A guide to church-fellowship and order according to the gospel-institution wherein these following particulars are distinctly handled, I. The necessity of believers to joyn themselves in church-order, II. The subject matter of the church, III. The continuation of a church-state, and of the administration of evangelical ordinances of worship, briefly vindicated, IV. What sort of churches the disciples of Christ may and ought to joyn themselves unto as unto entire communion / by ... John Owen ...

CHAP. I. The Necessity of Believers to joyn themselves in Church-Order. (Book 1)

IT is the Duty of every Believer, of every Disciple of Christ, to joyn him∣self, for the due and orderly obser∣vation and performance of the Comm••nds of Christ, unto the Glory of God, and their own Edification, Ma••th. 28.18, 19, 20.

This in general is gr••nted by all sorts and Parties of men; the grant of it, is the ground whereon they stand in the management of their mutual fe••ds in Religion, pleading that men ought to be

of, or joyn themselves unto this or that Church, still supposing t••at it is th••ir Duty to be of one or another.

Yea, it is granted also that Persons ought to chuse what Churches they will joyn themselves unto, wherein they may have the best advan••age unto their Edi∣fication and Salvation. They are to chuse to joyn themselves unto that Church which is in all things most according to the mind of God.

This it is supposed is the Liberty and Duty of every Man; for if it be not so, it is the foolishest thing in the World, for any to attempt to get others from one Church unto another; which is almost the whole business of Religion, that some think themselves concerned to attend unto.

But yet notwithstanding these Conces∣sions, when things come to the ••ri••l in particular, there is very little g••anted in complyance with the Assertion laid down. For besides that it is not a Church of Divine Institution, that is intended in these Concessions, when it comes unto the issue, where a Man is born, and in what Church he is Baptized in his Infan∣cy, there all choice is prevented, and in the Communion of that Church he is to abide, on the penalties of being esteemed

and dealt with as a Schismatick. In what National Church any person is baptized, in that National Church he is to continue, or answer the contrary at his peril. And in the Precincts of what Parish his Habi∣tation falls to be, in that particular Parish Church is he bound to Communicate in all Ordinances of Worship. I say, in the judgment of many, whatever is pretend∣ed of mens j••yning themselves unto the tru∣est and purest Churches, there is no Li∣berty of Judgment or Practice in either of these things left unto any of the Dis∣ciples of Christ

Wherefore the Liberty and Duty propo∣sed, being the Foundation of all orderly Evangelical Profession, and that wherein the Consciences of Believers are greatly concerned, I shall lay down one Propo∣sition wherein 'tis asserted, in the sence I intend, and then fully confirm it.

The Proposition it self is this:

It is the duty of every one who professeth Faith in Christ Jesus, and takes due care of his own Eternal Salvation, voluntarily and by his own choice to joyn himself unto some particular Congregation of Christs Institution, for his own Spiritual Edification, and the right discharge of his Commands.

1. THIS Duty is prescribed (1.) unto them only who profess Faith in Christ Je∣sus,

who own themselves to be his Dis∣ciples, that call Jesus Lord. For this is the method of the Gospel, that first men by the Preaching of it be made Disciples, or be brought unto Faith in Christ Jesus, and then be taught to do and observe whatever he commands, Matth. 28.18, 19, 20. first to believe, and then to be added unto the Church, Act. 2.41, 42, 46, 47. Men must first joyn themselves un∣to the Lord, or give up themselves unto him, before they can give up themselves unto the Church, according to the mind of Christ, 2 Cor. 8.5. We are not there∣fore concerned at present as unto them, who either not at all profess Faith in Christ Jesus, or else through ignorance of the Fundamental Principles of Religion, and wickedness of Life, do d••stroy or utterly render useless that Profession. We do not say it is the duty of such per∣sons, that is, their immediate duty, in the state wherein they are, to joyn them∣selves unto any Church. Nay, it is the duty of every Church, to refuse them their Communion, whilst they abide in that state. There are other duties to be in the first place pressed on them▪ where∣by they may be made meet for this. So in the Primitive times, although in the extraordinary Conversions unto Christi∣anity

that were made among the Jews, who before belonged unto Gods Covenant, they were all immediately added unto the Church, yet afterwards, in the or∣dinary way of the Conversion of men, the Churches did not immediately admit them into compleat Communion, but kept them as Catechumeners, for the e••crease of their knowledge, and trial of their profession, until they were judged meet to be joyned unto the Church. And they are not to blame who receive not such into compleat Communion with them, unto whom it is not a present duty to desire that Communion. Yea, the ad∣mission of such persons into Church-Soci∣eties, much more the compelling of them to be Members of this or that Church, almost wheth••r they will or no, is con∣trary to the rule of the Word, the ex∣ample of the Primitive Church••s, and a great expedient to harden men in their sins.

