rot, L. Ruber, Rufus, &c. to supply which for Painting (there is Lake, which is another deli∣cate transparent red purple colour) also red Lead, Vermillion, Cin∣nabar, Minium (of different Names, yet little differing in colour)

also Cinople, Rosset, and several other Reds from Metals and Minerals.

VI. WHITE, T. Weitz and Blanch, L. Albus and Candidus, to represent this, the Painters use Littarge of Silver, Ceruse, white Lead, Spanish White, &c. raised from the Calcination of Metals.

VII. YELLOW, T. Gelb, L. Gilvus, Flavus, Fulvus, Luteus, Croceus; to represent this, they use Littarge of Gold (and a liquid matter which counterfeits Gold, such as is used about Coaches, &c.) they have also yellow Or∣piment, Sandarach, Masticot, yellow Oker, &c.

Now of these colours, those which are produced from Me∣tals and Minerals (as I have shewn) are too piercing for Paintings with Gum, and therefore not lasting, but with Oyl they are safe and very durable, even to a thousand years or more, especially in the curious Art of Anealing.

Now concerning colours in general, here is the difference be∣tween the Botanick Science and the Metallick, because in one the colour of Plants are seen in their admirable varietys, with∣out the use of Art; but the colours of Metals are not seen, but by the help of Art; only it may be supposed, that every Vein of Metal hath some pretious Stones to attend it, whereby we may be informed of what colour that Metal is most apt to yeild by Art: as Saphires, white and yellow, Diamonds, Rubyes, Emeralds, Amathists, &c. which are daily found (espe∣cially in hotter Climates:) there are also other colours, mentio∣ned by Erckern, as Grey, Lazure, red Sulphur, Purple, Orange, &c. but whoever will make a more exact review, will find, that the most pleasing, useful and durable Colours, are from the Me∣tals themselves, or their Extracts and Flowers, seen in their Original representatives, viz. Gems and pretious Stones.

CO-OPERATE. T. mit eyn ander werk. L. Co-operate, to work together, that is, when Metals do work together be∣fore separation, and is also generally applyed to any joynt action.

COPELLS. See Utensils.

COPPER, T. Cupser, L. Cuprum (l. 3.) A. Copper, and is ac∣counted the third Metal in esteem next Gold; and, as is pretend∣ed comes from the Isle of Cyprus, from whence it had its Name Cuprum; we need not go so far for it, having many Mines of that Metal, both in England and Wales, especially those at Kes∣wick in Cumberland,, which occasioned a great Suit betw••en Queen Elisabeth and the Earl of Northumberland, concerning her Right to them, upon the account of Royal Mines: which Case is reported by Plouden, with the Opinion of the Judges on the Queens side, wherby the Society for the Mines Royal, have had and still have the care over them, but for want of Fu∣el and skilful Miners, they are of no use at present: This Metal is of three sorts, the Red or Reddish, is the proper Na∣tural Copper: Yellow Copper, which, for distinction, is properly called Brass, is an Imitator of Gold: the White is when Cop∣per is tinged with Silver, so as it imitates Silver. See Brass.

COPPERAS, T. Vitriol, L. Vitriolum, this is a kind of Stone which is cast up very plentifully between Rochester and the Isle of Shepy (which being not far) I went purposely to the Copperas-Works, farmed of Mr. Haward (Lord of the Soyl) by one Mr. Johnson a Londoner, who in few years got above 20000 l. by it, as appeared by what he left to his two Daughters, when he died: I went also to other places, but did not find that the Stones are so plentiful and good in any other place of England: it is of a dark Sea-Green, but being melted its colour is heightned, and glitters like to Chrystal, and serves for many uses about Metals, and almost in all Trades where colours are concerned; and is one of the chief Ingredients for good Ink, as I found it in an old Abbòt's Book:

Vitrioli quarta, mediata fit uncia gummi; Ʋncia fit Galli, his jungas octo Falerni; (which I take to be Sherry) His bene contritis, comixtis omnibus illis, Facit bonum Atramentum.

And therefore this Copperas or one sort of Vitriol (in di∣stinction of the white (called Dans Vitriol, because from Dane∣mark) and the perfect blew Vitriol (called Roman, coming out of Italy) is called Atramentum Sutorium, because Sho∣makers-black is made with it. See Colours, Black and Vitriol.

COPPER-stone, T. Ruffer stein (lib. 3.) is no other than solid Oar of Copper, as it is in the mine, and not touch'd by other Imbracers, or, as it is made at the first smelting into Cakes or stones, and so the word Stone is commonly applyed to it by Erckern. See Oars and Stones.

CRISTAL, See Christal.

CROCUS, is the T. and L. for Saffron (lib. 2. and 4.) but in Metallicks, it is meant a pouder made of Iron or An∣timony, of a Saffron colour, and when it is made of Iron it is called Crocus Martis, or of Copper, Crocus Veneris, because it is the pouder of those Metals of Iron and Copper, which are De∣dicated to the Planets Mars and Venus, and sometimes is made of mixt Metals, and then called Crocus Metallorum, and are often mentioned by our Author.

CREIZER (l. 2. c. 2.) T. Kreutzer from Kreutx, or a little Cross stampt upon it, and is so small a piece, that it is accounted but the 92 part of an Hungarian Gilder, which is about 30 pence of our Silver: but H. Vaughan in his Book of Coinage, makes six sorts besides the Hungarian. See VVeight.

CRUCIBLE, T. Tiegel, I find no proper Latine Word for it, but it may go under the word Phiala for a Cruise or a Pot, and this Crucible is a diminutive of Cruise, or Pot less than a Cruise, but of different shapes: and this is used for dis∣solving of small pieces of Metal for Assaying, as others are for other uses called Cruises. See Pots.

CULB, T. Krug, which is a common name for all Cubi∣cal Pots, but we call it Culb, from the particular form of it, I suppose, because it inclines to a Cubical shape. See Sculpture.

DE D DI

DEAD, T. Todt, Todter (from whence we have our word Tclod or Clod) and Gesterbeu, L. Mortuus, Defunctus. See Dissolution.

DECLINATION, T. Nidersichbiegn, L. Deorsum se flectere, and is almost the same with Precipitation; for which Gramarians use the Word Declination, Declension, or going from one Case to another, and in the Vulgar sence, a man is said to decline in his Fortune, when he falls from Pro∣sperity to Adversity: but in the Metalick sence, it it to fall from the top to the bottom, by which means the Metal is bet∣ter than when it was at the top; and 'tis often seen that adver∣sity makes Men better and of more use (as Metals are) by being Cast down; a Phraise often used in this Book. See Precipitation.

DEFT, (l. 1. &c.) an English Saxon Word, therefore I re∣tain it; signifying fair, clean, neat (quasi sine defectu) or with∣out defect, on the contrary undeft is unclean, &c. (Skin∣ner.)

DELINEATE (l. 2.) or to Describe a thing by certain Lines or Figures.

DIAMETER (l. 1.) is a certain straight Line, drawn through the Center of a Figure, and of both sides bounded in the compass of it, cutting or dividing the Figure into two equal parts.

DISHES (l. 1. &c.) T. Schueffels, L. Discus, A. Dishes, and these are of various sorts and shapes, but the most useful about

Metals are made of Pewter, Iron or Clay, for I do not here write of Epicurean Dishes, but of Dishes or Bowls that are certain measures in Mines, which are filled with Oar, by the Labour of the Miners, whereof a certain number are paid as a duty to the King, others as a duty to the Church, and the rest to the Proprietors, and according to the number of Dishes delivered, so the Miners are paid; and then they may eat the Fruit of their Labour in other Dishes. See Utensils and VVardens.

DISSOLVING (l. 2. &c.) that is, a metal easy to be loosed from such other metals as are fixt or intermixt; and thence Death is called a Dissolution, when the Soul is loosened from its Terrestral part, and becomes a Coelestial Metal, and from hence the word Dead is oft used in Erckern.

DISTILLATION (l. 2. &c.) is a drawing of a Liquor made thin with heat, into a Receiver, by Alembicks, Retorts, &c. and is mentioned by our Author, though of little use to Refiners, who deal with hotter fires and harder substances.

DRAGGONS-BLOOD, L. Sanguis Draconis (l. 2. c. 13.) our Author useth it for Lutings. Dr. Salmon saith, It is the product of a Tree, red like Blood, or the colour of a Dragon, and comes to us from America, and by boyling con∣densated: but Pliny (l. 36. c. 7.) saith, That the Indians make it of the substance of a Dragon, crush't and squiez'd with the weight of an Elephant, falling upon a Dragon, that hath suck't him to Death, whereby the Dragons and Elephants Blood are mingled together; and of this the Indians make a Colour like Cinnabar, so as though they bear one name, they are of diffe∣rent Natures, and which it is that Erckern means, I leave it to others; for the Blood of the Ox, &c. we see in other of his Experiments is used in Luting and Cements: there is also an Herb growing plentifully in England, called Dragons Blood, which is much used to tinge Colours, and hath a Restringent qua∣lity, and so may be used with Clay in Lutings.

DRAM (l. 1. &c.) T. Quintlein, L. Drachma. See VVeight.

DREGS, T. Trussen vapfen, L. Faex, from whence we use the Word Feces.

DRIVE or Driving, T. Abtreiben, L. Abigere, Depellere. l. 3. c. 25.) signifieth the forcing of metal to cast its dross up∣wards, as the feces downwards, l. 3. c. 25. & 26. and in many other places used.

DROSS. T. Treusen. L. Faex. A. the scum of metals: see Dreggs, Feces, Scorias, Lees, Slacks, &c. so it seems Dregs is the purge or settlement at the bottom of melted Metals, and Dross the vomiting the crude matter upwards.

DRY, T. Abdoerren and Treigen maken, L. Siccare (l. 3. c. 26.) See Ovens.

DUCCATES. See Money.

DUKE-GOLD. See Money.

DULCIFICATION, T. Susz, L. Dulcis, or reducing the ill Tasts or Scents of Metal to sweet and pleasing; and thence the Pouders often are called both Sugars and Salts, as they are different by Extraction, and the perfuming of them called Hedi∣chra, and these are dispersed in our Author, and are called Sac∣charia Auri, or the Sugar of Gold.

DUNG, T. Tingen, L. Sturcus, and of these Horse-Dung and Ox-Dung, and some other Dungs are a chief Ingredient to Lutings (used by our Author l. 2. c. 20. &c.) and the Dung of Creatures are not only used in this Art, but in almost all other Arts and Sciences; by Chimists called Ignis Sapientum, or the Wise-man's Fire (Howel) and though it be in contempt amongst Ladies (and the less Learned Inquirers into Nature) yet certainly the Heathens had them in such Veneration, that they Sacrificed to most of their Idol Gods, upon the account of Stercorary Virtues in them: and therefore the Translators of our Bible into Latine, instead of Idols calls them Dij Stercora∣rij (Junius and Trem.) of which I apprehend this reason: viz. that the several uses which they made of Dung, either for Me∣dicine or Manuring their grounds, might be propitious to them: and I have read it from some Traveller of note, That among

the Indians it was usual, that when they intended Homage to their Superiors, or welcome to their Friends, they did evacuate their Dung into their Hand, and so daub it on the Face of whom they intended to honour or pleasure, and was ever accepted by them, as the first and best of their Welcoming Ceremonies: for Agricola tells us of Mans-Dung made as sweet as Civit. But to return nearer home, when I remained in London, during the great Plague in 1666. Dr. Glisson (famous in his time) being my old Friend and Acquaintance, perswaded me to take a piece of his constant Antidote, which was only the Dung of one that had dyed of the Plague, dryed, and so kept in a foraminous Box, for the best Antidotical Perfume; but I thank God I esca∣ped without it: and let us but consider of the great Virtue of the Dung of Geese, Ducks, Peacocks, Dogs (generally known and used) it were worth the while to make a Collection of them, from Johnson's Natural History of Quadrupedes, &c. and it may very well compleat a large Book of those useful Experiments; especially if a little variety from Pliny be admitted: so I will conclude with this Direction, That Stone-Horse-Dung is of certain and known Virtues in curing scaldings, scorchings or burnings by hot Metals, if quickly applied to the part grieved.

DUCCATE, T. Duckat. L. ducalis aureus. A certain Gold Coin which was first coyn'd in Rome, Anno 547. and afterwards it began to be used in other Places, and so called because it had the Image of a Duke (that is, some eminent Leader of an Army, à ducendo) and worth about 6 s. 8d. En∣glish, now 9 s. (Holiock) This Coyn was held formerly the best Gold, but now it is much adulterated, so as Goldsmiths are ve∣ry careful in receiving them.

DUST. T. Staub. L. Pulvis. See Pouder, Ashes, Pulve∣rising.

EA E EA

EARTH, T. Erd, L. Terra. A. Earth, from the Saxon: Now, in every Territory there are differences of Earth, so there are accounted sixty eight sorts: but of those which are esteemed the best in England (which other Nati∣ons make use of more than our selves.) some of them are ra∣ther lapidious than fragile, as yellow Oker (of which I have seen a Pit or Quarry in Mr. Whorewood's grounds at Hal∣ton in Oxford-shire:) also red Oker (which some call Marking∣stone) in many places, and both of these are improved by artificial Okers: and of Fullers Earth there is store, and ve∣ry good, in a Lordship of the Earl of Bedford's, near Oburn-Abby; also in Sir John Warren's ground in Suffolk, and in many other parts of England; (of which the Dutch make good use, though there is a Law to the contrary.) As for Chalk which is burnt into Lime, and White Earth for Dishes, there is very good in a Mannor of the Lord Abergaveny's, near Norwich, in Norfolk, and Potters-Clay for Pots, and Marl in most Counties, with which they manure and much improve their Grounds; also earth for making Brick and Tile for Hou∣ses, &c. of which there is plenty in most Counties, and com∣monly they burn to a red Colour: but there is a sort of Brick-Earth in many parts of Suffolk and Norfolk, and in other Counties, which burn white, and are more lasting and dura∣ble than the red, and these, other Countries borrows from us; and we borrow from them the Terra Sigillata, Terra Lemnia and Terra Armenia, and many more of great use and Virtue:

but that which is common to us all, is Sand, and this is parti∣cularly used for those Ovens which are called Sand-Ovens, Scul∣pture II. and XXIV. for separating Metals: Now these have their several Names and Natures, as Pit-Sand, drift-Sand, Sea-Sand, &c. which may be experimented in Chimical Ope∣rations, viz. what kind of Sand is most proper for Metals, and what for Mortar, &c. But before I pass this Discourse, I cannot but speak of the Sands at Icklingham in Suffolk (yet spreading into Norfolk) having their rise from an Hole in that Village, therefore they are called Icklingham-Sands, or rather Mowing's Sands, but their Motion is different from all others, for these do not move but by a Western Wind, and then they go East, and lie still and compact in any other Wind, and yet it hath walk'd from thence above Eight Miles to Brandon and Downham, two Towns East of it, covering the ground at least a foot deep for more than a Mile in breadth; and whilst the ground is so covered it produceth not the least sprig of any green thing: Now Brandon and Downham are two Towns scituate on Suffolk-side, by the edge of the river Ouse, which runs from Thetford to Lyn-Regis: and the Inhabitants did make very high Banks to defend their Meadows, and to prevent the stopping up of the River, so that you might see good Meadow-ground on the East-side of the Bank, worth 20 s. an Acre; and on the West-side, sandy ground, the In∣heritance not worth two pence an Acre to be sold. But the Inhabitants being not able to defend their River or Meadows any longer, left the Sands to act their pleasure: and then they fairly march'd over the River, and are gone about three miles in∣to Norfolk, still keeping the same point of motion. Now, whether this proceeds from any extraordinary attraction of the Sun, or inclination of the Sands to the Sea-shoar, by way of sympathy, being about twenty miles East-ward, I shall leave it to further Consideration: and my reason of writing this was, that in sand Ovens for Metals the different sorts might be tryed, some being of a very fresh, and some of a very salt, and others of a very dry Nature.

And I cannot but further observe, that the Western parts do as much admire at the Eastern sandy Grounds producing pre∣gnant Crops, as we at their mountainous Crops, both having their Fertility from the artificial and laborious Mixtures of other Earths, with their stones and sands: see Sculpture XLI. Clay, Sand, &c.

EGG, T. Eye. L. Ovum: l. 1. p. 20. this word hath as much diffe∣rence in our Neighbouring Languages as any I meet with, and therefore I shall set them down; the Greeks call it Ooen: the Saxons, Eghe: the Belgick, Eye; like the Teut, the French, Oeuf: the Italian, Novo: the Spanish, Huevo, &c.

In the Egg there are three parts, the white, the yolk and the tredle: the white of an Egg is called in L. Albumen, T. Eye∣clar, and by Pliny, Ovi Albus Liquor, and this is called Eye clar, from the bright spots in it, by whose delatation the Coliqua∣mentum, which is made from it, is stiled (by that Learned Dr. Harvy,) the Oculus or Eye of the Egg, agreeable to the Ger∣man word Eye; the Yolk is called in T. Totter, L. Vitellus, from Vita; the Treddle is called Chalazae.

There is little use in Metallick matters of the Yolk or Cha∣laze, but our Author often mentions the use of the white of Eggs, as a chief Ingredient for Lutings.

But upon this occasion of writing of Eggs, I am put in mind of a Camelion, which was bestowed on me by Mr. Fasset (an Eminent and Honest Chyrurgion) which was sent him out of the East Indies, and with it the very Stalk and Cluster of small Eggs, as they were in the Body, and one Egg in its full propor∣tion, as white as Pullets Eggs, and as big, considering the pro∣portion: this Egg from the Camelion was a perfect round shell, whereas Hens are Oval, so as I find this difference, that the Camelions Eggs are Oval within, and are cast out of the Mouth round, but Hens are round within and are cast out of the Fundament Oval; and the reason may be, that the Ca∣melions Eggs comes out of its Throat (the extention of which is of one constant Globular form;) and so Snakes and Fish

(whose Eggs are round) do send them out of their Mouths, and then take them in again, as they perceive any danger to their Spawn or Eggs; but Hens Eggs come out of an Orifice, which opens by degrees, which makes the first part of the Egg narrow (for the little end comes ever first) and so the passage extending gently, the pliable Egg encreaseth in bigness, and at the exclu∣sion doth narrow it again, but not so much as at the first egress.

Now it is to be observed, That when the Egg is unloosned from the Knot or Cluster of the little round Eggs, it soon receives extention into an Oval form, even whilst it remains in the Body, in complyance to its passage through the Fundament; and whilst it is in the Body, it is prepared also with a white Film over the whole Egg, resembling, but is not a shell, because it must endure compressure, and being now ripe to be expulsed, then by a certain spirituous liquid Cementation, or glutinous varnish from its Dung (which passeth out with it) and by the ambient Air (at its coming out) it is crushed in an Instant into a solid shell, which will not endure compression: And this I mention the rather, because I find that the Learned Dr. Harvy attributes the hardness of the shell to the approaching Air, and not to the Cementing Dung, and doth not in the least Discourse of the cau∣ses of oval and round forms of Eggs.

ELECTUARY, of which there are near an hundred men∣tioned in the New London Dispensatory, whereof the chief are from Metals or Minerals.

ELIXAR is exalted Quintessences, made by infusion and Digestion of Metals, &c. whereof there are also 25 sorts in the aforesaid New London Dispensatory. the chief of them also are from Metals. See Quintessence.

ELL, T. Elen & Eblen, L. Ʋlna, Cubitus, A. Ell. Now it is here to be noted, that the English Ell is as long as two Ger∣man Ells: and so it is to be applyed proportionably to the making of Furnaces, &c. See Finger, Hand, Measure.

ENAMEL, See Amel.

EQUILIBRIO, See Weights.

ESSENCES, (Doct. Salmon.) are the Balsamick parts of Metals, or of any other thing clearly separated from their gross parts, whereof 16 are numbred in his London Dis∣pensatory, and the chief of those from Metals or Minerals▪ See Quintessence & Elixir.

ESUSTUM, T. or Copper calcined and then called Calx Veneris. See Products of Metals.

EVAPORATION, and to evaporate, T. Dampffein, or to take away the Dampness or exhaling of the humidous parts of Metals, by a gentle fire, or heat. (D. Salmon) L. Evapora∣re, or to take away vapors. See Fumigation.

EXPRESSION, T. Ansz Trucken, L. Expremere, i. e. a straining or drawing forth Metals or Liquids by pressing, and this done either with Linnen or Leather. See Filtration, and Quick-silver, the word is also applyed to the speaking fluently.

EXTERN. T. Avez wendig, L. Externus, or the out∣ward part of Metals, or things.

EXTRACTION, T. Ausz Zichen, L. Extractio and extrahere, that is, the drawing the Essence, life or vertue out of any Metal, by a fit Menstruum or Liquor from Oyl, Tartar, Calx viva, Vinegar, &c. whereof above 60 are in Dr. Salmon's New London Dispensatory, and have peculiar names, viz. the Extraction from Iron is called Crocus Martis, and so of the rest.

FEFFI

FECES, T. Trusen, L. Feculae, or certain setlings which remain at the bottom of melted Metals, which may be reduced to a profitable Pouder; and we also call faeces from facere, or that which is made to flow or float on the top, or sink to the bottom of metals; and the word Dross, seems to come from Ros, or thick dew, which ariseth from Me∣tals, and condensed bodies: also the word slacks T. is Slacken, L. Scorias, which signifieth also Dregs; and these are so cal∣led before the Metal it self is by Praecipitation cleared from them; and it may be observ'd, that Argol (the Dregs of Wine) which is faeces of another Nature, for it hath this Property, that as the scum, dregs or faeces of Metals fly to the top or bottom, this betakes it self to the sides of Vessels, as if it scorn'd to be called either Scum or Dreg.

