The life of the thrice noble, high and puissant prince William Cavendishe, Duke, Marquess and Earl of Newcastle ... written by the thrice noble, illustrious and excellent princess, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle, his wife.

The First Book.

SInce my chief intent in this present Work, is to describe the Life and Actions of My Noble Lord and Husband, Wil∣liam, Duke of Newcastle, I shall do it with as much Brevity, Perspicuity and Truth, as is required of an Impartial Historian. The History of his Pedigree I shall refer to the Heralds, and partly give you an account thereof at the latter end of this work; onely thus much I shall now mention, as will be requisite for the better understanding of the follow∣ing discourse.

His Grandfather by his Fathers side was Sir Wil∣liam Cavendish, Privy Counsellour and Treasurer of the Chamber to King Henry the Eighth, Edward the Sixth, and Queen Mary. His Grandfather by his Mother was Cuthbert Lord Ogle, an ancient Ba∣ron. His Father Sir Charles Cavendish was the youngest son to Sir William, and had no other Chil∣dren but three Sons, whereof My Lord was the Se∣cond; but his elder Brother dying in his Infancy, left both his Title and Birth-right to My Lord, so that My Lord had then but one onely Brother left, whose name was Charles after his Father, whereas My Lord had the name of his Grandfather.

These two Brothers were partly bred with Gilbert Earl of Shrewsbury their Uncle in Law, and their Aunt Mary, Countess of Shrewsbury, Gilbert's Wife, and Sister to their Father; for there interceded an intire and constant Friendship between the said Gilbert, Earl of Shrewsbury, and My Lord's Father, Sir Charles Cavendish, caused not onely by the marriage of My Lord's Aunt, his Fathers Sister, to the aforesaid Gil∣bert Earl of Shrewsbury, and by the marriage of George Earl of Shrewsbury, Gilbert's Father, with My Lord's Grandmother, by his Fathers side; but Sir Charles Cavendish, My Lord's Father, and Gilbert Earl of Shrewsbury, being brought up and bred together in one Family, and grown up as parts of one body, after they came to be beyond Children, and travelled toge∣ther

into foreign Countries, to observe the Fashions, Laws, and Customs of other Nations, contracted such an intire Friendship which lasted to their death: neither did they out live each other long, for My Lord's Fa∣ther, Sir Charles Cavendish, lived but one year after Gil∣bert Earl of Shrewsbury.

But both My Lords Parents, and his Aunt and Un∣cle in Law, shewed always a great and fond love to My Lord, endeavouring, when He was but a Child, to please him with what he most delighted in. When He was grown to the Age of fifteen or sixteen, he was made Knight of the Bath, an ancient and honour∣able Order, at the time when Henry, King Iames, of blessed Memory, His eldest Son was created Prince of Wales: and soon after, he went to travel with Sir Hen∣ry Wotton, who was sent as Ambassador Extraordi∣nary to the then Duke of Savoy; which Duke made very much of My Lord, and when he would be free in Feasting, placed Him next to himself. Before My Lord did return with the Ambassador into Eng∣land, the said Duke profer'd My Lord, that if he would stay with him, he would not onely confer up∣on him the best Titles of Honour he could, but also give him an honourable Command in War, although My Lord was but young, for the Duke had then some designs of War. But the Ambassador, who had taken the care of My Lord, would not leave Him behind without his Parents consent.

At last, when My Lord took his leave of the Duke, the Duke being a very generous person, presented Him with a Spanish Horse, a Saddle very richly em∣broidered, and with a rich Jewel of Diamonds.

Some time after My Lord's return into England, Gilbert Earl of Shrewsbury died, and left My Lord, though he was then but young, and about Twenty two years of age, his Executor; a year after, his Fa∣ther Sir Charles Cavendish, died also. His Mother, being then a Widow, was desirous that My Lord should marry: in obedience to whose Commands, he chose a Wife both to his own good liking, and his Mo∣thers approving; who was Daughter and Heir to Wil∣liam Basset of Blore Esq a very honourable and ancient Family in Stafford-Shire, by whom was added a great part to His Estate, as hereafter shall be men∣tioned. After My Lord was married, he lived, for the most part, in the Country, and pleased Himself and his neighbours with Hospitality, and such delights as the Country afforded; onely now and then he would go up to London for some short time to wait on the King.

About this time King Iames, of blessed memory, ha∣ving a purpose to confer some Honour upon My Lord, made him Viscount Mansfield, and Baron of Bolsover; and after the decease of King Iames, King Charles the First, of blessed Memory, constituted him Lord Warden of the Forrest of Sherewood, and Lieu∣tenant

of Nottingham-Shire, and restored his Mother Catharine, the second Daughter of Cuthbert Lord O∣gle, to her Fathers Dignity, after the death of her one∣ly Sister Iane Countess of Shrewsbury, publickly de∣claring, that it was her Right; which Title after the death of his Mother, descended also upon My Lord, and his Heirs General, together with a large Inheri∣tance of 3000 l. a year, in Northumberland.

About the same time, after the decease of William, late Earl of Devonshire, his Noble Cousin German, My Lord was by his said Majesty made Lord Lieute∣nant of Derby-Shire; which trust and honour, after he had enjoyed for several years, and managed it, like as all other offices put to his Trust, with all possible care, faithfulness and dexterity, during the time of the said Earls Son, William the now Earl of Devonshire, his Minority, as soon as this same Earl was come to age, and by Law made capable of that trust, he willingly and freely resign'd it into his hands, he having hitherto kept it onely for him, that he and no body else might succeed his Father in that dignity.

In these, and all other both publick and private im∣ployments, My Lord hath ever been careful to keep up the Kings Rights to the uttermost of his power, to strengthen those mentioned Counties with Ammuni∣tion, and to administer Justice to every one; for he refused no mans Petition, but sent all that came to him either for relief or justice, away from him fully satis∣fied.

Not long after his being made Lieutenant of Not∣tingham-Shire, there was found so great a defect of Armes and Ammunition in that County, that the Lords of the Council being advertised thereof, as the manner then was, His Majesty commanded a levy to be made upon the whole County for the supply thereof; whereupon the sum of 500 l. or thereabout, was accordingly levied for that purpose, and three Persons of Quality, then Deputy Lieutenants, were desired by My Lord to receive the money, and see it disposed; which being done accordingly, and a cer∣tain account rendred to My Lord, he voluntarily ordered the then Clerk of the Peace of that County, That the same account should be recorded amongst the Sessions Roles, and be published in open Sessions, to the end that the Country might take notice, how their monies were disposed of; for which act of Ju∣stice My Lord was highly commended.

Within some few years after, King Charles the First, of blessed Memory, His Gracious Sove∣raign, in regard of His true and faithful service to his King and Country, was pleased to honour him with the Title of Earl of Newcastle, and Baron of Bothal and Heple; which Title he graced so much by His Noble Actions and Deportments, that some seven years after, which was in the Year 1638. His Majesty called him up to Court, and thought Him the fittest Person whom He might intrust with the Government

of His Son Charles then Prince of Wales, now our most Gracious King, and made him withal a Member of the Lords of His Majesties most honourable Privy Council; which, as it was a great Honour and Trust, so He spared no care and industry to discharge His Duty accordingly; and to that end, left all the care of governing his own Family and Estate, with all Fi∣delity attending His Master not without considerable Charges, and vast Expences of his own.

