Fleta minor the laws of art and nature, in knowing, judging, assaying, fining, refining and inlarging the bodies of confin'd metals : in two parts : the first contains assays of Lazarus Erckern, chief prover, or assay-master general of the empire of Germany, in V. books, orinally written by him in the Teutonick language and now translated into English ; the second contains essays on metallick words, as a dictionary to many pleasing discourses, by Sir John Pettus ... ; illustrated with 44 sculptures.

CA C CA

CADMIA, See Calaminaris.

CAKES, T. Schiben, or pieces of Metal, melted into the form of Cakes. l. 3. c. 26. By this word Cake, we must not understand such Cakes as in Latine are called Placenta, from placere, to please the Pallat, by their several pleasant Ingredients; but here it relates only to the form of it, sometimes round and Convex, but mostly Flat, like pieces of Plate, and therefore the Refiners (for distinction) do call Lead, cast into a solid body, Sows and Pigs; Tin, Blocks; and Iron, Barrs; but Silver, Gold and Copper so cast, they call Cakes; and Copper sometimes Rose-Cakes, or Cupri Rosa; and though they be not Edibles (or bear the name of Placenta) yet with∣out Mony, which is derived from those metal'd Cakes, we could not have such things as are placentious or pleasing to us.

To CALCINE, Calcinate, Calcinize and Calcination, T. Calcineren, L. Calcinare, both Languages making it a com∣pound of two Words, Calx for Lime, and Ciner, Ashes, which in a metallick sence, is to reduce Metals, by Fire to a friable or brickle temper, like Lime; therefore Lime is called

onely in Latine, Calx, and we from the word call our Lime∣stone, Chalk, which being burnt, we call Lime, and this burn∣ing we call slacking (according to the Teut.) and before it is burnt, Ʋnslackt, unburnt, or uncalcin'd Lime; and being burnt or slack't, called also Calx viva (which is oft mentioned by our Author) and A. Quick-Lime, or that which hath by Fire, as it were) an additional Life, for metals seem to be dead in their Oars, but by this Calcination revived, to hint to us the advanta∣ges of our Resurrection, by the general Conflagration. 'Tis true, there are other ways of Calcination, especially of Metals; viz. by Corrosion, Immersion, Amalgamation, Cementations, Fumigations and Illinations. (See Salmon.) yet none of these can be performed without Fire: but to return to the common Lime, as it is fitted for the use of Architecture, it is mingled with Water and Sand, and then called Mortar, and according as the Lime and Sand are in goodness, so the Stru∣ctures by it are made more durable, and therefore it is thought, That we had all our Sand for our Mortar (with which our anti∣ent Churches were built) out of Italy; and the Fort of Ply∣mouth (built by his present Majesty) recompensed my Jour∣ny thither, the Graff of which is hewn out of Marble, and the Mortar also made of (alcined Marble, and their Sand, which makes that Mortar as compact as the Marble it self, but what kind of Sand or what Proportions, I did not then enquire. Now there are two words in L. which pass under the same Orthography, viz. Calx for Lime, and Calx for the Heel of a man, (or end of a thing) so as I may conceive that our Me∣tallick and Artificial word Calx for Lime, is borrowed of the Natural word Calx for Heel, because the Calcining of Me∣tals, do as it were determine its Life for a better, because those Metals which lay dully in the Earth, before their Calcination are by Calcining and Refining made more active and passable throughout the World.

CALAMINARIS, See Brass, and Sculpt. 35.

CALIFY, T. Warme, Werme, L. Calefaccre, A. to make warm.

CALX, See Calcine.

CAPUT MORTIS, (for brevity Mort.) is the matter or sediment of Metals (or of other things used in Chimical Dissolutions) which remain at the bottom of a Furnace or Stil∣latory, thick and dry, chiefly from Metals and Minerals; viz. when all their Spirituous parts are drawn off, the remain∣der is call'd Caput Mort. or Feces. See Feces.

CARRAT (signifying a weight) is a French and Italian Word, much used by our Author in his second Book; and it seems to come from the Arabian, Kirat: (see Holioak.) but Cot∣grave saith, That Goldsmiths and Minters esteem it at a third part of an Ounce, and among Jewellers and precious Stone-cut∣ters, but the 19 part of an Ounce; so as eight of them are but one Sterling, and a Sterling is the 24th. part of an Ounce, and 3 Grains of Assize, or 4 Grains of Diamond weight make a Carrat.

