The general history of Spain from the first peopling of it by Tubal, till the death of King Ferdinand, who united the crowns of Castile and Aragon : with a continuation to the death of King Philip III / written in Spanish by the R.F.F. John de Mariana ; to which are added, two supplements, the first by F. Ferdinand Camargo y Salcedo, the other by F. Basil Varen de Soto, bringing it down to the present reign ; the whole translated from the Spanish by Capt. John Stevens.

A Compendious SUPPLEMENT TO THE History of SPAIN; From the Year 1615, till 1521. (Book 1)

Written by F. John de Mariana.

Anno 1515.

FRANCIS the new King of France having settled the Affairs of his Kingdom at home, and being a hot and fiery Youth, resolved to carry the War into * 1.1 Italy. He passed the Alps with all his Forces, and at his first Entrance over∣threw and took Prisoner Prosper Colonna, who with the Horse thought to have stopp'd his Passage. Next he took Novara, and the Castle, wherein he was much assisted by the Industry of Count Peter Navarro, who weary of his long Imprisonment, and offended that he was not Ransom'd, had taken Service with the French. Thence the French King March'd towards Milan. With Duke Ma∣ximilian, were the Swiss, Raymund de Cardona was at Verona, and Lawrence de Medicis Ge∣neral for the Pope at Placencia. They not coming in time as they ought to have done, the Swiss marched out to meet the King; and tho the Battel was so resolutely fought, * 1.2 that it lasted all day and part of the night, next morning the Swiss terrified with a false Rumour that fresh Supplies were coming to the King, were overcome and put to flight. The Duke was taken in the Castle whether he fled for refuge, and sent Prisoner into France as his Father had been, and continued there in like manner as long as he lived. This memorable Battel was fought on the 13th of September.

The Consequence of this Victory was such in Italy, that the Spaniards, who before were * 1.3 absolute, being drove out of Lombardy and State of Milan, began now to be in fear for Naples. The Catholick King raised Men, and endeavour'd to have Succours from all Parts; yet at the same time he gave Orders to secure the Great Captain Gonçalo Fernandez de Cordova and other Men of Quality, because they designed to go over to Flanders, but he fell sick in October at Loxa, and died the Second of December at Granada.

Anno 1516.

Ferdinand the Catholick King died at Madrigalejo near Truxillo, as he was going to Sevil, * 1.4 on the 27th of January, of a Dropsy which had troubled him many Months. It is re∣ported that the Bell of Velilla in Aragon which uses to denounce such Misfortunes, had al∣so been heard to ring of it self before this. He appointed his Grandson Charles of Austria his Heir. To his Grandson Ferdinand he left the City Taranto and some other Lands in the Kingdom of Naples. To govern during the absence of King Charles, he appointed the Cardinal of Spain Archbishop of Toledo in Castile, and his Son the Archbishop of Zaragoça in Aragon. Ferdinand Duke of Calabria he ordered to be set at Liberty, and to have a competent Revenue assigned him. His Body and that of the Queen his Wife, were buried in the Cathedral of Granada, as he had ordained in his Will. King Charles by his Letters Patents appointed Adrian, Dean of Lovain, to govern together with the Cardinal of Spain; and notwithstanding his Mother was still living, he took upon him the Title of King, with∣out consent of the Nobility, yet he continued to use that Stile, it being a thing of dange∣rous consequence to oppose him.

Our Governours were in care for Navarre, fearing least now upon the Change of Princes that Kingdom should declare for its own antient Kings. For this reason they chose the * 1.5 Duke of Najara Governour and General of that Kingdom, he being a Person very fit for that Employment, by reason of the great Alliances he had among that People, his Estate

lying near at hand. Nevertheless Peter of Navarre, Mareschal of that Kingdom and Marquis of Cortes raised some Commotions, which were not of any moment, for he was taken and sent Prisoner to Simancas, where he continued in Confinement as long as he lived. Besides, all those Contrivances ended in the Death of King John d' Albret, who died in his Dominion of Bearne upon Tuesday the Nineteenth of June.

Anno 1517.

Eight Months after ensued the Death of the Queen his Wife. Both their Bodies were buried at Lescar, a City in the Province of Bearne, tho they in their Will had ordered themselves to be buried at Pamplona, as King and Queen of Navarre, by that means as it were to make good their Title, which was a small comfort having lost the Crown. Henry * 1.6 d' Albret their Son succeeded them in their Possessions, as also in the Pretensions to that Kingdom.

At Lisbon, in March, died Mary Queen of Portugal, in the flower of her Age. She died in Labour, and was buried in the Church called de la Madre de Dios, or of the Mother of * 1.7 God, in that City. She had the following Children, Prince John the Eldest, Elizabeth, Beatrix, Luis, Ferdinand, Alonso who was a Cardinal, Henry also Cardinal and King, Ed∣ward, besides two that died young.

Adrian Florencius, born at Ʋtrecht in the Low Countries, Dean of Lovain and Bishop of * 1.8 Tortosa in Spain, was at Rome chosen Cardinal on the 27th of June.

Charles of Austria the new King, arrived with his Fleet at Villavicosa, a Town in Asta∣rias, the 19th of September. The Cardinal of Spain went to meet him, but died by the * 1.9 way at Roa. His Body was buried in the Colledge of S. Ildefonsus at Alcala de Henares, which he had built from the Ground, and endowed with plentiful Revenues to be a Se∣minary of Learning. The manner of it is after that of the University of Paris, if we may be allowed to compare small things to great, at least much Profit has redounded from it to Spain, a great number of Youth being there instructed, and many Persons of great Learning having been brought up there. He was Archbishop 22 Years. Cardinal Wil∣liam de Croy a Fleming succeeded him in that Dignity.

This Year was remarkable, and no less Unfortunate, for two things that happened: One was the total overthrow of the Empire of the Sultans of Egypt; the other the broaching * 1.10 of the Heresy of Martin Luther. Egypt was Subject to the Roman Empire till the time of the Emperor Heraclius, when the false Prophet Mahomet conquer'd that Province. After his Death it was possessed by the Caliphs, who as he had appointed were Supream in Spirituals as well as Temporals. These continued till the War of the Holy Land, when King Amalaricus of Hierusalem, having taken the City of Damiata formerly called Pelu∣sium, drove the Caliph to such streights, that he was forced to crave Aid of the Sultan of Siria. Sarraco was sent with these Succours. He in requital for the Assistance given possessed himself of the Kingdom of Egypt, leaving to the Caliphs only the Spiritual Juris∣diction. Saladin the Son of Sarraco was Sultan of Egypt and Siria, and having obtained many Victories over the Christians, and taken Hierusalem, reduced the Christians there to great streights. Not long after Melechsala being possessed of that Empire, finding him∣self too weak to oppose the Christians, bought of the Tartars a great number of Circassian Slaves, with whose help he did many great things, and among the rest took S. Luis King of France Prisoner at Damiata. The Slaves having murdered Melechsala, chose a King from among themselves called Turqueminius, upon condition that neither his Sons should inherit the Crown, nor the Sons of the other Slaves should be admitted into their Order, but that only those should be Soldiers and bare command who being the Sons of Christian Pa∣rents had renounced the Faith. These they called Mamalucks, and from among them the King was to be chosen. This Government flourished 300 Years, till the time of Cayer∣beyus, who obtained many Victories over the Turks, and reigned in the time of King Ferdinand of Spain. Campson his Successor, after the Turks had overthrown the Persians near the City Tarvisium, fearing they would invade Siria, marched against them with his Army, and was near Damascus defeated and slain by Selymus the Turkish Emperor. In his stead the Mamalukes set up Tomombeyus, who being by the Turks in Battel put to the Rout, and the City Caire taken, was by them impaled. Thus the Turk Selymus having conquered the Provinces of Siria and Egypt returned home victorious, his Empire being much augmented, and his strength increased by so large an Addition.

Martin Luther took this Occasion to spread his new Doctrine. Pope Julius had begun * 1.11 the Structure of the Vatican, and Pope Leo the Tenth his Successor to finish it granted a Jubilee throughout the World to such as gave some Charity towards that Work. Albertus Archbishop of Mentz, to whom the charge of publishing this Jubilee in Germany was committed, gave it in charge to Tezelius, a Dominican Friar: Martin Luther, who was Professor of Divinity at Wirtemberg, and an Austin Friar, so highly resented that Commis∣sion was not given to him, that he immediately began to preach against it, and meeting with others that gave ear to him ran into many other Extravagancies, which soon spread abroad; the many Abuses then crept into the Church, being a motive for the People to Revolt from it.

Anno 1518. * 1.12

Ellenor, Sister to King Charles, was Married to Emanuel King of Portugal about the end of this Year at Ocrato, a Town in Portugal, with much Pomp and Grandeur. They had afterwards Issue Charles who died Young, and Mary who lived long but was never Married.

It was now proposed to divide the Archbishoprick of Toledo into several Bishopricks, because of its immoderate Greatness, and particularly Madrid and Talavera were designed to have Prelates of their own. Pope Leo granted his Bull in order to the effecting of it. He gave the Inspection of that Affair to the Cardinal Adrian, the Bishop of Cosenza his Nuncio in Spain, and D. Alonso de Manrique Bishop of Cuidad Rodrigo, who were impow∣ered to order it as they should think fit. They met with so many Difficulties that they were forced to desist.

Anno 1519.

Maximilian the Emperor departed this Life on the 12th of January. Soon after the Electors met at Francfort to appoint a Successor, and tho there were many Pretenders, * 1.13 and great Instance particularly made by Francis King of France, yet Charles King of Spain was preferred before them all, and declared Emperor on the 28th of June. But in re∣gard that the Kings of Naples could not accept of the Empire, they being so engaged to the Popes he obtained a Dispensation upon condition he should pay yearly 7000 Ducats, as an acknowledgment for that Kingdom, and a White Hacaney, as is done to this Day. This point was not perfectly agreed upon till some Years after.

Anno 1520.

King Charles received the News of his Election at Barcelona, whence crossing all Spain he went to Corun̄a, and sailed thence in May for Flanders. At Aquisgran the first Crown of the Empire was put upon his Head on the 22th of October, by the Bishop of Cologn, * 1.14 whose Office it is. At the same time he freely resigned to his Brother Ferdinand all Au∣stria and the other Hereditary Dominions of his Grandfather Maximilian. Cardinal Adrian, D. Ynigo de Velasco the Constable, and the Admiral D. Henry Enriques, were left Governours of Spain. They omitted nothing that could be done to quell the Commonal∣ty, who rose in Rebellion, but could not prevent their taking up Arms, whence ensued * 1.15 the Civil Wars called Communidades, or the Commons War, Their Pretences were, that through the Avarice of the Flemmings all the Gold of Spain was carried away, and that the Liberties of the Subjects were infringed by their tyranical Government. The common cry of all rebels. The greatest Grievance was, that Charles de Gevres, the new Kings Tutor, not content that he had preferred his Nephew William de Croy to the Arch∣bishoprick of Toledo, had by many knacks and contrivances raked together a vast quantity of Spanish Pistols. The principal Heads of the rebellion were John de Padilla, one of the first Gentlemen of Toledo, and D. Antony de Acuna, Bishop of Zamora. Several Towns and Cities joyned with them. Several Engagements happened between the Loyallists and Rebells in many places, with various success, till about the end of this Year the Kings Ar∣my took Tordesillas, where the Rebels had fortified themselves and kept Queen Joanna. On the 23th of April the following Year, was fought the Battle of Villalar, in which they were totally overthrown, and the Ringleaders of them taken, which were, John de Padilla, Bravo and Maldonado, who were executed, and the Bishop was hanged at Simancas, where he was prisoner. Thus those Tumults were brought to an end by the Prudence and good Conduct of the Councel, to whom the King had wholly committed that Charge. D^a Maria Pacheco, Wife to John de Padilla, in the place of her Husband headed the Rebels, and encouraged them to hold together, but could do nothing worth remembrance. The Duke of Segorbe defeated the Germanats of Valencia near unto Morvedre. So the Rebels in that part of the Country called themselves.

Anno 1521.

William de Croy Archbishop of Toledo, died in Germany the 11th of January, without coming into Spain, or having done any thing remarkable during his Life. D. A∣lonso de Fonseca, a Man of great Spirit at that time Archbishop of Santiago, was translated to the See of Toledo. The Archbishoprick of Santiago was given to John de Tavera, Ne∣phew to F. James Deza Archbishop of Sevil, at that time Bishop of Cuidad Rodrigo and Osma, and of the Councel of the Inquisition.

The Rebellion in Castile produced a new War in Navarre. King Ferdinand to hinder * 1.16 any Insurrection had demolished all the Castles in that Kingdom, and the last Year all the Garrisons and Artillery were drawn thence against the Mutiniers of Castile. Francis King of France desiring to restore Henry d' Albret to that Crown of Right appertaining to him, laid hold of that favourable Opportunity, and sent a numerous Army to that effect, un∣der the Command of Andrew l'Esparre, younger Brother to Odet Lord of Lautrec. He found all things easier than he could have imagined, and over-run all the Kingdom, taking the Capital City Pamplona, abandoned by D. Antony Manrique the Viceroy. Only the Castle held out, being defended by Ignacius of Loyola, a Man nobly descended in Guipuzcoa, then a Soldier, and afterwards Founder of the Order of the Jesuits. A Cannon Ball struck

up a Stone which broke one of his Legs and hurt the other, which brought him into danger of his Life. He being wounded the Castle surrendred. The French Commander not content with having recovered that Kingdom, entred Castile, and for some days lay before Logron̄o. Our Forces marching to the Relief of the Place, obliged him to quit the Siege Not long after at a place called Noayn near Pamplona, they overthrew the French and took their General Prisoner. After this Victory the Kingdom of Navarre was with the same ease again brought under the Crown of Castile.

The King of France highly offended at this Disappointment, to revenge it sent a new Army into Biscay, under the Command of the Admiral of France, who took Fuenterabia, * 1.17 a strong Town upon the Frontiers. Several Rencounters happened betwixt our Forces and those of the Enemy, but at length the Town was recovered.

Beatrix, youngest Daughter to the King of Portugal, contracted to Charles Duke of Savoy, was carried to her Husband in a Fleet fitted out for that purpose. The Publick Joy for this Marriage was not lasting, for that the King of Portugal died in December. * 1.18 His Body was buried in the Monastery of Bethlem, built by himself near Lisbon, and ap∣pointed the burial Place of Kings. King John the Third of the Name his Son succeeded him.

On the 2d of December died at Rome Pope Leo, whose Memory was Reverenced for that he had restored the Peace of Italy, favoured Learning, and much restored the University of * 1.19 Rome, by bringing to it Professors of all Sciences from other Parts with great Expence. Nevertheless he is blamed, as having been given to his Pleasures more than became his high Dignity, and for immoderately extolling his Kindred, first his Brother Julian, and after his Death Laurence his Nephew, Son to Peter his other Brother. To raise them he designed to deprive the Duke of Ʋrbin of his Dominions, but the Death of both the Brother and the Nephew prevented the execution of his Designs. Pope Leo was of the House of Medicis, whose Genealogy ••s this which follows.

The Great Cosmo de Mediois, who lived in Florence 100 Years before this, had a Son called Peter, and by him two Grandsons Laurence and Julian. Laurence had three Sons, Peter, John the present Pope Leo, and Julian. Julian had a natural Son born after his Fa∣ther's Death and called Julius, who came to be Pope, and was called Clement the Seventh. Peter, Brother to Pope Leo, had a Son called Laurence the Younger, who was General of his Unkle the Pope's Forces. He by a Mistriss had Alexander afterwards Duke of Florence, by his Wife Magdalen of Bolonia left Catharine, who came to be Queen of France, where∣by the House of Medicis is related to many Royal Families. The second Julian, Brother to Pope Leo, had a Son called Hypolito, who was afterwards a Cardinal, his Unkle Pope Clement giving him the Cap.

Anno 1522.

On the 10th of January Cardinal Adrian, tho a Fleming, and at that time absent, was by the Conclave chosen Pope. At that time he was employed in the Government of * 1.20 Spain. The News of his promotion was brought to him at Vitoria, where he then was to give Orders for carrying on the War against France and recovering of Fuenterabia. Im∣mediately he hasted away in order to pass over into Italy, yet he came not to Rome till the Summer was well advanced. His Papacy was short, as not exceeding twenty Months, but his Learning, Wisdom and Virtue were very great. He changed not his Name, but was called Adrian the 6th. By him St. Antony Archbishop of Florence, and Benon Bishop of Misna, were Canonised. On the 3d of February the Royalists under the Conduct of the Archbishop of Bari overcame the Rebels, who were possessed of the City Toledo, and so those Tumults ended.

Charles the Emperor leaving his Brother Ferdinand in January with the Title of Vicar * 1.21 of the Empire, set out for Spain to settle the Kingdom, and put an end to the Troubles of it. He arrived with his Fleet at Santaren on the 16th of July.

Christiern King of Denmark had married Elizabeth Sister to the new Emperor. His Un∣cle Frederick usurped the Kingdom, whereby he was obliged to retire into Flanders, where he continued in Banishment the space of 10 Years, which was as long as he lived. He left two Daughters lawfully begotten, which were Elizabeth and Christiern, the first was married to Alonso Duke of Lorrain, the other to Francis Sforcia Duke of Milan.

Anno 1523.

Pope Adrian granted to the Emperor Charles and his Successors Kings of Spain the full Authority of electing and presenting the Bishops within their Dominions. His Bull was passed on the 6th of September. He also for ever granted them to hold the Administra∣tion of the three military Orders, which other Popes had only granted for a time. The Pope died at Rome on the 12th of the same Month, oppressed with Care and Grief for * 1.22 that the Turks had the Year before possessed themselves of the Island of Rhodes, after it had endured a Siege of Eight Months. During the vacancy of the Papal. Chair died at Rome Cardinal Bernardin de Carvajal, who had been Bishop first of Astorga, then of Bada∣joz of Carthagena, of Siguença, and lastly of Plansencia. D. Gutierre de Carvajal, Bishop of Plasencia, was Nephew to the Cardinal who resigned that See up to him. This Year also

died F. James Deza Master to Prince John, successively Bishop of Salamanca, Jaen and Se∣vil, Inquisitor General and Elect of Toledo. On the 20th of December Cardinal Ju∣lius * 1.23 de Medicis Cousin-German to Pope Leo the Tenth, was chosen Pope in the place of Adrian deceased, and took the Name of Clement the Seventh. He governed the Church ten Years, 10 Months, and 7 Days. He confirmed the Order of the Theatins, calling it the Congregation of Divine-Love. It was instituted by Peter Garrafa Bishop of Theatinum, and other pious Persons. Their Habit differs not from that of the other Clergy, their Life is retired, free from worldly Business, and employed in singing the Canonical Hours.

Anno 1524.

The French who had entred the Dutchy of Milan, and made themselves Masters of a great part of it, were this Year almost enclosed by the Imperial Army under the Com∣mand * 1.24 of the Duke of Bourbon, who took most of the Places from whence the Army was supplied, and by that means brought them into great Distress for want of Provisions. This obliged the Admiral of France, General of those Forces to endeavour to make a re∣treat, but the Imperialists were so close upon him that he was forced to fight, his Army was wholly overthrown, and only a small part of it returned home by the way of Turin. This Victory encouraged the Duke of Bourbon and Marquis of Pescara to lay Siege to Mar∣seilles, where when they had lain six Weeks, hearing that the French King was coming with a powerful Army, they sent away their heavy Cannon by Sea, and retired with great precipitation. The King not to lose this Advantage, hastned to pass the Mountains, and soon possessed himself of the Cities of Milan and other Places, and then laid Siege to Pavia.

Anno 1525.

King John of Portugal married Charlotte, Sister to Charles the Emperor. The Nuptial * 1.25 Solemnities were performed with much Majesty at Estremoz on the 5th of February: This Lady had many Children, which were Alonso, Mary, Catharine, Beatrix, Emanuel, Philip, John and Antony. Of all these only Prince John and the Princess Mary lived to be mar∣riagable, and even they died soon after they were married.

Pope Leo the same Year he died entred into a League with Charles the Emperor, for expelling the French out of Italy, upon condition that every Year upon S. Peter's Day the Emperor should for the Kingdom of Naples, besides the White Hacaney, pay 7000 Du∣cats; and that the Kingdom of Sicily should be owned as a Feoffe of the Church, paying only 15000 Ducats as it had used to do. That till such time as the Pope were repayed his Expences in that War, he should hold the Cities of Plasencia and Parma, the Profits whereof were not to be deducted out of the Principal, and that the Dukedom of Milan should be given to Francis Sforcia. Afterwards followed the expulsion of the French, and their return, as was said the last Year. The King of France lying before Pavia, in which was Antony de Leyva and a good Garison of Germans, the Emperor's Generals hasted to the Relief of the City. These were Charles de Lanoy Viceroy of Naples, Charles Duke of Bourbon, and Ferdinand Davlos, Marquis of Pescara, who overthrew the French Army, took the King and sent him Prisoner into Spain. Henry d' Albret King of Navarre was also * 1.26 taken, but he bribing his Keepers made his escape out of the Castle of Pavia. In this Battel was slain the Marquis of Civita de Santangel, whose Name was Ferdinand Castriot, Great-Grandson to the most Renowned Scanderberg Prince of Epirus, and Terror of the Turks. His Reins not being chained were cut, and his Horse ran with him into the midst of the Enemies, where the King of France himself killed him with his Lance. This Battel was fought upon Friday the 24th of February being the Feast of the Apostle S. Mathias.