In this present Employment He continued for the space of three Years, during which time there hap∣pened an Insurrection and Rebellion of His Majesties discontented Subjects in Scotland, which forced His Majesty to raise an Army, to reduce them to their O∣bedience, and His Treasury being at that time ex∣hausted, he was necessitated to desire some supply and assistance of the Noblest and Richest of his Loyal Subjects; amongst the rest, My Lord lent His Ma∣jesty 10000 l. and raised Himself a Voluntier-Troop of Horse, which consisted of 120 Knights and Gen∣tlemen of Quality, who marched to Berwick by His Majesties Command, where it pleased His Majesty to set this mark of Honour upon that Troop, that it should be Independent, and not commanded by any General Officer, but onely by his Majesty Himself; The reason thereof was upon this following occa∣sion.

His Majesties whole body of Horse, being com∣manded to march into Scotland against the Rebels, a place was appointed for their Rendezvous; Immedi∣ately upon their meeting, My Lord sent a Gentle∣man of Quality of his Troop* 1.1 to His Majesties then General of the Horse, to know where his Troop should march; who returned this answer, That it was to march next after the Troops of the General Offi∣cers of the Field. My Lord conceiving that his Troop ought to march in the Van, and not in the Rear, sent the same Messenger back again to the Ge∣neral, to inform him, That he had the honour to march with the Princes Colours, and therefore he thought it not fit to march under any of the Officers of the Field; yet nevertheless the General ordered that Troop as he had formerly directed. Where∣upon, My Lord thinking it unfit at that time to dis∣pute the business, immediately commanded his Cor∣net* 1.2 to take off the Princes Colours from his staff, and so marched in the place appointed, choosing rather to march without his Colours flying, then to lessen his Masters dignity by the command of any subject.

Immediately after the return from that expedition to his Majesties Leaguer, the General made a com∣plaint thereof to his Majesty; who being truly in∣formed of the business, commended my Lords discre∣tion for it, and from that time ordered that Troop to be commanded by none but himself. Thus they re∣main'd

upon duty without receiving any pay or al∣lowance from His Majesty, until His Majesty had re∣duced his Rebellious Subjects, and then My Lord re∣turned with honour to his Charge, viz. The Govern∣ment of the Prince.

At last when the whole Army was disbanded, then, and not before, my Lord thought it a fit Time to exact an account from the said General for the affront he pass'd upon him, and sent him a Challenge; the place and hour being appointed by both their Consents, where and when to meet, My Lord appear'd there with his Second* 1.3, but found not his Opposite: After some while his Opposite's Second came all alone, by whom my Lord perceiv'd that their Design had been discover'd to the King by some of his Oppo∣site's Friends, who presently caused them both to be confined until he had made their Peace.

My Lord having hitherto attended the Prince, his Master, with all faithfulness and duty befitting so great an Employment, for the space of three years, in the beginning of that Rebellious and unhappy Parliament, which was the cause of all the ruines and misfortunes that afterwards befell this Kingdom, was privately advertised, that the Parliaments De∣sign was to take the Government of the Prince from him, which he apprehending as a disgrace to Himself, wisely prevented, and obtained the Consent of His late Majesty, with His Favour, to deliver up the

Charge of being Governor to the Prince, and retire into the Countrey; which he did in the beginning of the Year 1641, and setled himself, with his La∣dy, Children and Family, to his great satisfaction, with an intent to have continued there, and rested under his own Vine, and managed his own Estate; but he had not enjoyed himself long, but an Ex∣press came to him from His Majesty, who was then unjustly and unmannerly treated by the said Parliament, to repair with all possible speed and pri∣vacy, to Kingston upon Hull, where the greatest part of His Majesties Ammunition and Arms then re∣mained in that Magazine, it being the most conside∣rable place for strength in the Northern parts of the Kingdom.

Immediately upon the receipt of these His Majesties Orders and Commands, my Lord pre∣pared for their execution, and about Twelve of the Clock at night, hastned from his own house when his Familie were all at their rest, save two or three Servants which he appointed to attend him. The next day early in the morning he arrived at Hull, in the quality of a private Gentleman, which place was distant from his house forty miles; and none of his Family that were at home, knew what was be∣come of him, till he sent an Express to his Lady to inform her where he was.

Thus being admitted into the Town, he fell upon his intended Design, and brought it to so hopeful an issue for His Majesties Service, that he wanted nothing but His Majesties further Commissi∣on and Pleasure to have secured both the Town and Magazine for His Majesties use; and to that end by a speedy Express* 1.4 gave His Majesty, who was then at Windsor, an account of all his Transactions there∣in, together with his Opinion of them, hoping His Majesty would have been pleased either to come thi∣ther in Person, which He might have done with much security, or at least have sent him a Commission and Orders how he should do His Majesty further Service.

But instead thereof he received Orders from His Majesty to observe such Directions as he should re∣ceive from the Parliament then sitting: Whereup∣on he was summoned personally to appear at the House of Lords, and a Committee chosen to exa∣mine the Grounds and Reasons of his undertaking that Design; but my Lord shewed them his Com∣mission, and that it was done in obedience to His Majesties Commands, and so was cleared of that Action.

Not long after, my Lord obtained the freedom from His Majesty to retire again to his Countrey-Life, which he did with much alacrity: He had not remained many months there, but His Majesty

was forced by the fury of the said Parliament, to repair in Person to York, and to send the Queen beyond the Seas for her safety.

No sooner was His Majesty arrived at York, but he sent his Gommands to my Lord to come thither to him; which according to his wonted custom and loy∣alty he readily obeyed, and after a few days spent there in Consultation, His Majesty was pleased to Com∣mand him to Newcastle upon Tyne, to take upon him the Government of that Town, and the four Counties next adjoining; that is to say, Northumberland, Cumber∣land, Westmerland, and the Bishoprick of Durham: which my Lord did accordingly, although he wanted Men, Money and Ammunition, for the performance of that design; for when he came thither, he neither found any Military provision considerable for the underta∣king that work, nor generally any great encourage∣ment from the people in those parts, more then what his own interest created in them; Nevertheless, he thought it his duty rather to hazard all, then to neglect the Commands of His Soveraign; and resolved to shew his Fidelity, by nobly setting all at stake, as he did, though he well knew how to have secured himself, as too many others did, either by Neutrality, or adhe∣ring to the Rebellious Party; but his Honour and Loyalty was too great to be stained with such foul ad∣herencies.

As soon as my Lord came to Newcastle, in the first place he sent for all his Tenants and Friends in those parts, and presently raised a Troop of Horse con∣sisting of 120. and a Regiment of Foot, and put them under Command, and upon duty and exercise in the Town of Newcastle; and with this small be∣ginning took the Government of that place upon him; where with the assistance of the Towns-men, particularly the Mayor,* 1.5 (whom by the power of his Forces, he continued Mayor for the year following, he being a person of much trust and fidelity, as he appro∣ved himself) and the rest of his Brethren, within few days he fortified the Town, and raised men daily, and put a Garrison of Soldiers into Tinmouth -Castle, stand∣ing upon the River Tyne, betwixt Newcastle and the Sea, to secure that Port, and armed the Soldiers as well as he could: And thus he stood upon his Guard, and continued them upon Duty; playing his weak Game with much Prudence, and giving the Town and Country very great satisfaction by his noble and honourable Deportment.

In the mean time, there happend a great mutiny of the Trainband Souldiers of the Bishoprick at Dur∣ham, so that my Lord was forced to remove thither in Person, attended with some forces to appease them; where at his arrival (I mention it by the way, and as a merry passage) a jovial Fellow used this ex∣pression, That he liked my Lord very well, but

not his Company (meaning his Soldiers.)

