The general history of Spain from the first peopling of it by Tubal, till the death of King Ferdinand, who united the crowns of Castile and Aragon : with a continuation to the death of King Philip III / written in Spanish by the R.F.F. John de Mariana ; to which are added, two supplements, the first by F. Ferdinand Camargo y Salcedo, the other by F. Basil Varen de Soto, bringing it down to the present reign ; the whole translated from the Spanish by Capt. John Stevens.

The History of SPAIN.

BOOK XXX.

CHAP. I. Affairs of India; The Pope Summons a Council to meet at S. John Lateran; The League betwixt the Pope, King of Aragon and the Venetians; The War in Italy.

THIS Summer the Affairs of the Portugueses advanced gloriously in India, throug the Valour * 1.1 and Conduct of Alonso de Albuquerque. King Emanuel of Portugal understanding some Years before, that beyond Goa and Calicut was the famous City Malaca, a place of great Trade, he ordered James Lopez de Sequeira who sailed from Lisbon 3 Years before this with 5 Ships to discover that Place. With him went Garcia de Sousa and Ferdinand de Magallanes. He first discovered the Island Sumatra, opposite to Malaca, under the Equinoctial. It is very large and fruitful, divided into many Kingdoms, and Inhabited by Moors and Gentiles. He Traded with those People, and then sailed to Malaca a large and rich City, having a mighty Trade. Formerly it was subject to the King of Siam, at this time had a King of its own called Mahomet. With this King Sequeira Treated and they settled an Alliance. Sequei∣ra sent Roderick Aroas ashore with certain Portugueses to settle a Factory. The Moors being jealous of the Portugueses, attempted to seize the Ships, and being disappointed seized the Men that were in the City: Those at Sea were not strong enough to revenge that wrong, they hoised Sail, and having touched at Cochin, Returned to Portugal with what Loading they could get. Alonso de Albuquerque then Governor of India resolved to revenge this Injury. He ga∣thered a Fleet and sailed to Sumatra, and thence to Malaca. By the way he took a Ship; which his Men having entred, there arose such a Flame they were forced to quit her; af∣terwards it appeared that Flame was Artificial and did no harm. Soon after they discovered another Sail which after a vigorous resistance they also made themselves Masters of: It was observed that the Captain of her called Nahodabeguia, tho' he had many large wounds, did not bleed. He being stripped, and a Gold Bracelet taken from him, the blood presently gushed out. It was found that in the Bracelet was set a Stone which in the Kingdom of Siam is taken out of certain Creatures called Cabrissas, and has wonderful Virtue to stanch Blood. The Fleet arrived at Malaca on the first of July: After a vigorous Resistance made by the Inhabitants, the City submitted to the King of Portugal. Thus Christianity was dis∣fused into the utmost limits of the Earth. In Italy the Authority of the See Apostolick was much impaired by reason of the Schism that was like to be. The Pope leaving the War, Returned to Rome, and there to oppose the Designs of the Schismatick Cardinals, summon∣ed a General Council to meet in the Church of S. John Lateran on the 19th of April of the following Year. In that Council among other things he proposed to declare, that the pre∣sent Queen of France was not lawful Wife to that King, and that the Provinces of Normandy and Guiene belonged to the King of England, the People thereof being consequently absolved of their Oath of Allegiance taken to the French King. This was in order to strike a Ter∣ror into that King. He hereupon began to give Ear to a Peace with the Venetians; but at last thought better to stick to the Council of Pisa; which the Emperor desired should be re∣moved to Verona or Trent. The French King who influenced this Affair would not consent, but hastened the Cardinals to open the Council at Pisa, but they delayed, and proposed to be reconciled to the Pope. At Rome the Pope deprived the four Cardinals Carvajal, Co∣senza, S. Malo, and Bayzeux of all their Dignities, tho' at first the College opposed it, and some excused them, affirming the Pope must be deposed for opposing that Assembly, ac∣cording to the Decree of the 11th Session of the Council of Basil.

The Treaty betwixt the Pope and King of Spain advanced, only the Pope was unwilling * 1.2 to pay the Spanish Forces, and therefore had some thoughts of being Reconciled to the King of France, but that sailing, he stuck to King Ferdinand. 500 Men at Arms, 200 light Horse, 200 other Horse, and 2000 Foot were shipped at Malaga, under the command of Alonso de Garvajal Lord of Xodar, and Zamudio Collonel of the Foot. It was given out these Forces were for Africk; but it was not likely, for at the same time Count Peter Navar∣ro arrived at Naples with 1500 tattered Men, the relicks of the late Misfortunes. The King of France proposed to Marry his youngest Daughter to Prince Ferdinand, and upon the Match to quit all Claim to the Kingdom of Naples, and tho' the Catholick King liked it, yet

he pressed to have Bolonia restored to the Pope. Still that King resolved to Protect that City, whereupon the English Ambassadors formally required him to deliver that Place, which was as good as declaring War, if he did not. He answered he was resolved to defend Bo∣lonia as he would Milan. The Pope fell so sick it was thought he could not escape. The Emperor came as far as Trent, having conceived hopes of being Seated in S. Peters Chair, and possessing the Kingdom of Naples. But the King of Aragon, the Pope, and Republick of Venice on the 4th of October concluded a League for Defence of the Church, and against * 1.3 the Schismaticks at Pisa. By this League the King was obliged within 20 days after the pub∣lishing of it, to furnish 1200 Men at Arms, 1000 light Horse, and 10000 Foot. The Pope 600 Men at Armes, the Republick was to join their Army to the other Forces, and their Fleet to the 11 Galleys of Spain. Whilst the War lasted, the Pope and Venetians were to pay 40000 Ducats a Month to the King, and 2 Months of it advance. The King was to appoint the General, and he made choice of D. Raimund de Cardona Viceroy of Na∣ples. The Venetians gave up any Pretensions they had to any Sum lent to the Kings of Na∣ples, of the House of Aragon. The Emperor did not join in this League, but it was de∣clared that he knew of it, as did the King of England. James Garcia de Paredes who had been long a Pyrate and then went into the Emperors Service, was taken at Vincenza by the Venetians. Admiral Villamarin who was gone with the Galleys to Spain, by the King's Order returned to Naples. Berengarius de Olms was left with some Galleys on the Coast of Granada. Roderick Baçan went to burn certain Vessels at Tetuan. It was reported the King of Fez de∣signed to besiege Ceuta, both those Commanders repaired thither, and understanding he lay before Tangier where D. Duarte de Meneses was Governor, they failed to that Place. The Town was distressed, Roderick Baçan with his Men made a Sally, in which he drove the Moors from some of their Works. Next day the Portugues Horse did the like, so effectually that the King of Fez raised the Siege. This done the Spanish Commanders returned to Gibraltar with Honour.

The Viceroy of Naples prepared to March. Count Peter Navarro was General of the Foot * 1.4 and lay with them near Gaeta, the Horse being also in readiness. Prosper Colona would not go upon this Enterprize because he had no great Command, therefore Fabricius Colona was left as Governor and Lieutenant General; It was observed that the Barons who had been of the Faction of Anjou, were the forwardest to offer their Service. Count Peter Navarro march∣ed before with the Foot towards Pontecorvo. On the 2d of November the Horse followed with the Viceroy. The Emperor was now dubious which Side to incline to, the Cardinal Sanse∣verino still fed him with uncertain hopes, and the Ambassadon D. Peter de Urrea offered if he would enter into the League, that the Army of the Allies should assist him in the Conquest of Milan, as also to Reduce Guelders. He inclined to accept of the Conditions before offered by the Venetians; but it was too late, for they were now grown strong: Yet Hierome Vic Ambassador at Rome so contrived it, that a cessation of Arms was concluded betwixt the Emperor and the Republick, which proved of great moment. The King of France failed not to give Orders to his General Gaston de Foix, and send him supplies to oppose the Allies, and at the same time laboured to raise Swiss, and prevent them from joining for the defence of the Church, as was laboured by the Cardinal of Sion. He offered the Emperor to make him Pope, or give him Authority to choose one, that he would Restore to him the Lands of the Church belonging to the Empire, give him what part of Naples he would ask, and that Milan and Genoa should be obliged to assist him in his Wars, as also that the Differences about Guelders should be composed by Persons of his own choosing. The Cardinal Sanseverino seeing the Emperor unsettled, took his leave of him. The Viceroy of Naples would have marched to Florence to secure that City which held for the French, but the Pope commanded him to march to Bolonia. The Weather was Bad and the Country Rough, many of the Soldiers fell sick, but few died. At Imola the Viceroy staied for the Artillery, which came to him at the beginning of the Year 1512. Count Peter Navarro was before at Lugo and Bagna∣cavalo, and thought good to Besiege Bastida, a Fort belonging to the Duke of Ferrara upon the River Po, in which was a Garrison of 200 Italians. This Place esteemed Im∣pregnable, was taken by Assault in Five days, and most of the Defendants put to the Sword. It was delivered to Cardinal John de Medicis the Popes Legate. The King of France having got Alonso younger Son to Frederick King of Naples, gave out he would set∣tle him in that Kingdom; which seemed easie, the Kingdom being left Naked of Defence, and the People coverous of having a King of their own.

CHAP. II. The Seige of Bologna. The King and Queen of Navarre excommunicated. The Venetians recover Bergamo and Bressa and are overthrown by the French.

AFter the taking of Bastida Count Peter Navarro return'd to Imola. There a Council of War was held to determin which way was best to begin the War. Fabricius Colona ad∣vised to waste the Country, and take in the weaker Places of the Country of Bologna, and leave the City to the last. Count Peter Navarro was positive for besieging Bologna, and being a bold Man represented the taking of it as a matter of no difficulty. His advice was followed, because he was in great esteem among the Soldiery, and never served well when contradicted. The Duke of Termens dying in his way from Rome and the Duke of Urbin refusing then to com∣mand the Forces of the Church, tho afterwards he sent his Lieutenant, the Pope ordered them to obey the Legate and Viceroy to whom he sent a Sword and Cap, as also the Standards he blessed on Christmas Day. The Venetians neither sent the Supplies of Mony they had promi∣sed, nor of Men, but under the shelter of the League, endeavoured to recover what the Empe∣ror and King of France had taken from them. The Viceroy encamped four miles from Bologna, and the next day being the 16th of January within Cannon shot of the Town at Belpogio a Country House of the Bentivoglios. Within the City were 500 Horse and 2000 Foot under the Command of Monsieur de Alegre. The same Day the Viceroy marched towards Bologna, the Duke of Ferrara took Bastida and rased it to the Ground. The Viceroy took up his Quarters at Belpoggio, the Marquess of Padula and Count de Populo advanced with the Foot and possessed themselves of a Monastery called S. Michael de Rosque, quenching the Fire set to it by those with∣in. There they planted some Pieces of Cannon, and the rest on a Hill hard by. Before this Advice was brought that Gaston de Foix Duke of Nemours, was at Parma gathering his Forces, which were 800 Lances, 1000 light Horse, and 3000 Foot, and was to joyn at Final 20 miles, from Bologna, the Troops of the Duke of Ferrara being 2000 Gascons and some Horse, all this in Order to raise the Siege, Fabricius Colona lay about Cento and Pieve with part of the Army to ob∣serve the passage of the French; the Viceroy ordered him to come to the other side of the City towards the Mountain. It was resolved to move the Batteries to that side, the Wall being there weakest, but soon after it was agreed the Army should lie all together to secure the Cannon, and repulse the Relief. The Artillery was planted betwixt S. Michael and the Florence Gate. On the 28th of January they began to play. Part of the Wall was beaten down and some Soldiers got into a Tower, where they displayed the Colours, but were soon drove out by the besieged. Count Peter Navarro finished a Mine, and having set Fire to it, the Wall was lifted up, so that they without saw those in the Town, and the Townsmen those in the Field under the Wall, yet it sell again in the same place and setled as fast as at first. This was looked upon as a Mira∣cle, because within adjoyning to the Wall was a Chappel held in great veneration called of Ba∣racan, which like the rest was blown up and settled again. Nevertheless the City was in great danger, when there fell a Snow for 3 Days together. This gave the French General an oppor∣tunity of throwing himself into the City with a good Body of Men, without being discovered by the Centinels. For this reason and because the Weather continued very severe, the Army of the Consederates raised the Siege and drew back to S. Lazaro 2 miles from Bologna. The For∣ces of the Pope retired as far as Imola, the Viceroy to the Castle of S. Peter, and the Forces were dispersed in the neighbouring places. This was the event ofthat so much talked of Siege. Many, as is usual in the like Cases blamed the General, for that, as they said, without regar∣ding the unseasonableness of the weather he had let slip 8 Days, in which he might have made a considerable Advance. That the Army encamped far from the place where it ought to have been. That the Trenches were not well carried on, nor the Mines rightly placed. In fine, that the Guards were so ill kept, they gave the Enemy an Opportunity of getting into the Town without being discovered. The truth is, the Weather was unseasonable, and neither the Swiss came as was expected, nor did the Venetians send any Supplies of Men. There were at this Siege among the rest Antony de Leyva, Captain Alvarado and the Marquess of Pescara D. Ferdinand de Avalos, who was afterwards a most renowned General. The King of England prepared to be in a readiness as soon as the Season would permit, to invade the Province of Gui∣enne * 1.5 in France, those Kings of old pretending a Title to that Country, and Luiz Carroz the Ambassador pressing him to undertake that Expedition in the Name of the Catholick King. Thomas Gray Marquess of Dorset the King's Cousin-german was appointed General of the Eng∣lish Army. The Catholick King thought it convenient for that time to give over the Conquest of Africk, and to draw out the Forces that were at Oran, leaving only as many as was requi∣site for the Defence of the Place. He ordered the Town should be divided. 600 Houses were appointed; 200 for Horse, and the rest for Foot. The Houses Orchards and Lands belonging to the City were distributed among the Inhabitants, that the Place might be more easily main∣tained. For the greater encouragement of People to come and inhabit there, it was granted they should be free from all manner of Taxes and Impositions, besides that they were to re∣ceive Pay. On the last of Janaary Queen Mary of Portugal was delivered at Lisbon of a Son called Prince Henry, who was afterwards a Cardinal, and lastly upon the Death of his Nephew

King Sebastian came to be King of Portugal. The same Day this Prince was born it snowed ve∣ry much at Lisbon, a thing extraordinary in that City. Curious Persons said that Snow deno∣ted the Innocence of his Life which was very holy, and the pureness of his Chastity which he preserved as long as he lived. He was in his Countenance the likest to his Father of all the Brothers. King Ferdinand was now at Burgos, there on the 16th of February, upon the Death of the Constable D. Bernardin de Velasco, he contracted the Earl's Daughter, Juliana, Grand∣child to the King himself, being born of the Lady Joanna of Aragon, to Ferdinand de Velasco el∣dest Son to D. Inigo, who succeeded his Brother Bernardin in the Lordship of Haro and the Dignity of Constable.