Anno 1526.

Thus Europe for a while was delivered from the Desolation of War. King Francis of France was Prisoner in the Castle of Madrid. His Mother the Queen-Regent of France in his absence, earnestly desiring her Sons Liberty, sent her Daughter the Lady Margaret, who had been Married to Charles Duke of Alençon, into Spain, to treat of some Accom∣modation. She managed the business so well, that on the 14th of January an Alliance was concluded between the King and the Emperor upon the following Conditions: That * 1.27 from thence forward it should not be allowed the Flemings to Appeal to the King of France. That the King of France should quit all his Pretensions to Milan, Genoa, and Aste. That he should restore Burgundy to the Emperor. That he should Marry Ellenor the Queen-Dowager of Portugal, the Emperor's Sister, and should have with her 200000 Duccats. That he should Pardon Charles Duke of Bourbon. And, That all other Diffe∣rences should be determined according to Equity.

The Duke of Bourbon had to Wife Susanna Grandchild to Lewis the Eleventh King of France, and Daughter to Peter Duke of Bourbon and Anne the aforesaid King's Eldest Daughter. To him Charles, last of the Duke of Angers, had by his Will left his Do∣minions in France, and his Title to the Kingdom of Naples. Charles the Eighth, Son and Heir to King Lewis, left no Issue, therefore the Duke of Bourbon, tho he pretended not to the Crown as not being the next of the Male Line, yet he insisted that all the

Dominions that had accrued to the Crown by other means belonged to his Wife, as next of Blood to the late Kings. After her Death he pretended, tho he had no issue, to retain the Dukedom of Bourbon, as next of Kin in the Male-Line to his Father-in-Law. But the King's Mother urged that she was Neice to the said Peter of Bourbon, being his Sister's Daughter, and this Title prevailed.

The Treaty being concluded, the King of France departed out of Spain, leaving as * 1.28 Hostages (acording to Agreement) for performance of the Capitulation his two Sons, Francis the Dauphine, and Henry the Younger.

At Sevil on the 3d of March was celebrated the Marriage of the Emperor with Eliza∣beth * 1.29 eldest Sister to the King of Portugal. D. Ferdinand of Aragon Duke of Calabria, be∣fore set at Liberty, and D. Alonso de Fonseca, who had succeeded Cardinal William de Croy in the Archbishoprick of Toledo, accompanied the Bride from the Borders of Portugal.

The Emperor had deprived Francis Sforcia of the Dukedom of Milan, accusing him of being unfaithful, and holding Correspondence with France. Pope Clement to restore him, and being himself offended because it was by Law established in Spain, that Benefices should * 1.30 not be given to Strangers, and that the Pope's Bulls should be examined in Council, joined in League with the French and Venetians; he also invited the King of England into the Confederacy, and promised D. Ferdinand Davalos Marquis of Pescara and Governor of Milan, if he would join with them to make him King of Naples, which Kingdom he designed to Conquer. These Practices were the cause of great and mighty Mischiefs that ensued. Mean while the Marquis of Pescara died, and leaving no Issue, his Cousin D. Alonso Dava∣los Marquis del Gasto inherited his Title and Estate.

Solyman the Great Turk, Son to Selymus, overthrew in Battel near the City Buda King Luis of Hungary, and by his Death not only the City Buda was lost, but Conten∣tions * 1.31 arising about the Succession, the Kingdom was brought into great distress. Part of the Nobility were for Ferdinand of Austria, because he was Married to the late King's Sister; and part stood up for John Sepusius Vayvode of Transilvania, whence ensued grievous Wars. Mary the Queen-Dowager having no Issue returned to Flanders.

Anno 1527.

Cardinal Pompeius Colonna and Vespasian Colonna having raised Forces in the Territory of Rome, and being joined by others sent by D. Hugo de Moncada Viceroy of Naples, they had so streightned the Pope at Rome, that he could scarce secure his Person, or prevent the Soldiers Plundering the Sacred Palace. After which Charles Duke of Bourbon with part * 1.32 of the Imperial Army marched out of Lombardy towards Rome, designing to Plunder that City. The Duke of Ʋrbin and Janetin de Medicis, Father to Cosmo who was after Duke of Florence, set out to oppose him, but were overthrown passing the River Mincius, and Janetin slain. The Duke of Bourbon assaulting Rome was killed with a Musket Shot from the Walls, nevertheless the Soldiers pursued their Design, and Sacked the City, laying Siege to the Castle of Santangelo, whither the Pope and Cardinals retired.

The Emperor was at Valladolid when the News of this Disaster was brought to him, he immediately caused the Publick Feasts and Rejoicing for the Birth of his Son Prince Philip born in that City the 20th of May to cease, which was a Token of his Religious Zeal, and that so great a Disorder had not happened with his knowledge. On the other side the Florentins, who mortally hated the Pope, seeing him Distressed expelled out of their * 1.33 City the Family of Medicis, and particularly Hippolito and Alexander, who were the Chiefs of that House, which was the Cause why afterwards they lost their Liberty. King Henry of England hearing what had happened, declared for the Pope and the League before spoken of. The King of France also upon the same News sent his General Odet de Lautrec with Forces into Italy, who joining with the Venetians took Alexandria and Pavia, two consi∣derable Cities in the State of Milan.

Margaret Sister to the French King was Married to Henry d' Albret King of Navarre, and had Issue Joanna, who for want of Heirs Male inherited her Father's Dominions. This Lady most obstinately persisted in Heresie, as I suppose, because the Pope had given away the Kingdom of Navarre from her Forefathers.

Anno 1528.

At Madrid the Three Estates swore the young Prince Philip Heir to his Father's King∣doms. * 1.34 The Emperor complained that the French King did not keep his Word, or per∣form what he had so solemnly promised when he was Prisoner in Spain. The French King sent a Herauld to challenge him to fight him Hand to Hand. This Affair was ad∣vised about with the Nobility. On the 24th of June the Emperor sent his Answer by Letter, accepting the Challenge, and appointing the Place of Combate: But the King of France was so cautious he would neither open the Letters, nor give Audience to the Herauld sent from Spain upon that Errand.

Mean while Lautrec having wintered at Bolonia, marched towards Naples, laid Siege to * 1.35 that City, hoping soon to possess himself of all the Kingdom. On a sudden the Plague began to rage so violently in his Army, that great part of it Perished, and he among the

rest. Others were made Prisoners, and among them Count Peter Navarro, who spent the rest of his Days under severe Confinement.

This Disaster moved Andrea Doria, a Genoese, but Admiral of the French Fleet, to go * 1.36 over to the Emperor, and afterwards he restored his Country to its Liberty, having de∣feated and expelled the Family of Fregosa, for which and his great Virtues he gained im∣mortal Renown.

Anno 1529.

Charles the Emperor earnestly desired to go over into Italy by Sea, there to receive the Imperial Crown at the Hand of the Pope. To this purpose he was reconciled with him, after so many Discontents and Affronts, and promised to give his Bastard Daughter Margaret in Marriage to Alexander de Medicis, as also to restore that Family to its Coun∣try. At the same time he renewed the League with the King of France, the Embas∣sadors * 1.37 of both Princes meeting to that purpose at Cambray, on the Frontiers of France and Flanders. He sent home that Kings two Sons ransomed for Two Millions of Gold, and with them sent his Sister Ellenor who was to be Married to that King. From this time forward the Low Countries were wholly exempted from the Jurisdiction of France, and on the other side Burgundy was entirely made over to that Crown.

It remained now to agree the Differences with Portugal, about the Molucco Islands. It * 1.38 was concluded that the King of Portugal should lend the Emperor 350000 Ducats, upon Condition that till such time as that Sum was repayed, the Castillians should forbear Trading in those Islands, or laying any Claim to them.

This done, the Emperor went over by Sea into Italy. Solyman the Great Turk, at the Instigation of John the Vayvod of Transilvania, laid Siege to Vienna, which was * 1.39 bravely defended by Philip the Count Palatin, who was in it with a strong Garison.

Anno 1530.

At Rome the Citizens were disgusted and impoverished by the late Disorders and Sacking of the City, wherefore it was agreed the Coronation should be performed at Bolonia. * 1.40 The Concourse of People was incredible, the publick Demonstration of Joy extraor∣dinary, and the Majesty of the Ceremony such as passed belief. On the Day of S. Mathias, which was His Majesty's Birth-day, he was saluted Augustus, and Crowned by the Pope. His Holiness and the Venetians interceded for Francis Sforcia, that the Dukedom of Milan might be restored to him, which was done accordingly, he taking to Wife Christiern, Daughter to the King of Denmark, and the Emperor's Neice. He was ordered to pay 900000 Duccats, and the City of Como and Castle of Milan were to remain in the Empe∣ror's Hands till that were performed. The Marquis of Mantua had the Title of Duke conferred upon him. The Pope and Duke of Ferrara were at Variance about the Ci∣ties of Modena and Reggio, and the Emperor, as Umpire betwixt them, adjudged them to the Duke.

After this he set out for Germany, where he had Summoned the Dyet to meet at Aus∣burg * 1.41 on the 8th of April. The principal aim was to reduce the Hereticks, as had been in∣tended at other Diets. Little was done in this Affair, only that the Hereticks presented in Writing a Confession of their Faith, which of that City was called the Ausburg Con∣fession. He that composed it was named Philip Melancton, a Learned Man.

The Imperial Forces having long besieged Florence, reduced the City to such streights, that they were forced not only to admit the Family of the Medicis, but to receive Alex∣ander de Medicis for their Duke, and so lost their ancient Liberty. Philibert Prince of * 1.42 Orange, and Alonso Davalos Marquis del Gasto and of Pescara, since the Death of his Cousin Ferdinand, were the Generals that commanded at this Siege.

Margaret the Emperor's Aunt died at Mecklin in Brabant on the 1st Day of December. She was Governess of those Provinces, and Mary Queen Dowager of Hungary succeeded her in that Charge, which she held for the Emperor her Brother many Years.

Anno 1531.

By the Emperor's Order the Archbishop of Mentz, whose Place it is, Summoned the Electors of the Empire to meet at Cologn, to chuse a King of the Romans. Upon the day appointed by the unanimous Consent of them all, but one. Ferdinand Archduke of Au∣stria, * 1.43 King of Hungary and Bohemia, was elected, Only Frederick Duke of Saxony, pro∣tested against their Proceedings, but the Year after he agreed with the rest at the Diet of Ratisbon, having obtained Liberty in Matters of Religion.

Many Earthquakes happened, and in the Low-Countries the Dikes being shaken, the Sea broke in, and whole Towns were drowned, and some of the Steeples are yet to be * 1.44 seen above Water. Lisbon suffered extreamly, insomuch that the King fearing his Pa∣lace should fall upon him, for several Days lay in Tents in the Field. The Waters sepa∣rating in the Channel of Tagus, left a sort of an Island in the middle for some time.

In England the Antient Catholick Religion was now subverted on this Occasion. King * 1.45 Henry indulging his Appetite had cast an Amorous Eye upon Anne Bullen. To satisfy his desire, he put from him Queen Catharine, upon pretence that she had been Married to

his Brother Arthur, and took Anne Bullen to Wife, notwithstanding he had a Daughter called Mary by his Lawful Wife. The Pope opposed this Proceeding, and could not be brought to approve of it. Hereupon the King commanded all his Subjects to disown the Supremacy of the Pope, which was the Introduction to all the Disorders that afterwards happen'd in England.

Civil Wars broke out between the Catholick and Heretick Cantons of Swisserland. * 1.46 They came to a Battel near Zurick, in which the Catholicks had the better. In this Fight Zuinglius was killed. At Basle Ecolampadius was found dead in his Bed. Both these were Heads of that wicked Sect of Sacramentarians.

Anno 1532.

The Emperor assembled the Diet at Ratisbon, to raise the Forces of the Empire, to op∣pose * 1.47 Solyman the Great Turk who threatned Hungary. Liberty of Conscience was grant∣ed to the pretended Reformed Religion, whereupon the Professors of it joined with the Catholicks in raising Forces. The Pope sent a Supply of Italians under the Conduct of the Cardinal Hippolito de Medicis. The King of Portugal also sent Succour. Thus about 20000 Horse and 80000 Foot were raised. They encamp'd near Vienna, whither the Turks had designed to advance. The Emperor in Person commanded this Army. The Infidels understanding the great Power of the Christians, tho they were much more numerous, durst not hazard a Battel, but contenting themselves with having ravaged Hungary, and part of Austria, returned the same way they came.

At the same time Andrew Doria with the Imperial Fleet sailing into the Morea, took Coron and Modon.

John Frederick Duke of Saxony, a great Favourer of Martin Luther, died, and his Son of the same Name, and no better a Christian than he, succeeded him.

The Emperor having setled the Affairs of Germany passed over into Italy. At Bolonia he had a Conference with the Pope, concluded a League with him against the Turk, and * 1.48 it was proposed to call a General Council, to put a stop to the growing Heresies. But the main Design of these Princes was to prevent the French returning into Italy, for it was thought that King would never desist till he had recover'd Milan.

Anno 1533.

It seems there was no reality in their Proceedings, for as soon as the Emperor return∣ed into Spain, the Pope and King of France met at Marseilles. This Meeting it was fear'd * 1.49 would produce new Commotions and Wars in Italy. The Death of the Pope, which soon after ensued, broke all those Measures. All that took effect was, that Catharine Daughter to Laurence de Medicis was Married to Henry Son to the King of France, who afterwards Francis the Dauphin his Elder Brother dying, came to be Dauphin, and at last King. She had in Dower certain Towns in Auvergn, and a great Sum of Money.

Anno 1534.

D. Alonso de Fonseca, Archbishop of Toledo, died the 4th of February, and the Cardinal D. Jobn de Tavera succeeded him in that Dighity.

Pope Clement immediately after his return out of France, fell sick of a lingring Disease, * 1.50 and having setled his own Affairs and those of the City, departed this Life at Rome the 24th Day of September. On the 15th of October Cardinal Alexander Farnesius, born at Rome, and well versed in all the Affairs of that Court, was chosen his Successor, took the Name of Paul the III. and govern'd the Church 15 Years and 28 Days. In his younger Days he had two Children unlawfully begotten, which were Peter Luis and Constance. Peter Luis was Father to Alexander Farnesius. Constance was Mother of Guido Sforcia. Both these were made Cardinals in the first Promotion. Alexander Farnesius had two Brothers, Octavius afterwards Duke of Parma and Raynuncius, Knight of S. John of Hierusalem, and lastly a Cardinal.

In England this November it was by Law establish'd, That the Pope should have no Spiritual Jurisdiction within that Kingdom, but that the King was Head of the Church. Some who would not consent, and among them certain Carthusians, John Fisher Bishop of Rochester, and Sir Thomas Moore late Chancellor, were put to Death. A Famous Pyrat called Ariadenus Barbarkssa, had made himself King of Argiers, and being afterwards Admiral of the Turkish Fleet, took the City Tunez on the Coast of Africk, expelling thence Muleasse the rightful King.

Anno 1535.

The Emperor set Sail with a powerful Fleet from Barcelona on the 30th of May to restore Muleasse, who had fled to him for Protection. Prince Luis of Portugal kept him Com∣pany with certain Galleons fitted out by his Brother to that purpose. They had a fa∣vourable Passage, and landing on the Coast of Africk, at their first arrival took the strong Castle of Goletta, and in the Month of July were Masters of the City of Tunez. * 1.51 The City was delivered to King Muleasse. D. Bernardin de Mendoça was left in the Castlc with a Garison of 1000 Men. This done the Emperor sailed over to Sicily, and thence to Naples.

Mean while the King of France passing the Alpes, took from Charles Duke of Savoy * 1.52 the City of Turin, and many other Places in Piemont, whence ensued great Broils. To encrease which, Francis Sforcia Duke of Milan dying without Issue, appointed the Em∣peror Charles his Heir.

Anno 1536.

From Naples the Emperor went to Rome, where in the Presence of the Pope and Car∣dinals, he grievously inveighed against the King of France, and was so far transported with Passion, that he challenged him to Fight hand to hand upon Easter-Monday follow∣ing. Soon after departing Rome, he entred France with a powerful Army. He advanced * 1.53 as far as Marseilles, to which he laid Siege, but was forced to return without doing any thing remarkable. In this Expedition Garcilasso de la Vega, the Famous Spanish Poet, was killed by certain Country People from a Tower, which the Emperor so highly resented, that he caused the Tower to be razed, and all those Men to be hanged. Antony de Leyva, a famous Commander and then General, died also in this Undertaking.

Three things remarkable happened this Year. The first, the Death of Francis the Dau∣phin * 1.54 of France, suspected to have been Poisoned. The second, a Provincial Council held at Cologn by Hermanus, Archbishop of that City, who seven years after turned Lutheran, was therefore deposed by the Pope, and Adolphus placed in his stead. The third, was the Death of Erasmus Roterodamus, who departed this Life at Basle being 70 Years of Age, a Person of great Learning, but no good Reputation.

In England on the 29th of May, Anne Bullen, tho the King had by her a Daughter call∣ed Elizabeth, was accused and convicted of Adultery, and accordingly Beheaded. Jean Seymour stepped into her Place, but the Year after she died in Childbed. Her Son lived, and was called Edward. After this the King Married Anne Sister to the Duke of Cleves, from whom he was soon after Divorced, having before establish'd a Law to allow of Di∣vorces. Thus he Married his fifth Wife Catherine Howard, but her also he put to Death for Adultery, and because she had lost her Virginity before she was Married to him. Lastly, he Married the Lady Catherine Par, her he made not away, for soon after he died himself.

Anno 1537.

Duke Alexander de Medicis was murdered at Florence the 6th of January, by the Con∣trivance of Laurence de Medicis his Kinsman. Upon his Death the Citizens chose for their Duke Cosmo de Medicis, Kinsman to the late Duke, but at a great distance.

The Emperor held the Diet of the Empire at Worms, where an Edict was published * 1.55 against the Lutherans, but it was of no force, those People being then in Arms. All Men wished for a General Council, but there were great Difficulties that obstructed it. How∣ever the Pope Summon'd the Council, and appointed the Cities of Mantua first, and then that of Vincenza for it to be held in, both those Places being in Italy, and not far from Germany. The Hereticks pretended that the Pope, as a Guilty Person, could not be a Judge, nor the Bishops, as being obliged to him by Oath. They required the Council should be free, and held in Germany. What they aimed at could not be any way allow∣ed; for how could they either as Persons accused or accusers, set up for Judges. To exclude the Bishops was never practiced, and even the secular Princes themselves refused to determine Matters of Faith. Their design was only to baffle and delay time.

Solyman the Eunuch Bassa govern'd Egypt for the Great Turk. By his Order he fitted out a Fleet of 80 Sail in the Red Sea, and sailing into the Ocean, laid Siege to the most important Fortress of Diu in the Kingdom of Cambaya, intending to drive the Portugueses * 1.56 out of India, and wholly exclude them their Trade in those Parts. The Siege was car∣ried furiously and with obstinacy, but the Portugueses behaved themselves with such Bra∣very, that the Turks were forced to desist and return home with great loss.

About the same time the Pope appointed nine Cardinals to consider of all things that ought to be reformed. They composed a Book, containing the Heads of many things to this purpose. A League against the Turks was also proposed. It was agreed that the Pope, Emperor and Venetians should join their Fleets to this intent, and that the French * 1.57 King might not be any hindrance to them, they resolved to have a Conference with him at Nice in Provence.

Anno 1538.

This being determined, the Pope, tho then very old, made hast thither, the Emperor came from Spain by Sea, and the King of France by Land. The Meeting was in May. After a long Debate, no Peace could be concluded, but a Truce was agreed on for Ten * 1.58 Years. Neither could it be brought about that the Emperor and French King should come together. The Emperor promised to Marry his Bastard Daugter Margaret, then Widow of Duke Alexander de Medicis, to Octavius Farnesius the Pope's Grandson.

However the Emperor in his Return to Spain, saw the French King at Aiques Mortes. They were together two days, and conferred in private for several times. The chief * 1.59 thing concluded upon was, That the King of France should Pardon Andrew Doria, and receive him again into Favour.