After my Lord had reduced them to their obedi∣ence and duty, he took great care of the Church Go∣vernment in the said Bishoprick (as he did no less in all other places committed to his Care and Protection, well knowing that Schism and Faction in Religion is the Mother of all or most Rebellions, Wars and Di∣sturbances in a State or Government) and constituted that Learned and Eminent Divine the then Dean of Peterborough, now Lord-Bishop of Durham* 1.6, to view all sermons that were to be Preached, and suffer no∣thing in them that in the least reflected against His Ma∣jesties Person and Government, but to put forth and add whatsoever he thought convenient, and punish those that should trespass against it. In which that worthy Person used so much care and industry, that never the Church could be more happily govern'd then it was at that present.

Some short time after, my Lord received from Her Majesty the Queen, out of Holland a small supply of Money, viz. a little barrel of Ducatoons, which amounted to about 500 l. Sterling; which my Lord distributed amongst the Officers of his new raised Ar∣my, to encourage them the better in their service; as also some Armes, the most part whereof were consign∣ed to his late Majesty; and those that were ordered to be conveyed to his Majesty, were sent accordingly, conducted by that onely Troop of Horse, which my

Lord had newly raised, with orders to return again to him; but it seems His Majesty liked the Troop so well, that he was pleased to command their stay to re∣cruit his own Army.

About the same time the King of Denmark was like∣wise pleased to send His Majesty a Ship, which arri∣ved at Newcastle, laden with some Ammunition, Armes, Regiment Pieces, and Danish Clubs; which my Lord kept for the furnishing of some Forces which he intended to raise for His Majesties service; for he perceiving the flames increase more and more in both the Houses of Parliament then sitting at Westminster, against his Majesties Person and Government; upon Consultation with his Friends and Allies, and the in∣terest he had in those Northern parts, took a resolu∣tion to raise an Army for His Majesties service, and by an express acquainted His Majesty with his design; who was so well pleased with it, that he sent him Com∣missions for that purpose, to constitute him General of all the Forces raised and to be raised in all the parts of the Kingdom, Trent-North, and moreover in the several Counties of Lincoln, Nottingham, Derby, Lan∣cashire, Cheshire, Leicester, Rutland, Cambridg, Hun∣tington, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex, and Commander in Chief for the same; as also to impower and autho∣rize him to confer the honour of Knighthood upon such Persons as he should conceive deserved it, and to coin Money and Print whensoever he saw occasion

for it: Which as it was not onely a great Honour, but a great Trust and Power; so he used it with much discretion and wisdom, onely in such occurrencies, where he found it tending to the advancement of His Majesties Service, and conferr'd the honour of Knight∣hood sparingly, and but on such persons, whose Vali∣ant and Loyal Actions did justly deserve it, so that he Knighted in all to the number of Twelve.

Within a short time, my Lord formed an Army of 8000 Foot, Horse and Dragoons, and put them into a condition to march in the beginning of Novem∣ber 1642. No sooner was this effected, but the In∣surrection grew high in York-Shire, in so much, that most of His Majesties good subjects of that County, as well the Nobility as Gentry, were forced for the preservation of their persons, to retire to the City of York, a walled Town, but of no great strength; and hearing that my Lord had not onely kept those Coun∣ties in the Northen parts generally faithful to his Ma∣jesty, but raised an Army for His Majesties Interest, and the protection of his good subjects; thought it convenient to employ and authorise some persons of Quality to attend upon my Lord, and treat with him on their behalf, that he would be pleased to give them the assistance of his Army, which my Lord grant∣ed them upon such Terms as did highly advance His Majesties Service, which was my Lords chief and one∣ly aim.

Thus my Lord being with his Army invited into York-Shire, He prepared for it with all the speed that the nature of that business could possibly permit; and after he had fortified the Town of Newcastle, Tyn∣mouthcastle, Hartlepool (a Haven Town) and some other necessary Garisons in those parts, and Mann'd, Victuall'd and order'd their constant supply, He thought it fit in the first place, before he did march, to manifest to the World by a Declaration in Print, the reasons and grounds of his undertaking that design; which were in General, for the preservation of His Majesties Person and Government, and the defence of the Orthodox Church of England; where He also satisfied those that murmur'd for my Lords receiving into his Army such as were of the Catholick Religion, and then he presently marched with his Army into York-shire to their assistance, and within the time agreed upon, came to York, notwithstanding the Enemies Forces gave him all the interruption they possibly could, at several passes; whereof the chief was at Pierce-bridg, at the entering into York-shire, where 1500 of the Enemies Forces, Commanded in chief by Col. Hotham, were ready to interrupt my Lord's Forces, sent thither to secure that passe, consisting of a Regiment of Dragoons, commanded by Colo∣nel Thomas Howard, and a Regiment of Foot, Com∣manded by Sir William Lambton, which they per∣formed with so much Courage, that they routed the

Enemy, and put them to flight, although the said Col. Howard in that Charge lost his life by an un∣fortunate shot.

The Enemy thus missing of their design, fled un∣til they met with a conjunction of their whole For∣ces at Tadcaster, some eight miles distant from York, and my Lord went on without any other considera∣ble Interruption. Being come to York, he drew up his whole Army before the Town, both Horse and Foot, where the Commander in Chief, the then earl of Cumberland, together with the Gentry of the Country, came to wait on my Lord, and the then Governor of York, Sir Thomas Glemham, pre∣sented him with the Keys of the City.

Thus my Lord marched into the Town with great joy, and to the general satisfaction both of the Nobility and Gentry, and most of the Citizens; and immediately without any delay, in the later end of December 1642, fell upon Consultations how he might best proceed to serve his King and Coun∣try; and particularly, how his Army should be maintained and paid, (as he did also afterwards in every Country wheresoever he marched) well know∣ing, that no Army can be governed without being constantly and regularly supported by provision and pay. Whereupon it was agreed, That the Nobili∣ty and Gentry of the several Counties, should se∣lect a certain number of themselves to raise money

by a regular Tax, for the making provisions for the support and maintenance of the Army, rather than to leave them to free-quarter, and to carve for them∣selves; and if any of the Soldiers were exorbitant and disorderly, and that it did appear so to those that were authorised to examine their deportment, that presently order should be given to repair those injuries out of the moneys levied for the Soldiery; by which means the Country was preserved from many inconveniences, which otherwise would doubt∣less have followed.

And though the season of the year might well have invited my Lord to take up his Winter-quarters, it being about Christmas; yet after he had put a good Garison into the City of York, and fortified it, up∣on intelligence that the Enemy was still at Tadcaster, and had fortified that place, he resolved to march thither. The greatest part of the Town stands on the West side of a River not fordable in any place near thereabout, nor allowing any passage into the Town from York, but over a Stone-bridge, which the E∣nemy had made impassable by breaking down part of the Bridg, and planting their Ordnance upon it, and by raising a very large and strong Fort upon the top of a Hill, leading Eastward from that Bridg towards York, upon design of commanding the Bridg and all other places fit to draw up an Army in, or to plant Cannon against them.