The Absence of the Duke of Nemours gave an Opportunity and Courage to the People of Bres∣sa and Bergamo, to revolt from the French and submit themselves again to the Venetians, excep∣ting the Castles which the French still kept. This was a Thing of dangerous Consequence being a * 1.6 Precedent for all the other Cities which had been newly conquer'd to do the like. As soon as the Duke had relieved Bolonia he resolved to repair thither, and carried along with him Monsieur d' Alegre. A French Commander called Foullette was left at Bolonia with 300 Men at Arms, and 3000 Foot to secure that City. Andrew Gritti with the Army of the Republick and the Inhabitants of Bressa marched forward to oppose the Duke. He retired to the Mountain, and after Midnight entred the City by the way of the Castle. Thence he marched out to fight the Venetians. A bloody and obstinate Battel was fought, and many killed on both sides, but the French obtained the Victory, Andrew Gritti, Antony Justiniano Governour of the City, and Paul Manfron were made Prisoners. Count Luis Bogara who delivered the City to the Veneti∣ans, * 1.7 being a Native of it and having great Power in it, was not only taken, but condemned and executed as a Traytor. After this Success the Duke of Nemours soon recovered Bergamo without any Difficulty. He left the Lord of Aubigni with a sufficient Force to secure Bressa, the rest of his Army he dispersed in the Territory of Verona, and went away himself to keep the Carnaval at Milan, and there to rejoice at his Victory. The King of France was much offen∣ded at his Departure at such a Juncture of time, and ordered him immediately to march with all his Forces and observe the Confederate Army then much weakned and in Distress. Hereupon the Council at Pisa took the boldness to appoint the Cardinals of Bolonia and Avignon their Le∣gates; and the Venetians refused to agree with the Emperor, tho the Pope urged they should ac∣cept of the Conditions so often proposed, as did the Emperor to join with the Confederates. Yet soon after, as has been said, the Republick concluded a Truce with the Emperor, upon Con∣dition to pay him down a certain Sum of Mony. The King of France fortified the Frontiers of Normandy first, and then those of Guienne for fear of the English. At the same time he labou∣red to secure the King of Navarre to his Interest, tho' under-hand he gave great Assurances to the Duke of Nemours of putting him in Possession of that Kingdom, assoon as the War in Italy were ended. This strict Alliance of the King of Navarre with France was the cause of his Ruin, which was contrived and carried on in this manner. The Pope understanding how that King favoured and assisted the Enemies of the Church, and sided with the French and the Council of Pisa, resolved with the Advice of the Colledge of Cardinals to take such course against him as was usual against schismatick Princes. On the 18th of February he pronounced Sentence of Ex∣communication against the King and Queen of Navarre, depriving them of the Regal Stile and * 1.8 Dignity, and giving their Dominions to any that would take possession of them. It was suppo∣sed that King Ferdinand procured this Judgment to be given against them, certain it is, he Kept it for sometime private, hoping some other way to make sure of that King and Queen, To this purpose about the end of March, he sent Peter de Hontanon from Burgos where he then resi∣ded in his Name, to declare to those Princes, how much they deviated from their true Interest, and to engage them not to give any Aid to France upon that Conjuncture, nor to allow passage through their Dominions to his and the Churches Enemies. He also required them to deliver up to him their Son the Prince of Viana, promising to marry him to one of his Grand-daugh∣ters, that is either the Princess Elizabeth, or Princess Catherine. They refused to comply with any of these Demands, treated the Catholick King's Friends in ill manner, and continued to raise Men and make other Warlike Preparations. D. John de Silva who was General for Cas∣tile on the Frontiers of Navarre, omitted not to require them to forbear those extraordinary Motions, but they made no account of his Messages. They were much encouraged by the News brought from Italy, of the great Power of the French, and Distress of the Confederate Army. The Viceroy remained still in the Earldom of Bolonia, not daring to retire for fear of losing Reputation, and being too weak to advance and take any Enterprize in hand, altho the Pope pressed him to break into the Territory of Milan. The Viceroy feared to be cut off his Provisions which were sent him from Ravenna. He had lost many of his Men that hard Wea∣ther, some were dead, and others deserted. What was worst of all, at such time as the Enemy was very near, the Duke of Urbin's Lieutenant with the 600 Lances belonging to the Pope withdrew from the way, pretending they were not payed, and that they were jealous of some Spaniards. The truth was, the Duke held Intelligence with the King of France, and had Bills of his payable at Florence to raise Men for his Service. Our Army was so reduced, that the Vice∣roy and Legate resolved to take into Pay 4000 Italians, to reinforce it. The Pope would have had 8000 and paid down Mony to raise them. He was for fighting the French immedi∣ately, his great Spirit being void of all Apprehension. The Catholick King would have them

protract time, till the Forces of Venice joined them, they being now at leisure by reason of the Truce concluded with the Emperor. He also ordered a Body of Swiss or Germans to be hired, and sent Ferdinand de Valdez Captain of his Guards to propose this to the Pope, and then to go to the Army to acquaint the General with his Will. He did as ordered, and came to the Viceroy's Camp on the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of March, as such time as the two 〈…〉〈…〉 in sight of one ano∣ther in such manner that, without great hazard and loss of Reputation, there was no avoiding a Battel.

CHAP. III. The famous Battel of Ravenna; That City surrendred to the French; Scandalous Proceed∣ings of the mutinous Cardinals, and opening of the Lateran Council.

THE Confederate Army still lay about the Castile of S. Peter, Butri, Cento and Pieve, Towns in the Earldom of Bolonia, where the Viceroy resolved to fight the French, because the Ground was advantageous and his Men in good heart. The French Army and Forces of the Duke of Ferrana all good Men advanced towards them. The Viceroy was willing to obey the * 1.9 Orders brought him by Ferdinand de Valdez. There the French lay till the last Day of March, when they marched away towards Ravenna, which City they desired to possess themselves of, because thence our Army was supplied with Provisions. For the Defence of that Place, the Viceroy had sent thither, Peter de Castro with 100 light Horse and Luis Dentichi a Neapolitan with 1000 Italians. That Place was of such consequence, that he resolved to follow the Enemy, and the two Armies marched at only 3 miles distance from one another. He sent before Marc Antony Colona with 100 Lances and 500 Spaniards to get into the City by night. Ravenna is sea∣ted on the shoar of the Gulph of Venice, betwixt two Rivers, both fordable. One of them is cal∣led Roneo, and the other Monton. They run close by the Walls, Monton on the left, and Ronco on the right. Upon Maunday Thursday the French encamped before the City between the Ri∣vers, and the next day gave a furious Assault, which was bravely sustained by the Defendants, and particularly Luis Dentichi, who had a Brother killed, and was himself mortally wounded. The Viceroy marched close by the City down the River Ronco, which divided the two Armies. Upon Holy Saturday he encamped and entrenched himself at a Place called Molinazzo, two miles from the Enemy. There was variety of Opinions about what ought to be done. Fabricius was for staying there, since they had their Provisions secure, and the Enemy would soon want, be∣sides that there they secured the City. Count Peter Navarro being a selfish Man perswaded the Viceroy to advance relying upon the Spanish Foot. Accordingly our Army march'd. Some French Horse skirmish'd with our Vanguard, but nothing considerable was done that day. The Enemy returned 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Camp, and the Viceroy lay that night almost in sight of it. Next Day being Easter Sunday and the 11th of April both Armies drew out. The French had 24000 Foot, 2000 Men at Arms, 2000 light Horse, and 50 pieces of Cannon. The Duke of Ferrara and the Sieur de la Palisse led the Van. In the main Battel were the Seheschal of Norman∣dy, and Cardinal Sanseverino Legate of the Council at Pisa, Frederick de Bossoln brought up the Rear, the Duke of Nemours being with a Body of choice Horse as a Reserve. The Confede∣rate Army reported to consist of 18000 Foot, was not near the number. There were less than 8000 Spaniards and 4000 Italians, 1200 Men at Arms, 2000 light Horse, and 24 pieces of Can∣non. The Viceroy ought to have moved before break of day, to prevent the Enemy, as Fabri∣cius Colona advised, but he would not be perswaded, and ••••ve the Enemy time to pass a Bridge and put themselves in good Order. Fabricius Colona led the Van consisting of 800 Men at Arms, 600 light Horse, and 4000 Foot. All the rest formed two Bodies, commanded by the Viceroy and Count Peter Navarro. In this manner both Armies advanced by beat of Drum, the Generals encouraging their Men. The Cannon began to play, and altho' that of the Viceroy at first did great Execution among the Enemies Vanguard as they passed the River, yet theirs being twice the number and planted in an open Plain, made a much greater Slaugh∣ter among the Men at Alms who stood exposed. The Marquess de Pescara gave the first Charge with the light Horse, and then the Men at Arms of both Sides mixed confusedly. For some time the Battel was maintained so, that the Success was dubious. At length the French be∣ing superiour in numbers, the Confederates began to give way. Here the Marquess of Pescara was wounded and taken ••ad Peter de Paz a notable Officer killed. Count Peter Navarro who had always thoughts to carry away the Honour of the Victory now advanced with the S••••••ish Foot, backed by 300 Spanish Men at Arms he gathered. When they charged the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Foot, Collonel Zamudio who was in the first Rank saw a German Officer called James Empser, who came forward and challenged him. O King (says Zamudio) how dear 〈◊〉〈◊〉 bay your Fa∣vours, and how well da Men deserve them upon these occasions. Having spoke, these words, he char∣ged his Pike and struck the German dead. The rest fell on so furiously, that they broke the Ger∣mans, then the Gascons and Italians. Most of the Germans were put to the Sword, for of 12 German Captains only 3 escaped, and all the French Foot was put to the Rout. In the same heat they took the French Cannon, but the French say Janolaço Galcoto defended it. The French Horse seeing the Slaughter was made charged our Foot, who having no Horse to sup∣port