He, with the Emperor's, Pope's, and the Venetian Galleys in the Golph of Larta, in Albania near the Morea, took Castelnovo from the Turks, but Barbarussa coming up with the Turkish Fleet near Prevesa, put him to flight without any considerable Resistance. Thus all those Preparations proved fruitless, and the next Year Castelnovo was retaken by the Turks, with great slaughter of the Spanish Garison left there. The Venetians concluded a Truce with the Turk, which produced a lasting Peace.

In England the Bones of S. Thomas of Canterbury were burnt, Monasteries subverted, and Monks and Friars forced to change their Habit, and go like Laymen or secular Priests.

Anno 1539.

At Toledo, in the House of the Earls of Fuensalida, on the 1 st of May, died Elizabeth the Empress; Her Body was carried to Granada. The Emperor retired for some Days to * 1.60 the Monastery of Sisla of the Order of S. Hierome. This Lady left three Children, Prince Philip, the Princess Mary, afterwards Married to the Emperor Maximilian the Second, and the Lady Joanna, Wife to Prince John of Portugal. Illegitimate Issue, the Emperor had D. John of Austria, got after he was a Widower, and the Lady Margaret of Austria, got before he Married.

George Duke of Saxony, a great Enemy to Luther, departed this Life, his Brother Henry already a Luther an succeeded him. Maurice, of whom we shall speak hereafter, was Son to this Henry.

Anno 1540.

The City Ghent in Flanders was in Rebellion, on account of a new Tax laid towards de∣fraying * 1.61 the Charge of the War. The Emperor resolving to repair thither in Person, to gain time took his way through France. Henry and Charles, that Kings two Sons, came to meet him on the Borders of the Kingdom, and the King himself accompanied him from Orleans to Paris. It was a desperate Action of the Emperor, to put himself into his Ene∣mies Power. It is reported there was a design to stop him, but God delivered him from so great a Danger. Being come to Ghent, he punished such as were most faulty, and rai∣sed a Cittadel to curb that People.

About the same time died John the Vayvod, who called himself King of Hungary. He left a new-born Son called Stephen, in Defence of whom the Turks made great Havock in that Kingdom.

Ebora, a City in Portugal, was at the Suit of that King made an Archiepiscopal See. The Bishoprick of Silves was made Subject to it. That Dignity was conferred upon Car∣dinal * 1.62 Henry, the King's Brother, who after the Death of King Sebastian his Nephew came to be King.

Pope Paul the first time confirmed and approved of the Order of the Jesuits. His Bull was passed at Rome on the 27th of September. This Order was Instituted by the Holy Fa∣ther * 1.63 Ignacius de Loyola, a Native of the Province of Guipuzcoa, and of singular Sanctity of Life. This Year, on the 12th of September, happened the memorable Battel, wherein D. Bernar din de Mendoça, General of the Spanish Galleys, overthrew the Turks near the Island of Alboran.

Anno 1541.

The Emperor having pacified Flanders, and punished the Rebellion at Ghent, went away for Germany, hoping to reconcile the Hereticks to the Church. Many Disputes happened betwixt the Divines of both Parties, which might have been a sure Remedy for that * 1.64 Distemper, had the Obstinacy of the Hereticks been to be convinced by any Arguments. The last Year on the 25th of November, at Worms, was began a Conference betwixt the Divines, which held on till this Year, but upon the coming of the Emperor all things were referred to the Diet at Ratisbon, which was opened the 5th of April. The Divines ap∣pointed on both sides disputed, the Chief for the Catholicks was John Eccius, for the He∣reticks Philip Melancton. Cardinal Gaspar Contarenus, the Popes Legate at this Diet, granted to the adverse Party certain Points relating to Justification, and Transubstantiati∣on, for which after his return to Rome he was publickly reproved by Cardinal Peter Gar∣rafa, who was afterwards Pope, and called Paul the Fourth. All men guessed by the severity of the Reprimand that it came from the Pope, who was there present, and therefore the Reflection upon him was the greater. The Diet at Ratisbon being broke up, the Emperor went into Italy, and conferred with the Pope at Luca in September. The chief Subject of their Conference was about Assembling a General Council. Leaving the Pope, he went to Genoa, where Andrew Doria had a great Fleet in readiness to go over to Argiers on the Coast of Africk. The Season was then too far advanced, therefore the Pope and others laboured to disswade the Emperor from that Enterprize, but he was not to be moved. Being come upon the Coast of Africk about the end of October, and having lost great part of his Fleet in a terrible Storm, he was forced to retire to Bugia, whence he passed over much afflicted to Carthagena, having done nothing and sustained great loss. Ferdinand Cor∣tes, who accompanied the Emperor in this Expedition, his Galley sinking, was obliged to swim for his Life, and lost two Cups made of Emraulds, which he had tyed about him in a cloath, and were worth 300000 Duccats.

Anno 1542.

The bloody Wars betwixt Christian Princes disappointed the Pope's design the last year, of assembling a General Council, but now he published a new Edict, Summoning all the Bishops to meet at the City Trent. He appointed the Cardinals, Parisius, Moron, and * 1.65 Poole, to preside in his Name; but this design was also put off, because the French King made War upon the Emperor. The cause of this War was, that the King sent two Embassa∣dors to the Turk, one a Genoese called Fregoso, the other a Spaniard whose name was Antony Rincon. Alonso Davalos, Marquis del Gasto, was then Governour of Milan. Certain Spa∣nish Soldiers discovered these Embassadors sailing down the River Po, tho they were dis∣guised like Pilgrims, they seized and drowned them in the River. This happened the last year, and so incensed the French King, that he immediately had recourse to Arms, and with a mighty Army invaded Flanders. Besides Henry the Dauphin by his Fathers order laid Siege to Perpignan on the borders of Spain. The Garison defended themselves with such bravery, that sallying they nailed his great Guns, and Succours coming from all Parts, he was forced to raise the Siege and retire.

John de Vega, Lord of Valverde, was at this time Viceroy of Navarre, whence he went Embassador to Rome, then Governed Sicily several Years, and lastly returning into Spain was President of the Royal Council of Castile, which Office he discharged with great Re∣putation. He was a Man of great Integrity, Wisdom and Piety.

At the beginning of December dyed James the Fifth, King of Scotland, leaving only one Daughter called Mary, born not long before his Death of Mary his Queen, Sister to the Duke of Guise. Such multitudes of Locusts were in Germany, Italy and Spain, that * 1.66 they darkned the Sun as they flew. In Sicily a great Earthquake did much harm in several Cities and Towns, but the most mischief was done at the City Siracusa.

Anno 1543.

The Emperor having appointed his Son Philip Governour of Spain, sailed over to Genoa, being in care for Italy and Germany. At Busseto, between Placencia and Cremona, he met * 1.67 the Pope, there they conferred about the General Council, the Pope's Legates being already at Trent, waiting the coming of the Bishops. It was also proposed to make Peace between France and Spain, but the time was not yet come. Cosmo de Medicis, Duke of Florence, was allowed to buy out the Castles of Florence and Leghorn, then held by the Emperor, for 200000 Duccats. The Pope had given the Cities of Placencia and Parma to Peter Luis his Son, and would have had the Emperor confirm his Gift, those Cities belonging to the State of Milan, but could not prevail.

The King of France Invaded the Low Countries by the way of S. Quintin. On the other side the great Pyrate Barbarussa having sacked and burnt the city Rijoles, not far from * 1.68 the Streight of Messina, ran along the Coast of Italy and put into the Port of Toulon. There joyning the Duke d' Enguien, they together attacked the City Nice near the State of Genoa, and tho they took it, could not reduce the Fortress, yet they spent the best part of the Summer before it. For this reason, and because it was reported that Andrew Doria was coming to the Relief of the Besieged, they returned to Winter at Toulon.

Anno 1544.

On the 4th of January this year happened a wonderful Eclipse of the Sun which last∣ed * 1.69 some hours, and not long after followed 3 Eclipses of the Moon, which is said ne∣ver to have happened since the time of Charlemagne.

The success of the Wars was various, for Barbarussa in his return towards the Levant * 1.70 in several places ravaged the Coasts of Naples. The fear was greater than the harm, tho he took and plundered the City and Island of Lipari. On the Coast of Sicily he took, plun∣dered and burnt the City Pati. Many thousand Souls were carried by him into Captivity. The Duke d' Anguien with a great Army entred Milan, the Marquis del Gasto marched to oppose him. They met near a Town called Carigno, and the Battel was fought on the 14th of April which was very bloody, but the French obtained the Victory, and yet could not possess themselves of the Dukedom of Milan.

The Emperor and King of England had made a League against France. The Emperor * 1.71 broke into France by the way of Flanders. Took several Towns and came near to Paris. So great was the terror he spread, that many of the wealthy Citizens abandoned that Ci∣ty. This Consternation was the greater, for that at the same time the King of England possessed himself of the City of Boulogne. Under these Circumstances a Treaty of Peace was set a foot. The Embassadors of these Princes met at Soissons where they concluded a Peace upon the following Conditions. That all things taken on either side since the Truce concluded at Nice should be restored. That they should joyn their Forces in defence of the Catholick Religion against the Turks and Hereticks. That the King of France shall renounce all his Pretensions in Flanders, Aragon, or Naples. That the Emperor should give to Charles Duke of Orleans, the King of France his younger Son, one of his Daughters in Marriage, or else one of those of his Brother Ferdinand. In case he gave his own Daughter he should give her in Dower the Low Countries, with the Title of King to her

Husband. But if it were his Brother's Daughter, that the Dukedom of Milan should be her Dower. The Agreement was made on the 24th of September, but it took no effect, Charles Duke of Orleans soon after dying.

Anno 1545.

Prince Philip of Spain was before contracted to Mary Daughter to the King of Portugal, * 1.72 last Year they were Married at Salamanca with great Solemnity. The Duke of Medina Si∣donia went to the Borders of Portugal, to conduct the Bride, who soon after proved with Child, and was delivered this Year on the 8th of July at Valladolid of a Son, who was called Charles. This birth was unfortunate, as well for that the Mother died the 4th day after, which lessened the publick Joy, as for that the Prince lived not to inherit his Fathers Crown. Her Body was buried at Granada.

Cardinal John Tavera died the 1st day of August. D. John Siliceus, the Bishop of Carta∣gena, succeeded him in the Archbishoprick of Toledo, in consideration for his good Ser∣vice in instructing Prince Philip, whose Preceptor he had been. Afterwards he was made Cardinal.

In Germany great Application was used to reduce the Hereticks to submit to the Council of Trent, to this effect a Diet was held at Worms. The Emperor was there pre∣sent, * 1.73 and Cardinal Alexander Farnesius, the Pope's Legate and Grandson. Nothing was concluded, for that Luther publishing new Books, ceased not to make the breach wider. The Hereticks demanded a Conference and to have the Points in Controversy disputed, and the Catholicks insisted to have all things referred to the Fathers at Trent, as being sensible how little good is done by private Disputes. All these things were only the preludes to the War which soon after broke out in Germany.

At length about the end of this Year the Fathers assembled at Trent, opened the Council. The first Session was on the 13th of December. Three Legates of the Pope * 1.74 presided, which were the Cardinals John Maria de Monte, Marcellus Cervinus, and Regi∣nald Pool. The Chief of the Spanish Divines were F. James Lainez, and Alonso Salmeron, of the Society of Jesus; F. Dominick de Soto, and F. Melchior Cano, of the Order of S. Dominick; of S. Francis, F. Alonso de Castro, and F. Andrew Vega.

Anno 1546.

Martin Luther was found dead in his Bed at Eisleber, where he was Born, on the 18th of February. He died of Excess of eating and drinking at the Age of 63. His Body * 1.75 was buried at Wittemberg, where he most resided.

D. Alonso Davalos, Marquis del Gasto Governour of Milan, deceased at Vigevano, and Ferdinand Gonçaga succeeded him.

The Diet was held at Ratisbon, where there was a Disputation between the Catho∣licks and Hereticks. Malvenda a Spaniard, and Chocleus signalized themselves among * 1.76 the Catholicks; for the Hereticks, Bucer and Brentius. The Emperor repaired thither in May, but all this sorted to no better effect than it had done at other times, but the differences were rather greater, for the Hereticks departed when the dispute was but be∣gun. Most of the Princes tho summoned, appeared not: the most remarkable of them were Frederick Duke of Saxony, and Philip the Landtgrave, The Emperor thought fit to have recourse to Arms, and ordered Maximilian Count de Bure to make Levies of Flan∣ders. In Germany Albertus, and John, Marquises of Brandenburg, did the same for the Em∣peror tho they were both Hereticks. The Spanish Forces marched out of Italy, and at the same time the Emperor directed his Letters to the Cities of Germany, admonishing them not to suffer themselves to be led away, for that many abusing his Patience had forc∣ed him to have recourse to Arms. Having dispatched these Letters the Emperor set out from Ratisbon for Bavaria. He encamped near Landshut, whether was come a good body of Men sent to him by the Pope, under the Command of his Grandson, Octavius, and Cardinal Alexander Farnesius. Sone after came thither 6000 Spaniards. D. Ferdinand of Toledo, Duke of Alva, was appointed General of those Forces. The Enemy with a strong Army came to Ingolstat. The principal Commanders were the Duke of Saxony, and the Landtgrave, whom many other Princes and Cities either openly or underhand supported. They encamped on a rising Ground, whence they played their Artillery upon the Empe∣ror's Army which lay below them, but the fright was greater than the harm. The Landtgrave was for assaulting the Emperor's Camp, which was not well intrenched, but the others opposed him, which proved the safety of our Army then much inferior to the Enemy, for that our Supplies were not come from Flanders. As soon as they came, the Emperor marched towards Nerling, the Enemy still following in the Rear. At the same time Maurice, Duke of Saxony, being furnished with Forces by King Ferdinand, possessed himself of the Lands of his Cousin Frederick, some whereof were engaged, and others so intermixed that it was convenient to secure them, lest his own Subjects might suffer by their ill Neighbours. To put a stop to their Proceedings, and because they wanted Pro∣visions, the Hereticks returned towards Saxony. The Landtgrave went away to his own Dominions and thence to Francford. The War continued hot, and several Princes and

Cities being sensible of their Error: Particularly Frederick Count Palatin, despairing of the Success of the Rebels, was reconciled to the Emperor. The Duke of Wittemberg and the Cities of Ʋlm, Francford, and Ausburg followed his Example, but were forced to buy their Pardon for great Sums of Money, and give Security for their future Loyalty.

Anno 1547.

These things were in agitation at the beginning of this Year, at the same time that Frederick Duke of Saxony recover'd all the Places taken from him by Duke Maurice, except Lipstat, which he could not reduce.

This Year died Anne the Wife of King Ferdinand; and Francis King of France, having * 1.77 lived 52 Years, and Reigned 32: His Son Henry succeeded him. Also Henry the Eight of England, famous for his Separation from the Church. He lived 57 Years, and Reigned 37 and 9 Months: His Son Edward, then but 9 Years of Age, succeeded him, as was Ordain'd in his Father's Will, by which his Daughters, Mary and Elizabeth, were appointed to In∣herit, in case their Brother died without Issue.

As soon as the Emperor had recover'd a great Fine he imposed upon the City Strasbourg, and join'd his Brother King Ferdinand, who till then stayed in Bohemia, he march'd to∣wards * 1.78 Saxony. On the 24th of April he came to the River Elbe. The Enemy had pos∣sessed themselves of the farther Bank, and the River being deep it was difficult to pass it. Certain Spanish Soldiers swimming with their Swords in their Mouths, took some Boats to make a Bridge. Having pass'd the River, our Forces pursu'd the Enemy, who retired to∣wards Wittemberg. They were so eagerly pursu'd, that they could not avoid Fighting. The Battel lasted till Night, when the Duke of Saxony being taken, and many of his Men put to the Sword, the rest fled. Soon after this Victory the Landtgrave submitted, and surrendred himself up to the Emperor. These two Princes being in Custody, all the rest were soon quell'd. As a token of his Victory, the Emperor sent part of the Cannon taken to Italy, part to Spain, and part to Flanders, whither he went himself.

The General Council was removed from Trent to Bolonia, and soon after broke up to the * 1.79 great Dissatisfaction of the Catholicks. Peter Luis, the Pope's Son, was killed in his House at Plasencia, but it could never be known by whom his Death was contriv'd, but Ferdi∣nand Gonçaga, Governor of Milan, seized that City, and put a Garison into it. The Pope fortified Parma, and put Camillus Ʋrsinus into it. Afterwards that Dominion was given to Octavius Farnesius, Duke of Parma, Son to Peter Luis.

Anno 1548.

The breaking up of the Council of Trent was so much the more resented, for that among the other Articles of Peace with the Princes and Cities of Germany, one was, That they should submit themselves to the determination of the Fathers in Matters of Re∣ligion. * 1.80 This design failing to reconcile all Matters in Difference at the Diet at Auspurb, a Book was published in Defence of the Catholick Doctrine, but allowing the Laity to communicate in both Kinds, and Priests to Marry. It was called An Interim, because to last till the Council met again, and determined what was to be done. Julius Phibug, Mi∣chael Sidonia, and Eilebius Agricola composed it. In Saxony, at the desire of Duke Maurice, the Hereticks publish'd another Book, called Adiapora, that is, Things Indifferent, Philip Melancton was the Author of it, and mentioned many things that ought to be Tolerated for the sake of Peace. Matthias Illiricus and Nicholaus Gralius, more rigid Hereticks, wrote against this Book.

At the same time Muleasse King of Tunez came to Ausburg, being expelled his Kingdom, and having his Eyes put out by his own Son.

Maximilian, Son to King Ferdinand, came to Spain to Marry the Princess Mary his Cousin-German, and to remain Governour in Spain, because Prince Philip was to go for * 1.81 Flanders, as he did in November in the same Fleet that brought Maximilian. He landed at Genoa, passed through Milan and Mantua, and lastly at the beginning of the following Year came to Brussels in the Low Countries, at such time as his Father was gone to Ger∣many.

At the instance of Siceleus, Archbishop of Toledo, the Pope granted his Bull, by which it was enacted, That none descended of Jews, Moors, or Hereticks should have any Li∣ving in that Church. D. James de Castilla the Dean, and some others of the Chapter op∣posed this Decree, but the most powerful Party prevailed.

Joanna d' Albret, Daughter to Henry, was contracted to the Duke of Cleves, but the Match breaking off, she now Married Antony of Bourbon, Duke of Vendosme, of the Blood Royal of France.

Anno 1549.

This Year died Margaret Queen of Navarre, and Mother to the above-mentioned Lady Joanna.

In Germany some Synods were held, particularly at Treves, Metz and Cologne, by the Emperor's procurement, to bring the deluded People to the Obedience of the Church.

In Africk a Man called Xerife, the Son of a Merchant, and himself a School-Master, * 1.82 under the pretended Veil of Sanctity, drew together a number of Armed People, where∣with he expelled the Kings of Morocco, Fez, and Veles. He of Veles fled for Refuge to the Emperor, and afterwards to the King of Portugal, of whom he received nothing but good Words. This was the beginning of a bloody War in Africk.

In England, Peter Martir at Oxford began publickly to teach the Heresy of the Sacra∣mentarians, and great Tumults happened about the Change of Religion. They made Peace with the French, who had began the War in Picardy, restoring to them the City Bologn, taken some Years before.

At Cigales on the first of November, was born Anne Daughter to Prince Maximilian and Mary his Wife. She was afterwards Married to her Unkle, and was Queen of Spain.

Pope Paul died at Rome the 10th of November. * 1.83

Anno 1550.

Cardinal John Maria de Monte succeeded him by the Name of Julius the III. and lived after his Exaltation 5 Years, 1 Month, and 16 Days. * 1.84

John de Vega Viceroy of Sicily, on the Coast of Africk, took the City called Africa, formerly Leptis, on the 9th of September, expelling thence the Pyrat Dragut, who used to set out thence and Ravage the Coasts of Sicily. He put a Garison into it, but soon after to save Charges utterly demolish'd it.

At Ausburg in Autumn was opened the Diet of the Empire, at which the Emperor and his Son Prince Philip were present. The Emperor strove to make his Son King of the Romans, but his Brother King Ferdinand opposed it in favour of his own Son Maximilian, who was come back from Spain, being already chosen King of Bohemia, and was now with his Father at the Diet. It was proposed to assemble a-new the Council of Trent, and to make War upon Mecklenbourg, where the Catholick Religion was wholly excluded. Both these Propositions were offensive to Maurice Duke of Saxony, tho he was ap∣pointed General of that War; but what chiefly perplexed him was, that the Emperor did not release his Unkle the Landtgrave of Hesse. These were the Causes that moved the Duke to make War upon the Emperor, who being at that time unprovided for it, was reduc'd to great Extremities.