FERMENTATION, T. Saurmachen, L. Ferment or to leaven, raise or improve; but as to Metals, it is used for rarification, ripening or flowring them by addition of Ingredi∣ents, as our Bread is ripened by Leaven, and Beer is flowred by Yeast, and in many parts of our Author it is used: See Dregs, Dross, Scoria's, Yest, &c.

FILE, T. Feile, L. Lima, A. File or Rasp, to file me∣tals to a Pouder, and the filings are called Limations, but we use the word File in three other senses, viz. File, from filum Thread; a File of Souldiers; which may also come from filum, because they stand in a direct Line, like an extended piece of Thread.

FILTRATION, also from Filum a Thread, because Cloths woven of Thread, are used for straining Quick-silver, &c. but that is more properly called Expression (as before) for this Filtration is done two ways, either by brown Paper, or Pendent Lists of Cloth, whereby the liquid Water may drop guttatim, from one Vessel into another. See Expression.

FINGER, T. Finger. See Measure.

FINING, Refining and Clarifying, T. Saeuberung and Re∣inguns, L. Purgare, Mundare, and are only the making the Metals more perfect in their Species or Kinds, by often melt∣ing them from their Dross or Dregs, l. 1. p. 18.

FIRE T. Fewr, L. Ignis, is the chief Operator in the Dis∣solving of Metals, still shewing its power and activity on the sulphurous part of Metals, and makes it fly away or sub∣mit.

FISH-BONE, T. Fisck bein, L. Os piscis. See Bone-Ashes.

FIST. T. Taust. L. Pugnus. See Measures.

FIXATION, to Fixt. T. Hesten. L. Figere, is the ma∣king of that which is volatile in Metals to be Fixt and endure the fire, and not fly away; and this is done by sublimation, still adding some fixt Metals; as Lead-Glass, Lead, &c to the Vo∣latile.

FLAME, T. Flam, L. Flamma, or the Oyly part of Wood, or combustibles, impregnated by fire, for the more easy passing it self into all the porous parts of Metals.

FLEAKY, Flakes, flaky, T. Floken, L. Floccus, Frag∣men and Strictura, A. Flaky. See Shivery and Shivers.

FLEGM, T. Rhoden, L. Flegma, Pituita, or the waterish, volatile and unfixt part of Metals, and as in Man it is of a thicker substance than spittle, so in Metals it is of a thinner than the Scoria's or Dross, and that which ariseth from Sulphur or Vitriol, is commonly acid, sharp and salt.

FLINTS, T. Fewerstein, and sometimes in the T. they are called Hornestein, from the colour: L. Silix, there are such store of these in Norfolk that it makes a City in Spain

accounted one of the wonders of the World, being encompassed with fire, that is Flints, to be no wonder: but the Metalick Flints are such as accompany the Veins of Metal, and from whence Metal is made; but whether the Norfolk Flints, though full of Ignitous matter, will afford the like, may be tryed, by such as do not value the charge of Experiments; and then the great Labour and Expence of digging in Mines might be saved. l. 1. p. 7. &c. See Stones.

FLOCKS (of Wooll) L. Floccus, the same with Flakes, Flocks of Wooll, T. Ein Loken Wull (l. 2. c. 20.) and A. cal∣led Locks of Wooll, by lasily using l for f, for it hath its name from a number of Sheep which bears the Wooll, which makes Flocks (being the remnants of the Wooll after Combing and Dressing it) for spinning; the like is made of the remnants of Flax after Dressing, called Hards, and both of these are much used for Lutings, and it may be a Quaere, whether the Flocks of Lemster Wooll, which is the finest in all England, or Norfolk Wooll the worst, be the best for use? but I prefer Leimster Flocks, because its Wooll is called Leimster Oar, oftner than Leimster Wooll, because the feed of the Sheep consists of those Hearbs and Plants which have their Virtue from the me∣talick Oars under them; so as I know, that the Sheep of Leimster, being removed to places where there are not such sub∣terranean Oars, their Wooll in one year will be adulterated by their Feed, the word Flocks is also metaphorically used for Socie∣tys of Men, and Beasts or Birds, &c. l. 1. p. 9. &c.

FLOWERS. L. Flores. T. Blum, from whence we have our Word Blossom; this word in natural Plants signifies such parts, as are extracted by the Sun into delicate shapes and co∣lours, and as they are the last Works of Nature upon Plants, so that which Chymists calls, Floss Auri (or of any other Metal) is, as it were, the last sublimation or extraction by fire from any Metal; and as the Flowers of Plants have their vertues su∣perior to all the other parts, as leaves, stalks, &c. so the Flowers of Metals, which some also call Pouders, are superior to the

Gold, Silver, or any Metal in their substantial Bulks, or multi∣farious ways of Extracts or Magisteries.

FLUS, T. Fluez, I retain the Word Flus, because it comes from the L. fluere to flow, as that which is fluid or flowable, and and sometimes (as it is a Composition of the Glass of Lead) it is called Lead-Glass, which being put into dissolvible metal, it gives expedition to their Dissolutions (l. 1. c. 8. c. 26. so l. 2. c. 5. &c.) and from hence may come the Word flushing or flowing of the Blood to the Face, from other parts, &c.

FORCEPS. T. Tangs. L. Forceps. A. Tongs. See Utensils.

FORGE. T. Einschuide. L. Fabrica. See Utensils.

FORREIGN. See Outlandish.

FORMS Chimical. See Salt.

FRESH, T. Frisch, L. Recens. See Oars.

FUMIGATION, from L. Fumus, A. Smoak, T. Rauch, but as to Metals it is used when they send up sharp and sti∣fling Spirits: see Evaporation, but note that Fumigation is ap∣plyed to dry bodies; Evaporation to liquid, to shew the dif∣ference between Fumes and Smoaks.

FUNNEL. See Utensils.

FURNACE▪ See Utensils and Ovens.

FUSION, T. Geissig; the Word is oft used by our Au∣thor, and by Metallists, but more by Distillers; sometimes signifying putting in; from infundere and fundere, and some∣times in metals called fusile or fusible, being so meltable as it may be poured in or out.

GA G GA

GAMAHEZ, is an Arabick Word, signifying the Figures of things (as of Birds, Beasts, Snakes, Trees, &c.) naturally represented in or upon Stones, which usually attend Mines, as other transparent precious STONES do, as I have shewn under the words COLOURS and YELLOW; for I intend not here to speak of Talismanical Figures from Constellations, for which I refer you to Gafferel, G. Agricola, &c. But first of the outward Figures of Gamahezies, of which sort I have seen many taken up about Aderly and Pom∣fret in York-shire, and in other parts of England, which do perfectly represent Snakes, as they usually lay roll'd up in the Earth, when alive, so as these seem to be Snakes petrefied, only their Heads are wanting in all, and they are seldom above two or three Inches Diameter, and of a blackish colour, yet I have heard of, but not seen, some inclining to a Goldish Colour: But it was my chance in the Year 1668. to find (on the side of a Stone-Cawsy, between Burport and Axminster in Dor∣setshire) one of the largest Snake-stones that ever I heard or read of, being above six Inches Diameter, and of a Free-stone colour, and one might judge that there had been an Head on it but broken off, and as a Rarity I bestowed it on Dr. Warner one of his Majesties Physicians, which was very acceptable to him.

Now as to the inward Gamahez, I had some years since a whitish Flint, inclining to a light Blew, which being casually broke in two, upon the inside of the two broken parts, there

were the perfect Figures of a Tree, with black Lines and dili∣cate shadows, such as I have seen in Paintings, representing Trees in the midst of Snow, and so seem'd the black Figures on the white Stone: I then thought my self well skill'd in that Art, so I could not but give my Verdict on Natures side, beyond any Arboreal Figure that ever I saw done by Art.

GALLON, T. Kandel, L. Brocus, and from T. Kandel, the word Can or Vessel (to drink with) is derived; the pro∣portion of which differs in England, as it doth in Ger∣many, being in some parts four, in others two quarts, which is a Gallon.

GARDIAN, T. Gaerdigein, L. Gardianus. See Warden.

GUILDERS, a German Coyn (see Money) also such as use to lay Leaf Gold upon Metal, or otherwise, to make it ap∣pear like Gold, are called Guilders, T. Guilder, L. Aurare: see Mony.

GLASS, T. Gleizen, L. Vitrum, is by fire produced from all Metals, but that which is of most use for helping to dissolve Metals, is produced from the Dross of Lead or Tin, and so called Speize Glass, and Tin Glass (l. 1. c. 8. and l. 2. c. 23. See Lead.)

There is also that which is called Glass-Gall, Glass-Cup or Hematithe, a Stone of which Glass is made, and used also for Metals (l. 2. c. 3. and l. 3. c. 5.)

GLASS-CUP, T. Glass-Kup and Blutstein, L. Homa∣thites, A. Blood-stone (l. 1. c. 34. 59.)

GLASS-GALL (l. 3. c. 5. 52. See Glass.

GOE, or to goe, the word is commonly used as a motion to the dissolving of Oar or Metal, and signifies much of the same with driving and flowing, being only degrees and terms of Art towards dissolution.

GLIMMER, or Glumering, T. Glantz, L. Splendere, A shining Oar, which the Latines call Rutilatio not properly so appliable to bright Oar, but Resplendescentia may do well enough. (lib. 1. cap. 2. 5. 11. & lib. 2. & lib. 3. 7. 4.) See Oars:

and sometimes, it is taken for Tallow, lib. 2. cap. 28.

GOLD, lib. 2. &c. It was writ so by the old Saxons, and Britains, and still so by the Danes, but the T. now Goldst and Belgick Gout, and if we observe what little difference there is between Gott, Gut and Gud, used in these two Lan∣guages for God; and Gout and Goldst for Gold: We may well think those Ancients did make this Metal their GOD; and that we may not altogether blame them, we may well bring-in the Spanish and Italians, who call this Metal, ORO, signifying to pray, as if it were a Metal, to which their Fore-Fathers did pay their Devotions and Prayers: and all of us seem at this day to be guilty of this Metallick Idolatry: but to prevent that Imputation, the Latines call it Aurum, and We Gold, being of a different Dialect, from almost all the present European Languages, except the old Saxons, as I said, and Danes.

Now, as Quicksilver is called Mater, so this is called Pa∣ter Metallorum, and therefore there may be some Dispensati∣on for a filial Love to the nobler Part of our Mother Earth, especially if it be without idolatrous and covetous Applicati∣ons. We have little natural Gold in England from any of our Mines, yet we are not altogether without it, for I am assu∣red from a Cornish Gentleman, that hath a considerable Inte∣rest in the Stanneries of Cornwall, That in digging for Tin, they often find little Grains of Gold, not in the Tin-metal, but in the outward sandy circumjacent parts of their mines: and that the biggest he ever saw, was not above the bigness of a small Pea, nor need we much to search for it, or labour artifi∣cially to make it: for what we have from other parts in Africa, Asia, and America do sufficiently supply us, espe∣cially our late Trade with Guinea in Africa, from whence 'tis brought to us in little Grits or Seeds; yet I was told by an eminent Goldsmith, That he had often bought pieces of above an ounce in Weight, and that was so good, that though it had not an high Colour, yet the Colour was recompenced by

the little loss in melting: Whereas the Seeds of other Gold are much adulterated with the filings of Iron, which they draw off by the Loadstone: but when they bring their Artificial Gold, made into Duccates, they are first to use their skill in se∣parating a considerable quantity of Silver from the Gold, which is commonly made by Art, to contract the Gold, whereby it will indure the touch like Gold: but their Scissers soon decide the Controversy, and cheat: so as Art discovers the Artifici∣al Gold from other mixt Metals. Our Author saith, lib, 2. c. 1. That the seed of Gold came out of India by Nilus, wherein he is mistaken (as other former Antients were) in taking Ge∣hon, in India, to be in Asia; of which Mistake, Sir Walter Raw∣ligh hath convincingly shew'd their Error (H. M. l. 1. c. 6.) Yet very probably Nilus may afford Variety of Gold, in respect it hath its Heads, from the two great Lakes of Zambre and Zailar (and not Zambre alone, as Dr. Heylen would have it) in the low∣er Aethiopia, and passeth the upper Aethiopia, or Habasines Em∣pire) which is full of Gold, and then running above 2000 miles, and so may well bring it into Aegypt, and from thence cast it into the Mediterranean Sea, and by that Sea tost into Asia and Europe: But, as I said, We have a shorter and better way for it to Guinea, in Africa, from the river Nigro, and the Coasts of it, and that we may the better credit a greater Efflux of seeded Gold from thence, than from any other in Africa, 'tis found by late Geographers, that this River doth rake the very Bowels of the Earth for it, for it seems (as they tell us) that it hath its rise from a great Lake, called the Black Lake, within two Degrees or 120 Miles of the Equinoctial (and within four degrees Eastward of the River Nile) and so it runs North∣ward about 600 Miles) whereof under ground about 60 miles) and then riseth again and falls into the Lake Borneo, from whence it bends it course directly Westward (differing from the course of Nile, which runs directly North) and so after it hath run above and under ground more than 3000 miles (through many Kingdoms and Countries, rich in Gold) it

unlades its Treasure into Guinea, by many lesser streams, where the Natives are always dealing for Gold, and it self at last in the Atlantick Sea, over against the Islands called He∣sperides; so as we never cross the Equinoctial to go thither; which is less trouble than unto the farthest part of the Medi∣terranean Sea, where Nile vents it self: or to the Mouth of the two Eminent Rivers of Ganges or Indies in the East-part of Asia (and therefore called the East Indies:) Now where the land of Havilah which Pison encompasseth (mistaken for Ganges) wherein there was Gold, and the Gold was called good; as also where Paradise was, or is, whether beyond our known World, or the Middle Region of the Air, or eleva∣ted near the Moon, or as far South as the Line, or as far North as that Line; or whether near Havilah in Africa, or Havilah in Asia; or whether a place called Eden or Para∣dise was peculiarly created for the Reception of Adam after his Creation; and Christ Jesus after his Resurrection; I shall leave to Sir Walter Rawleigh, and others to determine, but we are assured from the sacred Story, that there was Gold near that Place, and that then (in the Innocency of times) the Gold was good; which must be known by Assaying, and doubtless that Knowledg was communicated to Adam, yet we hear no more of Gold in that Holy Writ till 2800, after Adam (though it was accounted the Golden Age) and then, (Gen. 24. 22.) Rebeccah was presented with Gold-Earings, and shekles of Gold, so it seems they had the Art of Melting and casting Gold into Assayings and Forms, as may be collected from the several Distinctions in the Sacred History, concerning Beaten Gold, pure fined and refined Gold, and crown Gold; And we are assured that in Moses's time, they had the knowledg of all Metals, as may be read in Numb. 31. 21. where Moses taught the Soldiers how the Spoils of their Heathen Enemies were to be purified, commanding (as from GOD) That all their Gold, Silver, Brass, Copper, Tin and Lead, and every thing that endureth the fire, (in the furnace, according to the

Syriack) should be purified by fire, and then to be accounted clean: yet, it is also said in that Text, That it shall be puri∣fied by the Water of Separation, by which water certainly is meant Quick silver, because this doth purify, cleanse and devour Metals; and so Dr. Salmon calls it a Volatile Juyce or Liquor; for nothing but Fire or that Quick silver or Aqua fortis can se∣perate those Metals.

Now of that Text, the Commentators gives but little account, passing it in general, only as a Water of Purification; where∣as there were two sorts of Water of Purification: viz. that which is mentioned for purifying Metals, and this other for pu∣rifying Men and Women, which in Numb. 29. unto verse 11. is plainly set down, how, in what manner, and with what Ingredients it was composed: viz. that a young Red Heifer, without spot and without blemish, and which was never put into a Yoak, was to be brought to the Priest, and one was to slay her before his Face, and the Priest was to take some of her Blood with his finger, and sprinkle it seven times before the Ta∣bernacle of the Congregation; and then the Heifer with her Skin, Flesh, Blood and her dung, was to be burnt in his sight, and whilst it was burning, he was to cast into the midst of its fire, Cedar-Wood, Hysop and Scarlet, and after that, both the Priest and he that burnt the Heifer, washt their Cloaths with Water, and bathed their flesh also in Water, and yet they remained unclean until the Even: (by which time, it may be supposed, that all was dry'd) in the mean time, one that was clean was to gather up the Ashes of the Heifer, and lay them up clean without the Camp, and he also, for this act, was to be accounted unclean until the Even; and these Ashes were kept (as Lees) to put into Water, which was call'd the Water of separation for the Congregation of the Children of Israel, as also for Strangers so journing with them to be sprinkled with, and thereupon also called the Water of Pu∣rification for Sin, ver. 9. so as we see clearly this Water of Pu∣rification of Men, was a distinct Water from the water of Pu∣rification and Separation of Metals; and the Ingredients of

one is communicated to us, but the Holy Spirit thought fit to conceal the other from us; However, this Science of Puri∣fying Metals, did dayly improve, which Historians and Phy∣losophers shews us, before David and Solomons time, which two Kings are plentiful in their expressions of fining and refi∣ning Gold and Silver; and these Arts David most Divine∣ly applys to our Souls, which by often refining (like Metals) are brought to Perfection: and this Science did so encrease in Nehemiah's time (Chap. 3.) that it grew to a Trade, and the Professors thereof called Gold-smiths, and so GOLD and the Trade for it continues still in the World.

But I perceive since Christ said to the Thief, That he should be with him that day in Paradise, there hath been more search after the place of Paradise, than before; not for the Pleasures in that place, but for its Neighbourhood to Havilah, wherein 'tis said, There was Gold which was good: And therefore in this Discourse, having traced the four great Rivers of three parts of the World for it, I may venture the fourth, viz. America, and ask whether Pison be not the Ocean, or one of the four streams or Sea's which encompass Havilah, or a Countrey abounding with good Gold, for seeing it is not agreed where Paradise is, and what were the four Streams: I hope, I may not give Offence in rendring this great Iland or Continent of America, surrounded with a Pisonick Ocean, to be the same, or some such like place as Havilah; and well may we trade thither for gold, where Religion shews us the way; for Divine Herbert, in his Church Militant, tells us, That

Religion stands on Tip-toes (and from our Land) Ready to pass to the American Strand.

Now if Religion goes thither, we may safely follow it, so as it be in pursuit of Paradice or Havilah; and seeing it is not agreed that they are in Asia, Africa or Europe, though Lombardy in Europe is called The Garden of the WORLD, we may try whether there be any Havilah, or something equiva∣lent

to it in America, and leave Paradice to the prognosticated Religion to find it out.

Now if we may Credit the Writers upon that great Con∣tinent or Island (Nicols) it extends from the Artick to the Antartick Circle, and hath its breadth in some parts propor∣tionable; and in this great spot of Earth, there is a greater plenty of Gold and other Metals, than we can find from the other Havilahs; but I shall conclude here, because I shall speak more on this Subject in the manner and way of getting and washing the Seeds of Gold, and other Discourses of Gold. See the VVords Metals Mines, VVashings.

GRADUATION, T. Gradierung, L. Graduatio, from Gradus, A. Degrees; but in its Metallick sense, it is apply∣ed to the melioration of Metals, by certain degrees, either to that colour or virtue which is most proper and natural to them: (l. 2. c. 9. & c. 45. &c.) and the Word is also applyed to Graduates in the Ʋniversities, who by degrees are sensibly Re∣fined by the Liberal Arts and Sciences.

GRAINES, T. Koernleine, L. Granum, and both in the notion of Weights, have reference to a grain of Corn, from which Weights have their original. See VVeights.

GRANULATION, T. Kuernen, from whence I sup∣pose we have our word Cornel or grain of Wheat, Barly, &c. and it comes from the former Latine Word granum: in the Metallick sence, it is considered as a certain proportion of mel∣ted Metals, made by Art, into the smallness of such grains, so as they may be the better weighed, and is a peculiar Art in per∣forming them (l. 1. c. 19. &c.) See VVeights.

GREY, T. Graw, L. Glaucus, Cinereus, &c. See Colours.

GREEN, T. Greisen, L. Viridis, but it hath its particu∣lar names, according to its Resemblances, viz. grass Green, Her∣beus, Leek-green, Prosinus, and so of the rest. See Colours.

GROUND; this Word hath many senses in our English, viz. Ground or Earth, Foundation or Principle, or Reason; but

here it doth signify such Metals as one doth grind small. T. Malen and Gerienen, L. Molare, that is, being ground, it is a Foundation to other proceedings.

HA H HA

HAND. See Measures.

HEARTHS. See Ovens.

HELLER. See VVeights.

HELM, Helmet. T. Helm, L. Tegumentum, made of Clay or Iron, used in the Metallick Art, for covering of Ovens, &c. as in Sculpture XVII. &c. the Word is also used for an Head-Piece in time of War, and for the chief Rudder that guids a Ship, all signifying something of a Defensative or Preservative Nature.

HEMATHITE, which is no other than the Blood-stone, of a dark-red colour, L. Hematites, T. Blutstein. Pliny saith, It is of Kin to a Load-stone, of which there are ten sorts, but that which is called Hematites Fossilis (digg'd out of Iron Mines) is of a Purple Colour, which we do not find in Eng∣land, and but some few of the other▪ See Glass-Cup.

HERMETICK-SEAL, that is, to joyn the Mouth of a Glass, first heat in the fire, and then nipt together by Pincers; so called from Hermes the first Inventor. Pliny. See Cement.

HORNY. See Horny Oars.

IN I IR

INCH. See Measures.

INCINERATION and Reverberation, are two sorts of Methods in Calcining Metals. See Calcine and Ashes.