them and being tired with fighting were quite broke. There died Collonel Zalmudi with other Officers and Count Peter Navarro was taken. The rest retired in good Order, the Foot that were in Van joining them. On one side the River secured them, and on the other the Causway. The Duke of Numours desiring to break that Body, that he might carry away a compleat Victory, advanced with a small number, contrary to the Advice of the Sieur de la Pa∣lisse, who would have had him content himself with the Advantage gained. Our Men turned upon him and being struck off his Horse, he was killed by a private Soldier, tho' he told him he was Brother to the Queen of Aragon. Monsieur d' Alegre and his Son were also killed, and Monsieur de Lautreque left for dead in the Field. Thus about 3000 Spaniards marched a∣way down the River. Fabricius Colona with what Forces he could get together, still main∣tained himself against all the French Army, till having received two Wounds and his Horse fal∣ling, he was taken by the Duke of Ferraras Men. Thus the French remained victorious, but so shatter'd, they could not prosecute their good Fortune, nor attempt any thing of Moment. Of the number of dead no certain account can be given, Authors varying very much. It is cer∣tain the Fight lasted 5 hours, and the Victors sustained most loss. Their General, many Per∣sons of Note, and almost all the Germans being killed. Whereas on our side few Horse were lost, for that night about 3000 of them fled to Arimino and Ancona, and above 4000 Spanish Foot got off safe. The Viceroy went from Pesaro to Ancona to gather the remains of his Army. After this Victory Ravenna was immediately surrendred to the French upon Articles, which were not performed, for assoon as Mark Antony Colona and D. Peter de Castro were matched away with the Garrison towards Cesena, the French plundered the City without sparing Churches or Mo∣nasteries. The French Authors lay the blame of this Disorder upon Jaquin a Captain of Foot, who being cloathed in Cloath of Gold taken from the Churches at Bressa, encouraged the Sol∣diers to do the like at Ravenna, a greater Booty was found there than had been expected; Imo∣la, Forli, Cesena, Arimino, and most of the Forts in Romania yielded to the Victors, and the Legate took possession of them for the Council of Pisa. The News of this Defeat being spread abroad, the Pope was no whit discouraged, tho' the People of Rome was ready to mutiny. The Duke of Urbino sent to offer his Service, promising to make amends for past miscarria∣ges. Julicis de Medius went to Rome to give the Pope an account of the Posture of Affairs, and encourage him to proceed. The loss was represented to the Catholick King much less than in reality it was, for in his Letters he writes it appeared by the Musters, that not above 1500 Men were lost in the whole. Yet he resolved to send the Great Captain to Italy, whose Presence alone it was thought, would make up for the dammage sustained. So the King writ to several Parts, and immediately sent the Commendary Solis with 2000 Spaniards to Naples. The King of France hearing what had hapned, said, Would to God I had been drove out of Italy, so my Ne∣phew and the other Officers were alive. God grant such Victories to my Enemies, for if we obtain one more such Victory we are vanquished. This Success so alarmed the Venetiales, that they feared the French would now make themselves Masters of all Italy, and they thought of changing Parties. The Spanish Ambassador then Resident at Venice quieted them, shewing how small the Loss had been. The Cardinal of Sorrento who governed at Naples in the absence of the Viceroy, requi∣red D. Hugo de Moncada Viceroy of Sicily, and Captain General of both Kingdoms, to come over with all the Forces he could make, which he did with those that came from Tripoli and some other Horse. D. Raymund de Cardona from Ancona repaired to Naples to recruit his Army, and make the other necessary Preparations.

Before the Battel was fought, Pope Julius provided for the celebrating the Lateran Coun∣cil at the time appointed. In order to it he appointed 8 Cardinals and some other Per∣sons * 1.10 to attend that Affair, and reform the City of Rome and his own Court, that the foreign Prelates might not be scandalized at any Disorders. He pressed the Bishops of Naples, Sicily, and Spain, but particularly the Archbishops of Toledo and Sevil, to repair to the Council, that so he might bear down the Assembly at Pisa under the Schismatick Cardinals. They about this time removed from Pisa to Milan, and encouraged by the Success of the French, published their Declaration against the Pope: It contained, That whereas they had often intreated him to come to the Council, or at least not to obstruct the Sitting o' it; and that instead of so doing, he had caused much innocent Blood to be shed, and there was no hope of his forsaking his Vices, therefore they suspended him from Spiritual or Temporal Jurisdiction, which they ad∣judged to the Council, according to the Decrees of the Eleventh Session of the Council of Bosle, and the Fourth and Fifth of the Council of Constance. This Declaration was set up in the Churches of Milan, Florence, Genoa, Verond••, and Bolonia. A Buisness that scandalized the whole World, and made the Pope the more earnest to open the Council of S. John Lateran. At length it was opened on the 10th of May. There were present the Cardinals of Rome, many Prelates from several Parts, and the Pope himself presided. Egidius de Viterbo, General of the Order of S. Augustin, made a Learned Speech upon the Subject of their being there As∣sembled.

CHAP. IV. The War in Navarre; King Ferdinand possesses himself of that Kingdom. The Affairs of Italy; The Great Captain stopped from going thither.

THE Truce betwixt the Emperor and Venetians, and the Negociation of the Cardinal of * 1.11 Sion, was the cause that on the 19th of May 16000 Swiss were come to Valcamonica, and brought with them 18 Field Pieces. Besides these, 6000 came by the way of Novara, and 2000 by Bergamo. The Baron of Altsaxe was their General, and with him came Matthew Cardinal of Sion. Most of the French Forces abandoned Italy. On the 27th of May above 20000 Swiss came to Verona, which they easily took, the French quitting both City and Castle. Here Paul Capelo with 700 Men at Arms, 800 Light-Horse, and 4000 Foot of the Republick, joined the Swiss. They together pursued the French Army, who retired to Aste, on the ut∣most Borders of Milan, the Sieur de la Palisse resolving to abandon Lombardy, being terrified that the Germans had forsaken him. Cremona, Milan, and almost all the Cities submitted them∣selves to this powerful Army, and Ravenna was delivered to the Pope. The Spaniards were for restoring that Dukedom to Maximilian Sforcia. The Schismatick Cardinals fled into France. Parma and Plasencia submitted to the Pope. In Spain the Differences continued be∣twixt the Kings of Aragon and Navarre, and the latter was fearful since the death of the Duke of Nemours, that the other would pretend to that Kingdom in right of Queen Germana. The French Ambassador in Navarre assured that King, That his Master would stand by him with * 1.12 all his Forces; and offered to give his youngest Daughter in marriage to the Prince of Viana. These Promises so prevailed with that King, that he entred into a League with France, which proved his ruin. Mean while the Marquess of Dorset with the English Fleet, in which were 5000 Archers, came to Passage, a Port in Guipuscoa. D. Frederick de Portugal, Bishop of Si∣guença, who was at S. Sebastian by the King's Order, to furnish the English with all Necessaries, went to welcome him. A good Force was gathering in Castile, to join with the English, under the Command of the Duke of Alva. King Ferdinand's Design was first to invade Navarre, that he might leave a•• safe behind. He summoned the Corles of Aragon to meet at Monçon, appointing Queen Germana to preside, and ordered all the Forces of the Kingdom to be got together, because he intented to Command in Person. The Cortes agreed to maintain 200 Men at Arms and 300 Light Horse for the space of 2 Years and 8 Months. The King of Navarre to divert this Storm, sent his Mareschal Peter of Navarre to make some Composition. The Catholick King resolved to besiege Pamplona, and would have the Marquess of Dorset join with him; but he excused himself, saying, he had no Orders to make War upon the King of Navarre, and complained that the King's Forces were not ready to invade Guienne. He said at first it had been easie to take Bayonne, it being unprovided, which now would be very diffi∣cult, they having had time to prepare for their Defence.

The Duke of Alva waited for Orders at Vitoria: His Forces, which consisted of 1000 Men * 1.13 at Arms, 1500 Light-Horse, and 6000 Foot, Quartered in Alava, Rioja, and Guipuzcoa. Or∣ders were brought the Duke to march to Pamplona, and accordingly he entred the Kingdom of Navarre upon the 21st of July. D. Luis de Biamonte, who was banished Navarre, led the Van. The Queen was gone to Bearne, and the King was at Pamplona, but no hopes being left of defending it, retired to Lumbie••••e. Pamplona immediately surrendered to the Duke, and all other Places were for doing the same. Upon this, King John sent Three Commissioners to the Duke, who resigned up the whole Kingdom to King Ferdinand to be held in trust, and consented to deliver up the Prince of Viana the King's Son. King John withdrew over the Mountains. All Places submitted except Estela and Val d' Ezua in the Mountain. The French who came to succour. King John, were now in Bearne. The Catholick King came to Lo∣gron̄o. D. Antony d' Acun̄a, Bishop of Zamora, had been at Pamplona in the behalf of the See Apostolick, to require King John not to side with the Enemies of the Church, and was now sent to Bearne, to advise that King not to deviate from the late Articles agreed upon. He was taken at Salvatierra, and delivered up to the Duke of Longueville the French General and Governour of Guienne, who afterwards sent him back to carry on the Treaty of Peace, he leaving Three Nephews Hostages for his Return. Navarre submitting so easily, made the French jealous of some Treachery; to remove which Suspicion, King John put Salvatierra into their hands, and went himself to the King of France. He had resolved with all his Forces to secure Guienne, and on the other side King Ferdinand was making sure of Navarre. He made all the Country Swear Allegiance to him as to their King, pretending King John had broke * 1.14 the Capitulation. Tudela submitted not till the Archbishop of Zaragoça went thither with Forces. To secure the Passage into France; the Duke of Alva passed the Mountains, and took S. John de Pie de Puerto. The Marquess of Dorset was desired to join the Spanish Army, and enter Guienne. He pleaded it was then too late, the Summer being spent and his Men sick. He complained of the Catholick King, who was only intent upon his own Business in Navarre, without regarding the Conquest of Guienne. Therefore the Marquess returned into England, which gave some cause to suspect, as Antony de Nebrixa writes, that he was corrupted with French Gold.

The Affairs of the French in Italy were changed no otherwise than if they had lost the * 1.15 Battel of Ravenna. The Pope laid an Interdict on the Kingdom of France, Excommunicated their King, and absolved the People of Guienne and Normandy of their Oath of Allegiance. The Duke of Urbin marching with the Robe's Forces towards 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that Pepple set up the Pope's Colours. The Duke of Ferrara upon Composition come to Rome, and publickly begged Pardon of the Pope, who granted it, yet restored not Rhegio, but thought to have secured him, had not Fabricius Colona conveyed him away. The Viceroy of Naples soon re∣cruited his Army, and found, with the 2000 Spaniards brought by the Commendar•• 〈◊〉〈◊〉, he had 7000 Foot, the Command of whom was given to the Marquess of Padula; and because he hurt himself in the Hand, it was transferred tothe Commendary Solis. Men at Arms there were 1200 and 550 Light-Horse. Besides these Prosper Colona got together 400 Horse and was to Command the Vanguard. This was the Viceroy's Strength when he received Orders from the Pope not to march any farther, for that Lombardy was already subdued and there was no need of more Forces. His Design was ever to expel all Strangers out of Italy, and having already drove out the French, thought to do the same with the Spaniards. Nevertheless, the Viceroy march∣ed as far as the Castle of S. Peter in his way to Bolonia, where certain Deputies from the Swis∣sers met him, requiring him not to advance any further, which if he did, they would oppose him, the French being already expelled Lombardy. These were all Contrivances of the Pope. The Viceroy answered, He was General of the League, and consequently obliged to obey the Orders of the Confederate Princes. After some Disputes betwixt the Emperor's and Catholick King's Ambassadors, as also the Venetians, it was agreed the Viceroy should restore the Family of Medicis to Florence, they being then banished. It was also decreed, That Ma∣ximilian Sforcia, who now called himself Duke of Milan, should come into Italy, in order to reduce the rest of Lombardy, where the Forces of the Pope possessed themselves of Plasencia and Parma. Sickness and other Inconveniences caused the Council then held at Rome, after Two Sessions, only to be Prorogued till the beginning of December. The Pope proposed making War upon the Turks, the Sons of Bajazet being then at variance; yet malicious Per∣sons gave out this was only a Project of his to get the Spaniards out of Italy under that Pre∣tence.

The Viceroy marched towards Florence, pretending only to restore that Republick to its * 1.16 Liberty, and reconcile it to the Church. He came without meeting any resistance to Prato, which is only 10 miles from Florence; which Place offering to oppose him, he battered and took by Storm on the 29th of August. The Florentines immediately sent their Deputies to compound with the Viceroy, and consented to restore the Families of Medicis and Pazzis to all their Estates; as also to enter into the League, forsake the French, and put themselves un∣der the Protection of Spain. To express their Zeal, they chose the Marquess of Padula their General, and furnished some Money towards the Charge of the War. The same was done by the Cities of Siena and Luca. At same time Janus Maria de Campo Fregoso was chosen Duke of Genoa in favour of the League, and King Ferdinand, to encourage those Cities, ordered Be∣rengarius d' Olm to ply upon those Coasts with his Galleys. All things in Italy succeeded as well as he could wish, which was the cause he first delayed, and afterwards quite put off the Great Captain's Voyage thither. After the Battel of Ravenna, he had been looked upon as the only Man that could restore Affairs in Italy, whereupon the King resolved to send him thither, tho' jealous of him at the same time. He accepted of the Command, and went to Malaga to prepare for his Voyage. Vast Numbers of People flocked to him, and even the King's Guards disbanded themselves to follow him. Many of the Gentry made Preparations to bear him company upon their own Charges, all which made the King limit the number to go with him to 500 Men at Arms and 2000 Foot. Still King Ferdinand delayed the departure of the Great Captain, hoping some good Accident might re-establish the Viceroy, for whom he had so great a Kindness, that many suspected he was his Son. The Affairs in Italy being mended, as has been said, the King ordered the Great Captain to lay aside all Thoughts of going to Italy during the Winter, and to send all the Gentry that was with him to serve in Navarre. * 1.17 These Orders much troubled the Great Captain, and he complained grievously of it. All the Officers resented it so heinously, that never a Captain of Men at Arms went to serve in Na∣varre, except only Gutierre Quixada. The Great Captain sent to ask leave of the King to go to his Estate in Terranova in Italy, but the King persuaded him it was better to retire to his House at Loxa. He was so much out of Favour, that the King refused him the chief Commen∣dary of Leon; vacant by the Death of Garcilasso de la Vega, as he did also the Commendary of H••rnachos, both which he made suit for. Two Reasons may be ascribed for this Strangeness: One, That King Ferdinand was not well satisfied with that Gentleman, and often complained he held secret Intelligence against him. The other it common to all Princes, who when a Man has done more for them than is in their Power to requite, look upon him as the Debtor, and commonly prove ungrateful. For it is ever more certain to have Faults punished than Desert rewarded. No Recompence or Honour could have been too great for a Man so de∣serving. But who can persuade Kings to curb their own private Distate? Or who can limit their Jealousie, especially when it is daily encreased by whispering Courtiers.

