The English academy, or, A brief introduction to the seven liberal arts grammar, arithmetick, geometrie, musick, astronomie, rhetorick & logic : to which is added the necessary arts and mysteries of navigation, dyaling, surveying, mensuration, gauging & fortification, practically laid down in all their material points and particulars, highly approved to be known by the ingenious, and as such are desirous to profit, or render themselves accomplished : chiefly intended for the instruction of young scholars, who are acquainted with no other than their native language, but may also be very useful to other persons that have made some progress in the studies of the said arts / by John Newton.

CHAP. III. Of Difinition and Division.

HAving done with the first part of Logick, namely, that which treateth of Themes.

I come now unto the second, called the Organical, or that which treateth of Logical Instruments, and their Composition.

2. Logical Instruments are four; Definiti∣on, Division, Argumentation, and Method.

3. Definition, is the explication of the thing which is defined; and this is either Nominal, or Real.

4. A Nominal Difinition, is that which sheweth the Signification of the Name; whe∣ther it be by giving the Etymology thereof, or by expressing it by some other Synony∣mous word more generally known.

5. A Real Definition, is that which shew∣eth what the thing is; and this is either perfect or imperfect.

6. A Real and a Perfect Difinition, is that which doth explain the thing by Essential Attributes.

7. A Real, but Imperfect Definition, other∣wise called a Description, is that which ex∣plains the Nature of a thing, by certain Ac∣cidental Attributes.

8. Division, is the Deduction of some¦thing

that is large, into a straighter and narrower comprehension; and this is either of some ambiguous word, into its several significations, and then it is called Distincti∣on, or of the whole into its parts.

9. The whole is either Simple, or Aggre∣gate; Division of the whole, simply and pro∣perly so called is three-fold.

1. Vniversal into its subjective parts, or of the General into the Specials; as, to di∣vide Animal into Man and Beast.

2. Essential, which resolves the whole in∣to essential parts, and this either of a Species into its Genus and Difference, or of some spe∣cial nature into its matter and form; as, A Man into Soul and Body.

3. Integral, which resolveth the whole in∣to Integral parts, and this is the Division of some individual, either into its sensible or material parts.

4. Division of the aggregated whole into its parts, and by Accident is five-fold.

1. When the Subject may be divided by its Accidents; as, Men are Learned or Vn∣learned.

2. When an Accident may be divided by its Subjects; as, Feavers are in the Spirits or in the Humours, or in the solid parts.

3. When an Accident may be divided by Accidents; as, Good is either profitable, ho∣nest, or pleasant.

4. When things may be divided by their

Objects; as, Sight by Colours, Hearing by Sound.

5. When Causes may be divided by their Effects; and the Contrary; as, Heavenly heat is from the Sun, and Elementary from Fire.