Torriano's Addition to Florio, calls it Carrato, signifying, saith he, a weight or degree in Metals, Diamonds, Rubies, &c. and doth not determine it: but Mr. Howel in his ingenious Tetraglotton (sect. 40.) proportions it to the 24 part of an ounce, and Mr. Webster in his History of Metals speaks more clearly, and saith, the Carrat or Charrat is a term given (by the Officers of the Mint, and Wardens of Goldsmiths) to a certain composition of Weights, that are only used for As∣saying, and computing the standard of Gold, and are of two Contents, namely, either the 24 part of an ounce, Troy∣weight, and is compounded thus; of the pound carrats 2 d. weight, and 12 grains, Troy, make a Carrat grain, and 4 such carrat grains make one carat, which is half an ounce, or 10 d. weight Troy, and 24 of such carats make a pound or 12 oun∣ces Troy, the other way of Computation is of an ounce carat, five Troy grains make one carat grain, and four of such grains make one carat, and 24 such carats make one ounce Troy, and

for assaying he recommends the ounce carat, as more easy for Cal∣culation, than the pound carot, which is made more perspicuous by our Author. l. 2. c. 15. See Mony, Gold-weights.

CASE, T. Gehauesz, or a little house, L. Capsula. A. Case, 'tis of various signification, as, a Gramatical, Legal, Formal, and sometimes put for an ill chance or hard case. See Sculpture 1, 5, 12, 13.

CATSILVER, T. Kat-zon Silver, because it hath a grey sparkling colour like a Cats-eye.

CEMENT, cementing and Cementation. T. Cementer∣ne. L. Coementum, not from Caedo, to beat (as Minshaw would have it) but Caementum, is quasi mens coeli, i. e. the mind of Heaven, to unite things separated, especially, when they consist of one species, and it may well be observed in the vicissicute of the things in the World, that the whole Labour of Man and Nature, seems to be almost nothing else, but to separate what is united, and to unite things that are separated, and this not only seen in our operations upon Metals, but in the actions of bumane Affairs: yet, to pass them by, this Ce∣mentation of Metals is properly a gradual imbodying or uni∣ting of Metals first separated, and this by a gentle fire, as in Lib. 1, 2, and 3 Books, wherein there are several magisterial Directions: and in other Cases 'tis properly called a Congluti∣nation, or glewing together. See Conglutinate.

CENTNER, T. Center & Centner. L. centum. At the Mines it signifies an hundred and ten pounds weight, but at the Mint, just an hundred pound: Whereby the Mi∣ner may get 10 l. towards his charges: See lib. 1 cap. 9. but in lib. 1. cap. 37. and in many parts of the five Books, it is considered only as a small Assay-weight for trying how much a little Part of an hundred weight do hold of Gold, Silver, &c. whereby (as ex ungue Leonis, the whole Proportion of the Li∣on may be known from its claw: so by the small Assay-weight, the goodness of the whole piece may also be estimated, be it a centner or half a centner, &c. and this shews the skill of an As∣ay er in the skilful use of Arithmetick.

CERUSE. T. Bleywiesse, L. Cerussa. A. White Lead, the best is made of Lead, calcined with the vapors of Vinegar; but the common way is by Ʋrine.

CHRISTAL, T. Keistal, L. Christalus and Christalum, there is Natural and Artificial, the Natural is Aqua quae frigore in glaciem concressit; that is, congealed or petrefied Ice. Diodorus Sic. and Boetius are of a contrary Opinion, and say, It is the purest Earth, dissolved by Water, and for want of Wa∣ter, congeal'd to the Christal-Stone: 'tis found about the Alps and in many parts of Germany, Hungary, France, &c. And Captain Ant. Langston, my good Friend, who had travelled about 300 Miles into the Continent of Virginia, did assure me, that he saw there several Mountains of clear and shining Christal; he died about a year since, and was a very Credible person whilst he lived. Now the Artificial Christals, are made by Chimistry, and is a peculiar part of that Science, called Christalization; that is, making things like Christals: viz. Christal of Silver, Tin, Antimony, &c. See Petrefaction and Stone.