CHAP. V. The Siege of Pamplona. The Viceroy of Naples takes the City Bressa. Duke Maximilian Sforcia recovers Milan. King Ferdinand falls sick.

THE Duke of Alva continued at S. John de Pied de Porte, and his Forces took some small places of little Importance. Thither James de Vera with great difficulty brought the Artillery. The Dukes of Longueville, Bourbon, and Monpensier, the Sieur de la Palisse, and Mon∣sieur de Lautrec, lay at Sauveterre and the neighbouring places, to oppose our Army. Their Force was 800 Men at Arms, and 8000 Foot. The Dauphin lay at Garriz with another great Body ready to second them. This only waited the coming of King John with his Forces to march into Navarre. In hopes of their coming the People of the Valley of Salazar and Roncales revolted from King Ferdinand. The Mareschal of Navarre also, who till then had stood neuter, declared for France, and went away thither from Tudela, whither King Ferdi∣nand went to meet the Queen, after she had broke up the Cortes of Aragon at Monçon. This caused King John to hasten his march. There are two Passes through the Mountains betwixt Navarre and France; one is called Valderroncal, the other Valderronças. At the entrance of * 1.18 Valderronças is S. John de Pied de Porte, where the Duke of Alva then was. Through the other Pass the King led his Army about the middle of October: With him went the Sieur de la Palisse. The Spaniards were no where strong enough to give them Battel; yet several Com∣manders posted themselves in the Straights of the Mountains. Among the rest Ferdinand Val∣dez took his Post at Burgi, which place was very weak. The Enemy coming on, assaulted that place, and tho' they lost 400 Men, carried it, killing many of the Defendants, and a∣mong them Ferdinand de Valdez. It is reported he exposed himself to that Danger out of De∣spair, because when he returned after the Battel of Ravenna, the King said, The Good Men are left there. The Duke of Alva considering the danger Pamplona was in, left James de Vera at S. John de Pied de Porte with 800 Foot, 200 Horse, and 20 Pieces of Cannon, and resolved himself with the rest to repass the Mountains into Navarre. They Enemy might have pre∣vented him, but they were overseen as well in that as in not marching directly to Pamplona, which they might easily have taken. This delay gave the Duke leisure to march thither; and the Archbishop of Zaragoça to join him with 600 Men. Several Castles that had revolted were reduced. Having taken Torla, and falling to plunder it, the People of the Valley joining with the Townsmen, fell upon the Forces, killing above 2000, and taking all their Baggage, with some Field-Pieces. King John encamped at Utroz, within two Leagues of Pamplona, hoping the City would declare for him, but our Army had prevented it by expelling 200 Citizens; besides, at Puente de la Reyna, which is hard by, a great Body assembled to relieve the place if it were requisite. 1500 Men came from Trasmiera and Campos, and 900 from Bugia, which were landed at Barcelona. Soon after, the Forces of Aragon came thither. The Duke of Najara was chosen General of this Army. The French still expected more Forces from the Dauphin, and the Sieur de la Palisse was dissatisfied for that nothing succeeded to his Mind. The French encamped so as to cut off the Provisions of the City. Another Body, * 1.19 left beyond the Mountains to divert the Forces of King Ferdinand, entred Guipuscoa. They passed by Fuenterabia, and sate down before S. Sebastian. Monsieur de Lautrec Commanded that Army, and resolved to attack that Town. D. John d' Aragon, Son to the Archbishop of Zaragoça, was in the place, who so encouraged the Garrison, tho' small, that the French retired into Guienne. The Duke of Calabria, upon promise of being restored to the Kingdom of Naples, designed to fly to the French, but was taken, with Four others that managed his In∣telligence. He was kept many years a Prisoner in the Castle of Xativa, and his Accomplices executed. The Season was unfit to lie in the Field, wherefore the French resolved to be the most expedite they could: They sacked two Monasteries of Nuns that are without the Walls. A German Captain opening the Tabernacle to scale the Custodium, threw out the Blessed Sa∣crament upon the Altar. The Nun that was Sacristan said, How dare you commit such a Sacri∣lege? He answered, This is not the God of the Germans, but of the Spaniards. He is said soon after, like Judas, to have burst asunder. They planted their Cannon, and gave two Assaults, but still the Defendants held out. The Duke of Najara with 600 Foot besides the Horse, appear∣ed on the top of the Mountain, designing either to fight, or else to cut off the Enemy's Provi∣sions. On the last Day of November the French raised the Siege, and returned towards France. The Constable of Navarre pursued them, and killing some, took 13 Pieces of Cannon. And thus ended that War. All the Agramonteses submitted themselves, and the City Pamplona was repaired, and a place marked out to build a Castle.

D. Raymund de Moncada having fortunately settled the Affairs of Florence, marched towards Lombardy. At Modena he held a Council of War, to consult what was best to be done. The City Bressa was besieged by the Venetians, who hoped to possess themselves of it. The Empe∣peror pretended to it, and the Swisse would have it given to Duke Maximilian Sforcia, whose Quarrel they had espoused. To end this Quarrel, it was agreed the Viceroy should hold it for the League, till it could be decided who it belonged to. D. Peter d' Urrea and Andrew de Burgo went to Rome to know the Pope's Pleasure, and sollicit the Payment of some Months

Arrears. He pleaded that Obligation had ceased after the Battel of Ravenna, yet promised * 1.20 some Money if the Viceroy would quit Lombardy, and return to Ferrara, which above all things he desired to possess himself of. To this purpose the Duke of Urbin was encamped with 2000 Swiss, a small Force, and even that deserted for want of Pay. D. Peter d' Urrea and his Com∣panion fed the Pope with good Words. He resolved to send Bernard de Bibiena, who was afterwards a Cardinal, to acquaint the Viceroy with his Will. At this time the Marquess de Pescara being ransomed from the French, came to Milan, and had the Command of the Com∣pany of the Men at Arms, that had belonged to Gaspar de Pomar, killed in that City, given him. On the first of October the Viceroy passed the Po with 9000 Foot. Prosper Colona was marching with above 400 Men at Arms, and 1000 Foot, to join the Viceroy. The Pope endeavoured to hinder him, but could not. He also laboured with the Cardinal of Sion, that the Swiss should not admit the Spaniards into Lombardy. At Verona, Rocandulpho, a Commander of the Emperor's, joined the Viceroy with 2000 Germans, 400 Horse, and 27 Pieces of Cannon. M. d' Aubigni, before distressed by the Venetians, seeing this new Supply, set up the Emperour's Co∣lours. Bernard de Bibiena now coming to the Camp, the Viceroy answered, He was too for∣ward advanced to go back; but as soon as he had put an end to that Undertaking, he would obey the Commands of the Pope. Monsieur d' Aubigni had leave to march out with his Gar∣rison, Arms, Baggage, and Horses, to what part he pleased, provided it were not to the Castle of Milan, or any other that held out for the French. The Garrison of the Castle agreed to surrender upon the same Articles, if not relieved in 21 days. This same day, being the 25th of October, the Spanish Army mustered at Castanerola near Bressa: It was found above 8000 Foot strong. Commendary Solis was left in that City with 1000 Men; the rest of the Army marched to besiege the Castle of Bergamo, the City being already surrendered. Admiral Vil∣lamarin sailed from Naples with 7 Galleys, to join those of the Pope at Civita Vecchia, in order to besiege the Castle of the Lantern at Genoa, which held out for the French. They found there 3 Galleys of Venice sent to the same effect. Four other Galleys the Duke of Genoa had furnished, but ill equipped. The Siege went on slowly. At Marseilles the French had but 6 Galleys and one Galleon. The Schismatick Cardinals continued their Council at Lions, and made large Offers to several Princes. D. Hugo de Moncada, Viceroy of Sicily, sailed over to Tripoli, to give Orders for fortifying that Place. The Duke of Urbin lay between Ravenna and Bologna, with 500 Men at Arms and 1000 Swiss. His Italians, who were more nume∣rous, daily ravaged the Country, but did nothing considerable.

Maximilian Sforcia stayed at Trent till the French were quite expelled the Dukedom of Milan, and the Milaneses had satisfied the Swiss, who as they stood firm to his Interest, so they would * 1.21 have their share in the Booty. The Milaneses agreed to give them 150000 Ducats in hand, and 40000 yearly for ever, and offered Three Strong-holds in that Dukedom for their Secu∣rity. The Emperor coveted that Dukedom for one of his Grandsons, but the Princes of Italy were against it. In fine, to put an end to all Disorders, Maximilian Sforcia entred that City upon the 29th of December, immediately preceding the Year 1513. He was received with the Pomp and Joy usually expressed to the former Dukes. The Swiss Ambassadors presented him * 1.22 the Keys with much Ceremony. Next care was to reduce those Places still held by the French. The Marquess of Padula, with the Spanish Infantry, soon took the strong Castle Trezo, on the Banks of the River Abdua. That of Novara was surrendered to the Duke's Forces. In order to conclude a Peace betwixt the Emperour and the Venetians, the Truce, which was expi∣red in January, was continued till the end of March. The Cardinal of Gurse would have the same Conditions the Pope promised the Year before to the Emperour, but the Venetians would hear of nothing, unless Verona were restored to them. It was thought convenient to make War upon them with the Forces of the Emperour, Spain, and Milan, without making mention of the Swiss, who it was believed would soon agree with the French, through the Ne∣gociation of Monsieur de la Trimouille, sent to that purpose, which was the beginning of new Troubles. The Viceroy to secure Milan, where the French had still footing, and Trivulcio, had gathered 5000 Foot, more Supplies daily resorting to them, placed Prosper Colona at Aste with a good Body of Men to secure that Pass. The Catholick King thought it convenient to make use of the Power of England against the French; and because the English were not wil∣ling to mix with other Men, he perswaded that King by the way of Calais to invade Nor∣mandy, while at the same time he undertook to conquer Guienne, and deliver it up to him. King Henry fitted out 50 Sail to transport 9000 Foot, all choice Men and well Armed; and and at the same time sollicited the Catholick King to send him 50 Ships more. It was not easie to answer in so many places at once; for besides all other things in hand, King Ferdinand was sick, and Andaluzia in an uproar. The occasion of his Sickness was a certain extravagant Potion the Queen made him drink at Medina del Campo, in hopes of conceiving; so Dr. Car∣vajal and Peter Martyr relate it, as a thing allowed by all Men. The effect of it was such, that the King grew very weak, and delighted in nothing but being in the Woods. His Disease daily encreased; he had fainting Fits, and Signs of a Dropsie. Andaluzia mutinied upon the death of Henry Duke of Medina Sidonia. He had a Sister by the same Father and Mother called Mencia, and married to D. Peter Giron; and also a Brother only by the Father's side, called D. Alonso Perez de Guzman. In his Will he appointed his Sister to Inherit, affirm∣ming the Second Marriage of his Father was invalid. Upon this account D. Peter Giron

thought to possess himself of that Estate, and secure•• Medina and Sidonia. The Lady Elle∣nor de Zun̄iga Stepmother to D. Mencia, and the late Duke stood up for her Son, who had the true Title; and the King favoured his Cause, intending he should marry the Lady Anne of Aragon, Daughter to the Archbishop of Zaragoça. This Dispute was like to be decided by force of Arms, both Parties having powerful Supports. Justice prevailed, and the Bro∣ther of the Duke carried the Estate. Gonçalo Marin̄o commanded at Bugia, and Martin Argote at Oran, as Lieutenant to the Marquess of Comares. Some Skirmishes hapned with the Moors, but nothing remarkable, only that Muley Abdalla with some Forces came up to Bugia and burnt the Suburbs. No part was left standing but one Tower, where the Jews saved themselves. Gon\l=c;\alo Marin̄o breaking the Articles concluded with the Moors was the cause of this Misfortune; for which he was removed from that Post, and D. Raymund Carroz sent in his Place.

CHAP. VI. Pope Julius dies; Leo X. Succeeds him; The Truce betwixt Spain and France; The War in Navarre, and Revolutions at Genoa.