We do therefore avow, that we can∣not admit any into our Church Societies, as to compleat Membership, and actual Interest in the priviledges of the Church, who do not, by a profession of Faith in, and obedience unto Jesus Christ, no way contradicted by sins of life, mani∣fest themselves to be such, as whose

duty it is, to joyn themselves unto any Church. Neither do we injure any bap∣tized Persons hereby, or oppose any of their Right unto, and Interest in the Church, but only as they did universally in the Primitive Churches, after the death of the Apostles, we direct them into that way and method, wherein they may be recei∣ved unto the glory of Christ, and their own edification. And we do therefore af∣firm, that we will never deny that Com∣munion unto any person, high or low, rich or poor, old or young, male or fe∣male, whose duty it is to desire it.

2. IT is added in the description of the Subject, That it is such an one who takes due care of his own Salvation. Ma∣ny there are who profess themselves to be Christians, who it may be hear the word willingly, and do many things glad∣ly, yet do not esteem themselves obli∣ged unto a diligent enquiry into, and a precise observation of all the commands of Christ. But it is such whom we in∣tend, who constantly fix their minds on the enjoyment of God, as their chiefest good and utmost end, who thereon due∣ly consider the means of attaining it, and apply themselves thereunto. And it is to be feared, that the number of such persons will not be found to be very

great in the world; which is sufficient to take off the reproach from some particu∣lar Congregations of the smalness of their number. Such they ever were, and such is it foretold that they should be. Num∣ber was never yet esteemed a note of the true Church, by any but those, whose worldly interest it is that it should so be; yet at present absolutely in these Nati••ns, the number of such persons is not small.

3. Of these persons it is said, that it is their duty so to dispose of themselves. It is not that which they may do, as a con∣venience, or an advantage; not that which others may do for them, but which they must do for themselves in a way of duty. It is an Obediential Act unto the commands of Christ; whereunto is re∣quired subjection of Conscience unto his Authority, Faith in his promises, as also a respect unto an appeara••ce before his Judgment-Throne at the last day. The way of the Church of Rome to compel men into their Communion, and keep them in it, by fire and fagot, or any other means of external force, derives more from the Alcoran than the Gospel. Neither doth ir answer the mind of Christ in the Institution, End, and Order of Church-Societies, that men should become Members of them, partly by that which

is no way in their own power, and part∣ly by what their wills are regulated in, by the Laws of men. For it is, as was said, commonly esteemed, that men being born and baptized in such a Nation, are t••ereby made members of the Church of that Nation; and by living within such Parochial Precincts, as the Law of the Land hath Arbitrarily established, are members of this or that particular Con∣gregation. At least they are accounted so far to belong unto these Churches, as to render them liable unto all outward punishments, that shall be thought meet to be inflicted on them, who comply not with them. So far as these perswasions and actings according unto them, do pre∣vail, so far are they destructive of the principal foundation of the external Be∣ing and Order of the Church. But that mens joyning themselves in, or unto any Church Society, is, or ought to be, a voluntary act, or an act of free choice, in mere obedience unto the Authority and commands of Christ, is so sacred a truth, so evident in the Scripture, so necessary from its subject matter, so testifyed un∣to by the practice of all the first Church∣es; as that it despiseth all opposition. And I know not how any can reconcile the common practice of giving men the

reputation or reality of being Members of, or belonging unto this or that Church, as unto total Communion, who desire or chuse no such thing, unto this acknowledg∣ed principle.

5. THERE is a double jo••ning unto the Church; (1.) That which is, as unto total Communion in all the duties and priviledges of the Church, which is that whereof we treat. (2.) An adherence unto the Church, as unto the means of Instruction and Edi∣fication to be attained thereby. So per∣sons may adhere unto any Church, who yet are not meet, or free on some present consideration, to confederate with it, as unto total Communion; see Act. 5.13, 14. And of this sort in a peculiar manner, are the baptized Children of the members of the Church. For although they are not capable of performing Church duties, or enjoying Church-priviledges in their ten∣der years; nor can have a right unto to∣tal Communion▪ before the testification of their own voluntary corsent thereunto, and choice thereof; yet are they in a pe∣culiar manner under the care and inspe∣ction of the Church, so far as the outward administration of the Covenant in all the means of it, is committed thereunto; and their duty it is, according to their capacity, to attend unto the Ministry of

that Church whereunto they do be∣long.