But notwithstanding all these Discouragements, my Lord after he had refresh'd his Army at York, and recruited his provisions, ordered a march before the said Town in this manner: That the greatest part of his Horse and Dragoons should in the night march to a Pass at Weatherby, five miles distant from Tad∣caster, towards North-west, from thence under the Command of his then Lieutenant General of the Army, to appear on the West side of Tadcaster ear∣ly the next morning, by which time my Lord with the rest of his Army resolved to appear at the East-side of the said Town; which intention was well de∣sign'd, but ill executed; for though my Lord with that part of the Army which he commanded in per∣son, that is to say, his Foot and Cannon, attended by some Troops of Horse, did march that night, and early in the morning appear'd before the Town on the East side thereof, and there drew up his Army, planted his Cannon, and closely and orderly besieg∣ed that side of the Town, and from ten in the morn∣ing till four a Clock in the afternoon, battered the E∣nemies Forts and Works, as being in continual expe∣ctation of the appearance of the Troops on the other side, according to his order; yet (whether it was out of Neglect or Treachery that my Lords Orders were not obeyed) that days Work was rendred ineffectu∣al as to the whole Design.

However the vigilancy of My Lord did put the E∣nemy into such a Terror, that they forsook that Fort, and secretly fled away with all their Train that very night to another strong hold not far distant from Tad∣caster, called Cawood-Castle, to which, by reason of its low and boggy Scituation, and foul and narrow Lanes and passages, it was not possible for my Lord to pursue them without too great an hazard to his Ar∣my; whereas had the Lieutenant General performed his Duty, in all probability, the greatest part of the principal Rebels in York-shire, would that day have been taken in their own trap, and their further mis∣chief prevented. My Lord, the next morning, in∣stead of storming the Town, (as he he had intended) entred without interruption, and there stayed some few days to refresh his Army, and order that part of the Country.

In December 1642. My Lord thought it fit to march to Pomfret, and to quarter his Army in that part of the Country, which was betwixt Cawood, and some Garisons of the Enemy, in the west part of York-shire, viz. Hallifax, Bradford, Leeds, Wakefield, &c. where he remained some time to recruit and enlarge his Ar∣my, which was much lessened by erecting of Garisons, and to keep those parts in order and obedience to His Majesty; And after he had thus ordered his Affairs, He was enabled to give Protection to those parts of the Country that mere most willing to embrace it, and

quarter'd his Army for a time in such places which he had reduced. Tadcaster, which stood upon a Pass, he made a Garison, or rather a strong Quarter, and put also a Garison into Pomfret Castle, not above eight Miles distant from Tadcaster, which commanded that Town, and a great part of the Country.

During the time that his Army remained at Pom∣fret, My Lord setled a Garison at Newark in Notting∣ham-shire, standing upon the River Trent, a very con∣siderable pass, which kept the greatest part of Notting∣ham-shire, and part of Lincoln-shire in obedience; and after that, he returned in the beginning of Ianuary 1642, back to York, with an intention to supply Him∣self with some Ammunition, which He had ordered to be brought from Newcastle: A Convoy of Horse that were imployed to conduct it from thence, under the Command of the Lieutenant General of the Army the Lord Ethyn, was by the Enemy at a pass, called Ya∣rum-bridg, in York-shire, fiercely encountred; in which encounter My Lord's Forces totally routed them, slew many, and took many Prisoners, and most of their Horse Colours consisting of Seventeen Cornets; and so march'd on to York with their Ammunition, with∣out any other Interruption.

My Lord, after he had received this Ammunition, put his Army into a condition to march, and having intelligence that the Queen was at Sea, with intention to land in some part of the Eastriding of York-shire, he

directed his March in February 1642, into those parts, to be ready to attend Her Majesties landing, who was then daily expected from Holland. Within a short time, after it had pleased God to protect Her Majesty both from the fury of Wind and Waves, there be∣ing for several days such a Tempest at Sea, that Her Majesty, with all her Attendance, was in danger to be cast away every minute; as also from the fury of the Rebels, which had the whole Naval Power of the Kingdom then in their Hands: she arrived safely at a small Port in the Eastriding of York-shire, called Burlington Key, where Her Majesty was no sooner landed, but the Enemy at Sea made continual shot against her Ships in the Port, which reached not onely Her Majesties landing, but even the House where she lay (though without the least hurt to any) so that she her self, and her Attendants, were forced to leave the same, and to seek Protection from a Hill near that place, under which they retired; and all that while it was observed, that Her Majesty shewed as much Cou∣rage as ever any person could do; for Her undaunted and Generous spirit was like her Royal Birth, deriving it self from that unparrallell'd King, Her Father, whose Heroick Actions will be in perpetual Memory, whilest the World hath a being.

My Lord finding Her Majesty in this condition, drew his Army near the place where she was, ready to attend and protect Her Majesties Person, who

was pleased to take a view of the Army as it was drawn up in order; and immediately after, which was in March 1643, took Her journey towards York, whither the whole Army conducted Her Majesty, and brought her safe into the City. About this time, Her Majesty having some present occasion for Money, My Lord presented Her with 3000 l. Sterling, which she graciously accepted of, and having spent some time there in Consultation about the present affairs, she was pleased to send some Armes and Ammunition to the King, who was then in Oxford; to which end, my Lord or∣dered a Party consisting of 1500, well Commanded, to conduct the same, with whom the Lord Percy, who then had waited upon Her Majesty from the King, returned to Oxford; which Party His Majesty was pleased to keep with him for his own Service.

Not long after, My Lord, who always endeavour∣ed to win any place or persons by fair means, rather then by using of force, reduced to His Majesties obe∣dience a strong Fort and Castle upon the Sea, and a very good Haven, call'd Scarborough-Castle, perswa∣ding the Governour thereof, who heretofore had op∣posed his Forces at Yarum-bridg, with such rational and convincible Arguments, that he willingly ren∣dred himself, and all the Garison under His Majesties Devotion; By which prudent Action My Lord highly advanced His Majesties Interest; for by that means the Enemy was much annoyed and prejudiced

at Sea, and a great part in the East-riding of York-shire kept in due obedience.

After this, My Lord having received Intelligence that the Enemies General of the Horse* 1.7 had designed to march with a Party from Cawood Castle, whither they were fled from Tadcaster, as before is mentioned, to some Garisons which they had in the West of York-shire; presently order'd a party of Horse, Com∣manded by the General of the Horse, the Lord George Goring, to attend the Enemy in their March, who o∣vertook them on a Moor, call'd Seacroft-Moor, and fell upon their Rear, which caused the Enemy to draw up their Forces into a Body; to whom they gave a Total rout (although their number was much greater) and took about 800 Prisoners, and 10 or 12 Colours of Horse, besides many that were slain in the charge; which Prisoners were brought to York, about 10 or 12 miles distant from that same place.

Immediately after, in pursuit of that Victory, My Lord sent a considerable Party into the West of York-shire, where they met with about 2000 of the Ene∣mies Forces, taken out of their several Garisons in those parts, to execute some design upon a Moor cal∣led Tankerly-Moor, and there fought them, and routed them; many were slain, and some taken Prisoners.

Not long after, the Remainder of the Army that were left at York, marched to Leeds, in the West of York-shire, and from thence to Wakefield, being both

the Enemies Quarters, to reduce and settle that part of the Country: My Lord having possessed himself of the Town of Wakefield, it being large, and of great compass, and able to make a strong quarter, order'd it accordingly; and receiving Intelligence that in two Market-Towns Southwest from Wake∣field, viz. Rotheram and Sheffield, the Enemy was very busie to raise Forces against his Majesty, and had fortified them both about four miles distant from each other, hoping thereby to give protection and encouragement to all those parts of the Country which were populous, rich and rebellious, he thought it necessary to use his best endeavours to blast those their wicked designs in the bud; and thereupon took a resolution in April 1643, to march with part of his Army from Wakefield into the mentioned parts, attended with a convenient Train of Artillery and Ammunition, leaving the greatest part of it at Wake∣field with the remainder of his Army, under the Care and Conduct of his General of the Horse, and Major General of the Army* 1.8, which was so consi∣derable, both in respect of their number and provi∣sion, that they did, as they might well, conceive themselves Master of the Field in those parts, and secure in that quarter, although in the end it proved not so, as shall hereafter be declared, which must necessarily be imputed to their invigilancy and care∣lessness.