INCORPORATE or Incorporation; that is, when Me∣tals are mixt, they are called Incorporated, or their Bodies joyn∣ed together: and from hence Bodies Politick, or a number of Men joyned in a Fraternity, are called Incorporations, because they consist of all sorts of Tempers and Metals. l. 2. c. 1. s. 2.

INFUNDING, Infusing and Infusion (lib. 1.) that is, a pouring or putting: in but the Infusion of Metals and of Plants have two ways of proceedures. See Fusions.

INGOT, called by that name in the Teutonick and Eng∣lish, and is a little long Vessel wherein Gold is cast, which Ves∣sel is called an Ingot, and the piece of Gold taken out of it hath the same Name. l. 2. c. 47. and Sculp. XXVIII. Fig. 5.

INSPERG is oft used in Erkern, from Inspergo, when one Metal hath certain parcels or sprinklings of other Me∣tals, whereby their goodness is seen before proving. l. 4. c. 1.

INSPISSATION, is the method of Fixation of Metals.

INSTRICK, is a Term of Art, used to signify the first work in separation of Metals, l. 3. c. 22.

IRON and Steel: see Metal: T. Eysen, Iron-man, L. Ferrum and Chalybs: l. 2. c. 20. s. 2. See Oars,

JUG, T. Krug, Heb. Chug, A. Jug or Pot: so it seems we do retain the Word, which is of little difference from the Hebrew.

KE K KE

KETTLE, T. Kessel, L. Cacubus. See Utensils.

KELL or Kiln, or Kill for metallick Matters, T. Kalck-Ofen, L. Fornax and Calcaria, A. Kill, they are also used by that name, for drying Malt, &c. See Furnaces and Ovens.

KEINSTOCKS, I retain the word as very proper, and is fully explained. l. 3. c. 22. See Thornels.

LA L LA

LADDER. See Utensils.

LEACH (l. 3. c. 26.) this word I retain signify∣ing hard work (often mentioned by Erkern) and the Etimology may be, because such hard Work, do occasion Le Ach, on the Ach in the Joynts of the Operators.

LAMINS. T. Bleck. L. Lamina, A. the Plates of Me∣tals. l. 4. c. 4.

LAPIS LAZULI, l. 1. of which Blew Vitriol is made.

LAPIS CALAMINARIS, L. Cadmia: see Cadmia, Calaminaris and Stones.

LAPIS TUTIJ, a Compound made of Calaminaris, good for sore Eyes. See Calaminaris and Stones.

LATTEN, T. Latton, Auri Chalcum and Orichalcum, also Coronarius, and is a Compound of Copper and Lapis Ca∣laminaris, and so cast into Forms and not wrought with Ham∣mers, in respect of its friableness or brittleness, that which is also made of thin Plates of Iron and so Tin'd over, is vulgarly called Latton. See Plates, Iron, Tin.

LEAD. T. Bley, L. Plumbus; it is called also (Howel) Aurum Philosophorum, because it doth as it were govern Gold and other Metals in their Precipitations, and from thence wee use this word to lead or conduct, because this Metal doth as it were, lead and conduct us to the knowledge of all other Metals (l. 4.) and several other parts: see Metals; and cer∣tainly no Metal hath more excellent effects in Chyrurgery, than the Artificial Leads made of it, under the names of white and red Lead, and therefore it is put under the highest Planet Sa∣turn, slow in motion and sure in operation, and of this virtual metal we have as good and as great quantities in England and Wales proportionably, as in any parts of Europe; besides the great quantity of Silver contained in it: But before I close this Discourse (because it was omitted in the word Ceruse) I must inform you, that for this common Lead (which is a na∣tural Metal, and plentiful in all our Mine-Countries) there are Mills erected (such as the Society for the Mines Royal have in Wales) where they make white Lead (which is only a pro∣duct of that Metal, Lead, corrupted with Vinegar or Ʋrine, and afterwards being ground in the Mills, and formed into a white colour, is called white Lead, and after that Refined, and then hath the name of Ceruse, which yields the best and most perfect white, and at these Mills there is made also red Lead, of the common Metal Lead, and is brought to that colour, only by the Art of using Fire to it; and both being thus made, as

well the red as the white, are of excellent use, not only for Painters, &c. but to all Chirurgeons (as I have said:) There is also a mineral Lead, which we call Black Lead, some∣thing like Antimony, but not so shining or sollid, of which sort I know but of one Mine in England, and this yields plenty, both for our selves and other Nations, and this Mine is in Cumberland, which they open but once in se∣ven years (I suppose the reason is, least they should dig more then they can vend) this also is used by Painters and Chyrur∣geons, &c. with good success, especially being mixt with the products of Metals: and of late, it is curiously formed into cases of Deal or Cedar, and so sold as dry Pencils, something more useful than Pen and Ink.

There is also a white Mineral in England, called white Chalk, tending to a transparency, but of a Leadish quality, and therefore I place it here, rather than under Earths or Stones.

LEAD-GLASS. See Fluss.

LEATHER. See Utensils.

LIMBECK, T. Alimbick, L. Alimbicus, quia extrahen∣do materiam lambit (Minshaw) and also called sublimatorium, quia materiam evehat in sublime, and he saith, it is an Arabian word; but in short, it is a kind of an Oven or Furnace made of Metals, vulgarly called a Still, and used more for distilling Waters than Metals, and is sometimes mentioned by Erckern, but chiefly as an Helmet to the Athanor or great Furnace (l. 2. c. 32. s. 7.) Now of these Stills, I deny not but those which we commonly use, are very fit for their purposes; but I have contrived one (whereof I have made often Tryals) which per∣form the like, with much less fire, and less trouble, because the fire need not to be tended but once in 10 or 12 hours, and the Waters (of several sorts) which I have Distilled in it, are eve∣ry way as effectual, but the manner and way of Distilling there∣in, doth every day improve in my Experiments, and when it is fitted to effect all the intents and purposes of the common Stills (with some additions, which they cannot perform) I shall di∣vulge

the Invention, without Patent, or any expected Reward, but thanks. See Quick-silver.

LIMETS. See Files.

LIME-CALX, I have writ something of this, under the word Calcine; but now I shall speak of Lime, or the Calx of Lime-stone or Chalk-stone, which Calx is used both in Cement∣ings, Lutings, and in melting of Metals, with other Ingredients, but the great use of this Lime, is to make Mortar for Buildings, and therefore I shall refer it to the word Mortar: only observe this, That when Lime-stone or Chalk, whilst it is immediately from the Pit or Quarry (because it is properly a Stone, though of a soft nature) is called unslack't or unburnt Lime, but when it is burnt, called slack't, and so all Metals unburnt or burnt may be also called, unslack't or slack't and the pieces slackes, which word is often used.

LINNEN. See Utensils.

LIQUATION, L. Liquatio, from Aqua & liqui∣dus: A. liquor or moisture: and liquation is a term in this Art of Chimistry for one of the Methods in dissolving Metals, and the word liquifaction of the like sense, and from the same Ra∣dix is also applyed to Metals when they are melted by the heat of fire, or Sun: See Conglutination.

LITTARGE, T. Blegg Leidt or Glet, L. Lithargicus, or the stone of Gold or Silver, from the Greek Lethos; and sometimes called the spume or froth of Gold and Silver, but generally the Excrements, Scoria's or Dross of Gold or Silver caused by Lead, and if it be Gold-Litarge, it looks of a Yel∣low Colour, and tho it be dross; yet the Metallists give it this di∣stinct name, because it hath more excellent Virtues than any other Excrement, Recrement or other Dross, and that it may be cleared from other words of almost the same sound; I think it fit to distinguish them here: This word is written Littarge, and by some Lithargy, and that which signifies the publick Office of Devotions, LITTURGY; and the sleepy Di∣sease, LETHARGY (with an E:) and I wish that the plenty of

our Littarge or Lithargy may raise up our Litturgical Devo∣tions to be delivered in all times of our Wealth, and from the Lethargical or sleepy hours of Death, as well by our Devotions as by the excellent spirits, &c. made of our Littarge peculiar to that Apoplectick Distemper. (See those words.)

LIXIVIUM, See Menstruum, Lee or Lees.

LYE, called also Ligh or Lees, to distinguish from a lye, or to lye, or to speak untruth, or to lye or lay down to rest.) T. Langen, L Lixivium, from Lix signifying Ashes, or as Min∣shaw calls it, Humor Cineri mistus, of which see more in Buck and Menstruum. And here I may observe that as in Latine, Lix signifies Ashes so lixa is Water; and those two mixt, makes the lees, with which women wash and buck their cloths for so lixa also signifies.

LOAD-STONE or Magnet (lib. 4▪ cap. 21 and 22. s. 4.) T. Magnet-steine; but when it hath relation to Navigation, 'tis call'd Segel-steine, or sail-stone; but the Latines Magnes and Magnifficus: and A. from the Saxon, Load or Leading stone, or lapis cujus ductu Nautae instituant cursum; and Erckern for this and many other qualities calls it a Jewel, and 'tis pret∣ty to see how the Latines quibble about this word Magnes, for they call a great Man Magnas (on the account of Honour;) and Magnus great, on the account of bulk, &c. and this stone Magnes, being of so great Virtue, that it is scarce comprehensible, and 'tis probable, that the other two words do borrow their titles from it.

Pliny tells us, (lib. 7.) That this word Magnes was given from Magnes the Name of a Shepherd who was the first finder of it, and makes five kinds of it (lib. 36. cap. 16.) Cardanus but three kinds, who observes, That Aristotle was altogether ig∣norant of the maratine use of it, and that Galen and Al. Aphro∣dosius (two great Inquirers into the secrets of Nature) have not so much as once mentioned the wonderful Nature of this Stone: but now Authors do abound in their discourses upon it, and make all things easy and plain in their Naratives of its Vir∣tues

and Operations: only when their Discourses are apply∣ed to its Variation by the Needle (touch'd with it for the use of Navigation) there they disagree very much in their Opinions; and amongst the rest, Boetius tells us, (cap. de Magnete) that there are two magnetick Mountains; and that those magnets which are digg'd nearest to the Artick Pole, have most of the Artick Virtue; and such as are digg'd nearest to the Antartick, have most of the Virtue of the Antartick; which is the cause of their Variations, and many other pretty and plausible notions are writ of them, but I shall only men∣tion some of my own Observations.

1. That this Stone is found in most Iron-mines in England, but are not so effectual in their attractive power as those which we have from foreign Parts, and therefore ours need to be nourished with filings of Iron) for stones have a vegita∣ble life to be preserv'd) and to be kept from the Juyce of Ony∣ons and Garlick, and moist places, which do unglutinate, and so destroyes or subdues their Virtues: and therefore those Lapidists whose Art it is to fit Loadstones for Navigation (or other uses) will not suffer those Plants to be near them: and I have often try'd, That when I have touched my knife with a Loadstone, and thereby impowred it to take up Needles or small Weights (and so it holds its Virtue many dayes) but the Knife once touch'd with an Onion doth utterly loose the Virtue which it borrowed; I confess I never tryed Onions or other acid things to the Poles of my Loadstone, because I chose rather to believe than hurt the Stone: especially a Lapidist of my Acquaintance affirming the Truth of it, who was so great an Artist that he told me, That with a Magnet of the big∣ness of my head, he could drive the Soul of it, into as little a compass thereof as a Nutmeg, but before I could see the effects of his Art, I was diverted with other Occasions, and could never find him after. Yet it was my good fortune to be ac∣quainted with a worthy Gentleman Francis smith Esq (of Rushoke in Worcester-shire, since deceased) who was Master of

much sound learning and very ingenuous in his Discourses, when he thought fit to expatiate himself; or otherwise reserv'd: and we happened upon the Discourse which I had with the Lapidist upon which he produced a Loadstone, fixt with its irons for the North and South points, which I had the free∣dom to weigh in my Gold-Scales, and the Iron pieces and points and Gold (for Ornament which embraced it) weighed just eleven grains, and it attracted a piece of Iron of an ounce weight. Now, there being according to the Venetian account 6912 Grains to a pound, every ounce is 576 grains, which is 52 times 11 grains so that it took up an Iron of above 52 grains more than its own weight (considering its embracers) and by my description of the Lapidist, he believed, it was bought of the same person and looking upon it as avery great Rarity, I took upon me the Confidence to tell him, That it was pity so great a Jewel should lye concealed, and added, that I believ'd it would be a very acceptable Present to his Majesty: He approved of my Proposal, and accordingly did present it, and it was so accepted, and got a good Office soon after, I cannot say for that, (though it deserved it) but for his own Deserts, and I hope it is still preserv'd amongst his Majesties Rari∣ties.

Another piece of Curiosity I saw in the Hands of Sir Wil∣liam Persal (since Deceased also) viz. a Terrella or Load-stone, of little more than 6 Inches Diameter, turned into a Globular Form, and all the Imaginary Lines of our Terrestrial Globe, exactly drawn upon it: viz. the Artick and Antartick Cir∣cles, the two Tropicks, the two Colures, the Zodiack and Me∣ridian; and these Lines, and the several Countryes, artificially Painted on it, and all of them with their true Distances, from the two Polar Points, and to find the truth of those Points, he took two little pieces of a Needle, each of about half an Inch in length, and those he laid on the Meridian line, and then with Brass Compasses, moved one of them towards the Artick, which as it was moved, still raised it self at one end higher and

higher, keeping the other end fixt to the Terrella; and when it had compleated it Journy to the very Artick Points, it stood upright upon that Point; then he moved the other piece of Needle to the Antartick Point, which had its Elevations like the other, and when it came to the Point, it fixt it self upon that Point, and stood upright, and then taking the Terrella in my Hand, I could perfectly see that the two pieces of Needles stood so exactly one against the other, as if it had been one in∣tire long Needle put through the Terrella, which made me give credit to those who held, That there is an Astral Influence that darts it self through the Globe of Earth from North to South (and is as the Axel-Tree to the Wheel, and so called the Axis of the World) about which the Globe of the Earth is turned, by an Astral Power, so as what I thought imagi∣nary, by this Demonstration, I found real; and am convinc't by this, and other Experiments, That not only the whole Earth is guided by this Astral Influence, (fixt in the Septentrional and Astral Points) but every particular within the circumference of the Terrestrial Globe, hath a Magnetick tendency to the Sep∣tentrional Points, naturally fixt in them, as may be Experi∣enc'd in Plants, Stones and Metals (of which one might write a large Volumn) and it is commonly known, that in Clay, which have not been formerly dig'd (as I mentioned of that under my House (in Title Clay) being dig'd in pieces of 6 Inches, more or less in length, make them into Rolls, pointed at each end, and hang them with a thread in Equilibrio, and they will turn themselves to the North, to shew that there is an obedience in all Vegetables, to the Septentrial Astral conduct, and so it may be evident on every other Vegetable; and though the lesser sorts of them can scarcely be experimented, in respect of their minute∣ness, yet in Plants of greater bulks, we may see the predomi∣nancy of the North Point in their vegetation, which is the rea∣son, why Plants that are removed do not grow, or but very slowly, till they have recovered their first position to the North, by a second compliance to the Northern Magnetick Attra∣ction.

And it is not only thus in Vegetables, but in sensitives and Rationals, which I might inlarge: yet before I leave this Di∣scourse, I cannot but say something of the Constellation that at∣tends this Artick Point, which is called Cynosura, pretended in the stories of Constellations (see Dr. Hood) to be the Daugh∣ter of Calisto, and so had the name of Ʋrsa minor (a Female) yet hath the tail of a Dog, and the end of that tail is called the Pole-Star, and this polar Point is called also Septentrio, from the seven Stars which hover about it, and those seven Stars called Septentriones: Now the Scithians held the polar Point to be an Iron Nail (which is our Axis) and this they adored as a God, and before the Load-stone was known for Navigation, the 2 stars on the shoulder of this Bear or ursa minor, were Directions to the Spaniards instead of a Compas, Card or Needle: the like is said of the Constellation (called Helyce, Sister to Cinosura) which is in the Southern Point, fixt in ursa major; and the seven chief of this Constellation are called Charles's Wayne, and are in the hinder part and tail of this great Bear; but I have said enough of this, especially concerning the Scithians belief, that it was Iron (probably not then knowing the Name of the Load-stone, and therefore called it Iron instead of Load-stone:) but to pass these Metallick Parts of the Terrestrial Globe, and celestial In∣fluences attending them. I cannot but recommend the Expe∣rience I have had (in lying in my bed with my Feet to the North and Head to the South) in my rest, sleep and dreams, from other Positions, which I leave to the Consideration of others; and return to the Magnetism of Metals; wherein all Chimists agree, That Gold is the Magnet of Quick silver, Iron of Copper, Copper of Silver, and Tin of Lead; and these Magnetisms are still guided by astral Influences, not on∣ly of the Seven Peculiar Planets, to the Seven Metals, but to the Septentrional Axis or North Point, which directs the In∣fluences of the Seven Stars upon the Seven Metals. And now I shall conclude, and refer you to that admirable Experiment which our Author mentions of this Jewel, l. 4. c. 20. (colle∣cted

from Serapion (an old Philosopher) as also to Cardanus, (a known Author) who tells us what he had experimented, viz. That if a Knife be touch'd with a Load-stone, it will en∣ter into any part of Man's Body without sense of Pain, not only in thrusting it in, (which is common to all Weapons till the Air entreth the Wound) but also when it is drawn out.

Yet I cannot leave this pleasant Subject, till I have imparted my own Experiments, in making this Jewel (for so Erckern de∣servedly calls it) useful to inform us, as well of the Ebbing and Flowing of the Sea, as of the Alterations of the Weather, and to that End, I fram'd a Model or Case (as is here represen∣ted, but covered with glass) with a pair of little wooden Scales artificially hung by a thread to a thin piece of Wood, plac'd between the two iron Points of the Loadstone, so as the two Scales may hang true under each point, and at each end of the wooden Beam of those two Scales, I fixt two little pieces of Iron, to answer the two points, whereby the attrative power of the two Iron Points of the Loadstone might operate its attractive power on the two lower pieces of Iron on the Beam, and then in one Scale I put in Quick-silver, and in the other certain little weights proportionable to the weight of the Quick silver; and on the Center of the top of the frame I placed an Horizontal Dial, with a Compass-Needle in it (such are commonly sold) and on each side of the frame (at equal Distances from the Center) I placed also upon an extended piece of thin wooden board, two more such Horizontal Dials with Needles, so as the Gnomon's of all three, might answer each other in a dia∣metrical Line. But having been hindred in perfecting my real Apprehension, of obtaining thereby many pleasing and use∣ful Experiments, I must refer the further account of them, till another time.

[illustration]

Sculpture XLII.

LOAM, See Clay.

LOTH, See Money.

LUMP, l. 1. c. 4. Teut. Klumpen. L. Massa, or a piece of any thing compos'd of hard, and moist, mixt, as Clay; &c. but in a mixture of Metals, 'tis called Bolus, and in mixture of light Earths, Gleba: and we also call a fish (which is com∣mon in our Markets) a Lump, in respect of its form, close, and compacted without a regular shape, and the word may

well come from Lumbus or Lumbricus, by changing b into p, which two Letters differs not in their labial utterance, but by the addition of some other Consonant or Vowel: also Lumbus is properly a Store-house (for refuse Metals or lumps of Me∣tals) and for other Wares.

LUTE, Luting, The Teut. calls it Laum, the L. Lutum, and they have a word called Testudo, which signifies not only the outward Case, or belly of a musical Instrument called a Lute, but also Clay, and as Lute for Clay, and as Lute for a musi∣cal Instrument, are synonimus, so they are in their operations, for as the Belly of a Lute serves for reverberations of Sounds which makes them musical, so these Lutes or lutings serves in a Chimical Notion to reverberate or repercuss the spirits of Me∣tals, to make them harmonious and useful to Chimists, and con∣sequently to others who partake of their Art: and therefore the Chimists have a Past or Clay compounded with many Ingredients, whereof the chief is that which they use about the necks of their Retorts, &c. which they call Lutum Sapientiae, shewing the Wisdom of the All-Disposer, that, that Earth which preserv'd the Metal whilst quiet and undisturb'd in its Bed or Mine; is now made use of also, to keep its spirits from be∣ing useless.

MA M MA

MAN, See Vir.

MARCASITE, T. Marcasit, L. Pyrites, and we Marcasite, Erckern saith, It is rich in Gold, Dr. Sal∣mon,

calls it Bismuth, but I find it to be no where else, and makes it to be one of the Recrements of Silver; he agrees with other Lapidists, that there is both a Goldish and a Silverish Marcasite, the one yielding Silver the other Gold, however, they are excellent Fire-stones which we find in our Mines in England, but not so good for Fire-locks, as those which are brought from Germany, &c. And our Marcasites do neither afford Gold nor Silver worth the charge. Diascorides saith, That Brass may be made with composition of this stone, but that will not quit cost, because the Marcasite is not so soft as Calaminaris, but it may be tryed whither by mixing it with Calaminaris it will not give a nobler Tinge to Brass, and be∣cause it is not generally comprehended in Metals, but of an Epicene or doubtful Gender, I shall refer it to Stones.

MARBLE, T. Marmel steine. L. Marmor, and A. Mar∣ble, which is but a little Variation from the general Name of Marmor, in Greek Marmoras, and we have several sorts of them, which consist of various colours and uses, and of these we have in Devenshire, and other Counties in England, good white and black, brown, blewish, green, serpentine, yellow and grey, faintly intermixt, and though, ours consists of various co∣lours and degrees of hardness, yet they are short of those which are brought us from beyond Sea, or at least we think so; and as for the Porphory or red Marble, we have none of it that ever I saw: And the Alabaster which is a kind of soft white Mar∣ble, we have but little good of it, but of the Lapis Lidius or Touchstone, which indeed is a kind of black Marble, by which (being polish'd) Goldsmiths try their Gold without Touch-nee∣dles) and of these we have plenty, especially in Darby shire. (See Touchstone.) but the Occasion of Erckerns mentioning Marble, is because the stone is the hardest of any common stone, and so used by Painters to grind their Colours on, and for re∣ducing Metals into Dust, by Metallists. See Lime, Morter and Stone.