CHIMISTRY, see Alchimy and Alchimist: But I have something more to say to them, for I find that the Chi∣mist hath another Name, and is called Spagirus; and Chymistry, Ars Spagerica; signifying, to fine and refine Metals, and therefore I have thought fit to put the words Spagericae Leges, as the Title to this whole Treatise, instead of Leges Chymicae, this latter being more commonly used than the other: nor do I wave the word Alchimy or Alchimist, because it is sometimes taken in an ill Sense, for in the best and truest Sence, by the addition of ALL (which word in all Languages signifies Omnia) so as by addition of All, we are to understand, That Chymistry doth comprehend All Sciences and Mechanick Arts and Trades, even from the Coblers Awl (T. Aal, and Belgick Elsen) to the Astronomers Astralobe, for nothing can be performed without some Metalick Instrument.

CINABAR, T. Zenober, or (l. 1. c. 2. s. 5.) Bergennouer,

L. Cinnabaris, which in English we call natural Vermillion, for of this Cinnabar, there are two sorts: Natural, which is an hard, red and heavy Stone, found in Mines: or Artificial, which is better coloured (made of calcin'd Sulphur and Quick-silver, which we now use with Metals) but it is vulgarly called Ruddle or marken Stone, and Sinople or Red Lead; the first also of these two is natural, and the other artificial, but I conceive our Author intends none of these latter, but the former, or one of them: Pliny, N. H. l. 33. hath a large Discourse of this Ci∣nabar, and makes it the same with Minium, of a rich and fresh Scarlet Colour, and saith, there are whole Mines of it in some parts of Spain; and concludes with his Opinion, That it is the Rust of Silver and Lead, but it hath not the less Esteem with the best Painters or Limners, no more then hath Verdigrise, though it be the Rust of Copper: there is great quantity of this Cinabar in the Mines of America, and some few Veins of it, in the English Copper-Mines. See Gold and Quick-silver.

CLAR, so the T. word is writ (l. 1. c. 5. s. 1. and c. 7. s. 1. and c. 21.) the French call it Clair, and A. Clear; Now though this word bears the same sence in all, yet because, by a certain composition, it doth clear the Metals and Instruments to which it is applyed (for distinction sake) I think fit, according to the T. to call it Clar, as a substantive, rather then Clear, which for the most part is used as an adjective▪ viz. clear Drink, &c.

CLAY, T. Laim and Thon. l. 2. c. 20. s. 1. &c. But the L. calls Clay (which is of a flat and clammy Earth) Argil∣la and Terra Figulina, because Potters (by whom it is used) do reduce it to certain Figures; in A. it is commonly called Potters-Earth, or Clay for making of Potts, Dishes, &c. and although Erckern applyes the word chiefly to Potters-Earth, Clay or Loam, yet there are many other Clays or Earths which have particular Names, according to their natures and colours; as Fullers-Earth, or Clay of a Russet colour, also Blew, Green and reddish Clay, but that which is for common use is solid and firm, and for the most part of a russet or blewish Hue or colour:

and though it be said by Minshaw, That Potters Clay is called Argilla, from Argos a City in Greece, where Potters (as he saith) did first exercise that Art (which Pliny ascribes to Coraebus an Athenian, one in the Province of Argolis, and the other in Africa, but both in Greece:) so it seems the Art was there, before it was in Aegypt in Africa: however, according to the Sacred Story, the Art of making Pots of Clay was antient, as we may read in Exod. 16. 13. and of Bricks. Exod. 5. 8. and in Job 4. 19. the Houses in his time were called Houses of Clay, and Clay was of such E∣steem with Jesus Christ, That he made it an Instrumental cure in the Blind Man. Jo. 9. 6.

Now to pass these, In Devonshire, and other places, I have seen good cottages made only with clay, without any wood, except little Window-cases, doors and roofs; and in Suffolk and Norfolk the outside of most cottages and out-houses (to great edifices) are of clay daub'd on Splenters, and the in∣sides also plastered with clay, and a little Lime, yet are ve∣ry durable.

At Woodford, near London (about 20 years since) I saw a fair House of Brick, built on the top of that hill, and had no lime or other mortar within or without it, but sound clay mixt with sand, which continues strong to this day, as I am infor∣med: and in 1674. (my House in Suffolk (standing on an Hill, upon a clay Soil) I digg'd about 30 foot in length, and 10 foot deep, under part of it, with intent to make a cellar, designing to pin or support the sides with Brick: But find∣ing the clay to be very firm (being mattocked and not spa∣ded) and never before digg'd (as might be judg'd, because under the clay was found good gravel, and beds of flat Oyster∣shells) I saved the charge by continuing the clay in stead of the brick, and I hear it doth hold firm to this day, as if it had been done with Brick: and doubtless, according as the clay is in goodness, so Furnaces, Ovens, Tests, Crucibles, &c. will the better indure the heat of Fire and Metals▪ care being taken that they

be well dryed, after they are made, and before they be exposed to the fire, and then by degrees, and not suddenly burnt. See Brick, Earth, Loadstone.