POpe Julius being sick, and his Recovery despaired of, Advice was sent to Milan, Florence, Siena and Luca to secure the Roads, that the Schismatick Cardinals might not come to * 1.23 the Conclave. At length the Pope died on the 20th of February: The People mutinied at Rome, and there was great Contention betwixt the Coloneses and the Ursini. The Mona∣stery of S. Paul of Benedictine Monks was plundered, and other disorders committed. Hie∣rome Vic the Spanish Ambassador, contributed much to pacifie the Multitude. On the 4th of March the Cardinals entred the Conclave, having first discharged the Son of the Duke of Mantua, kept as a Hostage till then; and on the 11th by Votes of almost all of them, Car∣dinal John de Medicis was chosen Pope, and took the Name of Leo X. That very day he declared he would continue in the League, and bring the Emperor and King of England into it. The Cardinals Carvajal and Sanseverino who were at Lions, but in no great Esteem, designed to go into Italy, and get into the Conclave. Prosper Colona favoured them, and de∣signed himself to go to Rome and have a Pope of his own creating. But the Viceroy would not suffer him to go, lest he should raise some Mutiny, and put a restraint upon the Conclave. The Cardinals came in a Galeon to Leghorn, but were there taken and carried to Pisa. Julius de Medicis the Popes Cousin gave him notice of it, and he ordered them to be kept in the Castle of Civita Castellana till such time as they were brought to Trial. Julius de Mediois did much Honour to the Cardinals, and to the Sieur de Soliet the King of France his Ambassador, who was with them. By them he was perswaded to declare for the King of France, which was the Original of new Troubles. During the Vacancy of the Popedom, the Duke of Milan with the Assistance of the Viceroy seized Placentia, and thought to have done the same of Parma. Thither the Viceroy repaired with his Army to oppose the French, it being no Season to make War upon the Venetians. He suffered great want of Money, and there was no way to supply it. The Discourse of concluding Peace be∣twixt the Emperor and Venetians continued, but they could not agree upon the Conditions. The King of France stept in, and agreed with that Republick. The Conditions were, That the Republick should keep all its ancient Dominions, except Cremona and Giaradada, which were * 1.24 restored to the French, and Incorporated into the Dukedom of Milan. For Recovery of that Dukdom and of the Lands of the Venetians, the Republick was to furnish 1000 Horse, and 6000 Foot under the Command of Bartholomew de Albiano, and the King 1200 Horse and 12000. Foot, Robert de la Marc was to be Captain General of the Foot, Monsieur de la Trimoville and John James Trivulcio Lieutenant Generals. As soon as this Agreement was made publick, Trivulcio entred the City Aste with the French Forces. Bartholomew de Albiano with the Venetian Army marched to Verona intending to join the French. Hereupon, and by reason of the Viceroys absence most Towns of Lombardy declared against Duke Maximilian. The King of France was the more earnest to conclude this Treaty, because he had another in Hand by means of Cardinal Carvajal, which was for a Cessation of Arms betwixt him and the Catholick King on this side the Alpes. This Accord was convenient for both Kings, for King Ferdinand to secure Navarre, and the King of France the State of Milan, without * 1.25 any regard of the King of Navarre or Duke Maximilian. After some Difficulties and De∣bates, at last the Truce was concluded on the 1st of April, upon these Conditions. That the Cessation of Arms betwixt King Ferdinand and his Consederates, the King of England and Prince Charles on the one side; and the King of France and his Allies, the King of Scotland and Duke of Guelders on the other, should continue for a Year, reckoning from that very day That during the Cessation, there should be free Trade betwixt the Two Kingdoms on this side the Alpes. King John of Navarre was Excluded this Treaty, which was delivering him up to be devoured by his greedy Enemy. The Emperor and King of England had two Months allowed them to sign those Articles, or else to be Excluded, as in Effect they were, where at the Emperor was greatly offended. He urged it was contrary to the Catholick

King's Word, who had promised to r••n the same Fortune with him. That thus the French would in 8 days recover Milan, and then being assisted by the States of Italy, must soon be Masters of Naples. Above all, he exclaimed that the Treaty was Managed by Cardinal Carvajal, who had been a Person too opposite to their Interest. This Contrivance was doubt∣less a great piece of Subtilty; but what grieved the Emperor most was, that he must thus lose all the Cities he had in Italy, tho' he pleaded other causes of Discontent.

Before the Truce was concluded with France, Monsieur de Lautrec, made all necessary pre∣parations * 1.26 to possess himself of S. John Pied de Port; after the taking of which Place he de∣signed through that Pass to enter Navarre. The Marquess de Comares sent some Persons to secure the Country thereabouts, and some Supplies of Men to James de Vera to defend that City. But the Cessation of Arms put an end to all these Designs. This gave our Men the opportunity not only of maintaining what they had, but of extending their Conquest, tho' King John had a Body of about 5000 Men to oppose them. He required the Bishop of Zamora according to parole to surrender himself again a Prisoner; but King Ferdinand de∣clared, he was absolved of that Promise as being taken contrary to the Law of Arms, he being an Ambassador, and in the Service of the See Apostolick, as also by the death of the Duke of Longueville to whom he had engaged his Word. The Mareschal of Navarre who stiled himself Marquess of Cortes, broke into Guipuzcoa with 2000 Men. The Country Peo∣ple, in pursuance of their Orders from D. Luis de la Cueva who commanded at Fuenterabia for his Father, took up Arms and opposed him. The strong Castle of Maya upon the Borders of Biscay, adjoining to Guienne was the Enemies Place of Refuge: Thither the Lord of Ursua, who was in King Ferdinand's Service, repaired with some Forces, understanding the Governor was out of the Place, but his strength being small and the Governor getting in, he was forced to desist from the Enterprize. James de Vera and Lope Zanchez de Valençuela were sent by the Marquess of Comares to Besiege that Caste, which they did, yet having Intelligence that King John and the Mareschal of Navarre were coming to relieve the besieged, they drew off, leaving the Cannon at Azpilcueta in danger of being lost. The Marquess marched thither himself with 2000 Men and some heavy Cannon, and the Defendants seeing there was no hope of Relief from France, and their own King was too weak to attempt it, soon surrendred. Thus all that Country lying beyond the Mountains was secured. The Earls of Foix had for many Years been possessed of Val de Andorra and the Vicecounty of Castelbo near Urgel, on the side of Catalonia; and it was now fallen by Inheritance to Queen Catherine of Navarre. All this was now by force of Arms, taken from her by the Catholick King. Admiral Villamarin was left to Govern at Naples upon the Departure of the Cardinal of Sorento to the Conclave. Cala∣bria and Apulia had no Governors, theirs being then in the Army. This, and the want of Forces in those Parts gave occasion to many Insolencies that were daily committed, there being no body to punish them. The People mutinied against the Barons on account of the Oppression they lay under, and many whole Towns Revolted: Many extravagant and hor∣rid Crimes were committed. Now also Advice was brought that the great Turk armed a∣gainst the Christians, and tho' it was given out his Design was upon Rhodes, yet it was fear∣ed. lest he should Invade Sicily, or Apulia. The Venetians also, since they were in League with France thought of recovering their Towns on the Coast of Apulia. Orders were given to Fortifie and Guard all those Coasts, and that the Fleet should be in a readiness. Beren∣garius de Olms who sailed from Sevil at the beginning of April with four Galleys, in order to destroy some Moorish Vessels, the Portuguese Commander at Tangier had given notice, lay at Tetuan, was now ordered instantly to repair to Italy and join the Admiral. At this time the State of Genoa suffered a mighty Change: The Family of Adorno who were banished that City, and had been always well affected to the House of Aragon, agreed with the King of * 1.27 France to Expel the Fregoso's that City, and bring it again under his Subjection. The Earl of Flisco and his Brothers had a Hand in this Affair, whereupon the Duke's Brothers killed the Earl in the Palace. The Earls Brothers joining with the Adornos drew near to Genoa with some Forces, and at the same time the French Fleet appeared before it at Sea. The Duke with his Galleys went out to meet that Fleet, but it durst not encounter him. Whilst the Duke pursued, the Adornos and Flisco's possessed themselves of the City, and he was forced to retire to Piombino, his Fleet putting into Porto Venere. Then was Octavian Fregoso chosen Duke to the satisfaction of the Commonalty, he being Brother to the Archbishop of Salerno, and of Kin to the Pope. This prosperity of the Adornos was but short lived, for the Fregoso's agreed with the Viceroy to restore them, and they would put that State under the Protecti∣on of the Catholick King. Articles being Signed, the Viceroy sent the Marquess de Pescara with Forces, who performed all that had been agreed with that Family. The same Duke was continued, but these things hapned somewhat later; let us turn back to what remains behind.

CHAP. VII. The Defeat given the French by the Swisse near Novara; The Viceroy Vanquishes the Venetians near Vincenza; Actions of the English and Portugueses; Venice Can∣nonaded.

THE great Rendezvous of the French Army was at Aste, and in Piedmont Monsieur de la * 1.28 Trimouille made all necessary Preparations, and about 400 light Horse were come to him out of France. With him was John James Trivulcio, and Sacromoro Visconte, who forsaking the Duke of Milan whom he had Served, went over to the French. Bartholomew de Albiano made ready with the Venetian Army to Besiege Verona. In that City were 5000 Germans, and 600 light Horse, who ravaged all the Country as far as Vincenza, as if they had been Ma∣sters of the Field. Near Placencia lay the Viceroy with 1400 Men at Arms, 800 light Horse and 7000 Foot, all tried Men. With the Duke of Milan were 8000 Swisse, and he expect∣ed 5000 more. Nevertheless not only Milan, but many other Places Revolted to the French. Neither durst the Duke give them Battle, but leaving the Camp, retired to Novara. He entred that Place on the last of May without reflecting, that those very People had before betrayed his Father to the French. The Viceroy seemed willing to join the King; but no Money coming from Rome, as the Ambassador Vic had promised, and having received Or∣ders from Spain to Return to Naples, he was unwilling to engage to far in that War. He resolved to look on, and only encourage the Affairs of Lombardy by his presence. The Command of the Foot, Vacant by the Marquess de Padula's being preferred to be General of the Florentines, he gave to Commendary Solis, and sent Luys Icart to take charge of Bressa in his stead. He put the Forces of the Pope into Cremona, and afterwards sent thither Fer∣ramosca with 40 Men at Arms, 300 Spaniards and 500 Italians. Yet Albiano for all this, took that City, putting to the Sword all the Men at Arms to the number of 200, and disarming the Spanish Foot. This success encouraged the French to lay Siege to Novara. Their Army consisted of 800 Lances, and 8000 Foot, 3000 of them Germans, the rest bad Troops. Be∣ing about to strom the Town, news was brought them that 12000 Swisse were upon their march to relieve the Duke, and that the Baron of Altsaxe followed with 5000 more. This caused the French to return to their strength betwixt Gaya and Novara: Upon the first sup∣plies joining them, the Swisse resolved to march towards the Enemy, without expecting the Baron of Altsaxe. The French would have avoided fighting, but could not: The Men at Arms and light Horse did nothing, yet the fight lasted very hot for two hours betwixt the Foot. A most desperate Resistance was made by the Germans, but the Swisse got the day. On the side of the French above 7000 were killed, and among them all the Germans, and of People of Note Coliobano, Trivulcio and Luis de Biamonte. After the Victory came the Baron of Altsaxe, and most of the State of Milan submitted to the Duke. The Viceroy sent the Duke 400 Lances Commanded by Prosper Colona, because he was in great want of Horse, and all the Enemies Horse were left entire. The rest of the Army remained as before, near the River Trebia, not far from Placencia. Albiano's being prevented joining the French Army, made that Victory the easier to be purchased. He hearing of the Defeat, retired with his Forces which were 1000 Lances, 300 light Horse and 5000 Foot, most of them base Soldiers. That Republick was so streightned for Money, they were forced to raise the 10th of E∣states, and one in the hundred out of all Merchandize. Albiano in his march took Lignagno defended by Captain Villada with 200 Men. Thence he marched to attack Uerona; but the Garrison sallied, and cut off part of his small Forces. At this time the two Schismatick Cardinals publickly acknowledged their Crime, and Abjured the Schism they had raised, and * 1.29 on the 27th of July were received into the Church, and restored to their Dignities. The Duke of Milan pressed the Viceroy to join him, because the French were with all Diligence recruting their Army. In 3 days march he came to Sarasina, thence he sent the Marquess de Pescara to Genoa, as was said before, and went himself to relieve Verona, before which Al∣biano still lay. Pontevico, Ursonova and other Places surrendred, as did Bergamo promising some supply of Money. The Viceroy went on to Pesquera, leaving Mosen Puch at Bergamo to receive the Contribution. Renso a Venetian Commander having notice of it, and some In∣telligence in the Place got into it by Night, took the Money and some of Puch his Com∣pany, he with difficulty saving himself in a strong House. The Viceroy took Pesque∣ra which is strong, and the Cardinal de Gurce joining him with some German Forces, they sat down before Padua about the beginning of August: Padua is large and strong, and Al∣biano had thrown himself into it, which obliged them to quit the Siege. During the Siege, in a skirmish Alonso de Carvajal and the Captains Cardenas and Espinosa were taken by the Albaneses. Here the light Horse sent to Genoa with the Marquess of Pescara were much mis∣sed. The Catholick King was now old, sickly, and worn out with so many Wars, and therefore thought of making Peace with France. It was proposed that Prince Ferdinand should Marry the youngest Daughter of France, and her Portion should be the States of Milan and Genoa, and King Ferdinand should give his Grandson the Kingdom of Naples. These were only Contrivances to gain time, especially on the King of France his part, who dreaded

the English breaking into Picardy by the way of Calais. King Henry laid Siege to Therouenne, and having defeated the French that came to relieve it, took and dismantled it. Then he sat * 1.30 down before Tournay, at such time as the Earl of Surry in England vanquished and killed the King of Scots, who in favour of the French invaded England. Hereupon Tournay surrendred. There the Emperor, Princess Margaret and Prince Charles came to see the King of England. Thence they went to Lisle, where it was agreed as soon as the Truce was expired, the Em∣peror and Kings of England and Spain should each on their own Side Invade France. King Ferdinand was to conquer Guienne for the English, but it appeared he did not approve of this Treaty. The Match before proposed betwixt Prince Charles and the King of England's Sister was confirmed, and it was agreed it should be Consummated the following Year. Summer being spent, King Henry returned into England. France was in distress, the Swisse having broke through Burgundy. Monsieur de la Trimoville overthrew, and yet compounded with them. The King of France ingag'd not to favour the Council of Pisa, and to withdraw his Garrisons out of the Castles of Milan and Cremona. No part of this Accord was performed, except what related to submitting to the Church.