MARK, T. Merch, L. Marca, signifying eight oun∣ces;

the Word in English is applyed eight several wayes: See Dictionarys.

MARK CUTTING, that is, cutting of pieces of Me∣tal which are mark'd out to be divided, so the Art is in divi∣ding of the pieces to be cut, whereby they may bear a just proportion of weight one with another, and this is perform∣ed only with a cold Chizel (Dr. Revell.)

MARLE, T. Marghel, L. Marga. See Earth.

MATRAS, We retain the same Name. See Utensils.

MEASURE, T. Masz, L. Mensura which are conside∣red either of Longitude, Latitude, Altitude or Profundity: and these are sometimes used distinctly, or joyntly, and so re∣duced to Measures of Application, T. Zuphurgung, and to Measures of Capacity, T. Emphaung, the first of the four (called Longitude, L. Longitudo) is termed also in T. Masz, A. Longth, but the Latine hath variety of Words adequat∣ed to the extention of things to be measured, as the Measur∣ing of Lands, Geodesia, &c. 2. Latitude, T. Breit, A. Bredth, broad, and large, L. Largus, and Latitudo: 3. Altitude, L. Altitudo, T. Die hahe. A. Hight. 4. Profundity, T. Lage, L. Log, and Profunditas, A. Depth, deep, and many other names, according to the proportion of natural or artificial Contentures, as Cyathus and Coclearium, &c. about which Di∣ctionaries may be consulted, for I speak only of such as are mentioned by Erckern for metallick uses, of which some are uncertain measures, (viz. a Fingers length and bredth, an hands thickness, and breath, a span, a mans foot, a cubit, &c. and some certain, viz. a yard, an ell, a fathom, &c. and of the men∣surae Capacitatis, some are also uncertain, as Crueibles, Tests, Cruises, Jugs, Pots, &c. and some certain, as Pints, Quarts, Galons, &c. of which in order; And first of the Finger, T. also Finger, L. Digitus, which signifies the length and bredth, but we may read in Georgius Agricola (de mensuris & ponderi∣bus, and other Books) that they consist of several Proporti∣ons; and in Gallen (de usu partium) of several uses: and of

this word Digitus, Holiock makes no less than 24 Observati∣ons: but that which concerns this Subject, I have in part collect∣ed from Cor. Agrippa, that the Thumb, or first finger (Teut. Daum, L. Pollex) was dedicated to Venus and the Moon; and in Metallicks, lucky to Silver and Copper; the fourth Finger to Mars, and lucky to Iron and Copper, red (and yellow, artificial, that is Brass:) the third called digitus infamis (I know not on what grounds) to Saturn and Jupiter: and lucky to Lead, Tin, Silver and Gold: The second finger to the Sun and Sa∣turn, lucky only to Gold: the first or little Finger to Mer∣cury, and lucky to Quick silver, Tin and Silver; and these Notions are the chief Foundations of the Art of Chyromancy or Palmistry, so that by the Fingers and lines in the hands, the temper of men might be the better known for Metallick and Chimical Purposes (but the Poet who ever he was that made this Verse)

Miles, mercator, stultus, bene nuptus, amator;

applicable to the 5 fingers, had I conceive another prospect, to shew that their Fate was at their Fingers ends, and by the Influences of the stars did direct them to their most genuine Imployments, whereby the Chiromancer might know to what one was by Nature adapted; and accordingly, by that Artist, was directed to apply himself: but to pass these Curiosi∣ties, it is writ by several Authors, that the length and bredth of the fingers, and so of the hand, gave the first Rules to the smaller Measures, the next is the Span, T. Span. L. Spithama, which consists of three parts, viz. the Thumbs, (having three joynts) made one; the space between the Thumb and finger, making the other, and one of the fingers (having also three Joynts) making the third, so in all seven; and though these seven do differ in proportion (the spaces and joynts being un∣equal) yet from the top of the Thumb to the top of either finger fully extended, was the span, consisting of seven propor∣tions: and 'tis observable, That David calls mans Life a span,

which afterwards he explains, by saying the Years of Man are seventy, that is, seven decimals, or seven times ten, which is seven spans, so as the short span is from the Thumb to the end of the fourth or little finger, but if he had a long Life or Span viz. from the Thumb's end to the end of the middle Finger, it occasioned but pain in the extending it (from police the Thumb to stultitia the Fools Finger) which is the Vanity he speaks of, and as the spaces differ in proportion, so doth our se∣veral Ages.

The next is a Foot, T. Fusz, L. Pes, and though this natural Foot is an uncertain Measure, yet it retains its name, by a certain new Measure, called a Foot-Rule; and as to the first, I may say, that that Foot hath some Anology with David's Span; for by the Span the length of our Race is adjusted, and by the Foot that Race is to be run.

My next consideration is of a Cubit, which is accounted from the Elbow to the end of the middle Finger. T. Cubit. L. Cubitus, and the same word Cubitus also signifies a Couch or Bed, telling us, That before our Race is run, we grow weary, lay down on our Cubit (or Couch) to ease our Limbs, where we lean on our brachial Cubit or Elbow, and commit our Heads to be supported by our Span, or handle of our Cubit, and then we consider of our abillity or disabillity, in getting to the End of our measure of application, and the Divine Prize of our Race proposed to us.

Next for the mensura capacitatis, it consisted only of the con∣traction of the palm of the Hand, which was originally thought sufficient to hold so much as might quench the Thirst of Na∣ture.

But when by excess we forsook the proportion of our first Constitutions, Frames and Pugils, some having Fingers, Hands and Spans, more than treble to the common length, and also their Feet a Cubit long (as Pliny tells us) and of the Sciopides (which Munster speaks of) that one Foot sheltred their whole Body against the Sun, whereby in process of time, almost all

Men and Women became disproportionate to that perfect proportion (which I have mentioned in my Volatiles on Adam, from Paulus Lovatius) it was time to make some cer∣tain Measure both of Application and Capacity, least the large gripple Hand, should take away all from the lesser, and justify it from its large Dimensions, and therefore much to the Honour of the Botanists and Galenists; the Standard of mea∣sures was made from the Barley-Corn, which is so Noble a Plant, that it is observed (whether it grows upon a fertile or steril Soyl, yet) it continues one constant proportion of Measure (though it may differ in weight) and of these, three in length or six in breadth do make an Inch, whic hthe T. calls ein dannim breit, or the bredth of the Thumb, but in Latine the word is Ʋncia, which they apply both to an Inch of Application and to the Ounce of Ponderosity, still making the Grains of Barly or Wheat their Judges, both in measure and weights: now this Ʋucia or Inch of Application (as Arrius Montanus saith) consists of the breadth of six Barly Corns, thereby making bredth to have a Priority to length) but the later Writers, more properly make three Barly Corns in length, to be the length of an Inch, and twelve Inches of a Foot, and for Measure of Pon∣derosity, those who are for the Troy Weight, make twenty four full Grains of Wheat, and twenty penny Weights to be an Ounce, and twelve Ounces a Pound, which complyes with the measure of Aplication (or 12 Inches to the Foot) and this weight is used for Gold and Silver, &c. but others who are for Aver-de-poise weight allow 20 grains of Wheat to make a scruple, three scruples a dram, and 16 drams to an ounce, and 16 ounces to a pound: and these of Ponderosi∣ties do also comply with the measure of Capacity; for I com∣pute that a Pound of Troy, viz. 5760 grains of Wheat will fill a certain Vessel which the Latines call Hemina, and the English (and in most Europian Languages a Pint (or Pinte) two of which makes a Quart, and four a Pottle, and eight a Gal∣lon, so as the Pound of ponderosity and the Pint of Capacity

are both equal, and this agrees also with the Measure of Appli∣cation, for a foot square (on a cubical account, makes 144 In∣ches, so that for every one of the 144 Inches, 40 grains of Barley being allowed (as the just proportions of Capacity) it amounts also to 5760.

Now as (I have shewn) that the Latines do apply the same word Ʋncia, both to an Inch of Measure, and to an Ounce of Weight (and, it may be, for the Reason which I have given) so they apply the word Ʋlna to a Yard, Ell and Fathom in Mea∣sures (and so by Dictionaries jumbled together) whereby the genuine proportions of those Measures are confounded; where∣as a Yard, in T. Girte, and L. Verda, is applicable to any Rod or Stick, that is not appropriated to any certain rule of Di∣mension; but as Ʋlna or Yard is fixt to a certainty, it signifies the length of 3 Feet, or 36 Inches; and an Ell, T. Ellen, and A. Ell, from Elbow (or Ell-bone, because from that bone to the top of the middle Finger, is accounted a Cubit or a Foot and half) so 2 of those Cubits makes a Yard, and 3 Foot and 9 Inches makes our Ell, and a Fathom, which is a Measure used about sinking our Mines (called also Ʋlna) is two Yards: I might mention many more Measures of Application, used both above and under Ground, for the guiding and working of Mines, as also of other Measures of Capacity, as Furnaces, Ovens, Pots, Pans, &c. used for Metals: but I must not run too far upon this copious Subject; yet because the Ells length, and other Measures (which I have named) are often mentioned by Erckern, and knowing that one Ell English is two German Ells, and the like of many other Measures; I intend this at first, only as a Caution to Assayers, &c. in making Furnaces or Instruments, according to the German or English proportions; which must be left to their Ingenuity to judge, what lengths or bredths are best suiting to their Operations.

MEDALLS. T. Schraw grochen, L. Sigillum fusile, that is, a piece of cast Gold or Silver, wherein some observable thing is represented, and is given by Princes, as Memori∣als

of Virtue, or notable Accidents, and are accounted rather gratifying Presents than currant Coyns, and the word signifies also Counters, or something imprest on them, worthy of our account.

MELTER. T. Schmeltzer. L. Fusor, and by our English, Mine-Workers, (as at Consumlock and Tallibant, &c. in Wales) where they still retain the words Smelter and Smelting, which was brought into us 1. Q. Eliz. by one Hosetter a German; but in fining the Metals (after they are smelted) for distinction, the work is called melting and remelting, or fining and refining, See Alchimist, Metalls, Utensils.

MENSTRUUM, which we Translate Flowers, and de∣fine them to be Purgatio frigidi & indigesti humoris quem natu∣ra quasi noxium ejicit; now the word Menstruum as it re∣lates to the Female Sex, (of which you may read in Pliny, l. 7. c. 15. is pernitious: but our Menstruum relates only to Metalls (which are all seven of the Neuter Gender) and the menstrual parts of them, do afford many great vertues and ex∣cellent medicines, and is the most sublime part of the Scoria's of metalls, and therefore also called Flowers, from its nature of flowing and shewing it self on the top or corners of the Vessells, where it usually resides.

MERCURY. See Metalls, Mineralls and Quicksilver.

METALS, T. Metal and Ertz and the Metal-Work∣er Berck-hawer and Berck-werk from Berg, mons: (wherein they are generally found) and Werk, Opus: and the Latin Metallum and Metallarius, A. Miner; the kinds of Me∣tals are accounted seven viz. Gold, Silver, Copper, Iron, Lead, Tin and Quicksilver, which I treat of in their Al∣phabetical Discourses: But as a Deputy Governour for the Mines Royal in England and Wales, I must aquaint you,

That, 1. as for Gold, (we have it not in Sands as in Africa or America) or so intermixt with other Minerals, that it will requite the charge of Separation, and yet upon information of two Mines (one at Pullox-hill in Bedfordshire, and another in

little Tawnton in Glocestershire) which, as was pretended, con∣tained a great quantity of Gold in the Oar, we granted two di∣stinct Leases; but they proved not at all successful: 'tis true, that among the Tin-Mines in Cornwall, they find little pieces of Gold, and seldom above the worth of 10 s. But this, as they dig for Metal, not in the Metal.

2. As for Silver, we have none, but intermixt with other Me∣tals, especially in Lead; And in the time of the late Wars, Mr. Bushel set up Mills at the Mines in Cardiganshire, and made out of those Lead-Mines 20l. of Silver out of every Tun of Lead: and at Shrewsbury, a Mint by his Majesties Permission was set up, and then coined so much as paid that part of his Army, but it doth not now answer the Expence, or at lest the know∣ledge of it is kept from us: and I am confident we have seve∣ral Lead-Mines in England which would yield in every Tun, from 20 l. to 80 l. of clear Silver, and why this is not put in practise, I shall hereafter disclose.

3. Of Copper we have very good and plentiful; See the word Copper; and why those also are not wrought, I shall say more hereafter.

4. Iron is not in our Patent, only Iron-Wire, for the mak∣ing of which, we have Mills at Tinturn in Monmouthshire; See more in Word Wire.

5. Of Lead We have the Government both in England, Wales and part of Ireland (except the Lead-mines at Dovegang, in Darby-shire, and at Mendyp in Somerset-shire; and also all other Mines that do not hold Gold or Silver, because in those two places, and some others, the Lead is look'd upon to be so poor that no Silver can be extracted from them, or at least, not proportionable to the charge of fining, &c. of which you may see more in my Book called Fodina Regalis.

6. Of Tin, we have also the Power of Inspecting them in all Mines, (except Cornwall, where they are managed by a peculiar Court, called the Stanneries from Stannum, the L. for Tin, of which you my see more fully in Cambdens Britania, p. 185.)

and for other Tin-Mines none do venture on them, because of the great Product of Cornish-Mines.

7. Of Quicksilver we have very little or none in our Mines, so as we are forc'd to have it from beyond Seas, for which rea∣son, whatever others account of this, as the seventh Metal, we cannot, because it is not our Native Metal, and therefore we may rather chuse Antimony, of which we have plenty; or Brass, of which we may make sufficient for our selves and Neigh∣bours.

And there is another Metal which Pliny makes the seventh Metal, by the name of Electrum, containing upon disso∣lution the fourth part of Gold, and a fifth of Silver; but we have none such, yet such a thing is mentioned in Holy Writ: see Fodinae Regales.

And as for Gems, we often find in our English Mines, Sa∣phirs, Amethists, &c. but very imperfect, for want of a strong∣er heat, as in hotter Countries, and about Bristol in the Calla∣mine Hills, there are plenty of such Stones which imitate Dia∣monds, where I had the luck to find one of a good value, which I caused to be cut and set, and yielded a fine splendor.

MINERALLS. T. & A. L. Mineralia; these are Metals of a middle nature, between the 7 Metals and Stones; of which sort, Erckern mentions these; Allum, Antimony or Stibium, Ar∣moniack, Arsnick, Brimstone, Sulphur, Calaminaris, Cinabar, Talk, Vitriol, Nitre, Orpiment, Sandover, &c. which I treat of also distinctly, in their Alphabetical Discourses; but of all these we have so great plenty in England and Wales, that we need not have recourse to Foreign parts for them, only in those Countries where the Metals are not, I do not find any of these, or scarce any other Mineral, for it seems they are of a friendly nature not to part.

Mines, Ertz-Grub, from Ertz-metallum and Grub fodere: (which Word Grub we still retain in England in the same sense) L. minera, which relates to places in the Earth, where Mettals or Minerals are found, and I conceive the word Mine

is no other than a translation of Meus, which the Belgicks write Miine, and the T. Mein, and A. Mine, so as doubtless they have all this sence; that, that Metal or Mineral, which I find in the Earth is Mine (Proprio Jure salvo Rege) and this is still a custom at Mendip, and at the Dovegang before men∣tioned) however altred in other places; but here it only signi∣fies the place or Bed, where the Metal or Mineral is lodged (without relation to the Proprietor) and they who dig for them are called Miners, it may be from Minores, being a People of lesser Quality than those above ground, so that in the Ro∣mans time, they were Slaves, or such as for Offences, were (in∣stead of other Punishments condemned to the Mines (Good∣win's Ant.) See Alchimist.

Whilst I was writing this, a Friend of mine came to me, and seeing me intent about this Book, ask't me why I left some other Subjects about Parliaments, &c. of which I Published but some parts, and others were expected? I told him, that I had not the opportunity of seeing Records, as I formerly had, and so did betake my self to this of Metalls, being far more pleasant, in respect it consisted of greater varieties than any one of the Liberal Sciences or Arts, and withal added, That there is a certain Chain in all our Affairs, by which we are invisibly guided, of which the Story of Joseph (sold for a Slave, yet proved a reliever of those who inslaved him) is significant, and though that Story doth not quadrate in all Mens Actions, to have the like success; yet in this, to me it doth; for even those Notions which I had of this Subject, which began with some dangerous Attempts (as I shall shew) have continued in my mind by accidental Occasions and Imployments, till this very time, that by them I now find my self full of content and hap∣piness, in the Divine and Humane Contemplations of them and their circumstances; and now, Sir, said I, give me leave to be∣gin with the first link of this Influential Chain, which is held at both ends, by the Hand of Divine Providence.

Whilst I was a small Student of Pembrook Hall in Cam∣bridge,

my good Mother (then a Widdow) consulted with Sir Tho. Bendish (a near Neighbour, and related to her) how I might spend the Summer Vacations to Improve my self, and thereby keep me from other inconveniences, which usually attend Youth (being then 17 years of Age, and of that Ʋniversity 3 years) Sir Thomas (who was a Practical Master of most Sci∣ences, and insighted into all, and afterward Embassador to Tur∣ky, whose Transactions there, for 14 or 15 years, deserves a particular History (which in Gratitude I shall endeavor to per∣form) replied, Madam (said he) if you please to intrust your only Son with me, I will my self accompany him for two Months every year, till we have seen the chief Varieties which England affords, that he may be the better accomplish't for Foreign Travels; this favour was kindly accepted, so in three Summers more (before I left the Ʋniversity) he did perform what he promis'd, and the first Summer, our first Gess led us through Darbishire, which affords more pleasing Objects of Art and Nature, than any County of England; but I shall speak only of such things, as relate to the subject of this Book, and of my entrance into the concern of Metals; the Theory of which, with other Rudiments, my Tutor, Mr. Boswel (Brother to the Boswel that was then Resient at the Hague) had imprest in my thoughts: but as to the inducing Practicks, we spy'd seve∣ral Wells near the Roads over the Dovegang (which abound with the poorer sort of Lead Mines) so we rode up to know the uses of them, and we were answered, That they were not called Wells but Shafts like Wells, only Shafts were square, and common Wells round, one made of Wood and Timber, the other usually of Stone or Brick, and whilst we were speaking, a Basket of Lead-Oar was drawn up (as our Buckets are to our Wells) I ask't, whether I might be safely let down in the Basket to see their Works? they assured me I might, and so with Sir Thomas's consent (who in respect of his Corpulency thought not fit to lead the way) I was let down (not in the Basket) but by a strong stick, laid cross the Hook of the Rope,

I sate on it between my Legs, one hand holding the Rope, the other guiding me from grating on the sides; so soon as I was down (being about 24 Fathom, or 48 Yards) the Labourer that waited for the Basket, was quickly informed of my in∣tents, who presently, at my request (promising Reward) fetch't two Candles lighted, by which I saw, that there was no other passage than what I came down in, and by what I was to go into the Mine, but by that time we had gone half way, I told my Conductor, that I could not keep my Candle light, and at the same instant both Candles went out; Sir said he, I pray stay here, and I will go fetch more Candles, for it is nothing but a damp; at which words, my Spirits were much discomposed, yet I had so much left as to crawl back to the Shaft, and suck't in as much Air as relieved me; my Conductor soon returned with more attendents to light me, but I was very unwilling to return again, but gave them liberally something to drink, which the more obliged them to perswade me to see their Works, as∣suring me, That those Damps were not killing, but they had taken care (by keeping open the passage of their Waters) that no such Accidents should happen while I was there, and that they had good Aqua Vitae, Rosa Solis, and good Ale to cheer me; with that, I went to the Mine, where their constant Lamps and Candles, which they lighted for my sake, did make the glitterings of the Oar very pleasant to me, by which I also savv their method of Digging, and vvas vvell treated vvith their pro∣mised Drinks, besides good Beef and Bread, so as their liberal∣lity encreased mine, and then I vvas attended to the Shaft, and so dravvn up as I vvent dovvn, and in my gentle passage, I thought of Virgil's Distick,

* 1.1 Dic quibus in Terris, & eris mihi magnus Apollo, Tres Patiat Caeli spatium non amplius ulnas.

But I vvas not Edified by it, and so I came safe up, and gave a pleasing account to Sir T. Bendish.

From thence vve vvent to Eldon Hole, (being on the

top of the highest Hill, in the Peak-Forest, which we com∣puted to be above an 150 yards long, and more than an 100 broad, the bottom (as 'twas told us) not to be fathomed; and by prying, I had certainly fallen into it (for the ground is slippe∣ry) if I had not been caught hold of.

But Sir Thomas espying some work men making of Walls, (for there and in other stony Countreys, they make their In∣closures of loose stones (or slates) in stead of which in Suffolk, Norfolk, &c. they make Ditches, and plant them with Quick∣sets, on the sides of the banks, but in Devonshire, &c. they use high Mounds of Earth and flag, and plant them on the ve∣ry top of the Mounds, and both are beneficial Fences by their Products, (whereas those walls affords none) but he resolving to try some experiment did ride to them, and by our generous Promises, perswaded three of them, with their Pick-axes and Tools, to mount behind us, to the Hole; where first, they dig'd a pretty large stone, which we tumbled in, and the noise of its motion pleased us: then they dig'd a second stone, as much as six of us could well roul in (for the mouth of the hole was declining) and presently laid our ears to the ground, and we could tell eight score distinctly, before the noise of its moti∣on ceased, and then to our apprehensions, it seemed to plunge it self into water; and so we tryed a third stone, of more than the former Magnitude, with the like Observations, which plea∣sed the Labourers (with the Addition of our Gratuity.)