This Year was remarkable for the Jubilee, and for the great numbers of People that re∣pair'd to Rome to gain it.

Anno 1551.

At the beginning of this Year died at Pavia, Andrew Alciatus, a famous Civilian and Humanist born at Milan, who was first Professor in France, and afterwards in Italy.

Pope Julius last December summoned the Bishops to meet again at Trent. The Emperor * 1.85 caused the Pope's Edicts to be read at the Diet at Ausburg. Duke Octavius Farnesius very unseasonably put himself under the Protection of France. Ferrante Gonçaga, to put a stop to his Proceedings, besieged him in Parma. This was the cause that Council was put off for some time, but at length it was open'd in May. Cardinal Crecencius, the Pope's Legate, presided. The Ecclesiastical Electors, and many Prelates of Germany, Spain and Italy were there present. The King of France by his Embassador protested a∣gainst their Proceedings. Embassadors came from some German Princes, to ask safe Con∣ducts for the Heretical Ministers and Divines, but the Conditions they proposed were so extravagant, the Fathers thought it a lessening of their Authority to grant them.

After the Diet at Ausburg broke up, Prince Philip return'd to Spain. His Cousin Ma∣ximilian bore him Company as far as Genoa, where he found the Princess Mary his Wife and his Children come thither by Sea out of Spain. With them he return'd in December to Inspruck, where the Emperor then was, that City lying near, to forward the Pro∣ceedings of the Council.

King Henry of France on the sudden commenced War in Flanders and Milan. He call'd the Turkish Fleet to his Aid, which on the Coast of Sicily took the Town and Castle of Au∣gusta, * 1.86 seated beyond the City Catania. Thence they sailed over to Malta, but not succeed∣ing there crossed the Sea, and on the Coast of Africk took Tripoli, deliver'd to them by the Knights of Malta, who had kept it ever since Rhodes was lost. Two French Knights had the greatest share in that Treachery. The Spaniards paid dearly for their Loyalty, about 400 being put to the Sword. It was given out the Turks did this in Revenge of the taking of the City of Africa; but the truth was, they undertook this War at the Instigation of the French King, whose Embassadors were aboard the Fleet.

Anno 1552.

Four Divines or Ministers of Wittemberg, the chief of whom was Brencius, came to Trent. * 1.87 They presented to the Council a Book called the Wittemberg Confession. All this was only to amuse the Council, till such time as Duke Maurice had raised Men, and made other warlike Preparations. On the 2d of April News was brought to Trent, that he had seiz∣ed the City Ausburg, and that the Emperor was in danger at Inspruck, which caused the Council on a sudden to break up. On the other side, Albertus Marquis of Brandenburg pos∣sessed

himself of Treves, and the French of all Lorrain. The Emperor was much perplex'd, not being able to withstand so many Enemies. He resolved to release the Duke of Saxony and the Landtgrave, which pacified Duke Maurice. On the Borders of Italy, whither in the first Consternation he retired, Forces flock'd to him from all Parts. However he par∣don'd the Marquis of Brandenburg, designing to make use of him against the French. This done he laid Siege to Metz with a great Army on the 20th of October, but many of his Men perishing, by reason of the badness of the Weather, he was forced to quit that Enterprize.

On the 2d of December this Year departed this Life the Blessed F. Francis Xaverius, as he was going to China. He was a Native of Navarre, and one of the Ten first Compa∣nions * 1.88 of S. Ignatius. He preached among the barbarous People of India, Japan, and other Parts, and was doubtless a Man of singular Sanctity, and admirable in his Life. His Body is preserved entire in the Church of his Order at Goa, he being Canonized.

D. Peter de Toledo was Viceroy of Naples at such time as Ferdinand de Sanseverino, Prince of Salerno, caused the Turkish Fleet under the Command of Rustan Bassa to come against * 1.89 that City. His Treason being discover'd, he fled to Venice, for which cause the Fleet re∣turned to Constantinople without attempting any thing. Only near the Island Ponça they met Andrew Doria, overthrew his Fleet, and took 7 of his Galleys. The Prince of Sa∣lerno having declared himself, went away to the Port to incite him the next Year to send another Fleet.

The Emperor had put a Garison into Siena, under the Command of D. James de Men∣doza, * 1.90 upon occasion of the Tumults and Factions in that City, and to prevent its being deliver'd to the French. D. James for his greater security raised a Fort for the Garison. The Citizens suspecting this tended to deprive them of their Liberty, put themselves under the Protection of France, and then taking Arms expelled the Garison, razing the Fort from the very Foundations, which necessitated them to prepare for the ensuing War, and for the Siege which was laid to the Place by D. Peter de Toledo, in pursuance of the Emperor's commands. This Year died at Florence, Paulus Jovius; at Ferrara, Lillus Gregorius Gi∣raldus; and at Salamanca, Ferdinand Pincianus the Greek Commentator.

Anno 1553.

King Edward of England departed this Life on the 16th of July, his Sister Queen Mary * 1.91 succeeded him tho opposed by many. She being possessed of the Crown restor'd the Ca∣tholick Religion.

D. Peter de Toledo, lying at the Siege of Siena, died in the House of his Son-in-Law Cosmo de Medicis, Duke of Florence. His Forces return'd to Naples upon a Report of the approach of the Turkish Fleet, under the command of the afore-mention'd Prince of Sa∣lerno. This Fleet appear'd before Naples, but there happening no Mutiny in the City, it sailed on to Corsica, great part whereof the Turks possessed themselves of, it being subject to the Genoeses.

This Year John Prince of Portugal Married Joanna the Emperor's Daughter with great Solemnity, but the Joy of this Match was not lasting.

Anno 1554.

Before a Year was gone about after his Marriage, the said Prince John died at Lisbon the 2d. of January. His Body was buried at the Monastery of Bethlem, near Lisbon. On the 20th. of January his Wife was deliver'd of a Son, who of the Day of his Birth was * 1.92 called Sebastian. He was of a Noble and truly Royal Spirit, but lived not long. His Mo∣ther went away to Castile to govern those Kingdoms, because her Brother Prince Philip was going away to be Married.

The new Queen of England desiring to secure her self in the Throne, thought fit to chuse a Resolute and Powerful Husband, and found none fitter for her purpose than Philip * 1.93 Prince of Spain, to whom the Emperor his Father had on the last of October before resign'd up the Kingdom of Naples, and Dukedom of Milan. All Points being adjusted, the Prince went over into England, where the Marriage was Solemnized at Winchester on the 25th. of July, being St. James's Day. Cardinal Reginald Poole was present, being the Pope's Le∣gate, of the Blood Royal of England, and great Sanctity of Life, to reduce that Kingdom, as he did, to the Obedience of the Church of Rome.

Our Forces return'd to the Siege of Siena, and the Marquis de Marignano, the Emperor's General, overthrew in Battel near that City Peter Strozzi, a Banish'd Florentin, sent by the French King with Forces to relieve the Besieged, and drive the Imperialists out of Milan.

Anno 1555.

Pope Julius died at Rome the 23d. of March, and on the 10th. of April Cardinal Mar∣cellus * 1.94 Gerninus, born at Montepulchiano, was chosen to succeed him, and kept his former Name. He held S. Peter's Chair only 22 days, wherefore on the 23th. of May Cardinal John Peter Garrasa, born at Naples, of noble Birth and a great Spirit, was Elected in his room. He took the Name of Paul IVth, and governed the Church 4 Years, 2 Months, and 27 Days.

At length the City Siena, tired with the Miseries of a long Siege, was surrendred to * 1.95 the Emperor. D. Francis de Mendoça, Cardinal of Burgos, was sent from Rome to settle the Government of that City. At the Suit and Intercession of Cardinal Alexander Farne∣sius the Emperor pardoned his Brother, Duke Octavius, but kept in his hands the Citadel of Plasencia, where a Spanish Garrison was left, which King Philip the Second some Years after withdrew.

D. Ferdinand of Toledo Duke of Alva, was at this time Viceroy of Naples, he was order∣ed to march to Milan, to oppose the Mareschal de Brissac, who made War on that side for the King of France, tho not with much vigor.

King Philip, the Summer being well advanced, departed out of England and came to Brussels, where the Emperor his Father resigned up to him all his Kingdoms, being desirous to * 1.96 take his repose, as he accordingly did the Year following, when having given up the Empire to his Brother Ferdinand, he with his two Sisters, the two Queens Ellenor and Mary, went over into Spain, and made choice for his retreat of the Monastery of S. Justa, of the Order of S. Hierome, in the territory of Plasencia. There he died two Years after, more glorious and great in despising, than in obtaining the Empire.

This Year died Henry d' Albret, King of Navarre, His Daughter Joanna, an abstinate Heretick, succeeded him.

Anno 1556.

On the 5th of February a Truce was concluded for Five Years betwixt France and Spain. It was hoped that this Cessation might end in a lasting Peace, both Parties being worn * 1.97 out with tedious Wars; but all fell to nothing, by reason of the War the Pope unseaso∣nably raised. At the beginning of this Year he began to persecute the Noblemen of the House of Colonna, some of them fled, others were taken, all whose Estates he pre∣sently seized. The Catholick King ordered the Duke of Alva not to suffer any wrong to be done to them. On the other side, the king of France having entred into a League with the Pope, sent a powerful Army into Italy under the Conduct of the Duke of Guise. These Forces marched through Lombardy to Rome, where they stayed some time, and then marched to the Kingdom of Naples. They did nothing remarkable, but the greatest part of them died of Sickness, and the rest returned to France. Mean while the Duke of Alva having possessed himself of most of the Pope's Dominions near Rome, marched with his Army, and incamp'd before that City. He could easily have sacked it again, but he had such respect for the Place that he forbore, and made Peace with the Pope upon very reasonable terms. But this was about the end of the ensuing Year.

At the beginning of this War Cosmo Duke of Florence prevailed with the Catholick King to deliver to him the City Siena; To obtain his desire, he alledged the Charge he had been * 1.98 at in the War with that City, and that some promise had been made of delivering it to him. The King yeilded to Necessity, and put the City into his hands upon his paying a Sum of Money down, and obliging himself to hold it of the Crown of Spain.

Anno 1557.

The War betwixt France and Spain was not thus at an end, but broke out in several * 1.99 Parts. Success was so various, that neither side had any great advantage to boast of.

Cardinal John Sicileus died the last day of May; in his place succeeded, as Archbishop of Toledo, F. Bartholomew de Miranda, of the Order of S. Dominick; He arose so high to have a greater fall.

On the 13th of June departed this Life at Lisbon, John the Third King of Portugal, a * 1.100 very Religious and Renowned Prince. His body was buried in the Monastery of Bethle∣hem. King Sebastian, his Grandson, succeeded him. In the time of King John the Inqui∣sition was first brought into Portugal, for the punishment of Hereticks and Jews. He found∣ed the University of Coimbra, and endued it with great Revenues, bringing to it learned Professors from all Parts, and assigning them plentiful Salaries. Cardinal Henry, the Kings Brother, following his Example, some time after Founded the University of Ebora, which was wholly delivered up to the Care of the Jesuits, a heavy burden but very profitable.

The Catholick King had laid Siege to S. Quintin, a strong Town on the Frontiers of * 1.101 Flanders, seated near the River Some. The French came to relieve the Place, but were overthrown by Philibert Duke of Savoy, the Spanish General, with great slaughter, and many French-men of Note made Prisoners. The Catholick King came thither after∣wards, which so terrified the Besieged and encouraged our Men, that the 4th Day after they took the Town by Assault. Many Prisoners were taken within it, and among them Gasper Coligni the French Admiral, who governed the Town, and was soon after the grand Incendiary in the Civil Wars of France.

There happened this Year mighty Floods, particularly in Italy in the Month of Sep∣tember the River Arnus overflowed its Banks, and did great harm at Florence, and all * 1.102 the Country about. The Tiber swelled to such a degree, that it drowned most part of the City. On the 14th of September, being the day after, was concluded the Peace with the Pope. At Palermo in Sicily, the great Floods overthrew many Houses, and drowned a multitude of Men and Women: It is reported 4000 Houses were thrown down. All Spain suffered this Year extream scarcity of Bread.

Anno 1558.

This Year many Thousands died of the Plague. The Contagion broke out at Murcia, * 1.103 and thence spread to Valencia, and so at last to Burgos. It lasted some Years before it was quite allay'd.

The King of France after the defeat of S. Quintin, caused the Duke of Guise to leave * 1.104 Milan, and return into France in January. The Duke having gathered a mighty Army took Calis, the only Town the English possessed in France.

The same Month died Queen Ellenor, Charles the Emperor's Sister, at Valladolid. In her Will she left certain Towns she possessed in Burgundy to her Daughter Mary, whom she had by Emanuel King of Portugal.

On the 18th of April, Francis the Dauphin of France Married Mary Stuard, Queen * 1.105 of Scotland, afterwards a most Unfortunate Princess. The Infection of Heresie spread in both the Kingdoms of France and Scotland, and many of the Nobility were ta••nted.

The War continued very hot in Flanders. Among all other Actions, the Battel of Graveling was remarkable: There the French were defeated and sustained so great loss that they presently began to treat of Peace. On the 21th. of September the great Emperor Charles the Fifth departed this Life, at the place of his Retirement. His Body was de∣posited in that Monastery, whence some Years after, by Order of the Catholick King his Son it was translated to the Royal Monastery of the Escurial.

In England Queen Mary and Cardinal Reginald Poole died both at the same time, and * 1.106 with them fell the Catholick Religion in that Kingdom.

Anno 1559.

Her Sister Queen Elizabeth being declar'd Queen, repealed all the Laws made in De∣fence * 1.107 of the Catholick Religion, and restor'd the Reformation began in the time of King Edward.

The Pope on the 23th of January banish'd out of Rome his Nephews, the Sons of his Brother John Alonso. These were John Garrafa Duke of Paliano, the Marquis Antony and Cardinal Charles Garrafa. The Crimes laid to their Charge were very heinous, and one of the greatest that they suffer'd none to have access to the Pope, but such as pleased them, and kept Spies to observe what every one spoke.

On the 5th of February, Charles Duke of Lorrain Married Claudia the King of France his younger Daughter; for her Father design'd Elizabeth the eldest should be Married to the King of Spain. The Embassadors of both Crowns met at Cambray, where they hand∣led the Business so effectually, that a Peace was concluded upon these Conditions: That * 1.108 the Duke of Savoy should be restor'd to all his Dominions, which was perform'd, and he had also the City Aste given him, tho it was the Portion of Valentina, Daughter to John Galeazzo Duke of Milan. That all Places taken during the War should be restor'd. That Corsica be restor'd to the Genoeses. That neither the Spaniard lay Claim to Bur∣gundy, nor the French to Milan or Naples. Lastly, That all Prisoners taken for 16 Years last past be set at Liberty.

These Articles being agreed upon, King Philip in pursuance of them Married by Proxy * 1.109 at Paris on the 22th of June the Princess Elizabeth, the Duke of Alva representing the King. Soon after on the 11th. of July the Lady Margaret was Married to the Duke of Savoy. The Publick Joy was turn'd into extream Grief, for that King Henry himself Tilting was struck into the Eye by a Splinter of his Adversary's Lance, of which he died the day following. His Son Francis the Second succeeded him, being Sixteen Years of Age. He had three Brothers, Charles, Alexander Edward, and Hercules; His Sisters were Elizabeth and Claudia before-mentioned; the youngest of all called Margaret some Years after was Married to Henry Prince of Bearne, and King of Navarre.

Pope Paul the Fourth departed this Life at Rome the 18th. of August. D. Bartholomew de Miranda, of the Order of S. Dominick, two Years before chosen Archbishop of Toledo in the place of Cardinal Siceleus, was Apprehended and made Prisoner by the Inquisitors in his Town of Tordelaguna, upon the 23th. of August. He was many Years in Prison, so great is the Power of the Inquisition in Spain. At the same time King Philip arrived * 1.110 with his Fleet at Laredo, in his return from Flanders.

Anno 1560.

On the 26th. of December last past Cardinal John Angelo de Medicis was chosen Pope. * 1.111 He took the Name of Pius the Fourth, and govern'd the Church 5 Years, 11 Months and 15 Days. Spain this Year was filled with Joy, not only for the arrival of their long∣wish'd-for King, but also for his Marriage which was consummated at Guadalajara in the Kingdom of Toledo, upon the 31th. day of January. This Joy was the greater, for that all Men hoped the Peace would be lasting. The Cardinal of Burgos and Duke del Infantado, went to the Borders of France to fetch the Bride. The great Solemniza∣tion of the Marriage was at Toledo, whither the King and new Queen went from Gua∣dalajara.

The Duke of Medina Celi, Viceroy of Sicily, took the Island of Gelves, but after he * 1.112 was Master of it, the Turkish Fleet coming upon him, he lost a great part of his own, and with much difficulty escaped himself. Among other Prisoners taken by the Turks were one of the Duke's Sons, D. Alvaro de Sande, and Sancho de Avila, brave Soldiers.

In France began the Tumults and Rebellion which lasted many Years under colour of * 1.113 Religion. To remedy these Troubles, the Three Estates or Parliament of France met at Orleans, where several good Laws were enacted, but never observed. Francis the new King of France died in that City on the 5th. of December: His Brother Charles the Ninth of the Name, being then but nine Years old, succeeded him.

Anno 1561.

In Rome Pope Pius the Fourth caused the Duke of Paliano and Cardinal Garrafa to be put to Death. The Cardinal was strangled in Prison, the Duke publickly Beheaded. The Commonalty, tho they were satisfied, those Persons had deserved that Punishment, yet using their common Liberty, especially assumed by the Italians, gave out it was done to please the Catholick King. Certain it is, the Pope their Unkle had expelled them Rome for their Crimes, and now they were punish'd with loss of their Lives.

In the Spring Queen Mary of Scotland, having at once lost her Mother and Husband, returned to Scotland, where she Married a second and third time. A Lady worthy a more favourable Destiny; for in England, after a long Imprisonment, she was unjustly put to Death.

In France the Tumults daily encreased. To pacify the People it was resolved the Ca∣tholicks * 1.114 and Hereticks should meet and dispute at Poissy, five Leagues from Paris. Hippo∣lito de Este Cardinal of Ferrara, and with him James Lainez, General of the Jesuits in the place of F. Ignatius de Loyola dead six Years before, were sent from Rome. The Pope's Intention was, that in case that Meeting could not be prevented, at least nothing should be positively determined in it, but all things referred to the Council of Trent, which he had summoned to meet again. The Meeting could not be prevented, the Dispute was about the Real Presence: F. Lainez when it came to his turn to speak, publickly with great free∣dom rebuked the Queen, for that she being a Woman was present at Disputes about Re∣ligion. In this Dispute he confuted Peter Martyr, always calling him Father Peter, because he had been a Friar.

Anno 1562.

In January the Council of Trent was again open'd. Cardinal John Moron, and three other Cardinals presided as the Pop's Legates. There was present a great number of Pre∣lates, * 1.115 and among them many French, who came with Charles Cardinal of Lorrain.

In the Port de la Herradura, in a violent Storm which rose in the Night, Twenty two Galleys were cast away with their General D. John de Mendoça. Great was the Desolation made in France, many stately Churches were overthrown by the Hereticks, and many Cities rebelled against the King. Among others the King of Navarre, to put a stop to these Evils, laid Siege to Roan then in Rebellion, but he was killed by a Musket-shot from the Walls on the 17th. of November, but before he expired the City was taken by his Forces. The Prince of Conde who headed the Hereticks, encouraged by the Recruits he received out of Germany, was so bold as to lay Siege to Paris. On the 8th. of December the Catholicks gave them Battel, being strengthned by a good supply of Spaniards sent by King Philip, they all behaved themselves so well that they raised the Siege, and pursuing the Enemy as far as Dreux, overthrew them with great slaughter, taking the Prince of Conde Prisoner.

Anno 1563.

The Strength and Hopes of France at this time was in the House of Guise. The Duke of Guise the King's Lieutenant then lay before the City Orleans seated on the Loire and in Re∣bellion. * 1.116 One John Poltrot came out of the City purposely, and in the passing of the Ri∣ver shot the Duke, of which wound he died the 24th. of February. Poltrot being taken and put to the Rack confessed that Admiral Coligni, and Theodorus Beza, a principal Man among the Ministers, had put him upon this wicked Enterprise. He was at Paris publickly torn in pieces by four Horses.

D. Francis of Navarre, Archbishop of Valencia, died in a Village near that City on the 16th. of April. It is reported of him, but no Proof appears, that he writ the History of Spain, which he composed with much care, tho the Stile was not of the best.

