An introduction to the art of logick composed for the use of English schools, and all such who having no opportunity of being instructed in the Latine tongue ... / by John Newton ...

CHAP. XV. Of Order, and of that which is said to be together, before, or after.

ORder is that, according to which some thing is said to be before, or after another thing, or together with it.

2. A thing may be said to be before or af∣ter another five several waies. 1. In time. 2. In nature. 3. In disposition, or order. 4. In honour. 5. In Causality.

3. That is said to be first in time, that is the most ancient; thus Romulus was before Cato, and the City Pergamus before that of Rome.

4. That is said to be first in nature,

which cannot be reciprocally affirmed in con∣secution of existence; as, there is a man, there∣fore there is a living creature, but it doth not follow, there is a living creature, there∣fore there is a man; a living creature there∣fore is in nature before a man, and every Ge∣nus before its species.

5. That is said to be first in order or dis∣position, which is nearest the beginning: Thus the Exordium in an oration is said to be before the proposition, the proposition be∣fore the narration, the narration before the confirmation, the confirmation before the refu∣tation, the refutation before the conclusion; and in every science or discipline, that is first which is put in the first place, and thus letters are before syllables.

6. That is said to be first in honour or dignity, that is the most worthy; thus a King is before his Subjects, a Father before his Son, a Master before his Servant, Gold before Silver, and Vertue before Gold.

7. That is said to be first in Causality, which is any way the cause of another's exi∣stence; thus the Sun is before Light.

8. So many waies as a thing may be said to be before another, it may also be said to be after.

9. So many waies as a thing may be said to

be before another, it may be also said to be together with another; but two of the waies are more usual than the rest, together in time, and together in nature.

10. They are said to be together in time that are existent at the same time.

11. Things may be said to be together two waies primarily and secundarily.

12. They are said to be primarily together in time, which begin to be at the same time, and they are said to be secundarily together in time, when the one begins to be, before the other doth cease to be; thus Aristotle and Plato are said to be cotemporaneous, or toge∣ther in time; though Plato was born before Aristotle, and did also die before him.

13. Things may be said to be together in nature two ways; first simply and absolutely, and then in respect of some third.

14. Things are said to be together simply and absolutely, which are reciprocally together, according to the consecution of existence, but so that the one is not the cause of the others existence. Thus the relate and correlate are together in nature; and two effects depen∣ding upon the same next cause, as risibility and docibility in man.

15. Things are said to be together in re∣spect of some third thing, which under the

same Genus are in division opposed to one another; thus a man and a beast are said to be together in nature, not simply and absolute∣ly in respect of themselves, but in respect of a living creature, for a living creature is predicated of them both together, and not of one first, and another after. In this a Synonymous Genus is distinguished from a homonymous or aequivocal Genus; because this is not pre∣dicated of its several species together, but of one first, and another after.