From thence we went to Buxton's Wells, bath'd our selves that night, and the next morning (of which I shall speak more in the word Waters.) we went to the Devils Arse of Peak, (saving your Reverence, as the learned Mr. Cambden expresseth his Civilities) where we saw a large hole, in the bot∣tom of a steep hill, on the top of which stood an antient de∣cay'd Castle (of which you may read more in his Britania) We had Candles, and saw as much as we could, till we were hindered by running Streams. Now of these two Holes, there are many fabulous stories; but some years after, upon viewing

other Mines, and their Shafts and Audits to them, I apprehend∣ed that this Eldon-hole vvas an antient Shaft (made in the Ro∣man's time) to a Mine, and that the Devils arse was the Mouth of an Audit to that Mine, and I am the rather of that Opinion, because I conceive, That the Level of the Water (vvhich stopt our further passage into that Audit, Arse or Fundament of the Mine) is level with the Water at the bottom of Eldon-Hole, and the word Arse may be applyed upon two accounts, first that upon a Mistake of the word Arse, for the Latine word Ars or Art, where the Romans, when they brought out their Oars of Lead, and probably made Silver of it, and did there∣by shew their Ars Metallica, which the British not being latiniz'd cal'd Ars, and as an Art which they did not under∣stand, they (as the Vulgar do yet) attribute it to the Devil, and so call'd the Devils Arse or Ars diabolica; (as we see in the Weapon Salve or Sympathy Pouder, the knowledg of which two great Secrets were attributed to the Devil, as we may see by Godelmanus, and other Books, till they were convinc'd of their Error: or it might come from Arce the Ablative of Arx, Latine for a Castle, and probably this Castle was originally built to protect the Treasure which came out of the Hole under it, or to keep the Miners in aw (there being the like Castle at the Roman Mines on the Darren Hills in Wales) and possibly the Governour of it being severe in his Duty, the Vulgar (as they are apt to do in any regular Government) might call him, and it, Diaboli Arx, and since opprobriously the Devils Arse, but I have said enough as an Apology for the Word, and for my Opinions therein.

I conceive they are not so fabulous as those which are told in the Country about these two Holes.

Here my Friend interrupted me, and ask'd how Eldon Hole, (from the usual proportion of a Shaft) came to be so large as I described it; I answered, That Gutta cavat lapidem; and if one drop by often cadency will make a hole in a stone, it is easy to be credited, That the fall of Clouds of Waters, (from the

time that this was a Shaft, being about 2000 years) might well widen it, from Virgil's dimension of 3 ulna's, yards or ells square, (for I conceive he meant the Shaft of a Mine) to this great Dimention, at which he smiled: and so I went on; Sir, said I, the next two Summers, we made a further Insight to several mines & Caves with no little danger (which I refer to other Discourses) and also their several wayes in their operations at those Mines.

Some few years after, the Wars came on, where my Spe∣culations were improv'd by the information I had at Oxford, that the Royal Mines in Wales were very helpful to his late Majesty during those Civil Wars (as I have shewn.) And, af∣ter the Wars viz. 1650. telling these Stories to Mr. W. B. he told me, He had a share in the Society for the Mines Royal, and desired to transferre it to me, in trust, which I accepted, and did execute it, for near 10 years after; and then resign'd it, but the Societys finding my Diligence, and Insight into that Affair, were pleased to bestow two quarter parts on me to continue me, and as a Testimony of my Gratitude, in Anno 1670, I writ a Book of their Priviledges and Rules, which I called Fodinae Regales, and dedicated it to them, with a promise to proceed in the publishing of Erckern, which now I have done, and some other pieces which I hope to do.

And thus, Sir, said I to my Friend, I have given you an Account of several Links of this Chain, which guided me in∣to this Laborinth of Metals: But to get out of it, that which I aim at, is to write a little more of their Products, and to offer some Expedient how the Mines may be made more profitable to his Majesty, and to other Proprietors, with some Advantages to the Societies, which, God willing, I shall per∣form in due time, and then we parted, he wishing me good Success to my Endeavours.

And so I went on, where I left, namely to Acquaint the Reader, that Erckern doth tell us of several Mines in Germa∣ny, p. 28. especially in Austria, p. 285. Bohemia, Belgia, Flanders, p. 170. Hungary, p. 103. and Saxony, p. 77. he al∣so

mentions the particular Cities and Villages to which they belong, and where they are refined viz. at Brussells, p. 170. Cracow, p. 208. Cuttenburgh, p. 142. Friburgh, p. 6. Gal∣may, p. 285. Goslar, p. 78. Hessen, p. 285. Holland p. 170. Joakims-Valley, p. 34, Islenburgh, p. 285. Caufingen, p. 285. Knien, p. 100, (where he saith the Mines contain good Duke-Gold) Lick-beter, Manhren, p. 4. Meichsen, p. 4. Mis••ia, p. 6. Norimberg, p. 86. Saxen, p. 4. Schwath Slackenward, p, 83. Shesron, p. 4. Sorath, Suevia, p. 285. and Suabem—Tyrol, p. 285. Villach, and Waldenburg, and many other pla∣ces which he and Geographers do mention (See Heylen) and therefore I think fit also to mention the Counties of England & Wales wherein Royal Mines have been discover'd to us, viz. in Bedforshire, Cheshire, Cornwal, Cumberland, Darbyshire, De∣vonshire, Dorsetshire, Durham, Essex, Glocestershire, Here∣ford-shire, Kent, Lancashire, Monmothshire, Notinghamshire, Northumberland, Rutland-shire, Shropshire, Somersetshire, Staf∣fordshire, Sussex, Warwickshire, Westmorland, Worcestershire, Yorkshire, and in all the twelve Counties of Wales, so as of the 52 Counties there are 38 of them Metallick Counties, but in many of the rest, viz. Barkshire, Buckinghamshire, Cam∣bridgshire, Hampshire, Hartfordshire, Huntingtonshire, Lei∣cestershire, Lincolnshire, Middlesex, Norfolk, Northamp∣tonshire, Oxfordshire, Suffolk, Surry, Wiltshire there are good Minerals, but in some of them neither Metal, Mine∣ral or good Quarries, and yet they are recompenced some other wayes.

Now, though Germany abounds in Metals and Minerals, yet Erckern acknowledgeth that they have a better sort of Cop∣per and Lead from the Mines in Poland (as it seems p. 268.) and a better sort of Gold from Hungary, p. 108. India and Ae∣thiopia, p. 101. and a better sort of Lapis Calaminaris, (and other good Oars of Metal) from England (which Erckern calls Britain, p. 286, and a better sort of Soap, to contemper Me∣tals, from Venice, than their own, so though we have as good

Mines in England, yet we are forc'd (for want of a con∣stant use of them, and thereby improve our Knowledg) to borrow the Products of their Mines, and indeed our chief Knowledg how to work them (as I find by our Records) and they may well have greater Experience than our selves, because Erckern tells us, That the Mine at Goslar, formerly under the D. of Saxony, but now under the D. of Brunswick, hath been in constant working for above 700 years, to his time: and Heylen tells us, That the D. of Saxony's Mines, (the Territo∣ries not so big as England) yields to him above 130000 l. yearly; now why ours are not made so beneficial to us: I attribute it either to Reasons of State, or want of Knowing the several Arts which belong to the Working of them.

MINT, T. Muntz, vel locum ubi monetam cuditur, L. Monetarium, Officina monetaria, Taberna monetaria, Officina Cusoria, A. it signifies vvith us, (as Cowel renders it) the place vvhere the the King's Coyn is formed, be it Gold or Sil∣ver, which is at this present, and long hath been, in the Tow∣er of London, though it appear by divers Stories, and other Antiquities, that in antient time the Mint vvas at Callis, Ann. 21 R. 2. cap. 6. and An. 9. H. 5. stat. 5. cap. 5. the Officers belonging to the Mint, have not been alvvayes alike: at this present they seem to be these; the Warden, vvho is chief of the rest, and is by his Office to receive the Gold or Silver of the Goldsmiths, and to pay them for it, and over-see all the rest belonging to this Function (his Fee is an hundred pounds per Annum:) the Master-Worker, who receiveth the Gold or Silver from the Warden, causeth it to be melted, and delivers it to the Monyers, and taketh it from them again, when it is made (his Allowance is not any set Fee, but according to the pound weight:) the third is the Controller, who is to see that the Money be made to the just Assize, to over-see the Officers and Control them, if the Mony be not as it ought to be (his Fee is one hundred Marks per Annum:) them the Master of the Assay, who weigheth the Gold or Silver, and

seeth whether it be according to Standard (his Yearly Fee is al∣so one hundred Marks:) then the Auditor to take the Ac∣compts, and make them up (Auditor-like:) next the Surveyor of the melting; who is to see the Gold or Silver cast out, and not to be altred after it is delivered to the Melter, which is af∣ter the Assay-Master hath made trial of it; then the Clerk of the Irons, who seeth that the Irons be clean and fit to work with; next the Graver, who Engraveth the Stamps for the Moneys; then the Smiters of Irons, who (after they be Engra∣ven) smiteth them upon the Money; next the Melters that melt the Bullion (that is, Gold or Silver in the Mass or Billot) before it come to the Assaying or Coyning; then the Blanchers, that do aneal, boyl and cleanse the Money (reducing it to its na∣tural colour, viz. to yellow if Gold, and to white if Silver:) next the Porter that keepeth the Gate of the Mint; then the Pro∣vost of the Mint, who is to provide for all the Monyers, and to over-see them: lastly, the Monyers, who are some to sheer or clip the Money, some to forge it, some to beat it abroad, some to round it, and others to stamp or coyn it (their Wages is not by the Day or Year, but uncertain, according to the weight of the Money Coyned by them:) Other Officers have been in former times, now useless, because Mills are used for that purpose, and the Art of Mintage and Assaying of Metals is much im∣proved, by his Majesties great skill and insight into that Af∣fair. See Coin, &c.

Now it seems by Cowel, That Mints were erected in most parts of England, but he mentions no particulars, except Cum∣berland, Northumberland and London, (see his Title Moniers) yet under the word Mint, he cites the 21. of R. 2. c. 16. and 9. of H. 5. c. 5. in which two Kings Reigns, the Mint was removed to Callis, being then under the English Jurisdiction; and I do not find it, either before or since, removed from the Tower of London, except in the late Usurpation, and then his Majesty caused one to be Erected at Shrewsbury, to Coyn the

Silver which was brought thither from the Mines in Wales (of which I have spoken before.)

MISPICKLE. T. Miszpickle; I know no other word for it, being mentioned as a kind of Oar, distinct from others (l. 1. c. 2. s. 11. and l. 3. c. 1. s. 6.) but it may be derived from the next word Missy. See Oars.

MISSY. T. Missy. A. & L. Misy. which G. Agricola from Pliny, calls Atramentum sutorium, or Shoe-makers Black; but Pliny makes it a kind of Vitriol, and is confessed to be a mi∣neral, and the Oar sparkling like Gold; so as I conceive Mispi∣kle is an Oar of the same nature, only spotted; which the T. calls spickled, A. speckled: so it is a kind of Missy-Oar speckled.

MONEY. T. Muntz. L. Moneta, Pecunia, &c. see Coyn, Metals, Measures and Weights; and this Money is proportioned from 20 Grains of Barly Corns, which make a scruple (accord∣ing to Physicians terms) or a Penny according to metallick terms; and 20 pennyes make an Ounce, and 12 Ounces (either of Gold or Silver) makes a pound (according to the Trojan computation, and thence called Troy Weight:) as for Haver du-poise weight, or Haver weight, it hath 16 Ounces to the Pound, and Metals and Gems are not concerned with it: how∣ever, the Barly-Corn bears the sway in both; so the poor pro∣ducts of the superficies of the Earth, seems to give Laws to all our subterranean Treasures, both before, and when it is made passable, and communicable or currant Money; whereby I con∣jecture, that the word sterling Money, may not improperly be derived from Sterilis, or natural unfructified Ground (which is proper for Barly) whereas fertil, dung'd, or artificial Grounds, makes it more ponderous, and its Grains not of so true a stan∣dard for sterling Money, as those of a more Natural Earth.

Now to all Silver or Gold Money, there is an Allay; that is, a taking away part of the fine Metal, and adding the like part of the baser; that is of Copper, &c. and this is done upon two accounts: first, that the baser Metal may make the finer to be

more apt for Coynage: the other is, that the Soveraign of that Government where it is so allay'd, may by the deduction or allay, be paid the full charge for the Coynage or Minting of it: Now the less allay that is put to the Coyned Gold or Silver, doth ren∣der the Government the more Honourable, and the Soveraignty of a greater Esteem, than in other parts, where they have great∣er allay (Vaughan.)

It is good for a Traveller to be skillful in the different allays, whereby, as a Friend of mine told me, That he carried out an 100 l. with him, and with his art of Exchanges▪ in Countrys where allays differ'd, he bore his Charges of Travel, and brought his stock home again; however, this Mony thus allayed, is called Coyn, when the Soveraign Stamp is upon it (which is a Legal Stamp) and every Soveraignty useth a different Stamp, as here in England, and in the Empire, France, Spain, &c. proper to its Soveraignty; and every piece of money so stampt, hath almost a different allay: yet all Princes do agree in severe, yet just, Pe∣nalties, for Counterfeiting allays or stamps, and make it, as in Eng∣land, High Treason. vid. Coke. 2. In. p. 575.

MONYERS. see Money, lately called Bankers.

MORTAR. T. Gips. L. Gibsum, made of Water, Calx viva, Lime and Sand, and used in all sorts of Structures, to cement Bricks or Stones. See Calx and Sand.

MORTER. T. Morsell, Morsner. L. Mortarium, which Minshaw says, is morte earum rerum quae in illo teruntur, and though we write one with an A. the other with an E. for di∣stinction, yet the Beaters for that, and Pestles for this, makes Minshaws discription serve for both of them. See Sand and Pe∣stle and Sculp. II. and IX.

MOULD. T. Model. L. Modulus. A. Frames, &c. See Utensils.

MULLET, T. Mallen & schleifer, L. Molarius, marmori∣us, a little flat piece of marble stone on vvhich Painters grind their Colours, and Metallists their Metal to dust, from molare to distinguish it from the Mullet fish.

MUNK, T. Munich, which I conceive, comes from the L. Munitus (and not from Monicha) as an Instrument that guards and strengthens the Operation of Metals, by covering it from the Air, and therefore though A. write it munk, it were more proper to be writ munt, as an abreviation of munitus.

NE N NE

NEALING or Anealing, T. Abgeadnet. I find it not in our Dictionary, but in Cotgrave it is Nelleu∣re, and signifies a vernishing and enameling: the dif∣ference is in the Arts; that enameling is upon solid Bodies, as Gold, Silver, &c. but anealing is usually apply'd to the co∣loring of Glass, such as we had in former times, and still have in Church Windows, in excellent Varieties, and sometimes 'tis used for tinging or coloring of Stones, where it is done by fire, but here the word is applicable only to such Coppels, &c. which are covered and strengthned with Clar, for resisting the fire, and the manner of anealing them, is allwayes done by a gradual, and not a violent heat. l. 1. c. 10. s. 1. See Amel and Clar.

NEEDLE, And it is applyed to several things, and hath thereupon several Names in several Languages, but in Latine it is called Acus from its Acuity or sharp point, (and is sometimes applyed to ingenuous satyrick Wits;) the French call it Aquila quasi Anquilla (as Minshaw) because it is proportioned like an Eel fish, but the German here calls it Na∣delen from Naeden or Naen, suere, i. e. to sow or stitch toge∣ther,

and this word Nadelin is the nearest to our word Needle.

Which word being used in the New Testament, to shew the difficulty of a Rich man to enter into the Kingdom of Heaven: It stands such men in hand that deal in Metals (in order to make themseves rich) to see how far they are con∣cern'd in the impossibility mentioned in the Text, now St. John makes no mention of a Needle, but St. Matth. ca. 19. ver. 24. saith, It is easier for a Camel to go through the eye of a Needle, (per foramen acûs transire, Sept.) than for a rich man (that is he that abounds in Money, made of metals) to enter into the Kingdom of God; and so St. Mark, cap. 10. v. 24. and in St. Luke 18. 25. but the Latin is foramen acûs, the Needles eye, which, my Author (whom, I cannot readily call to mind, or else I should own him) saith, there was a little Postern Gate in the Wall of Jerusalem, which was called foramen acûs, or the Needles eye, through which a Camel could not pass without Kneeling (which saith Pliny Camels are taught to do) so as by going on their Knees, a Camel might pass through that Gate, which otherwise it could not do; and so the Story alludes to a rich and humble man, who by Humility may easily enter into the Kingdom of Heaven, but not a proud rich man, that will not stoop, but puts more confidence in his money or metals, than in an humble or devout mind, which is imply'd by the bending of the Knees of the Camel.

Now, this word Needle is once only used in the New Te∣stament, by those three Evangelists, and no more, but it is used oftner in the Old Testament to other purposes, and is alwayes joned with the word▪ work, as Needlework. But in the Tran∣slations of the Oriental Languages, the Translators differ, for Dr. Walton in his Polyglot renders Needle-work, Opus reca∣mantis, Opus Polymatrii, Opus Varietoris, Opus picturarum, Opus Imaginum, so as there is nothing of a Needle, but from the Chaldee, and there he translates it opus acu pictum, and from the Arabick which he renders Phrigianum, and Junius and Tri∣melius (published before that Poliglot) in every place of the

Old Testament, where the word Needle-work is used (as in the 26, 27, 28, 36, 38, and 39 Chapters of Exodus, and in the 5th of the Judges, and in the 45 Psalm. ver. 14. for it is used in no other places) do follow the Chaldee and Arabick, in the words Opus and Artificium, but not in acu pictum, yet the two most eminent Poets of their time in England and Scot∣land concur'd in the uniting of those words, for Sandys writes thus, Psal. 45. 14.

Shee shall unto the King be brought, In Robes with Phrygean Needle wrought.

And Buchanan

Dives opum, dives Pictai vestes & auri.

(where note he useth Pictai for pictae, as Virgil, Lucullus, and other Latine Authors do oft change the Diphthong ae for ai) so that Sands hath the Needle-work in the word wrought, and that he calls Phrigian (from Phrigia, where it is supposed that Art was first taught) answering the Translation of the Ara∣bick: and Buchanan, Pictae answering the Translation from the Chaldee; and these Needle-Works are there also called fae∣minalia torta, because the Art is mostly used by Women, and therefore Acus for a Needle is properly declin'd in the femi∣nine gender.

Now, the shape of the Needle was taught us by Nature, for there is a fish which I have often seen on the Coast of Suffolk, which commonly comes there with the Mackerel, and differs only by having a snout of about 12 Inches in length, being a firm bone in the shape of a Needle.

Now, whether this be one of the Needle fishes mentioned by Pliny, l. 32. and call'd Acicula (and one of the 176 sorts of Fishes which he there enumerates, or the Acus Aristotelis, or the Acus Opiani, mentioned by Jonston, lib. de Piscibus, I cannot say; but Cooper, from Pliny (yet I find it not in

Pliny) describes it just like the Suffolk Fish; Acus, saith he, is a Fish long, small, and smooth, on the back colored as it were with green and blew, his Beak long and sharp, and makes this of the masculine Gender, and we call it the Needle fish.

Acus also sometimes signifys an order in Battle, and so called Acus belli, when they are at point of Fighting, Acus also signifys the spiral parts of Wheat, Oates, Barly, &c. being like so many Needles, and not chaff, as most Dictionaries have it: And there is an herb called Acus pastoris, or Acus mos∣chata being full of Prickles like Needles, but vulgarly 'tis call'd Venus's Comb or Charvell, the chief Virtue of which is to provoke Lust, and so may be called Acus libidinis. There are many other Instruments of this name, Needle, which are used by Carpenters to cripple, graple, or joyn houses together, and Thatchers Needles to thatch withall, &c.

But the chief Application of this word Needle is in Naviga∣tion, and there called Acus Navigatoria, or the Mariners Needle, or Compass, in respect that he compasseth the Seas, by the Virtue which it borrows from the Loadstone; (of which I have spoken at large) and is of such a transcendent Nature, that which way soever the ship moves, still the head of the Needle fixeth it self to the North, and the other point to the South, and this admirable Instrument hath no other title in our Lan∣guage than Needle: I hope that none that shall read this long Discourse of Needles will think it needless: but it was from Erckern's Touch-needles which he calls Streith Nadelen, and Agricola, de re Metallica, calls them sometimes Gold, or Silver or Copper Needles, by the touch of which the worth of each Metal may be known, and they differ in the making, form∣ing and shaping of them, as may be seen in Sculpture 8. & 18: and in G. Agricola, p. 199. which shews them in an acular or Needle▪form.

Now, there being great trouble and nicity in making of them either way (for indeed it is one of the most curious pie∣ces about the Metallick Chimistry) therefore the Chimists,

Goldsmiths or Tryers of Gold and Silver (to save trouble) do make use of a Touchstone, being a kind of soft Marble, of which you may read more in Stones. I read but of one sort of Needles more, which Cambden speakes of, in his Britania, p. 700. viz. of a Vault under the Church of Rippon where there was a little hole, called St. Wilfred's Needle, through which a virtuous Woman might pass with ease, but if she were otherwise disposed, she did not pass, but stayed below to be tryed of what Metal she was made.

NILE, or the River Nilus. See Gold, Metal, Mine.