The Council of Trent broke up the 5th. of December, and was soon after confirm'd by Pope Pius the Fourth. Of the Spanish Bishops those that most signalized themselves for * 1.117 Learning in this Council were, D. Peter Guerrero Archbishop of Granada, Andrew de Cuesta Bishop of Leon, D. Martin de Ayala of Segovia, D. James de Covarrubias of Cuidad Ro∣drigo, and D. Antony Augustin of Lerida. Of the Divines, the most remarkable were the Fathers James Lainez, Alonso Salmeron, and Peter de Soto of the Order of S. Do∣minick, a Learned and Pious Man: He died at Trent in his old Age; He was under a cloud at Rome.

Salarraez King of Argiers, this year laid Siege to Oran and Mazalquivir. The Earl of Alcaudete was in Oran, and his Brother D. Martin de Cordova in Mazalquivir, both of them behaved themselves with much Bravery, but the Defence of Mazalquivir, which was hardest press'd, will ever be famous. D. John de Mendoça, General of the Spanish Galleys, coming thither raised the Siege.

Anno 1564.

John Calvin died at Geneva the 19th. of May; Theodorus Beza succeeded him, for∣mer * 1.118 wicked, but the latter if possible worse. To discover how wicked a Man Beza was, it suffices to read his Love Poems. By them it appears he was a fit Head for the Sect he professed.

D. Garcia de Toledo Marquis of Villafranca, Son to D. Peter de Toledo, who was Viceroy of Sicily and Admiral of Spain, this Year on the 6th. of September, near the City Velez on the Coast of Africk took from the Moores the strong Castle El Pen̄ol, built formerly by Count Peter Navarro, but at this time possessed by the Moores.

On the 25th. of July the Emperor Ferdinand died at Vienna: His Son Maximilian the se∣cond * 1.119 of the Name succeeded him.

Anno 1565.

D. Luis de Biamonte Earl of Lerin, and Constable of Navarre, departed this Life with∣out leaving any Issue-Male, and D. James de Toledo, younger Son to Duke of Alva, Marry∣ing his Daughter Brianda, inherited all his Estate. Thus ended that Family which for many Years had disturb'd the Kingdom, always opposing the natural Kings from whom it was descended.

Elizabeth Queen of Spain, with the consent of the King her Husband, went to the Fron∣tiers of France, as far as the City Bayonne in Guienne, where she spent 17 days with her Mother and Brothers, and then returned into Spain.

At the same time the Island of Malta began to be infested by the Turkish Fleet. Three * 1.120 Months were spent in the Siege, many Knights and a great number of the Enemy were slain, and among them the Pyrate Dragut taken off with a Cannon-Ball. At last the Turks un∣derstanding that D. Garcia de Toledo, Viceroy of Sicily, was coming to the Relief of the Besieged, they raised the Siege and sailed off, having sustained great loss.

In Spain, in pursuance of the Decrees of the Council of Trent, many Synods were held, * 1.121 the principal were those of Toledo, Salamanca and Braga. In that of Toledo was the Bi∣shop of Siguença D. Peter de la Gasca, and among the Deputies for the Church of Cu∣enca, D. Alonso Ramirez de Vergara, a Man very much noted for Learning and Piety, and extreamly Charitable especially towards the Jesuits, for whom he built at his own Cost a Colledge at Alcala, whither his Bones were translated with much Solemnity on the 25th. of October, 1621. to a stately Church there built by the Ladies Mary and Katherine de Mendoça.

The Body of the Martir S. Eugenius, first Bishop of Toledo, was with great Solemnity brought from the Monastery of S. Denis near Paris, and arrived at Toledo the 18th. of No∣vember: The King was present at the Feast with all the Royal Family; the Princes Ro∣dulphus and Ernestus, Sons to the Emperor; and the Bishops who were Assembled at the Synod. Pope Pius the Fourth departed this Life the 10th. of December.

Anno 1566.

Cardinal Michael Gislerius, born at Boschio in the Territory of Alexandria, a City of Lombardy, and of the Order of S. Dominick, was on the 7th. of January chosen Pope: He * 1.122 took the Name of Pius V. and Govern'd the Church 6 Years, 3 Months, and 23 Days. His Life and Conversation were so Holy, few have been to compare to him.

The Catholick King was in the Forest of Balsain, by reason of the heat of the Summer, when on the 12th. of August the Queen was deliver'd of a Daughter, called Elizabeth Clare Eugenia.

Solyman the Great Turk had laid Siege to Sigeth, a strong but small Town in Hungary, before it could be reduced he died, but yet his Army afterwards took the place. He left * 1.123 his Son Selymus the Second his Heir.

Margaret Dutchess of Parma, the Catholick King's Sister, Govern'd the Low Coun∣tries for him, the Hereticks contemned her because she was a Woman, and consequent∣ly * 1.124 those Provinces began to Mutiny. Many extraordinary Insolencies were commit∣ted in several Places, but most they raged against the Images of Saints that were in the Churches.

The Queen of Scotland flying the Rebellion of her Subjects at Home, was forc'd into * 1.125 England, where, upon false Informations contrary to all Human and Divine Laws, she was cast into Prison.

Anno 1567.

The Archbishop of Toledo, after his Case had depended many Years, was by Order of Pope Pius the Fifth sent to Rome, where he arrived the 28th of May, and was sent Pri∣soner to the Castle of Santangelo till Judgment should be given.

The Rebellion in Flanders ran high, and continued for several Years. D. Ferdinand of * 1.126 Toledo, Duke of Alva, was sent by the King to quench this Fire: Soon after his arrival the Princess Margaret went away for Italy, and the Counts of Horn and Egmont were taken up by the Duke.

The Rebel Hereticks in France besieged Paris. The Constable Montmorancy marched to raise the Siege. They came to a Battel near St. Denis, where the Catholicks got the Victory, but with the Death of the Constable. The Enemy with the Admiral their Ge∣neral were put to flight. Count Aremberg, who came from Flanders with 4000 Burgun∣dians to the Assistance of the Catholicks, was very instrumental in obtaining this Vi∣ctory.

Anno 1568.

On the 7th of March the Bodies of the Holy Martyrs, Pastor and Justus, were brought from Huesca, and interr'd at Alcala de Henares, where they suffered and were born.

The principal Ring-leader of the Rebellion in the Low Countries was the Prince of * 1.127 Orange, who fearing to meet with what he deserv'd, was fled. His Brother Count Luis with several Companies of Germans entred West-Frizeland; Count Aremberg with his Forces and the Spanish Regiment of D. Gonçalo de Bracamonte march'd against him, but being too hasty in charging, was overthrown. The Count and many more being slain, the rest fled to Groningen through the Marishes, the Country being overflow'd by reason the Dikes were broken. Count Egmont and Count Horn being convicted of Treason (as is believed very wrongfully) were by the Duke of Alva's Order executed at Brussels. They were publickly Beheaded on the 4th. of June; and to prevent the People Mutinying, they were strongly guarded to the Scaffold, and all the Streets lined. This Execution rather incensed than appeased the People.

This done the Duke of Alva march'd against the Prince of Orange, who had entred that Province with his Forces, and made him retire, taking several Towns and Castles, and putting many Hereticks to the Sword.

At the same time the Morisco's, that is, those descended of the Moores, rebelled in the Kingdom of Granada. These People were never Loyal, and were then incensed, for that * 1.128 certain Proclamations were publish'd against them. Many of them perish'd in the space of two Years that those Tumults lasted. The Marquis of Mondejar overthrew them seven times, tho with some considerable loss, caused by the Disorderliness of his Men. Lastly, D. John of Austria being General they were fully subdu'd. The Punishment given to those Rebels has taken from them the power of rising again, by dispersing them through∣out Castile.

Almost at the same time died first Charles Prince of Spain in Prison, where his Father kept him, and then Queen Elizabeth his Mother-in-Law. She died of a Miscarriage, leaving only two Daughters, Elizabeth and Katherine, and never a Son, which was the reason the King her Husband married again a fourth time. His too much forwardness was the cause of the Prince's Death; many things were reported concerning the cause of his Im∣prisonment, and his Father's Displeasure: But there is no doubt but he was Poison'd by his Father's Command. The Prince of Orange was again this Year without any Bloodshed drove out of the Low Countries, and forced to retire into France, where he assisted the Rebels.

Anno 1569.

Henry de Valois, Duke of Anjou and General of the King of France his Army, twice in Battel overthrew the Hereticks. The first was on the 13th. of March at Bassac, a Village * 1.129 in the Province of Poitiers, where the Prince of Conde was killed, and the Admiral escap'd by flight; his Brother d' Andelot died some time after of his Wounds. The second En∣gagement was at Montcontour on the 3d. of October; the success was the same, only that of the Rebels the slaughter was greater, 16000 being kill'd. Two thousand Horse and 4000 Foot sent by the Pope did good Service here, besides the Succours from Spain, which behaved themselves well upon all occasions. These Forces, after obtaining the Victory, return'd to Italy perishing with Cold, Hunger and Sickness.

Pope Pius this Year publish'd his Bull, wherein he gave the Kingdom of England to any * 1.130 that would conquer it; excommunicated Queen Elizabeth, and absolved her Subjects of their Allegiance. At this time the War continuing hot in the Low Countries, many Gen∣tlemen signaliz'd themselves and gained Honour there, such were Julian Romero, Sancho Davila, D. Alvaro de Sandi, Collonel Mondragon, Collonel Francis de Verdugo, and D. Lope de Figueroa.

Anno 1570.

Forty Jesuits going to Brasill with F. Ignatius de Azevedo, were murder'd at Sea by Jaques de Soria, a French Pyrate, and perverse Heretick. * 1.131

After the departure of the Prince of Orange, the Low Countries were more at Peace. In France a Peace was concluded with the Hereticks, upon no very advantageous Terms, so great was the desire all Men had conceived to see that War at an end.

At Rome, Cosmo de Medicis obtained of the Pope the Title of Great Duke of Tuscany, to * 1.132 the Dissatisfaction of other Princes, who thought his Advancement was a lessening of them. Nevertheless Maximilian the Emperor confirmed that Title to Francis de Medicis his Bro∣ther-in-law, and the Son of Cosmo.

Ann Daughter to the Emperor Maximilian, came by Sea from Flanders into Spain, to be married to her Uncle King Philip. This Solemnity was performed the 12th of November at Segovia. With the Queen came her two young Brothers, Albertus and Wenceslaus.

About the end of this Year hapned so terrible an Earthquake at Ferrara, that the Inhabitants * 1.133 were forced for some days to live in the Fields in Tents, many Houses were overthrown, and many much damaged.

But this Year was for nothing so remarkable as for the War in Cyprus, which produced a * 1.134 Holy League among the Christian Princes. After the Venetians had enjoyed Peace with the Turks the space of 30 years, Selymus the Great Turk having made Peace with the Persians, sent his Embassadors to require the Venetians to deliver up to him the Island of Cyprus, which lyes near the Province of Cilicia in the lesser Asia; and in case they refused, to de∣clare War against them. This Demand being so unreasonable, a War necessarily ensued; and the Turks landing in Cyprus about the beginning of July, under the Command of Mu∣stapha, on the 9th of September, took Nicosia, one of the two principal Cities of that Island. Famagusta, formerly called Salamis, held out longer. The Venetian Fleet sent to the Re∣lief of the Besieged, arrived at Candia, where it was joined by 60 Gallies, sent by the Catholick Kings, under the Command of Andrew Doria, Prince of Melfi; but in October, the Season being too far advanced, they all returned to winter in their Ports without do∣ing any thing. Only Marius Quirinus a Venetian, with 12 Gallies, was ordered to put Sup∣plies of Men, Ammunition, and Provision into Famagusta, which he accordingly performed. At the same time, through the earnest Sollicitation of Pope Pius the 5th, a League was con∣cluded against the Turks, betwixt his Holiness, his Catholick Majesty, and the Venetians. They agreed to fit out 200 Gallies, and furnish 50000 Foot and 4000 Horse, the Charge to be defrayed in this manner: The Pope was to pay the 6th part, the Venetians one 3d, and the King of Spain one half of the Expence. Marc Antony Colonna was appointed to com∣mand the Pope's Gallies, Sebastian Venerius, those of Venice, and D. John of Austria, by common Consent of all Parties, was constituted Admiral and Generalissimo of the Fleet and Land Forces.

Anno 1571.

All things being ordered in this manner, Venerius and Colonna arrived first at Messina in Sicily, and after them in August came D. John of Austria. On the 9th of which Month the City Famagusta in Cyprus, having held out almost a year's Siege, was forced to surren∣der * 1.135 upon Conditions; which were not perform'd by the Barbarous Enemy, but contrary to their Faith given, they committed great Cruelties upon the unfortunate Christians. The Confederate Fleet sailed from Sicily on the 16th of September. They steered directly for the Islands Echinades, now called Cuçolares, opposite to the Gulph of Lepanto, where they had Advice the Turkish Fleet lay. Both Officers and Soldiers were eager to fight, and pre∣pared themselves with great Alacrity. The Venetian Gallies were on the left, Prince John Andrew Doria on the right, and D. John of Austria, with the Spanish Gallies in the Center, and with him Marc Antony Colonna, and the Venetian Admiral. The chief Commendary of Castile, and D. Alvaro Baçan Marquis of Sancta Cruz, with 30 Gallies, were left as a Re∣serve to send Relief where the greatest Danger appeared. The Enemy came out of the Mouth of the Gulph, and ranged their Fleet, as is their Custom, in the form of a Half-Moon. Six Galeasses made the Forelorn of our Fleet, which firing their Cannon disorde∣red the Enemy. Next to them D. John of Austria, the first boarded the Turkish Admiral, and after a doubtful Fight took her. In her was killed Hali Bassa, Admiral of the Fleet, and two Sons of his were taken, and presently Victory began to incline to the Christians. Ʋchali the Pyrat did great harm upon the right, taking 10 of our Gallies; but seeing the rest of the Fleet overthrown, he stood out to Sea, and escaped with several of his Gallies. It was a terrible Spectacle, all resounded with various Cries, and nothing was to be seen but killing, pursuing, battering, and sinking of Vessels. The Sea was covered with Blood and dead Bodies, and the Air darkned with the Smoke. 200 Turkish Gallies were either taken or sunk, 25000 Turks were killed, and 20000 Christian Captives set at liberty. Of the Christians many were killed, and among them no small number of Persons of note. In short, this was one of the greatest Victories that had been obtained in many years; and there was great rejoycing for it in all parts of Christendom, tho it was not pleasing to the Hereticks. This Battel was fought on the 7th of October, on which day the Memory of it is yearly cele∣brated as a Festival at Toledo.

Anno 1572.

Pope Pius the 5th desiring to carry on this good Work, the last Summer sent his Nephew Cardinal of Alexandria, Michael Gislerius, his Legate, into France and Portugal, to perswade those Kings to enter into this League. With him went F. Francis Borgia, a holy Man, at that time General of the Jesuits in the place of F. James Lainez. These Endeavours were fruitless as well for other Causes that occur'd, as because the Pope died not long after, on * 1.136

the 1st of Mary, very unfortunately for the Affairs of Christendom. Immediately after, on the 10th of May, Cardinal Hugo Bocompanus, born at Bolongna, was substituted in his Place, and took the Name of Gregory the 13th. He behaved himself so well, that the Grief con∣ceived for the loss of his Predecessor, was much allayed; for following his Footsteps, he confirmed the League with the Venetians, and with incredible Diligence furnished Men and Money for carrying on the War. He held S. Peter's Chair 13 Years wanting one Month.

At the beginning of Spring Charles the 9th King of France married Elizaleth Daughter to the Emperor Maximilian, a Lady of great Vertue, and extraordinary Beauty.

It was proposed to marry Margaret the French King's Sister to Henry of Bourbon, Prince of * 1.137 Navarre, by that means to allay the Tumults in France. Pope Pius laboured to hinder that Match, and offered King Sebastian of Portugal should take her to Wife; which he consented to, and even to accept of her without a Portion, provided the French King would enter into the League against the Turks. However, the Prince of Navarre was preferred. His Mother Joanna Queen of Navarre died at Paris the 10th of June; and nevertheless, the Marriage was solemnized towards the end of the Summer with a great Concourse of No∣bility, as well of the Hereticks as Catholicks. In this Concourse Admiral Coligni was shot from a Window by the Contrivance of the Duke of Guise, the Consequence whereof was a general Massacre of all the Hereticks in the City of Paris, to the number of 10000. The Heads of them were put to Death by the King's Order, having discovered a Conspiracy among them for assassinating of him, the rest were outragiously murdered by the Rab∣ble.

In Flanders the last Year towards defraying the Charge of the War, a Tax was layed, be∣ing the 10th Penny of all things sold. This Imposition was so heavy to those Provinces * 1.138 which depend chiefly upon Trade, that many Cities rebelled, and were soon supported by Forces that came to their Assistance out of England, Germany, and France. Zeland and Holland, two inaccessible Provinces lying on the Sea, and encompassed with Water, were the first that rebelled. Mons, a strong City in Hainault, followed their example. D. Frederick, Son to the Duke of Alva, layed siege to it; and leaving a sufficient Force to secure his Works, marched to meet 4000 French who were coming to relieve the Place. He overthrew them, killing a great number, taking Genlis their Commander Prisoner, who died afterwards in the Castle of Antwerp. The Prince of Orange came also with Forces out of Germany; but the Duke of Alva had so secured all things, he was forced to retire without making any at∣tempt.

These Troubles, besides the other Harms they did, were the cause the League against the * 1.139 Turks was dissolved: For D. John of Austria having gathered a mightier Fleet at Messina than the Year before, stayed there a great while, being in care for the Affairs of the Low-Countries, and the more for that it was reported the French would make War on that side. Thus the Season fit for Service being passed, he set out of that Port at the end of September to join the Venetians, and try the Fortune of another Battel. But the Enemies Fleet kept close about Modon, Coron, and Navarrino, in the Morea, refusing to come to a Battel. The Christian Fleet having lost all hopes of Fighting, and the Weather grow∣ing unseasonable, went to winter in several Ports.

Anno 1573.

The Venetians either in consideration of the little Advantage gained by this great Fleet, or because they had lost the rich Trade of the East, without regard to the Confederate * 1.140 Princes, made a shameful Peace with the Turks, yielding up to them not only the Island of Cyprus, but several Towns they held in Sclavonia, and paying to them 300000 Ducats.

In May, Henry Duke of Anjou, the French King's Brother, was elected King of Poland. It was reported the French Gold bought the Votes; but certain it is, that as soon as the Duke heard of his Election he raised the Siege he had layed to Rochel, and went to take Possession of his Kingdom. D. John of Austria in October, with the Fleet he had prepared * 1.141 against the Turks, sailed over to Tunez, and restored that Kingdom to Muleasse, Grand∣son to that Muleasse who we said was expelled his Kingdom, and his Eyes put out by his Son. Muley Hamet, the King now deposed, was sent to Sicily, whither soon after D. John of Austria, having settled the Government, and left a Garison in the City, followed. Thence he went over to Naples designing for Spain.

This Winter appeared a Comet, which was only like a great shining Star, without any Tail, * 1.142 near the North-Pole. What all the Astrologers admir'd in it, was, that it had no Parallaxis; but from all places appeared to be near the same Stars, and consequently must be supposed to be as high as the Stars themselves.

Anno 1574.

The Duke of Alva having leave to return home, D. Luis de Requesens, chief Commen∣dary * 1.143 of Castile, was made Governor of the Low-Countries. He came from Milan to Flan∣ders at the beginning of the Year, and it was hoped his mild Disposition and Wisdom would remedy all the Disorders occasioned before by too much Severity. But it fell out

otherwise than was expected; for the French, Flemish, and German Hereticks conspired to revenge the Death of the Admiral of France, and to secure Antwerp and other places. They thought it would be easy to compass their Designs, because the King of France was unpro∣vided of an Army, and in Flanders the Spanish Soldiers mutinyed for Pay, being three Years in Arrears. A great number of Horse at the beginning of Lent repaired to the Forrest of S. Germain, through which the King of France was forced with all speed to retire to Paris. Francis de Montmorency was suspected to be the Author of this Design upon the King, as also of being a Favourer of the Hereticks. The Spaniards in Flanders, tho the chief Muti∣neers were punished, were not appeased; and yet Count Luis, Brother to the Prince of O∣range, returning into the Country, was overthrown on the 14th of April.

Great were the Confusions in France, when the King died on the 4th of June, leaving only one Daughter, who lived not long after, and the Crown fell to his Brother Henry then King of Poland.

The Turkish Fleet came to Tunez the 14th of July, and on the 22d of August took the Castle * 1.144 of Goleta: 24 Days after they took a Fort belonging to that City, in which was a Spanish Garison. D. John of Austria, tho he lay then at Trapano in Sicily, could not succour the Besieged. Most Men blamed Cardinal Granville, then Viceroy of Naples, for not furnish∣ing Men, Money, and Provisions in time. Selymus the Great Turk died, and Amurat his Son succeeded him.

About this time the King's Expences being great, Duties on Goods were much raised, and with the Pope's Permission, the Towns belonging to the Church began to be sold.