Whilst the other Christian Kings wasted their Forces against one another, King Emanuel of Portugal enjoyed Peace at home, and extended his Conquests in Africk and India. On the Western Coast of Africk stands the City Azamor, which is large and rich, and belongs to the Kingdom of Fez. The Country about it is plentiful, being watered by the River Omirabin, which runs by the Town. King Emanuel had some Years before this, as has been said, thought to possess himself of this Place, by the means of one Zeiam a Moor, who deceived him and made himself Master of it. At this time the King fitted out a Fleet, shipping aboard it, 20000 Foot, and 2700 Horse, under the Command of the Duke of Bragança. After a trou∣blesome Voyage, they landed at Azamor about Autumn. Several Skirmishes passed betwixt them and the Defendants, as also those that came to relieve the Place, but many Men of Note among the Moors being killed, the rest fled out at a Gate that could not be secured, and thus the City was taken about the beginning of September. Some neighbouring Places surrendred, and among them the Citties of Gita and Almedina. Having left a good Garrison at Azamor under the Command of Roderick Barreto and John de Meneses, the Duke returned to Portugal, tho' many advised to besiege the City Morocco, but he said he had no such Orders. This Suc∣cess encouraged King Emanuel to prosecute his Conquests, along the Coast of Africk on that side, and therefore resigned any Pretensions he might have to Pen̄on and the City Velez, upon Condition the Catholick King, should not pretend to any thing along the Coast of the King∣dom of Fez, even down to Cape Bojador. In Italy, the Viceroy entred the Territory of the Venetians, by the way he took many Boats and Carts loaded with the Goods of People that fled. Pieve de Saco. a delightful Place, where are all the Country Houses of the Venetians he plundered and burnt. He passed the River Brenta and took Mistre which is as it were a Suburb of Ve∣nice. At the end of the Channels are certain Houses which they call Palizas, within Cannon-shot of the City. Thence they Cannonaded it, the Balls flying as far as the Monastery of S. Se∣gundus, but the Affront was more than the harm done. Our Army was encompassed by Ene∣mies. On the one side was Treviso, on the other Padua and Albiano, who drew near with his * 1.31 Army being resolved to fight. The Viceroy retired towards Vincenza, and marched in one Day 14 miles, tho' above 500 Carts followed the Army, loaded with Baggage and Plunder. Paul Baillon from Treviso and the Garrison of Padua joyned Albiano. In all, his Army consisted of 7000 Foot, and 1200 Horse, besides 10000 of the Country People that appeared upon the Mountains. Albiano marched to cut off the Viceroy from Vincenza. and encamped in a nar∣row Pass near a Town called Olmo. Our Army was in great danger, it being impossible to advance, and dangerous to turn back, yet they resolved to retire, that they might draw the Enemy into the open Field. They thinking our Men had fled, pursued hastily and in Disor∣der, whereupon the Viceroy by the advice of Prosper Colona and the Marquess of Pescara, commanded his Germans to charge the Enemy; which they did with such fury, that they soon * 1.32 broke them. The Marquess of Pescara pursued them up to the City, where the Gates being shut, many were drowned in the River, and among them Sacromoro Visconte. This done, the Viceroy with the Germans and some Spaniards, attacked a Body of the Enemies Horse and Foot, who fortified themselves on a Hill with 5 Pieces of Cannon. These also were easily put to flight. This Battel was fought on the 7th of October. 700 Venetian Men at Arms were killed, all their Foot dispersed. Paul Baillon and many others, and 22 Pieces of Cannon were taken. Albiano and Griti escaped. The Viceroy marched to Vincenza where he stayed some Days. At the same time the Castle of Bergamo was taken from the Venetians by Storm. Paul Baillon was released upon his Parole, that he would surrender himself again, in case the Venetians would not give Alonso de Carvajal in Exchange for him. Carvajal died in Prison, and Baillon never returned. On the 20th of November the Castle of Milan was surrendred, as was that of Cremona. Nothing was left the French in Lombardy, but the Castle of Lanterna at Genoa. The Duke layed Siege to it, and the Adornos and Fliscos encamped before Genoa, but were forced to retire leaving some of their Cannon behind. The Pope continued the Lateran Council, and admitted the French Ambassadors, they in their King's Name, renouncing the Council of Pisa, and the Protection of the Schismaticks, so the Gallican Church submitted to the Roman. The Pope was concerned to see the Republick of Venice so near Destruction, and underhand designed

to relieve it. He sent to require the Viceroy to proceed no farther against it, that some Accom∣modation might be made. Aragon was now in an Uproar, on account of some Quarrel be∣tween the Earls of Ribagorça and Aranda. At length the King interposing, the Difference came to Tryal, and the Earl of Ribagorça being found faulty, was banished the Kingdom of A∣ragon during the King's Pleasure. In the Kingdom of Naples some Towns had revolted, being oppressed by their Lords. And Peter de Castro tho' with much trouble reduced them all. The Earl of Muro Governour of Apulia, was commanded to go and reside at his Government, and Michael de Ajerve to the Mountain of Abruzzo. All had Orders to favour the Execution of Justice.

CHAP. VIII. The Death of the Queen of France. Truce betwixt France and Spain prolong'd; The Affairs of Portugal

ON the 9th of January, 1514. dy'd the Queen of France. Among others sent to condole with that King was F. Bernard de Mesa, Bishop of Trin̄opoli from Queen Germana; he * 1.33 had also Orders to sollicite for the Dukedom of Nemours and Lordship of Narbonne, to which the Queen was Heiress upon the Death of her Brother Gaston de Foix. Ramiro Nun̄o de Guz∣man was sent Ambassador to Rome by King Ferdinand. By the way on the 5th of March, he concluded a Treaty with the Genoeses; by which the King was obliged to protect that State, and they to assist the King. At the same time the Adornos were treating with the Swiss, about changing the Government of that City. In France the Bishop of Trinopoli again revived the Discourse, of marrying that King's youngest Daughter to Prince Ferdinand, in Order to a Peace, and also of matching the King of France then a Widdower, with Ellenor Sister to Prince Charles. The Emperor and Venetians at last referred the Decision of the Differences between them to the Pope; yet so that King Ferdinand should approve of his Decision. On the 18th of March the Pope Decreed, that the Emperor should keep Verona and Vincenza, and the Ve∣netians Bressa and Bergamo, they paying down to the Emperor 250000 Duccats and 30000 yearly. Before the Catholick King's Approbation could be had, the Venetians declared they would not stand to that Decision. The Truce between Spain and France was prolonged for * 1.34 a Year more, in order to conclude a Peace. The Dauphin was against this Truce, fearing lest if a Peace followed. he might lose the Dukedom of Milan. The Emperor was rather for it, his Thoughts being bent against the Venetians. But the King of England was so offended, that on the 7th of August he concluded a League Defensive and Offensive with the King of France, without making any mention of the King his Father-in-Law. Luis Carroz the Spanish Ambassador at that Court, laboured to appease the King, as did Queen Catherine, but all in vain. Soon after D. Luis Carroz returned to Spain, and the Bishop of Trinopoli went over from France to succeed him. In Lombardy the Viceroy by Storm took Citadela, a very strong Town between Padua and Treviso. Prosper Colona with the Duke of Milan's Forces besieged Crema, which was well defended for the Venetians by Renço Cherri. Garcia Manrique lay at Robi∣go with some Companies of Men at Arms. Albiano who watched all Opportunities to revenge his Losses surprized them by night, the Spaniards surrendred themselves, and Garcia Manrique with the other Officers were sent Prisoners to Vincenza. Renço Cherri sallied out of Crema by Night, and setting upon part of the Duke's Forces commanded by Silvio Sabelo, put them to the Rout, and went himself to Bergamo which he took without any Resistance, the Spaniards retiring into the Castle. On the first of November came the Viceroy to their Relief, and Ren∣ço seeing no Possibility of holding out, surrendred the City upon Articles. About the same∣time the Castle of Lanterna at Gonoa, which till now had held out for the French, was delive∣red to Duke Octavian Fregoso. Let us turn back a little.

The Great Turk having put an end to the War with his Brothers, and the Sofi Ismael who * 1.35 took their part, was fitting out above 150 Galleys, and designed them against Italy. It was supposed, he woul invade by the way of Marca Ancona, which belongs to the Church. The Pope laboured to bring the Emperor, Kings of England, France, Spain, and Portugal, and the Dukes of Milan and Genoa, into a League Offensive and Defensive against the Turks; but af∣ter he had made a great Progress herein, it all fell to nothing. Private Quarrels hindred those Princes from uniting, and other Wars diverted the Turk from his Designs upon Christendom. Only the King of Portugal enjoyed Peace and Prosperity, being enriched with the Trade of India, and successful in his Conquests in Africk. About the end of the last Year, he sent a so∣lemn Embassy to the Pope, to make his Compliment of Obeisance. As a Token of his Grandeur, he also sent very rich Presents; which were, a Pontisical Vestment of Cloath of Gold, embroidered with Pearls and precious Stones, the richest that had ever been in the Trea∣sury of S. Peter. An Ounce brought from Persia, wonderfully fleet, which an Indian carried behind him on horseback; and had taught it when he made a Sign, to leap off and hunt. An Elephant covered with Cloath of Gold, and a Castle on his back, being taught, besides other things, to kneel before the Prince, to dance to a Pipe, and to fill his Trunk with Water, and sprinkle the People. Also a Rhinoceros, a Creature not seen in Italy in many Ages. It was

designed to fight with the Elephant, these Creatures being naturally Enemies. But the Rhino∣ceros was lost, the Ship being cast away upon the Coast of Genoa. Tristan de Acun̄a, a Gentle∣man well versed in the Affairs of India and principal Ambassador, made his publick Entry into Rome upon the 12th of March. On the 20th, the Day appointed to receive Audience of the Pope, James Pacheco a great Civilian, and one of Acun̄a's Companions, delivered himself to the Pope in this manner:

King Emanuel of Pertugal, most holy Father, has sent us to felicitate your happy Assumption to the Pontificate, wishing you may enjoy it many Years for the good of the Church, as we all hope it will be; and also to pay his Obedience as is usual and due, yet done by him with a most ready Will, which may make amends for the Delay, caused by many great and weighty Obstacles He also humbly makes Suit to your Holiness, to cast the Eyes of your fatherly Care, upon making up the Breaches of Christendom, upon reconciling the Christian Princes, and uniting their Forces against the common Enemy, who grows upon our Losses and builds his own Grandeur upon our Ruines. For what Enterprize can be more glorious or profitable than this? Let the past Rage suffice. For they deserve no better Stile who turn their Weapons upon themselves. To this Purpose it will be very requisite the Holy Council be continued, as the King earnestly desires. For his own part, he promises not to be wanting to the publick Cause, and if requi∣site, will not spare his own Blood in this Quarrel, It is all his Study to advance the Christian Religion, as appears in India; where, to his immortal Glory, he has set up the Holy Standard of the Cross, among fierce and barbarous Nations, even as far as the utmost Bounds of the Earth. No less has he done in Africk, having there spent his Treasures, and employed the Bravery of his Soldiers. Of the Spoil and Riches of India, he has commanded me to bring a Sample, and the first Fruits: a Present to be esteemed for the Place from whence it came, and for the Zeal with which it is offered, besides, the hopes those vast Regions give us, of humbling them∣selves at the Feet of your Holiness. Instead of the Spoil of Africk, which as more common, could not be so acceptable, I present your Holiness with a Petition, in my Judgment, most rea∣sonable. It is, that in regard of the Importance of carrying on that Conquest, and that the Revenue of Portugal is not sufficient to continue it, your Goodness will assist the King my Master, with your Blessing and Indulgences; and besides, will grant that towards the advan∣cing that Enterprize, he may make use of part of the Ecclesiastical Revenues. For how can they be better spent, or more to the content of the Donors, than in destroying the Enemies of Christ? And since all are Partakers of the Honour and profit, it is reasonable all should bear a part in the Burden. We do not believe this Holy See will deny that, in such necessity, and for such a Purpose, which has been at several times granted to other Princes.