My Lord first marched to Rotheram, and find∣ing that the Enemy had placed a Garison of Soldi∣ers in that Town, and fortified it, he drew up his Army in the morning against the Town, and sum∣mon'd it; but they refusing to yield, my Lord fell to work with his Cannon and Musket, and within a short time took it by storm, and enter'd the Town that very night; some Enemies of note that were found therein, were taken Prisoners; and as for the common Soldiers, which were by the Ene∣my forced from their Allegiance, he shew'd such Clemency to them, that very many willingly took up Arms for His Majesties Service, and proved ve∣ry faithful and loyal Subjects, and good Soldi∣ers.

After my Lord had stayed two or three dayes there, and order'd those parts, he marched with his Army to Sheffield, another Market-Town of large extent, in which there was an ancient Castle; which when the Enemies Forces that kept the Town, came to hear of, being terrified with the fame of my Lords hitherto Victorious Army, they fled away from thence into Derbyshire, and left both Town and Castle (without any blow) to my Lords Mercy; and though the people in the Town were most of them rebelliously affected, yet my Lord so prudent∣ly ordered the business, that within a short time he reduced most of them to their Allegiance by love,

and the rest by fear, and recruited his Army dai∣ly, he put a Garison of Soldiers into the Castle, and fortified it in all respects, and constituted a Gen∣tleman of Quality* 1.9 Governour both of the Castle, Town and Country; and finding near that place some Iron Works, he gave present order for the casting of Iron Cannon for his Garisons, and for the making of other Instruments and Engines of War.

Within a short time after, my Lord receiving Intelligence that the Enemy in the Garisons near Wakefield had united themselves, and being drawn into a body in the night time, had surprised and en∣ter'd the Town of Wakesield, and taken all or most of the Officers and Soldiers, left there, Prisoners, (amongst whom was also the General of the Horse, the Lord Goring, whom my Lord afterwards redeem'd by Exchange) and possessed themselves of the whole Magazine, which was a very great loss and hinderance to my Lords designs, it being the Moity of his Army, and most of his Ammunition, he fell up∣on new Counsels, and resolved without any delay to march from thence back towards York, which was in May 1643, where after he had rested some time, Her Majesty being resolved to take Her Journey to∣wards the Southern parts of the Kingdom, where the King was, designed first to go from York to Pomfret, whither my Lord ordered the whole Marching Army

to be in readiness to conduct Her Majesty, which they did, he himself attending Her Majesty in person. And after Her Majesty had rested there some small time, she being desirous to proceed in Her intended Journey, no less then a formed Army was able to secure Her Person: Wherefore my Lord was resolved out of his fidelity and duty to supply Her with an Army of 7000 Horse and Foot, be∣sides a convenient Train of Artillery, for Her safer Conduct; chusing rather to leave himself in a weak condition (though he was even then very near the Enemies Garisons in that part of the Country) then suffer Her Majesties Person to be exposed to danger. Which Army of 7000 men, when Her Majesty was safely arrived to the King, He was pleased to keep with him for His own Service.

After Her Majesties departure out of Yorkshire, my Lord was forced to recruit again his Army, and within a short time, viz. in Iune 1643, took a re∣solution to march into the Enemies Quarters, in the Western parts; in which march he met with a strong stone house well fortified, call'd Howley-House, where∣in was a Garison of Soldiers, which my Lord sum∣mon'd; but the Governour disobeying the summons, he batter'd it with his Cannon, and so took it by force; the Governour having quarter given him con∣trary to my Lords Orders, was brought before my Lord by a Person of Quality, for which the Offi∣cer

that brought him, received a check; and though he resolved then to kill him, yet my Lord would not suffer him to do it, saying, It was inhumane to kill any man in cold blood. Hereupon the Go∣vernour kiss'd the Key of the House door, and pre∣sented it to my Lord; to which my Lord return'd this answer, I need it not, said he, for I brought a Key along with me, which yet I was unwilling to use, until you forced me to it.

At this House my Lord remained five or six days, till he had refreshed his Soldiers; and then a resolu∣tion was taken to march against a Garison of the Enemies call'd Bradford, a little, but a strong Town; in the way he met with a strong interruption by the Enemy drawing forth a vast number of Musque∣tiers, which they had very privately gotten out of Lancashire, the next adjoining County to those parts of York-shire, which had so easie an access to them at Bradford, by reason the whole Country was of their Party, that my Lord could not possibly have any constant intelligence of their designs and motions; for in their Army there were near 5000 Musquetiers, and 18 Troops of Horse, drawn up in a place full of hedges, called Atherton-moor, near to their Garison at Brad∣ford, ready to encounter my Lords Forces, which then contained not above half so many Musquetiers as the Enemy had; their chiefest strength consisting in Horse, and these made useless for a long time to∣gether,

by the Enemies Horse possessing all the plain ground upon that Field; so that no place was left to draw up my Lords Horse, but amongst old Coal∣pits: Neither could they charge the Enemy, by rea∣son of a great ditch and high bank betwixt my Lord's and the Enemies Troops, but by two on a breast, and that within Musquet shot; the Enemy being drawn up in hedges, and continually playing upon them, which rendred the service exceeding difficult and hazardous.

In the mean while the Foot of both sides on the right and left Wings, encounter'd each other, who fought from Hedg to Hedg, and for a long time together overpower'd and got ground of my Lords Foot, almost to the invironing of his Cannon; my Lords Horse (wherein consisted his greatest strength) all this while being made, by reason of the ground, incapable of charging; at last the Pikes of my Lords Army having had no employment all the day, were drawn against the Enemies left wing, and particu∣larly those of my Lords own Regiment, which were all stout and valiant men, who fell so furiously upon the Enemy, that they forsook their hedges, and fell to their heels: At which very instant, my Lord cau∣sed a shot or two to be made by his Cannon against the Body of the Enemies Horse, drawn up within Cannon shot, which took so good effect, that it disordered the Enemies Troops; Hereupon my Lord's Horse got

over the Hedg, not in a body (for that they could not) but dispersedly two on a breast; and as soon as some considerable number was gotten over, and drawn up, they charged the Enemy, and routed them; so that in an instant there was a strange change of For∣tune, and the Field totally won by my Lord, notwith∣standing he had quitted 7000 Men, to conduct Her Majesty, besides a good Train of Artillery, which in such a Conjuncture would have weakned Caesars Ar∣my. In this Victory the Enemy lost most of their Foot, about 3000 were taken Prisoners, and 700 Horse and Foot slain, and those that escaped, fled in∣to their Garison at Bradford, amongst whom was also their General of the Horse.

After this, My Lord caused his Army to be rallied, and marched in order that night before Bradford, with an intention to storm it the next morning; but the Enemy that were in the Town, it seems, were so dis∣comfited, that the same night they escaped all various ways, and amongst them the said General of the Horse, whose Lady being behind a Servant on Horse-back, was taken by some of My Lord's Soldiers and brought to his Quarters, where she was treated and attend∣ed with all civility and respect, and within few days sent to York in my Lords own Coach, and from thence very shortly after to Kingstone upon Hull, where she desired to be, attended by my Lords Coach and Servants.