The King of Portugal being naturally of a great Spirit, which increased with his years, sailed over with a Fleet unto Africk, but did nothing worth remembring, his great desire of extending the Christian Dominions suffered him not to rest.

In Genoa a Mutiny broke out, in which-the new Nobles expelled the old ones out of the City. To appease those Tumults, the Cardinal John Moron was sent by the Pope, a Commis∣sary by the Emperor, D. Charles de Borgia Duke of Gandia, and D. John Ideaquez Em∣bassador there, were appointed by the Catholick King. These, after the Troubles had lasted two years, adjusted all Differences.

Anno 1575.

D. John of Austria came out of Italy into Spain, and obtained of the King his Brother * 1.145 to appoint him his Lieutenant over all his Dominions in Italy, with the Title of Vicar. The Design was that no advantagious Opportunity offered might be lost, as often happened by the Delays of the Viceroys. This done, in the same Fleet that brought him, he returned to Italy, to be in a Readiness to oppose the Great Turk, who it was reported was preparing a mighty Fleet against the Christians.

This Report proved false. But Moluco, assisted by the Turks, took the Kingdoms of Fez and Morocco from his Nephew Muley Mahomet Cheribo. He pretended to justify this Pro∣ceeding by a Law some years before established, which ordained that the King's Brothers should inherit before their Children. Muley fled to Portugal, and was the occasion of the great Loss sustained by the Portugueses, in endeavouring to restore him.

The King of France kept the Dukes of Vendosme and Alençon Prisoners at Paris, that they might not have the opportunity of embroiling the Kingdom. Alençon made his Escape, and fled to Normandy, whither repaired to him not only the Hereticks, but the Catholick Malecontents, upon pretence of settling the Kingdom. Soon after the Duke of Vendosme making his Escape, came to him.

Anno 1576.

Pope Gregory the 13th, at Rome, at length gave Judgment against Bartholomew de Mi∣randa, * 1.146 Archbishop of Toledo, after he had been 17 years a Prisoner. He died 18 days after in the Monastery of his Order, called La Minerva in that City. He was more fortunate while a private Man, than in his great Dignity, being a Person of Learning and Piety; if in his latter years he had not given occasion to be suspected, and even condemned as one not per∣fectly sound in matter of Religion. Dr. Martin Aspizcueta of Navarre pleaded for him, and writ in his Defence, being the famousest Canonist of that Age, as appears by his Works in Print, no less pious than learned.

Maximilian the Emperor dying, his Son Rodulphus, already King of the Romans, succeed∣ed him in the Empire. The Prince of Conde and John Casimir, Son to the Palatin, entred France by the way of Lorain, with 30000 Men, in favour of the Duke of Alençon, for fear of whom a Peace was concluded with the Hereticks little to the King's Advan∣tage.

D. Luis de Requesens, Governor of Flanders, dying, the States of that Country met to * 1.147 consult what was to be done. The result was, that they conspired against their King, and resolved to expel the Spaniards, join with the Hereticks, and take the Prince of Orange for their Head. To colour their Treason, soon after they sent for Mathias, the Emperor's Bro∣ther, out of Germany; but abused him, giving him the Name of Prince, and doing what pleased themselves. Whereupon in a little time, leaving that shadow of a Principality, he re∣turned to Germany.

The Rebels in Flanders laid siege to the Castle of Antwerp, at such time as the Spaniards, * 1.148 being without a Head, were in a Mutiny, nevertheless they assembled from all parts to defend that Place. The Garison of the Castle, with all that resorted to them, made not above 4000 Men. In the City were above 40000 able to bear Arms: Yet their Multitude no way dismayed the Soldiers; who falling upon them, killed 14000, then plundered, and set fire to that rich and beautiful City.

The same Day this hapned at Antwerp, which was the 4th of November, D. John of Au∣stria * 1.149 came to Luxemburgh, sent by the King of Spain to remedy the Disorders of the Low-Countries; and for more Expedition, he went through France in a disguise. His coming availed nothing, the Rebellion being too far advanced.

Anno 1577.

Catherine Queen of Portugal died at Lisbon. By her the eager Heat of King Sebastian, her * 1.150 Grandson, had bin hitherto curbed. He and King Philip had an Interview at Guadalupe, where they conferred about the Conquest of Africk; for which Enterprize the Portugues was preparing, and the Catholick King advised him not to go in Person, but could not pre∣vail.

In November a Comet appeared near the Sign Libra, and the Planet Mars with a Tail of * 1.151 such extraordinary length and breadth as has scarce been seen. After the Death of King Sebastian it was given out it threatned Portugal; such are the Predictions of Astrologers, and the Commonalty believe Comets portend change of Government.

Anno 1578.

At Madrid, on the 14th of April, King Philip had a Son born of his Wife Queen Ann, * 1.152 who was also called Philip, the 4th Child this Queen had, and out-lived the others. As this Year was happy in the Birth of this Prince, so it was unfortunate to Portugal and all Spain. For King Sebastian, carried away by the Heat of Youth, and ambitious to extend the Christi∣an Name in Africk, took into his Protection King Muley Hamet. He gathered Forces out of Germany, Italy, and Castile, to join with his own. He fitted out a great Fleet, in which he * 1.153 shipped all his Forces; and sailing in July, arrived at Arzila, a City in Africk subject to the Portugueses. His first Design was to attack the Castle of Alarache, which is at the Mouth of the River Lucus. The Portugueses began to march up the Country, and Moluco met them with a far greater number of Men. The Battel was fought on the 4th of August, and the Portugueses overthrown. The Slaughter was great, and the number of Prisoners in∣credible, among which were many of note. No Battel in many years was so unfortunate, for three Kings died there. Moluco of Sickness, which had long stuck by him; he left his Brother Hamet his Heir. The King of Portugal was killed in the Battel, and Muley drowned in passing a River as he fled.

D. John of Austria to pacify the Flemmings consented, that the Spaniards should be drawn * 1.154 out of those Provinces, and Garisons of the Natives put into their Strong-holds, which proved fatal. For scarce were the Spaniards gone, when the Hereticks conspired to seize D. John. He having notice of their Design, fled to Namur, began to assemble Forces, re∣called the Spaniards who were marching towards Italy, and had some Skirmishes with the Enemy, from whom he took some places. But Death taking him off in October, and in the Flower of his Age, put a stop to all his Designs. He died a natural Death in the Field. Alexander Farnesius, Prince of Parma, succeeded him in the Government of these Pro∣vinces.

The Provinces being dissatisfied with the Archduke Mathias, called Francis Duke of Alen∣son to their assistance, against D. John of Austria; who having accepted of the Offer, and be∣ing * 1.155 come to Mons in Hainault, they gave him the Title of Protector of Flanders. In Portugal died the Princess Mary, Daughter to Emanuel, by his last Wife Ellenor. This Lady when she died was well in years, and a Maid; for tho several Matches were proposed, never any took effect.

Anno 1579.

As soon as the dismal News of the Death of King Sebastian was brought to Lisbon, Car∣dinal * 1.156 Henry, his Great Uncle, Brother to his Grandfather, was proclaimed King, tho then very old and unhealthy. The Nobility, to secure the Succession, would have him marry; but it being unlikely he should have any Children, there were many Pretenders to that Crown. King Philip in Right of his Mother Elizabeth the Empress. Philibert Duke of Savoy, as Son to the Lady Beatrix, both which were Daughters to King Emanuel. The Prince of Parma in the Right of his Wife the Princess Mary, then dead, but had left two Sons, Ranucius and Edward. And the Duke of Bragança, in the Right of Catherine his Wife. These two Ladies were Grand-children to King Emanuel, and Daughters to Prince Ed∣ward. Mary was the eldest but was dead, and Catherine was living. Antony, Prior of Ocrato, put in his Claim, as Son to Prince Luis, and Grandson to King Emanuel. He to cover his being a Bastard, pretended his Father had been married to his Mother, but no proof ap∣peared. Catherine Queen-Mother of France claimed that Kingdom as descended from Matildis Countess of Bologn, Wife to Alonso the 3d King of Portugal, affirming they had Issue. The Portugueses urged that the Countess left no Child either by her first or second

Husband; and proved that when she died, Robert her Nephew, Son to her Sister Alicia, inherited her Dominions, from whom that Queen was descended by the Mother's side. None of these Princesses wanted the Pens of Learned Men to vindicate their Titles; but King Philip had the Power, which never fails to bear down all that the Learned can say in behalf of their Cause.

In Sicily this Year a vast quantity of Liquid Fire gushed out of Mount Etna, which did * 1.157 much harm in the Neighbouring Country.

Anno 1580.

King Philip prepared for the War with Portugal, and to that purpose caused several Troops of Italians, Germans and Spaniards to march towards the Frontiers of that King∣dom. To prevent Disorders, King Philip labour'd to prevail with the new King his Unkle * 1.158 to declare him his Heir, but at the same time whilst this was in hand, King Henry depart∣ed this Life at Almeirin, on the last of January.

It appear'd a War must of necessity ensue, for that the Portugueses it could not be ex∣pected * 1.159 would submit to the Spaniards. There wanted a General. The Duke of Alva was then Prisoner at Ʋzeda, because he had obliged his Son Frederick to Marry the Daughter of D. Garcia de Toledo, Marquis of Villa Franca, without regard to another Lady belong∣ing to the Queen, to whom the said Frederick had before promised Marriage, and the King had commanded him not to dispose of himself till that Affair was decided. It was now thought fit to release and send him to Portugal. The King himself to be the nearer at hand went first to Merida, and then to Badajoz, a City on the Frontiers of that Kingdom. His Forces were not great, being scarce 12000 Foot and 1500 Horse, but they were the Flower of the Spanish Army, old Soldiers of great Experience. With this strength and the good Conduct of the Duke of Alva, Antony the Bastard, who with the Favour of the People called himself King, was overthrown first at Lisbon, and soon after near Porto by Sancho Davila, Camp-Master-General in that Expedition. Thus he being expelled the Country, all that Kingdom was brought under.

Mean while King Philip lay at Burgos so sick, that the Physicians had given him over. * 1.160 Scarce was he recover'd, when the Queen his Wife who was with him died on the 26th. of October. He had by her four Sons, Ferdinand and Charles both dead before, James who lived not long after, and Philip then a Child and sickly, but afterwards grew healthy and lived long. He had also a Daughter called Mary, that was but short lived.

About this time died Hierome Osorio, a Portugues Bishop of Silves, a great Orator (but not in his History) as appears by the Books he wrote. His Contemporary was An∣drew Resendius, of the same Nation, a great Antiquary, and imitator of Horace in the Learn∣ed Verses he composed. Emanuel Duke of Savoy also departed this Life, and his Son Charles succeeded him.

In Flanders after the death of D. John of Austria, the War continued hot, and most of * 1.161 the Country was in Rebellion. Mathias the Archduke left the Country and returned into Germany. Those Provinces having once revolted would not return to their duty; and tho they all combin'd together, yet of themselves they were not strong enough to oppose the King, which made them send for Francis Duke of Alençon the French King's Brother, who call'd himself Hercules. He, after having imbroil'd France, making himself Head of the Hereticks, repair'd to the Low Countries, and there at his first coming possessed himself of Cambray, which till then continued Loyal. This was not all, for the following Year he went to Antwerp, and there caused himself to be declar'd Duke of Brabant, which was but a meer shadow, the Prince of Orange having all the Power. His Authority lasted not long, being at the same time disappointed of Marrying the Queen of England.

Anno 1582.

At Antwerp a youth a Biscainer call'd John de Xauregui, resolv'd to kill the Prince of * 1.162 Orange. To this intent one day after dinner he fired a Musket at him, yet killed him not, but gave him a dangerous Wound in the Cheek. The young Man was presently torn to pieces, and all that knew of the design executed. A Burgundian managed his Business more successfully, for being admitted into the Prince's Family, he soon after killed him in Holland.

At Toledo was held a Provincial Synod, in which were 7 Bishops and 2 Abbots, and * 1.163 D. Gaspar de Quiroga, Archbishop of Toledo, presided, the Marquis de Velada assisted at it in the King's Name.

This Year Pope Gregory cut off 10 days in October to reduce the Solsticies and Equinoxes * 1.164 to their former place. Besides the Golden Number was taken from the Calendar, and in its place was substituted the Epact, all to regulate the Observation of Times for the future, better than it was before.

Mary the Empress came to Spain and went to Lisbon, where the King her Brother was * 1.165 settling the Affairs of that Kingdom, and with him Cardinal Albertus, Son to the Em∣press, a Prince of extraordinary Parts.

Antony, who called himself King of Portugal, after he was overthrown fled into France, * 1.166 and having gathered a Fleet there, sailed over to the Islands Terceras, otherwise called Açores, which still held out for him. Near the Island of S. Michael he was vanquished in a Sea Fight by D. Alvaro Baçan, Marquis of Santa Cruz. Philip Strozzi one of the Admi∣rals of the French Fleet was killed; the Count de Brissac the other Admiral, together with Antony the pretended King, saved themselves by flight. All the Prisoners of Note to the number of 80 and many others, the Marquis put to death, the King of France con∣senting to it. Nevertheless the People of Tercera would not submit.

Anno 1583.

This Year the Marquis return'd, and fully subdu'd them. D. Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva, departed this Life at Lisbon, aged 74 Years. Soon after him died there also Sancho de Avila of the kick of a Horse on the 8th. of June. He was of the House of Velada, and born at Avila.

Prince James, Son to King Philip, deceased at Madrid on the 1st. of February, for which * 1.167 reason the Three Estates in Portugal swore his Brother Prince Philip Heir to that Crown. This Parliament being dissolv'd and Cardinal Albertus the King's Nephew constituted Go∣vernour of Portugal, King Philip return'd to Castile, to provide for the necessary Affairs there.

Anno 1584.

The Duke of Alençon having obtain'd his Brother's Pardon return'd into France, after * 1.168 he had been in England and Flanders, but going from Paris soon died either of Sickness or Poisoned, as some would have it. Death put an end to his aspiring Thoughts, which had compassed the Sovereignty of England, France and Flanders.

The Prince of Orange was killed with a Musket-shot on the 10th. of June by a young * 1.169 Burgundian call'd Baltasar, who had entred into his Service to that purpose. Such was the death of the Author of so many Mischiefs, but this did not pacify the Flemmings.

King Philip had by his Wife Queen Elizabeth two Daughters, Elizabeth and Catherine. It was reported the eldest was kept for her Cousin the Emperor Rodulphus. The young∣est was contracted to Charles Duke of Savoy. Zaragoça, the principal City of Aragon, was the place appointed for celebrating of the Nuptials.

Before the King set forward upon this Journey, the Three Estates of Castile at Madrid swore Prince Philip Heir to the Crown. This Ceremony was perform'd on the 11th. of * 1.170 November being Sunday and the day of S. Martin, in the Monastery of S. Hierome near that Town. Quiroga, Cardinal of Toledo, sang the Mass.

Anno 1585.

This Solemnity being performed, the King set out for Zaragoca in very rough Weather, * 1.171 the Winter Season not being yet past. Thither came also the Duke of Savoy by Sea, and was received with great Honour by the King his Father-in-Law. The Marriage was ce∣lebrated with great Pomp and Ostentation on the 18th. of March.

News was brought not long after that Pope Gregory, being very aged and famous for his * 1.172 great Wisdom, departed this Life at Rome the 12th. of April. In May following Cardinal Felix Montalto, who had first bin General of the Recolet Franciscans, then Bishop and after∣wards Cardinal, was lastly promoted to S. Peter's Chair. He took the Name of Sixtus the Fifth, governed the Church five Years and four Months, and had many good Qualities; but as there is no Man without a fault, he is blamed for being too severe and covetous, and for promoting of his Kinsmen more than was justifiable. He Canonized S. James of Alcala a Franciscan, whose Body is kept and Honour'd in the Monastery of that Order at Alcala.

The Prince of Parma made War against the Rebels in the Low Countries, and having * 1.173 recover'd Gent and many other Places after a long and streight Siege he kept upon Antwerp, forced it to surrender in August. This Siege was very famous for the many extraordinary Devices used on both sides, as also for the obstinacy of the Defendants, but the Conduct of the General, and Valour of the Spaniards overcame all Difficulties.

King Philip accompanied the new-Married Couple as far as Barcelona, whence they sail∣ed for Italy. In his return at Monçon he held the Cortes or Parliament of Aragon, which sate long, many difficulties arising among them. The violent heat of Summer and Au∣tumn which proved sickly, was the cause that many died there, especially of the Stran∣gers and Courtiers. At last this Parliament swore Prince Philip Heir of all those Domi∣mions.

Pope Sixtus at his first Accession to the Papacy published his Bull, in which he declared Henry King of Navarre a Heretick, and Excommunicated and deprived him of the Right of Inheriting the Kingdom of France; as he did also Henry Prince of Conde his Cousin-Ger∣man, in case King Henry, Brother-in-Law to him of Navarre, died without Issue, which was likely, because till then the Queen had never been with-Child.

Anno 1586.

Nevertheless the King of France labour'd to secure the Succession to the King of Navarre, without regarding the Pope's Threats, whereupon many of the French Nobility conspir'd * 1.174 to raise a Rebellion under the Colour of Religion. The Ringleader was the Duke of Guise, which much perplexed the King, seeing three powerful Factions on foot, which he feared would again embroil the whole Kingdom. Yet at first he seemed to approve of the Association, and offer'd to be Head of it, till perceiving he had only the Name, and all things tended to his own Ruin, he put off that disguise. The Pope, who at first in fa∣vour of the Leaguers, had condemned the King of Navarre, now repenting, was averse to their Proceedings, and showed himself more favourable to the King.

Anno 1587.

Mary Stuart Queen of Scotland was beheaded on the 17th of February, in Foderingay * 1.175 Castle, where she had been kept Prisoner 16 years. Elizabeth Queen of England gave Sen∣tence of Death against her at London. This unfortunate Princess, by reason of the Rebellion in Scotland, retir'd into England upon Queen Elizabeth's Word given for her Safety, and nevertheless was kept Prisoner, and at last murdered.

It was thought the Christian Princes would not suffer her Death to be unrevenged; but the King of France, whom it chiefly concerned, she having been Wife to his Brother King Francis, was taken up with the Tumults of his own Kingdom. King Philip was pro∣viding for this Enterprize, at the time that Sir Francis Drake, who the last Year had plun∣dered * 1.176 the Coasts of America, and carried a great quantity of Gold into England, had the Boldness this Spring to attempt the Island of Cadiz; and had certainly possessed himself of it, had not two Gallies that were in the Port, kept him in play till such time as the Neighbouring People came to succour the City, and among them the Duke of Medina Sidonia.

The King was then at Toledo to assist at the reception of the Body of S. Leocadia Virgin and Martyr, which had lain many Ages in a Monastery of Benedictine Monks, called S. Gil∣lain, near Mons in Hainault. The Procession and Feast were celebrated with great Pomp on the 26th of April, there being present besides the King, Mary the Empress his Sister, and Prince Philip his Son, who helped to carry the Coarse on which the Body was laid.

France, as has been said, was divided into three Factions, when 30000 Germans enter'd * 1.177 it in favour of the King of Navarre, and under the Command of the Duke de Bouillon. They spread a great Terror throughout the Kingdom. The King of France on the one side, and the Duke of Guise on the other, went out to meet them; who keeping continual∣ly in their Rear, and cutting them off, and the Winter besides being severe, great part of them perished, the rest disbanded, and returned home. Soon after the Duke of Bouillon died. Thus the Catholicks began again to take heart. Spain was under no small Apprehen∣sions least that Plague should spread on this side of the Pyrenean Hills.

France suffered not only by those People, but was afflicted with Plague and Famine. Great Processions were made to appease the Divine Wrath. Whole Towns went out clad in white, with their Crosses, singing Hymns, and imploring the Mercy of God.

Anno 1588.

King Philip had in readiness a mighty Fleet at Lisbon to revenge the Death of the Inno∣cent * 1.178 Queen of Scots, and the many Wrongs done to himself. The Marquis of Sancta Cruz was appointed Admiral; but he dying in the midst of all these Preparations, the Duke of Medina Sidonia was substituted in his place. He set sail in June with fair Weather; and having turned Cape Finisterre, off of Corun̄a a violent Storm so scattered and disabled the Fleet, that they could not put to Sea again till September. At length it came to the Coast of Flanders, the English Fleet always hovering upon their skirts, whose Cannon, and the many Sand Banks much endangered our Fleet. Some Ships were taken by the Enemy, and many sore battered by their Shot. For which reason, endeavouring to return home round the North of Scotland, many Ships perished in that stormy Season, and long Voyage. Be∣sides, the extremity of the Cold, and want of Provisions, consumed most of the Men, so that very few Ships, and a small number of Mariners and Soldiers, returned to several Ports of Spain. Thus Humane Designs are disappointed by a superior Power. Doubtless the Flower of all the Spanish Soldiers was lost in this Expedition, and God by this Disaster punished the many Sins of this Nation.