NITRE, a light, ruddy, yet white substance, full of holes like a Spung, and resembling common Salt almost in colour; but quicker of Taste, and is mistaken by some for Salt-Petre; there is also a Nitre which comes out of Africk, of a purple Colour, but that which is now commonly sold to us for Nitre, is Salt Petre refined and candied, and used sometime in stead of Borax.

NOSEL, See Ʋtensils.

NUMBER, See Arithmetick.

NUT, See Measures.

OA O OA

OARS. T. Erkes. A. and Saxons, Oar. Danes, Aare and Aaure, the L. Metallum Crudum (Skinner) for I find no single word for it, unless it be Fodina, which may be applyed to other dig'd things; but in our Patents for the Mines Royal, is writ Ewre, which sig∣nifies

a place where Water is, for Water allways attends Me∣talls, and from thence the Ewres, which was formerly made of Silver, to pour Water into Basons, is called Ewre; and from thence comes Sewer, or one that takes care for drawing of Wa∣ter, where any Land or place hath more than is necessary, but generally in our Language, we call that which is digg'd from the Bed of any Metal, Oar; as if one should say O admirablilia Rerum Metallorum, for most of our Monosyllables are but ab∣stracts of many words compacted into one, as may be seen in Sir Edward Coke's Instit. and other Learned Etymologers; also we usually call those Oares wherewith Watermen Row their Boats, aluding to the pains and labour which is used with the Arms in both Professions, by Digging and Rowing; there is also Leim∣ster-Oar, of which I have spoke, under the word Flocks: but of the Metallick Oars, there are as many sorts of them, as there are Metalls: yet I find but four Latine Words, and those compounded; viz. Balluca, for Gold Oar: Pomphilix, for Copper or Brass Oar: Stricturae, for Iron Oar: and Plumbago, for Lead Oar (Holliack) and therefore Erckern sometimes calls the Products of Metalls, from the Mines Erks and Oars, and sometimes Stones, Goldt-stein, for Gold Erk or Oar: Silver-stein, for Silver Erk or Oar: Kupfer-stein for Copper Erk or Oar: Bley-stein for Lead Erk or Oar: Zein-stein for Tin Erk or Oar: Speiz-stein, for Quick-silver Erk or Oar: Ein-stein, for Iron Erk or Oar: Slack-stein, for Steel Erk or Oar: But I conceive, that when he useth the word ERK, it signifies the OAR joyned with the Excrement, and when STEIN, it signifies the intire Metal, separate from the first crude and heavy Matter: Now the Names that he gives for distinction of OARS are these (as they are variously dispers∣ed in his V. Books) viz. Blent Oar, Cat-silver Oar, Cobolt Oar, Copper and Coppery Oar, Crude Oar, Fleaky or Flacky Oar, Float Oar, Fresh Oars, Glassy Oars, Glittering, Glistering and Glimmering Oars, Gold and Goldish Oars; also white, red, brown, Goldish Oars; Grey Flints, called Iron-man-Oars and gross

Oars; horny, hard, harsh Oars, Lazure Oars, Leadish or Lead Oars; mild and muddy Oars, Slate-stone Oars, Silver, silvery, spady, sparkling, spelter, spizy and sulphury Oars; also Talk, Tin∣ny Oars, Washt and Wolferan Oars; and many others, which are dispersed in several parts of his V. Books: and some of them discoursed of here also, in their Alphabetical order; es∣pecially where we retain the same Apellations for the like Oars, to which the Reader is referred.

ORANGE. Orpiment. See Colours.

OVEN. T. Offen. L. Furnax, and the same words are used for Furnaces; but Kilns, which are a kind of Ovens, are called T. Calk and L. Calcaria and Furnax: of the several sorts of these, you may see in the Sculptures, in their proper pages: viz. the Athanor in page 2: 123. 161. 172. 177. 185. 207. a Wind Furnace, p. 2. 56. 200. an open Furnace, p. 2. an Assay-Oven, used by the ancient Refiners, p. 13. an Assay-Oven, used by the Norimbergers, p. 13. an Assay-Oven made of Tiles, p. 13. 235. an Assay-Oven made of Potters-Loam. p. 13. 235. an Assay-Oven made of Armour Plates; p. 13. 153. a Granulating Kiln, p. 56. an Oven to burn Sil∣ver, p. 80. a Roasting Oven, p. 112. the By or Side Ovens, p. 123. 161. 172. 177. 185. Oven for Retorts, p. 177. a melting Oven for Copper Oars, p. 248. and others. Now for your assistance in the more fully knowing of these Furnaces, you may read Dr. Salmon's 5th Book of the New London Di∣spensatory; which I have formerly cited, where from p. 821. to p. 828. he makes 17 several Furnaces for several uses, and each of them may also be varied, according to the Ingenuity of the Artist.

OUNCE. See Weights.

OUTLANDISH. T. Eintrembbling-Auszleanger, L. Extranens, Aliegena, Exoticus, which A. terms Strangers, A∣liens or Forraigners; all intending those who are not of the same Country, and those the Jews called Heathens, and the Greeks (according to Plautus) Barbarians. See Metallick Countrys.

OX T. Oches, Rind and Rund. L. Bos and Teriones,

quafi terra terat (Minshaw) we call a gelt Bull, a Steir or Runt; but the Germans call a Bull ungelt, a Steer; and the Lat▪ have also a Distinct name, Taurus: and A. properly a Bull: so the Ox hath three names, viz. Ox, Steer and Bullock, and these are of the greatest size, and it is called Bullock, or more properly Bullack, because it lacks something which it should have: the lesser sort are called Runts (according to the Teutonick word) viz. Welsh or Scotch Runts, these and the females of this kind have several other names, as Beeves, Cows, Neat, &c. in which the metallick Art hath little to do, but with their Blood, Bones, Dung and Tallow, which are employed for several uses about Metals▪ and their meat for the sustinance of the Artists. See Blood, Bones, Dung, Tallow.

OYL, T. Oele, L. Oleum, and Linseed oyle, T. Lein-sa∣men, L. Linarus: Which is no other with us than the seed of Flax, which in other Languages is Line or Linnen: but for the Oyl of Linseed it is well known to all that do paint with oyl, that it hath this Quality, that though it be liquid like other oyls, yet is of a more drying nature than any other Oyl, and therefore the more fit for Metallick Lutings, &c. lib. 2. cap. 27. sect. 53.

PA P PA

PAGAMENT. I retain the word, because I find that in Florio's Italian Dictionary, Pagamento sig∣nifies any kind of Payment, l. 1. c. 1. s. 1. which sig∣nify any broken pieces of Coin'd Money, which before made

good Payments, and this word we abreviate from Pagamento.

PALE-COLOUR. T. Bleich, L. Palidus, and A. Bleak, Bleek or pale. See Colours, l. 2. c. 43. s. 1. and we have a word Pale, which the T. call Pkall, L. Palus, used for pieces of wood to pale in or impale a piece of Ground, or in∣close it with Wood, as with a Garment (from pallium an out∣ward Garment, which being decayed of its native colour, there usually grows moss on it, of a pale colour.

PAPER, T. Pappyr, L. Papirus (l. 2. c. 23. s. 3. of which Pliny saith, That all civility of this life, and the memorial and mortality also of Men after Death (by which he shews that he was not of the Sadduces opinion) consisteth in Paper, which saith he, was made of a Plant, having the name of Papirus, and he cites Varro to tell us, That the first Invention thereof was in the time of Alexander the great when he conquered Aegypt, and built Alexandria, where it was first made; and till then their Memorials ever were writ on stone, lead or Brass, &c. and, as I take it, Josephus tells us, that upon Enochs Pillar of stone, (which remaind to Moses's time) were writ those things which were done before the Flood. Also the Ten Commands were writ upon Stone: but for more easy Portage, and transmitting the minds of men one to another, Paper was invented (as Pliny saith) in Aegypt from the Bark of a Plant, lib. 13. c. 11. and 12. where you may read the several names it had, the first and best sort called Augusta, the next Livia; &c. and many more sorts of it, and tells you also the manner of making it; and that, what they did not use of that Plant for Paper, was imploy'd for making little Boats, and the outward Rind, for many uses, especially for Ropes, which makes me think, that the Withy tree which grows plentifully in Worstershire (of which I have spoke in the word Coal) is of the same nature, for this Plant Papirus (as Funcius saith) was about ten Cubits high, and so is the Withy, and that Papirus grew about Nilus, and other wa∣terish places, so doth Withey, and that they made ropes of it, and so they do of Withy: so that I conceive, the inward

Bark may make the like Paper, which may be tryed for expe∣riment-sake only; for our Paper (made of Rags by Water-Mills, call'd Paper Mills, of which I have seen many in England) is much better and more useful with less charge) however, the Knowledg of such antient things are not to be lost, and what∣ever Pliny saith of the Antiquity of it, the Chinists pretend to the use of Paper long before Alexander, as a Friend of mine (Cap. J. Hall) told me who had been thrice at China, and the last time brought me a fair Book, all written in their Language long before that Emperor, and that the leaves were only made of the Bark of a Tree, but of that he could give no certain Account.

To PEARCE, or Pierce, T. Booren, L. Forare (lib. 1. c. 34.) and we after the T. to Bore, probably alluding to the Bore, who, in rooting up the Earth with his Snout, doth as it were bore it, for the Lat. calls a Bore, Aper, because he doth aperire humum, and so by boring it doth open a passage into Metals or other things.

PEEBLES. See Stones.

PELLICAN. T. L. A. and all from Pellecanus (Sculp∣ture 29. f. 4.) the Greek word signifies perforare, or to pierce through; in allusion to the Bird called a Pelican, which hath a bended Bill, by which, (as 'tis said) when her young ones are poisoned with eating Serpents, she picks an hole in her Brest, and gives her Blood to them, which cures them; and so this Instrument, doth as it were suck the blood or spirits out of se∣veral Ingredients (for so Blood is composed in Bodies) of which the Aqua fortis and Aqua regis are made, and by those waters both Gold and Silver are cured of their poisonous natures.

PENDULA, See Sculpture XI, these are of two sorts, one hanging constantly in a perpendicular line, the other is in a constant motion▪ and of a late Invention for Clocks and Wat∣ches, and made of Iron or Steel.

PETREFACTION or Petrification, T. Stein-Drehen, L. Petrificatio, which is nothing else than a making that to be, which before was not, a Stone; and this effected by Art or

Nature, those which are done by Art are the Counterfeits of Gems, as Rubies, Saphirs, Emeralds, &c. and Counterfeits of Gross Stones, as Marble and other common Stones: but I speak of such as are done by Nature, and those of what I have seen, which I conceive are only performed by a peculiar Water ordained for that purpose, as at Poolls-Hole in Darby∣shire, where are great grey Stones, like our Free-stones, made by the cadency of Water, and some of those stones also ce∣mented by Water, so as there are two or three large Arches of those stones cemented by Water, and where they were not per∣fectly joyned; by the light of Candles, I could see through one Arch to the uppermost, and so they lay promiscuously in the Vault, as big as a little Church: the lesser Stones are in the nature of Icicles, but not bright, and so encreased in hard∣ness, length and dimension, according as the Water descends on them, so as at the points are drops of Water still conden∣sing into Stone.

The next which I saw, was at Oky-Hole, near Mindip-Hills in Sommersetshire, where the nature of that constant dropping, petrefy'd it self into a Christaline Form, and so seem'd (by the light of Candles, of which I had store) as so many Christal Ici∣cles.

After this, I had occasion to Visit Sir Robert Coke, at his House called Durdans, in Surry, now belonging to the Honoura∣ble Earl of Berkly, where I found an Artificial Groto, made of Flint Stones, and looking up to the top, I perceived many little pendent Stones like Icicles, hanging on the Arch▪Flints, and calling Pool's and Okey Holes to mind, I broke off some of them, and found them to be congealed Stones, and as the others were of a Free-Stone and Christaline temper, these were Flinty drops of Water hanging at the ends, like the other almost con∣gealed stones.

These Observations I made of Lapidinous Waters, conden∣sing themselves from the matter through which they pass.

The next are of the like Waters penetrating other Substan∣ces,

so petrefying them: and one of them is near Knasborrough Castle in Yorkshire, where there is a Well which turnes pieces of Wood and Leaves into Stone, and other things of a comply∣ing nature: But I had a Honey-Comb presented to me from thence, which was made perfect Stone by that Well, which I the more wonder at, because things of cerasious tempers, are usually Resistables to Water.

The other is that at Deepham in Norfolk, there is a Tree 13 yards about near the root, and at least 80 Foot high, which bears a flower very pleasing to the Ey, and Smell. Sir Tho. Brown Doctor of Physick, eminent for universal knowledg, call'd it while he lived, a Teasle Tree, and said, That he never saw but one of them, about the further part of Germany, and that many had try'd to graft or inoculate part of it, but with∣out success. Now at the bottom of this Tree there is a Spring of the like nature, with that in York-shire for Petrefaction; now, I wish, that a Graft might be carryed from thence into York-shire, and planted near that petrefying Well, by which it might be seen whether the Tree gave any such Virtue to the Spring, or the Spring to the Tree: from which, and other In∣quiries I have still been diverted by publick Imployments.

The last which I shall mention, is of Earth which hath a pe∣trifying quality, and this I was only inform'd of by Mr. Castle, a known person both for Integrity and Estate, in one of whose Mannors, near Cambridge there is an Earth, where as he told me, He had taken up several pieces of Wood which were tur∣ned into perfect stone, and this is confirmed, in Cambden's Brit. p. 401. of a Ladder turn'd to stone, which, he saith, was taken out of the Earth at Asply Gowish (I suppose in the same Mannor) which was kept in the Cistertian Monastery, near Asply, as a great Rarity, and I have both read and heard of the like Earth in other places: But it is an Error to attribute this to the Earth, whenas it is only a lapidinous Water, which is in the Earth, and infuseth it self into such porous Bodys, and so makes it become stone, and that which confirms me herein,

is, That near this, there is a Quarry of stone▪ or Earth and water turn'd to stone, but it is of that nature, as Mr. Castle in∣form'd me, That if it be digg'd by the Rule of the Compass, and mark'd N. for North, and S. for South, &c. and laid in any structure as it was digg'd from the Quarry, it proves a very durable stone, but if laid otherwise, it moulters to sand; which is of late years not only observ'd, in digging and placing other Stones (though more consolidated) but also in removing Plants, derived from Water and Earth.

Now I observe in the whole matter, That this Water that thus petrefies it self or other substances, is adapted with a lapidinous Nature, not only to condensate it self but such other substances as may imbibe that quality: so that it is not proper∣ly called, cold (as is commonly said) that turns water into Ici∣cles, but a volatile lapidinous water, that flyes about, which as cold or coldness doth improve to petrefaction, so Heat or other warmths do hinder from condensation, and this petrefy∣ing water is of a salt and frigid nature, as we may see, that if Snow and Salt be put into a silver, tin or pewter Pot, and set on a Board, wherein fresh water is to be pour'd, and then move the liquor about in the Pot with a Stick, and in less than half an hour the water under the Pot will be congealed to an Ice, and so will glew or freeze the Pot and Board together, of which you may read more in Berkley's Argenis. So I shall referr the further Discourse of Petrefying to the word Waters.

PEWTER, T. Speauter, but the Pewterer or maker of it is called Kanngiesser, L. Plumbus Cinereus (Holliock) and Argentanus (Minsh.) but the Italians call it Stagnaro, from Stannum, Tin, for it is properly an Art derived from the Stanniries or Tin Mines; because the best Pewter is where all or the greatest part is Tin, yet they put with it sometimes Silvery Lead, but for want of that, a little poor Lead, or the Ashes or Dross of Lead, but when it is much adulterated with Lead, it is quickly discerned by the weightiness of it: but the

T. calls a Pewter Dish, Dish Zienen schueshel, which is a Dish made of Tin. l. 2. c. 20. s. 2.

PIBBLES, T. Keisel-steine, from Kisel a Flint, L. Cal∣culus à Calcando, because it may be kick't up and down; and as they are little of themselves, so they are of little use about Metalls, otherwise then as they are beaten and mixt with Metallick Flints, l. 1. c. 4. s. 2.

PICTURES, T. Bilden-Geinaild-a-maklen, L. Pictura and Imago; the Makers of these are called Picture-Drawers, Limners and Painters, and these are of several sorts, but the chief Composition of their Colours are from Metalls; especially the Effigies on Coyns, which may be numbred amongst Picturas solidas, and this admirable Art of Picturing is borrow∣ed from Nature; so that in this Age the Art is come so near to the Original, that nothing but want of Life, seems to distinguish them. l. 2. c. 48. s. 2. See Sculptures.

PINCERS, T. Zangs, from thence we have our word Tangs or Tongs, that is, to hold fast; L. Forceps and Volsella, these are of several sorts and sizes, according to the uses; for common Fires they are called Tongs, for small Works, Plyers and Nippers; but in Metallick Work, Pincers or Tongs: see Utensills, and Sculpt. 11. &c.

PIPKIN, T. ein Topfein, from whence our word to tope or to drink, and the Potters Clay, of which these Pots are made, is called Toepff, L. Ollula, a little Pot, and these are used about Metalls. See Utensils.

PITCH, T. Pech (according to Minshaw) but Erckern, Bech, L. Pix, and so most of other Languages, writ with P. and this Pitch is a Black Gum, which comes from a Tree of that Name, but are of the sort of Pines (whereof we have none in England) but have the Gum plentifully from other parts; the white Pine yieldeth a white Gum, the Pitch or black Pine, a black Gum; we have several uses of this Word; viz. the pitch of an Hill; to pitch a Bar; to pitch Tents; and a pitch't Battle: and all are but Allusions to the glutinous nature of this

Gum, used in Luting of Metallick Vessels: l. 4. c. 12. s. 2.

PLANCHES: see Blanches, both of them signifying white pieces of Silvery Tin-Plates, and sometimes for Wedges of Gold or Silver, or other Metalls, and from thence the word Planks are used, for flat or plain pieces of sawn Wood, thicker than Boards: l. 1. c. 1. s. 1. See Blanches.

PLATES of Metal, T. Ein Blat ven Metal, also Blech, L. Lamina, l. 4. c. 4. s. 4. or pieces of Metal made flat and smooth, and these are of Iron, Tin, Brass, Copper, and such as are of Silver or Gold (wrought in various shapes) as Cups, Di∣shes, &c. are still called PLATES.

PLASTER, T. Gips and Tinchwerk, L. Gipsum and Emphlastrum, this is a composition of Quicklime, made of com∣mon Lime-stones, but the best is of Alabaster, and this is used without any mixture of Sand, and is an excellent Fence against Water; but Pliny tells of a natural Plaster in Cyprus; but we have none such, and therefore do use Alabaster or Talk, both of which he mentions (l. 36. c. 24.) wherewith in those days they made Fret Works and Images; but of later years they are grown to a great Perfection, by a Past of that Plaster, to mould and fit it to any part of Man or Woman, and so take the perfect proportion of that part, be it of Face or Hand, and when that is dryed, they put a like past into the Mould, so as by joyning of the part so moulded, the whole Body of a Man or other Creature may be represented, in a pure white shape; which may be coloured as they please: These are graceful Fi∣gures (and may be seen at many Stone-Cutters, but very sub∣ject to break) yet much less than those of Wax, which Art is also come to great Perfection. See Utensils.

POLISH. T. Polieren and Polirs. L. Polire. l. 1. c. 34. s. 6. and this is done by rubbing Metal with Puttee (made of cal∣cin'd Tin, or withother Stones (as the Hemathite, &c. see Blood-Stone) or other smooth and hard Metals, as Steel, Iron, &c. to make it render its natural or artificial colour more beautiful; and it may have a just relation to Policy, by which Art, even

Governments of Kingdoms, States or Cities are made smooth and pleasing to the Judgments of Men. See Hemathite.

POTTERS-work, and Pots, T. Toepffer, Zeug or Werck, L. Figulus, and Operator Figuli, (l. 1. l. 2. l. 4.) that is a maker of Pots; which the Jews well knew when they wrought in that ART under Pharaoh, but whether they were metallick Pots, as Crucibles, Tests, &c. it is not said: and he that is a good Assayer as Erckern was, will see them made himself, and not trust to the Potter. See Clay, Pots, Cruises, Jugs and Utensils.

PRECIPITAION, T. Nider Schlag, (l. 1. c. 33. s. 3.) L. Precipitatio, or to beat or to make that Nider, or Nethermost, which was uppermost, and I do use the words often to cast down, for so L. precipitatio signifies: Now how Metals are thus cast down or precipitated, is seen in several parts of the four first Books: but the general way of Metals is first to dis∣solve them in Aqua fort. or Aqua Regis, or Spirit of Nitre, or Vitriol, and then they may be precipitated with Sea water and Alcalious Lixiviums.

PROCESS, (l. 2. c. 45) is no other than the proceeding in the Metallick Art, as it is in the proceeding of the Civil Law, till Judgment, &c.