COAGULATE, T. Rensel, L. Coagulatio, See conglutinate.

COAL, T. Koll stein, L. Carbo, of these we have Va∣rieties, viz. Wood-coal (of several sorts mentioned by our Author) used chiefly for Metals, Sea Coal (dig'd out of Coal-Mines, near the Sea at Tinmouth, by Newcastle, and Pit-Coal (in Mines remote from the Sea) near Coventry in Warwick∣shire, and in Stafford-shire and Shropshire, &c. but these are not useful to Metals: 'tis true, many have attempted to Chark or make Cinders of them to be used for Metals, when Wood is scarce, but I have not yet heard of any certain suc∣cess therein (though I wish it:) there is another Coal which is artificial, which we call Charcoal, and I conceive the proper La∣tine word for it is Anthrax, and the burner of it Anthratius, but most Dictionaries do use carbo and carbones for all sorts of Coals, by adding Adjectives, as Carbones Fossiles, &c. but Charcoal being a new Invention (comparative to the other) it is fit to have a newer word then Carbo, and these Charcoals of Wood, are most useful for Metals: Now in making those of Wood, the Art is so much improved, that I have seen an Ar∣row with its Feathers exactly burnt into a Charcoal, without diminution of the shape or the Feather, only the Feather made black for white, and some of this Wood Charcoal, I have seen at the Iron-Mills in Worcestershire, so uncombustible, that they have come running out of the Furnace, and floated on the top of the Metal, whole and intire, and this (as they told me) was the Charcoal of the Withy-Tree, being a more light and soft Wood than any that grows in those parts: I carried away some of them, and cut them into fine Pencils, and used them for Drawing, on blew Paper (especially being first boyl'd in But∣ter) and the white Pencils proper to them, I made of Tabacco-Pipe Earth, in Rouls dry'd by the Sun, and not at the Fire, and sometimes I heightned the lights with Ceruse (composed of Lead, see eruse.)

COBOLT, T. Cobolt. Sometimes accounted for the Copper-stone, and reckoned by Dr. Salmon, among the natural Recrements of mettals; and I do not find it by any other name, then as it is so described by Erckern. l. 1. c. 2. s. 11. & l. 3. c. 21. &c.

COIN, T. Gemuntsz, the Latine hath several Words for it, viz. Moneta, Nummus, Pecunia, &c. and Aurum, Ar∣gentum, Cuprum, Aes; and antiently Coriata (when Leather Coin was currant and in esteem) but the proper word for it, (and so Minshaw) is Cusus, thence Cudere to Coin: Now Mo∣neta is a relative Word to Monere, advising to take heed how to use Mony, only to honest ends, after it is once Coin'd: Nummus to Numeratus or Quantity: Pecumia to Pecus or Sheep, which were and still are commutative as Money it self, but it may be properly from the Greek Word Kai∣nos, Comunis, because when it once had its Stamp or Cude upon it, then it was passable, currant and Common, and some would have it from the form of the Coin, consisting of An∣gles (as much of the French and Spanish Mony do) and some say, That from Angular Coins, the Corners or Angles of Structures are called Coins, because with such Mony the Ar∣chitects were paid their Wages. Now, I conceive that I may add my Supposition also, That the Word Coin, may be the abstract of Coynobeline or Cunobeline, one of the Kings of the old Britans, and who is said to be the first that did Coin Mony, at Malden in Essex (Cambden) where it is proba∣ble that their Mines (in our Records) since decayed or neg∣lected, did supply him with Metal, for that purpose; how∣ever, in our later Ages, the Word Coin is still applyed to Metals, formed into Currant Mony made of Metals.

CONDENSE, T. Dick-Maken, A. making Thick. L. Con∣densatio.

CONGEAL, ver Breizon, L. Coagulatio. See Conglutinate.

CONGLUTINATE. T. Lime, (from whence we have the word lime, for a Dog and Bitch in copulation) L. con∣glutinare.