6. THE Proposition respects a visible professing Church. And I intend such a Church in general, as avoweth Authori∣ty from Christ; (1.) For the Min••sterial Preaching of the Word; (2.) Administra∣tion of the Sacraments; (3.) For the Exer∣cise of Evangelical Discipline; and (4.) To give a publick testimony against the Devil and the World, not contradicting their profession with any corrupt Principles or Practices inconsistent with it. What is required in particular, that any of them may be meet to be joyned unto such a Church, we shall afterwards enquire.

7. IT is generally said, that out of the Church there is no Salvation; and the truth hereof is testified unto in the Scriptures, Act. 2.47. 1 Pet. 3.20, 21. Matth. 16.18. Ephes. 5.26, 27. Joh. 10.16.

8. THIS is true both positively and negatively of the Catholick Church invi∣sible of the Elect: All that are of it shall be saved; and none shall be saved but those that belong unto it, Ephes. 5.25, 26, 27. Of the Catholick visible pro∣fessing Church negatively; that no Adult person can be saved, that doth not be∣long unto this Church, Rom. 10.10.

9. THIS Position of Truth is abused by Interest and Pride; an enclosure of it being made by them, who of all Christi∣ans in the World can lay the least and weakest claim unto it; namely, the Church of Rome. For they are so far from being that Catholick Church, out of which there is no Salvation, and wherein none can perish, like the Ark of Noah, that it requires the highest charity to reckon them unto that visible professing Church, whereof the greatest part may perish; and do so undoubtedly.

10. Our enquiry is, what truth there is in this Assertion, with respect unto these particular Churches or Societies, for the celebration of Gospel-worship and Discipline, whereof we treat. And I say,

1. No Church, of what den••mination soever, can lay a claim unto this Privi∣ledge▪ as belonging unto it self alone. This wa•• the antient Donatism; They confined Salvation unto the Churc••es of their way alone. And after many false charges of it on others, it begins really to be renewed in our d••ys. For some dispute, that Salvation is confined unto that Church alone, wherein there is a Succession of Diocesan Bishops; which is the height of Donatism. The Judgments and Determinations made concerning the

Eternal Salvation or Damnation of Men, by the measures of some differences a∣mong Christians about Churches, their State and Order, are absurd, foolish, and impious, and for the most part used by them, who sufficiently preclaim, that they know neither what it is to be saved, nor do use any diligence about the neces∣sary means of it. Salvation depends ab∣solutely on no particular Church-state in the world; he knows not the Gospel, who can really think it doth. Persons of Believers are not for the Church, but the Church is for them: if the Ministry of Angels be for them who are Heirs of Sal∣vation, much more is the Ministry of the Church so. If a man be an Adulterer, an Idolater, a Rayler, a hater and scoffer of Godliness; if he choose ••o live in any known sin, without Repentance, or in the neglect of any known duty; if he be ig∣norant and prophane; in a word, if he be not bo••n again from above, be he of what Church he will, and whatsoever place he possess therein, he cannot be saved. And on the other side, if a man believe in Christ Jesus, that is, know him in his Person, Offices, Doctrine and Grace, trust unto him for all the ends of the wisdom and love of God towards Mankind in him; if he endeavour to yield sincere

and universal obedience unto all his co••∣mands, and to be confirmed unto him, in all things following his example, having for these ends received of his Spirit, though all the Churches in the world should reject him, yet he shall undoubted∣ly be saved. If any shall hence infer, that then it is all one of what Church any one is: I answer, (1.) That although the be∣ing of this or that▪ or any particular Church in the world, will not secure the Salvation of any men; yet the adherence unto some Churches, or such as are so called, in their constitution and worship, may prejudice, yea, ruine the Salvation of any that shall so do. (2.) The choice of what Church we will joyn unto, be∣longs unto the choice and use of the means for our Edification. And he that makes no conscience hereof, but merely with r••spect unto the event of being saved at last, will probably come short thereof,

2. ON this Supposition, that there be no insuperable difficulties lying in the way of the discharge of this duty, as that a person be cast by the providence of God into such a place or season, as wherein there is no Church that he can possibly joyn himself unto, or that he be unjustly refused Communion, by unwar∣rantable conditions of it, as it was with

many during the preval••ncy of the Papa∣cy in all the Western Empire; it is the indisp••nsible duty of every Disciple of Christ, in order unto his Edification and Salvation, voluntarily, and of his own choice, to joyn himself in and unto some particular congregation, for the Celebrati∣on of divine Worship, and the due ob∣servation of all the Institutions and com∣mands of Christ; which we shall now farther confirm.

1. THE foundation of this duty, as was before declared▪ doth lye in the law and light of Nature. Man cannot exercise the principal powers and faculties of his Soul, with which he was created, and whereby he is enabled to glorifie God, which is the end of him and them, without a consent and conjunction in the Worship of God in Communion and Society, as hath been proved before.