PROOF, proving, l. 1. l. 5. Vid. Assaying, of little diffe∣rence, for Proving is but an Assaying

PULVERATION, and Pulverising (l. 1. c. 8. s. 4) sig∣nifies the beating of any Oar, Metals or other things to dust, (somtimes called T. Slaut. L. Pulvis) or to ashes. (T. As∣chen. L. Cinis,) or to Pouder, (T. Pulvir, L. Pulvis:) and these three are made by natural or artificial Fires or Heats (for con∣tunding or beating things to dust, ashes or pouder, is but an artificial motion of Heat (for no motion is without heat:) and these dusts, ashes or pouders are but the last Works of Nature upon all Bodies, for the next work is a metaphysical reducing the Ashes of all Bodies to a Purity; and as we see here the dust of Metals and other things by Calcination, Incineration or pul∣veration,

what admirable products are from them; so we may thereby be convinc'd that the Omnipotent Chimist of all Creatures will shew his Divine ART, in improving the Dust and Ashes of our Bodies into a greater Purity than what we in this World (or terrestrial Mine) can injoy: for here we are subject to all impure Mixtures till a super-celestial fire shall purify us, and who knows but that the Spheers of the seven Planets are the Gradations of those seven Fires which David speaks of, with which we must be seven times refined, before we can be admitted into St. Paul's third Heaven or the Heaven of Heavens: and I cannot here but call to mind the Rapsody of Dr. Donne (Ser. vol. 2.) speaking of the Resurrection of our Dust; saith thus,

Where be all the splinters of your Bones which a shot hath shivered & scattered in the Air? (or, of those Bones which the Metallick fires have consumed to ashes?) where be all the Attoms of the Flesh which a Corrosive hath eaten? or a Consumption hath breathed, and exhal'd away from our Arms or other Limbs? in what wrinkle, in what furrow, in what bowel of the Earth, lye all the grains of the ashes of a Body burnt a thousand years since? in what Corner, in what Ven∣tricle of the Sea, lies all the Jelley of a Body drownd in the general Flood? what Coherence, what sympathy, what de∣pendence maintains any relation, any correspondence between the Arm that was lost in Europ, and that Legg which was lost in Africa or Asia (score of years between)? One Hu∣mour of our Bodies produceth Worms, and those Worms suck and exhaust all other humours, and then all dyes, and all dryes and moulders into dust, and that dust is blown into the River, and that pudled water tumbled into the Sea, and that ebbs and flows with infinite Revolutions, and still, yea still God doth know in what Cabinet every seed pearl lies; in what part of the World every grain and particle of every mans dust doth lye.

Now we are to believe, that this scattered Dust over all the Elements shall (in the twinkling of an eye) have a glorious Re∣surrection,

far more glorious than what is producible by Me∣tallick Art, which serves here but as an Illustration of what may be expected hereafter; but to return to our Chymical Dust, Ashes and Pouder, the dust of Diamonds is most remarkable, because nothing can master, cut, or polish a Diamond, but by its own dust; and it is a delicate Art, especially their Mills, by which with the dust of it they make so many curious Angles, as that they are all reflectionary glitterings, and sparkling Lights to each other.

Then for Ashes, the several Lixiviums or Lees which are made of the several sorts of them, they are of great use in Chi∣mistry, especially those that are made for Salt-petre, without which scarce any Metallick Operation can have good ef∣fects.

And for Pouder, the most eminent is, that which is made for Guns, viz. (of Salt-petre, Charcoal and Brimstone, and some other ingredients to heighten their tempers,) and when it is perfected for the use, it doth as it were revenge its own Con∣tusions, by shattering the pieces of others almost into Atoms, and therefore called T. Buechsen-pulver, L. Pulvis tormentari∣us, as if it had been invented by the Friar, to torment others be∣fore their time.

Now seeing I am writing of Gun-pouder, I have long since considered of the vast quantity that is spent in Salutes, &c. and it was my chance to meet with an Ingredient of a cheap rate, with which, supposing a pound of pouder to be used, I took a 4th. part of it, and three parts of my Ingredient, (which was not of the charge of a 4th. part of Pouder,) and with that mixture did make a Report rather greater than less than the whole pound of pouder would have done; but this compounded pouder is more for noise than execution, which is the chief use of Salutes, or for Triumphs, whereby half 3 parts of 4, in the charge of com∣mon Gun-pouder may be saved.

And seeing I have told you of a pouder of Salutation, give me leave to tell you, That I have found out a pouder of preser∣vation,

such as without Salt shall keep Meat in its Blood and Gravy, untainted or unputrified for more than a year: of which some little experiment I have made, but not sufficient to satis∣fy my self.

There is yet another Powder which I am to speak of, viz. a Powder of Dulcification, which is a peculiar Art, but for that I shall conclude with Herbet, that Divine Poet, as an ad∣monition for the good use it,

When Hair smells sweet through Pride or Lust, The Powder hath forgot the Dust.

PURIFICATION, purifying, T. Rein, Reinigen, Saeu∣berung, L. Mundatio, Purgatio, Purificare, Clarificare, Defae∣care, to separate Metals from dross, either by washing, by clari∣fying, filtring, digestion, or distilling; and this is done by water only, or by fire only, and somtimes by both joyntly: See Clean∣sing, Purging, Clarifying.

PUTRIFACTION, T. Verrottung & Verfalung, L. Putrifactio. A. Rottenness, Corruption, Putrefaction, &c. as Bees from a Lions Carcass (Judg. 14. 8.) Snakes from the Corruption of Horse-hair, Magots and Flies from corrupt Flesh, Eels from corrupted Dews: and in all Histories of Nilus it is said, That the Mud thereof breeds (besides other larger Crea∣tures) an infinite number of Mice, in which Experiment, we need go no further than the Island of Foulness, in Dengy hundred, in Essex; where, as my Author Mr. Bernard (a very credible Gentleman) affirm'd to me, and it is confirm'd by Chiswell in his Britania Baconica, that about the end of every year, in his ground there, a prodigious number of Mice, were bred from the Soil of his Grounds, so as he had often seen some of them not fully shap'd, and these Mice about August, did de∣vour all the roots of the grass, whereby the grass being wither∣ed, the whole ground seemed like a bed of chaff, wherein the Mice delighted themselves; but whilst they were in their sports,

about the end of every September there came a sort of little Owls (in great numbers, but much less than those which are bred in England,) and so being fill'd and fatned they flew away again, and what with the chaff and carrion of the Mice, and dung of the Owls, the next Spring the grounds produced again plenty of Grass, which fatned him yearly many good Oxen: Now this putrefaction is not only seen by producing such In∣sects, but in Metals, for the Rusts of them are but rots or putre∣factions, as when Ceruse is produced of Lead made rotten with Ʋrine or Vinegar; and Verdigrise produced from Copper made rotten by fumes of Wine, and many such like putrefactions. See Pulveration, &c.

QU Q QU

QUARRY, T. Steinegruben (which word Grub is used in English to search for Stone, &c.) L. Lapidicinia, La∣tonia, Latumia, Lithomia, and Fodina; and for a Quarry of Mill-stones, Cotaria.

It is not agreed from whence this word is derived, but the French comes nearest to the matter, viz. Querir, from the La∣tine Quaerere to seek (or pro qua re quaerit; and so an Hawk is said to have her Quarry, when she hath got what she flew at; however it is called also fodina, which is the title to a Mine, and indeed the Mines for Metals, Minerals and Stones, are so near of kin that they may all be called properly Fodinae, See Mines, Minerals, Stones, Waters.

QUENCH (or to Quench) T. Ermorden, that is, to put to Death, also Andeschen, L▪ extinguere, which (in Metals)

is, when the heat of them are taken away by cold water, so quench∣ing thirst is the allaying of heat in the body by some cooling li∣quids: and it may also come from the Quince Apple, which hath the quality to allay flames, thirstiness, &c. coming from hot causes.

QUICKSILVER, T. Quecksilver, L. Argentum vivum, Argentum liquidum, & fufile, & Hidrargirum▪ or Argenteum aqueum, and this by Chimists is devoted to the Planet Mer∣cury, and so by them also called Mercury, for its Agility; and therefore the Heathens (who worship'd it as a God, yet) put an humane shape on it, with Wings to his Feet.

But our Metallick Mercury or Quicksilver is of two Sorts, viz. Adulterated, and Natural; as for the Adulterated, it is easily discovered, by putting some of it into a Spoon, and so over fire let it evaporate, and if it leaves a black, or duskishness, 'tis false, but, if white or yellow, 'tis good. As for the Natu∣ral (as I said in the word Metal) we have very little or none in our Mines, so that we do fetch it from our Neighbours out of Hungary, Spain or America, &c.

Many have written largely of the Nature of it, and there∣fore I shall only tell you, It is seldom found in the Earth with any of the beforenamed Metals, but delights it self in the Cin∣nabar, Vermilion, or Minium Stone (of a Metallick nature, (much us'd by Painters and Dyers) and there naturally is enclo∣sed; and Mr. Nicolls (in his description of America) tells us, That in the Vermilion Mines at Palcas, it yields to the King of Spain every year 8 or 9000 Quintals (which is so many 125 l. weight of Quick-silver) and that of later years they refine more Metals by Quick-silver than by Fire, in which operation it hath this peculiar vertue, that it separates and consumes all of them but Gold and Silver, and though it will not ly in one Bed with them in the Earth, yet when they are made Play fellows, or fellow-Labourers (for the use of man,) it doth most naturally sympa∣thize with Gold, and divides and separates it from all other Me∣tals, with which it is at any time intermixt: circling it about

without any other intermixture but it self; but it doth not so intimately and perfectly unite it self with Silver, for it doth not pierce it, but consumes the courser Metals from it, if there be any mixture; and though it be the heaviest of all Metals, yet if any Fire offer to meddle with it, it evaporates it self into the lightest substance▪ smoak, to some colder Region, (as its refuge or shelter,) where it again embodies it self, and becomes as perfect as at first, by assuming again its natural colour, white; and 'tis observable, That though it lies in a Bed of pure Ver∣milion, (which gives a glorious red colour to all things where∣ever 'tis used;) and though it is used, and in a manner incor∣porated with Metals and other things of various colours and natures, yet this noble active creature still retains its whiteness, purity and efficacy.

For though by the strength of Art (as Paracelsus tells us,) it is sometimes forc't to assume a yellow colour, (to shew its af∣fection to Gold) and sometimes to a pure red (to shew its na∣tive kindness to Cinnabar, yet these are rather assum'd and assi∣mulated colours (in respect to other ingredients and compositi∣ons with it,) than any real change of its own whiteness, and so for its Medicinal uses, it is sometimes called Mercurius dulcis, Mercurius vitae, Mercurius sublimatus, and Mer∣curius praecipitatus, yet in all these dispositions of it, it still re∣verts to it self, (especially by the assistance of Fire, to make it Volatile) that it may be the better fixt in its original purity.

Now these observations cannot but raise my Thoughts, to make them applicable to the great Mistery of Resurrection; wherein I consider, That as the Gallenists are, or may be con∣firmed in the verity of it, by St. Paul's Argument to the Corin∣thians, 1 Cor. 15. 35, &c. So the Chimists may be also con∣firmed in the fame by their Chimical practice, for they see that Mercury doth by heat so evaporate, that nothing of it is dis∣cernible to the eye; yet that evaporation being stopt in its ca∣reer, by the top of the Limbeck, it there fixeth again in its form, colour, and indeed in all its qualities, properties, and perfections.

Now it is an undoubted Principle, both with the Gallenists (who follow St. Paul,) and the Chimists (followers of Moses,) That all Terrestrial Bodies confist of Salt, Sulphur and Mercu∣ry, (which last is the chief) so as our bumane bodies being of a more Mercurial temper than other bodies, may experimentally, and therefore rationally believe, That all the Atomes of our bo∣dies being incited to it, by an internal heat, do like Mercury as∣cend to some other limiting Sphere or Orb, and there stays, till GOD (the Worlds great Chimist) thinks fit to dispose of them at the general Resurrection, or particular (as he thinks fit.)

Now, where this Sphere or Orb is (which some call Heaven and Paradice, others Limbus Patrum, and Limbus Infantium; and others have another place, called Hell, and Limbus inferio∣rum, (as it were Antipodial to the other:) I shall venture to give my guess, and possibly with as little satisfaction to the World, as others have done in theirs: and that which guids me to mine, is this consideration, That the name for Quick-silver is Mercury, and that that Name Mercury is also fixt to the Planet of that Name (next above the Moon, whereby I ap∣prehend that the Chaldeans and Egyptians (who are said to be the first Authors of the Astrological Characters of the 7 Pla∣nets) did make both the Planet Mercury, and the Metal Mer∣cury to bear one and the same figure, thus [〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉] well knowing more of the sympathies and concurring operations of the Celestial and Terrestrial Mercuries than is yet communicated to us; but the Hebrews (before them) made seven of their Letters to sig∣nify the seven Planets and seven Metals, and thereby the fi∣gure of Mercury (before it was altered by the Egyptians, was in this form [〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉] and sometimes thus [〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉] And the Jewish Rabbins did hold, that those two Letters did contain great Mysteries, (not yet also unfolded to us,) and therefore I hope it is no offence to conceive, That the Sphere of Mercury is the Para∣dice or Receptacle of all the Mercurial spirituous Forms; of which our bodies do consist, and when they are evaporated

from hence they (by an invisible ascention) are received and remain in that Paradice or repository, so that the Globe of earth being 21600 German Miles in circumference (accounting 6400 foot to a German mile) and the Diameter 7200 Miles, and the Planet Mercury in the lower part of its Sphere (next the Moon, being 10255773 German Miles, and the upper part of that Sphere next to Venus, being 22855511 German miles, then the space of the Sphere of Mercury (considered Diame∣trically) between the lower part of the Sphere of Venus, and the upper part of the Sphere of Luna is 11599738 German miles, which great space may easily contain all the Mercurial forms which can possibly arise from the content in the small circumference of the Terrestrial Globe, and allow also sufficient room for the body of that Planet, (being as 'tis said, but 442 miles in Diameter,) so that it hath a space of 62999698 Ger∣man miles above, and as much under its own Globe, in which it may move and actuate.

And, as the Planet Mercury is imployed in its own Circu∣lar Motion, within its Sphere to order and put every Mer∣curial Matter that ascends to it from the terrestrial Globe into peculiar Repositories; so the Moon may be admitted also in her Sphere to give the first rarification, and purification, to the as∣cending Spirituous forms to make them the more fit in their Passages to Mercuries Reception of them, and retain the re∣fuse within her own Sphere, which consists of a space also (viz. between the Spere of Mercury, and the outward Circle of the Terrestrial Globe) of 10234173 German miles, for the Pla∣nets themselves, viz. of Mercury and the Moon (as I have shewn of Mercury) do take up but a little Room to roul about in each of their proper spaces or Spheres, and though Kepler, and others of late do not agree in their Computation about the dimentions of these two (and the other Spheres) yet these which I have set down (being generally so computed) may well serve as ••n instance, that so great spaces were made for some such uses as I have exprest: so that by the active Operations of the

Bodies of these two Planets (Luna being but as a Servant or vebicular to Mercury) the Mercurius Dulcis and Mercurius Vitae of all humane Bodies may be sublimated into that celestial Paradice, and the Caput mortuum or Mercurius praecipitatus thrown down into a Limbus, either in the space of the Moon (at present) or to the Abyss of the space of the Earth, when it shall (by the last conflagration) be evaporated or annihilated in∣to a kind of Vacuity for that purpose.

But having spoken something more of my Conjecture in my Volatiles on Adam and Eve (under the Discourse of Resur∣rection) I must refer you to it; and shall only add this follow∣ing Sculpture for Demonstration.

[illustration]

Sculpture XLIII.

RA R RA

RATTER, l. 2. c. 2. T. Raeder, I find no Latine word of kin to the sense of what Erckern intends by it, viz. a riddle, screen, or sieve, that is an Instru∣ment to separate the clean from the unclean Oars, before they come to the fire, and so may be called magnum Cribrum, or a great sieve; yet it may come from Rotatilis, that is, moving swiftly like a Wheel, or Rota, shewing the proportion of Me∣tals, or of any thing else; Riddle, which in the T. is Rat∣zall; that is, that the Question being what part of the Oar is clean, and what unclean, this instrument doth unriddle it by separation: and for the word screen, it is doubtless from secernere, to divide, and sieve from segregare or severe, to know truly the quality of the thing by separation; There are other Words to the same effect, as seirce, boulter, not worth the trouble of examining their Original, but by Ratter is to be understood the great seive, and the other the lesser seives. See Sieves.

RAW▪ (l. 2. c. 3. s. 4.) T. Rohe and Rode, also ungesot∣ten and ungekockt. L. Crudus and Atrox, A. Raw, which is some old British word, signifying not concocted, and so applied to Metals before they are brought to the fire to be boyl'd or roast∣ed. See Roasted.

REEDS, l. 5. c. 4. s. 3. T. Rohz. L. Canna and Arundo. See Utensils.

RECIPIENT or Receiver, l. 2. c. 20. s. 6. T. Emphahen, L. Recipere, signifying Glasses, Pots, or Vessels which are made

to run or hold Metals made liquid, or what is drawn from them by fire, or otherwise.

REFINING signifies no more than when Metals are melted and fined; yet to make them better, they do refine them, that is, melt them again and again, till they be clearly cleansed, purified and purged from the unclean metal or matter, cleaving to the more pure.

REGISTER, T. L. A. Register, and it signifies with us a Memorial or Record, so the Word is applied to the Records in several Courts of the Common and Civil Law; and these are very ancient (as appears by Sir Thomas Smith, de republica) but in the Metallick Art it is used for Pluggs or Stopples to be put in or taken out of little holes made in Furnaces or Ovens (called wind holes and air-holes,) whereby the fire may be bet∣ter governed, by giving heats or cools to the Metals, accord∣ing to the discretion of the Chimist.

REGULUS, l. 2. c. 35. &c. L. A. Regulus (which sig∣nifies a small King,) but Erckern in all places (where he hath occasion to mention it,) doth make use only of the word Koe∣nig (or King, and not Regulus,) from konnon, signifying know∣ledg, power and ability to Govern; and the Old Saxons called him konning and cunning, which we translate subtile, (yet not as the vulgar interpret it crafty,) but one that is Learned, and judicially polite in his Government; now though Metals, (by some) are put among inanimates; yet others believe that they have a vegetable Soul, which is improved to an higher Soul by Obedience to its king; for it is agreed by Chimists, That this king doth give such a soul and temper to Metals▪ that thereby they prove beneficial to the World, and gain an esteem to them∣selves, both for their Origination to Wealth and to medicines, colours, sounds, &c. and all these they obtain by obedience to their king: and this puts me in mind of our Alphabetical Let∣ters (which I think is included in the Talismanical science) whereof God himself saith, That he is the Alpha and Supream King of them, (as of all mankind, and other creatures:) so that

if we consider them in their virtual effects, then such men as are Learned in them, and do pay their obedience by Devout Vows and Promises to him, may be called Vowels; such as act and do his Will at Land, may be called Consonants, such as admire him for the Wonders they see at Sea, may be called Liquids; and those that sit still in their passive Obedience (not grumbling or mutining) may be called Mutes, and these are the Grammati∣cal methods of Letters and mens Obedience; now from the con∣sonants, liquids and mutes, with the conjunction of Vowels (like Magistrates) they are formed into Words; and therein also God the Son will be owned as the chief of Words; and when they come to a Talismanical Operation, they may be ascrib'd to the Holy Ghost: In short, though the Letters seem to have no vi∣sible vertue in them, yet this is evident, that by submitting them∣selves (or men like God-fathers doing it for them) to that or∣der which the great Alpha hath thought fit, mysteriously to di∣rect, they are formed into syllabical words, sentences and discour∣ses, whereby God, Angels, and Men seem to have a mutual cor∣respondency; but when there is no obedience to that order, there is nothing but misconstructions, non-sense and irregularities, per∣nitious to themselves and others; And it is not only thus in Metals and Letters, which (though accounted inanimate, as I said, yet are or will be forced to be obedient and regulated by a King: but in sensitives, the Bees have a King, and by their obedience to him, they enjoy the fruits of their Labours, and take pleasure in returning each to its own Cell, or House, which is guarded with Waxen walls, and filled with Honey sufficient for its own food, and an overplus to supply others, and this pro∣ceeds from the happy product of Obedience, whilst the stub∣born, refractory, or lazy Droans are thrown out of their Hives, Houses, and Homes, which they might otherwise have enjoyed, if they had not been disobedient; I might instance more, but it is enough for me that I have shewn the advantages which Me∣tals have by their Obedience to their King or Regulus.

RETORTS, See Utensils.

ROASTING of Oars or Metals, l. 1. c. 10. T. Groesten Roesten, A. Rost a Rore usta, or the burning away the Dew or moisture of Metals.

RUBRIFIED, l. 2. c. 44. s. 2. T. Fast rotten, L. Rubrifi∣catus, and I suppose the Red Sea is called Mare Rubrum, from some red Mineral under it.

RUSSET cloath, T. Ʋnbercite, L. Pannus fusci coloris, A. Russet cloath, which is Brown or between a white and black colour; it may come from Rusticus, because Country-men seldom use dyed or undrest cloath, but only the natural colour of Sheeps Wooll, when it is neither black nor white, but as a mix'd colour; however this is recommended by Erckern for retaining of the Gritts or Sands of Gold, so as they may not suddenly be wash't away with other Rubbish.

SA S SA

SALT, l. 1. l. 2. l. 3. l. 4. and l. 5. T. Saltz, L. Sal, which may come from salus, Health, according to the Verse, Non sapit esca probe, quae datur absque sale: for indeed it gives not only to Humane bodies, but to Metals a vivacity and sani∣tude; Minshaw deduceth it from salire, because it sparkles and leaps in the fire: Now of Salts there are several sorts, (as may be read in Pliny, lib. 31. cap. 7. to the 11. and in other places and Authors) but most Chimists do agree, that there are seven se∣veral sorts, which are influenc't from the seven Planets, to attend the seven Metals; and these Erckern accordingly makes use of, viz. Sal alkali (or sandiver, or Salt of Glass,) Sal Armoniaci,

Sal Nitri, Sal Vitrioli, Sal Petre, (and common Salt,) Sal Tartar (or Argol, of which I have spoken,) and also Sal Gem, (which is the seventh Metallick Salt,) and is produced from a Rocky Christalline stone, and of these he speaks▪ and of no more, it being a subject of great extent, for I conceive there may be as many sorts of Salts, extracted, as there are Terrestrial Crea∣tures, for all things do consist of Salt, Sulphur and Mercury (as I have said) but that which I aimed at, was to give an account of our natural salts, from Springs in Cheshire and Worcester∣shire, and from the Lands on the South sides of Devonshire and Cornwal, which are full of Salts; for with those Sands, so mixt, they manure their Lands to a great profit, and of which most other Coasts of England are wanting, and have only the Sea-water to make their Common-Salt, but I cannot enlarge my observations upon any more words, because the Printer calls for what I did write of a Metallick Dictionary, after I first pro∣posed the Printing of Erckern, but intending within the com∣pass of a year to publish Georgius Agricola, de re Metallica (be∣ing fully translated,) in English, and also to add a Dictiona∣ry to it, I shall reserve my remaining Essays (if what I have done hitherto, be approved) till then, and so I proceed in the Dicti∣onary.