A. to glew and join together: now these words ce∣ment, coagulate, condense, congeal and conglutinate are often, but improperly, applyed to one sense, especially about metals; for cementing is, as I have shewn in Cement; coagulation, from coa∣gulo, to curdle, i.e. where metals are joyned or curdled together by fire; condensation, when metals are made more hard, or thick∣ned; congelation, when they are by Fire turned into a Christa∣line, Glittering and Icy form, from gelare, to turn into Ice; which kind of Christal is often seen in refining of metals; and Conglutination from Glutinare, when they are joyned by a glewish temper, and is more properly applicable to vessels made of Glutinous matter, for the better holding of Metals in the Fire, yet all these Words still signify the making of things thicker or harder, than they were before: Now as to Conglu∣tination, I cannot here but call to mind what I saw at Ex∣mouth in Devonshire, where upon little Rocks appearing some∣what above the Sands (at a low Water) there were Oysters sticking fast to them (which at an high Water were all cove∣red by the Sea) so as we were forc't to beat them off with a Chizel and Hammer, and these they call'd Rock Oysters, the Shells being almost as firm as the Rock it self; I confess I look't upon it as a wonderful Secret in Nature, That the Oy∣ster could fix it self so firmly, having no outward parts to do it, and this in 12 hours time; for at the next Low-Water those very Rocks (where at the former Ebb we had left no Oysters on them) they were filled again with other Oysters, and therefore it must be some glutinous matter, which they cast forth upon the Rocks, and so brood upon it to a condensation; and I the rather believe this, because Shell-Snails, which we call Dodmans, have an excellent white Cement, always lying in the little end of the Cone of their Shells, with which they often glew themselves so fast to Walls, that they cannot get loose, but dye in their Shells: and so do's the Limpet (another Shell-Fish on the same Coast) cleave it self so hard to the Rocks, that nothing but a Chizel can divide them from the Rocks; now

certainly, if that part of the Oyster-shell which is so glewed, were mixt with so much of the Rock, on which it is fixt, there might be made a very binding Glew or Cement, for Metallick Vessels; but there is another sort of Shell-Fish, upon that Coast also, which I cannot but mention, because I do not find it amongst those that write of Shell-Fishes, and it is called in that County, the Long-Fish, or Capa Longa, the longest are not above 12 In∣ches and about an Inch in breadth, opening at each end, and con∣tains in it a white-Worm (for I cannot call it otherwise) which is a very nourishing Food, and being pickled up, are sent as accepta∣ble Presents, to those that make their Gusts their delights; these are caught in this manner: at a Low Water, that is, when the Sands are clear of Water, those Fishes do shew themselves above the Sands, about 3 Inches, so as 8 or 9 Inches remain in the sands, and then those who make it their Trade to get them, presently go against the wind very softly (as in catching of Moles) and with an Iron Engine (somewhat like a Spade) strike under them, and so are caught; but if they go with the wind, the Fish presently retires into the Sand, without possibility of be∣ing caught for that Tyde, and though after their Escapes, I have seen them digg'd for, yet they vanish beyond the strength or agillity of labour to catch them.

Now, these having no outward thing discernable to assist them in so quick a Motion, I conceive it must be by some glutinous matter, (such as we see do attend snails in their motion, but the snails cannot contract it again, because it usu∣ally lies on some dry substance) but the glutinous matter of these Capa longa's, being fixt in their Repositories (much un∣der the superficies of the sand, and so extended by them like a spiders thred) may with much more agility than a spider rise or fall as they please in a moment, there being a liquidity from their Repositories to make their motions of ascention or descen∣tion more agile and passable: Now from Creatures of this constitutions, certainly many excellent Cements may be made, as may be judged by the Fish, which Pliny lib. 32. cap. 7. calls

Itchthiocalla, and we Ising-glass Fish, which besides other vir∣tues, the skin and other parts of it (as he tells us, and now we know by Experience) do make an excellent Cement (espe∣cially if it be mingled with aqua vita) either for earthen Ware or Metals: enduring both fire and water.