The King of France resolved to punish the Duke of Guise, as Head of the League, and by * 1.179 that means to curb the rebellious Parisians, who supported him. To this purpose he brought into the City 4000 Foreigners. The Duke of Guise also came, relying on the fa∣vour of the Multitude, who immediately taking Arms, drove out the Strangers, and forced the King himself to retire. Soon after the King published an Edict, approving of all that the Duke of Guise had done, and after that another for assembling the States or Parliament; and laying hold of that opportunity, put to Death the Duke of Guise, and the Cardinal his Brother, imprisoning several others who had a hand in the League.

Anno 1589.

The Queen-Mother of France died 12 days after this Execution, and many Cities Re∣belled, but Paris fignaliz'd it self above all others. Some Months after the King laid Siege to Paris, and whilst he was before it James Clement, a Burgundian and Dominican Friar * 1.180 coming out of the City upon pretence of revealing some Secret to the King, stabbed him with a poison'd Knife, of which he died. The Villain was immediately torn in pieces, a small Revenge for so detestable a Parricide. Henry King of Navarre, who was then in the Camp, as of right belong'd to him, presently entituled himself King of France, and went through many Troubles before he was setled in the quiet Possession of that King∣dom.

Portugal was this Year in danger to be Embroiled; for the English Fleet came before * 1.181 Lisbon upon pretence of restoring Antony the Bastard to the Kingdom of his Ancestors. He came with the Fleet himself, and landed with a good number of Men, encamped be∣fore the City, but finding there was no Commotion within, the Prince Cardinal and Count de Fuentes having secured all things, he was forced, for want of Provisions, to turn back, and soon after the whole Fleet, having done nothing worth remembring, return'd for England. Their departure deliver'd Spain from great Apprehensions. At Lisbon a Conspiracy of the Citizens was discover'd, in Favour of the pretended Prince Antony. Some few of them were Executed for a Terror to the rest. The Nobility continued very Loyal, as those who had most to lose, if any Change of Government happen'd.

A Nun at Lisbon with her Counterfeit Sanctity had deceived not only the Vulgar sort, but Men of great Learning, and being now discover'd to the Inquisition, was punish'd as she deserv'd. Soon after died F. Luis de Granada, of the Order of S. Dominick, a Man well known for his Works and singular Piety. John Davila, a Famous Preacher, was his Con∣temporary. At Barcelona the Plague raged violently. Many things were said of the Cause of that Distemper, but nothing was proved.

This Year in the Kingdom of Toledo was finish'd the Famous Structure of St. Laurence the Royal, which had been Thirty Years in hand, since King Philip began to build it near * 1.182 a Village called the Escuriall, in the Territory of Segovia. It consists of a Monastery of the Order of S. Hierome, a Colledge, and a Palace for the Kings to divert themselves in Summer. The Work is truly Majestick, equal to any of the former memorable Structures, and may well be accounted the Eighth Wonder.

Anno 1590.

This Year was remarkable for the death of two Popes, Sixtus who died the 28th. of August, and Ʋrban the Seventh, who lived but twelve days after his Exaltation to the * 1.183 Papacy. Neither did the Pope's Gregory the Fourteenth, and Innocent the Ninth sit above a few Months in S. Peter's Chair, till at last Clement the Eighth was elected, who held it longer and without reproach.

Autumn this Year was very sickly. Many People perished in Spain, but the greatest Mortality was in the Country, either for want of Medicines, or that there was less to op∣pose * 1.184 the Infection of the Air. Among the rest Dr. John Calderon, a Famous Divine and Canon of Toledo, fell sick in a pleasant place, whither he retired to pass the heat of the Summer.

Anno 1591.

Antony Perez, once the King's Secretary and in great Favour with him, after he had bin Prisoner the space of 12 Years, fled from the Prison in Madrid in April the foregoing Year. * 1.185 He went into Aragon, there to deliver himself up to the Great Justice of that Kingdom, and answer for the death of Secretary Escobedo, whom he caused to be killed one Night as he was going from Court, together with other things laid to his Charge. The Joy some People conceived at his flight was soon changed into Tears. On the 24th of May this Year the Prisoner was remov'd from the Great Justice his Prison to that of the Inquisition. The Rabble mutinying, and taking up Arms with cries of Liberty, assaulted the House of D. In̄igo de Mendoça, Marquis of Almenara, the Lieutenant. They had before conceiv'd Malice against him, and now murder'd him. With the same Fury they ran next to the Prison of the Inquisition, which they broke open and restor'd Antony Perez to the Prison where he was before. In pursuance hereof, on the 24th. of September, the People rose a∣gain, because it was design'd to carry back the Prisoner to the Inquisition, and breaking the Prison set him at Liberty. In this Tumult some were killed and wounded, Antony Perez fled to France, where he died some Years after. The Rebellious Citizens soon paid for their Rebellion; for D. Alonso de Vargas, an old Low Country Soldier, was sent thither * 1.186 with an Army, who reduc'd the City, and put to death many of the Mutiniers, among whom was D. John de Lamuza the Great Justice, for that he appear'd in Arms against the King. D. James de Heredia and D. John de Luna, two of the chief Incendiaries, were beheaded with many more. The Duke of Villahermosa and Count de Aranda were taken and sent Prisoners to Castile, where they died not long after in Prison; but were after∣wards acquitted of the Treason. In order to settle the Affairs of that Kingdom, the Cortes met at Taraçona, at which D. Andrew de Bobadilla, Archbishop of Zaragoça, presided.

Anno 1592.

The King himself by the way of Valladolid, Burgos aad Pamplona went thither at the end of this Year. With him were the Princess Elizabeth and her Brother Prince Philip, who at Pamplona and Taraçona was sworn Heir of those Crowns. Thus the Tumults in Ara∣gon were appeas'd almost two Years after they commenc'd, many of the Offenders being * 1.187 punish'd, and Garisons put into Zaragoça and other places. After the Cortes were held at Taraçona all Men submitted themselves, being terrified with the Punishment of others and their own Losses: For tho the Fury of the Multitude be great, the Power of the King is greater, and doubtless when Kings are resolute, all the vain efforts of a tumultuous Peo∣ple are easy to be quelled, and end in their own Destruction.

Anno 1593.

King Henry of Navarre seemed now inclined to embrace the Catholick Religion, and desired to be absolv'd of the Ecclesiastical Censures. The Duke of Nemours sent by him to Rome to this effect, used his utmost Endeavours to obtain it of the Pope, who appear'd very rigid, and much blamed the Archbishop of Bourges, who had absolved him in France, fearing his Conversion was only feigned, but the contrary appear'd afterwards.

King Philip by his Agents now labour'd hard in France that the King of Navarre, for * 1.188 his Religion might be excluded the Succession, and he himself elected in his stead, but that failing, he proposed Archduke Ernestus the Emperor's Brother, or any of the Princes of the House of Lorrain, offering his Daughter Elizabeth in Marriage, and many great Sums of Money, with considerable Forces to support them. All this fell to nothing, King Henry being converted, and by the unanimous Consent of all the States, after many Difficulties, proclaimed King.

Anno 1594.

At Rome the Pope on the 17th. of April Canonized S. Hyacinthus, a Polander, of the Order of S. Dominick.

At Madrid on the 22th. of November died D. Gaspar de Quiroga, Archbishop of Toledo and Cardinal, aged 83 Years: He was buried in a Monastery of the Order of S. Augustin, * 1.189 in a Town of Madrigal where he was born. He was an upright Man and of very good Parts, but there is none free from some Fault. His Revenue being very great, and his Ex∣pence small he heaped up much Money, and having made no Will, the Pope order'd it to be equally divided into three Parts, the one for pious Uses, another for himself, and the third for the King. Albertus the Archduke and Cardinal succeeded him in the Arch∣bishorick, but afterwards having obtain'd the Pope's Dispensation, by the King his Unkle's Order he quitted all his Church Preferments and Married.

This Year Javarin, a very strong Town in Hungary, was besieged and taken by the Turks.

Anno 1595.

At the beginning of this Year died in Flanders the Archduke Ernestus, who governed that Country for the King his Unkle. On the third of April Albertus the Archduke, his Brother, took possession of the Archbishoprick of Toledo. He never went to his Church * 1.190 or was consecrated, because the King his Unkle gave him the Government of the Nether∣lands, for which he set out from Madrid in August. Garcia de Loaysa was left to govern the Bishoprick, and three Years after the Archduke resigning it, succeeded him in that Dignity. The Government of the Low Countries, upon the death of Ernestus the Archduke, was some time in the Hands of D. Peter Enriquez de Toledo, Earl of Fuentes, a notable Soldier. He on the 3d. of October, after a tedious Siege, took Cambray from the French, who attempted three times to relieve it, and were as often repulsed.

The Pope on the 25th. of November made Valladolid a Bishops See, and the King soon * 1.191 after gave it the Title and Priviledge of a City. Dr. Bartholomew de la Plaça was the first Bishop. About the end of this Year the Floods were very great, and the River at Sevill breaking into the City, did much harm at the Custom-House.

The King of France being entirely reconciled to the Church, was at last absolved by the Pope, and immediately all his Kingdom submitted to him. D Peter de Toledo, Marquis of Villafranca, on the 23th. of September took and plunder'd the City Patras in the Morca, having gone from Messina with 20 Galleys upon that design.

Anno 1596.

Sir Francis Drake landed Men at Nombre de Dios in America, designing to march over * 1.192 that narrow Neck of Land and plunder Panama. The Spaniards taking the Alarm, charged and forced him to retire to his Ships about the beginning of January. He often did much harm along those Coasts, but at last died at Portobelo, and his Fleet was driven out of the West Indies by D. Bernardin de Avellaneda.

Albertus the Archduke on the 17th. of April took Calais from the French, but not long after it was restor'd upon composition. At this time the King lay at Azeca near Toledo so dangerously sick, that he was given over for dead. He removed to Toledo, where News * 1.193 was brought, that the English Fleet on the 1st. of July took and plundered the Island

and City of Cadiz, and burnt the Fleet that lay there bound for Mexico; which was so great a loss, that many Merchants throughout the Kingdom suffered much, and some broke.

Anno 1597.

Ferdinand Tello, Governor of Dourlans for the Spaniards, having Intelligence with the People of Amiens, the chief City of Picardy, suprized and made himself Master of it. The * 1.194 King of France considering the great Importance of that Place, came thither in Person, and laid siege to it. Albertus the Archduke marched with about 20000 Men out of Artois, designing to relieve the City; but finding the King too well posted, and having suf∣fered somewhat by his Artillery, and in some small Skirmishes he retired; upon which the City was surrendred, the Garison marching out with the usual Honourable Formalities.

Sigismund Bator, Prince of Transilvania, who at this time with much Bravery maintained War against the Turks and Hereticks went to Vienna to attend the Emperor, who supplied him with Money, as did the Pope and Catholick King. But the hopes conceived of his Proceedings vanished; for he was taken sick, (some said he was bewitched) where∣upon he forsook the War, and left his Wife, the Daughter of Charles the Archduke, and resigning up his Dominions to the Emperor, lived a private Life at Prague, where he died some years after.

Anno 1598.

This Year, on the 6th of May, the King gave up all the Low-Countries to his eldest Daughter Elizabeth, in order to marry her, as was afterwards done, to her Cousin the * 1.195 Archduke Albertus, who to that purpose resigned up his Cardinal's Cap, and the Arch∣bishoprick of Toledo, which was given to Garcia de Loaysa, Prince Philip's Tutor. Yet this Donation was in such manner, that those Countries were to be held of the Crown of Spain, to which also was reserved the Order of the Golden Fleece, and the Prerogative of placing Governors in certain Castles, such as Antwerp, Ghent, and Cambray. Soon after a Peace was concluded with France; in bringing the which to effect, the Pope laboured very earnestly. The King's Distemper still increasing upon him, he died at the Escurial the 13th of September, and was there buried. A Prince remarkable for some Vertues, as Libe∣rality, * 1.196 Resolution, Vigilancy, Abstemiousness in eating and drinking. But no less for many Vices, as Lust, Cruelty, Pride, Perfidiousness, and several others. He lived 71 Years, 3 Months, and some Days, and reigned in Castile 42 Years, 7 Months, and 28 Days. Prince Philip his Son succeeded him.

Anno 1599.

On the 22d of February died at Alcala de Henares, Garcia de Loaysa Archbishop of To∣ledo, and with him the great hopes conceived of his Vertue and Ability. He was buried in that Town in the Chapel of the Martyrs, without any Tomb. D. Bernardin de Rojas y Sandoval, at that time Bishop of Jaen, succeeded him, and not long after had the Cardinal's Cap brought him to Toledo, the King being present at that Ceremony.

The new King was before contracted to Margaret, the Daughter to Charles the Arch∣duke, who came to him by the way of Milan, with her Mother, and Albertus the * 1.197 Archduke. The Pope was at that time in Ferrara; which City after the Death of the last Duke, who left no Heir, fell to the Church whereof it was a Feofe. Thither the Queen and Archduke repaired, and the Ceremony of the two Marriages was performed by the Pope with extraordinary Magnificence, tho the King and Princess were not there. They departed thence, and on the 25th of March arrived at Alfaques de Tortosa; thence they went to Valencia, where the King was married. The King went forward to Barcelona to bear the Archduke company, who with the Princess his Wife, imbarked for Flanders on the 7th of June. After which the King and Queen returned to Valencia, and thence to Madrid.

Anno 1600.

This Year was very remarkable for the Jubilee at Rome, to which a great number of Peo∣ple resorted. The Winter was so extraordinary rainy that the Tiber overflowing, Rome was * 1.198 3 days full of Water, and great harm done.

Among 13 Cardinals promoted by the Pope, one was Robert Bellarmine, of the Society of Jesus, Nephew to Pope Marcellus, a Man of a good Life, and extraordinary Learning, as appears by the many notable Books he published.

The new King of France, with the Approbation of the Pope, put away Queen Margaret his first Wife, and presently after married Mary de Medicis, Daughter to Francis Duke of Florence.

Anno 1601.

About March or April the Court of Castile removed from Madrid to Valladolid in favour of that Country, which was very poor; but many Inconveniences being found there, some * 1.199 years after it returned to the same place. The famous Bell of Vililla in Aragon, is report∣ed to have rung it self several times, which is accounted to portend some extraordinary Re∣volutions, or other great matters like to happen, but no such strange effects appear'd for many years after.

At Rome, on the 29th of April S. Raymundus Pen̄afort, of the Order of S. Dominick, was Canonized. On the 25th of August Prince Doria, the great Admiral, sailed to Argiers with a great Fleet, came before that City in the night unperceived, but was drove off again by con∣trary Winds.

On the 22d of September was born at Valladolid the Princess Ann, afterwards married to Luis the 13th King of France, and conducted to the Frontiers by the Archbishop of Toledo. * 1.200

Anno 1602.

The Marquis de Fuentes having corrupted the Lanskeneghts that were in Garison at Final, * 1.201 made himself Master of that place, as he did also of Milesino, without any Provocation, or just cause given.

Elizabeth Queen of England died at London the 23d of March, when she had lived 70 Years, 6 Months, and 16 Days, and reigned 44. Her Successor was King James the 1 st of England, and 6th of Scotland, being the Great Grandson of Margaret Sister to King Henry the 8th. His Father and Mother were Catholicks, and she a Saint; but his Tutor George Buchanan was a perverse Heretick, tho a Learned Man. This was the first sole Mo∣narch of that Island, and consequently took the Title of King of Great Britain.

Anno 1603.

D. John de Tarsis, Earl of Villamediana, and Post-Master General, was sent Embassador * 1.202 into England to compliment that King upon his Accession to the Crown. He behaved him∣self with singular Wisdom and Dexterity, and laid the Foundation of that Peace which was afterwards concluded betwixt Spain and England, in the Year following. At Madrid died Mary the Empress, who was Daughter, Daughter-in-law, Wife, and Mother to five Em∣perors, a thing never before heard of, and was her self a Person excellently qualified. She was there buried in the Monastery of the Barefooted Nuns.

Anno 1604.

John Fernandez de Velasco, Constable of Castile, was sent by the King Embassador into * 1.203 England. He took his Journey through France, and was nobly entertained by that King at Paris; thence he went to Flanders, and so to London. There on the 29th of August he con∣cluded the Peace before agreed upon by the Marquis of Villamediana, his Catholick Majesties Embassador.

Anno 1605.

On the 3d of March died at Rome Pope Clement the 8th, a Person of extraordinary Piety * 1.204 and Zeal. Cardinal Alexander de Medicis, succeeded him on the 2d of April, by the Name of Leo the 11th. He was very old and sickly, and lived but till the 27th of that Month; and on the 16th of May Cardinal Camillus Borgelia, born at Rome, but originally of Siena, was enthroned in his Place. He took the Name of Paul the 5th, and was at variance with the Venetians, which was so high that it threatned a War. The Difference was about certain Laws by them established; one of them was to enable the civil Magistrate to punish the Clergy, another that no Estates real might be settled upon Monasteries, which Law is called, De Manu mortuis. This Dispute was argued, and bandied on both sides, till at last by the Prudence and Conduct of the Pope, all things were pacified. Besides, because a Dif∣ference had many years depended betwixt the Dominicans and Jesuits about Matters of Grace and Free-will, he decreed, that both Parties might without reflecting upon one another, still follow their Opinions, till such time as another Decree passed to justify either the one or the other.

Prince Philip was born the 8th of April at Valladolid. D Galceran de Alluanel, a Catalonian * 1.205 Gentleman of great Learning and Modesty, was appointed his Preceptor, and D. Balthasar de Zun̄iga.

Anno 1606.

At Valladolid, on the 18th of August, was born the the Princess Mary. At Toledo died the Lady Stephania Manrique, Great Grand-daughter to D. Roderick Manrique, Master of Santiago. * 1.206 Her Revenue, and that of her Brother Peter, neither of them being married, were given to the Colledge and Monastery of the Jesuits in that City, where they both lye with Inscriptions up∣on their Tombs.

Anno 1607.

At Madrid Prince Charles was born in September. The Parliament gave the King 23 Mil∣lions, payable in 8 years. This Tax is raised out of the 8th part of all the Wine and Oyl of * 1.207 the Growth of the Kingdom. The first time it was imposed was in the Reign of King Philip the 3d, but was not laid so high as this time.

Anno 1608.

In the Church of S. Hierom in Madrid, upon Sunday the 13th of January, Prince Philip was sworn Heir to the Crown. The Cardinal of Toledo said Mass, and performed the Ceremo∣ny. * 1.208 His Grand-mother by the Mother's side, the Princess Mary of Bavaria, died at Gratz, the Capital of Stiria in Germany, on the 29th of April. Her Daughters she left nobly matched.

Charles the Archduke was her Husband, her Son was Ferdinand the Archduke, Brother to Margaret Queen of Spain, and Cousin-German to the Emperor Rodulphus. About this time the Territory and Government of Cazorla was after great and tedious Disputes re∣stor'd to the Church of Toledo, through the Means and Procurement of the Archbishop D. Bernard de Rojas y Sandoval.

Anno 1609.

In the Netherlands on the 14th of April a Truce was concluded with the Dutch Rebels, * 1.209 but not well observ'd, tho the King ratified it at Segovia in July.

Prince Ferdinand was born at the Escurial the 17th. of May. The 27th. of June the Pope Beatified the Holy Father Ignatius de Loyola, Founder of the Jesuits. Pope Gregory the XV. Canonized him March the 12th. 1622.

Anno 1610.

At Paris on the 14th. of May, Francis Ravilliac, a bloody Villain, who had been a School-Master, * 1.210 barbarously murder'd Henry IV. King of France, stabbing him with a Ponyard. His Son Luis XIII. succeeded him.

The Princess Margaret was born the 25th. of the same Month at Lerma. In November, by the contrivance of a certain Moor with whom private Correspondence was held, our Forces possessed themselves of the strong Castle of Alarache, a place of great importance upon the Coast of Africk on the Ocean. About it is a Bay and River called Mamora, which * 1.211 was a Den of Pyrats. For this reason four Years after D. Luis Faxardo, Admiral of the Fleet, possessed himself of that place, and built a good Castle, in which he left a sufficient Garison. The Moores at first flocked thither to hinder this Work, but prevailed not. This Year was very remarkable for the banishing of all the Morisco's, that is those de∣scended * 1.212 of the Moores, out of Spain. This wicked Race held correspondence with the Turks, and Barbary Moores. So great a Work could not be finished this Year, but was afterwards continued; however many are said to have remain'd behind, not being well known to be such, tho the multitude of those that departed was incredible.

Anno 1611.