The Pope heard the Ambassador with great satisfaction, and returned a favourable Answer, saying, He highly esteemed the King of Portugal, received his Presents with great Affection, and would forward his Designs by all the means that lay in his Power. He granted his Bulls for the Croisade, and al∣lowed the King for to defray the Charge of his Undertakings, to make use of the 3d part of Ecclesiastical Revenues assigned to the Churches, and the 10th of all other Church Revenues. Great Difficulties were met with in the Execution of these Orders, which was the Fault of ill Ministers. For this reason the Church compounded for 150000 Cruzado's paid down, and three Years after, all these Taxes were quite taken off. The Commonalty misliked the apply∣ing the Revenues of the Church to any other uses, and urged the Example of the Kings of Castile; who were ever poor, since they had to do with the Mony of the Church. The King's Ministers either to flatter him, or that their Opinion was really such; affirmed, that since the King defended not only the Laity, but the Clergy, it was reasonable they should all contribute to the necessary Charges of the Kingdom, the Churches enjoying a great part of the Revenue. It is most certain, that in the time of S. Ambrose, the Lands of the Church payed Taxes to the Emperors. This was the Success of that Embassy. About the same time arrived at Lisbon, one Matthew an Armenian by Birth, and by Profession a religious Man, sent Ambassador from * 1.36 Prester John, the Great Emperor of Ethiopia. That Prince, called David (since the time that Peter Covillan went into those Parts as was said before) had heard of the King of Portugal, and after that of his Fleets sailing to India, and the Valour of his People. He thought good to make use of his Forces, and to that Purpose sent this Ambassador, who was well received by Alonso de Albuquerque and sent to Portugal. Those who carried him made a Jest of him by the way, and treated him very scornfully. At Lisbon they were apprehended, and had been punished, but that the Ambassador interceded for them. The King received him honourably, and was much taken with his Letters, written in the Abyssinian and Persian Languages, and also with a piece of the Holy Cross he brought set in Gold. By this Ambassador they understood the Customs of those People, odd enough for Christians. It would be tedious to speak of them at large, let it suffice to know, that the 8th Day, as well the Women as Men are circumcised, and the 40th baptized. Women after Lying in, observe the Custom of Purification. They ab∣stain from Meats forbidden in the Old Law. They fast till Sun-set. They communicate in both kinds, Their Priests marry, but not their Monks, nor the Bishops chosen out of Mo∣nasteries. They use auricular Confession, and worship Saints. Let us return to Italy. The Pope was possessed of the City Rhegio in Lombardy, and had Modena morgaged to him by the Emperor for 40000 Duccats. It was thought he designed these two Cities as also Placencia, Parma, and Ferrara, for his Brother Julian, whom soon after he married to Philiberta Sister to the Duke of Savoy, and gave her himself 10000 Duccats Portion.

CHAP. IX. The Kingdom of Navarre united to that of Castile. The Affairs of the Portugueses in In∣dia. Their Defeat on the Coast of Africk.

KING Luis of France, soon after his Marriage with the English Princess, died, as is usual where there is great inequality of Years, and want of Health. His Death fell out upon * 1.37 the first Day of the Year, 1515. Francis de Valois Duke of Angouslesme, the first of the Name, and a Prince of a great Spirit succeeded him. It was generally believed he would not rest * 1.38 till he had recovered Milan and Navarre; and he seemed to intimate as much to those Kings. His chief Care was for Italy, and therefore he sought to leave all behind secure. With England he was at Peace. He proposed a Match betwixt Prince Charles of Austria, and his Sister-in-Law Renata, which was so carried on by the Earl of Nassau, and Michael de Croy, both of the Princes Bedchamber, that they concluded it at Paris on the 24th of March. Her Portion was set at 600000 Duccats, 200000 to be paid down in Mony, and the Dukedom of Berry for the other 400000. The Prince was now come to Age, and put into the Possession of the Go∣vernment of the Low Countrys It remained to secure King Ferdinand. Monsieur de Lau∣tre Governour of Guienne, proposed to the Marquess of Comares, the Prolonging of the Truce for a Year but King Ferdinand understanding his Policy, would not grant it, unless it were for Italy as well as Spain. He pressed for carrying on the League proposed by the Pope against the Turk, and at the same time, consented to another League against the Venetians. The Conditions were, that the Emperor should be possessed of Verona, Vinzenza, Frioli, and Treviso; that Bressa, Bergamo and Crema, should be given to the Duke of Milan in lieu of Parma and Placencia, which the Pope designed for his Brother Julian. Thus King Ferdinand thought the Duke of Milan would be safe, and was willing he should marry one of the Sisters of Prince Charles, or the Princess Margaret, or else the Queen of Naples his Niece, all of them great Matches. King Ferdinand kept the Holy Week of Mejorada, designing at the same time to assemble the Cortes of Castile at Burgos, and those of Aragon to meet on the 11th of May. He sent the Queen with a sufficient Commission to preside there, and thence to go to Lerida to those of Catalonia, and ••o on to Valencia, to those of that Kingdom. He went himself to Bur∣gos to be there at the time appointed. His grand Design was, to raise Mony for the War which threatned on all sides. The Cortes of Burgos gave 150 Millions of Maravedies. This they did in respect that King Ferdinand then united the Kindom of Navarre to that of Castile, whereas formerly it was united to Aragon. By this it appears, the King had no Thoughts of restoring that Kingdom, but esteemed it as much his own, as any of the others, without the least remorse of Conscience upon that account, as he was often heard to say. He gave three Reasons to justifie this his Proceeding. The first, the Pope's deposing that King. The second, the free gift of that Crown to the Kings of Castile, made by the Princess Clare, first Wife to Prince Henry, afterwards the 4th King of Castile of that Name; when her Father King John of Aragon delivered her up to Gaston de Foix, and her Sister Ellenor her declared Enemies, who sought her Death, to secure themselves the Possession of that Crown, and therefore he said, it was but just, to revenge that Murder, by depriving the Grandchildren of those that commit∣ted so great a Crime of the Kingdom. His third Reason was, the Right that Queen Germana pretended to the Crown, after the Death of her Brother Gaston de Foix. Three Years after this, it appears she assigned over all her Claim, to Prince Charles then King of Castile and Aragon. It was proposed in the Cortes of Aragon, to raise a considerable Sum of Mony towards the War, but the Nobility would not consent, unless their Vassals were cut off, from having any Appeal to the King. This hindred all Proceedings for some Months. The Archbishop of Zaragoça laboured to remove these Obstacles, but perceiving nothing was done, he was of Opinion to try what every City in particular would contribute. King Ferdinand, tho' his Sickness in∣creased, so that he was given over for Dead, one night resolved to get into Aragon; believing his Presence would reduce that obstinate People, He sent for the Vicechancellour Antony Au∣gustin to meet him, and assoon as he came to Aranda, caused him to be apprehended, and sent Prisoner to the Castle of Samoncas. Every one guessed at the Cause of his Imprisonment, but nothing was certainly known. The King left the Cardinal and Council at Segovia, and hasted to Calatayud carrying Prince Ferdinand with him. He could not prevail with the Nobility to quit their unjust Pretensions. His Sickness increased, and it is reported, the famous Bell of Vililla prognosticated his Death, for in Aragon it is a received Opinion, that Bell rings of it self, before the Death of Kings or any other great Misfortunes. Thus having done nothing, he returned to Madrid in Autumn. The Queen having broke up the Cortes of Aragon, went to Lerida to those of Catalonia. At the same time these Cortes sat, the Emperor, the Brothers King Sigismund of Poland, and Ladislaus of Hungary, and his Son Luis, then King of Bohemid met at Vienna on the 17th of July. Their meeting was, to celebrate the Nuptials of Prince Ferdinand and the Princess Mary, with Luis King of Bohemia, and the Lady Anne his Sister, the Chil∣dren of the Hungarian King. Prince Ferdinand being absent, the Emperor stood Proxy for her. Thomas Cardinal of Strigonium the Pope's Legate, performed the Ceremony. It is worth observing, that as Ferdinand and Mary were Grandchildren to the Catholick King, so

Luis and Anne, were great Grandchildren to E e or Queen of Navarre, and Sister to King Ferdinand. Gatherine Daughter to Queen Ellenor was married to Gaston de Foix Lord of Can∣dale, whose Daughter Anne, was Wife to Ladislaus King of Hungary, and Mother to Luis and Anne; so far was the Progeny of King John of Aragon, the Father of King Ferdinand spread abroad.

Great things had been done by Alonso de Albuquerque Governour of India, and great is the * 1.39 Obligation his Country owes him, for having Founded their Dominion in those remote Parts. He was now old, sickly, and worn out; and had many Enemies who sent Complaints against him to Portugal, it being impossible to please all Men. King Emanuel sent Lope Suarez de Albergaria, a Man well versed in the Affairs of India to succeed him. With him went Ma∣thew the Ethiopian Ambassador, and Duarte Galvam sent in the same Quality by King Emanuel; but he died by the way. Some time after Roderick de Lima was sent, who carried Mathew into Ethiopia, but he died before he could reach the Court. Now also went Francis Alvarez the Priest whose Book is extant, giving an account of his Voyage. The new Governour arri∣ved at Goa on the 2d of September, having spent but 5 Months in the Voyage, which was a very short time. On the 7th of that Month, the Queen of Portugal was delivered of a Son called Edward, an affable and mild Prince, addicted to Hunting and Musick. He died young, yet left a Son by his Wife of his own Name, and two Daughters, whereof Mary was married to Alexander Farnesius then Prince, and afterwards Duke of Parma, and Catherine married to the Duke of Bragança. When Lope Suarez arrived at Goa, Albuquerque was at Ormuz ill of his last Sickness. Having settled that Island, he embarked, being desirous to see Goa, which Place was his Delight. By the way he received advice of the coming of his Successor; he was ex∣treamly surprized, and cried out, Good God! how many Misfortunes surround me! If I please the King, Men are offended; if I satisfie them, my King is displeased. Retire to the Church, unhappy Old Man, for no other Sanctuary is left you. Soon after, being better come to himself, he said, Truly it is God that guides the Hearts of King, and disposes all things. What would become of India, if there were not one to succeed me after my Death! In how great Danger would it be! This said, he reposed; and finding his Malady encrease, ordered his Confessor to be brought to him from Goa, which was not far off. Having made his Peace with God, he gave up the Ghost. He was doubtless one of the Bravest Men that Spain ever bred. His Valour, Mildness, Pru∣dence, and Justice reigned in an equal degree. He was patient of Labour, discreet in his Resolutions, quick in Execution, amiable to his own People, and terrible to his Enemies. It was a great Mercy of God to give to the Portugueses Two such Governours at first as was he and Francis d' Almeyda being both Wise and Resolute Men, and Zealous of their Prince's Service and the Propagation of the Faith, tho' they differed in Opinions as to the Means of carrying on that Great Work: For Francis d' Almeyda, who was the first, thought it best only to make themselves Masters of the Sea, and not undertake any Conquests; whereas, on the contrary, Albuquerque was wholly for gaining Strong holds, in order to secure the Trade, and have a Retreat for their Fleets. Experience has taught how much he was in the Right. Al∣buquerque was never married, but he left a Son by a Servant, and a little before his Death re∣commended him to King Emanuel, writing to him these Words: This is my last, which I write with many Sighs, and assured Tokens of my End. I leave only one Son, who I beg may find Favour in regard to my great Services. I will say nothing of my Sufferings, but refer my self to my Actions. His Body was buried at Goa, in a Chapel he had built of the Invocation of the Blessed Virgin. His Funeral Pomp was performed with Regal Magnificence, and great Grief of all sorts of People. When the News of his Death was brought to Portugal, the King was much concer∣ned; he sent for his Son, whose Name was Blas, but in memory of his Father he would have him called Alonso d' Albuquerque, The King provided for him, and matched him Honourably. He lived many Years, and beautified the Chapel where his Father lay. King Emanuel designed to build a Fort at the Mouth of the River Mamora in Africk, about 100 miles from Arzila. He sent Antony Noronha with a Fleet of 200 Sail, and in it 8000 Men, to perform this Work. They sailed from Lisbon on the 13th of July, and came to the Mouth of that River on the 23d. As the Work began, such a multitude of Moors came upon them, that they were forced to quit that Enterprize, and return to Portugal with Dishonour, and the loss of 4000 Men, as * 1.40 also the Cannon which they left in the Fort they had begun.

CHAP. X. The King of France recovers Milan. The Swiss overthrown. Death of the Great Cap∣tain, and of Ferdinand King of Spain.