COLOUR, T. Farb. L. Color. A. Colour. (signifying Beauty or Pulchritude) of which there are two sorts: natural and artificial; wherewith the Limners and Painters, in Imita∣tion of the Beauty of Nature, shews us the Beauty of their Art; yet they cannot perform their Works without the help and mixture of other Substances; as Oyls, Gums, &c. but their best and most proper Colours are from Metals; Whereof seven are accounted the chief, produced from the seven chief Metals which are influenced from the seven Planets, and these 7 Colours are used in painting, by two sorts of eminent Artists in that Science, viz. those who use them with Gum (call'd the Art of Miniature or drawing in little) and those which use them with Oyl (called Limners or Painters, or drawing in great and little) for I meddle not with those who work with Pastils or in Frisco, or Dyers, or Tincturists, so the first of these in an Alphabetical Order is Black; otherwise White and Black are accounted the Principes Colorum, & Mensura Reliquorum (Alsted.) And all of them produc'd from Metals and Minerals: the Seven are these;

I. BLACK, T. Schwartz (l. 1. p. 6.) from whence we have our word swarth or swarthy, inclining to black) L. Niger. Plutarch calls it color umbrosus. A. Black, and these Blacks are natural in Stones, Coals, &c. but the best Ar∣tificial ones are made by the retortions of Lamps, placed under Plates of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, Tin or Iron, and are easily distinguish't, in their nigerities or blackness; and this shews, that black hath some superiority over white, because when white things, as Ivory, &c. are burnt, they turn to a black: but as to our purpose: it is Observable, That all these

Blacks are still heightned and improved for use, by the three eminent Minerals, viz. Vitriol, Allum and Copperas.

II. BLEW, T. Blau and Himmel Blau (in English heavenly Blew) the Latines renders it to us mostly by Participles or Adjectives, as Lividus, Adluens, Caeruleus, Cyanaeus, Cumatilis, Coelestis Color; that is, a Co∣lour having those properties or resemblances: the French calls it Bleu and Azur, and we Blew and Azure, we from them, or they from us; which latter is the more likely, because we have more Mines of Copper, from whence it is produced, than they: now besides this Azure Blew, there is Blew Bise, Ʋltramarine, Smalt, Flory, Inde-Bandias, Litmus, Orchal, Blew Vitriol, Verdigrease, produced from Mines and Mine∣rals.

III. BROWN (or Russet) T. Braun, the Latines, which would bring this into the septinary of co∣lours, call it color nativus and Pulligo (Holioke) otherwise the common name is Fuscus, from the darkness of its colour, being (as it were) an attendent on Black, and of this brown colour (which is the proper colour of Tin and Copper Oar) there is Ʋmber, Spanish-Brown, Terrra d'colonia, Turnsil, Bole Armo∣niack, and other products of Metals and Minerals, which Paint∣ers and other do use for it.

IV. GREEN, T. Gruen, L. Veridis Recens, and many other words relating to the diversity of Greens, but those which are used for Painting (from Metals and Minerals) are Green Bise, Virditer, Verdigrease (which though it be used for Blew) yet being steept in Vinegar (as I have oft tryed) it doth produce a delightful transparent Green: also Copperas, Vitriol and Allum do much improve this co∣lour.

V. RED, T. Rot, L. Ruber, Rufus, &c. to supply which for Painting (there is Lake, which is another deli∣cate transparent red purple colour) also red Lead, Vermillion, Cin∣nabar, Minium (of different Names, yet little differing in colour)

also Cinople, Rosset, and several other Reds from Metals and Minerals.

VI. WHITE, T. Weitz and Blanch, L. Albus and Candidus, to represent this, the Painters use Littarge of Silver, Ceruse, white Lead, Spanish White, &c. raised from the Calcination of Metals.

VII. YELLOW, T. Gelb, L. Gilvus, Flavus, Fulvus, Luteus, Croceus; to represent this, they use Littarge of Gold (and a liquid matter which counterfeits Gold, such as is used about Coaches, &c.) they have also yellow Or∣piment, Sandarach, Masticot, yellow Oker, &c.

Now of these colours, those which are produced from Me∣tals and Minerals (as I have shewn) are too piercing for Paintings with Gum, and therefore not lasting, but with Oyl they are safe and very durable, even to a thousand years or more, especially in the curious Art of Anealing.

Now concerning colours in general, here is the difference be∣tween the Botanick Science and the Metallick, because in one the colour of Plants are seen in their admirable varietys, with∣out the use of Art; but the colours of Metals are not seen, but by the help of Art; only it may be supposed, that every Vein of Metal hath some pretious Stones to attend it, whereby we may be informed of what colour that Metal is most apt to yeild by Art: as Saphires, white and yellow, Diamonds, Rubyes, Emeralds, Amathists, &c. which are daily found (espe∣cially in hotter Climates:) there are also other colours, mentio∣ned by Erckern, as Grey, Lazure, red Sulphur, Purple, Orange, &c. but whoever will make a more exact review, will find, that the most pleasing, useful and durable Colours, are from the Me∣tals themselves, or their Extracts and Flowers, seen in their Original representatives, viz. Gems and pretious Stones.