Thus my Lord, after the Enemy was gone, en∣tred the Town and Garison of Bradford, by which Victory the Enemy was so daunted, that they for∣sook the rest of their Garisons, that is to say, Hal∣lifax, Leeds and Wakefield, and dispersed themselves severally, the chief Officers retiring to Hull, a strong Garison of the Enemy; and though my Lord, know∣ing they would make their escape thither, as having no other place of refuge to resort to, sent a Letter to York to the Governour of that City, to stop them in their passage; yet by neglect of the Post, it com∣ing not timely enough to his hands, his Design was frustrated.

The whole County of York, save onely Hull, being now cleared and setled by my Lords Care and Conduct, he marched to the City of York, and ha∣ving a competent number of Horse well armed and commanded, he quarter'd them in the East-riding, near Hull, there being no visible Enemy then to op∣pose them: In the mean while my Lord receiving News that the Enemy had made an Invasion into the next adjoining County of Lincoln, where he had some Forces, he presently dispatched* 1.10 his Lieute∣nant General of the Army away with some Horse and Dragoons, and soon after marched thither him∣self with the body of the Army, being earnestly defired by his Majesties Party there. The Forces which my Lord had in the same County, command∣ed

by the then Lieutenant General of the Horse, Mr. Charles Cavendish, second Brother to the now Earl of Devonshire, though they had timely notice, and Orders from my Lord to make their retreat to the Lieutenant-General of the Army, and not to fight the Enemy; yet the said Lieutenant-General of the Horse being transported by his Courage, (he being a Person of great Valour and Conduct) and having charged the Enemy, unfortunately lost the field, and himself was slain in the Charge, his Horse lighting in a bogg: Which news being brought to my Lord when he was on his March, he made all the hast he could, and was no sooner joined with his Lieutenant Ge∣neral, but fell upon the Enemy, and put them to flight.

The first Garison my Lord took in Lincolnshire, was Gainsborrough, a Town standing upon the Ri∣ver Trent, wherein (not long before) had been a Garison of Soldiers for His Majesty, under the Com∣mand of the then Earl of Kingstone, but surprised, and the Town Taken by the Enemies Forces, who having an intention to conveigh the said Earl of Kingstone from thence to Hull in a little Pinnace, met with some of my Lords Forces by the way, commanded by the Lieutenant of the Army, who being desirous to rescue the Earl of Kingstone, and and making some shots with their Regiment Pieces, to stop the Pinnace, unfortunately slew him, and one of his Servants.

My Lord drawing near the mentioned Town of Gainsborrough, there appear'd on the top of a Hill above the Town, some of the Enemies Horse drawn up in a body; whereupon he immediately sent a party of his Horse to view them; who no sooner came within their sight, but they retreated fairly so long as they could well endure; but the pursuit of my Lords Horse caused them presently to break their ranks, and fall to their heels; where most of them escaped, and fled to Lincoln, another of their Gar∣risons. Hereupon my Lord summon'd the Town of Gainsborrough; but the Governour thereof refusing to yield, caused my Lord to plant his Cannon, and draw up his Army on the mention'd Hill; and ha∣ving play'd some little while upon the Town, put the Enemy into such a terror, that the Governour sent out, and offer'd the surrender of the Town up∣on fair terms, which my Lord thought fit rather to embrace, then take it by force; and though accor∣ding to the Articles of Agreement made between them, both the Enemies Arms and the Keys of the Town should have been fairly delivered to my Lord; yet it being not performed as it was expected, the Arms being in a confused manner thrown down, and the Gates set wide open, the Prisoners that had been kept in the Town, began first to plunder; which my Lords Forces seeing, did the same, although it was against my Lords will and orders.

After my Lord had thus reduced the Town, and put a good Garison of Soldiers into it, and better for∣tified it, he marched before Lincoln, and there he entred with his Army without great difficulty, and plac'd also a Garison in it, and raised a considera∣ble Army, both Horse, Foot and Dragoons, for the preservation of that County, and put them un∣der Commanders, and constituted a Person of Ho∣nour* 1.11 Commander in Chief, with intention to march towards the South, which if it had taken ef∣fect, would doubtless have made an end of that War; but he being daily importuned by the Nobility and Gentry of York-shire, to return into that County, especially upon the perswasions of the Commander in Chief of the Forces left there, who acquainted my Lord that the Enemy grew so strong every day, being got together in Kingstone upon Hull, and an∣noying that Country, that his Forces were not able to bear up against them; alledging withall, that my Lord would be suspected to betray the Trust repo∣sed in him, if he came not to succour and assist them; he went back with his Army for the prote∣ction of that same Country; and when he arrived there, which was in August 1643, he found the E∣nemy of so small consequence, that they did all flie before him. About this time His Majesty was plea∣sed to honour my Lord for His true and faithful Service, with the Title of Marquess of Newcastle.

My Lord being returned into York-shire, forced the Enemy first from a Town called Beverly, where∣in they had a Garison of Soldiers; and from thence, upon the entreaty of the Nobility and Gentry of York-shire, (as before is mentioned) who promised him Ten thousand men for that purpose, though they came short of their performance, marched near the Town of Kingstone upon Hull, and besieged that part of the Garison that bordered on York-shire, for a certain time; in which time the Enemy took the courage to sally out of the Town with a strong party of Horse and Foot very early in the morn∣ing, with purpose to have forced the Quarters of a Regiment of my Lords Horse, that were quarter'd next the Town; but by the vigilancy of their Com∣mander Sir Marmaduke Langdale, afterwards Lord Langdale, his Forces being prepared for their reception, they received such a Welcome as cost many of them their Lives, most of their Foot (but such as were slain) being taken Prisoners; and those of their Horse that escaped, got into their Hold at Hull.

The Enemy thus seeing that they could do my Lords Army no further damage on that side of the River in York-shire, endeavoured by all means (from Hull, and other confederate places in the Eastern parts of the Kingdom) to form a considerable par∣ty to annoy and disturb the Forces raised by my Lord in Lincolnshire, and left there for the protecti∣on

on of that County; where the Enemy being drawn together in a body, fought my Lords Forces in his absence, and got the honour of the day near Horn∣by Castle in that County; which loss, caused part∣ly by their own rashness, forced my Lord to leave his design upon Hull, and to march back with his Army to York, which was in October 1643, where he remained but a few dayes to refresh his Army, and receiving intelligence that the Enemy was got in∣to Derbyshire, and did grow numerous there, and busie in seducing the people, that Country being un∣der my Lords Command, he resolved to direct his March thither in the beginning of November 1643, to suppress their further growth; and to that end quarter'd his Army at Chesterfield, and in all the parts thereabout, for a certain time.

Immediately after his departure from York to Pom∣fret, in his said March into Derbyshire, the City of York sent to my Lord to inform him of their inten∣tion to chuse another Mayor for the year following, desiring his pleasure about it: My Lord, who knew that the Mayor for the year before, was a person of much Loyalty and Discretion, declared his mind to them, That he thought it fit to continue him Mayor also for the year following; which it seems they did not like, but resolved to chuse one which they pleased, contrary to my Lords desire. My Lord perceiving their intentions, about the time of the E∣lection

sent orders to the Governour of the City of York, to permit such Forces to enter into the City as he should send; which being done accordingly, they upon the Day of the Election repaired to the Town-Hall, and with their Arms staid there until they had continued the said Mayor according to my Lords desire.

