An introduction to the art of logick composed for the use of English schools, and all such who having no opportunity of being instructed in the Latine tongue ... / by John Newton ...

CHAP. VI. Of the Antepredicaments.

COncerning Simple Theams we are to consider two things.

• 1. The several ranks or orders to which all Simple Theams may be reduced, and in which they may be ranked and placed.
• 2. The way and means by which they are or may be interpreted.

The particular Orders to which all Simple Theams may be reduced, are otherwise cal∣led Predicaments, of which we are to consider three things.

• 1. The Antepredicaments, which are first to be learned, because the knowledge of them conduceth much to the understand∣ing of the Predicaments themselves.
• 2. The Predicaments, which are ten Or∣ders to which, as is said, all Theams must be reduced.
• 3. The Post-predicaments, which must be handled after the Predicaments, because the perfect knowledge of the Predicaments can∣not be attained without these.

I begin with the Antepredicaments, the which are three in general; and seven in

special, to wit, three Definitions, two Divisions and two Rules.

The Definitions are of Aequivocals, Ʋni∣vocals, and Denominatives.

Aequivocals are such things as have their name common to many. But the reasons for which it is applied to many are diverse; as that Domestick living creature is call'd a Dog, and a certain Star in the Heavens is call'd a Dog; now the name Dog is common to both, but the domestick creature is call'd a Dog for one reason, to wit from barking; the Star is call'd a Dog, for another reason viz. the Anology that it hath to a Dog. So a living man and a painted man agree in the common name of men, but the reasons for which they are so called are diverse.

The common names which for diverse reasons are given to the several things sig∣nified by them, are called Aequivocating Ae∣quivocals, and the things expressed by those names, are called Aequivocated Aequi∣vocals, thus a man is an Aequivocating Ae∣quivocal; a living man and a painted man are Aequivocated Aequivocals.

Aequivocals are either such as are.

• 1. By chance, of which no reason can be given for their being called by that com∣mon name, or
• ...

• 2. By counsel, of which some reason of de∣pendency or similitude may be given for their being called by that common name, as a living man and a painted man, and those are Synechdochically called Ae∣quivocals by Analogy.

Of both which these Canons are to be ob∣served.

• 1. Aequivocal words if they be not di∣stinguished, and taken in one sense, are of no use in any science.
• Every Ens or Entity in respect of the ten Predicaments, is a common Analogous thing.
• 3. Every Analogous thing put by it self is to be taken in the most common significa∣tion.

Ʋnivocals, are such things as have a common name, and the reason for which it is applied to many, is one and the same in them all; thus the name of a living creature is common both to man and beast.

The common names which are for the same reason attributed unto many are called Ʋnivocating Ʋnivocals. And the things ex∣pressed by these names are called Ʋnivocated Ʋnivocals; thus a living creature is an univo∣cating Ʋnivocal; and a man, a Bull, a Lyon are univocated Ʋnivocals.

Denominatives are such words, as being

of near affinity in sound and signification, d•• differ in termination; as Justice and Just.

In every Denomination there are three things.

• 1. The Form denominating; and that is some Accident in the Abstract, which is inherent in the subject; as Justice.
• 2. The Subject Denominated, and that is a substance in which the form is inherent, as Socrates.
• 3. The Denominative, and that is some Ac∣cident in the Concrete, which is predicated of the subject, and riseth from the form, as Just.

The Form Denominating, and the Denomi∣native, as Justice, and Just, in reference to

• The Word
  • Agree in the beginning.
  • Differ in the end.
• The signification
  • Agree in the thing, &
  • Differ in the manner.

The use of these Definitions, is, that the form of predication Aequivocally, Ʋnivocally and Denominatively may be the better known.

• 1. Aequivocal predication is in reference to the name, but not in reference to the defini∣nition, and thus every ens or entity is predica∣ted of in the ten predicaments.
• 2. Ʋnivocal predication is in reference to the name and definition both; thus superiours

• are predicated of the inferiours of the same ••••edicament.
• 3. Denominative predication, is to be pre∣dicated in the Concrete, as an Accident is pre∣dicated of its subject, thus the Accidents in ••he nine last predicaments are predicated of the ••ubstances in the first.