CO-OPERATE. T. mit eyn ander werk. L. Co-operate, to work together, that is, when Metals do work together be∣fore separation, and is also generally applyed to any joynt action.

COPELLS. See Utensils.

COPPER, T. Cupser, L. Cuprum (l. 3.) A. Copper, and is ac∣counted the third Metal in esteem next Gold; and, as is pretend∣ed comes from the Isle of Cyprus, from whence it had its Name Cuprum; we need not go so far for it, having many Mines of that Metal, both in England and Wales, especially those at Kes∣wick in Cumberland,, which occasioned a great Suit betw••en Queen Elisabeth and the Earl of Northumberland, concerning her Right to them, upon the account of Royal Mines: which Case is reported by Plouden, with the Opinion of the Judges on the Queens side, wherby the Society for the Mines Royal, have had and still have the care over them, but for want of Fu∣el and skilful Miners, they are of no use at present: This Metal is of three sorts, the Red or Reddish, is the proper Na∣tural Copper: Yellow Copper, which, for distinction, is properly called Brass, is an Imitator of Gold: the White is when Cop∣per is tinged with Silver, so as it imitates Silver. See Brass.

COPPERAS, T. Vitriol, L. Vitriolum, this is a kind of Stone which is cast up very plentifully between Rochester and the Isle of Shepy (which being not far) I went purposely to the Copperas-Works, farmed of Mr. Haward (Lord of the Soyl) by one Mr. Johnson a Londoner, who in few years got above 20000 l. by it, as appeared by what he left to his two Daughters, when he died: I went also to other places, but did not find that the Stones are so plentiful and good in any other place of England: it is of a dark Sea-Green, but being melted its colour is heightned, and glitters like to Chrystal, and serves for many uses about Metals, and almost in all Trades where colours are concerned; and is one of the chief Ingredients for good Ink, as I found it in an old Abbòt's Book:

Vitrioli quarta, mediata fit uncia gummi; Ʋncia fit Galli, his jungas octo Falerni; (which I take to be Sherry) His bene contritis, comixtis omnibus illis, Facit bonum Atramentum.

And therefore this Copperas or one sort of Vitriol (in di∣stinction of the white (called Dans Vitriol, because from Dane∣mark) and the perfect blew Vitriol (called Roman, coming out of Italy) is called Atramentum Sutorium, because Sho∣makers-black is made with it. See Colours, Black and Vitriol.

COPPER-stone, T. Ruffer stein (lib. 3.) is no other than solid Oar of Copper, as it is in the mine, and not touch'd by other Imbracers, or, as it is made at the first smelting into Cakes or stones, and so the word Stone is commonly applyed to it by Erckern. See Oars and Stones.

CRISTAL, See Christal.

CROCUS, is the T. and L. for Saffron (lib. 2. and 4.) but in Metallicks, it is meant a pouder made of Iron or An∣timony, of a Saffron colour, and when it is made of Iron it is called Crocus Martis, or of Copper, Crocus Veneris, because it is the pouder of those Metals of Iron and Copper, which are De∣dicated to the Planets Mars and Venus, and sometimes is made of mixt Metals, and then called Crocus Metallorum, and are often mentioned by our Author.

CREIZER (l. 2. c. 2.) T. Kreutzer from Kreutx, or a little Cross stampt upon it, and is so small a piece, that it is accounted but the 92 part of an Hungarian Gilder, which is about 30 pence of our Silver: but H. Vaughan in his Book of Coinage, makes six sorts besides the Hungarian. See VVeight.

CRUCIBLE, T. Tiegel, I find no proper Latine Word for it, but it may go under the word Phiala for a Cruise or a Pot, and this Crucible is a diminutive of Cruise, or Pot less than a Cruise, but of different shapes: and this is used for dis∣solving of small pieces of Metal for Assaying, as others are for other uses called Cruises. See Pots.

CULB, T. Krug, which is a common name for all Cubi∣cal Pots, but we call it Culb, from the particular form of it, I suppose, because it inclines to a Cubical shape. See Sculpture.