SANDS, l. 1. 6, 29, &c. T. and A. Sand, and so the Bel∣gick, but the Italian, the Spanish and Latine call it Arena, and the French, Sables, (which in Heraldry signifies black,) also it is the name of the Furr of a little Beast, called sabellus, and mu∣stulus, sarmaticus, of a sandy colour. However sand is of vari∣ous uses in Metallicks (as sand-Ovens, &c.) and consist of great varieties in England, which may admit of curious speculations See Earth, Gold, Mortar, Ovens, Petrification, Stones, Water.

SANDIVER, l. 2. c. 5. s. 1. &c. is the same with sal Alka∣li, which Pliny, (l. 31. c. 7.) calls the Tragasean salt, and is the same with sal Vitri, or salt of Glass.

SCALES, are of a Ballance for weighing Metals, whereof you will find two sorts in Erckern, viz. Proof scales, l. 1. c. 34.

s. 12. and inset scales, l. 1. c. 35. s. 2. T. Tung, schuell, L. Lanx, also for scales which come from Metals, T. schuepen, being the same word which they use for the scales of Fish, signifying the scurf or flaky matter taken off from Metals, sometimes by filing, but chiefly by fires, l. 2. c. 26. s. 2. and c. 36. s. 2. See Fleaky and Flaky, Shivery, &c.

SKIM or skum, l. 2. c. 47. s. 2. and l. 5. T. schaum, L. spu∣ma, A. froth; but in Metals it is, when they first rise into a drossy matter, yet not so thick as dross till it is more conden∣sed; but in other things it hath only the name of Froth, fit to be skimm'd or skumm'd off: See Dross. Scorias, Yeast.

SCORIAS, l. 2. c. 35. s. 2, &c. T. Trufer, L. scoria, A. drossy. See Dross, Skim.

SEARCE, to searce, T. salter, L. cribrare, A. to searce, serce or sarce (Skinner,) which is to express the operation of a seeve. See Seeve.

SEEVE, T. sib and sieb, L. cribrum, A. seive, seeve, or sive (Skinner.) See Ratter.

SEPARATION, T. Absouderen (from souderin, to so∣der or to joyn, and so absouderen, to disjoyn,) L. separatio, A. separation, and in the infinitive of separo, it is separare, or se∣gregare, from whence the T. call a separating Oven, a sagar Of∣fen, l. 3. c. 15. and so sagar worke, which is a distinguishing or dividing mixt Metals from each other, or other matters, ad∣herent to the Metals. See Quicksilver.

SHIVERY, or to shiver, l. 1. c. 34. s. 3. T. schivern or schiffern, L. disrumpere, when Metal is loose, and easy to break into pieces; and sometimes light Oar is called shiffer Oar.

SILVER, T. silber, from the Greek silbo, (Minshaw,) A silver; now as to the inlarging the Etimology of this word, used by the T. and Old Saxons, and so continued here; I must refer it to another time: only I observe that the French and Italian do comply to the Latine word Argentum; but the Spa∣niard calls it Plata, probably from the chief City and Province of that name, in America; or from the great River Plata,

which runs 2000 miles through the American Mines, before it unloads its Wealth to the Spanish Navy (termed his Plate-Fleet) which supplies himself and his Neighbours with its Trea∣sures of Silver, Gold, &c. I might also add many things a∣bout the fining and refining of their Silver, before it comes un∣to that Fleet, but I refer that to Erckern's four first Books, and N. N's Survey of America: for I know not the Author, but I find it ingeniously writ. See Metals, Mines, &c.

SLACK, Slackstones, and Slicks, T. Schlack and Schlick, (often mentioned by Erckern, l. 1, 2, 3 and 4) L. Laxus, and all signifying the loose parts of Oars, or the Oars made into Metals, yet still do remain slack and shivery in some part, and sometimes is taken for Dross, and that Dross calcin'd goes for Calx, or slack'd Metal: See Calx, Calcine, Lime, Dross, Flakes.

SMELTING, l. 4. c. 14. l. 4. c. 1. &c. See Assaying.

SOPE, T. Seiffe. L. Sapo and Smegma; Pliny, l. 28. c. 12. gives an account of its Vertues, and how it is made, but I question whether that be the Venetian sope, mentioned by Er∣kern, l. 2. c. 47. s. 2, &c. or the Tin-sope, l. 4. c. 13. or the Gold sope, l. 5. c. 10. s. 8. of which I shall discourse at another time.

SPAN. T. Spann. L. Spithma. See Measures.

SPAR. l. 3. c. 27. s. 6. T. Sparstein, a white stony Matter, that usually embraceth the Oars of Lead and Silver, called, L. Fluor; the word is also applyed to long pieces of Timber which serve for the Roofs of Houses, call'd sparrs.

SPARKLE, vulgarly spartling Oars, T. Fuencklen-erkz, L. scintillare.

SPELTER, T. is the name of a course Oar containing little silver, l. 1. c. 2. s. 11, and 15. of which there is a better sort of Oar called Bismuth or Wismet, viz. when it runs bright and well in the fire. See Wismet.

SPIZE, or T. Speizy-Erks, or gross thick Oars, reckon∣ed among course or unclean Oars, and in Erckern (l. 1. c. 2. sect. 11.) fully described cap. 16. for the melting of

which, particular Ovens are made, See Ovens.

SPUNGE, l. 2. c. 4. s. 1. T. Schwam, L. Spongia, but how it is produced from, and used for metals, deserves a lon∣ger Discourse.

STEEL, l. 4. c. 20. and 27. T. Stahel, & Stahel steine, L. Chalybs, now this and all other sorts of Iron, are by Pliny (l. 34. c. 14.) comprehended under the word stricturae, and he farther saith, That the goodness of Steel ariseth from the goodness of the Iron-Mine, from whence it comes, with the assistance of Waters, and various Quenchings of it in Waters or Oyls, to which he adds▪ That 'tis wonderful that Man's Blood should have such Virtue in it as to be reveng'd on the Iron-blade that shed it, for being once imbrewed therein, it is given ever after to rust, and canker. See Iron.

STONE. T. Steine. L. Lapis and Petra, which hath hanc Petram in the Accusative Case, for making such work in the World, by its affinity to hunc Petrum: But not medling with those Disputes, I might very well have inlarged my self upon this Subject of Stones, especially of those which English Quarries do produce, but I must also defer it.

SUBLIMATION, l. 1. c. 28. L. Sublimatio, which is a separation of thin and fine Bodies from their gross and impure parts by means of a gradual Heat, whereby there is a white powder called Sublimate made of Calcanthum, Quick-silver, Vi∣triol and Sal Armoniack, which is used as a strong Corrosive upon Metals, &c. See Calcination & Quicksilver,

SUDS, See Lees, Lixivium.

SULLAIN, Stubborn, that is, Oars or Metals that are not easily melted by fire, as the soft flowing Metals or oars are.

SULPHUR, T. Schweffel, L. Sulphur, and lapis ardens; of which there are various sorts, both natural and artificial, and many delightful Observations may be made on them: See Brimstone & Bitumen.

SUN, T. Sonnen, L. Sol, from which Celestial Heat and

also from the Terrestrial Fires, many excellent things are pro∣duced in Metals; viz. in making Aurum Potabile, as also a most sovereign Water from the rayes of the Sun, by reflection on Gold, which I may hereafter communicate.

TA T TI

TALCK, l. 1. c. 4. s. 2. T. A. Talck, L. Talcum, (by Pliny, l. 36. c. 22. called Lapis specularis, of which he gives a large Account. It is a foreign stone (for I do not hear of it in English Mines) of a glassy transparent Nature; resisting both heat and cold; the red is mentioned by Erckern, but the white more common.

TALLOW, l. 1. c. 17. s. 3. T. Ʋnschlet, L. Sevum or sebum, A. Suet or Tallow, much used about Metals.

TARTAR, See Argol, Dregs, Feces.

TEST, T. Schirbin, L. Proludium (Holiock) but I had rather take it to be an abreviation of Testis, as a Witness of the goodness of Metals, by trying and proving them in little vessels, prepared by Assayers for that purpose: See Cruci∣bles and Utensils.

THORNELS, T. Deerleins, fully explained by Erckern what they are, L. 3. c. 22. s. 3. In short, it is a term of Art, for that which remains of the roasted Oar, unmelted: See Keinstocks.

TILE, l. 2. c. 41. s. 1. See Brick, Earth, &c.

TIMODE, l. 2. c. 2. s. 8. T. a name for Cloth made of Flax, or Hemp or Wooll; and so in A. called Linsy-woolsy; which is used sometimes for strainers of Metals.

TIN, l. 3. c. 12. s. 6. T. Zin. L. Stannum, from whence we

have the word stanaries; by which Court the Tin-Mines in Cornwall are governed: now this English Tin is esteemed to be the best in all other parts of the World; the Spaniards and Italians calls it stagno de cornoij valla: the French de Cor∣no Vall en Angliterre. See Zwitter.

TIN-plates, are properly Iron plates covered with Leaves of Tin, and because of the outward Colour, call'd Tin-Plates.

TIN-sope, T. Zinseife. See Sope.

TONGS, See Ʋtensils.

TOUCH-needles See Needles.

TOUCH-stones See Stones.

TOWER, Trayes, Trevet. See Utensels.

TREMBLE, l. 2. c. 48. T. Beben, and Zuttem, L. Treme∣re: see Boyling, Seething, Quivering, &c. All expressing a different motion in Metals, whilst Melting.

TROY-weight, See Measures and Weights.

TUB, l. 1. c. 11. s. 5. T. Fas, L. Vas, A. Vessel or Tub: and are of various Forms used about Metals. See Utensils.

TUNNEL, l. 2. c. 16. s. 5. &c. T. Ein Tunnen, L. Tinel∣la. A. do account it the same with Tunnel or Funnel, and yet the T. L. and A. have different words, viz. T. Tas, Trehter, and L. Vas and Infundibulum▪ A. Tunnel and Funnel. See Utensils.

TURF, l. 4. c. 9. s 1. T. Hin Grasz-buch, L. Caespes, A. Sods, Turf, Peat, which will admit further Discourses, viz. which of the three is best for melting Metals, when other Fu∣el is scarce: See Utensils.

TUTTEE. l. 2. c. 39. s. 2. T. Tutian, L. Tutium, Pom∣philix and spodium (which Pliny doth distinguish) but in A. they all go under the Name of Tuttee; which is nothing else but the the volatile part of Brass, when, in burning it sticks to the upper part of the Furnace, and the common sort of it is only Calamine stone calcined, of great use for Medicines. See Calaminaris.

VA V VI

VAPOUR, T. Duust, and Dampff, A. Vapour, which ariseth sometimes from heat, and sometimes from cold causes. See Evaporate; Quicksilver and Sublime.

VERNISH, l. 2. c. 29. s. 4. T. Furnaess, L. Vernix; a compounded liquid substance made with Oyls and Gums, to make Metals or Metallick Ʋtensils look slick, and resemble Glass, in which the Indians do excel.

VEINE, l. 2. c. 12. s. 1. T. Gengen, L. Vena, A. Veine, which Minshaw (I suppose for sound-sake) writes vain, so making our veins but the efflux of vanities, but those who thought the Terrestial World to be a great Animal, and that the ebbing and flowing of Seas are but the systole and diastole of its breath, might well believe that Metals and Minerals were the Veins of its body; but of the nature of Metallick Veins, G. Agricola gives the most exact account.

VENETIAN Glass, l. 2. c. 16. s. 5. T. Venidischem-glassz. L. Vitrum Venetianum, from the City Venice, where Erckern speaks that the best Glasses for Metallick use are made, and probably so in his time; but now that Art in Venice is thought to be equall'd in England: See Glass.

VERDIGREASE, l. 2. c. 27. s. 1. T. Gruen-span, A. Spa∣nish green, L. Aerugo, or the Rust of Copper, by hanging plates of it over the fumes of Wine, from whence a Crocus will arise, which we call Verdigrease; See Brass, Copper, and in Colours, Blew, Green.

VIAL or Glass Bottle, l. 2. c. 30. s. 1. T. Roelblein▪Fiale, and Angster, according to the proportions, L. Phiala and Am∣pulla,

A. Vial, to distinguish it from the Musical Instrument call'd Violl.

VINEGAR, l. 1. c. 33. s. 1. T. Essig▪ L. Acetum, A. Vine∣gar, now the various ways of making and using it, in Metal∣lick experiments, may deserve a large Discourse, as being one of the great secrets of Nature.

VITRIOL, l. 2. c. 33, &c. T. Schuster-schwaeitz, L. Vitriolum and Calcanthum (which latter makes a black colour.) Now of Vitriol there are many natural sorts; but the three chief are 1▪ of a Saphire colour, (which comes from Hungary and Cyprus:) 2. of an Emeral or green colour (from Swethland and Goslar,) often mentioned by Erckern; 3. a white (from Denmark, &c.) there is also an Artificial Vitriol, made from Copper or Iron, or both, which is called Roman Vitriol, or Lapis Coelestis, from its transcendent vertues, of which (besides what Sir Kenelm Digby writes; I could add many from my own experiments, but must refer them also to my intended Essays on Agricola; See Brass, Copper, and in Colours, Black.

ULTRAMARINE, which the Italians call Azuro ul∣tramarino, and is a Gem found in Mines, sometimes called Lapis Luzuli (often mentioned by Erckern, l. 1. c. 2. s. 11, &c.) and is of a pure blew, and of which (either considered as a Gem, Oar or Stone) the Italians do make a pretious Blew for Paint∣ers, sold beyond the price of Gold.

VOLATILE, l. 1. c. 10. s. 9. T. Flutch-tigon, L. Vola∣tilis (which signifies a Bird, Holiock) according to Paracelsus it is used for any light matter, either ascending from Metals, or other light substances. See Quicksilver.

UPBUCKING, l. 4. c. 14. signifies some extraordinary washings of Metals, and so the word upboyling, is more than ordinary boyling.

URINE, l. 2. c. 8. s. 2, &c. T, Dertlarne and Bruntz, L. Ʋrina, from Ʋro, because it is of a scalding and burning nature, of great use about Metals, it is distill'd and extracted, by a natural heat and internal Furnace in all Creatures, by which na∣tural

extraction, we learn the method of all salous productions. See Salt, &c.

UTENSILS, T. Brauchers, L. Ʋtensillia, A. Instruments, useful tools, or houshold necessaries; but I must refer those which are mentioned by Erckern, to the Contents of the Sculptures, placed immediately before his first Book,) where you will find most of them recited, and referr'd to their pages, as also in the second part to their Capitals; only there is an omission of the T: and L. words for them, which will be rendred in Agricola.

WA W WA

WARDENS, l. 1. c. 1. T. Gwardeins, L. Guardianus, A. Guardian and Warden; I intended an addition herein; to shew that the Original of this word, as to an Of∣ficial duty, was first given to the Warden of Mines, and that all other Offices which bear the Title of Wardens, were deriva∣tives from thence, viz. of the Mines, Mint, Stanneries, Church, Ports, Fleet, Colledges and Companies, which I shall hereafter inlarge and place according to their Antiquities.

WARM, T. Warme and waerm, L. calidus, A. warm, that is to bring Metals into a moderate warmth or heat.

WARTZ, l. 1. c. 35. T. Wartz, A. the Pin of the Beam; and these are little pieces of Iron (like Excrescencies) filed out of the Centre of the Ballance on each side of it, which are fitted for the two little holes of the Fork, whereby the Ballance is made capable to move, and from hence our English word Warts; for excrescencies on the hands, or other parts, is used.

WASHING, l. 3. c. 2, &c. T. washein, L. Lavare, A. La∣vations,

and Washings; Now you may have a full account of the manner of washing Metals in N. N. before recited.

WASTE, T. Vermuesten, L. Vastare, A. to waste, con∣sume or lessen the bulk of Metals.

WATER, T. Wasser, L. Aqua, ex qua omnia (as Sca∣liger and other more antient Philosophers define it.) See Erck∣ern in many parts; and this subject of Waters might afford many pleasing Discourses of ours in England, and of such also as are of great natural uses in Metallick Operations besides Arti∣ficial, yielding curious varieties, especially from some Waters in those Countreys which do not consist of Mines, where the waters only by heat of the Sun, without their fire, do yield a perfect sediment of Gold Sands.

WAVER, T. Schwenneken, L. vagilare, A. to wag to and fro: See Trembling.

WAX, T. Wachz, L. Cera, A. Wax. See Cement and Gluti∣nation.

WEATHER, l. 1. c. 34. s. 8. T. Wetter, L. Aether, this hath great operation in Metals, for as the Weather, so Metals are hard or more ductile, &c.

WEIGHT, l. 1. c. 36, &c. on which subject I did intend to enlarge; See Measures, and Agricola de mensuris.

WELL, T. Brun, L. Puteus, A. Wells, for Springs of Wa∣ter, and called Shafts for Metallick Wells; See Mines.

WHEEL for waters, l. 4. c. 8. T. Wasser-Radst, L. Hau∣strum, used for the raising of Waters out of Springs or Wells, with which the Miners wash and purge the Oars from the earth or rubbish, and then the Miners may say well, the Oars are well wash't with Well-water, but of the description of the se∣veral sorts of Wheels you will see more in Agricola

WHETSTONE, l. 1. c 34. s. 9. T. Wetzsteine, L. Cos, which is used to Metallick Instruments, and to rub Metals.

WHITE, T. Wize and blank, L. Albus. See in Colours, White▪

WINE, T. weine, L. Vinum, of various sorts and uses in Erckern. See Pliny.

WINE-stone, See Argol, Tartar.

WOOD, T. Wald and Haltz. L. Lignum, A. Wood, of seve∣ral sorts for Metals, See Charcoal Coals.

WOOL, T. Wolt, L. Lana, used about Metals.

WRINCLE, T. Runtzel, L. Ruga, that is, Metal not polite▪ but shriveled, distorted, and full of contracted parts, unusual to its natural smoothness, as in hands, faces, &c.

WYRE, T. Kufforn dratt, or Copper drawn, L. Aurum netum, i. e. Gold Wire, or Gold drawn or spun out of Gold; and Filum Auricalcum, or a kind of Thread drawn from Cop∣per. A. Wyre, but I find no Monosyllable for it in any other Language.

XA X XE

XANTHUS, a pretious stone, which Pliny l. 37. calls also Henui, of great virtue to give success in Mens Im∣ployments, and consequently to Metallick Works, Erckern doth not mention this, but speaks of Hazel-Nuts, from which Plant, the Virgula Divina (or Divine Rod) is made, by which Mines of Gold and Silver are discovered; and one of these I have out of Germany, but I cannot yet pro∣mise any effects by it: See Georgius Agricola, and my Notes on him.

XEROCOLLYRIUM, which is an unguent made of Copper, or Copper and Lapis Calaminaris mixt, to apply to such Eyes as are prejudiced by Metallick Operations, and this is help'd also by Tuttee, wash'd in water, then made into pow∣der, and so into an Oyntment, which is commonly called Ʋn∣guentum Tutium or Oyl of Tuttee.

XIPHION or Phasgenion, Pliny l. 25. the root of which Plant stampt and mixt with Wine and Frankincense of equal Proportions, takes off all excrescent Scales from Bones, and may have the like effect upon the scales of Metals.

YA Y YE

YARD, See Measures.

YELLOW, T. Galb and Geilb. See in Colours, Yellow.

YEST, T. Yest, (but Erckern calls it Hafin, l. 2. c. 1. s. 3.) A. Yest, also Barm, God's▪good, Rising, Beer-good, Foam, Froth: the Latines calls it Spuma: and the froth, flo∣res Cervisiae, or the Flower of Ale or Beer, and Cervi∣siae they derive from Ceres, the Goddess of Corn, who first taught the sowing of Wheat and Barly, and of Drinks from thence: so that in Norfolk where it is called Gods-good it may well be alluded to the spirit of that Goddess's Good which she infused into it, as a firmentation: but more properly to be attributed to God himself, for communicating so great a Secret for the Benefit of Mankind: for without Fermentation scarce any useful thing is perfectly attained unto, and that Motion doth operate not only in the terrestrial Orb, both by Sea and Land, but on the Elements and celestial Orbs. See Litarge.

ZU Z ZU

ZUITTER, l. 4. c. 11, 12, and 13. explained to be Tin well beaten, and 'tis not only thus with Metals which must be beaten, (that the Advantages may re∣dound to themselves in a more refined temper, and make them useful to the World) but we see that Corn must be thrash'd, and ground for food: Grapes and other fruits contused to make Liquors more acceptable, and man himself must under∣go Oppressions to make him happy, which I here mention as my Conclusion, in Imitation of Erckern his Zeal for God's Glory, wherewith he concludes the last page of his five Books; for according to the Maxim of the Rosy Crucians (and best Chimists) Excellentissima dona absque Pietate vana: which may be rendred thus, By true Piety the bravest Sciences are accomplished.

FINIS.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Eglog. 3.