During the time of my Lords stay at Chesterfield in Derbyshire, he ordered some part of his Army to march before a strong House and Garison of the Enemies, call'd Wingfield Mannor, which in a short time they took by storm. And when my Lotd had raised in that County as many Forces, Horse and Foot, as were supposed to be sufficient to preserve it from the fury of the Enemy, he armed them, and constituted an Honourable Person* 1.12 Commander in Chief of all the Forces of that County, and of Lei∣cestershire; and so leaving it in that condition, march∣ed in December 1643, from Chesterfield to Bolsover in the same County, and from thence to Welbeck in Nottinghamshire, to his own House and Garison, in which parts he staid some time, both to refresh his Army, and to settle and reform some disorders he found there, leaving no visible Enemy behind him in Derbyshire, save onely an inconsiderable party in the Town of Derby, which they had fortified, not worth the labour to reduce it.

About this time the report came, that a great Army out of Scotland, was upon their march towards the Northern parts of England, to assist the Enemy a∣gainst His Majesty, which forced the Nobility and Gentry of Yorkshire to invite my Lord back again in∣to those parts, with promise to raise for his service, an Army of 10000 men; My Lord (not upon this prof∣fer, which had already heretofore deceived him, but out of his Loyalty and duty to preserve those parts which were committed to his care and protection) re∣turned in the middle of Ianuary 1643. And when he came there, he found not one man raised to as∣sist him against so powerful an Army, nor an intention of raising any; Wherefore he was necessitated to raise himself, out of the Countrey, what forces he could get, and when he had settled the affairs in York-shire as well as time and his present condition would permit, and constituted an honourable Person* 1.13 Governor of York and Commander in chief of a very considerable par∣ty of horse and foot for the defence of the County (for Sr. Thomas Glemham was then made Colonel Ge∣neral, and marched into the Field with the Army) he took his march to Newcastle in the beginning of Fe∣bruary 1643, to give a stop to the Scots army.

Presently after his coming thither with some of his Troups, before his whole army was come up, he recei∣ved intelligence of the Scots Armie's near approach, whereupon he sent forth a party of horse to view them,

who found them very strong, to the number of 22000 Horse and Foot well armed and command∣ed: They marched up towards the Town with such confidence, as if the Gates had been open'd for their reception; and the General of their Army seem'd to take no notice of my Lords being in it, for which afterwards he excused himself; but as they drew near, they found not such entertainment as they expected; for though they assaulted a Work that was not fi∣nished, yet they were beaten off with much loss.

The Enemy being thus stopt before the Town, thought fit to quarter near it, in that part of the Country; and so soon as my Lords Army was come up, he designed one night to have fallen into their Quarter; but by reason of some neglect of his Or∣ders in not giving timely notice to the party design∣ed for it, it took not an effect answerable to his ex∣pectation. In a word, there were three Designs ta∣ken against the Enemy, whereof if one had but hit, they would doubtless have been lost; but there was so much Treachery, Jugling and Falshood in my Lord's own Army, that it was impossible for him to be successful in his Designs and Undertakings. However, though it failed in the Enemies Foot-Quarters, which lay nearest the Town; yet it took good effect in their Horse-Quarters, which were more remote; for my Lord's Horse, Commanded by a very gallant and worthy Gentleman* 1.14 falling upon

them, gave them such an Alarm, that all they could do, was to draw into the Field, where my Lord's Forces charged them, and in a little time routed them totally, and kill'd and took many Prisoners, to the number of 1500.

Upon this the Enemy was forced to draw their whole Army together, and to quarter them a little more remote from the Town, and to seek out in∣accessible places for their security, as afterwards ap∣pear'd more plainly; for so soon as my Lord had prepared his Army for a March, he drew them forth against the Scots, which he found quarter'd up∣on high Hills close by the River Tyne, where they could not be encounter'd but upon very disadvan∣tagious terms; besides, that day proved very stor∣my and tempestuous, so that my Lord was necessi∣tated to withdraw his Forces, and retire into his own Quarters.

The next day after, the Scots Army finding ill har∣bour in those quarters, marched from hill to hill into another part of the Bishoprick of Durham, near the Sea coast, to a Town called Sunderland; and thereup∣on my Lord thought fit to march to Durham, to stop their further progress, where he had contrived the bu∣siness so, that they were either forced to fight or starve within a little time. The first was offered to them twice, that is to say, at Pensher-hills one day, and at Bowden-hills another day in the Bishoprick of Durham:

But my Lord found them at both times drawn up in such places, as he could not possibly charge them; where∣fore he retired again to Durham, with an intention to streighten their Quarters, and to wait upon them, if ever they left their Holds and inaccessible places. In the mean time it hapned that the Earl of Montross came to the same place, and having some design for his Majesties service in Scotland, desired My Lord to give him the assistance of some of his Forces; and although My Lord stood then in present need of them, and could not coveniently spare any, having so great an Army to oppose; yet out of a desire to advance His Majesties service as much as lay in his power, he was willing to part with 200 Horse and Dragoons to the said Earl.

The Scots perceiving My Lords vigilancy and care, contented themselves with their own quarters, which could not have serv'd them long, but that a great mis∣fortune befel My Lords Forces in York-shire; for the Governour whom he had left behind with sufficient Forces for the defence of that Country, although he had orders not to encounter the Enemy, but to keep himself in a defensive posture; yet he being a man of great valour and courage, it transported him so much that he resolved to face the Enemy, and offering to keep a Town that was not tenable* 1.15, was utterly routed, and himself taken Prisoner, although he fought most gal∣lantly.

So soon as my Lord received this sad Intelligence, he upon Consultation, and upon very good Grounds of Reason, took a resolution not to stay between the two Armies of the Enemies, viz. the Scots and the English, that had prevailed in York-shire; but immedi∣ately to march into York-shire with his Army, to pre∣serve (if possible) the City of York out of the Ene∣mies hands: which retreat was ordered so well, and with such excellent Conduct, that though the Army of the Scots marched close upon their Rear, and fought them every day of their retreat, yet they gained seve∣ral Passes for their security, and entred safe and well into the City of York, in April 1643.

My Lord being now at York, and finding three Armies against him, viz. the Army of the Scots, the Army of the English that gave the defeat to the Gover∣nour of York, and an Army that was raised out of as∣sociate Counties, and but little Ammunition and Pro∣vision in the Town; was forced to send his Horse a∣way to quarter in several Counties, viz. Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, for their subsistance, un∣der the Conduct of his Lieutenant-General of the Horse, My dear Brother Sir Charles Lucas, himself remaining at York, with his Foot and Train for the defence of that City.

In the mean time, the Enemy having closely be∣siedged the City on all sides, came to the very Gates thereof, and pull'd out the Earth at one end, as those

in the City put it in at the other end; they planted their great Cannons against it, and threw in Grana∣does at pleasure: But those in the City made several sallies upon them with good success. At last, the Ge∣neral of the associate Army of the Enemy, having closely beleaguer'd the North side of the Town, sprung a Mine under the wall of the Mannor-yard, and blew part of it up; and having beaten back the Town-Forces (although they behaved themselves very gal∣lantly) enter'd the Mannor-house with a great num∣ber of their men, which as soon as my Lord percei∣ved, he went away in all haste, even to the amazement of all that were by, not knowing what he intended to do; and drew 80 of his own Regiment of Foot, cal∣led the White-Coats, all stout and valiant Men, to that Post, who fought the Enemy with that courage, that within a little time they killed and took 1500 of them; and My Lord gave present order to make up the breach which they had made in the wall; Whereupon the Enemy remain'd without any other attempt in that kind, so long, till almost all provision for the support of the soldiery in the City was spent, which never∣theless was so well ordered by my Lords Prudence, that no Famine or great extremity of want en∣sued.