The Divisions belonging to the Antepre∣dicaments are two, one is of words and the other of things.

A Word is either Simple or Compound.

A Simple Voice or Word is threefold.

• 1. In respect of the sound only, when one word doth signifie many things, as a Dog, and every aequivocating aequivocal.
• 2. In substance and signification, when more words than one, are used to express one thing as a living creature, for an A∣nimal.
• 3. In sound and substance both, when one word doth express one only thing, as a man, an Animal.

A compounded voice or word is also threefold.

• 1. In respect of the sound only, as when more words than one are used to express one only thing, as a living body for an Animal.
• 2. In substance and signification, when one word expresseth diverse things, as a Dog is one word, but hath diverse significations, as

• every aequivocating aequivocal hath.
• 3. In sound and substance both, as when they are diverse words, and these diverse words do signifie more things, as these words a learned man, do signifie the substance and the quality.

Things are either Ʋniversal or Particular, and both of them are either substances or ac∣cidents.

• 1. Ʋniversal substances are spoken of the subject but are not in it, as a man is predica∣ted of Socrates and Plato, but inhereth not in any subject.
• 2. Particular substances are neither predi∣cated of the subject, nor inherent in it, be∣cause they are individual substances, as Socra∣tes.
• 3. Ʋniversal accidents are both predicated of, and inherent in their subjects, as White∣ness is spoken of this, or that Whiteness, and may be inherent in a man, or a wall, or a ship.
• 4. Particular accidents are not predicated of any subject, but are inherent in some, as this whiteness is in Socrates.

A Subject is either of inhesion or predica∣ti••n.

A Subject of inhesion is that in which some accident doth inhere; thus a wall in respect

of whiteness is a subject of inhesion, and accidents only are capable of such a subject.

A subject of predication, is that of which any thing is predicated essentially: and so every inferiour thing is the subject of his superi∣our; every universal substance as well as eve∣ry universal accident, is capable of such a subject.

A thing may be said to be inherent in a subject eight several ways.

• 1. Perfectively, as a part is in the whole, and thus a hand may be said to be in a man.
• 2. Comprehensively, as the whole is in its parts, and thus a man may be said to be in all his members.
• 3. Potestatively, as a Species in its Genus, thus man may be said to be in an Animal.
• 4. Actually, as a Genus in its Species, thus an Animal may be said to be in a man.
• 5. Authoritatively, as a King in his King∣dome.
• 6. Eminently, as a thing in the end there∣of, and thus vertue may be said to be in hap∣piness.
• 7.Circumscriptively, as a thing in its place, thus Socrates may be said to be in a house.
• 8. Inherently, as an Accident in its Subject,

• and thus heat may be said to be in fire.

Of these several ways we are here to un∣derstand the last only, to wit of Inhesion, as heat is in fire, or as an accident in its subject.

The first Antepredicamental rule is this: Whatever may be spoken of the predicate, may be spoken of the subject of that predicate also; as whatsoever may be spoken of an Animal, may be spoken of every sort of Animals, as of men, beasts, and such like.

The limitations of this rule are many, but the most considerable are these three.

• 1. That you proceed not from words t•• things, that is, from words of the first, to words of the second intention: whence it follows not: Animal is a Genus, A man is an Ani∣mal, therefore man is a Genus.
• 2. That you pass not from one side of the predicamental order, to the othr, and hence it doth not follow; Man is an Animal, an Animal is rational or irrational, therefore man is rational or irrational.
• 3. That you proceed not from the con∣creet to the abstract; and hence this doth not follow; A man is just, Justice is a quality there∣fore a man is a quality.

The second Antepredicamental rule hath two parts. The first is this; subaltern Ge∣neralls have the same Species and differences;

as a body and an Animal have the same diffe∣••ences.

The second part is this: Generals not Sub∣altern have not the same Species and differen∣ces; as substance and qualitie.

They are said to be subaltern Generals, whereof one is essentially contained by the other; as an Animal and a Body.

And they are said not to be Subaltern Generals, where the one is not essentially con∣tained of the other; as an Animal and a science.

The chief use of this Rule is, to prevent the confounding of the Predicaments, and to distinguish things between themselves, that do belong to diverse predicaments.