2. The way whereby this is to be done, God hath declared and revealed from the beginning, by the Constitution of a Church-state, through the addition of Ar∣bitrary Institutions of worship, unto what was r••quired by the Law of Nature. For this gives the true state, and is the formal reason of a Church, namely, a di∣vine Addition of Arbitrary Institutions of worship, unto the necessary Dictates of

the Law of Nature, unto that end. And the especial nature of any Church-state, doth depend on the especial nature of those Institutions, which is constitutive of the difference between the Church-state of the Old Testament and that of the New.

3. SUCH a Church-state was constituted and appointed under the Old Testament, founded in and on an especial Covenant between God and the People, Exod. 24. Unto this Church every one that would please God, and walk before him, was bound to joyn himself, by the ways and means that he had appointed for that end; namely, by Circumcision, and their laying hold on the Covenant of God, Exod. 12.48. Isa. 56.4. And this joyning unto the Church, is called joyning unto the Lord, Isa. 56.6. Jerem. 50.5. as being the means thereof; without which it could not be done. Herein was the Taberna∣cle of God with men, and he dwelt a∣mong them.

4. AS a new Church-state is prophesied of under the New Testament. Ezek. 34.25, 26, 27. Isa. 66.18, 19, 20, 21, 22. and other places innumerable; so it was actually erected by Jesus Christ, as we have declared. And whereas it is intro∣duced and established in the place and

room of the Church-state under the Old Testament, which was to be removed at the time of Reformation, as the Apostle de∣monstrates at large in his Epistle to the Hebrews; all the commands, promises, and threatnings given or annexed unto that Church-state, concerning the conjun∣ction of men unto it, and walking in it, are transferred unto this of the new erection of Christ. Wherefore although the State of the Church it self, be redu∣ced from that which was Nationally Con∣gregational, unto that which is simply and absolutely so; and all Ordinances of its instituted worship are changed, with new rules for the observation of what we are directed unto by the light of N••ture: yet the commands, promises, and threat∣nings, made and given unto it as a Church, are all in full force with respect unto this new Church-state; and we need no new commands to render it our duty to joyn in Evangelical Churches, for the ends of a Church in general.

5. THE Lord Christ hath disposed all the ways and means of edification, unto these Churches; so that ordinarily, and under an expectation of his presence in them, and concurrence unto their efficacy, they are not otherwise to be enjoyed. Such are the ordinary dispensation of the Word,

and Administration of the Sacraments. For any Disciple of Christ to live in a neglect of these things, and the enjoyment of them according to his mind, is to despise his care and wisdom, in providing for his eternal welfare.

6. HE hath prescribed sundry duties unto us, both as necessary, and as evidences of our being his Disciples, such as cannot be orderly performed, but as we are mem∣bers of some particular Congregation: this also hath been before declared▪

7. THE Institution of these Churches, is the way which Christ hath ordained to render his Kingdom visible or conspicu∣ous, in distinction from, and opposition unto, the Kingdom of Satan and the world. And he doth not in a due man∣ner, declare himself a subject in or unto the Kingdom of Christ, who doth not solemnly ingage in this way. It is not enough to constitute a legal subject of the Kingdom of England, that he is born in the Nation, and lives in some outward observance of the Laws of it, if he refuse solemnly to express his Allegiance in the way appointed by the Law for that end. Nor will it constitute a regular subject of the Kingdom of Christ, that he is born in a place where the Gospel is professed, and so professeth a general complyance

therewith; if he refuse to testifie his sub∣jection, by the way that Christ hath ap∣pointed for that end. It is true, the whole Nation in their civil relation and subordination according to Law, is the Kingdom of England. But the representa∣tion of the Kingly power and rule in it, is in the Courts of all sorts, wherein the Kingly power is acted, openly and visi∣bly. And he that lives in the Nation, yet denies his h••mage unto these Courts, is not to be esteemed a Subject. So doth the whole visible professing Church, in one or more Nations, or lesser precincts of people and places constitute the visi∣ble Kingdom of Christ; yet is no parti∣cular person to be esteemed a legal true Subject of Christ, that doth not appear in these his Courts with a Solemn expression of his Homage unto him.

8. THE whole Administration of the Rule and Discipline appointed by Christ, is confined unto these Churches; nor can they be approved by whom that rule is despised. I shall not argue farther, in a case whose truth is of so uncontroulable evidence. In all the writings of the New Testament, recording things after the Ascension of Christ, there is no men∣tion of any of his Disciples with appro∣bation, unless they were extraordinary

Officers, but such as were entire Mem∣bers of these Assemblies.