My Lord having held out in that manner above two Months, and withstood the strength of three Armies; and seeing that his Lieutenant-General of

the Horse whom he had sent for relief to His Maje∣sty, could not so soon obtain it (although he used his best endeavour) for to gain yet some little time, began to treat with the Enemy; ordering in the mean while, and upon the Treaty, to double and treble his Guards. At last after three Months time from the beginning of the Siege, His Majesty was pleased to send an Army, which joining with my Lords Horse that were sent to quarter in the aforesaid Countreys, came to relieve the City, under the Conduct of the most Gallant and Heroick Prince Rupert, his Ne∣phew; upon whose approach near York, the Enemy drew from before the City, into an entire Body, and marched away on the West-side of the River Owse, that runs through the City, His Majesties Forces being then of the East-side of that River.

My Lord immediately sent some persons of Qua∣lity to attend His Highness, and to invite him into the City to consult with him about that important Affair, and to gain so much time as to open a Port to march forth with his Cannon and Foot which were in the Town, to join with His Highness's For∣ces; and went himself the next day in person to wait on His Highness; where after some Conferences, he declared his Mind to the Prince, desiring His High∣ness not to attempt any thing as yet upon the Enemy; for he had intelligence that there was some discon∣tent between them, and that they were resolved to

divide themselves, and so to raise the Siege without fighting: Besides, my Lord expected within two dayes, Collonel Cleavering, with above three thou∣sand men out of the North, and two thousand drawn out of several Garisons, (who also came at the same time, though it was then too late) But His Highness answered my Lord, That he had a Letter from His Majesty (then at Oxford) with a po∣sitive and absolute Command to fight the Enemy; which in Obedience, and according to his Duty he was bound to perform. Whereupon my Lord re∣plied, That he was ready and willing for his part, to obey his Highness in all things, no otherwise then if His Majesty was there in Person Himself; and though several of my Lords Friends advised him not to engage in Battel, because the Command (as they said) was taken from Him: Yet my Lord answer'd them, That happen what would, he would not shun to fight, for he had no other ambition but to live and dye a Loyal Subject to His Majesty.

Then the Prince and my Lord conferr'd with se∣veral of their Officers, amongst whom there were several Disputes concerning the advantages which the Enemy had of Sun, Wind and Ground. The Horse of His Majesties Forces, was drawn up in both Wings upon that fatal Moor call'd Hessom-Moor; and my Lord ask'd His Highness what Service he would be pleas'd to command him; who return'd this An∣swer,

That he would begin no action upon the E∣nemy, till early in the morning; desiring my Lord to repose himself till then: Which my Lord did, and went to rest in his own Coach that was close by in the Field, until the time appointed.

Not long had My Lord been there, but he heard a great noise and thunder of shooting, which gave him notice of the Armies being engaged: Where∣upon he immediately put on his Arms, and was no sooner got on Horse-back, but he beheld a dis∣mal sight of the Horse of His Majesties right Wing, which out of a panick fear had left the Field, and run away with all the speed they could; and though my Lord made them stand once, yet they imme∣diately betook themselves to their heels again, and killed even those of their own party that endeavour∣ed to stop them; the Left Wing in the mean time, Commanded by those two Valiant Persons, the Lord Goring, and Sir Charles Lucas, having the bet∣ter of the Enemies Right Wing, which they beat back most valiantly three times, and made their Ge∣neral retreat, in so much that they sounded Vi∣ctory.

In this Confusion my Lord (accompanied onely with his Brother Sir Charles Cavendish, Major Scot, Capt. Mazine, and his Page) hastning to see in what posture his own Regiment was, met with a Troop of Gentlemen-Voluntiers, who formerly had cho∣sen

him their Captain, notwithstanding he was Ge∣neral of an Army; to whom my Lord spake after this manner: Gentlemen, said he, You have done me the Honour to chuse me your Captain, and now is the fittest time that I may do you service; wherefore if you'l follow me, I shall lead you on the best I can, and shew you the way to your own Honour. They being as glad of my Lords Profer, as my Lord was of their Readiness, went on with the greatest Courage; and passing through Two Bodies of Foot, engaged with each other not at forty yards distance, received not the least hurt, although they fired quick upon each other; but marched towards a Scots Regiment of Foot, which they charged and routed; in which Encoun∣ter my Lord himself kill'd Three with his Pages half-leaden Sword, for he had no other left him; and though all the Gentlemen in particular, offer'd him their Swords, yet my Lord refused to take a Sword of any of them. At last, after they had pass'd through this Regiment of Foot, a Pike-man made a stand to the whole Troop; and though my Lord charg'd him twice or thrice, yet he could not enter him; but the Troop dispatched him soon.

In all these Encounters my Lord got not the least hurt, though several were slain about him; and his White-Coats shew'd such an extraordinary Valour and Courage in that Action, that they were kill'd in Rank and File: And here I cannot but mention by

the way, That it is remarkable, that in all actions and undertakings where My Lord was in Person himself, he was always Victorious, and prospered in the execu∣tion of his designs; but whatsoever was lost or suc∣ceeded ill, happen'd in his absence, and was caused ei∣ther by the Treachery, or Negligence and Carelesness of his Officers.

My Lord being the last in the Field, and seeing that all was lost, and that every one of His Majesties Par∣ty made their escapes in the best manner they could; he being moreover inquired after by several of his Friends, who had all a great love and respect for my Lord, especially by the then Earl of Craford (who lov'd my Lord so well that he gave 20 s. to one that assured him of his being alive and safe, telling him, that that was all he had) went towards York late at night, accompanied onely with his Brother, and one or two of his servants; and coming near the Town, met His Highness Prince Rupert, with the Lieutenant General of the Army, the Lord Ethyn; His Highness asked My Lord how the business went? To whom he an∣swered, That all was lost and gone on their side.

That night my Lord remained in York; and ha∣ving nothing left in his power to do his Majesty any further service in that kind; for he had neither Am∣munition, nor Money to raise more Forces, to keep either York, or any other Towns that were yet in His Majesties Devotion, well knowing that those

which were left could not hold out long, and being also loath to have aspersions cast upon him, that he did fell them to the Enemy, in case he could not keep them; he took a Resolution, and that justly and ho∣nourably, to forsake the Kingdom; and to that end, went the next morning to the Prince, and acquainted him with his Design, desiring His Highness would be pleased to give this true and just report of him to his Majesty, that he had behaved himself like an honest man, a Gentleman, and a Loyal subject: Which re∣quest the Prince having granted, my Lord took his leave; and being conducted by a Troop of Horse, and a Troop of Dragoons to Scarborough, went to Sea, and took shipping for Hamborough; the Gentry of the Country, who also came to take their leaves of My Lord, being much troubled at his departure, and speaking very honourably of him, as surely they had no reason to the contrary.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Sir William Carnaby, Kt.
• * 1.2

  Mr. Gray, Brother to the Lord Gray of the North.
• * 1.3

  Francis Palmes.
• * 1.4

  Capt. Ma∣zine
• * 1.5

  Sir Iohn Marlay Kt.
• * 1.6

  Dr. Coo∣sens.
• * 1.7

  Sir Tho∣mas Fair∣fax.
• * 1.8

  The Lord Goring, and Sir Francis Mackworth Knight.
• * 1.9

  Sir Will. Savil Kt. and Bar.
• * 1.10

  The Lord Ethyn.
• * 1.11

  The Lord Widdring∣ton.
• * 1.12

  The Lord Loughbor∣rough.
• * 1.13

  The Lord Bellasis.
• * 1.14

  The Lord Langdale.
• * 1.15

  Selby in Yorkshire.