AS soon as King Francis of France found himself peaceably possessed of his Kingdom, * 1.41 he gathered a powerful Army, in order to go over into Lombardy. 15000 Swiss marched to the Defence of the Duke of Milan. Prosper Colona with his Men at Arms thought to secure a Pass, but was himself surprized at Supper in Villafranca, and made Prisoner by the Forces of the Sieur de la Palisse. The Viceroy lay with his Army near the River Abdua. Laurence de Medicis, Son to Peter that was drowned in the River Garellano, with the Forces of the Pope Quartered at Plasentia. It was very requisite these Forces should join with the Swiss, and the Duke of Milan earnestly pressed them so to do, and the more because the French began already to be successful; for Alexandria yielded to them, and No∣vara with the Castle was taken by the Industry of Peter Navarro, who in a Passion for that he was not Ransomed, agreed to serve the King of France, he purchasing his Li∣berty for 2000 Ducats. King Ferdinand sent to make him great Offers, but too late, for he was engaged, and therefore excused himself, resigning up the Earldom of Oliveto he had in Naples. The Viceroy was jealous that the Swiss held Correspondence with France, and no less of the Pope's Forces, fearing he should compound with the Ene∣my to save Parma and Plasentia, which the Swiss intended to take from him. He left Mark Antony Colona in Verona, and Luis Icart in Bressa, with good Garrisons, and he with the rest of the Army passed the Po, and fortified himself near Plasentia and the River Trebia. The Swiss were offended at this Delay, which proved fatal. They resolved themselves with only a few Italians to fight the French, who lay strongly encamped near Donato and Marignano. This they did to prevent Albiano joining the French with the Venetian Forces, which consisted of Nine hundred Men at Arms, One thousand four hundred Light-horse, and Nine hundred Foot. The Swiss marched out in good Order, and the French drew up to receive them. Charles of Bourbon led the Van, the Sieur de la Palisse the Rear, and the King the main Battel. The French Artillery, which was nume∣rous, did the Swiss great harm. They charged furiously to take it, and overcoming the Enemy's Works, made themselves Masters of part of it. Night came on, and yet the * 1.42 Fight ceased not as long as there was Moon-light, which was till between Eleven and Twelve of the Clock. The King was so forward, that he was forced to stand upon his Guard, only reposing himself a little on a Cart. He neither took off his Helmet, nor eat a mouthful in Twenty seven Hours. Understanding the Swiss would charge the rest of the Cannon, he gave the Charge of it to the Germans. At break of day the Fight was renewed with as great Fury as before. The French Artillery playing athwart the Swiss, did great execution, and Albiano coming upon them with some Troops of Horse, they imagining his whole Army was come, retired in good order to Milan. This famous Battel was fought on the Thirteenth and Fourteenth of September. From Milan the Swiss marched away towards Lago de Como. The Milaneses delivered up the City to the King, who laid straight Siege to the Castle, whither the Duke retired with what Forces he could. After Thirty Days Siege the Duke surrendered, and was sent to France. It was Articled he should have a Pension of Thirty six thousand Crowns, up∣on condition he should not depart that Kingdom. All the other Cities and Strong∣holds of the Dukedom immediately submitted to the King. D. Raymund de Cardona the Viceroy marched in haste to Naples to secure that Kingdom. He had Orders for em∣ploying of the Soldiers to attempt the taking of Gelves on the Coast of Africk. The Pope easily temporized, and meeting the Victorious King at Bolonia, granted him all he could ask. In Spain King Ferdinand had many other Cares upon him. It was reported the Great Captain, the Marquess of Priego, and Earls of Cabra and Uren̄a, designed to go over to Flanders. The King sent Orders to secure the Great Captain, but it happened he * 1.43 fell sick of an Ague at Loxa, where he generally resided, and yet it was thought his Sick∣ness was counterfeit. The King of England's Displeasure ran very high, and it was conve∣nient at such a ticklish time to appease him. King Ferdinand sent him a rich Present of Jewels and Horses by the Commendary Luis Gilabert. He arrived at such time as it was confirmed the Queen was with Child, to the great Joy of that Kingdom. At the same time Thomas Wolsey received the Cardinal's Cap, for which there were great Demon∣strations of publick Satisfaction. This Prelate rose from a very mean Extraction to that High Dignity through the Favour of his King. His Pride and Ambition afterwards, fatal to that Kingdom, cast him down. This Cardinal and the Catholick King's Ambassador conferred together, and on the Eighteenth of October concluded a firm League betwixt

the Two Kings. Before this, Luis de Requesens, with Nine Galleys he Commanded, near the Island Pantalarea, defeated 13 Vessels of Turks that did great harm on the Coast of Sicily and all those Seas. Barbarossa, the famous Turkish Commander, with his Fleet came before * 1.44 Bugia: Many Moors came down to his Aid by Land, and the Siege lasted some Months. D. Raymund Carroz, Commander of that Place, defended it with much Bravery. D. Michael de Gurrea, Viceroy of Majorca, came to his Relief, but could not raise the Siege. The Be∣sieged suffered great want of Provisions. At such time as they were upon surrendring, there came to them a Ship laden with all sorts of Victuals, sent by the Viceroy of Sardinia. This Supply lasted them till the Turk despairing of carrying the Place, raised the Siege about the end of the Year.

The Catholick King's Dropsie and the Great Captains Ague increased, both of them being mortal Diseases. The Great Captain set out of Loxa upon the point of death, was carried * 1.45 on Mens Shoulders to Granada, and there gave up the Ghost on the 2d of December, Garibay says on the 10th. He was a Man not to be matched, being the Bravest and most Fortunate Commander that Spain had for many Years. The Severity of his Usage increased his Glory; it being very rare to Sail long in the Seas of Prosperity without some Storm. Many great Men in process of time had the Brightness of their Honour sullied. Time cut the Thread of his Life; but his Renown will endure as long as the World. Upon his death the Office of Constable of Naples was Vacant, which was given to Fabricius Colona, and continues in his Family to this day. His Estate fell to the Lady Elvira, Eldest Daughter and Heiress to her Father. The Catholick King was gone from Madrid, to Plasentia, in order to continue his Journey to Sevil, because the Air of that Place is very Wholesome. There, tho' very siick, he was nobly Entertained, and staid some days. He sent Prince Ferdinand to Guadalupe, thinking to Return thither, and so went on to Serena to divert himself with Hawking, that being a good Country for it, and he delighting in that, and the like Sports. With him went the Admiral, the Duke of Alva, the Bishop of Bur∣gos and 3 of his Council, which were Dr. Laurence Galindez de Carvajal, and the Lieutenants Zapata, and Francis de Vargas. To this Place about Christmas came Adrian Dean of Louvain, Prince Charles his Preceptor, sent from Flanders. It was agreed at his coming, that the Prince should be supplied with 50000 Ducats a Year, and King Ferdinand, altho' Q. Joanna died, should during his Life continue in the Government of Castile. They showed themselves libe∣ral to him, who according to appearance must soon resign up all to them. The King re∣turned to Madrigalejo in the Territory of Truxillo; his Disease encreased so that it was plain he had but few days to live. The Dean of Louvain repaired thither, at which the King was offended, and ordered him back to Guadalupe, whither he went to see Prince Ferdinand. He made his Will, and Confessed to F. Thomas de Matienço, of the Order of S. Dominick, his Con∣fessor. The Queen having notice of the Danger he was in, set out from Lerida, and came to him the day before he Signed his Will. Next day, being Wednesday the 23d of January, 1516. between One and Two in the Morning he gave up the Ghost. He was one of the most re∣markable * 1.46 Princes that ever Spain had; yet it could not be expected he should be without Ble∣mish, * 1.47 but may serve for an Example to all future Kings of Spain. He made Three Wills; one at Burgos 3 years before his Death; the second at Aranda de Duero, 2 years later; and the last when he died. In all of them he names Queen Joanna his Heiress, and Prince Charles her Son Governour. In case the Prince was not in Spain, by his first Will he ordained Prince Ferdinand should Govern in his stead; but in the other two he changed that Article, and or∣dered that during the Prince's absence the Archhishop of Zaragoça should Govern Aragon, and the Cardinal of Spain Castile. This was punctually observed as he had commanded. True it is, the Dean of Louvain producing the Prince's Commission, was admitted to the Govern∣ment together with the Cardinal. To Prince Ferdinand the King his Grandfather left in the Kingdom of Naples the Principality of Taranto, and Cities of Cotron, Tropea, Amantia, and Galipoli, besides a Pension of 50000 Ducats out of the Revenue of that Kingdom, to be paid him till such time as his Brother settled an equivalent Estate upon him. He also ordered that the Duke of Calabria, tho' his Offence was great, should be set at liberty, and charged the Prince to give him an Estate to live upon. But this Clause was never fully performed till the Year 1533. for several Reasons which are never wanting against unfortunate Men. He made no mention of the Vicechancellor Antony Augustin, whether it was that he forgot his Crime, or that he left it to another to punish, could never be known. Soon after the Cardi∣nal of Spain sent him to Flanders, where he was discharged on the 23d of September this same Year. For his Executors the King appointed the Queen his Wife, the Prince, the Archbishop of Zaragoça, the Dutchess of Cardona, the Duke of Alva, the Viceroy of Naples, and F. Tho∣mas de Matienço his Confessor, and his Protonotary Michael Velasquez Clemente. His Body was carried to his own Royal Chapel at Granada, and laid near to that of Queen Elizabeth which was deposited in the Alhambra. Of those that were present at his Death, only D. Ferdinand de Aragon, and D. Bernard de Sandoval y Rojas, with some of his menial Servants, attended the Body. By the way whole Towns came out to meet it with Crosses and in Mourning; parti∣ticularly at Cordova, when the Body passed through that City, the Marquess of Priego and

Earl of Cabra, and other Gentlemen of that Place, distinguished themselves. All past Of∣fences, and the Severity he used towards them whilst living, served only to stir up their gene∣rous Souls the more to signalize their Respect and Reverence to him dead and to his Memory. At Granada the Clergy, Citizens, and Courts, strove to outdo one another in the manner of the Reception and Funeral Rites, which were performed with all Grandeur and Mag∣nificence, as was due to the Conquerour and Founder of the Happiness, Peace, and Prospe∣rity of that City and whole Kingdom of Granada.

The End of the 30th BOOK.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Success of the Portu∣gueses in India.
• * 1.2

  The Pope in vain la∣bours for an accom∣modation with France.
• * 1.3

  League for de∣fence of the Church.
• * 1.4

  The War in Italy.
• * 1.5

  King of England prepares to invade France.
• * 1.6

  Bergamo and Bressa return to the Obe∣dience of the Veneti∣ans.
• * 1.7

  Venetians over∣thrown by the French.
• * 1.8

  King and Queen of Navarre excommu∣nicated.
• * 1.9

  The French ad∣vance to∣wards the Confede∣rates.
• * 1.10

  Prepara∣tions for the Late∣ran Coun∣cil.
• * 1.11

  Swissers descend into Italy.
• * 1.12

  Grounds of the War in Navarre.
• * 1.13

  The Duke of Alva enters Na∣varre.
• * 1.14

  Navarre 〈…〉〈…〉 Fer∣dinand.
• * 1.15

  French de∣cline in Italy.
• * 1.16

  Florence, Siena, and Luca, join with the Confede∣rates.
• * 1.17

  Great Captain forbid to pass into Italy.
• * 1.18

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 invaded by the French.
• * 1.19

  〈…〉〈…〉:
• * 1.20

  Bressa ta∣ken by the Viceroy.
• * 1.21

  Duke Ma∣ximilian Sforcia re∣covers Mi∣lain.
• * 1.22

  1513.
• * 1.23

  Pope Juli∣us dies, Leo X. chosen.
• * 1.24

  Peace be∣twixt France and Venice.
• * 1.25

  A Truce betwixt France and Spain.
• * 1.26

  Actions in Navarre.
• * 1.27

  Revoluti∣ons at Gema.
• * 1.28

  Rendez∣vouz of French at Aste.
• * 1.29

  Swisse rout the French.
• * 1.30

  K. Henry of England takes The∣ourenne and Tournay.
• * 1.31

  Azaomr ta∣ken by the Portu∣gueses.
• * 1.32

  Venice Ca∣nonaded.
• * 1.33

  Queen of France dies.
• * 1.34

  Truce be∣twixt Spain and France pro∣longed.
• * 1.35

  Preparati∣ons of the Turk a∣gainst Ita∣ly.
• * 1.36

  An Am∣bassador from Ethi∣opia ar∣rives in Portugal.
• * 1.37

  Luis King of France dies.
• * 1.38

  1515.
• * 1.39

  Alonso de Albequer∣que his A∣ctions in India.
• * 1.40

  4000 Por∣tugueses slain in Africk.
• * 1.41

  Milan re∣covered by the French.
• * 1.42

  Over∣thow of the Swiss.
• * 1.43

  Great Captain ordered to be ap∣prehen∣ded.
• * 1.44

  Barbarossa besieges Bugia in vain.
• * 1.45

  Great Captain dies.
• * 1.46

  1516.
• * 1.47

  K. Ferdi∣nand dies.