This Year was unfortunate for the death of Margaret of Austria Queen of Spain, who for her extraordinary good Qualities was entirely beloved of all her Subjects. She was de∣liver'd * 1.213 on the 22th. of September at the Escuriall, of a Son call'd Alonso, who lived not out a Year, and she died on the 3d. of October. Her Body was buried in the Escuriall. She built at Madrid a Monastery of Nuns called of the Incarnation.

Anno 1612.

Treaties were a-foot at Paris and Madrid for two Matches, the one between our Prince and the Lady Elizabeth Sister to the French King. The other betwixt the same King and * 1.214 the Princess Anne, the Consummation was put off because the Parties were so young. Ro∣dulphus the Emperor, by reason of his want of Health, lived a long time retired at Prague, the Capital City of Bohemia. There the last Year on the 11th. of August he resigned up his Dominions of Hungary, Bohemia and Austria to his Brother Mathias, reserving to him∣self a Portion for the maintenance of his Court. After this he died in the same City the 20th. of January this Year. Soon after the Electors met at Francford, and chose Mathias, Brother to the late Emperor, his Successor.

This Year on the 25th. of April died at Valencia Francis Hierome Simon, a beneficed Priest of that City, being 33 Years of Age: The People reverence him as a Saint, and have particularly signalized their Zeal herein. The Archbishop would have hindred their Pro∣ceedings as too forward, whereupon ensued many Tumults, till at last this Affair was referred to Rome.

Anno 1613.

About this time came into Spain the Latin History of Monsieur de Thou, President of Parliament a great favourer of Hereticks and Enemy to Catholicks. He neither spares the Popes, nor Kings of France, being an utter Enemy to the House of Guise, once the great stay of that Crown. He is sufficiently stuffed with Falshoods, and was prohibited at Rome in the Year 1610. Soon after in Spain it was order'd to be purged. A French Man writ learnedly against him, and calls himself John Baptista Gallus, which seems to be a feigned Name, none daring publickly to write against a Person so great in Power, as a President. A false Catholick does more harm than an open Heretick, as says S. Bernard.

Anno 1614.

Upon Saturday the 24th. of May there happened an Earthquake in the Island Tercera, which did much harm. In the Town of Playa the Mischief was greater, for private * 1.215 Houses, Monasteries and Churches were overthrown. In the City Angla 11 Churches and 19 Chapels besides private Houses were destroyed.

In August our Fleet commanded by D. Luis Faxardo, took the City Mamora, as was before hinted. It is seated upon the Ocean five Leagues from Tangier, and twenty-five * 1.216 from Arzila.

Anno 1615.

There had been of late War in Italy betwixt the Dukes of Savoy and Mantua. The * 1.217 cause of it was, that Alfonso Duke of Mantua, who Married the Duke of Savoy's Daughter, at his death left no Issue but one Daughter. His Brother Alexander the Cardinal resigning up his Cap inherited that Dominion. The Duke of Savoy pretended that his Grandchild the Daughter of the late Duke, tho as a Woman she could not be Heiress to the Duke∣dom of Mantua, yet she might to that of Montferrat, which for some Years had been united to the other. The matter came to Blows, and the Duke of Savoy by force pos∣sessed himself of a great part of that Country. The Catholick King Philip the Third, to prevent the embroyling of Italy, would have had this Difference determined by course of Law, and because the Duke of Savoy refused, took up Arms against him. After some Bloodshed it was at last agreed on the 21th. of July this Year, that both Parties should disarm, and the Difference be referred to the Emperor as the proper Judge, those Do∣minions being Feoffes of the Empire. The King approved not of this Peace, and there∣fore the War broke out again. D. Peter de Toledo Marquis of Villafranca, after a long Siege took the City Vercelli. Soon after Affairs being composed, it was restor'd by D. Goniez de Figueroa Duke of Feria, who succeeded the Marquis in the Government of Milan. It was reported the Venetians underhand assisted the Duke in this War. The Duke of Ossuna then Viceroy of Naples, armed against them, and in the Adriatick Sea took some of their Ships, besides other harms he did them.

Soon after the Duke of Feria took Valtolina, a most important Place, as being the Pass between Italy and Germany, which he fortified, and put into it a strong Garison.

At Burgos on the 18th of October Prince Philip was Married by Proxy to the Lady Eliza∣beth, * 1.218 Sister to the French King, who was in the same manner contracted to Anne Princess of Castile. This Princess two Days before renounced any Right or Title she might have upon the death of her Brother, to the Kingdoms of Castile or Aragon, or to the Low Coun∣tries. The two Brides were exchanged upon the River Vedaso, which parts France and Spain on the 9th. of November. The King himself was present at all these Ceremonies, and together with the Prince his Son received the Princess his Daughter-in-Law at Bur∣gos. Thence about the end of the Year he return'd to Madrid. The King of France re∣ceived his Bride at Bourdeaux, where he was with the Queen his Mother.

Anno 1616.

A Ship that sailed from Holland in the Month of May the last Year, after a long and * 1.219 difficult Voyage in January this Year, beyond the Streights of Magellan, in 57 Degrees of South Latitude discover'd another Passage into the South-Sea and to India. This Ship having gone round the Globe, return'd to Holland 2 Years and 18 Days after it set out from thence. They lost one day in their Reckning, and by that means called that Monday which was Tuesday, and so throughout the Week.

Anno 1617.

Upon Saturday the 15th. of April, in the Philippine Islands, a notable Victory was ob∣tained * 1.220 over the Hollanders. D. John de Ronquillo who commanded there defeated 10 Gal∣leons of there's, some of which were sunk, others burnt, and the rest fled. These Rebels have done great harm in the Coasts of America along the South-Sea, and possess'd them∣selves of many Places in India.

Anno 1618.

In October the Duke of Lerma departed the Court, leaving the Government of the * 1.221 Kingdom, which he had chiefly managed for several Years, having a Cardinals Cap sent him from Rome before he quitted. Not long after D. Roderick Calderon his great Favou∣rite was apprehended, who after he had lain two Years and an half in Prison, was con∣demned to Death, and his Goods Confiscate. D. Bernardin de Rojas y Sandoval, Archbi∣shop of Toledo, died suddenly at Madrid the 7th. day of December. He was buried in the Chapel of our Lady, which he built and richly adorn'd. The King labour'd to bestow that Bishoprick upon his Son Prince Ferdinand, then but 9 Years of Age.

Anno 1619.

Mathias the Emperor had lately resign'd the Kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia to his Cousin the Archduke Ferdinand. The Bohemians Rebell'd, and Wars ensued. The Em∣peror died at Prague, in March, without Issue, and the Electors assembling the 23th. of August, chose the same Ferdinand, King of Hungary and Bohemia, Emperor.

In April the Catholick King set out from Madrid for Portugal, and made his Entry into Lisbon on the 29th. of June. On the 14th. of July the Three Estates took their Oath to * 1.222 the Prince as Heir, and next day the Cortes were opened.

The Pope in October Beatified F. Francis Xaverius, one of the first Companions of S. Ignatius, and Apostle of India. Pope Gregory the XV. Canonized them both in the Year 1622.

Anno 1620.

Prince Ferdinand being before made Cardinal, in May had possession of the Archbishop∣rick of Toledo given him. The Bohemians proceeding in their Rebellion, chose the Ele∣ctor * 1.223 Palatin for their King, who was assisted by the German Hereticks, the Kings of Eng∣land and Denmark, and the Dutch. The Catholick Electors, Kings of Spain and Poland, the Pope and Princes of Italy favour'd the Emperor. On the 8th. of November near Prague the Rebels were overthrown, and 8000 of them slain. The next day the City Prague was deliver'd to the Emperor.

Anno 1621.

Pope Paul the V. died the 28th of January. Cardinal Luis of Bolonia succeeded him, * 1.224 and took the Name of Gregory the XV. On the 15th. of March following died Philip the III. King of Spain at Madrid, at the Age of 43, and having Reign'd 22 Years and a half. His Body was buried in the Royal Monastery of S. Laurence of the Escuriall. His Son Philip the IV. succeeded him, being then 16 Years of Age.

The End of Mariana's Supplement.

Notes

• * 1.1

  French K in Italy.
• * 1.2

  Swiss rou∣ted.
• * 1.3

  Spaniards expelled Millan.
• * 1.4

  K. Ferdi∣nand dies
• * 1.5

  Navarre pacified.
• * 1.6

  Henry King of Navarre.
• * 1.7

  Mary Qu. of Portu∣gal dies.
• * 1.8

  Cardinal Adrian.
• * 1.9

  K. Charles in Spain.
• * 1.10

  Downfal of the Sul∣tans of Egypt.
• * 1.11

  Heresy of Martin Luther.
• * 1.12

  K. Charles his Sister married to Emanuel K. of Por∣tugal.
• * 1.13

  Maximili∣an dies, Charles the Fifth chosen Emperor.
• * 1.14

  Charles the Fifth Crowned.
• * 1.15

  Rebellion in Spain.
• * 1.16

  Navarre over-run by the French.
• * 1.17

  French in Biscay.
• * 1.18

  Emanuel K. of Por∣tugal dies.
• * 1.19

  Pope Leo dies.
• * 1.20

  Adrian chosen Pope.
• * 1.21

  Return of the Empe∣ror into Spain. K. Chri∣stiern ex∣pell'd Den∣mark.
• * 1.22

  Death of Pope A∣drian.
• * 1.23

  Leo the X. chosen Pope.
• * 1.24

  Over∣throw of the French.
• * 1.25

  John King of Portugal marries the Empe∣rors Sister.
• * 1.26

  Francis K. of France taken by the Impe∣rialists.
• * 1.27

  Accord be∣twixt Spain and France.
• * 1.28

  K. Francis released.
• * 1.29

  The Em∣perormar∣ries the Sister of the K. of Portugal.
• * 1.30

  Practices against the Empe∣ror.
• * 1.31

  Turks over run Hun∣gary.
• * 1.32

  Rome sack∣ed.
• * 1.33

  Medicis expelled Florence.
• * 1.34

  Prince Phi∣lip sworn Heir of Castile.
• * 1.35

  Naples be∣sieged.
• * 1.36

  Doria quits the French tervice.
• * 1.37

  Composi∣tion be∣twixt Fra. and Spain.
• * 1.38

  Agree∣ment with Portugal.
• * 1.39

  Vienna be∣sieged.
• * 1.40

  Coronati∣on of the Emperor.
• * 1.41

  Diet at Ausburg.
• * 1.42

  Medicis restor'd to Florence.
• * 1.43

  Ferdinand chosen K. of the Ro∣mans.
• * 1.44

  Inunda∣tions in Flanders.
• * 1.45

  Change of Religion in England.
• * 1.46

  CivilWars in Swisser∣land.
• * 1.47

  The Em∣peror arms a∣against the Turks.
• * 1.48

  Pope and Emperor meet at Bolonia.
• * 1.49

  Pope and King of France meet at Marseilles.
• * 1.50

  Pope Cle∣ment dies, Paul III. succeeds.
• * 1.51

  Tuncz ta∣ken by the Emperor.
• * 1.52

  French in∣vade Savoy.
• * 1.53

  Emperor in France.
• * 1.54

  Three things re∣markable.
• * 1.55

  Diet at Worms.
• * 1.56

  Diu be∣sieged by the Turks.
• * 1.57

  League a∣gainst the Turks.
• * 1.58

  Truce for 10 Years.
• * 1.59

  French K. and Emp. meet.
• * 1.60

  The Em∣press dies.
• * 1.61

  Rebellion of Ghent.
• * 1.62

  Ebora made an Arch∣bishoprick
• * 1.63

  Jesuits confirmed By the Pope.
• * 1.64

  Disputes about Re∣ligion in Germany.
• * 1.65

  Council of Trent.
• * 1.66

  Swarms of Locusts.
• * 1.67

  Prince Phi∣lip Gover∣nour of Spain.
• * 1.68

  French and Turks take Nice.
• * 1.69

  A great E∣clipse.
• * 1.70

  Barbarussa ravages the Coasts of Italy.
• * 1.71

  Emperor and King of England in League against France.
• * 1.72

  Marriage of Prince Philip.
• * 1.73

  Proceed∣ings a∣gainst He∣reticks.
• * 1.74

  Council of Trent o∣pened.
• * 1.75

  Martin Luther's death.
• * 1.76

  Disputes betwixt Catho∣licks and Hereticks.
• * 1.77

  Death of two Kings and a Qu.
• * 1.78

  Over∣throw of the Saxons.
• * 1.79

  Council of Trent breaks up.
• * 1.80

  Concessi∣ons for re∣ducing Hereticks.
• * 1.81

  Maximili∣an Gover∣nour of Spain.
• * 1.82

  Rise of the Xerifes in Africk.
• * 1.83

  Pope Paul dies.
• * 1.84

  Julius III. Elected.
• * 1.85

  Council of Trent a∣gain sum∣moned.
• * 1.86

  War in Flanders.
• * 1.87

  Hereticks at the Council of Trent.
• * 1.88

  S. Francis Xaverius.
• * 1.89

  Turkish Fleet at Naples.
• * 1.90

  Siena ex∣pells the Imperia∣lists.
• * 1.91

  Edward K. of England dies.
• * 1.92

  Birth of Prince Se∣bastian of Portugal.
• * 1.93

  Mary Qu. of England Marries Philip Pr. of Spain.
• * 1.94

  Julius dies, Mar∣cellus suc∣ceeds, he dies, and Paul IV. is chosen Pope.
• * 1.95

  Siena sur∣rendred to the Empe∣ror.
• * 1.96

  Abdicati∣on of the Emperor.
• * 1.97

  Truce be∣twixt France and Spain.
• * 1.98

  Siena giv∣en to the Duke of Florence.
• * 1.99

  War re∣newed be∣twixt France and Spain.
• * 1.100

  John III. King of Portugal dies.
• * 1.101

  Battel of S. Quintin.
• * 1.102

  Great Floods.
• * 1.103

  Plague.
• * 1.104

  Calis ta∣ken.
• * 1.105

  Dauphin of France Marries the Queen of Scots. Battel of Graveling.
• * 1.106

  Mary Qu. of England dies.
• * 1.107

  Elizabeth Queen of England.
• * 1.108

  Peace be∣twixt Fra. and Spain!
• * 1.109

  K. Philip Marries his third Wife.
• * 1.110

  Philip re∣turns into Spain.
• * 1.111

  Pius IV. chosen Pope.
• * 1.112

  Spaniards worsted by the Turks.
• * 1.113

  Rebellion in France.
• * 1.114

  Disputes about Re∣ligion in France.
• * 1.115

  Council of Trent again opened. 22 Gallies cast away.
• * 1.116

  Duke of Guise mur∣der'd by the Hugo∣nots.
• * 1.117

  Spaniards at the Council of Trent:
• * 1.118

  Calvin and Beza.
• * 1.119

  Penol in Africk ta∣ken.
• * 1.120

  Malta be∣sieged by the Turks.
• * 1.121

  Synods in Spain.
• * 1.122

  Pius V. chosen Pope.
• * 1.123

  Solyman dies before Sigeth.
• * 1.124

  Rebellion of the Low Countries.
• * 1.125

  Queen of Scots Im∣prison'd.
• * 1.126

  Duke of Alva Go∣vernor of the Low-Countries. Rebels in France be∣siege Pa∣ris.
• * 1.127

  Prince of Orange heads the Rebels in Holland.
• * 1.128

  Morisco's Rebel in Spain.
• * 1.129

  Hugonots twice over thrown.
• * 1.130

  Qu. Eliza∣beth Ex∣communi∣cated.
• * 1.131

  Jesuits murder'd.
• * 1.132

  Cosmo cre∣ated D. of Tuscany.
• * 1.133

  Earth∣quake.
• * 1.134

  Christian League a∣gainst the Turk.
• * 1.135

  Battel of Lepanto.
• * 1.136

  Pope Pius dies.
• * 1.137

  French K's Sister mar∣ried to the Prince of Navarre.
• * 1.138

  Several Places in the Low-Countries revolt.
• * 1.139

  League a∣gainst the Turk dis∣solved.
• * 1.140

  Venetians make Peace with the Turk.
• * 1.141

  D. John of Austria at Tunez.
• * 1.142

  A Comet.
• * 1.143

  A new Go∣vernor in the Low-Countries.
• * 1.144

  King of France dies
• * 1.145

  D. John made Vi∣car of Italy.
• * 1.146

  Archb. of Toledo con∣demned.
• * 1.147

  The Low-Countries conspire against Spain.
• * 1.148

  Antwerp plunder'd.
• * 1.149

  D. John in the Low Countries.
• * 1.150

  Catherine Q. of Por∣tugal dies.
• * 1.151

  A Comet.
• * 1.152

  Birth of P. Philip.
• * 1.153

  Sebastian K. of Por∣tugal slain with all his Army in Africk.
• * 1.154

  General Defection of the Low Coun∣tries.
• * 1.155

  D. of Alen∣son in the Low Coun∣tries.
• * 1.156

  Cardinal Henry K. of Portugal.
• * 1.157

  Mount Etna.
• * 1.158

  Henry K. of Portu∣gal dies.
• * 1.159

  Duke of Alva re∣duces Por∣tugal.
• * 1.160

  Queen of Spain dies.
• * 1.161

  Alenson Heads the Rebels in the Low Countries.
• * 1.162

  Prince of Orange wounded.
• * 1.163

  Synod at Toledo.
• * 1.164

  Gregorian Account.
• * 1.165

  The Em∣press in Spain.
• * 1.166

  Antony the Bastard of Portugal vanquish∣ed.
• * 1.167

  Pr. James of Spain dies.
• * 1.168

  Alençon returns in∣to France.
• * 1.169

  Prince of Orange kil∣led.
• * 1.170

  Pr. Philip sworn Heir of Spain.
• * 1.171

  Duke of Savoy in Spain.
• * 1.172

  Pope Gre∣gory dies, Sixtus V. chosen.
• * 1.173

  Prince of Parma suc∣cessful a∣gainst the Rebels in the Low-Countries.
• * 1.174

  Conspira∣cy against the French King.
• * 1.175

  Q. of Scots murder'd.
• * 1.176

  Sr F. Drake attempts Cadiz.
• * 1.177

  30000 Germans in France.
• * 1.178

  Spanish Ar∣mada a∣gainst England destroyed.
• * 1.179

  Duke of Guise put to Death.
• * 1.180

  Henry III. King of France murder'd by Cle∣ment.
• * 1.181

  Antony the Bastard with the English Fleet at Portugal.
• * 1.182

  Escuriall finish'd.
• * 1.183

  Death of two Popes.
• * 1.184

  Mortality.
• * 1.185

  Antony Pe∣rez his Suf∣ferings.
• * 1.186

  Mutiniers punish'd.
• * 1.187

  Tumults in Aragon appeas'd.
• * 1.188

  K. Philip aspires to the Crown of France.
• * 1.189

  Quiroga Archbi∣shop of To∣ledo.
• * 1.190

  Archduke Albertus governs the Ne∣therlands.
• * 1.191

  Valladolid made a Bishoprick
• * 1.192

  Sir Francis Drake plunders the Coasts of America.
• * 1.193

  Cadiz plundred by Drake.
• * 1.194

  Amiens ta∣ken by the Spaniards.
• * 1.195

  Nether∣lands gi∣ven to the Princess Elizabeth.
• * 1.196

  K. Philip the 2d dies
• * 1.197

  Marriage of K. Phi∣lip the 3d.
• * 1.198

  Great Ju∣bilee.
• * 1.199

  The Court at Valladolid.
• * 1.200

  Birth of the Prin∣cess Ann.
• * 1.201

  Final be∣trayed.
• * 1.202

  Embassy into Eng∣land.
• * 1.203

  Peace be∣twixt Spain and England concluded
• * 1.204

  Pope Cle∣ment dies, Leo the 11. succeeds.
• * 1.205

  Birth of P. Philip.
• * 1.206

  Princess Mary born
• * 1.207

  A great Tax.
• * 1.208

  P. Philip sworn heir of Spain.
• * 1.209

  Truce with the Dutch Re∣bels. St. Ignatius beatified.
• * 1.210

  Henry IV. King of France murder'd.
• * 1.211

  Alarache in Africk taken.
• * 1.212

  Morisco's banish'd.
• * 1.213

  Queen of Spain dies.
• * 1.214

  Marriages of Princes.
• * 1.215

  An Earth∣quake.
• * 1.216

  Mamora taken:
• * 1.217

  War of Savoy and Mantua.
• * 1.218

  Pr. Philip Marries the French K's Sister.
• * 1.219

  New Pas∣sage into the South-Sea.
• * 1.220

  Victory over the Hollanders.
• * 1.221

  Duke of Lerma leaves the Govern∣ment.
• * 1.222

  K. Philip in Portu∣gal.
• * 1.223

  Pr. Ferdi∣nand Arch∣bishop of Toledo.
• * 1.224

  Philip III. dies.