An introduction to the art of logick composed for the use of English schools, and all such who having no opportunity of being instructed in the Latine tongue ... / by John Newton ...

CHAP. VIII. Of Substance.

A Substance is a thing subsisting of itself, and it is either first or second.

2. The first substance is a singular substance, or a substance that cannot be predicated of its subject; as Alexander, Bucephalus.

3. The second substance is an universal sub∣stance, or a substance which may be predica∣ted of its subject, as a man, a horse.

4. The first substance is chiefly and properly a substance, and among the second substances, every one is by so much more a substance,

by how much it is nearer to the first.

The Rules or Properties are six.

• 1. A Substance is not in its subject. This agreeth to every substance, and to every sub∣stance only, but not only to those which are compleatly so, but to the differences and parts of substances also.
• 2. A Substance is univocally predicated of those things of which it is predicated. This a∣greeth to all second substances and their diffe∣rences, and no other, for the first substances are not predicated of any subject.
• 3. Every first substance, doth signifie some particular thing.
• 4. A substance, as it is a substance, is not contrary to another, but as it hath accidents or qualities: thus fire and water are contrary, not as they are substances, but in reference to their qualities of heat and cold. &c.
• 5. A Substance, as it is a substance, is not varied by degrees, or receiveth not more and less, but the variance or comparison is in respect of accidents; as a wise man and a fool, an old man and a child: one water hotter than another; these differ in qualities not in substance.
• 6. One and the same numerical substance, is capable of contrary Accidents. As water may be now seething hot, and anon as cold as Ice.